Hey everybody, we're gonna do something a little different today I don't get enough comments to really ever react to something people say and because my channel is so small I tend to not get anyone calling me out in the comments section anyway Now some of you all disagree and sometimes you even convince me I'm wrong But you guys tend to do that politely and logically and you always make good arguments now for some reason my Fallout 76 beta video Got a few people quite upset. I try and really think about things before I go popping off And when someone calls out things I've said I try to honestly consider their viewpoint and examine my position to see if I was wrong But as I played and eventually abandoned Fallout 76 I kept thinking about those comments Two comments in particular that chided me for hating on Bethesda because they tried to reimagine the game So as I played I really thought on that was I unfairly criticizing the game because it was different than previous games Was I faulting them for having the guts to reimagine fallout? Well, here's the thing I realized as I got to around 30 hours and decided I simply couldn't keep playing this game I don't fault them for trying to reimagine the game I fault them for failing to reimagine the game today We're going to really quickly look at two Bethesda's NMX releases from 2018 and point out how they are similar and different and ultimately Demonstrates fallout 76 is terrible failure at everything, but especially at value and imagination As always if you like what I have to say or how I sound saying it do us both a favor like comment Yada, and if you find yourself getting angry that I don't like fallout 76 Well, what can I tell you man? The game just isn't good enough after the logo It might seem like pre moon crash and fallout 76 are only tangentially related at first blush I'm sure many of you are thinking why would you compare these games? They have nothing to do with each other beyond having the same publisher and at first glance that might be true But if we take a moment to look a little closer, I hope you'll see the similarities too prey was one of the best games of last year It was a deep interactive space horror sim system shock meets Deus Ex Its sales were ultimately disappointing But that was less about the game and more about the failure of Xenomax Bethesda to properly market a new release That was highly confusing a sequel to the old prey that was completely new IP from a totally different developer with nothing Whatsoever to do with the beloved 2006 game? It's not even in the same genre on top of that This is one title that Bethesda shitty policy of no early review copies really hurt This game needed reviewers playing slowly and soaking in everything that made it great Prey was a slow burn and by forcing reviewers to turn the difficulty down to easy and blast through it As fast as possible to get their copy out they ensured that those reviewers would have the worst possible experience while playing Now over time it seems like prey continued to sell as word of mouth spread of its near brilliance and an interesting DLC and moon crash Got the game back into the spotlight briefly in 2018 Prey wasn't a perfect game It had pacing issues combat could feel a bit floaty Enemy design and the base game was fairly mediocre and the story was more very good and great But even so it was one of the best games of its release year fallout 4 was also a flawed game Its main story was Kind of stupid its factions were silly and offered almost no moral ambiguity His dialogue system was bad half baked and a significant step back from the previous two entries And its quest design was the worst of the new 3d titles But like prey despite all those problems fallout 4 was one of the best games of its release year It did enough other things great to overcome all the problems in the base game And the far harbor DLC was a fantastic fallout story good enough that it left me feeling like I'd gotten the experience I was expecting I plan to argue that for all intents and purposes Fallout 76 is much closer to being a DLC that offers a different map and mode than a whole new game And at its price point it is abysmal value to the customer Let's get back to those critiques of my critique vis-a-vis fallout 76 A couple of people were particularly galled that I said I wanted the game to fail They seem to be insulted that my response to what they called an honest attempt to move the series forward would be hoping for its demise But was it an honest attempt to move the series forward?  Did Bethesda make a real effort to rebuild fallout from the ground up to facilitate a new and interesting way to play the game? Or they change as little as they possibly could reuse as much as they possibly could and ate the systems from a few survival games They were popular for 20 minutes right around the time fallout 76 was being conceived and developed as an aside People seem to be saying that fallout 76 was a response to the destiny and division market But when you look at the timing I think it's pretty clear that fallout 76 was being created right around the time that online survival games like Rust and eventually arc were generating a ton of buzz Fallout 76's changes are in additions. They are almost all subtractions Dialogue wasn't changed to fit a multiplayer narrative Reimagining how players can interact with a story in an online environment Almost every multiplayer game struggles with this and it's been such a consistent issue with online games that it's actually right For someone to come along innovate and address the genre shortcomings Which is something that Anthem claims to have solved by having the narrative delivered in a solo instance hub city Did Bethesda do this? Did they reimagine how dialogue and story interacts with multiple players? No, they just eliminated dialogue didn't they because figuring out how to have an interesting narrative that allows players to have a real Impact on the game world while having dozens of players is hard But just cutting out dialogue that's easy and cheaper too If you aren't gonna have dialogue trees is there really any point in having NPCs or if there is how do you keep the player? Invested in the story like in previous games good question So did they push the envelope and figure out a way to deliver a rich complex narrative experience in a multiplayer environment without having dialogue or NPCs? No, they just cut NPCs out It was easier and certainly cheaper and the loss of those two things literally makes the game feel like a mod Except there are mods to Skyrim with NPCs and voice acting meaning it makes the game a mediocre mod Fallout's FPS combat has always been somewhere between hilariously bad and Functional but worse than almost any other shooter on the market The games that have been hits in the online shooter market have a few things in common and one of those things is rock solid shooting Destiny of course has a litany of issues though It's pretty damn good now, but it's always been a top-tier shooter When everything else was a wreck the moment-to-moment gameplay in combat has always been exceptional And that's because the combat has been meticulously designed and laser focused around feeling good and being fun So everything is in service to that animations Aim assist sound design art design enemy and encounter design level design all of these and more Interact to create an environment where combat is fun and exciting in an online game with no NPCs No dialogue and no actual story with meaningful choices and ways for players to change the world did Bethesda hunkered down Reimagine its combat system and figure out a new and exciting way for players to interact with it Or at the very very least did they massively improve the actual gunplay and give players dozens of new to the series weapons? No The enemy design and AI hasn't been changed at all the vast majority of fallout enemies have terrible AI and frustratingly janky animations They simply run directly at you twitching and flailing and lunging making them downright annoying to target This AI and enemy behavior was designed for a game with vats a brilliant creation that made fallouts combat unique if still wonky Stopping or greatly slowing time is a very powerful tool So if it was too easy to hit enemies without vats the combat would have been too simple and it's clear Bethesda realized this and balanced combat around having the vats system Enemies in fallout games have both high levels of health and are ridiculously twitchy and fast the vast majority of them Charge directly at the player and fall down or circle around their feet. They block your view They back you into corners and they appear in huge numbers when vats stopped time This felt like a balanced and fair enemy behavior vats was always the core of the combat But after Bethesda decided that the game was going to be online Did they go and reimagined vats to make it a new and interesting and fun take on the percentage-based combat of the previous games? No, did they create new combat systems to replace vats giving the players new mechanics to learn and use? No, did they totally reimagine enemy design AI and health levels? No vats is literally unchanged. It just interacts with online play in a terrible and pointless way They didn't change any of the enemy AI. They didn't change the animations associated with enemies. They didn't change enemy health They didn't reimagine how combat would work in a game where combat is suddenly even more of the experience It's just the exact same combat system and enemy behavior But broken because one of the players most fun and powerful tools has been rendered useless by Bethesda's failure to reimagine the system at all Fallout 76 fails because it doesn't change enough If that was going to be removed It needed to be replaced with something more fun that changed how we interact with fallouts combat or Combat needed to be expanded so that the combat became something an entire game could be hung upon With survival PVP and co-op supposedly the focus of this game. Did they move those gameplay elements forward? Did they offer a unique and never-before-seen take on it? Did they balance the survival elements to make the game actually feel like survival mattered? No, it's just Fallout 4 survival mechanics except tone down so much It's nothing more than annoying busy work. Did they create a dynamic and exciting PVP experience?  I don't want to say imagine because again There's no imagination here the most badly designed PVP system.  Yes, but ambition means doing things that are difficult. That's what ambition is Did they lean heavy into new ways for players to engage with missions and quests by reimagining what missions would be like in a fallout game? Did they try and create compelling co-op quests that made playing together a new and different experience? No, they just threw the same old fallout quests and missions in except shittier because there's no actual overarching narrative attached to any of it and all of your actions are totally meaningless in a world where everyone is already Dead. Did they lean into the multiplayer aspects by giving players the freedom a sandbox requires to be fun? Can you build towns play as a trader or a raider or super mutants? No, nothing that imaginative is here Destiny gets a ton of shit, but here's something interesting Destiny was the most ambitious co-op experience in the history of first-person shooters and probably consoles Destiny's raids are a reimagining of what console and FPS co-op play could be a Mechanically complex mix of platforming puzzle solving mixed with intense horde shooting and boss mechanics There's quite literally nothing else like them anywhere in the FPS market and even in gaming at large outside of MMO raids Is there anything like that here a bold or interesting new way to play fallout? No, you just have the option to do boring pointless quests with someone else rather than alone Nothing in the game actually utilizes co-op functionality Some missions or events are too hard to do alone not because the mechanics are interesting and require cooperation But rather because Bethesda just throws 300 ghouls at you or a boss with a million hit points in a game That has no narrative and no actual long-term player goals beyond looting and crafting Did Bethesda devote all the time and effort necessary to make sure that those systems were interesting and solid enough to carry an entire game? Did they really think hard about inventory space and the over-encumbered mechanic in light of the fact that the game is now Completely in real-time and can't be paused to sort your inventory Does the over-encumbered mechanic lead to meaningful player decisions? Does it offer a compelling gameplay loop? And if it doesn't why is it in the game? I don't know my problem with fallout 76 Isn't that it changed too much? My problem is that it changes almost nothing If Bethesda had really spent time and effort leaning into making fallout 76 a perfection of the online survival genre or taking it in an Exciting new direction. I'd be a lot more forgiving of it even if it wasn't my cup of tea and this is present Everywhere in the game fallout menus and UI have always been just terrible But now that the game is always online and can't be paused Did they add a useful sorting system? Did they make it easy to eat food without going through four menus? Did they re-imagine and redesign the UI? Nope, it's the same menus as bad as they've always been except now it's crystal clear just how Unacceptably bad they've always been Story is only told through text and audio logs Did they make the text easier to read with better fonts or options to change the text size? No, did they make the audio logs play at a reasonable volume or at least finally give them their own slider in the audio section No, and that's been a problem that's existed right from fallout 3 There isn't even any listing of which volume slider affects audio log volume. You'd assume voice, right? Well, no, obviously it's radio then because it comes from your pit boy, right?  You'd think they'd give you an option to immediately and quickly back all the way out of a terminal workbench or menu Considering you can now be attacked and killed while using them, right? No, in fact, they are longer now because the performance is still dreadful Sleeping to heal did they reimagine how that would work? I mean they wouldn't just make us watch our character sleep for 30 seconds Would they? How about tension between wanting to go slow and respawning enemies? This is actually pretty crucial and a perfect example of how poorly conceived and executed this game really is Because there's narrative, but zero actual story It makes sense that you'd want to take your time to soak up all the fallouts excellent lore Audio text logs and environmental storytelling, but you can't Because the game also needs to make sure that if noob slayer 69 comes along to quest or explore that there will be enemies for him to fight So mobs respawn ridiculously fast quite often They will respawn directly next to you like if you're doing a quest and a location and stop for even a moment to read something or do the required Inventory management bullshit mini game that this title forces on you it's a guarantee that all the enemies will respawn and Maybe that wouldn't be a problem in most games But this game is all about collecting resources and fixing and building weapons is expensive So fighting is just an annoying resource strain It's just system after system after system that doesn't work because seemingly zero thought or Imagination was put into how to actually make this something unique instead of just a broken buggy shell of a game with a rammed-in online Requirement all of these things are so insanely lazy leaving aside the completely Unacceptable buggy-ness and performance issues massive design failures are everywhere They didn't fix any of the obvious issues that would arise from making fallout for Unpausable and always online. They just said fuck it and pushed it out the door One or two of these little issues might have been acceptable But every single one of these issues that become immediately apparent are problems that have been left completely Unaddressed they didn't reimagine or change or fix any of the systems that would have needed to be changed to make this work Especially around combat enemy design UI Inventory and story it is basically a rust or arc and fallout mod or perhaps It's more accurate to say they took fought for and its assets and changed as little as they possibly could and still get a Way of selling it as a new game Every solution to the problems that arise from making fallout online were solved by either cutting that aspect of the game away or Lazily slightly altering a mechanic with no attention paid to whether that mechanic is actually fun or not or more often Simply ignoring the problem and porting it directly over to this My problem isn't that they tried to reimagine fallout my problem is that this fallout has zero Imagination the combat is actually worse than the last game because rather than put in the needed effort to refine and perfect a system That is suddenly the main focus of the game in the absence of a story It's just the same shitty combat with crucial parts of it cut out and before anyone says there's tons of story But now it's told through text and audio logs. Listen here man fallout already had audio and text logs Those weren't added into replace NPCs or dialogue or an actual story They are simply the remnants of fallout storytelling there. What's left of the story Nothing here was reimagined No gameplay systems were properly altered to account for the major changes that were made Every change is one that saved Bethesda effort and time and before I finish up this section There's something that has been bothering me, but I haven't seen anyone else talk about I am 100% convinced that the card pack system was absolutely Originally intended to be a microtransaction progression system. This game was in development before Star Wars Battlefront 2 and the star card disaster It is completely impossible to believe that these weren't meant to be sold The packs are clearly loot boxes complete with a catchy pack opening animation Duplicates different rarities and leveling up cards by combining dupes The similarities to the star card system or a hearthstone pack are actually quite striking The game was developed during the year of the loot box and this is the company that has brought us paid mods Twice and while the perk cards end up being a pretty fun progression system because they allow for more flexibility It's absolutely clear that this game was conceived and created not because Bethesda wanted to reimagine what fallout is It was built to be a fallout entry into the online loot box marketplace It is lazy and cynical and you know what else it is It's 60 fucking dollars for a very poor steam early access survival game It is rust or arc again, but those games were upfront and admitted that they were in early access They sold for significantly less and were built from the ground up and imagined around their online survival mechanics Those are the games that reimagined what an online survival game is 76 is a quick cash grab that end up coming out three years too late to capitalize on the online survival genre and 11 months too late to capitalize on the random loot box craze pray reimagined Now let's briefly look at a different Bethesda's NMX release from this year one that also Reused most of its art assets one that also removed NPCs in dialogue and has you questing for dead people One that changed genres and added survival elements into the mix while focusing much more on crafting and looting in its core gameplay loot Now that's remarkably similar, isn't it? I mean aside from the part where moon crash is one-third the cost of 76 while giving me three times as many hours of enjoyment But here's the amazing thing pray moon crash. It actually did ambitiously Reimagined what it meant to be pray After removing those core gameplay elements It didn't simply cobble together the remnants and use its assets to make a new map and release a bland empty playground That's only fun if you're with friends. No arcane studio took those assets Simplified some systems and removed much of its traditional storytelling while trading it for a fresh and new gameplay experience It made it feel less like an empty cash grab and more like a bold Reimagining of the base game and the only reason this section will be brief is because a I already did a long video about it And be it is so fucking excellent that I'd have to run down every perfectly implemented system to talk about it If you haven't played it you could check out my video or even better yet buy it It's easily one of the best games of the year because it actually did reimagine its gameplay systems Pray moon crash took me over 31 hours to beat for the first time and I liked it so much I played it again for a total of over 50 hours and Those 50 hours remain true to the feel tone and core gameplay experience of prey while Simultaneously adding to that experience with a fresh and exciting take on it Full at 76 is just another online survival game, but pray moon crash isn't just another rogue light Everything was rebalanced Reimagined and changed to make it a totally unique game if it had been done like 76 arcane would have simply released a new map for Pray with no NPCs no story, but made it permadeath with survival elements But the beauty of moon crash is that it feels Necessary the reimagining of several of the core systems the change to the way the story is told and the way the prey gameplay loop Interacts with subtle tweaks to existing systems makes moon crash an entirely new way to play the game There was looting and crafting in the pray base game, but it wasn't the core of the experience It was just another system that helped the player progress through a story-based interactive sim But strikingly similar to fallout 76 moon crash took those mechanics and made them the core of the gameplay experience And because there was actual effort put into them They didn't simply port them over unchanged the looting and crafting system were expanded upon Survival elements were ramped up to give the player important and meaningful choices loot and item durability Aren't used as simple time sinks Fallout 76 is item durability that is clearly only designed so that your items will constantly break pushing you to compulsively Go get more resources to repair them so that they can break again to push you to get more resources to repair them praise item durability was Reimagined and ramped up to make players think hard about whether combat was the correct or viable choice in a given situation Item durability functioned as a sort of secondary timer that put a limit on how many enemies you could fight on your way to an objective The system interacts with the permadeath mechanics to create highly tense and exciting gameplay moments The game removed NPCs and focused its release around gameplay rather than narrative while leaving the audio and text logs in for lore But the gameplay elements are so insanely well crafted that creating your own story actually means something Unlike in the base game death matters in moon crash because dying means you lose and have to try again while still retaining some progress This allows for intense moments of frantic problem solving It means finding valuable loot is a powerful reward that incentivizes exploration Fallout 76 is an always online game with PvP where death is utterly meaningless The penalty is an annoying walk back to your bag of literal junk The item durability doesn't add intense gameplay moments because Bethesda didn't think hard enough about its death and reward systems I shied away from combat in 76 not because death mattered I did it because combat was absurdly unrewarding and expensive And I didn't want to have to go through the hassle of finding aluminum to repair my shitty rifle for the 90th time Pray moon crash completely reimagined how the player would interact with the game From weapons in combat to his progression system to its death mechanics They added new enemies and changed how those enemies behaved and damaged you They added new healing and buffing items in response to those changes They changed the way that players level up making an actual meaningful decision They gave players new goals systems in a different way to tell and interact with the story Every system was clearly and carefully examined to make sure that it propped up the drastic imaginative changes to the core gameplay loop It is exceedingly well-designed and it cost 20 dollars, which frankly felt like I'd gotten over on arcane studios Moon crash is absolutely worth 60 dollars on its own Pray moon crash delivered a ton of value because with entirely different game and every change was clearly Carefully designed around perfecting a new and different experience from what the player was expecting Bethesda tried to totally change fallout without changing a thing It is so ridiculously lazy and buggy and unfinished that they had no right selling this to consumers at all and at 60 dollars It is just grotesquely overpriced Fallout 76 is a $19 DLC It's nothing more than a huge empty map scattered with existing assets and shallow meaningless fetch quests My review of moon crash was called pray perfected and in the description and video I actually used the sentence pray reimagined as a roguelite pray moon crash was ambitious and imaginative and $20 fallout 76 is one of the least ambitious games. I have played in the last two years The recent call of duty is Significantly more ambitious in this game Acy Odyssey which is only a decent game feels light years more ambitious in this game I actually think that red dead redemption 2's gameplay holds it back from greatness, but that is an ambitious game Fallout 76 seems to have no idea what it wants to be. It just knows it wants to be $60 From its from its half-assed pvp implementation to its half-ass survival systems The game failed to commit to anything and so instead it is a steaming pile of bad compromises Pray moon crash knew exactly what it wanted to be and I actually held off on buying it Because the idea of a permadeath roguelite pray sounded too different to appeal to me But arcane had real ambition for that game and fully committed to its vision and its imagination Calling Fallout 76 a reimagining of the fallout series is just a ridiculous assertion Not only has nothing actually been reimagined. There is almost no imagination at all All of its changes are cribbed from other better games or simply systems that have been lazily cut or copy-pasted from fallout 4 And if we make a little graph of fallout titles based upon depth complexity and imagination It looks like this So yeah, I stand by my statement that I hope it fails and it looks like for once I might actually get what I want All right, I'll be doing something on Red Dead Redemption 2 and why I think it's maybe less amazing than everyone else on earth seems to think I'll be reviewing Destiny 2's black armory DLC thing I think I'm gonna review Hollow Knight because I'm replaying in the console and I'm probably gonna check out Darksiders 3 I've never played a Darksiders game All right. See you next time. Bye


I'm hungry. Looks like we finished off the Christmas food yesterday. Say what? Too bad, so sad! Do you ever feel like a plastic bag? Oh, what? Christmas passed so quick. I can't believe it's over. What in the world was that? Well, on to the next thing.


Can I ask what got you very excited about the COBA resources project? Well, it dates back to 2016 when I came over as a consultant with Ted to help him with this project. And we realized that there was a tremendous opportunity right next door to an operating gold mine that people hadn't recognized before. So the exciting thing about COBA was this is a brand new discovery. We're currently in a drill program. These are the first drill holes ever done on the property. And yeah, we're very, very excited about the opportunity that exists in front of us today. Well, for those of you out there, we follow and love Africa. We love investments in Africa, but we never talk about West Africa. Can you explain some of the advantages of being in West Africa with COBA? Well, specifically for Cote d'Ivoire, I think one of the advantages that we have is that the country is underexplored. And we made that recognition again, back in sort of 2015, 2016. And we went out there and we've got a number of different concessions. Our key concession is our casue gold project, which again is right next door, like literally on the eastern boundary of the Yare mine, which is run by Perseus mining. And so I think what really gives us a distinct advantage over a lot of other plays in West Africa in general is that we have infrastructure in place. So we don't need to build a mine necessarily. What we have is the ability to hopefully find some ounces on the ground and then look for some kind of partnership going forward with the mining company that's next door to us. I had the benefit of listening to you present at an investor talk recently. And it wasn't just about the closeology, if I recall. It had to do with something bigger. I would love for you to explain that to our audience. Yeah. I mean, I think the casue project again, which is 100% owned by us, it's unexplored. And that's what's exciting. And what we've done is we've discovered through a lot of work leading up to our drill program, about nine kilometers of soil geochem anomalies, gold soil geochem anomalies. And we're in the process now of evaluating those various anomalies. But the two major zones that we have that we're dealing with right now is the Jagger zone, which is about a 1.8 kilometer long structural zone that we've identified both in soil geochemistry, mapping, trenching and now in drilling. And we're currently drilling on our on our road cut zone, which again is one of the first showings that we found on the project. That zone itself again is over 1.6 kilometers in strike length, very, very strong gold anomalies, both in surface trenching and soil geochemistry. So there's a lot of room to work to explore. There's a lot of room to build mineable ounces on this project. And again, it's it's brand new and it's a new discovery. So we're not rehashing something that somebody's, you know, tried to drill 10, 15, 20 years ago. This is this is a new discovery. And that's what makes it very exciting for us. I think if I recall though, you were explaining what people do wrong with the Closology. You were talking about how they just buy the adjoining property. But in your particular case, you were actually following. I'm not a geologist. Please do correct me. You were following a vein. Can you please try and dumb that down for me and correct me if I'm wrong? Well, again, a lot of companies play Closology and you know, but that that Closology could be 20, 30 kilometers away. Again, we're right next door. We know we're in the same volcanic belt. We know we have the same controls on structure. We know we have the same style of mineralizing fluids. So we really are really what we are is brownfields exploration. So you might be familiar with that term. Usually when you have an operating mine, anything within this or conference, you know, maybe 20, 30 kilometers would be considered brownfields. So although we are new, our different company is really I would call it brownfields exploration. And we don't have necessarily veins. We have these shear zones. So these are very, very strong ongoing structures. And that's what you're looking for in the geological environment in West Africa. You're looking for these dominant shear zones. These shear zones can be up to 100 meters wide, like in our case. And within that, that larger shear zone, we've got a multiple set of zones in there that we believe are mineralized with gold. And that's what we released just recently in our press release on the first, I think it was nine holes that we drilled or we are drilling at the moment. Well, since you brought that up, because that was the next on my questions, tell us a little bit more about those nine drill holes and some of the highlights of those. For instance, your cell line over your shoulder here is focused on high quality. We're used to seeing high grade. If you can also explain to us what the difference between high grade and high quality is, that would be wonderful. Well, I think they're part and parcel. I mean, for us again, what we have are some broad zones of gold mineralization. So for instance, I guess our kind of our highlight holes was our second hole where we drilled 20 meters at 1.87 grams per ton. But that included a couple of higher grade sections, so up into the six and eight meter or eight gram per ton range over a couple of meters. So again, you want those high grade kicks in these broader zones because it can really help, you know, build ounces over time. Another hole that we drilled that was our KRCP-11, we drilled 19 meters. And again, we had, you know, over two grams per ton over that width. But again, we had a six meter zone on there that was, you know, over four grams per ton. So, you know, grade is king, you always want grade, but you need a combination of both. You need the widths and you need the grades. That's when you can only start developing, you know, tons and with the grade, you can develop ounces within your targets as well. So, you know, we also know that, you know, we've got some trench results where we got 29 meters of six and a half grams per ton. We released that, I guess, three weeks ago or so. And the more work we do with road building and trenching and working on the Jagger zone, you know, we're finding, we're finding more trenches like that. So, you know, there's, there's a lot of good to be seen on this thing. We do have high grade within there, but we also have nice broad zones that really make themselves available for open pit mining, which is what our, what our targeting is at this point in time. And of course, Dean Bristo, one of our writers, wrote that the market appears quite optimistic about COBO resources made in drill program and gold. So, obviously, you do have an audience already for a relatively new company. You seem to be building an excellent audience. Can you comment on why you think you're doing that successfully when so many others are not right now?  Again, I mentioned earlier that a lot of companies are, you know, drilling old projects. And so that gets to be a bit stale after a while. So having something brand new, I think, is an advantage for us. Again, I think our jurisdiction is right. If you look at what's gone on in West Africa in recent months, years, you know, Burkina Faso and Mali are, you know, a little bit more, how should I say, dangerous at the moment. There's certainly been some upheavals going on there in terms of sort of some of the activity that you see. You know, Ghana is a very well explored country. And frankly, Cote d'Ivoire has, you know, more of the target rocks the Burma information than any other country. But if you look at their production profile, it's one of the least in West Africa. So I think it's a combination of we're new. So it's a fresh story. We have an exciting target that we're looking at. We're in a country that I think is starting to garner some attention where it maybe hasn't had so much in the last 10 years or so. Well, I was going to mention management. So for everyone out there interested in COBA resources, please go to the following website and learn more about COBA resources. Paul, thank you so much for joining us. We look forward to seeing you regularly. Appreciate the time, Tracy. Thanks very much.


As everybody doing today, I'm here with two very special guests, Ben Samaru, the CEO of WonderFight Technologies, as well as Sean Clark, a board member and the co-founder of Hut 8 Mining. How are you gentlemen doing today? Do great. Thanks. Fantastic. Fantastic. I want to get started with you, Ben. I know you guys just launched a new IPO with WonderFight Technologies. Can you tell us a little bit about how the first month has gone with the IPO? And if you guys are on pace to hit some of your first milestones. Absolutely. So yeah, it's been a great first month. So in terms of kind of milestones for the company, the big moment that everyone's waiting for is the launch of the WonderFight app. So we're super excited that's going to be launching on iOS. And I think it's really going to help bring more people into DeFi, which is really the mission of the company. So we've been heads down like our engineering and product team working on that and we're super excited to roll that out. And then kind of more broadly, we've been slowly buying up crypto and DeFi assets on our balance sheet. And there's been some good opportunities to do that in the market recently. And the portfolio remains a long portfolio. Like it's not a trading portfolio. We're just really being selective about the assets that we buy, assets that we see driving a lot of value in the space. And then we recently established or set up our Ethereum staking nodes for the first time. So we're looking across the balance sheet, finding ways we can generate yield to generate some revenue initially. And so we're making good progress on that front. And yeah, so we're super excited for the app launch. And then on the public listing itself, I know a lot of your channel is public market investors rich. And so we're super happy with the first sort of month of trading. We're seeing more volume than we expected, a ton of interest from US investors. We're still only listed on pinks, which as a lot of your community will know, they're harder to access when you're on pinks before you get listed on QB or QX. And we're seeing a disproportionate amount of volume coming out of the US, which I think is for a couple of reasons. One is there's not a lot of good public market defy investment opportunities. And I think that's probably the biggest driver. And the second is it's no secret that Kevin O'Leary is a big voice behind Wunderfai and are a huge investor in the company. And people love Kevin in the US, Canada, maybe not so much. But the US people, people love Kevin. And yeah, so I think we're we're really excited with how happy with how the stocks performed and coming up in the next sort of couple of weeks. We're we're going to be online in Germany with a German listing. And then in the next sort of hopefully four weeks or so will be on the QB. So we're expecting to see kind of a big bump in volume when that when the stock becomes more accessible for US investors. Wow, that sounds fantastic. Congratulations on all your success thus far. I know our community is gobbling up the stock in both Canada and the United States. And once you guys get that QB listing, I think that's going to be a huge catalyst to bring in more investors in America and clearly when you can get listed in Frankfurt, that's also going to bring in a lot of investment investors from Germany and from other parts of Europe. So congratulations on all your success so far. Now, Sean, I have a question for you. I know that you are the co-founder of Hutt 8 Mining Corp, a very successful IPO and successful mining company that's now listed on the NASDAQ and I know that you wanted to get involved in Wunderfai. Can you tell us a little bit about yourself and why you were so excited about getting involved in Wunderfai? Thanks, Rich. Yes, I think that first and foremost, my experience in the crypto space is has been really accented by capital markets opportunities. So, yes, I co-founded Hutt 8 and was the CEO. We raised over a hundred million dollars. We took a public that was back in 2017. And, you know, that was part of the initial ICO boom. And that was that was a wild ride. But as we know, the crypto winter came after that. But that wasn't the only win that I had that I think has, you know, positive benefits to Wunderfai. First block capital was is an investment firm that got its crypto licenses and investment fund managing and portfolio manager licenses. And we use that firm to create the Bitcoin trust, which we actually sold to 3IQ. And then that was the first listed securitized Bitcoin open ended product, which is now listed under QBTC. So we were involved in that, got a lot of great experience with the capital markets in and around that product. And finally, the the the best part of my experience, which led me to working with Ben Samru, was a company called Firstcoin, which was an ICO advisory firm. And that's where Ben and I worked together quite a bit. And that that company was sold to Novogratz, like Novogratz and Galaxy Digital as part of their qualifying transaction and their go public. So my experience, you know, in crypto, coupled with the capital markets, I believe Lenz itself to very valuable to being a very valuable member of WonderFi, because I'll say it and I'll say it again, that being first really matters. And we see Ben and his team backed by Kevin O'Leary as being the real first DeFi public equity player. And being first matters within this category. And WonderFi is there. So I'm really happy to be a part of this. And I know that the investors within our community are very happy that you're part of it as well, because your background speaks for itself. Now, Ben, you've got a superstar cast that you've assembled here at WonderFi. Can you talk a little bit about some of the key members and what each member brings to the table? Sure. So I'll start with I'll start with some of the people from our kind of executive team. So Kong Lee and Kartik Bajaj, their co-founders, engineer, their product people at heart. Kartik's being a part of Amazon and PayPal and then actually met Kong at Hootsuite, which is for all the Canadian followers, we'll be very familiar with Hootsuite. And so again, their products and technology people at heart and really those minded people really want to just focus on solving a problem. And so we're really lucky to have, like I feel really lucky to have them as co-founders in this venture because I think it's a huge effort to try and solve the problem that we're solving within DeFi, which is around accessibility. And we've got these guys who have built products that have been used by millions of people like PayPal, Amazon, Hootsuite, Shopify, and really applying that talent within the crypto space, which is really exciting and it's really important as well, like as the space grows and Sean will have seen this just as I did in 2016, 2017 as more attention comes into the space, you do see more engineering talent come in and it's really important to grow the space. Our head of product, his name is Stas, he's a founder himself and a product person. He sold his last company to Hootsuite, which is actually where he met Kong and Kartik. So there's a lot of kind of past kind of connections here that have brought the team together. And then he, after he sold that and spent some time with Hootsuite, he then was leading the development of Shopify Plus, which is their premium product before we scooped him up. So product technology, we've got an awesome team. And I know we've talked in the past about Kevin, I can share a little bit about Josh Richards, which I think we know, I'm thinking we've talked about him before as well. Maybe I'll talk about Leonard Lachman, who's a strategic investor in Wanderfai and one of our biggest shareholders. So he was a co-founder of MindMed and really very complimentary kind of experience and advisory to what Sean provides to us. Sean just talked about how capital markets have been such a big part of his successes in the crypto space. And we're obviously super grateful to have Sean on board in this capacity. And Leonard with MindMed really grew that company through consolidations in the space. And his background is running his own investment bank for many decades. And then stepping onto the company side with MindMed sort of for the first time. So we've got that unique perspective with Leonard as we look to grow, not only the product which I talked about a little bit but really growing the company and non-organic growth is definitely part of Wanderfai strategy. I think we're reaching a point in the crypto space where there are a lot of consolidation opportunities and for us having some of the caliber of people that we have on the team and then also public facing people like Kevin and Josh we're getting a lot of inbound of companies that see an opportunity to work with us in different ways. And so there's a lot of opportunities for us to do that. So we're excited about growing the company in that way as well. Fantastic. I love the team that you've put together. It speaks for itself, literally superstars everywhere in the finance industry, in social media, in mining and crypto. You really have put together a very star studded team. Now, this question is for Sean. So there's been all kinds of volatility happening in the crypto space and regulation, specifically what's been happening with China.  There's a lot of regulation that's starting to come into the space. Do you think that this is the time for investors to get into crypto right now with all these regulation coming in? And how is Wanderfai going to help investors protect their money with all of these regulations that are coming into place? I know you're the guy to ask these questions too because you have a lot of experience with Hutt 8 mining in the mining space. What do you think about what's happening with all the regulations? And how do you think that Wanderfai is going to be able to take advantage of the situation and give investors an opportunity to profit? Great question, Rich. First off, regulation is a good thing. I've always believed that this industry is a new asset class. It's the digital currency asset class. We're just hovering just below 2 trillion. It's going to, in my opinion, be bigger than gold, 8 trillion plus. And we are seeing the nascent stage right now. And anytime you have a new asset class, you've got speculation, you've got volatility. However, if you do dig into the technology on how the world is becoming digitized, how NFTs, how decentralized finance in the blockchain will be disrupting all traditional business models. Hallelujah, I've seen the light. It's all happening. Now, the important thing to note about having a public security is that regulation is part and parcel of the game. Therefore, any investors wanting to get in the game early, there's no better product than to buying a stock on a tier one securities regime, such as the NIO, on that stock exchange with a company like Wanderfai. So that's why I'm part of this is because you've got a mountain of money wanting to play in this new asset class, most of it institution and retail, but they can't because they can't get in and they can't get in on the deals. Now, when you have a public security, everything changes. So you now have institutions that have gotten all of the approvals from their audit committee and their compliance committee and we're about to see Q4 2021 here, a mountain of money come in. And honestly, it's only going to put demand pull on these products and with limited supply, the price will go up. So I think that the China regulation and the China crackdown, fantastic, great. It actually decentralizes all of the mining more globally, just from a specific standpoint. It was way too concentrated back in 2016, 2017 in China. And now quite frankly, everyone knows that China was going to do this. They've done it great, the corrections priced in. And now you see a triple global adoption of the digital economy. So I think that all of the regulation is positive. And I do think from an investor standpoint, someone who's deploying capital and allocating capital, you want to actually invest in public securities because of the reporting issuer requirements, because of the visibility within the companies, because of the liquidity. These are all important factors with which the huge institutional investors and retail investors make their decisions. And therefore, WonderFi, because it's first, and again, I'm going to say it again, being first matters in this. And as Ben alluded to, there will be a consolidation, because of the valuations that you're getting in the public markets, because of the potential and the access to capital, quite frankly, there's going to be one winner. And I'm convinced that WonderFi will be that because you've got the team, you've got the expertise to execute on it. So I'm really optimistic about the stock and there's no better investment now and in fact, historically the last 12 September of the history of Bitcoin have been bad. And then look at October, November, December. So literally it's on sale. Literally right now is the time to pile up and I keep pounding my fists on the table saying buy more Bitcoin, buy more Bitcoin, it's on sale. And I say that to everybody. And I'm a firm believer because I know we'll play this back in December and you'll be like, oh, that guy was right. Oh, it went up. So it's done it every year, every single year, it's data and it's very predictable at this point. Thank you, Sean. We love hearing from you because you are actually in the trenches with Hutt 8 mining. You lived it, you've seen it. And I've been in the crypto space since 2017. I actually just bought some more Ripple today. And I love the fact that with WonderFi I'm going to be able to actually get some staking rewards to hold my crypto. Whereas right now I'm essentially making nothing holding my crypto at Endax which is a Canadian exchange for cryptocurrencies. I get nothing to hold my cryptos there. So I'm just waiting for that beta version to end so you guys can go live so I can move all of my assets into WonderFi and I'll be doing the same with our entire community. Now I wanted to talk to you, Ben, about your competition. What do you feel sets WonderFi apart from its competitors in the space? So two kind of groups of competitors. One is products and one is public companies. And so we're focused on the product sites. I'll start with that. There's a lot of great talent that's building in the crypto and DeFi space and has been doing so for a long time. It's all catering towards early adopters which is people that are deep into DeFi have been trading crypto for a long time. Guys like Sean that know the ins and outs and like yourself rich that have been involved in the space for a long time. And what that does is it's great for the early adopters because there's so much innovation happening in DeFi and these other platforms are really integrating all of that new stuff, access to these new products, protocols like on a weekly basis, like the demand is crazy. But what we're seeing is the more developed those platforms get the further you get from something that an entry level user can use. So it's creating this huge disparity and it's really estranging a lot of people that wanna get into the space, they're hearing lots but they feel like it's not accessible. A lot of the people that we talked to kind of potential users, the biggest reason the response that we get to the question of why haven't you gotten involved in DeFi yet?  And that's not a problem with those people that's a problem with how everything's being communicated within the DeFi space, which is a lot of very passionate you know, engineers and traders that have been doing this for a long time. And so the level of discussion that they have and the type of stuff that they're talking about and interested in is so far away from like you know, what you know, your average Joe on the street you know, average Joe or Jill on the street would be able to understand or even want to understand because the needs of an early adopter segment versus your early majority segment are completely different. Like they, there's you know, very different characteristics. So we're, so our big bet with WonderFi is that with this platform, which is super simple it's not all of the most advanced stuff in DeFi it's where the real, like where we see the true value is making it really accessible and then using these trusted voices to help spread, you know, spread the word and bring more users into the space. Our bet is that we're going to really open up a new market segment and we're going to help DeFi cross the chasm that you know, where a lot of technologies fail, which is you know, you get that early adopter growth, but then it can't get to kind of your average consumer and we see a lot of technologies fail there. So I think we're not there with DeFi yet. We're trying to do that with WonderFi and I think that's what sets us as part of the platform side. And then really, you know, quickly on the public company side I think there are, you know, there's publicly traded companies that are in the DeFi space that definitely are helpful because they do provide access to traditional investors that want to buy equity and just get exposure to the assets. But I think as we, we're starting to see this already as a space of alls and people are getting more comfortable with actually buying assets the value proposition just for a company that holds those assets goes down. And so that was our sort of, you know, thesis when we started this company and, you know, we're lucky enough to have people like Sean who's, you know, a friend and a board member where we could kind of look forward and see, okay if we take on that model, what does WonderFi look like in six to 12 months? And the conclusion was it looks like there's no competitive mode to that because, you know, there's no differentiator in this access gets better, that value proposition declines. And I think we're seeing that in PubCo's in this space that just hold assets where they're trading below nav at or below nav, which that, you know, that tells me that, you know, the market's reacted and that speaks for itself. So our big differentiator is we have a high growth product, you know, we have, you know millions and millions of followers that we could bring to that product and we can use that as our springboard into creating a lot of different, you know high value products in the space that are really gonna help to build value in the company and then to, you know, to make WonderFi sort of the, you know, the name in the DeFi space. Here at Rich TV Live, we really pride ourselves on understanding the fundamentals of the companies we invest in. Our community loves to understand the balance sheet. Can you talk a little bit about what the projections are for the company's revenues in the next two years? So balance sheet wise, so I can speak to that right now like kind of at around this point in time. So we've got 26 million in assets on our balance sheet. About $5 million of that is crypto and DeFi assets, which we've, you know, which we've disclosed and we're slowly increasing that position kind of, you know using the classic dollar cost averaging strategy to reduce the exposure there, but we're growing our exposure to crypto in these select DeFi assets. And then on the revenue side, so the main sort of initial revenue stream through the app is a transaction fee. There are a few different ways for us to monetize the app through on ramps, off ramps and DeFi indexes. I'd say those are sort of the three largest opportunities with a number of others that sort of fall from that. And initially just sort of given the size and stage of the company, what we're doing is partnering with different providers that help us do that, which creates revenue sharing sort of opportunities. But again, as the company grows and we continue to get, you know, see more success in the public markets and interest in the product and, you know, getting some of these key names involved, we do see this opportunity to, you know, instead of splitting the revenue on the payment processor side, like let's, you know, let's consolidate a payment processor and let's own that revenue stream. So we definitely see revenues growing in that inorganic way, you know, over the next six months, like we're actively looking at some very attractive targets in the space that would, you know, that are available companies that are really complimentary to what we're doing. So we're excited to kind of expand revenue in that way. And then on the app side, again, the transaction fee will kind of be the, you know, the initial opportunity there. But I will be clear, we are keeping that to a very minimum initially. Our, we feel less rushed to show revenue from the app on the transaction fee side and more, there's more of an importance on lowering the barrier to entry for people and transaction fees are a big issue in DeFi right now, given Ethereum, the Ethereum network. And so we're trying to lower the barrier as much as possible, capture as many users as we can and just, and really build trust. And then those monetization opportunities sort of open up down the road. So we've got a really strong cash position. We've got time to build our user base and, you know, a bunch of different revenue streams that we'll start to come into sort of in the near future. That sounds fantastic. If there was one thing that you would want shareholders and potentially new investors that are thinking about investing to the company to know about Wunderfai technologies today, what would that be? Yeah, I would say it's, there's nothing like Wunderfai on the market. For public market investors, there's really nothing like it. And I think people bring up comparables all the time. And I think the really the only sort of kind of close comparisons, and I hesitate to say these because they're such giants, but really it's, you know, coin base and to maybe to an extent, Voyager would be companies to look at that are sort of similar to what we're doing. Obviously they're more centralized models, but I think, you know, really kind of high growth product, a lot of opportunity to kind of grow through consolidation, biggest name in finance, biggest name in social media, biggest name in crypto behind us with SPF. And then we've got these people like Sean, who's kind enough to join us today that have so much experience in growing these companies in the public market and have such an amazing track record where I feel super lucky where we get to draw on that experience to help turn WonderFi into the next hot eight, into the next mind med and beyond. What is the best way for shareholders to get in touch with the company if they have any questions? So you can get in touch with us on any of our social media channels or if you have kind of direct investor questions, invest at wonder.fi or you can just go to the website and you'll be able to kind of track it from there. And yeah, I would encourage you to reach out to like we love talking to people that are investors in the space and users. And yeah, we definitely encourage people to reach out. And I guess the other place would be rich on your channels as well. I know there's a lot of people that are very sort of savvy investors and people that are active in the public market space. So I think that would be a great outlet as well. Fantastic. Well, gentlemen, thank you so much for joining us today. I must remind everyone that rich TV Live is strictly for information education purposes. Please do your due diligence, do your research before you invest in anything that we talk about or discuss here on Rich TV Live. In saying that, I think Wonderfi Technologies is absolutely wonderful. Thank you for joining us today. The CEO of Wonderfi Technologies, Ben Samaru and a board member and the co-founder of Hutt 8 Mining, Sean Clark. Thank you for joining us, gentlemen. Thanks for having me. Thanks Rich. Always a pleasure. If you're not winning, you're not watching. We bring you the winners and we bring them to you first. Thank you for watching everybody and have a nice day.


It was a day of celebration for Bemidji's Bicap YouthBuild program. Josh Peterson shows us how a two-year house construction project has inspired the youth who built the home. Home is where the heart is. And over the past few years, lots of heart was put into this new house. The structure was built by Area Youth through the Bicounty Cap YouthBuild program with the philosophy to foster and support youth development and growth. They start on the construction from the very beginning. We do sub-out, the bigger stuff like the concrete and things like that but right to the roofing, right to the finished trim inside. All the way from the basement to the rafters, kids that help build this new home not only learn lessons in basic construction but valuable life skills as well. We try and instill not only the building practices that we use but we're also trying to just give them a good work ethic too. For the hands that built this home, this project was one of inspiration and has led some of the young workers to future careers in construction. I'd like to work for a crew or go work for Carl Sanderson. For others, the program has paved the way to continue working on other projects and inspiring youth as well. I'm thinking about going to college and becoming a life skill specialist for youth build. From the groundbreaking back in 2015, this project has now officially wrapped up with the home waiting for its new owner. However for the instructors, it's a proud moment and a time to reflect. It's a matter of just overcoming some obstacles whether it be in life or on the job and whether it's a construction job or any other kind of job. In Bemidji, Josh Peterson, Lakeland News. And the youth build program already has another new home project under construction. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Fed chair Jerome Powell will be speaking on Tuesday and Wednesday. This will of course impact the overall market. Now which way things will go will depend on his tone. So far most Fed officials have had a hawkish tone indicating not only more hikes but also going back up to 50 BPS rate hikes to battle inflation. On Friday we will get the unemployment rate reports which could have a small impact on the overall market as well. But the biggest catalyst this month will be the CPI reports which we will get next week. Bitcoin's higher highs pattern is still in play as long as it stays above $22,000. If we dropped below 22k then we could start looking for scenarios where we swooped the previous lows which is around 21.3k. Overall I think Bitcoin's price continues to range this week leading up to the inflation data reports next week which will set the tone for the rest of the month.


Hello everyone, today we will see direct form structures for IIR systems, the learning outcome. At the end of this station, student will be able to draw the direct form 1 and direct form 2 realization structures for a given IIR system. Now, I will see direct form realization structures for IIR systems. An LTA system is represented by a constant coefficient difference equation by y of n is equal to minus summation k equal to 1 to n a k y of n minus k plus summation k equal to 0 to m b k x of n minus k. So, this is a generalized constant coefficient difference equation representing an LTA system. Now, for implementation of this particular structure it needs the delayed values of input, output and intermediate results. So, for requirement of this delay elements need storage and also we need multipliers for multiplying these coefficients and adders. So, the basic building blocks required are 1 a delay as maybe if you are applying x n as an input to a delay represented by this gives output x of n minus 1. Similarly, you need a adder which has two inputs maybe x 1 n and x 2 n gives us the output x 1 n plus x 2 n and the third block required is a multiplier which is maybe x n we are representing this as multiplication by a which gives you a into x 1 x of n. So, we need a delay for as a storage elements then adders and multiplier. Now, consider this constant coefficient difference equation if you take a z transform this we get y of z equal to summation k equal to 1 to n a k z raise to minus k y of z plus summation k equal to 0 to m b k z raise to minus k x of z. So, by taking this term of y z on the left hand side and taking a ratio of y z by x z we get y of z divided by x of z is equal to summation k equal to 0 to m b k z raise to minus k divided by 1 plus summation k equal to 1 to n a k z raise to minus k. So, this is known as the transfer function for an IR system. Now, this transfer function h of z can be represented as h 1 z into h 2 z as where h 1 z is equal to summation k equal to 0 to m b k z raise to minus k into 1 upon 1 plus summation k equal to 1 to n a k z raise to minus k. So, now this particular system is h 1 z this system is h 2 z. So, it means we are now representing this h of z as a multiplication of two systems whereas, the first system is the all 0 system whereas, in the second system is a all pole system. So, for realization of h of z we now have a cascade of h 1 z and h 2 z. Now, I will draw the structure for h 1 z and h 2 so, the direct form one structure. Now, here h 1 z is equal to summation k equal to 0 to m b k z raise to minus k. So, this we can achieve as input x of n this z raise to minus 1 gives a delay here x of n minus 1 multiplied by b 1 here multiplied by b 0 z raise to minus 1 multiplied by b 2 and so on. Finally, there is to minus 1 b m adding all these together we get. So, this is the system 1 we can verify this as x of n into b 0. So, if you consider this particular difference equation. So, it is b 0 into x of n plus b 1 into x of n minus 1 plus b 2 into x of n minus 2 and so on if you are adding we will get this part. So, that is the system of all 0 system. Now, for connecting it in cascade with h 2 z consider this is y of n. So, with this delay it gives us y of n minus 1. So, from this equation when k equal to 1 it is a 1 y of n minus 1 k equal to 2 it is a 2 y of n minus 2 and so on. So, y of n minus 1 into a 1 minus a 1 z raise to minus 2 that is a delay further delay by 1 y of n minus 2 minus a 2. So, this way if you go on adding z raise to minus 1 minus a n. So, adding all these together with this multiplied by 1 we get y of 1. So, this is the second system h 2 z. So, this realization is known as the direct form 1 realization. If we consider the complexity of the structure. So, on this side we have m number of storage elements here we have n number of storage elements and so total memory requirement is m plus n. So, the total memory requirement is m plus f. Whereas, the total number of coefficients are m number of coefficients on this side and a 1 to a n number of coefficients on this side.  Now, as this is represented by a cascade connection of the two it is possible to interchange the order of the two systems. And so by changing this order and connecting h 2 z first and h 1 z after that we get another structure known as direct form 2 structure. So, now we are interchanging the order. So, z is to minus 1 minus a 1 minus a 2 z is to minus 1 minus a n addition of all. So, this is h 2 z whereas, z is to minus 1 z is to minus 1 addition of all here this gives us h 1 z. But now if you look at this intermediate value if I am representing as a w n here we have w of n minus 1 here also we have w of n minus 1. So, we can minimize one of the delay. So, the reduced structure which we get is z is to minus 1 minus a 1 b 1 b 0 minus b 2 minus b m. So, maybe we have a n. So, this is x of n this is y of n. So, in this case the total number of storage elements can be reduced and it will be maximum of m n out of which whatever is maximum will be the total number of requirement of memory locations. And this form of structure is known as direct form 2 structure. Here this is with a reduced complexity compared with direct form 1 structure. So, this is how the given I I system we can represent by direct form 1 structure and direct form 2 structure. Thank you.


I think it's recording now. Oops. OK, OK, guys. So this talk is about mastering a lot of open source testing. Dustin, you want to do testing here? All open source tests, yes. So you contribute to Fedora? I need Fedora, I need Fedora Q18, I need Fedora less. Oh, OK, that's great. You? I did one laptop for trial. Oh, OK, that's nice. I do commercial testing. You? I'm scared. Ah, OK, that's great. So I try to finish what's the time now? 2.40. 2.40, OK, I try to finish as soon as possible so we can have some discussion about testing. So we have a lead here, so we can ask some questions. And also you can ask me some questions about testing, open source, how it differs, those kind of things. So this is my content for today, changing the mindset towards testing, then flexible model to support your testing activities with different two sets, then finally I'm going to conclude today's talk. OK, changing the mindset towards testing. So yeah, why we have to change our mindset towards testing because testing is completely different what it was in like 20 years back then now because the software has changed a lot over the period of time, especially when it comes to open source. We don't have requirements, we don't have any other documents, all we have to do is we have to look for a box. But a look for a box is so narrow, it is like very hard to find a box. And also when you look for like things like conforming the software works as an expert, this is so, so vague as well. But we have to know what is expert, but in open source that's kind of hard to find. And even in the commercial areas, it's very hard to find. So if you see in the graph that the things what we are looking for through scripted testing, whether it is through test cases or the things from the requirements or from the developers point of view, all those bugs they are sitting in the things are in the box. But if you see there are three other things they are outside, the most of the bugs they are outside the box, so we have to find that one. Because what we are looking here is we are looking at the product itself, we are not looking at the human factor associated with the product. That's the key area we have to concentrate on. So that's the key thing. So one more thing is for me, the testing is process of gathering information, valuable information. So these information can vary a lot. So it's also process how do you gather information. So through learning it and how do you learn? You can explore the application, you can run experiments on it. Once you run experiment on it, you can observe the results and also you can analyze them. So that way you can learn a lot about product rather than going through some kind of test cases or requirements and other things that is driven by the developer. And also part of the things you have to ask questions. So there are a lot of products you can explore. You can find some interesting things about the product. The main thing is what the product is for. That is the problem we have to look for. Then we have to find an answer to that one. And what is the key thing is what does it do? And what is the process? What kind of data it processes? And what does it depend on? Which platform does it depend on? What are the dependencies? Dependency list and how it will be used by the users and why they should use and what they use it for. These are the things, these are the questions we have to find answer for through our testing. Even if you see here, right, the most important things are all outside those requirements and there are some things that, because we don't know how the end user gonna use the application. And also other important thing is we also also have to accommodate the people who are involved in the projects. Like testers for them, we have to have the future for testability, log, such as log files, and also how they're gonna monitor the process of certain transactions. All those things we have to accommodate and also we have to do for the marketing future of the application. So the flexible model to support your testing, because we can explore the application, but we can expand for years, but still we will not have any kind of information. So one of the models I find it very interesting is I use them quite a lot. It is, I take a little bit of a part of a future, then I learn exploration, I try to learn those futures. Then I create a test chatters for them. So then once I create the test chatters, then I can create test ideas for the whole test chatters. What are the available in the futures? Then I can execute them, then we can analyze the results, whether the product is usable for the end user or what. All right. So here, exploring and the learning is just a two process, but there are ways you can explore. So one of them is Turing. So it is the new model that is developed by Michelle Kailay. So the purpose of the Turing is to understand how the system works on the future work and also to create a mental model of the system works to make the other people understand how the system works. And also for you to create a list of controls, components that you come across. Because when you go through a Turing, you will able to see a lot of things, like let's take an example of Mozilla's preference component. You will see general security privacy and also they have certain futures attached to it. So you can record them or you can draw a diagram of them or you can do a screenshot, mind map. So one of the ways you can do them, record them so that you can create test ideas for them later that you can execute them once you are in the final state. So these are the aspects of the software that you can go for tools. Like the first one is the future tool. So in open source it's quite big and also you cannot go for all the futures. The futures are so, there are a lot of futures. So usually choose one future that you're most comfortable with and try to go over and try to find what are the components available, what are the functionalities, they do those kinds of stuff and complexity. So look for one of the top five complexity for those future. If it is complexity, why it is complexity and what does it consist of, how it is built. Ask questions and record them in any other format that you like. Not also the clients. So what are the product clients to be? What it says it does. Again the Mozilla preference component, it says customize controls, options, and also add-ons. So does it really help us to do that? So those are the clients you have to find it. Configurations, you have to identify the things that the applications store in the store, the changes that you make. For example, you can change the preference component. You want the homepage to be Google.com. How it saves, how it can change the different things of the home setting and also the privacy and also the application settings. You have to check that one. The next is user tours. Again the user tour is like you have to list five top users, who are gonna use it, how they're gonna use it. For example, if you check bash script, let me just show you the next one. So I just did a small bash or external, how, what are these things? If you check the users, who will use it? There are like the next voice users, system admin, there are programmers, computer personnel and students. So each of them have different requirements for the terminal itself. Some of them just run the Yalasta man to go around CES, the CT command. But there are some programmers they will try to execute some cell scripts. They have different requirements. So when you list those requirements, you can easily find out, okay, these are the users and what are the requirements, what kind of relationship they're gonna have with the system. That is important, but we have to find out is whatever the system you use, it has some kind of relationship with people who are involved. So we have to find the problem in that relationship rather than look for a problem in the system. We have to find out how the problem can affect those relationships, that's important part. And also the testability part, it's look for what are the features that can help you to speeden up your testing or support your testing. But that's the tool that helps you to find those features. Then scenarios, you have to find out five or six scenarios. Just look for the real scenarios, okay, what the user's gonna do. For example, if it's a federal system, okay, they will look for apps or they will look for how they're gonna achieve that and they're gonna use the search feature in the menu part to go and find the feature. Those kind of scenarios have to find it out and the list them. This is all used to understand how the system works. It's not used to go in depth, that okay, I'm gonna go in depth to see all the other features. Just to understand what the system works and also does it make the other people understand this system works or not. Because you know, one of the things in OpenSources, we have to confirm them, okay, whatever the future action you take, it is success or not. So we have to motivate them in one or other way. Does it do? Because that's a small thing, it helps you to improve the usability of the system. Again, variability. The variability is like you can change a lot of things. For example, change things in the, what we can, in the Firefox, let's do the thing. So you can change a lot of small things that can change the whole overall structure of the Firefox, just clear the catchy of the Firefox, right? That's a small variable. It has a whole effect on the applications. Try to use some features. Already have the catchy in the Firefox browser. Try to use them in the incongruent and see how it affects that part. Interoperability. That's quite important one because most of the systems support interoperability and also we export data and we import data. We have to pay close attention to that. That is quite important one. And the data, data is quite interesting because most of the systems consume a lot of data and they process when they output. The thing is what kind of data they process and in case of invalid data, how they are reacting to it. The other important thing is does it have some predefined data in that application already? So those are the things that's gonna help you to understand the system well. Then the final thing is structure. The structure is gonna tell you, okay, what is it built with? Do I have any understanding of the underlying architecture? So how can I use that understanding of underlying architecture to build my testing? Right, this is just overview. This just gives me what are the components there, how I'm gonna, from there, how I'm gonna create test ideas for the whole test items that I have listed here, right? So here you can see that I used the structure function data platform and the operations in Monics 2. I identify the test items and also to find the test ideas for each items. Some of them, you see, some of them I have questions. Some of them, even though I don't have experience much, you know, what I'll do is I'll just put the compatibility, usability time. Those things I can ask or I can just ask for in general how the thing's gonna be like. It's not much of extreme hard work, but it's just using those techniques to find the items and from there you can find testing ideas and you can execute them, right? So this is one of the problems I did for today. This telegram is just for test ideas, but unfortunately, can you see this? Okay, so this is just test ideas for all the components, just for the setting. I just take the state of, when you go to setting, it blocks you from sending the messages and stuff. So it's in that state, unfortunately I cannot change to enlarge the picture, I'm sorry. So it completely gives you a different idea from knowing that a lot of either test items, for those test items I created the test ideas, then how they are dependent on each other. So this is just small, my man, but it is very useful because in open source testing, you don't need to have any kind of process or document filling up. So it is, even if you after like three weeks you come back, you can get around, okay, this was the thing I was doing. It will be really useful. The other thing is test status, it's kind of a test case, but it is not. But the thing is it gives you, for example, if you have like 30 minutes to 45 minutes, you can use test status to run your test. Basically what it says is, you explore the target, the target is which part of application you are going to test. And also you can use what resources, what kind of tools and techniques, data, or you have already some kind of precise data sets. So those are the things, and to discover what kind of information to discover. Because this gives you a mission so that you will not deviate from it. Basically when you go on test, always you will move from your mission, right? When you start a testing, you will move to the other item items and you miss this one. So this one is completely gives you complete control and also one area to focus is it is amazing. This is developed by Elizabeth. I use quite a lot in open source testing. This is also a very useful test idea. If you see here, right? Just to give you example of this test status, you have that profile editing page here. If you see, there are test items, there are two text bosses, you have email address, and also you have choose file and save options, right? So but the thing is, it's not about going over one by one, but what it says is it's exploding the whole profile editing feature with data, whatever the data you have. So you may say, okay, I have, I wanted to do injection and a security vulnerability testing. So you can say, okay, I'm gonna do security vulnerability testing, but what kind of resources you have. So if you say security vulnerability testing, there are a lot, but when you check there are text fields, you can do an injection testing, right? So I'm gonna explore profile editing with injection testing to discover vulnerability testing. So what this basically does is it gives you a broad, but it's not too broad and also it is not too narrow. So you can spend like 25 minutes to 45 minutes, that range and also when you are testing, you can take notes, you can take notes during the testing. It will be more useful when you come back or when you want to share it with somebody else. This is a great idea. We tried with Mozilla, we had a program. It worked a little bit good because we were three open source testers and also the developers were working on the project. So rather than creating a test cases and uploading it in the remote strap, we said, okay, let's try this, test charters. It was working so good because it takes like 32, 45 minutes. The one person can concentrate on one part and also he can create a lot of test ideas and also test items. This was very helpful. But if you want to have a look at that one, this test charters. See, exploring editing profile with injection attack to discover security vulnerability. And also this is just one part of security vulnerability, but you can run a lot of other testings. For example, explore editing future to discover with valid first name, last name, and email address to discover the functionality of the future, right, the editing future. So you can create 10 different type of test charters and to cover the whole future. But rather if you take test cases, it is too broad, it is too narrow, that you need like 30 to 40 test cases, it's not useful at all. But in this way, it's kind of exploration as well. That is a lot of learning goes in when some other particular comes in, if you need some kind of help or some kind of questions, you can easily answer because you have very good understanding about this editing profile. So planning, so whenever whatever activity you do, one of the things I find it is if you don't plan, it's getting, you can't track and measure what are your testing efforts. Because when I started, all the time I start testing, I testing, testing, but most of the time, if I don't find a bug or if I don't, even if I find I report two bugs, I feel like I have spent too much time, but with only two bugs, I feel like, okay, this is not much contribution at all. So after that, then I decided, okay, let's plan even if you follow five or 10 minutes. So basically what I do is I explore all the applications and create test chapters, even if it's for one day or two days, I create them fast. Then after that, I come back to execute. When I execute, I always keep the time box, okay, today I'm gonna execute only for 30 minutes, only one test chapters. So I choose the session notes, I choose which one is it and what are the test notes, okay, I explore this area, I feel that it's fine or not fine, and also I have to explore the other part of the area I didn't have time today. So all those things goes to the test notes and also the views, what are the things I see when I test, what are the things I see in the test chapters. For example, if you take the profile editing page, I see, okay, I see the first name, last name, the email address, that is the change option there. And also you have, you can upload a lot of details. Those, all those items will be in the view, under the view. The risks will be the, again, the SQL injections because you have like a lot of fields, text fields in there. And also you have upload options. What happens if the user uploads like, more than like 10 GB of data into it, how it's gonna react to the, that will upload. The next, the bugs, what are the bugs I find? I just put it in my session after the session is finished, then I add it to the bugzilla or some other bug reporting system. Always, you know, when you do this kind of session, you will have questions. So I will put them under the question sections, then I can ask them in IRC or in some other telegram or whatever. So debriefing, this is one of the things I find it interesting because whenever you do a session, it's always nice to look back at your session and the session notes to see, okay, where you lacked and what are the areas you can improve during that time. Because it's not always the, it sounds may easy, but when you start doing, it's not the same. You have a lot of obstacles comes in and also you deviate from your test chapters a little bit and also other things. So it's always good to look back. So this is my summary. And for me, the testing is gather information and checking already known fact about the systems. It comes together, but the checking already known facts about the systems you can do by system. The systems are good at checking things, but we are good at like gathering information and also looking for testing ideas. These systems cannot do those things. Next thing is span all your testing activities. That is crucial if you wanted to keep track of your all your activities and measure your testing efforts. And also, this is one of the styles I follow, but there are a lot of other testing styles you experiment with them. So you can find, okay, whether it is good or not because that is not always one particular type. There are so many you have to look out, experiment with different styles to see which one suits you. That's more important. Final one is to love testing. And also, no, if you don't love testing, you cannot do the job with perfection or to do something better and spread the love. Thank you. And if you have any questions, you can ask me. What do you work on testing most of all? So I mostly, I take the component of most of our preference component. So I maintain them as well. Basically, I started testing two years back. Then I first started running test cases. I did not find it. I was not happy with that. Then I started testing, okay, let's move, not running the test cases, let's test. I test, but I was not like really organized. I was testing one part, I was moving to the other part. I had like 10 components, but I did not find it myself happy. Then I started using some kind of process. Then first I use, let's just test one component to see, but when I test one component, but I don't have that much memory power to register all the items in those components. So then I started using mind map from then. Then I started using the different mnemonics to differentiate those components. Then I create test ideas. Then I keep the test ideas. Then one Saturday or Sunday, I execute those test ideas. Then I report those bugs. This is what I basically do now. I got a question just for you, since this is open source testing, have you come up with any process that you're supposed to be publishing? Because this is basically about your approach to planning on the forwarding testing.  Yeah, no. I already sending those kind of plans to people in the community, especially in the Mosulah community. We had like two meetings already. In the Mosulah community, we trained testers. So we give them this kind of ideas, just as a rough plan. So what they basically do is they like to take what they like and what they shoot them basically, because it is not gonna work for all of them, because it requires a lot of effort, especially the planning stage. Executing is the easiest part. Before that, you have a lot of planning. You have to explore each component. For me, now it's easy because I already explored and planned the preference component of Mosulah. So I have already in place. If there is some changes happens, I add a little bit to already existing one. Then I create test ideas for that. Then I run the test cases. That's the simple part. But if you are coming in new, it's a lot of effort. At least you need a month to get this. So what I'm wondering is if you have like a store or you have a wiki or mail or something, and you can keep these test plans there. So when new people arrive, you can say, hey, we have this plan for this component, and that's that's where we are trying to go. But the thing is, open source is very hard, especially in wiki, I try to add as much as possible. And also we don't have that much area for including this methodologies or those kind of things. We have very basic stuff, but we try to, we are going there. That's where our goal is. Because there are a lot of testers. There is no shortage of testers. The problem is they're not efficient enough to test. Most of them are stuck in a test case. We have like one and done. They are stuck somewhere there. So we have to somehow bring them. That's not testing, that's just checking. Ask them to create, just set up their automation framework, just run it, you don't need anything. Just come and do testing. We don't need anymore like test case execution or one and done. We just want you to execute a common test. We don't want you to do anything else. That's where we are going. But it is hard because every day there's new contributor comes in. They just go to the chain. We have to pull them out of the chain to put them here. It's quite hard. Yeah, that's mostly because the problem we've been running for a long time. Yeah, I agree. Because we do get quite a lot of people saying, yeah, we're just going to do testing. We have a page where we say, hey, you can do these things. But yeah, we don't have much of a focus on find exploratory testing.  Or you can tell people you can run some of our test cases or you can do update testing stuff. But I haven't really had anything along these lines. Yeah, there are many testers that test efficient, but they don't have this kind of document because they all have like their own experience. They have everything in their mind. They do it. But the problem is they don't have any kind of document. They can share it with others. So we have like two months back kind of meter that we share with the developers. The developers are so happy that they can even input their test ideas to the whole plan. That was amazing. Then I thought, OK, I have it. OK, let's share it to other people. If the important thing in meeting a community conference is learning from others, if you are testing for some time, we always have some input to add it to the whole testing process. OK, when I plug this one, it won't go black. I can only see this screen. You see this one? So this is how my plan goes in. So first is the general test ideas. So every week, I will have a planning session here. So once the planning session comes in here, then it goes to the test plan coverage and the risk. So this is all happens through. Give me a second. I have to take this one. See, first it goes through the touring phase. What about the new future comes in? That first it goes to the, OK, I'm going to stop this one. This is the touring phase. This is the test identifying the test item phase. So I'm going to, so that goes to the ongoing plans thing. First it enters the ongoing plan here. Then from there, it goes to test plan and coverage. So that's the part we create test status. For me, I create the status. From then I go to the daily sessions. So if I have to create and execute some of them, then it goes to the issue and the session states. This is how my process goes on. These things, these are already, I have already pre-set of heuristics, how we find bugs, like throw past histories and also throw past bugs. Test areas, usually if it's a text field, one of the things we do, we can do a SQL injection and also we can check how what is the character if you put more than 10 characters what is up and if you put 10,000 characters what is up. Those are test areas, I already have the set of test areas. So if I see some test item that matches my test idea, I'll just pull them and I execute them right away. In that way, one test tab is done. You see there's, each test station has a test log, right? And the end of the test log, then I will have a brief. Okay, what I've done for the test log, then after that it goes to the session. So I have a list of documents from where I can choose whatever I like. So this is the basic idea I have, but this is not a perfect one, it takes so much time, but I have to find something else, but I do not have time yet. But that's what I'm gonna do for the rest of one or two years to open source, let's see how it goes, but this is the basic idea I have. It's just like a Agile methodology, but it's not really following any kind of particular thing, but it's kind of Agile. This process is very open source specific. It seems very, it's like something I've applied to any test tab. No, but you can apply to open source. Yeah, but you can apply to anywhere, but this again, you know, it shoots my style because it doesn't mean that it's gonna shoot you, but you have to find a way to, there are some lot of time wasting there, but I don't see it that way, but if somebody else come change, that would be great. And if you guys share it with me, I will love that. I know my company is currently in the Amur Graphical Test Planning. You work with developers even with the Spectre Team rating, which we just draw generically how everything's supposed to interact because obviously reaping reality all fields move around and all that, so if you explicitly write that in your test cases, obviously that doesn't work well for your door because it doesn't translate into a web view. No, that's why I, no, it's not test case. In the test case, we mentioned that every field, but in test chatter, we don't mention every field. We have a broad understanding that the test chatter is about broad. It's not about like particular, but that's the part I like it. That's why I use test chatters, otherwise I will not.  Then all the other little alternatives to now start popping up. Wait a minute, we have the same exact problems with our living intruders and nobody else has spotted that plugin acted on it, the desugging VTE. It's just big, you know, it's a problem in the biggest. No, but, yeah, no open source projects are big. Drive by testing, I see a problem in my file or in like a wallet, right? No, I find open source is so big as well. I just choose one component. That's the best one. Yeah, yeah. But as I was saying, it's like sometimes you find that two components are related in non-use ways and maybe probably one is also a problem with another one. I mean, everything apart from main path now, I think, is a risk to do it. Oh, I think we would probably make that one.