Big fish catches, alligators attacking me and fishing 10 pound bass ponds. This video can't get any better. Me and my boy Chance decided to go out on our new 10 rig and we ended up hooking some absolute monsters. All right boys, we're at a special place today. Got the boy Chance in the back and we're gonna be throwing some big baits for some big bass today. This is a place that we've never been to before. We're really excited about. Got the old 10 rig out today. We'll fill you in on that here in an episode shortly. But our first day out on this little John boat. I think we're gonna end up catching some big ones today. I'm about to go over what I'm gonna be starting off with, what I'm gonna be throwing and see if we can catch some of these big bass. Before we get deeper into this video, only 27% of you all watching these videos are actually subscribed. So if you could take the time, hit the subscribe button. Really helps the channel. I'd appreciate it. All right boys, here is one of the baits that I wanna start off with is actually a blue gill. It's called the wake gill. So it's like a wake bait and a swim bait combined. I think we can get some really big ones on this today. I have this paired up on my Mock Crush. You guys can check out the Mock Rods and Reels on Mock and I got my kick in their Bass TVX Lose combo. Now we're gonna be throwing today as well. We'll tie up a different bait on there here in a moment. If you guys wanna check out any of the kick in their Bass TVX Lose combos, you can check them out. Kickinthebass.com, it'll be linked down below.  Like big fish? Big fish? What you thinking? Like biggest fish today? We gotta scale with this, boys. I'm just gonna kinda randomly fan cast guys until he's ready tying up back there. I wonder how deep it is out here. So this wake gill, guys, is supposed to be fished if I had to assume, say I threw it out there and I just slightly reel this thing. And I don't know if you guys can tell how that bait is just surfacing right there, just like a wake bait. Look how good that looks bro. See that? That's realistically how we should work it. But I think we can reel this down a little quicker and hit the tip of the grass and probably get slammed and working more like a swim bait. So we're just gonna vary our retrieve with this, throw it around for a little bit. If we don't get any bites, we'll switch up to a different bait. Well, let's go ahead and see what we can do. We got the scale with us today. Maybe we'll catch us another double digit. What was that? What was that?  Was that a stump? No. I almost fall. I didn't know if you hook set, if you fell in or we just hit a massive stump. Oh man. Yeah, maybe we should have got a wider John boat. Just maybe a little wider. All right boys, we gotta go to the original chatter dunk here.  I'm just gonna go with the standard white fluke. Pretty cut and simple. We're gonna have to be careful with it because there's a lot of grass up here shallow. This is something we might be able to fan cast out there in the middle. When you get up shallow, we might need to put us on a frog or something. That's what Chance is gonna put up here for a little bit. My minds will try the old chatter dunk. Look at this grass in this pond. It definitely doesn't look fresh to their chance. It looks a little older. It's got like that brown tint to it or they have that bright green. That grass is gonna fool me a lot. I'm like real into it. It feels like one's loading up. Oh my gosh. Well, first one. Yeah, it was first one. I didn't think it was gonna be that small, but hey, we'll get it somewhere. Dude, he freaking yanked on me right there. Little tiny guy. That's the start though. It started somewhere. He grabbed me around the edge of that little grass patch right where he should have been. You look through this on Google Maps. I know you probably saw this side. It's like so flat and it kind of drops off probably more right out there where the roof holds up. That's what it looked like at least. Oh, that's a biggin' chance. That's a biggin' monster. Oh, hang on, hang on, hang on, hang on. I got the net, I got the net. I can't tell how big he is if I have him hooked weird.  He feels large, but I could be just pulling him through the grass. Oh no, he's stuck. Oh gosh, chance, chance, chance.  That's cool. Oh my God, that's a monster, dude. Hey, I think it has a big fish. Oh my gosh, that is a tank. Look how healthy, too. Let's go, dude. Heck yeah. Yeah, I don't know if she's- High six, slow seven. High six to seven. Let's see, she is bundled up a little weird. Oh, the hook just fell out. Dude. Oh yeah, boys. There we go, baby. Look at that tank. Definitely a six pounder. Yeah, she ain't seven, but she's fat. Dude, look at that. Look at that belly on the summer bass, boy. All right, boys.  Well, chance to fish in, we found out what we needed to know. I was getting a little nervous when I hooked that little one. I was like, don't tell me this is all we're gonna catch. Flocked her on the scale though. You wanna take a guess? I'm thinking seven three. I'm thinking six, 13. Oh my God. It almost is seven. Six, eight, seven. Almost a seven pounder, boys. To start off the video, our first fish was a pretty small one. And then we just hooked this freaking brute, man. Look at how short that bass is to be a dang seven pounder. Wow. Lucky sevens, baby. Maybe we'll get us a 10 pounder. Thank you so much for biting, baby.  And get back in there and see if we can get us another. See if Chance can get him a double digit. There she goes. What a beast.  The chatterdunk. Back at it again. Something about that bait, dude. I don't know what it is about the chatterdunk but it catches giants or it could have been the lucky kicking combo, boys. I don't know what it could have been, but let's keep on casting and see what else we can catch. I messed up my fluke a little bit. Go ahead and put us a new one on. You know how I was just saying when we looked at Google Maps guys, there's like a big flat where we just started fishing where I caught the first fish. And then once you go off a little bit to where that ripple was the grass starts to spread out a good bit. There's still some isolated patches and grass beneath the surface. That's an ever so slight drop off. That's exactly where that is. Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, a big one. No, you don't. No, you don't. No way, Chance. How big? That ain't as big as yours, but... I mean, that's a good one, dude. Bring them on this side. Bring them on this side. Oh, dude, that's still a nice one. Let's go, dude. A solid three pounder. Let's go, baby. Oh, man, they're on that drop off chance. Let me see what you got. Let's see what you got. Yes, sir. Good job, brother. Heck yeah. Chance on board. Let's go, baby. What'd you think? Good two, three quarters? Yeah, I'd say two, three quarters, pushing three. I couldn't even get the words out of my mouth, Chance. You're already hooking one. That's a good first fish to start off. We should have brought the mag with us. We can always get it. I'm just worried that it won't go through that grass, you know? So guys, we got an eight inch mag draft in the car. We actually got two of them. And it's one of those things that this grass is so thick that I just don't know if we could get it through it. If we had the six maybe. Yeah, like my baby mag that I had. Yeah, it's just like the eight inch is a little hefty, but I don't know, me. I think the most fun part about today's video isn't even the big fish. It's about us falling, almost about to fall off the boat every time. Not too used to this John boat life, guys. We're still getting used to it. So guys, I've been asking you all this pretty much every video. If you guys were out at this beautiful pond today, pretty shallow water, heavy grass, like I showed you guys earlier, what would you guys be throwing? What would be your bait of choice to throw here to catch some of these big fish? I would like to know in the comment section down below, dropping down. Maybe we can come back out here and try out some of your suggestions. Mine has to be a chatter dog. Chance's bait of choice is a fluke, which I agree with. There's just so much grass. It's a great bait to throw. Let me know what you guys are throwing. I'm curious. I can't believe we're gonna have to bite on one of these trees. I know there's a lot of good grass, but still. Oh, Chance, I got slammed, dude. My whole rod tip just bent over, like he just slapped it, he didn't eat it. It feels a lot deeper out there, too. Yeah, you gotta work it slow. Yeah, you gotta work it slow. I'm kind of mad. Yeah, it's funny, Chance, because I was thinking when you were working out, I didn't want to be like that bossy person. I was like, maybe try to slow it down just ever so slightly in first cast. That's what I was thinking. Bro, that fish bit like he was five pounds, didn't it? Maybe we're on to something with that. Do you see that, though? Just aggressive pops and long pauses. All right, guys, going up all the way into this backwater. We haven't fished this yet. You know, we kind of nosed up to it earlier when I caught that first fish. We haven't gone up in here yet. He's got a poppin' pickle tied on. I just got a standard poppin' frog on the kicking combo on just a standard white frog, but we're gonna go up in here and kind of cast around.  Ended up catching one on that first cast after on the pickle, so you might be able to get something going here. After fishing the frogs up shallow for about 30 minutes, we decided to go back out towards the isolated grass. I ended up getting one more bite, but then things turned to the worst. A big storm was rolling in, so we had to end up taking the John boat out, but I decided to head out to these big fish ponds that we hit in the last video. So make sure you stay tuned because I also fished the new 10 pounder pond later on in this episode. We're at the pond where Connor ended up catching some giants. To see if we can catch some of them today, go ahead and roll that flashback. Oh my gosh, I got a monster. Oh my gosh. Oh, he just hammered it. There we go. Come on boys, get him in, get him in. Oh my gosh. I got him. That's another giant. Oh my gosh. Are you okay? Oh my gosh, that's a unit of a fish. Here she goes. He ended up catching some toads right here. We're out at this pond today and then after this, we're actually gonna go to the 10 pounder pond where I caught a double digit, a few days ago, to see if we can catch a couple more giants. The Jombo fishing was a lot of fun. We caught a seven pounder, but these ponds have even bigger fish and we're gonna get after it right now. I have two rods with me. I got my Kicking Their Bass TVX Lose Combo. If you guys wanna check them out, KickingTheBass.com. Got a chatter donkey on there. That's what we caught the giant on on the Jombo. And then we have a mock crush right here with a Texas rig lizard. But we're gonna go ahead and get after it guys and see if we can catch some of these giants. Stay tuned because we're gonna be going out to that 10 pounder pond. So let's go ahead and get after it here, see what we can catch and get on the move to catch some double digit bass. All right, let's slow down with the Texas rig. Couldn't get any bites on that chatter donkey. It is a hot day, 98 degrees. And one thing about this spot right here is it's very shallow water.  You can feel them if you're throwing a bottom bait like I'm throwing now. There is a ton of cover and structure on this bank. And I believe there's some fish here. We just might have to slow down with this lizard to get it done. And there we go. I'm feeling some of the lay downs right there. Kind of scattered out on this little flat. It's a good tree right there. I mean, look how quick that sink guys. It's only like two foot deep here with that. But there's some giants down there and we're gonna try to catch them. There's a tree right there guys. There should be a fish on it. Bringing it right over those branches right there. Key is to kind of bring this bait over the branches. Let it pause for a minute. Bring it over another branch. Let it fall, let it pause. That's usually when that fish is gonna eat it. Ooh, got slammed. Here we go boys. Here we go. He's running. Oh, he's running so hard I can't catch up with him. Oh, he's just running right at me. Look at this. He's literally running right at the bank. And he came off.  Never got a good feeling on that fish. I mean, I couldn't tell you if that was a one pounder or a dang five pounder. I can tell you the bite was insane. But that was one of the weirdest hooks set to fights of my life, man. That fish went all the way from that point that I just threw out, all the way to the bank right here without stopping. I couldn't even catch up with him. This is a seven, five to one gear issue real. I have no idea. That fish was zooming boys. That was a great bite though. Just couldn't get a good hook in them. All I felt was one hard thump. And he was taking off with it. Well, that's a good sign. We got one bite. Let's just be patient. There's gotta be some more fish down there. Cast it right in the same spot. There might be another one. That was a good dang bite. Ooh. I don't know what I just hit out there.  Oh my God. Did you guys see my rod, dude? Oh my gosh. What just happened? That was one of the craziest bites in my dang career. Please bite it again. Oh my gosh. I had to have been a monster. My whole rod just flung sideways. No. What is happening, man?  We gotta hook one of these fish. They're biting a little weird today. Maybe, I don't know. I wanna throw this back in there. I'll just say maybe I grabbed a lizard, but I don't know. I just got two massive bites on this thing. Oh no, I hooked something. It's like a tree. That ain't good. Let's see if we can walk down here and get down. Gosh dang it, man. We might have to pop this off, sadly. Yep. We'll have to go back in the car in a second, but we're gonna take that lizard and cast it out there so we can get that fish to bite again. Dude, I want that fish to bite me again. That one slap was ridiculous. Cannot believe you didn't eat it.  That was not no playing around. That was some serious fish to do what he did. Just fell that tree. I know that's your home. I can't believe how much cover's out there. Ooh, there he is. He broke me off. Well, I guess we're taking a dang trip to the car. I don't know what's happening here, but I'm getting beat up. Dang, man. Boys, I don't really know what just happened. I mean, that was another amazing bite. I will say that that cut on my line is straight clean. There's a possibility that that could have been a mudfish. Let's rig this lizard back up and get back out there. I'm also gonna put on another chatterdunk. I was using a white and chartreuse. I might just put on a black and blue. There's something a little different. I like the black and blue for the water color in this pond anyways. That one I lost at the beginning. I mean, he was just running at me. There wasn't much I could do, but that other bite just didn't make sense. I mean, I can tell you why I lost them.  I've actually became a big fan of the menace on the back of the chatterbait. It just looks really clean, slick. It's not too bulky and it gets the job done. Boom, just like that. Break them little pinchers. Look how clean that looks. I mean, it's just amazing. This seems to be the best spot on the pond. So we came back to it and we have at least, what, three or four bites? Somehow didn't land one. It's all good. We gotta be patient. There's gotta be more down there. Maybe even some of this fish we missed might, you know, still be willing to bite with the right presentation in front of them. Come on, fish. I'm dying out here, man. It is only 110 degrees. It's like a dang oven out here, boys. Especially when you break off and you get bites like I did earlier and just, there we go. There we go, boys. There we go. Nice one. Nice one, boys. Let's go. Come on. Come on, baby. Come on. I don't know how big she is, but she's pretty big. Oh, come on now. Oh yeah, that's a good fish, man. Oh, look at that. Look at how high for these fish are, but they're barely biting. This is just insane to me. Look at that. It's all the three pounder there. Let's freaking go, boys. Oh, man. These are the fish that have been biting me. They're pretty good ones, man. These are some pretty good bass. Nice little three pounder. We'll take them. Man, he bit that thing good and he was just fighting. Like I've never seen before. And I just want you guys to look at how healthy these fish are. Just straight brutes out of this pond. Look how healthy that fish is. And this is the end of summer, if that tells you anything. And you know there's gotta be more down there, but let's go ahead and release her back. That's a great start for us today. That's all we needed. We just needed to land one of these dang fish, boys. I mean, it was getting to the point to where I was dying there. I was even telling you, I'm like, I'm just hot. And I've had the worst luck and God just blessed us with a fish right there. So let's get back in the water and see if we can catch one even bigger because I know they're in here. She was actually hooked good. I'm like that other one, that other one, I don't know what happened though. I'm gonna be honest, I couldn't have done anything more than what I did. That fish was running right at me. That was the smartest strategy by a fish I've ever seen. Let's just run straight towards where I'm hooked. Looks like that gator don't like to share the pond. I got a gator swimming right over here.  Of course, he don't come over here until we actually hook a fish, right? That thing is coming right for us. Get away from me. Stop it. Stop being weird. Get away from me. Huh? Get away. Get away from me. Get away. Get away. I'll leave, man. I hate doing that, but like, dude, I'm just trying to relax. I'm being weird, man. Oh, you really wanna play with me, don't you? Get away. I wanna deal with you. I got two swords, so you know, I'm a nice guy when it comes to anything with nature. I love nature. I even love gators, but dude, that guy needs to chill.   I ain't cool, man. Thank you, sir. Thank you, kind sir. You go your way. I'll go mine. You can chill out. Don't be messing with me. What are you doing over there? You trying to get an angle on me? Is that what you're trying to do? That ain't gonna work. After messing with this little turd of a gator and fishing for four hours in this 100 degree weather, I decided to go get some lunch and head back out at this pond hours later. But this time, I brought terror with me. When I came out to this pond in the last episode, I had never fished it before and I only had one bite and it was a double digit. I've been so excited to head back out here, so let's see what we can catch. Definitely think there's still a decent amount of fish in here. There's probably way up in those trees, you know? That's a nice one. On the old lizard, he is running. He is freaking running so much, boys.  We'll take him, switch from the weightgill to the old lizard and get popped. There we go. Pretty fish, not big, but we'll take him. Thank you for biting, Bubba. That fish was excited, man. From the bite to like me hooks atting that fish was just, he had a lot of energy. It's a good sign. It's our first bite today. There we go. Come here, Tara, come here. Quick, quick, quick. They're right there. Reel it up to it, reel it up to it. Right there, drop it, drop it, drop it. That was a big bite. That was a big fish. Dang, man. I thought I felt one bite me before, though. He was running with it, so that was a bite. Oh, there he is. That's a nice one. Two and a half pounder. That bite was so good. All right, buddy, calm down. Look at that, guys.  Little two pounder. Oh, she was aggressive. You got this little bank line right here and a little bit of a couple laydowns down there on the bottom. And you pop it over one of those branches, that fish slapped it. I started to reel my lizard in at one point and it felt like one hit me, but I just couldn't tell. And then about five foot later on the cast I got thumped and he was running off with it, missed it, came back and ate it. I want you to feel one of those bites. I got another one. Tara, they're right there, they're right there. They're literally right there on that. A little further, but let it sink.  I wanted to go over there, but there was a... Ooh, Tara, here we go. It's a big one. A bank. Oh my God. Like a dang four pounder. Three and a half. Dude, that's a freaking mega. Right in the same spot, boys. Same spot. This thing needs to calm down. You got a gator coming over here. There we go, boys. Look at that thing. Every bit of a chunky three pounder. Three and a half. Let's freaking go. Little gators being pesky.  Beautiful fish, they're super healthy. Same spot as those other ones. Thank you, baby.


The U.S. Army Research Laboratory kicked off a two-day open house by hosting more than 400 representatives from industry and academia to foster future partnerships. It's really about putting us, all of us, this community at the center of a network and forming an ecosystem that allows us to partner in a brand new way. This is the fourth year the laboratory has opened its doors to potential research partners with its open campus open house. The open campus initiative is a business model for building an integrated work environment with academia industry and government by fueling innovation through joint research and development. The access to the community is really what brings us all together and that's the way we'd like to see it. It's a community of science technology and engineering focused on Army specific problems. ARL officials said the approach has led to a streamlined process for developing cooperative research and development agreements or CRATAS, the business framework for creating partnerships with the federal government. ARL has facilities across the nation. In recent years the laboratory has expanded its reach by establishing satellite locations in California and Texas. During the open house the laboratory announced a new satellite location in Illinois. The Army's corporate laboratory also has a presence in Orlando, Florida. White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Research Triangle Park in North Carolina and two sites in Maryland. But this is really key, right? Again, it's proximity that I think breeds trust. It's trust that breeds true partnership. It's true partnership that leads to true collaboration and that's really what we're after. Major General Cedric T Wins, U.S. Army Research Development and Engineering Command Commanding General said the open campus initiative allows Army researchers to be successful in their endeavors. You have to continue to be forward-thinking, forward-looking and being forward-thinking and forward- looking is done through partnerships, partnerships with folks in academia, folks in industry, and folks in other governmental agencies. An official from the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command or TRADOC gave the keynote address October 18 at APG's Millet Training Facility. Ricky Smith, Army Capabilities Integration Center Senior Professional for Capabilities Development, told the audience that the Army needs partners in technology to modernize, but that there may be a cultural issue with the adoption of robotics. I like to turn to my infantry friends and say, hey, your survival depends and your protection depends on that robotic wingman, that machine over there. They're not real comfortable with that. But if I said, I'll bring your bullets, I'll bring your food that way, they're okay with that. So maybe the way we get through the cultural divide is through the sustainment side as opposed to the maneuver side. We'll see how that goes. Robotics is just one area researchers are exploring. The laboratory has nine essential research areas which cover a broad spectrum of future technology challenges. U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen gave the keynote address October 19. I'm really excited about the possibilities that this gathering represents. When you look at the things that have been done at the Army Research Lab, it sometimes seems like science fiction. This is the kind of stuff that George Lucas told us would be coming in Star Wars movies and yet it's happening right here at the Army Research Lab and their partners who are bringing these innovations to soldiers and Marines today. From Aberdeen Proving Ground, David McNally, ARL TV.


Well, good evening and welcome to the IJACOPPO webinar series. My name is Evan Jacobson and I'm the Director of Information Technology for the International Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology. Each month, IJACOPPO hosts several continuing education webinars. The IJACOPPO webinars feature leading ophthalmologists, ophthalmic medical technicians, and professionals presenting on current topics in eye care. We want to remind everyone that our presenters generously volunteer to share their time and expertise to help us bring high quality educational opportunities for you to gain knowledge, earn continuing education credits, and help you advance in your ophthalmic careers. For the certified ophthalmic medical technicians in tonight's audience, you can earn one IJACOPPO Group A Continuing Education Credit by viewing this webinar and passing the post-webinar quiz with a score of 80% or higher. You will have through Tuesday, June 11th, to view the recorded webinar and complete the quiz for CE credit. Our presenters will be reviewing and responding to questions in our Q&A forum, so if you have any questions about this topic, we encourage you to submit them there. The Q&A forum, by the way, can be found below the link to this recording. Now, tonight's webinar is titled, Where Hallucinations and Illusions Live in the Brain, and it's presented by Srav Vaganta, MD, and Bradley Jacobson, MD. Nice going on the last name there, Bradley, by the way. That's great. Not many Jacobsons around. All right. Dr. Srav Vaganta is currently a resident physician at the Moran Eye Center. She received her medical degree from the University of Arizona College of Medicine and is interested in neuro-optimology. Dr. Bradley Jacobson is also an ophthalmology resident at the Moran Eye Center. He received his medical degree from the University of California Irvine School of Medicine and is published in several journals, including the Western Journal of Emergency Medicine and BMC Ophthalmology. And now, I am pleased to introduce to you Dr. Srav Vaganta and Bradley Jacobson. Take it away, guys. Awesome. Thanks for the great introduction, Evan. We're really happy to be doing this. Just to state, we have no financial interests or disclosures, and so we're actually going to start off with a case, and I want you all to just remember this case. We're not going to go through the whole thing right now, but we're going to kind of go through the presentations and the symptoms, and then we'll come back to the case at the very end of the presentation. And so moving on to the next slide here. So, Ms. Smith, my name is Dr. Jacobson. What brings you in today? Hi, Dr. Jacobson. I came in because my doctor and the ICU said I should have an eye exam. Oh, okay. Great. Well, why don't you tell me, do you know why your doctor sent you here, the doctor from the ICU? What brought you to the ICU? Well, I'm just 36 years old, but I actually had a heart attack. I went into the hospital because I was having chest pain and they diagnosed me with a heart attack. They took me to the heart catheterization lab, and the interventional radiologist was trying to put in a stent, and while they were trying to do that, they ended up dissecting several of my arteries, and I ended up bleeding out. I had to have transfusions of a lot of blood and platelets, and I was awake during part of the procedure, but I remember passing out, and the next thing I know was... Okay, Ms. Smith. So, this is all great information, but I am an eye doctor. I mean, as much as I would love to hear all of this, why don't you tell me about your visual complaints? So, I'm getting to that. Well, I remember waking up in the ICU and just having difficulty seeing. Like, I could see what was in front of me. I could read some words, but I just kept getting startled when people would walk into the room. So, for example, my ICU doctor, she came into the room and was talking to me, then all of a sudden, I saw this other man in the room, and it was her resident. And apparently, he was in the room the whole time, but I was very startled because I didn't see him walk in with her. So, was it that you weren't able to see the resident physician, or was he blurred out, was he blacked out, or was he just completely invisible until he started talking? When I looked over, I could see him, his face clearly, it's just that I didn't realize he was in the room at first. I only saw one person, and it keeps happening to me. I keep being startled by other people in the room when I think there's only one other person there with me. Very interesting. Well, let's move on to your exam. So, it looks like here, your visual acuity is 2020 in your right eye and left eye, which is perfect vision. Your visual fields are full, but it looks like you did have a hard time localizing and actually saying that you see the number three or number four, but you still performed perfectly on it. Your pupils were equally round and reacted to light with no afferent pupillary defect. And your extra ocular movements also were intact, however, it did take you quite a bit of time to move your eyes in the different directions I was asking you to move. And then when performing the finger to nose test, it looks like you were able to really localize your nose very easily, but when you were reaching out for the objects, it looked like it was pretty difficult for you to actually touch the objects. So, I think we need to do a little more testing.  Well, on the screen I see a T. I think there's another T next to it. Anything that the T's are making up right now? What shape are the T's making? Well, I'm not sure what you mean. I see another T. I see three T's. Okay. All right. Well, let's move on to this next screen. And that actually formed an H, Ms. Smith, just to let you know. So, I want you to tell me what, describe this picture to me. What do you see? Well, in this picture, I see a lady. And she just looks like she's washing a dish. And do you see anything more than that? Anything more in the picture? She's standing next to a sink. How many people do you see in the picture? I don't know what you mean. I just see the one lady. Okay. So, there's actually three people in this picture. All right, guys. So, thanks for listening to that. So, like I said, just kind of keep that in mind throughout this presentation, and now we're going to move on to some content. I'd like to start off with defining the difference between hallucinations and illusions. So, hallucinations are conditions where there is no true sensory stimulus, but the visual cortex perceives a stimulus. So, there isn't, for example, light in our vision, but our visual cortex thinks there is light. Whereas in an illusion, there is a true sensory stimulus, but then the brain misinterprets it. So, there's a visual stimulus, like an object, but the brain misinterprets it as something else that it actually is. And we'll go through some examples of this. So, we're going to start off with hallucinations stimulated by the eye. And to start off, we're going to talk about photopsias. So, essentially, a photopsia is flashing light scene. And we often see this, for those of you that work in the retina clinic, we always ask our patients, do you see any flashing light? And what this is is, essentially, the photoreceptors in our eyes are getting stimulated, but not by light, like they normally are, how they're made to be stimulated. They're actually getting stimulated by a mechanical pressure, which then sends a stimulus to the brain, and that's what the brain perceives as light. And, you know, in retina detachment, for example, it's a vitreous pulling on the retina. And then on the next slide, here we see pressure phosphines. And this is a different type of mechanical stimulus. So, definitely don't recommend doing this, but maybe as a kid, when you close your eyes and you press on your eyeball, you would actually see these flashing lights. And once again, this is another example of a hallucination. So, it's not there, it's not present, but your brain is perceiving these flashing lights. Now, I want you guys to stop pressing your eye, because I'm sure some of you are trying this out right now. And now we're going to move on to illusions. So, illusions, again, are conditions where there is a true sensory stimulus, but the brain misinterprets it. So, there is, for example, a light stimulus that exists. It's real, but our brain misinterprets it as something else. An example of illusions include entopic phenomena, and we'll give you some examples of this. So, the first one I want to talk about is sheer phenomenon. So, basically, what this is, is when we see moving stars or small lights, especially when looking at a bright field of snow or blue sky, we're actually perceiving white blood cells traveling in their retinal capillaries. And so, oftentimes, especially here in Utah, people will be going down the slope, skiing or snowboarding, and they'll come in and they'll say, I saw these black dots in the snow. But really, like I just said, it's just the white blood cells traveling through the retina. So, these visual stimuli are actually present. The brain is not perceiving anything that's not present, like hallucination. So, again, entopic phenomena occur when there is a true stimulus within one's own eye, but it can't be shared with another person. So, only you can see it, but someone else can't see it, but it's still real. Another example of this that we see in the ophthalmology clinic is called a Purkinje tree. When you're examining a patient at the split lamp, for example, they might say, whoa, I can see my veins. Right, and that happens to everybody. So, it's not that special, but it's when a bright light is shining in the eye and the patient can see their own vessels and the outline of the vessel, especially when they're looking far up or far down. We have some examples of other types of illusions. Xanthopathy is another example of an illusion, and this occurs when we see yellow. So, xantho means yellow.  This can happen when patients have cataracts or due to drug toxicity, such as digoxin, which is a heart medication. As you can see on the image on the left, the image looks more yellow, whereas the image on the right looks normal. Another example of this in art history is Xanthopathy and Van Gogh's yellow pallets. So, there have been many studies that have been reported studying Van Gogh's yellow pallets. So, his images used to have a lot of yellow colors in them, and people thought that this was due to his episodes of malnutrition, substance abuse, environmental exposures, or drug experimentation. They thought that he had taken digitalis, which is the flower that is used to make digoxin, the heart medication, and this caused his vision to become yellow. However, that actually panned out to not be true, because he used yellow even when he was completely healthy, and it's likely that he was just following the trends of the time, and he just wanted to try out a yellow pallet. And then the next thing we want to talk about is something called metamorphopsia.  And so, oftentimes in retina clinic, what we'll do is we'll provide someone with something called an amslur grid when we're looking for transition from dry to wet macular degeneration. So, we have the patients test one eye at a time, and essentially what we're looking for is metamorphopsia. Looking at those straight lines, we ask them, is there any distortion, any waviness, do they appear shorter or larger than they actually are? Another interesting example is Alice in Wonderland syndrome, where patients can have mycopcia or macropcia. Mycopcia is where images seem smaller than they are, and macropcia is where images seem larger than they are as they did for Alice in Wonderland. The causes of this include damage to the frontal temporal part of our brain. This can be due to migraines, encephalitis, which is an infection of the brain caused by, most commonly, Epstein-Barr virus, which is the same virus that can cause mono, or even epilepsy or seizures. So, I thought it was a very interesting testimonial of a patient who reported what she experienced when she had Alice in Wonderland syndrome growing up. I'm going to read her testimonial to you. It always starts the same way. I'm lying in bed, drifting off to sleep, and suddenly, everything starts to feel fast, frantic, and there's an accompanying feeling of dread. As the feeling builds, the walls start to shrink. Shrink in, and all sense of perception goes right out the window, like I'm inside a massive telescope.  So, she talks about in this testimonial that she used to have these episodes just randomly and more commonly when she was a child, and they'd often be followed by headaches or migraines. She had a whole workup. She had head imaging done, and had met with neurologists throughout her childhood, and there was no specific cause for her condition. She didn't have seizures either, and as she grew older into adulthood, the frequency of that episode decreased over time, thankfully. There are also other conditions called allicin-wonderland-like phenomenon. So, this includes lilliputianism, which is interesting. Patients see others as small people. There's also a hallucination version of this. So, whereas allicin-wonderland syndrome is an illusion, lilliputian hallucinations are, as you can see in this picture, the patients see lots of little people who are not actually there. This can be quite alarming. The causes of these include migraine, seizures, but also schizophrenia or drug abuse, including cough syrup. Okay, so we're going to move on now to something called higher-order cortical visual loss. And essentially what this is, this is visual loss that is caused by abnormalities in the brain. There's nothing to matter with the actual eye, but the insult has actually occurred in the brain.  It's called the blind woman who sees rain, but not her daughter's smile. And so we're going to go ahead and play that for you. And just so you know, the lady in this video does have a very, very strong Scottish accent. You'll get used to it after a couple of seconds, but we'll come back after this video. The last thing I remember is lying here in my own bed. And I vaguely remember being taken to the hospital. And then after that, I don't remember anything. When I woke up, it was completely black. Absolutely black. When Molina Channing was 29 years old, she was left blind by a stroke. My eyes are perfect, but it's the damage that the stroke did to my brain.  But then, a little while later, I was giving Stephanie a bath and, you know, running the tap, running the water. I see the water moving, but then they went and told all the doctors. They said it's her imagination. And then I started seeing the rain coming down from the sky, the windscreen wipers on, the steam coming from my coffee cup. And though she couldn't see her daughter, I would see her ponytail moving left to right. It seemed to be things that were moving, but nobody believed me. She visited neurologists in Canada who showed her this weird shifting grid. I actually started crying because I could see it. It turns out there are these modules in the brain that are specialized for processing higher order aspects of vision, like recognizing faces or letters or motion. And it seemed that in Molina's brain, the information coming through the eyes had found a way to bypass that broken primary visual cortex and still get out to that motion module, a part of her brain that was apparently still intact. It's just amazing what I can see. I can avoid obstacles and fill the kettle. I'm seeing colors better, but I can't see people. I don't see your face. I mean, you're there, but I just see this shadow. That compartmental nature of vision that may have been her blessing is also proving to be a quiet curse. Just now and again, it hits me, you know, why can't I see my daughter's face and who does she look like and it's so frustrating. And then I think about it for a while and then I think, oh well. At least I'm here. So we'll move on to the next slide here. So what this video is essentially presenting is something called the RIDOC phenomenon. And what this lady had in this video was essentially destruction of her primary visual cortex. So this is where the majority of our vision is processed, but she had this residual conscious visual function with the ability to perceive motion. So she wasn't able to see things that were stationary, but the minute they started moving, she was able to see that. And as you guys can see, let me get our arrow here. So there are two different pathways. There's the V5 pathway, which is the dorsal pathway. And this is responsible for the wear of our vision, so essentially motion. And then over here we have the V4 pathway. This is the ventral pathway. And that deals with more of the what of our vision. And then the V1, 2, and 3 that you see towards the back, this is the primary visual cortex. And that's what was essentially destroyed in this lady in this video. And because of this preservation of the retinotectopulvanar pathway to V5, she was still able to see her daughter moving, to see steam, to see water pulling in the cup. Great. What? I know. So that can be kind of confusing. So we're going to go over this a few more times just to make sure we learn it really well. So essentially neuroanatomists divided the brain into several different regions, especially the cortical areas of our brain into regions called broadband areas. And then we've also subdivided into V1, V2, and so on. So the primary visual cortex in our brain, as you saw in the previous image, consists of V1, V2, and V3. And this area relates information that we receive from our eyes to other parts of our brain. And that includes the V4 and V5 regions. So essentially those regions help interpret the data. So raw data and light arrives from our eyes to the primary visual cortex, the V1, V2, and V3 regions. And I'm going to go to the next slide to show you the picture again. And that information is just raw data that is then sent to the V5 and V4 regions to help us interpret what we're seeing. So to help interpret where an image is in space, we have the V5 area. And then to help interpret what an image is, such as identifying an object or a face, we have the V4 area. So we call the V4 area the where stream or the dorsal stream. Again, this helps with our spatial processing, identifying where an object is in space, its location, whether it's moving, whether it changes shape, and its relationship to other structures around it. And then the ventral stream, or the V4 area, helps with object processing. This helps us determine what the color of an object is, its texture, the details of a picture, its shape, and its size. So examples of disorders of recognition include problems with our V4 area. So object-agnosia, percept-agnosia. Object-agnosia is when we have trouble identifying what an object is. Percept-agnosia is when we have trouble identifying faces. Topographic-agnosia is difficulty identifying locations. And then cerebral achromatopsia has to do with difficulty identifying colors. So color vision problems can not only originate in the optic nerve or our retina, but they can also be directly related to a defect in our brain cortex. So here's another case that I want to share with you guys that talks about this inability to recognize objects and faces. So a 41-year-old man awakes one day, feeling like there is something wrong with his vision. He says, it's all just wrong. He has difficulty recognizing faces and has to rely on the clothes the people are wearing, their voices or hairstyle.  He feels like skin tones are especially grotesque to him. Over time, he has been able to start seeing some colors, but finds it hard to distinguish colors that are similar to each other, for example, blue and green. He now gets lost a lot in his neighborhood, which he thinks is because all the buildings and cars look the same. And so what you see in this picture right here is something called prosopagnosia, which is what Sarawak was just talking about. And so it's the inability to recognize people's faces. And this is essentially how they see their world, except even worse, he also had acromatopsia, and he wasn't able to distinguish between different colors. And so this is, I think, a great picture displaying just what somebody with this disorder might be seeing in their world. All right, so after all that, let's get back to our first patient. So in summary, this is a 36-year-old woman. Remember after the long story she told me, she essentially had a heart attack. She had catheterization to try to unblock those arteries that were clogged, and essentially a complication was dissection of the coronary artery, so she had major bleeding, which essentially led to an ischemic stroke. So when she came in and saw me, her vision was 20-20, and both her eyes. She had full visual fields, although if you do remember, she did have a difficult time, meaning it just took her longer than usual. And then she also had full extroocular movements, although once again she had difficulty initiating those eye movements. She eventually could look up, down, left, or right, but just initiating it was difficult for her. And then lastly, she had very difficult time finding objects. And so that was represented really by that T-picture we saw making the H, and then also the finger-to-nose. So when she touched her nose and she reached out towards the object, it was really hard for her to find that object. We have diagnosed her now with balance syndrome, and she has fit this diagnosis perfectly because she has all three findings that we see in this syndrome. Specifically, she has simultanognosia, oculomotoropraxia, and ocularytaxia. And we're going to break each of these down and talk about what they are. Okay, so to start off, simultanognosia. And so this is the failure of the ability to pay attention to more than one object at a time. So as you recall, I showed her this top picture, the T's that make an H. She was able to identify the individual T's, but she could not express that these T's actually made an H shape. And then this picture that you see of the lady washing dishes and the cookie jar is classically referred to as the cookie jar thief picture. So she could see the woman washing the dishes, but she wasn't also able to tell me about the kid on the stool stealing the cookies or the window or the water overflowing. So people often view this as missing the force for the trees. Our patient also had oculomotoropraxia, which is a defect in the initiation and guidance of eye movements to visual targets. So she had full extracular movement, but following a finger and following it smoothly across her vision was very difficult for her. It was easy for her to lose where the finger was going, but it was also difficult for her to move her eyes to follow that image, as you can see in this picture. Finally, she also had optic ataxia, which is inaccurate reaching to visual targets. So as you see in this image, this gentleman in the top picture is reaching for the spoon that's held in front of him, but he keeps missing it, so he's reaching just below the spoon. And in the bottom picture, again, the spoon, he can see where it is, he can see where his hand is, but he cannot actually physically touch the spoon, so he's missing it each time. So this has to do with poor hand-eye coordination, essentially. Our patient had good finger-to-nose touching in terms of being able to touch her nose, so she knew where her own body parts were in space, which is good proprioception, but when she was asked to touch an object in front of her or the examiner's finger in front of her, she kept missing it, and kind of overshooting or undershooting, essentially. So where is the lesion in the brain when someone has valence syndrome? A typical lesion is actually in the bilateral, a supraparietal cortex. So as you can see in this picture all the way to the left, patients have lesions in the occipital regions, which are in the green here, and also in the yellow regions, the parietal lesions. And in the MRI pictures in the center image and the image to the right, you can see there is a stroke here in the bilateral occipital parietal region. The causes of lesions in these areas are cerebral vascular disease, so, again, stroke. So we see these in areas that are called watershed regions. So areas where there's a gas or less blood supply due to two arteries meeting, essentially. Inoxic brain injuries can also cause this, so a lack of oxygen to the brain. This can be due to, for example, carbon monoxide poisoning. And we also see this in kruzvaldiakrobe disease, which is also known as mad cow. Another more common cause of valence syndrome is actually Alzheimer's disease, which is a neurodegenerative disorder. So a certain form of Alzheimer's disease called posterior cortical atrophy especially affects the occipital parietal region. As you can see in the MRI pictures, again, the occipital regions here have a lot of spaces. So you're actually seeing cerebral spinal fluid in the darker black here and a loss of brain volume, essentially. You can again see that in this image. So we'd like to thank you for your attention. And yeah, thank you guys all for joining us. And there is a form that Evan talked about in the beginning that you can post any questions. We're more than happy to answer them when this goes live. And just some pictures up here. This is our intern class, I guess, to your left using the different lenses. And then on the right-hand side are all of us that are resident retreat. We're a fun group here at Moran Eye Center. So if you guys are interested in the opto or coming over here, just give us a call. Yep. And that's me with the green arrow. And we'd also like to thank... Dr. Don Rafael-Winn, who is a former neuro-ostomology fellow at the Moran Eye Center and who also helped us with this presentation. Thanks again for your attention. Good luck on your guys' quiz. You'll do great. It's easy. Awesome. Well, hey, thank you so much, Dr. Vagunta and Dr. Jacobson. We'd like to thank all of you for attending this webinar presentation. And we remind you to successfully complete the quiz for CE Credit. Now, to register for the next iJacopo Continuing Education webinar, please go to our events page by visiting our iCare Marketplace website at icaremarketplace.org. Once there, click on the webinars and regional events link. Finally, we rely on your feedback to help us provide engaging and high-quality online education. So we'd appreciate you taking a few moments to complete the webinar evaluation that accompanies your CE quiz. Again, thank you for joining us for the iJacopo webinar where hallucinations and illusions live in the brain presented by Dr. Srav Vagunta and Dr. Bradley Jacobson. Thanks, everyone, and have a good night.


The Electoral Department's Voters Safety COVID-19 Protocols for the 2021 General Elections. The safety of all voters is extremely important to the Electoral Department. On Election Day, remember to take along your mask. The use of face masks is mandatory for all persons involved in the election process and must be worn at all election locations. All voters will be sanitized at two points, upon entry and before applying the indelible ink. All protocols regarding physical distancing will be maintained. There will be a queuing system within the 100 yards and beyond at the polling stations. All furniture and equipment used at polling stations will be sanitized periodically. Cleaning booths and pencils will be sanitized after every voter's use. These are the Voters Safety COVID-19 Protocols for the 2021 General Elections.


Y cyfnod ymddîr y Llyfrgell Fyngydig, y cyfnod y Llyfrgell Fyngydig, y cwestiynau yw Dyglus Ross. Mae'r cyfnod yw Michael Matheson yn tyflau'r £11,000 cyfnod ar y cyfnod i gyfoedd y gwasiwn.  A gweithio'r hollwyddiad, rydyn ni'n gweithio'r hollwyddiad, yn mynd i gael 8,000 e-mails ar y ddau. Mae e-mail yn ymgyrch, yn gyntaf, yn 10 sefydig yn dweud o'r 24 eich ddweud. Mae'n allu ar gyfer y Helysgrifennu i Moroq o'r hollwyddiad. Does the First Minister really believe that Michael Matheson ran up all these costs on parliamentary business, yes or no? First Minister, there is clearly more to say on this issue and that's why Michael Matheson has agreed to make with the agreement of parliament to make a personal statement later today. I have no intention of preempting that statement. He will lay out in full detail what has happened in relation to the use of his iPad. Of course, Michael has agreed to pay back the full amount. He has admitted to an honest mistake that has been made. Of course, he will elaborate on that and certainly reflect on that. I do understand in our politics the very first place that we all go to is to think the very worst of each other. I hold my hands up. I have often done that myself and have been guilty of it too. However, honest mistakes do happen. Michael has been a member of this Parliament since its inception. All of us who have worked with him know that he is a man of honesty and of integrity. Instead of rushing to besmarch each other's character, perhaps our politics would be a little better if we gave each other the benefit of the doubt. Michael will lay out in full what has happened in relation to his iPad. Of course, his central point being that he has already agreed, and he has in fact paid back the full amount that is incurred on this expense. Douglas Ross has said that it was an honest mistake. He is 50% right with that. He has also said that he has no intention of getting into this. I have no intention of letting the First Minister off with that argument, because that goes to the heart of his Government and his actions and the impact that this is having on people across Scotland. This morning, it emerged that Michael Matheson had cancelled a Government visit to Glasgow GP surgery. The health secretary has stopped doing his job because of that. That really matters when Scotland's NHS is in crisis and we are approaching winter. It matters if there is an attempt to dupe taxpayers out of £11,000. For nearly a year, Michael Matheson was happy for the taxpayer to pick up this bill. He made no attempt to repeat it until he was caught. His story is farcical beyond belief, so I am going to repeat my question to the First Minister. Can he guarantee that Michael Matheson ran up all of these costs on parliamentary business, yes or no? Michael Matheson will lay out in full detail what has happened, and Michael Matheson has already said, of course, last week. When a question has been put to the First Minister, I am sure that we all want to hear the response. We cannot hear the response when people are shouting from seats. The response is that there is clearly more to it. Douglas Ross is absolutely right. What I will not do is to pre-up the personal statement that Michael Matheson has agreed with the Presiding Officer to make later this afternoon. He will lay out in full detail what has happened, but, of course, when that mistake was not just made—when, of course, Michael Matheson was made aware of that mistake—he took corrective action. That corrective action was, of course, to repay the full amount. Where I disagree entirely with Douglas Ross is that Michael Matheson has been doing anything other than concentrating on the job at hand. That is why he was able to announce—we were able to announce this morning, of course—that we have secured the future of community links workers posts in Glasgow with an additional investment of £1.2 million. On top of that, of course, this is the health secretary that ensured that Scotland was the country where there was not junior doctor strikes. On top of that, this is the health secretary who secured annual funding of £100 million to help to reduce waiting lists. Michael Matheson is absolutely concentrating on the job at hand, but, of course, he will lay out in full later this afternoon the full detail of what has happened in relation to his parliamentary iPad. The health secretary is not doing his job. We know that he refused to comment on shocking A&E waiting times this week because he was worried about the questions over his personal conduct. Yes, we need to hear from the health secretary, but this now goes beyond his actions. The First Minister has put his own personal representation on the line. When this story broke, Humza Yousaf said that the £11,000 bill was a legitimate expense. He said that the money did not need to be repaid to the taxpayer. He called Michael Matheson a person of integrity and character. He said, and I quote, I absolutely take Michael at his word. He gave him his 100% backing. The First Minister is claiming that Michael Matheson's word is more important than the facts, but Humza Yousaf's integrity is at stake here. A direct question to the First Minister that he can't just put on the statement this afternoon, does the First Minister still believe, as he did last week, even now with all the evidence that this £11,000 bill was a legitimate expense? First of all, to get a lecture on principles and integrity from the party that gave us Boris Johnson, it is quite something. In the week when Douglas Ross's party, the flagship policy in Rwanda, was torn to pieces by the Supreme Court, hardly a party to be lecturing anybody on principles and integrity. It is absolutely impossible to hear any question or response being put at the moment, because there is far too much noise coming from members, and I will ask you to desist, First Minister. As I have said, it is clear that there is more that has been discovered in relation to the iPad and the expense. Michael Matheson will make that clear in a statement later on this afternoon. Of course, I have absolute confidence in Michael Matheson as the Cabinet Secretary for Health, and let me tell you why, because on top of ensuring that we resolve the issue around community links workers post in Glasgow, and on top of ensuring that we resolve the junior doctor strike. First Minister, I am going to ask you, Mr Hoy, to make sure that that is the last remark that I hear when you are not on your feet and you haven't been called to speak. First Minister. Well, they don't want to hear it because, of course, it goes contrary to their claims, because Michael Matheson is also the health secretary that announced £15.6 million additional funding for hospital at home this year to deal with winter pressures. He's the health secretary that announced £50 million for funding for the Scottish ambulance service. That is a health secretary that is entirely focused on ensuring that NHS recovers through the course of what will be one of the most difficult winters. Has I said, Presiding Officer, Michael Matheson, upon discovering what is an honest mistake, of course paid back the expense in its entirety? It wasn't upon discovering something, he claimed this. He claimed £11,000 from the taxpayer. All I have asked from Humza Yousaf is, does he still agree, as he did last week, that this was a legitimate expense, yes or no, and does he agree that that £11,000, that costs were ran up purely on parliamentary business, yes or no? I have tried that three times and three times I have not had an answer. The fact is, the First Minister should have immediately launched an investigation into this matter. He should have demanded that Michael Matheson hand over the device to be examined.  If this story changes to be about family or personal usage, that still won't cut it, because it will be nearly a year after the claim and a week into this scandal. The evidence shows that Michael Matheson claimed £11,000 of taxpayer's money when he knew it wasn't for parliamentary work. It wasn't just a mistake, it was dishonest. Will Humza Yousaf do the right thing and sack Michael Matheson or wait for his resignation? As I have already demonstrated in my responses to Douglas Ross, Michael Matheson has been concentrating on ensuring that our NHS recovers through the course of what will be one of the most challenging winters it has faced. That is evidence by the fact that I know that, over the past few weeks, he has been working diligently to ensure that we are able to fund community links workers posts in Glasgow. I am pleased that we have been able to get to our resolution on that very matter. That, of course, is a matter between Michael Matheson as an MSP and indeed the parliamentary authorities. Of course, the Parliament has made it clear that it has investigated the matter, but I have answered Douglas Ross's question. Mr Ross, excuse me, First Minister. The First Minister is answering questions. You have had an opportunity to put questions to the First Minister. It is extremely important that we carry out our business in an orderly fashion and show one another courtesy and respect, First Minister. I have answered, of course, Douglas Ross's question, which is that there is clearly more that has come to light, which Michael Matheson will make clear in just a couple of hours' time. That is why he took the decision to repay back the full amount of this expense. Michael Matheson will lay that out later this afternoon. What Michael Matheson will then continue to do, of course, is what he has been doing for weeks, for months now, which is ensuring that our NHS gets all the support that it needs during one of the most difficult periods in its history. While the health secretary fights to save his job, the crisis in the NHS continues. Greater Glasgow and Clyde health board has been named as a suspect in a corporate homicide investigation into the deaths of four patients, including 10-year-old Millie Mayne. For years, Millie's family has sought justice, but years on from this case first being raised, no one has been held to account and no one has lost their job. The chair, John Brown, who has overseen this scandal, comes to an end of his term in a few weeks. But despite being chair of the only public body in Scottish history to be named a suspect in a corporate homicide case, he is to be kept on by the Government as an adviser on NHS good governance. You couldn't make this up. What message does this send to grieving families? What does it say about your judgment that the man who presided over this scandal will continue to advise your Government? First of all, my thoughts and my condolences continue to go to the families that have been impacted and affected. Let me pay credit to Anasawa, who has provided support to many of those families who have been so tragically impacted and affected. Where Anasawa and I will vehemently disagree is that the Government, I believe, has taken action. That is why we established the public inquiry in the very first place. The entire purpose, the entire point of a public inquiry is to get to the truth of these matters. I cannot comment on a live police investigation. It is important for me to say that, of course, individuals have not been named in relation to the health board. That regard is the health board in NHS Good and Glasgow and Clyde that has, as a corporate entity, been named as a suspect. I would say to Anasawa that he may wish to be the judge and the jury in the investigation. It is my job to ensure that I do not interfere, that I do not intervene neither in the public inquiry or, indeed, interfere in a live police investigation. We will hold to the board to account when necessary. That is why, of course, the oversight board was established in the first place. That is why we ensured that the 108 recommendations were completed. We will allow the independent inquiry and the independent police investigation to get on with the job that they are meant to do without the Government interfering. The First Minister's judgment is called into question here, because Jeane Freeman put those people into special measures, and Humza Yousaf lifted them out of special measures and empowered them. Let me be clear that John Brown should not be advising this Government, and he should not hold any public appointments while the criminal investigation and the public inquiry continues. The chief executive of the health board, Jeane Grant, has been in post since before Millie died. During that time, she has been paid over £1 million. She has led an organisation that is now being investigated for corporate homicide, has gaslit grieving families, shut down and bullied NHS staff and called into question the results of an independent review that explores fatal infections in children. Now, she will continue to run this health board while the police investigate her actions and those of the people who report to her. In any other walk of life, suspects would not be allowed to walk free on a crime scene, so why does the First Minister continue to back and not sack the chief executive of this health board? Can we just be absolutely clear on this? Anasawa has other information that is not in the public domain. Individuals such as Jeane Grant have not been themselves named as a suspect. It is, of course, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde as a corporate entity that has been named as a suspect. It is important that the police investigation is allowed to continue. As I say, Anasawa, I may wish in his position to be judge and jury. It is important that I allow the police investigation to happen without interruption. Anasawa makes the point to me that NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde were de-escalated. He is right that they were de-escalated, but the entire point is that they were de-escalated because they made improvements in performance following the completion of all 108 recommendations outlined in the independent review. Is Anasawa seriously suggesting that having completed all the recommendations in that oversight board that no appropriate action should have been taken in relation to patient safety, which is at the very heart of those issues? I am very pleased that this Parliament was able to pass the patient safety commissioner bill. On top of that, of course, we have taken many actions in relation to patient safety. I will continue to ensure that we allow the public inquiry, allow the police investigation to take its course unimpeded without interference in the Scottish Government, and, at the same time, of course, do everything that we can to ensure patient safety within our NHS. It is such a tragedy that every week the First Minister continues to demonstrate how completely out of depth he is in his position the first ever corporate homicide investigation of a public body in Scottish history. Those are the answers that we are getting from Scotland's First Minister. Deadly mistakes made, facts denied, a cover-up continuing, and to this day no one, not a single person, held to account. Instead, incompetence is rewarded. This is not just the story of this health board but of this SNP Government. From deleted WhatsApp Covid messages to the leadership of this health board being allowed to continue in their jobs, also this Government can try and save face, while families grieve the loss of loved ones. First Minister, your choices have consequences. This is what Kimberly Darick, the mother of Millie Mayne, said on Monday. I have never been able to celebrate Millie's life like I should be. Anytime I think of Millie, I think of all the pain that day caused and continues to cause. I feel that pain the day I lost her every single day because of all of this. First Minister, for once do the right thing, sack the leadership of this health board. First Minister, I cannot imagine the pain of losing a child. I think that it is every parent's worst nightmare without a shadow of a doubt. I have, of course, paid credit to those who have supported Kimberly Darick and other families who have suffered such a loss. What I am interested in is action. That is why this Government established the oversight board. That is why we established the public inquiry. That is why we introduced and passed the patient safety commission of a bill. That is why we introduced the duty of Canada. That is why we established the independent national whistleblower's office, the first of its kind, in the UK. That is why we ensured that there are whistleblowing champions in every single health board. We will continue to demonstrate that leadership. I know Anasawar. He is always faltering when he goes for the personal attacks at something he has done throughout his entire period as leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Can I remind him about his version of leadership? I think that we have seen just yesterday a demonstration of the lack of leadership that Anasawar is able to show. If, in the face of thousands of innocent men, women and children in Gaza being killed, Anasawar cannot even demand that his own Labour MPs back at ceasefire, that is not a version of leadership that I will subscribe to. 3. Alex Cole-Hamilton I have here a freedom of information request, which shows that the fire service contacted the Scottish Government four years ago about having to prop up station ceilings because of dangerous concrete. RAC is in 14 of them, from Mulgai to Portree. The chief fire officer asked for £70 million to fix it, but ministers actually cut their capital budget in real terms. Fire station roofs were the canary in the coal mine for the concrete crisis that is now affecting schools and hospitals, and yet the Government were nowhere on this, not telling Parliament, ignoring it internally, even cutting budgets. Firefighters run towards danger on every job officer, so they should not have to face it when they return to base. Would the Government have ignored dangerous concrete for four years if it was found in the ceiling of Bute House? To Alex Cole-Hamilton, of course, what we have been doing and many of our public bodies local authorities have been doing is following the guidance of the Institute of Structural Engineers. It is really important that we continue to align ourselves with that important guidance. Of course, where RAC has been found, in the vast overwhelming majority of cases, is my understanding that appropriate mitigations have been put in place. I did have a meeting just yesterday with the Scottish Trade Union's Congress and the FBU represented at that meeting. They made a passionate plea in relation to the budgetary position that they are in, both in terms of the capital and resource on RAC that was mentioned in those discussions. I will, of course, give those calls absolute consideration, as will the Deputy First Minister, when we are working up the budget next month. What I will say to Alex Cole-Hamilton is that the Government has taken extensive measures and action alongside our partners in local government and other public bodies in relation to the RAC issue. I am happy that the Government will provide Alex Cole-Hamilton with a written response with all of the detail of the actions that we have taken. To ask the First Minister what assessment the Scottish Government has made of the impact of the low-mission zone in Glasgow. The Scottish Government remains committed to tackling air pollution through the introduction of low-mission zones in Aberdeen, in Dundee and Edinburgh and, indeed, in Glasgow. We already know that many drivers have taken action to prepare for LEZs following our awareness-raising campaigns. In addition, we have provided substantial funding to reduce emissions from mid-life buses and taxis and supported those who are most in need of assistance to switch to less polluting and sustainable means of travel. Over £10 million has been provided through the LEZ support fund since 2019, resulting in almost 3,000 non-compliant vehicles being disposed of or retrofitted with cleaner technology. It is too early to comment on the impact on air pollution since LEZ enforcement commenced on 1 June 2023. That is because the data needs to be collected over an appropriate period and analysed. However, we look forward to receiving the statutory LEZ reports on air quality data from Glasgow City Council on due course. Stephanie Callaghan I thank the First Minister for that answer, and it is really encouraging that the most recent figures show a drop in the number of fines issued in Glasgow's low-emission zone and education that public awareness has grown. Can I ask the First Minister what interactions are taking place between the Scottish Government and other councils across Scotland to look into implementing similar LEZ schemes as we work together to move towards a cleaner, greener and healthier transport system? I was pleased to see the number of PCNs being issued following months and months since July. I believe that this shows the intended deterrent effect of increasing surcharges for subsequent contraventions of the LEZs. I am very pleased that progress is being made in relation to the other city's low-emission zones. We know that when it comes to the challenges of air pollution across Scotland, the measures are increasingly important. We know that enforcement of the LEZs will commence on 30 May 2024 in Dundee on 1 June 2024 in Aberdeen and in Edinburgh.  Importantly, for low-emission zones, they are an important public health measure, particularly in some of our most polluted urban areas. I can tell the First Minister that at least 150 motorists are being wrongly issued fines every month for driving through Glasgow's low-emission zone. Glasgow City Council says that it does not know what to do with the colossal sums—£0.5 million so far—that it is raising. Shouldn't they have sorted this out before introducing this botched scheme? There is hardly a surprise that every time, of course, this Government or indeed local Government brings forward any even smaller, mild measure in order to tackle the climate crisis that is opposed by the Conservatives time and time and time again. Let's also be absolutely clear that when it comes to all revenue above that, incurred and running the LEZ scheme itself, it can only be used for activities that help to reduce air pollution or contribute towards achieving our climate change targets. I know that Glasgow will be thinking about where it can spend that money in order to help to reduce air pollution or indeed meet its own climate change targets. I say to Graham Simpson and the Conservatives that they cannot continue to be climate deniers. They have to get with the mainstream and indeed support anybody, be it national government, be it local government, in order to tackle the dangers of the climate crisis. The city of Glasgow desperately needs people to return to the nighttime economy as the most locked-down city in the UK. Taxes are key to ensuring that people have confidence that they will be able to get home, but taxi drivers have had to fight for every concession to help them comply with the LEZ zone. Taxi drivers tell me that there is only one garage that will help them comply, and the waiting list is as long as 2026, but they only have a year to comply. Given, as the First Minister said, the other cities will face these challenges. Will the First Minister look into a national grant scheme and what else can be done to help the taxi trade comply? Given that Scotland's largest city needs to come out of the pandemic and recovery, I think that that is very much important to deal with. That is an important issue, of course. We all value the nighttime economy and, of course, the important role that taxi drivers play in that regard. It is important to note that it is not necessary to purchase a new or electric taxi to be LEZ-compliant for taxi operators who wish to change their vehicle. Some older taxis may be suitable for that retrofitting, but I take the point that Pauline McNeill makes. If there is only one garage, as she has described, and there are extremely long waiting lists, I will ensure that we liaise with Glasgow City Council to see what support we can provide. It should be said that the LEZ support fund has been providing grant funding for taxi retrofits since 2019, and since it opened, more than 300 taxis have taken up the funding for retrofitting. There is a fund available, but I take the points that Pauline McNeill raises very seriously. We will explore and examine with our partners in Glasgow City Council if there is more that we can do. To ask the First Minister whether he will provide an update on when the Scottish Government will review its ban on alcohol consumption on ScotRail train services. First Minister, I should acknowledge that there are quite a wide range of views on this very issue. My priority is ensuring that ScotRail services are safe and enjoyable for all users and staff, but specifically women and girls, where we know of the role that alcohol often plays in making women feel unsafe. That is why the Transport Minister has asked that officials at Transport Scotland engage with the British Transport Police, ScotRail, ScotRail Holdings and Transport Focus, among other organisations, to ensure that all views on continuing the alcohol ban in ScotRail trains are given due consideration and all impacts are assessed. Following a meeting last month, we have also written to trade union leaders asking for their views on the issue. We will update Parliament in the most appropriate way when a decision has been made and, once we take into account all the views of stakeholders. First Minister, it is now three years since alcohol was banned on ScotRail trains as a Covid precaution measure. ScotRail and British Transport Police have both told me that the ban is unworkable. People who indulge in antisocial behaviour are ignoring the ban and drinking it anyway. It is the law abiding Scots who are being penalised. First Minister, is it not time the Scottish National Party showed some trust in the Scottish public and scrapped this draconian rule and got more people back on the trains, especially during the upcoming Christmas period? A couple of things I would say to Douglas Lambson. I do appreciate that there is a wide variety of views on this. That is exactly why the Transport Minister has asked for a whole variety of stakeholders to be engaged. I have mentioned some of those stakeholders already in terms of British Transport Police, Transport Scotland, ScotRail, trade unions and others. I would say to Douglas Lambson that we will give appropriate weight to those stakeholders. I am sure that we will not dispute that we will give particular weight to the voices of women and girls. We often are the ones who tell us that they can feel unsafe when it comes to antisocial behaviour. I have to say to Douglas Lambson that I do not have an absolute fixed view on the evidence that will be brought forward, if the evidence points towards that ban being lifted. We will, of course, explore that and give that appropriate consideration. While the ban is in place and, of course, there is other antisocial behaviour as well as drinking alcohol, can the First Minister say anything about the enforcement of it? I particularly understand that some staff are getting body-worn cameras and is there any evidence of the effectiveness of those? The use of body-worn cameras is an operational matter for ScotRail, but it is important to clarify that staff are not expected to enforce the alcohol ban on ScotRail trains. The enforcement of the alcohol ban is a matter for British Transport Police. The expansion of body-worn camera provision for staff through the roll-out of 900 new cameras across ScotRail is part of a £1.6 million investment in tackling antisocial behaviour on the rail network. It is not specifically targeted at the consumption of alcohol in ScotRail services. It is part of that wider effort right across the railways to make staff safer while carrying out their duties and improve the experiences of the travelling public. However, we know that research indicates that body-worn cameras can positively influence customer behaviour and reduce a wide range of antisocial behaviours. I am sure that ScotRail will continue to update Transport Scotland and the Transport Minister on the matter. To ask the First Minister what immediate action the Scottish Government is taking to address the reported crisis in social care in light of the letter from the coalition of care and support providers in Scotland stating that the social care pay uplift is insufficient. I do place a huge value on our social care workforce and exceptional care that they provide. I am fully committed to improving their pay to reflect that. The £12 minimum pay rate from April 2024 represents an increase of more than 10 per cent from the £10.90 minimum rate that was introduced in April of this year. It is also a 14.3 per cent increase for those workers over the past two years. For workers and children services who previously received the national minimum wage, that increase will represent a minimum increase in pay of 15.2 per cent compared to April 2023 levels. We are doing all we can within the devolved responsibilities and budgets to address those costs of living pressures. However, as a result of 13 years of Tory austerity, there has never been greater pressure on our public finances. If only we had those full powers over our budget, we would not have to be at the whim of an austerity-driven UK Government.  Turnover is up. Some providers are handing back contracts because they are unable to deliver quality care due to a lack of staff. The First Minister announced that social care pay would rise to £12 from April 2024. That is now the uprated rate for the real living wage, so any advantage has been eroded. Does the First Minister believe that social care staff deserve the bare minimum in pay, and if not, will he bring forward revised proposals in the budget to properly value our hard-working social care staff? The First Minister We value our hard-working social care staff. That is why, of course, we have agreed to increase the pay of over 10 per cent from the £10.90 minimum rate that was introduced in April of this year. I completely accept, fully accept, because I have engaged with the social care workforce that they want us to go further, and they want us to go faster. I completely respect that and understand that. We are, of course, constrained by our budget. Of course, I will remind Jackie Baillie that it was Anasawa, her colleague, who said that he had a presumption against income tax rises. We have a position where Jackie Baillie seems to be asking us to increase significantly the pay of social care workers. To £15 an hour, that would cost the Government an additional £1.2 billion. On the one hand, Jackie Baillie and the Scottish Labour Party are saying that we cannot raise revenue in any way, shape or form, but at the same time, we have to find £1.2 billion to increase the pay to £15 an hour. We will engage with the Scottish Labour Party. We are in the run-up, of course, to the budget, but I would say to Jackie Baillie that if she is asking us to spend in the order of £1.2 billion, if she has any credibility whatsoever, she has to tell us where we will find that money from. We move to constituency and general supplementaries, and I call Kenneth Gibson. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Last Friday, technical faults meant that both ferries to Arran are drawn to Brodick and Lachran's decluning were off with cancellations continuing into the Saturday. First Minister, given the continued impact of ferry disruption, what economic assistance will the Scottish Government consider to enable businesses on Arran to survive what is already proving to be a very challenging winter? I thank Kenneth Gibson for his invitation for me to come to Arran to speak with businesses and the community earlier this year. I do absolutely recognise, having had those conversations, the severe impact that disruption has regrettably had, and the best thing that we can do is ensure—for CalMac—that disruption does not happen. That is why this Government is absolutely committed to investing in our ferry services and delivering six new major vessels to Scotland's ferry network by 2026. The charter of the MV Alfred is a further example of that. CalMac and I were able to redeploy her last weekend to pick up services on the address in Brodick route. That being said, in my visit to Arran I heard very clearly from the community that they wanted a better level of engagement with CalMac. I will ensure that Transport Minister provides Kenneth Gibson with some of the updates on how that conversation has been going. It has been reported today that the procession times for child disability payment have risen to over 100 days. That represents just the latest failure of Social Security Scotland to deliver for those in need. Does the First Minister believe that those shocking delays embody dignity, fairness and respect? I do understand that an invitation has been given to Jeremy Balfour to visit the agency if he wishes. I do not know if it has been taken up, but the invitation still remains for him to visit the agency, and they will be able to talk him through the numerous actions that they are taking to reduce those processing times. I do not disagree with Jeremy Balfour's procession times. They are far longer than we would want them to be. The cabinet secretary and I have spoken in great length and great detail about the number of actions that are being taken by the agency. In fact, I will ensure that she responds to Jeremy Balfour with the full detail of the actions that are being taken. What is positive about some of the statistics that we have seen most recently is that, when it comes to many of our benefits, the redetermination rate is much lower here in Scotland than it is, for example, in comparison to the UK. It might take slightly longer to process, I accept that point, but it is really important that we get the right decision the first time around in as many cases as we possibly can. However, I will ensure that Jeremy Balfour gets a full update from the cabinet secretary on the actions that we are taking. The First Minister will know that BT confirmed yesterday the closure of their all-ness base. 100 jobs will be lost, impacting in one in 50 local residents in all-ness. Can I ask what Toxie has had with BT to prevent those jobs losses, given that the BT group have benefited and enjoyed hundreds of millions of pounds of Government funding? I am sure that the cabinet secretary does engage with Rhorogrant directly in terms of what support we are able to provide. Of course, those are extremely difficult times for the staff group that are involved. We do not want to see job losses. We will do everything we can to try to prevent job losses. Where, if it is necessary, if those job losses look like they are, are going to occur, we can engage pace, where we can insist with redeployment where we possibly can. However, we want to try to see where we can avoid the situation of the 100 job losses that Rhorogrant mentions. I will ensure that I post FMQs that the cabinet secretary engages with Rhorogrant directly. The First Minister has shown a moral leadership completely lacking at Westminster with his calls for a ceasefire in Gaza. Although the focus is rightly on trying to stop the slaughter happening there, over 180 Palestinians have been killed by extremist Israeli settlers and soldiers in the West Bank and 1,000 have been forced to flee their villages. The United Nations has identified 97 companies who are complicit in Israel's illegal occupation through its West Bank settlements. The Scottish Government rightly takes a very strong stance against support for any company still trading with Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. Will the First Minister confirm that any company complicit in illegal occupation, whether it be of Palestine or of Ukraine, must be banned from receiving public sector contracts or grants here in Scotland? I thank Ross Greer for his question. It is worth reiterating that it is also the position of the UK Government that settlements are indeed illegal. Most of the international community agree with that point. Let me mention the action that the former minister for business trade, tourism enterprise Ivan McKee took. He wrote to a small number of companies on a UN list that had links to the Government or public bodies asking what steps they were taking in relation to any of those companies that were working in legal settlements. My understanding is that we are somewhat constrained in terms of what we can do within the devolved settlement, but let me be very clear to Ross Greer. We will examine what we are able to do, anybody who is profiteering from illegal settlements anywhere, including in the occupied territories, wherever they are, should not be able to profit from public contracts here. Let us explore what is possible within the limitations of devolution. I join with Ross Greer and many others across the chamber in urging the international community to get right behind a ceasefire and a ceasefire now. Keith Brown Our approach to migration and refugees should have dignity, fairness and respect at its core, as opposed to the UK Government's hostile environment approach that we currently have to endure. Yesterday, the UK Government's plan to send asylum seekers to Rwanda was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court. Can the First Minister provide any information on any assessment of those plans by the Scottish Government? Can he also confirm that more than £140 million of taxpayers' money, including Scottish taxpayers' money, has been squandered on this illegal scheme? Can he confirm whether he has heard a single word of criticism from any Tory MSP on the huge waste of taxpayers' money on this unworkable scandalous and illegal scheme? The First Minister on matters for which the Government is responsible. All I heard, I am afraid, is when Keith Brown was speaking a whole bunch of groans from Tory MSPs, as he mentioned, the need for a humane asylum system here in the UK. That is exactly what we need. We need a humane system that does not leave asylum seekers stuck in destitution for years without the right to work. We recently launched our paper on migration in an independent Scotland, which sets out our approach to migration based very much on the values of dignity, fairness and respect. Migrants who come to this country contribute more than they take. They bring skills and experience, which greatly benefits our economy and enhances the diversity of our society. The UK Government's policy of sending asylum seekers to Rwanda is morally repugnant. It is now being confirmed as unlawful, too. This policy should be consigned to the dustbin of history and have no place in a modern and humane society. Thank you, Presiding Officer. It has now been almost eight weeks since I raised the issue of the fire at the air station hotel in the chamber. The station is still closed, the surrounding roads are closed due to safety concerns and local businesses are suffering. Can the First Minister again what funding and help can the Scottish Government provide to help to find a speedy resolution? I thank Sharon Dowie for raising what is an important issue. Of course, all of our hearts go with those communities that have been affected by the disruption due to the air station hotel fire. I will ensure that a written update is provided to Sharon Dowie on the actions that we have taken alongside our partners in Ayrshire. I want to commend once again our brave firefighters in the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, who once again diligently, efficiently dealt with that tragic fire at the air station hotel. I will ensure that Sharon Dowie gets full details of our interactions with the local authority and the support that we are able to provide. Thank you, Presiding Officer. This morning, the IFS published a report that shows children in Scotland are falling behind in science and maths and that the gap between the test scores of the richest and poorest children has grown. Yesterday, headteachers were the latest group to join a chorus of experts to say that this Government's inaction on reform is hurting the poorest students. Does the First Minister accept that with every day that passes and his Government dither on the key decisions that are needed on reform, he is denying Scotland's children the opportunities that they deserve? I do not agree with that characterisation at all. Of course, it is the poverty-related attainment gap that we are committed to substantially eliminating. I would say to Pam Duncan-Glancy that that is made far more difficult by Westminster Government that is hell bent on deepening poverty at every single stage. I would say to Pam Duncan-Glancy that we are indeed making progress when it comes to reducing and narrowing the poverty-related attainment gap. If we look at the recent Audit Scotland report, if we look at exam results show that between attainment levels in the least and most deprived areas it has narrowed from the 2019 level, the pre-pandemic level. I can again send full detail to Pam Duncan-Glancy of the narrowing of that gap and the progress that we are making, but we are absolutely committed to making sure that we continue to narrow that gap. That job would be made far easier, of course, if we were not having the headwinds of austerity that the Westminster Government have inflicted on the people of Scotland. Community-link practitioners play a vital role in GP surgeries, including in my own Glasgow Provin constituency. It is very welcome that the health secretary has confirmed that the Scottish Government will be providing additional funding over three years to help preserve the existing community-link worker programme within Glasgow City Health and Social Care partnership. Can the First Minister provide any further information about that funding and help to be directed to continue to deliver positive health outcomes in communities? I agree entirely with Ivan McKee's sentiments that community-link workers are absolutely vital to the communities that they serve.  They are at the forefront of our efforts to address health inequalities. Since we learnt of the risk to these vital services, we have engaged extensively, and Michael Matheson has engaged extensively over several months, with Glasgow Health and Social Care partnership to find a solution. I am therefore pleased to confirm that we will be able to provide the partnership with £1.2 million to sustain the full provision of community-link workers. As Ivan McKee rightly says, we have offered that funding on our current basis for the next three years. As I have said, community-link workers are absolutely fundamental, vital to tackle the inequality that we see to rife in our communities that has been exacerbated by the Westminster cost of living crisis. I hope that the decision to fund them for the next three years brings peace of mind not just to the staff whose posts were at risk but, most importantly, to the communities that they serve. Point of order, Liam Kerr. Very grateful, Presiding Officer. This week, the Scottish Government finally accepted that it's claimed that Scotland had 25 per cent of Europe's offshore wind potential was wholly wrong. The correct figure is six to seven per cent. Angus Robertson may wish to wait for this moment, incidentally, as he walks out. Angus Robertson was officially advised to stop using the misleading figure on 28 September 2022, but continued to state it as truth until at least 18 October 2022, including in meetings with foreign governments. Presiding Officer, Members across this chamber have raised repeated concerns that this was a breach of the ministerial code. The former First Minister swept this under the carpet, so what powers do you have, as Presiding Officer, to compel this First Minister, to ask the independent adviser on the ministerial code to establish if knowingly giving false statistics to foreign governments is a breach of that code? Thank Mr Kerr for his point of order on a matter which he has raised previously, and I have addressed previously. As members are aware, the accuracy of members' contributions, the accuracy, is not a matter for the chair to rule on. It is not something that is covered by standing orders, but of course, as a matter of courtesy and respect, I would expect all members always to be accurate in their contributions. The Scottish ministerial code also states that it is of paramount importance that ministers give accurate and truthful information to the Parliament and that any inadvertent errors are corrected at the earliest opportunity. About two or three minutes ago, an email arrived telling us that there will be a personal statement from Michael Matheson at 2 o'clock. I think that we in this chamber and also the watching Scottish public might want to know whether we will be able to ask questions of Michael Matheson once he has delivered his statement. If he is not going to be subject to questions, I think that the people of Scotland will wonder exactly what is going on in this Parliament. I thank Mr Kerr for his point of order, and I would just say to Mr Kerr that standing orders make it quite clear that personal statements are not debated. That concludes First Minister's questions, and we move on to the next item of business. At this point, I will suspend business to enable the gallery and the chamber to clear. Thank you.