Thank you. Welcome, everybody. Today, with the degree award ceremony, we are closing the sixth cycle, 2019-2020, of the Joint Master in Medical Physics, graduating eight new students from the 12 students of the cycle. Out of them, one went back to Uganda last spring at the beginning of COVID, and will come back soon to complete her clinical training. Two more will also complete their clinical training this spring, and one was graduated already last December. As everywhere, due to the COVID pandemic, also for the MMP, it has been a very difficult year. In spite of all these difficulties, thanks to the efforts of the teachers, of the students, of the ICTP and UNIS administrations, we have been able and will be able to run our master. The ICTP has been forced to cancel both last year and at least until June this year a number of training activities in presence. We are indeed very grateful to the ICTP director and staff who have made possible to continue the MMP both last year and in the coming year. Indeed, starting from 1st February, 24 students of the seventh cycle will proceed for the second year of clinical training in the hospitals. At the same time, 24 new students of the eighth cycle are arriving in Trieste in these days to start their first year. I do not want to bother you with detailed statistical data. I will simply say that including the students of the next cycle, the total number of students in all the cycles will be 146, 52 females and 94 males. Almost half of the total, exactly 69, come from African countries. But perhaps even more important, the total number of countries represented is 63 and 27 of them from Africa. Last year, 2020, we added to the list of countries, Algeria, Malawi, Myanmar, Uzbekistan, Costa Rica and Belarus. This year, we are adding Albania, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia and Suriname. I can assert again that the joint Abdul Salama and CTP Unis Master in Medical Physics is now a well-established program. This is also due to the enthusiastic support of the two institutions which are running the master program, the Abdul Salama and CTP and the Trieste University in the persons of the CTP director, Professor Atish Dabholkar and director of the Trieste University, Professor Roberto DiLenarda. It is only thanks to the support of the staff at all levels of the university, of the Department of Physics, of the CTP offices that we have been able to cope with the many bureaucratic difficulties both at the university and the CTP as well as with the new unexpected and serious problems due to the COVID. It would be too long to name all the persons and offices who have helped, but I must mention express our special gratitude to one person. Mrs. Susi Radozits has been since the beginning the secretary of the master. She retired at the end of 2020. Susi has not only served during all these years with great competence and dedication. She was also able to establish close friendly relationships with the students. She has been replaced at the MMP Secretariat by Mrs. Francesca Prelazzi. I'm sure that she will serve the MMP with the same competence and dedication. The master is fully organized and hosted by Diablo Salama, CTP. Professor Atish Dabholkar, the CTP director is the master of the house. Professor Dabholkar, please. Thank you, Luciano. So it's my great pleasure to be here for this very, very pleasant occasion. I always feel great pleasure when I attend these graduation ceremony, and particularly in medical physics because you really see it's like a rainbow of people coming from all over the world, from all countries. Also, I noticed that the percentage of women is quite high, so it actually, in terms of diversity, it's really fantastic.  You will go back to your country and you will make a very important contribution. So I know that this year has been very difficult, and I congratulate you. I think it's a big achievement to really live through this and still persist and actually complete your course. And I think you should be doubly proud that you have done it. And I want to thank my colleagues from Trieste University and from ICTP, your teachers who have for their dedication and their commitment to this program even during these very difficult times. And today I'm happy that in fact, as you know, this program is supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Director General of IAEA, he has kindly sent us a recorded, pre-recorded message for this occasion, so I'm particularly grateful. And also we invited the Deputy Permanent Delegate of Nicaragua to UNESCO, the Ambassador, Deputy Ambassador. And I spoke with her on Zoom. She had some other engagement, so she will be represented, so Madame Paniagua, she will be represented by her Aptache Daniel Mitchell in this ceremony. It's because actually Nicaragua, we have had actually six or seven students over the period of this program from Nicaragua. And this year's best student is from Nicaragua, so I think it's a particularly nice occasion for both for UNESCO colleagues and for IAEA to see the kind of contribution this program is making. So congratulations once again, and all the best. Thank you, Atish. The students of the Advanced Master in Medical Physics are students of the Trieste University. The Trieste University is represented today by Professor Walter Sergo, Deputy Director of the Trieste University. Professor Sergo. Thank you, thank you to you all. And actually, I was not aware of this program, and it has been one of the best surprises I've had since coming in office as Deputy Director. I think it brings out the best that this territory, not only our institutions, but this territory has to offer. We have the effort of the University, whose first mission is to educate, and that has been put to work. We have the effort of ICTP, which is broader in a sense. You will know that ICTP was founded by Boudinich with the idea to act as liaison among scientists from developing countries and the so-called advanced countries. And moreover, this master, the specific program, has to do with the health of people. And I think there is nothing more noble than this. So University, ICTP, and the wealth of countries participating in this program, the International Atomic Energy Institution, they are all collaborating somehow to improve the health of people all over the world. I believe that all people graduating today should be very proud of this. I wish you the very best for the rest of your career. And I hope that you will not forget this special link that you have with the city and with this territory. So thank again for introducing me to this beautiful reality of ICTP and University of Trieste. And with this, I would like to leave the stage to the next speaker. Thank you. Thank you, Professor Sergo. We have been honored by messages from the International Atomic Energy Agency Director General, Mr. Rafael Grossi, and by representative of the Deputy Ambassador of Nicaragua, Mr. Daniel Mitzel. They will be introduced by Professor Dabholkar. Well, I'm very happy that the Director General of IAEA, Rafael Grossi, he has kindly agreed to give a message to you because this program is funded very substantially by IAEA. So we are grateful for their contribution and it's therefore particularly opportune that on this very festive occasion, we have a few words from the Director General. Dear graduates, my sincere congratulations on becoming the newest masters of advanced studies in medical physics. I am proud of you and I am grateful to the people who got you here. Your studies have been organized by the International Center for Theoretical Physics and the Trieste University. The collaboration between the IAEA, the ICTP and the university go this collaboration which will go stronger. Since 2014, the IAEA has co-sponsored this two year program which has taught 146 students from 63 countries. You come from Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa and you have completed training in either medical physics for diagnostic imaging or for radiation therapy. The world needs your talents. Now it's the time to give back. Too many people are dying needlessly of preventable and treatable cancers. For example, of the 300,000 women around the world who succumb to cervical cancer each year, 270,000 live in low to middle income countries. Every second African country does not have a single radio therapy machine. I urge you to seek not only to heal people but also to heal their communities. Fight for equality whether it is standing up against gender bias or helping the poorest get the chance at a healthy life that everyone deserves. I've spent almost all my life in the nuclear field and I have a profound appreciation for what nuclear science and technology can do. From fighting cancer and so on all diseases like COVID-19 to cleaning the oceans of plastic. Moments like this make me grateful to have the job that I do. My advice for you at this moment is keep learning and do something that is good for others and this is what you are going to do. With that I leave you to celebrate. Thank you, congratulations and good luck. Okay, thank you for this very nice inspiring message. And the next I would invite Mr. Daniel Mitchell who's the attachee to the Deputy Permanent Delegate, Madame Pani Agua. Please go ahead. Buenos dias. Hello, can you hear me? Yes. Yes. Thanks. Graduates of the masters of advanced studies in medical physics, Director Atish Debroucal, Deputy Rector Valdesergo, I want to extend to you all the warmest greetings from the government of Nicaragua. I had to take this opportunity to thank the International Center for Theoretical Physics for inviting the Nicaraguan delegation to UNESCO to speak at this important ceremony. I do not want to leave unmentioned our appreciation to the International Agency for Atomic Energy, the International Organization for Medical Physics, the European Federation of Organizations in Medical Physics, the Italian Association of Medical Physics, and of course, De Este Hospitals for supporting this program and accompanying students throughout their studies. The government and people of Nicaragua advocate for a peaceful world of respect and equality where human beings can live fully and seek to promote the best conditions for sustainable and equitable development so that progress in science, education, communication, and culture are reflected in all areas of our lives, accessible and in the service of humanity. As a member of state of UNESCO, Nicaragua stands in solidarity with the world and its commitment regarding the promotion of education, the reduction of inequalities, and the empowerment of women who today in Nicaragua and in many countries have assumed a central and leading role, especially in decision-making at all levels and in all fora. It is in this light that we want to especially congratulate Elis Natalia Villegas Garcia, a Nicaraguan student for outstanding work throughout this program and for a designation as best student in this graduating class. We also want to express our appreciation to and congratulate the entire graduating class. All of you have experienced two wonderful years of learning and discovery in medical physics together. While you have each traveled your own paths, your journeys in life brought you to participate and experience this program together. And while you will continue your journeys individually in each of your countries, you must not forget that you are a part of a network with a common purpose to use your abilities, which have been shaped by yourselves and the people around you to improve and shape other people's lives. You all have come from different countries with different cultures, varying values and beliefs, but I believe that we all have one thing in common that makes us all humans, the profound need to help and serve others. It's not only at the national and global level that we must invest in the health and well-being of people to achieve the world we want to live in. It's also investing in people at the individual level through your work, your daily work and care, working for better health, peace, dignity and prosperity. So to the graduating class, to teachers, the counselors, the doctors, the administrators, and to the organizations that made this possible, thank you for your precious time and efforts, contributing your energies to shaping optimistic and intelligent souls in these pessimistic times. In order to continue overcoming the obstacles that life throws our way in our individual and common search for peace, liberty and individual and collective fulfillment. Mucha gracia. Thank you, Mr. Mitchell. Thank you. Indeed, the best student of the cycle is from Nicaragua. Mrs. Natalia Visegas. Natalia, please stand up. Okay. Thanks, Natalia. Yes, I think in normal circumstances, we would have been happy to give you the award in person, perhaps even from the hands of the ambassador, but okay, these are the times you live in. We continue then. The third pillar of our master after ICTP and university is the International Atomic Energy Agency. From the scientific viewpoint, they gave us an invaluable support in designing the master and providing teaching material. But there is another equal important aspect of the cooperation with the agency. It is the assistance of the technical cooperation of the agency. The master has received a few fellowship and financial support from various organizations, but it is the agency to see that contributes most of the fellowships for the master students. Just to give you an example, 17 out of the 24 students of the next cycle are receiving an agency to see fellowship. Without the cooperation of the agency in terms of fellowship, the master could not continue. The agency considers, as you have heard from the director general, our master program a very important component of its program in the area of technical cooperation. The agency is represented today by Mrs. Debli van der Merbe, the head of the medical physics division of the human health department of the agency. She's also one of the external scientific advisors of our master. Debli. Hello, everybody. Distinguished organizers, distinguished guests. I wish you all a good day. I would like to speak directly to the graduands. I have very little to add compared to what our DG said. Obviously we are in complete agreement. And I would like to highlight that this process of selecting students for the masters in medical physics is a highly competitive process. And so what the graduands should realize is that they are very specially selected students and people on the global stage. And they have been provided with a great opportunity. We are very proud to have been involved in this program since 2014. Obviously from the agency perspective, we have a real global picture of the situation. And we are very clearly aware of the challenges that are faced by the lack of clinically qualified medical physicists. And therefore it is a great thing that this program exists to address exactly this shortage. I'm very happy to announce that very shortly we will be issuing guidance on certification guidelines. And this is another step in the effort that the agency is making to try to promote recognition of this very special profession. I think that most of the graduands have by now learned that the way in which you develop as a medical physicist is really to see something, do something. And the next step is to teach that. Well, you are part of the way along all these milestones that you take to become a really good professional. And I hope that all of you, when you go home, start teaching others so that we can create a bigger and bigger family of medical physicists. From our perspective at the agency, we will endeavor to stay in touch with you. And we are always ready to assist any member states in developing this profession as much as we can. I hope that you are as proud as we are of being a graduate of this great flagship project. Thank you very much for the opportunity to be able to say something today. Thank you, Debbie. In the area of medical physics, there are a number of international organizations. The one that covers the whole world is IOMP, International Organization of Medical Physics. Professor Slavik Tabakov has been president of IOMP. He's also one of our external advisors and also the director of the ICTP Biennial College in medical physics. Slavik. Distinguished directors and organizers, dear colleagues and graduates. On behalf of the International Union of Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine and on behalf of the International Organization of Medical Physics, I would like to sincerely congratulate the ICTP, the University of TST, and the leads of the Master of Advanced Service in Medical Physics for producing yet another excellent alumni of medical physicists from around the world. Dear graduates, together with my official congratulations, let me tell you that your projects yesterday were excellent. And I'm sure that you should be a real asset to the healthcare in your countries. The current COVID pandemic showed how important is the harmonious development of global healthcare for saving the mankind. Your place in contemporary medicine is very important. Take responsibility this place and always be proud of your profession medical physics. Congratulations and all the best. Thank you. Thank you very much, Slavik. In addition to IOMP, another important international body is EFOMP, the European Federation of the Organization for Medical Physics. EFOMP is represented today by Dr. Paddy Gilligan, EFOMP president. Professor Gilligan, the pierce is not connected. Then, since the pierce is not connected, then we can continue. There is one more organization of medical physics. Hello, Professor, it's Paddy Gilligan. I actually am connected now. Somebody has connected me, so thank you. Oh, very good. I'll just try and see. Can I turn on my camera and here we go. Hello. Greetings, distinguished guests and graduation. I had, graduates, I had the privilege of lecturing at the QA workshop in November in Trieste, and it was one of the most special events I was organized in. And the thing that made it most special was the enthusiasm, the intelligence of the students and their willingness to help patients. And that's one thing that we all have in common. And I think it's very privileged for EFOMP to be involved in the ICTP courses. And we hope to continue to provide support and expertise for future programs. One thing that you learn from all of the different, all of the different languages and cultures is that we all speak the same language of medical physics and how we should benefit patients. I would like to also say that EFOMP is here to help set up initiatives. So many initiatives that we have set up as volunteers throughout the European community started off as small initiatives and then they became the norm and then we were able to set up things like national registration schemes. And we rely on the energy, enthusiasm and voices of volunteers. And I would urge you that when you go back to your own country, please set up such similar structures and we are here to help because we have models that have brought us from small beginnings up to national registration schemes. Through our educational programs and recently under the presidency of Marco Brambile, he introduced the individual associate member, which allows people from outside the European national member organizations join EFOMP to access their educational and other offerings. So I just want to congratulate you again. I think that the program is wonderful. And as I said, it's a great honor and privilege to be able to attend with such brilliant graduates and such esteemed lecturers. And I just want to pledge that you have EFOMP support in the future. And when you do return to your own countries, just EFOMP is here to help. So thank you. Thank you, Dr. Diligan. There is one more organization of medical physics, the Italian Association Italiana di Fisica Medica. Renato Padovani will later illustrate the importance of the cooperation of the Italian hospitals, which are hosting our students for the second clinical year. I might add that in spite of all the present difficulties, all the 24 students starting the second cycle will be placed in the Italian hospitals. The Italian Association of the Fisica Medica is represented by its president, Dr. Michele Stasi. Dr. Stasi. Okay, thank you very much for your invitation. I'm very pleasure to be here in online method. It's a great pleasure to bring the greetings of Italian Association of Medical Physics in this ceremony. It is a pride for our scientific society to contribute to the internship activity in our hospital, our ICTP students. I think it is a great source of growth for all of us, cultural and human growth. Congratulations and best wishes for your career and your life or the best good luck to everyone. Thank you, Dr. Stasi. In the last few years, we have added to the formal graduation ceremony an advanced scientific lecture. This year, Professor Marco Durante from the GSI Helmholtz Centrum Gesellschaft für Schwerion und Forschung Darflat will lecture on pros and cons of particle therapy, general overview, state of the art, future perspectives. Professor Durante. Yes, thank you very much for inviting me to give this lecture in this very important ceremony. It's a great honor for me. Thank you, everybody. As is clear from the title, it's a little bit long, but what I will try to summarize a little bit the status and the problems in particle therapy with emphasis on the medical physics issues and problems. So I will now share my screen so that I hope you can see the slides without problem. If there is any problems, just let me know. So the basis of particle therapy can be summarized in this slide that tells most of the characteristics of particle therapy. This is the depth dose distribution for X-rays in green, protons and carbon ions in red and blue. So what is amazing from the physics here is that while X-rays deposit most of their energy in the entrance channel and then the dose decrease exponentially for particles like protons, carbon ions or any other light ion because of the better block formula that determines the energy loss per unit track, most of the energy is deposited in the end of the range, what is called the Bragg peak. So it's pretty natural that particle therapy is conformal almost automatically. You don't need to irradiate from many angles like with the IMRT that I'm sure you are familiar to cross fire on the tumor to increase the dose of the tumor because with the Bragg peak you already have a situation where the dose to the tumor will be higher than the dose to the normal tissue. That's not the only difference between photon therapy and particle therapy. There's a lot of biological differences too that stand from the fact that in the Bragg peak you have densely ionizing radiation and densely ionizing radiation as different radiobiological properties than X-rays. For example, there is an increase in the R-B in the relative biological effectiveness so you kill more cells per unit dose and there is a decrease in the O-R, the oxygen enhancement ratio. So you are less, so the radio resistance of the hypoxic tumors is meshed but we will focus on the physical properties in this lecture, not on the biological properties. What is the consequence of the Bragg peak? The consequence of the Bragg peak is that of course you can spare much more normal tissue that you do with photons. These are treatment plans for eventually all kind of tumor sites, from CNS, head and neck, lung, abdomen, pelvis. And you see that in terms of conformality on the target, IMRT, the X-ray treatment, is excellent, it is not any worse than proton therapy, but you pay a ticket, let's say, you have to pay a fee for this conformality and that is the dose bath that you have very substantially in every site that you treat. This dose bath is drastically reduced when you use particles. You see that for a CNS tumor, you spare completely a large part of the brain. That's why for pediatric tumors where CNS are relatively common, proton therapy is generally recommended because of course you will spare a lot of brain, of young brain of a pediatric patient with clear long-term benefit for the future cognitive performance of that patient. So that's the situation. You see, that's another example that I like to show you. Let's say, what is the nice thing and what can be the problem with particle therapy for the medical physicists? You see, this is a plural mesotelioma treated with proton therapy.  So you only read the ipsilateral lung. The contralateral lung is essentially completely spare. So that's nice. I mean, a proton therapy is that protons stop. That's what is nice in the physics. The problem is that we don't know exactly where they stop. And you see, I've never seen a springboard break like that. They stop in the wrong position, as you have seen in this movie, which is just to tell you that particle therapy is only a matter of precision. If you put the Bragg peak in the wrong spot, you can make a lot of damage, much more damage that you do with normal photons. So here is the problem of the uncertainty of the range uncertainty that is for medical physicists, one of the main issues for particle therapy. And you see in this figure how just a little bit of air gives very little effect on x-rays but can drastically impact a spread out Bragg peak with the heavy ions. Where are the sources of the range uncertainty? There are many, many sources. There are these treatment planning, those uncertainties like enobiogenities, metallic plant, the conversion of Houndsfield units that are used in planning from CT in water-equivalent path lengths that you need to use for ions. CTR, the facts as well as the anatomic and physiological changes that include daily setup variations and the internal organ motion. So all these factors are affecting the range uncertainty. And what happens, how do you compensate this? You compensate by increasing the margins. And you can say, okay, but if I increase the margin a little bit, it's not a big deal. Actually, I like this image that come from a Belgian paper of some years ago that shows that if you take the skin of an orange, your margin now in the normal tissue, I said the orange is the tumor and the skin is the margin in the normal tissue, apparently it's very thin, but if you take it all together, the volume is almost the same as the tumor. So the margins are, even if they are relatively thin, even if you add four millimeter, five millimeters margins, in terms of total normal tissue irradiated, this is quite significant. We want to kind of get rid of these margins. Like in this, this is something I found particularly fascinated that they are selling now pre-cracked egg without margins, let's see. This case, the margin is the shell of the egg. You see some practical example now, a little bit more serious. This is a real example, it's quite dramatic. You see, the proton penumbra, which means the physical margin that comes from the lateral scattering of the protons. In this treatment plan here, where you have several organs at risk, you see you have the esophagus, you have the spinal cord, is about two millimeter. But if you want to take into account range uncertainty, you can go up to something like one centimeter, which means that now the esophagus goes into the red zone and the spinal cord, which would be completely spared if you can keep the margins low. Now it's in the high dose region. And of course, if we can reduce the range uncertainty, we can have a very nice effect. That's an exercise we are doing, replanting the patients that were treated at GSI with carbon ions. This is another non-cystic carcinoma. And the range uncertainty that was used at that time was plus or minus 3.5%. And you see that if we can reduce the range uncertainty to plus or minus 1%, we can still spare the optic nerve, but giving the full coverage of the tumor. So there is a real advantage, both in terms of lower toxicity and in terms of better treatment of the tumor itself. One of the main complications, these days, spot scanning, pencil beam scanning is the standard in particle therapy. And it's very nice. As you see, you can have a cool dose distribution because you treat your tumor as a set of slices. And then you go with your pencil, like in a TV, and you scan slice by slice in a very, very precise way. This is quite nice, as long as the target is perfectly fixed. Because if the target is moving, then the situation gets definitely worse. You see here, for example, for a lung tumor, which is actually moving, the interplay of the movement of the lung and of the movement of the beam generates this lousy dose distributions with overshooting and undershooting in the tumor. And also a large range of problem, because of course the density of the lung is much lower than the density of the tumor. So you have a lot of particles now shooting at high depth in the lung. How is this normally approached? This is normally approached by, again, it's like in the orange. You make a large ITV, internal target volume, that includes the movement of the tumor, you see here. That's fine, but you see that now you are radiating a very large portion of the lung. A more sensible approach will be to do a 4D optimization and to synchronize the beam delivery, which is, as you see here, a very interesting approach. Now a system for synchronized delivery with the movement has been studied at GSI in our group and has been installed in now, which is the Center for Particle Therapy in Italy, which is in Pavia. So now it will be possible in Pavia to irradiate the moving organs with the synchronized beam delivery with the movement of the patient. But of course, this is, you need to see the beam. You need to visualize somehow the position of the beam if you want to reduce the uncertainty. And there are many ways you can do it. You can use prompt gamma, which is now commercial, is used in several proton therapy centers like Dresden and in UPenn and I think it was in Trento now. You can use proton radiography and you can use PET, Positron Emission Tomography. This is actually one of the early method for beam verification during treatment was used at GSI. This is still, this is the Bastai PET camera at GSI, which is still there. And it was used for verification of the range, exploiting the fact that with carbon ions, you produce a lot of carbon-11 ions by fragmentation of the projectile. So you can actually, and carbon-11 is a Positron Emitter, so you can use this with a PET camera to visualize the beam. You can also use in proton therapy. In this case, of course, you cannot use the fragments of the projectile, but you can still use the fragments of the target because oxygen-16 can be fragmented in oxygen-15, which is a beta plus emitter too. We used it recently in an experiment, a very interesting experiment in treatment of cardiac ventricular fibrillation, heart arrhythmia, using carbon ions. We had the SWine model, as you see, fixed here. That's the, during the process of fixation. And this was the treatment plan, you see where the dose was supposed to be delivered here in the ventricle of the heart. And this was the in-beam PET. You see, it's a very nice spot. You see how PET verifies that the dose was actually delivered here. But what is interesting, you see, is that if you do an offline PET, which is sometimes used, for example, in Heidelberg, there is, and also in Chiba, there are PET, not in the radiation room, but in another room. And you see that after 20 minutes, the signal of PET is already gone. That's because of the wash-out. So the radioisotopes that are produced during the radiation are washed out by the blood flow and you lose the signal, or you just move the signal to another position. This is also a nice example. This is an head and neck tumor. So it's less sensible to wash-out and this is now the image taken with this very sophisticated instrument called INSIDE, which is a very nice detector built by the National Institute of Nuclear Physics and which is now installed in canal to use PET for beam verification.  So you see that the activity is kind of distributed all along the track and the peak is quite far from the peak of protons. But even if you use carbon or oxygen beams, as it will be done in Heidelberg, you see that there is a shift between the activity peak and the carbon peak. That's not because of the wash-out, it's because of the physics, because of course the carbon-11 or the oxygen-15 that are formed by fragmentation, they have pretty much the same velocity of the primary ion, but they have lower mass, so they have different range. They stop before the primary ion. That's seen also in this picture here. So how nice would it be if we could instead treat the patients directly with radioactive ion beams? That would be really nice and that's not the new idea at all because it was actually introduced in Berkeley many years ago in the 70s by Bill Chu and this coworker. They were thinking to use Neon 19, which is a positron emitter for beam verification. And this has also been used in Japan, you see here where they built a very nice open pet, which is ideal for measuring the radioactive ion beams. But the problem in the past was generally the low intensity of the radioactive ion beams. But it would be fantastic if we can use it. This is a Monte Carlo simulation you see on the pet at 20 seconds and 20 minutes. When you use a carbon 12, so essentially you are visualizing the carbon 11 now, carbon 11 beam or even carbon 10 beam. You see how the signal now is extremely stronger. This is an ideal case of a sort of mono energetic and mono energetic beam. You see that the signal here is spread because of the difference between the peak of the primary ion and the peak of the fragment. But here you have very clear signal. And if you use carbon 10 that has a half life of only 20 seconds, you can nicely see it while you irradiate your tumor, you can actually see the beam. That's, you see an example of how the image looks like. This is a fluca simulation on how the image looks like when you use carbon 12, you see this large spread of activity here and also here. But if you use carbon 11, look how nice it could be. This only simulation, how nice it could be. You see very nice and strong signal to noise ratio. So the main problem in the past for doing this was the intensity of the beam, as I said, because you need the high intensity beams. But this is now overcoming the new accelerators in particular in the fair accelerator in Germany where we can actually get for ions like carbon 11, carbon 10, oxygen 15 and oxygen 14, intensities that are in the range of the treatment. And you see these ions like carbon 10 or oxygen 14 are very promising because of their very short half life. Of course, the cross section starts to be low and so the intensity will be even lower than the one for carbon 11 and oxygen 15. But we will test these ions within an ERC program program funded by the European Research Council, the GSI Fair in collaboration with the University of Munich. And that's a stepwise program where essentially we will extract the radioactive beams which is nuclear physics. We will build a new detector which is a gamma pet detector. We will then have a lot of medical physics because we will have to study biological and physical dosimetry in phantoms. We will have imaging, we have to visualize the beam. And finally, we will actually treat an animal model. Of course, for the first time with radioactive beams to assess the real potential of this technique. With this, I like to conclude and to thank all of you to congratulate all of you for entering in this field that as you see is not only a clinical professional field but is a research field. And I'll be happy to answer any question. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Professor Durante for this fascinating view on the future. When eight years ago we started designing the master, we had an invaluable contribution from Dr. Ahmed Magdifene. At the time working at the agency in Vienna. Ahmed is also one of the external scientific advisors of our master. Ahmed. Good morning everyone. I have worked for the IEA for almost 20 years. So it would take some time for people to disconnect my name from the IEA. That's why my affiliation is shown as the IEA in this video transmission. But as an external advisor to the MPP program, I want to take this moment to congratulate you for completing your studies and thus earning your master's degree in this challenging time of COVID-19. You should be proud of your accomplishments. Briefly, let me give you three tech home messages for you. Get prepared for a certification either in your country if a certification board exists or through the IMPCB, the International Medical Physics Certification Board, if you have no certification in your countries and remain devoted to a lifetime of learning. Second tech home message is always to use your critical thinking in your everyday work. And finally, always remain committed to the ethical standards of the medical physics profession. Stay safe, I wish for all of you all the good things that life can offer. And thank you to the ICTP for giving me this opportunity to address the graduates. Thank you, Ahmed, also for your messages. Again, when eight years ago we started designing this project of this master, we have been very fortunate to have the enthusiastic operation of two professional medical physicists, Professor Renato Longo, full professor of medical physics at the Trieste University, and Dr. Renato Padovani, who at that time was the head of the medical physics at the Odin Hospital. Renata is now the director of our master and Renato, its coordinator. Renato. Dear graduates, first of all, I'd like to congratulate with you for your achievement. After two years of studies and clinical experience, far from your family, your friends, you have finally succeeded to this day and to complete the program. Last year, we had... You had... It was very difficult here for everybody. And especially you, where this has been mentioned before, you have been alone in a new town without friends closed, frequently closing a room for two, three months. So it was not easy to manage this situation. But today we are here, healthy and safe. So this is... What is important? But also this, in Italy, we are looking to the glass half full. So we can say that also this is an experience in the life. And you learn, for example, how a health system has to rapidly change the organization, the internal rules and everything in the fast way to answer to a new demand of health. So this is, I think, is another useful experience that you have. After these two years, you have gained competencies that will be very important for your future, for your future activities and profession. But what is also important in this experience is that you had the opportunity, as other panelists said today, to be involved in international environment like ICTP. And this is another important. So now, in the future, you can count of many international relationships that certainly will help you in your country to grow in your activity, in your life. And also this is an important experience, in my opinion. You have learned how easy it is to live in a multilingual, multicultural, multi-ethical environment. And this, I can say, is a clear demonstration that it's possible to live in a more peaceful world. And we learn every day how easy it is in this environment, how easy it is to live in a peaceful way. But, okay, you have learned a lot, many experiences, but this is giving you, is charging you more and more responsibilities. In fact, your working environment, your country, your hospital is waiting a lot, a lot from you in terms of profession, in terms of teaching and everything. But I'm sure that you, or many of you, will play an important role in developing medical physics in your country. And at the same time, with your profession, rising the quality of the health service in your hospital, in your country. So, for all this, I congratulate you again for your achievement. I take Professor Bertocchi said before how important is our environment, what we have created in these seven years in this program. And for this reason, I'd like to thank all the teachers, head of medical physics department, supervisors for the work they are doing in making this program a success program. I can say that today more than 100 medical physicists are collaborating in this program. And this is an important aspect of this program. In fact, we have a network. We have the pleasure to collaborate with 26 hospitals. And this is a fundamental pillar of the program. So without, as Professor Bertocchi said before, without this collaboration, this program will be not so important. So, finally, I'd like to join Professor Bertocchi and all of us to thank Miss Susie Radosic that helped us in these seven years and contributed to build this program. And at the same time, I welcome Miss Francesca Prelasi that is taking this position now. I'm concluding, congratulating again with you all the best for your future. Thank you, Renato. Then we'll call Renata. Thank you. I'm wondering who are in these lecture hall that seems empty. But maybe it is not empty. I mean, we have the graduate students, 11 persons, students on their way to clinical training in the hospital. In this moment, they are at home in Trieste, maybe 23 persons. Then we have students just arrived in Trieste. They are in the quarantine in the Galleria Augustaus, another 23 people. And here with us, we have the supervisor of the clinical training, about 30 persons. The heads of the clinical, of the medical physics department, 20 people. The teacher of the first year, about 20, the external advisor, atomic agency, European Federation of Medical Physics, IFM, IOMP, 5, 10 people. The board of the master and a number of past graduated students that are with us. So, roughly speaking, in these all we are no less than 150 persons. So, a large number of people. So, who or what are we celebrating? For sure, we are celebrating the graduation of 11 students, including the delayed graduation of two of your group. You are ready to serve as medical physicists in your countries. You have been trained to share your knowledge within your hospital and with your colleagues. Knowledge is an obligation, a responsibility, not a privilege for a faster career only. So, the sharing the knowledge is the spirit that move the teachers and the supervisor. Please go on with this spirit. We need it. But we are celebrating also the arrival of the new students, those that are in quarantine. In this special year, traveling and organizing the departure and arrival is needed a specific effort by the team in Trieste and by the candidates. So, their arrival deserves a celebration. We are celebrating the end of the first year of the students that are enrolled one year ago. The very active community suffered a lot for the moving towards the online classes. Now they are spreading the hospital and they are required to be part of new teams. And be able to join new teams will be a very important lesson to learn during the first year. Moreover, we are celebrating the retirement of Susie Radosic. It's a pity that she's not with us, but we're sure that she's in this room thanks to Zoom. We appreciate the strong passion and the highly professional work. We wish her all the best. Summarizing, we are celebrating a large international community of medical physics based on cooperation, enthusiasm and friendship. As medical physicists, we will be never alone. Congratulations and thanks again. We are now proceeding with the actual degree of awarding. This will be done by Professor Dabholkar and Professor Sarongo. I don't know either how to do that. Unfortunately, it is a very static ceremony so we cannot do anything. My understanding was static. Exactly. We have to call one by one and as soon as we call your names, you have to stand up and show your graduation cube. But let me... So you cannot do the usual stairs and the picture, but okay. So let me start with Mohammed Abduljami from Palestine because this is the graduation ceremony not only of these eight candidates but of the whole team of the whole group. So Mohammed gets his degree in December but he's part of this graduation ceremony so Mohammed is from Palestine and he did his clinical training in Milan. And now we go to this here and so Capis Otino Eric he did his training in Rome. Congratulations. And then we have Sabah Hussein from Pakistan. She did her thesis in Vicenza and well, core of the project from Fort Devois and she performed his thesis in Bergamo. Rosa Angelica Petitsevilla from Venezuela and she performed the thesis in Siena. Reema Maschacarada Ramathan from Tanzania and she performed the thesis in Novara. Benabesha Fu Samarfour from Chad. Benabesha Fu Samarfour from Chad. And he worked at his thesis in Trento. Piccadillo from Senegal who performed his training in Trieste after Edith Natalia from Nicaragua and he performed his thesis in Padua. Wait, wait, wait, wait, we have two more. Okay, so we are celebrating also the future graduation of the Khashog Khokharel from Nepal. He is working in Ferrara and Hamad Nawid Bulkham from Afghanistan. He is working in Trento. Both of them have the delayed graduation of Nawid and Khashog. I'm sorry. Khashog is due to the lockdown. I mean, no. Khashog arrived later in Italy and am I right? No, it's the opposite. I'm sorry. Khashog had a very long lockdown due to the truce of the Ferrara hospital due to bureaucracy problem. And so both of them need a longer clinical training but due to technical reasons it's not the fault of them. It's simply related to before closing, a representative of the students has asked to say a few words. So the students of the master have asked me to say a few words from them, from all of us. We would like to take this time to thank the University of Trieste and in particular Professor Renata Longo for her work. Also IAA for the fellowships to most of the students. ICTP, here we have a lot of people saying Professor Renato Pazovani and Professor Bertoki for all the work but also to our former secretaries Susie Radousik that was always present for us. The centers for clinical training and our supervisors at all the different Italian students and our lecturers for all their patients during the last year. We also can't forget being thankful to Professor Longo and Professor Pazovani for all the time they spent with us during lockdown last year. That was a very difficult time but we are very thankful that you took the time to try to entertain us and keep us motivated. Thank you very much. Thank you for the graduation of a class of only 12 students but we should not concentrate just on this small number because we are from 12 different countries spread across the world and now our mission will be to share with our countries the knowledge that we have. Thank you to all. Thank you everybody and good luck. He wants to say something. Thank you so much. I also want to take this opportunity to give a small award for this year. We prepared something small and we are very grateful that we are able to present it in an unusual way. Can you show it? It is a clock representing a fellow of ours so in each clock it is the flag of our respective countries. Thank you so much. I will take a photo later. Thank you.


Hashtag ways where we talk about topics in the news as it affects us or I am Osayon Mestalli and today Duhala and I are in studio very sober day for me I'm tired I've had a long day how are you how did your weekend go okay the week has it starting off good okay awesome awesome all right lost time so let's just move into the conversation right today want to discuss this 70 billion air matter have you 70 billion air not the last yeah that's what we found as today's quote out of sheer insensitivity coupled with impunity the members of the National Assembly regardless of policy political affiliations conspired to bridge the relevant provision of the Constitution of the federal public of Nigeria 1999 by padding the supplementary appropriation bill 2023 to provide the core code so-called palliative of 70 billion era for 30 for 306 newly elected members human rights activists and senior advocate of Nigeria that's a family I don't know what happened with the video who is running and what's happening okay all right so last week on Thursday the House of Representatives approved the 500 billion air requests by the president President Bala met in a boat for the provision of palliatives to mitigate the impact of petroleum subsidy removal on Nigerians however the recent decision by the National Assembly to allocate 70 billion air from the 819 billionaire federal supplementary budget to its members has sparked outrage amongst Nigerians and the lawmakers claim that the funds are intended to improve their working conditions but many Nigerians view the allocation as insensitive particularly at a time like this now today we are discussing the 70 billion narrow budgetary allocation for lawmakers and we have with us Kuli law to discuss this but are you are still watching ways the international criminal court observes this day that's the international criminal court international criminal justice yeah on the 17th of July each year the significant date commemorates the adoption of the Rome's statutes on 17 July 1998 which established the international criminal court the court primary mission is to safeguard individuals from atrocities like genocide crimes against humanity war crimes and the crime of aggression I know that a lot of Nigerians have done a lot of appeal you know towards you know I think right from the buildup of the 10th and the October 20 2020 and says protest and all of that I know there are loads of cases I don't know how quick the international criminal court resolves cases but I know the Nigerians a lot of Nigerians have submitted petitions you know sign this petition here and there and all of that I don't know how effective do you think this international criminal court is it's actually effective I mean when we look at some of the cases that have been tried but I also think that there is also a bit of sensationalism more like like maybe they only take on cases that are actually so sensational in its atrocities you know that is shocking to the world or their criteria I've never really looked into you know their criteria for even taking on cases like you know so what you said about N-Sat and all that it might just be that it has to go through quite a whole lot of investigation you know before the field the needs to take action okay this one is the headline is a neck may okay tariff hike as electricity subsidy hits 2.8 trillion okay so this one I took this one from punch and it's on Friday the paper reported that 11 power distribution companies in Nigeria had applied for the review of well it electricity tariffs so as to incorporate the changes in Nigeria's macroeconomic parameters the report stated that neck disclosed this in a notice and said that the discuss stated that their reasons for the rate review were premised on factors affecting the quality of service operations and sustainability of the companies now remember that as a term June 25 2023 you know we had all heard or rather we saw like a notice from some of these discos that there was going to be a 40% you know hike but which was going to take effect from July the 1st but you know the discos however they backtracked the next day after widespread criticism as they stated that the Nigerian Electric Regulatory Commission had yet to approve the hike of course this development cost a lot of apprehension considering all the hardship that people are going through and you know so a lot of prepaid consumers I know because I mean I knew friends who rushed to top up oh yeah I mean they rushed to back more electrical electricity units in their meters you know thinking that you know the hike was going to take effect and all that I mean so this is all it's bad timing yes they keep coming up with all these excuses and all that so one neck what I find interesting is now this and this is a senior official at next stated that the Commission will ask the power firms to further state why they were bent on having a hike in tariff during the proposed meeting if you study I mean you know you want to check for their performance improvement plan the number of transformers they're going to buy did they buy it and what what is the justification for this increase they are asking for how many transformers lines meters ETC are they bringing on how many customers are going to migrate from four hours to eight hours from eight hours a day to ten hours I mean they want all this routine and they want the justification before they can approve this electricity hike and I mean if they're really looking into things like this and they're really asking them these questions are not just for you know for the sake of publicity I think this is a step in the right direction you know you can just increase electricity tariff without doing the needful so yes I mean if I'm going to pay more then you have to there has to be some form of guarantee that says that okay yes your quality of service is actually going to improve you know and I think this is good on the part of the regulatory body to ensure that I mean before any hike happens they must satisfy the necessary requirements so if you are among those people that you take a drink in a pet bottle or a sachet but water or pet water whatever or nylon plastics all those ones and after eating whatever it is that you have you dump it on the road you are part of the problem of Nigeria you know I saw this very heartbreaking story this evening and you know it just broke my heart because again this is something that we see all over and over again and I don't know if they can just play the video while I'm talking if you see that video this is around the a gigi axis of Nigeria right really a gigi local council development area that these students were stranded they couldn't go home you know after floods took over the other areas of the okohoba community really a gigi students were seen in different uniforms right according to the residents James Joel had not been able to return to their various homes as the flood leveled up the bridge in that area they have been stranded for about two hours when this report was done they said the students of the Lagos Baptiste senior secondary school a co-junior secondary school and Lagos Baptiste senior college all those children in that those schools were not able to get to their houses and of course they say that these floods always happen they always experience floods and I mean this kind of flooding whenever there's a heavy downpour the Lagos state speaker of the House of Assembly you are from a gigi that's your constituency like if we keep on saying this all the time and you are there at least for some you know some let it be that okay yes you know I know I know that we shouldn't concern ourselves with only just fixing my vicinity but this particular problem it's quite prevalent around that area and if you are the speaker of the the entire state assembly and you you know I mean you've been there for a while find the people in that local government constituency what exactly is the problem unless solve this problem like flooding is not rocket science like literally is not you can actually this water can be channeled in the right way so let's get the expertise if you say okay maybe we don't have enough expertise again look for people that are knowledgeable to be able to fix that problem because it's so sad and it's an ISO it's an ISO like literally when I was when I was younger and it rains I used to hate going home because I have to pass this one is not enough to this I had to pass some kind of streams you see all those centipedes and so the thing used to irritate me so because of that I had a mental like it it's stuck in my head because from my parents go how to cross over to my sister my my older siblings school so that they would pick us up from there that small journey this a particular corridor I can't forget that that narrow path you just see all the things crawling and you know what and everything I cannot imagine all of these that these children are going through you know it's just it's sad that the government is rather react you know reactive like you would expect that they should be proactive we all know the periods of rains in this country in Lagos we have weather forecast you know the peak exactly the challenges and this is an urban area this is supposed to be the most populous local government area in Lagos state so let's even for the purpose of politics say that this is even where you most politicians you know will think to amass their votes from and all you it's just sad that this is happening in a city in an urban very sad let me just quickly mention again before we run off I had another story I wanted to just bring to our attention something around anthrax and breakouts in Nigeria says that they have detected one of the cases in in the farm in Niger state so according to this report right things like consumption of hides that's the case you don't know what hide is in in in local dialect these are the things that can easily cause you know the hides he says the federal government specifically stated that the disease was widespread in northern Ghana bordering Burkina Faso and Togo as it is also promised to keep it also promised to keep Nigerians updated on the development of the disease for those that do not know the answer I quit because I don't know the disease that is caused by a poor a sport forming bacteria it's mainly affect animals humans can become infected through contact with an infected animal or by inhaling the spores now the issue I have with this so why are they linking it with my mama is already treated as heat and everything so maybe the government we need to come out and clarify how this is then transferred because to me I think it's like raw contact not cooked contact do you understand okay so there is also the case of you go to the markets you buy it's not bald yet it's not but more if it's for more they are talking about more before you will miss my mom that's why they even they are people that are fighting against for my it's not so much of this is because of the what they call what they used to cook it so some people use tires to burn it to be able to skin the move the hair right so they say this cancerous to the body so for more ready is a cooked meat as it is you can eat more raw like that you know without even putting in it because it's already cooked so I want to understand the link between the spores and the heights right because it's not like we get the skin raw it is already like but maybe it's resistant to heat it's possible all right so on that note we want to bring in our guest and let's discuss this allocation stay with us over right back


What's something that people who don't have money, wrongly assume about money and wealth? That it's poisonous or something. There's been a lot of research on unhappy people who get wealthier, don't get more unhappy, or more happy. Your happiness isn't changed. But I will tell you, not having enough money is very stressful. Having a lot of money can also be stressful for a lot of people. More stressful. Yeah, I don't know if it's more stressful. I think it's the fear of losing it, the fear of people taking advantage, the fear of... So the real thing is the lack of money and resources that is the root of all evil.  Mark my words.


Sadhguru, this question is from Karunesh. Namaskaram, Sadhguru. You have spoken in so many prestigious and globally recognized institutes, organizations and conferences. But still, there is a segment of yellow media which constantly dislikes you and dishes out most unreasonable and baseless trash against you. Why do you attract such inciderate criticism which no other spiritual leader in the country attracts? See, look at who I am. That's why. Well, say this is mango season, the tree is full of fruit. This is mango season. Only that tree which is full of fruit gets the maximum amount of stones, worms, insects, everything. If you were a tree with a thawney tree, doesn't have a fruit, who will throw a stone at you? Nobody will throw a stone at you.  Nobody wants to waste a stone for you.  So that is an indication, it's a barometer, it's a thermometer that you have fruit. That's why there... I'm using the word thermometer intentionally, okay? Right now it's the most valued thing. Everybody is asking, where is the thermometer? Not enough thermometers. So these people have been going at us for the last twenty-seven years, all local, only nowhere else, only local stuff. I must tell you this, probably many of you do not know about these things. What has been the nature of this kind of stuff going on? This is in 1995, 1994, we have moved in here about sixty-five, seventy of us. Very, what to say, very fiery determined group of people and nothing, only one hut was there, just one hut in which we are all living. One long hut, only ladies have toilets, men are all going into the forest. At that time, some people are sitting in the mountains and looking at us with binoculars. Well, I'm... you know, this is my problem. If I just look like this, I see everything that's around me. I don't miss anything. That is also a lot of problem. Because if you're blind, people will have compassion. If you can see, they're envious of you. So I saw binoculars flashing. Then I asked, who is this binoculars flashing? In this mountain, obviously it's directed towards us. So I sent our volunteers, who is this? Somebody must be here. Okay, some jeeps were parked here, found it. So we tried to talk to them. They were not willing to talk to us and tell us who they are. But they went out and spread all kinds of things in the town. They said, we saw in the binoculars, they are crazy. They must be using drugs, they must be doing this, they must be doing that. The problem was people were freely poaching into the forest. After we came, we put a stop to that. That became a big issue. So this committed group of people who had their hobbies and their little businesses going based on the forest products got really messy with us. They hired media. Not the mainstream media, there is another kind of media which doesn't run on advertisement or the revenue that they get by selling their journals because nobody buys them, even if you give it free.  Of course it can't be toilet paper because it's already soiled. This is going on. So, you know there is a railway track from Sakalishpur to Mangalore. A 36 kilometer stretch meet a gauge railway track. Now I think they converted to broad gauge. In this 36 kilometers, there are over 100 tunnels and 300 bridges. So I had trekked this railway track a few times myself. So I had spoken to our people here and I said we should all go there once. So those days there is no temple yet, no compulsions for us. So we closed down our ashram. Closing down the ashram means what? There is no door to lock, it's just a hut but we tied a rope and buildings were just coming up, triangle of building was just coming up at that time. So we decided we will go for a about twelve-thirteen days trek. So all of us went off, leaving the ashram. You can't imagine those times and now how we are. We could just close the ashram and go somewhere. So we went for a trek. After about twelve-thirteen days we had to come back by about ninth, tenth day people started calling us because we are in the media big time. Why means we have killed somebody and buried them here and we've all left? Well, who did we kill? We did not know. Then we came back.  Well of course this trash prints it, all this stuff.  So these people made up the story that we killed somebody and we've left the place. So from then on it started. There's still going on with the same stories or similar stories. We've moved on come a long way but they are unfortunately in the same place.   The first batch of brahmacharis came. I told all the male brahmacharis, within days you must go and serve in an old age home. All the female brahmacharinis, I told them you must go and serve in a children's home. So we found a children's home in Coimbatore which was run by an old lady. I had stayed in the children's home earlier when I came to Coimbatore. Very rudimentary place. They went and stayed there. The food was very poor. Three of our brahmacharinis, three or four or five of them I think. The food was very poor and all of them fell ill. They had severe bouts of vomiting and diarrhea. So three of them had to be admitted in a local nursing home. Immediately this same media writes, So these people from the Isha Yoga Center, brahmacharinis, have all come for an abortion in a nursing home. These are the people, what to do with them. They live in filth and sell filth. Because it doesn't sell, they have also realized, once in three months if they put my photograph on their cover page, their rag sells a bit. It's their livelihood.  I wish they find better ways to do it. So it doesn't matter, because I have consciously made myself like this, that you can either love me or hate me. You cannot be in between. Because I don't like the in-between people.  They're just trying to make a living out of you. Parasite existence. Well, at least in these times of virus, I hope they realize, but no, now they're making a controversy about the virus also, that virus originated from Isha Yoga Center. See some of you were upset when I said, when I used the word want, but now our media is reporting virus originated from Isha Yoga Center. Not the mainstream media. Most responsible media is not doing that of any kind. But this trash is doing this. There are, you know, four page, five page articles. I am on the cover page of this. I don't know why this kind of journalism was referred to as yellow, maybe because it's shitty. So I am on the cover page of these magazines once again. The reason why they continue to be against me for always is, unfortunately most people handle this kind of media by paying them off. Openly they ask for money, but we are determined never to pay them. Because we have not yielded to ransom, we are being… we are being continuously harassed by them, simply because we have not yielded to their ransom tactics.


Hello. Yes. I developed a handwritten text recognition model for Nepalese manuscripts written in the Pratulat script, like those that you can see here on the on the folio that I screenshot it here. And this model that I developed as part of an AHRC funded project at Soas University of London. Essentially as is made to recognize Pratulat and transcribe it into Pratulat Unicode and one of the one of the main difficulties I had in creating this model was essentially baselines or layout recognition. As you can see here in this picture, this is these are the results that I got using using I think it was using the Tibetan Pecha layout recognition model. I got pretty good results with universal lines, but it also requires a lot of manual correction. There are a lot of other issues. One of them is that there are very few manuscripts, either in Sanskrit or Nehwar, and those are the two languages which the manuscripts that I was working with were in. There were very few fully diplomatic additions to work with, so I had to essentially I bootstrapped Sanskrit additions of some Sanskrit texts, which had which had versions in manuscript form, and that sped up the process considerably. And so using about four different manuscripts to in two of them in Nehwar and two of them in Sanskrit, I was able to, in training the model in 2022, I was able to get a character error rate of 2.6 and then essentially correcting correcting new transcriptions and then refeeding them into the model, I was able to get a character error rate of 2.0. I also deposited my data in the Heidelberg University system, the Haydata system, and yeah, this is really part of a bigger project that I'm involved with, whose goal is essentially to create a corpus of Nehwar, and since there are so few existing transcriptions of Nehwar manuscripts or texts at all out there, whether diplomatic or edited, this is really one of the first steps in our pipeline. And so it was really, really essential, and it's something that I'm still working on. So yeah, and I think that is about all that I'll say for now. Thank you.


Photofrin was first approved in the 1990s as a sensitizer for use in treating cancer via photodynamic therapy, PDT. Since then a wide variety of dye sensitizers have been developed and a few have been approved for PDT treatment of skin and organ cancers and skin diseases such as acne vulgaris. Porphyrenoid derivatives and precursors have been the most successful in producing requisite singlet oxygen, with Photofrin still remaining the most efficient sensitizer. Quantum yield equals 0.89 and having broad food and drug administration, FDA, approval for treatment of multiple cancer types. Other porphyrenoid compounds that have received approval from US FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries include Benzoporphorin Derivative Monoacid Ring A, BPDMA, Medetetra, Hydroxyphenyl, Chlorin, Mthpc, Anaspartylchlorin E6, NP6, and precursors to endogenous Protoporphorin 9, Ppix1, 5 Aminoleval. This article was authored by Harold S. Freeman and Alexandra B. Ormond. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Meanwhile, deputy of former deputy national chairman and member of board of trustees of a People's Democratic Party, or Labadi George, is ex-president Mohamed Buhari and the ruling party of the old Progressive Congress to use the remaining days in office to correct the wrongs of your administration, but shun the vision and embrace equity. He made a call on the eve of Niger's independence day, Jacinta Obyuku Hasmore. The meeting by some members of the People's Democratic Party, PDP, including members of board of trustees, convened by Olabu de George, was to address some of the issues affecting the party. The former deputy national chairman who disclosed his disinterest in party's chairmanship believed the opposition party, APC, took advantage of PDP's weakness to drive. I am not afraid to tell anybody that the APC is a contraption, it is a political party of strange bad fellows, conceptualized because PDP, we were wobbling, we were manipulating ourselves. And so they saw an opportunity. He then addressed newsmen on Nigeria's 61st independence, were issues of insecurity, unity and equity to extend a stage. Olabu de George spoke on the need to embrace history to avoid repetition of past mistakes. What are we celebrating? Independence. Independence for who? I want to appeal to number one. We were all in the military. It was oneness. Now that you are given an opportunity to now go back to the democratic, whatever we call it, why can't we exercise that same training to bring Nigerians together, forget about your own tribe? Turn by turn, Nigeria limited. If we don't do that, we are just postponing the day for evil, justice, fairness and equity at the tripod that sustain democracy. Meanwhile the National Zoning Committee has zoned the chairman's office to the north, although it is yet to announce its decision of presidency, vice presidency or other executive or legislative positions. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Welcome back to the Tracy Johnson show presented by Buffalo Wild Wings I'm Sam Murray joined now with Stevenson women's ice hockey head coach Tracy Johnson and coach What a weekend at the UCHC Final four. Let's talk about that William Smith semi-final first your team goes down to nothing after one period Comes back scores two in the third and then Kellan Whitman with that overtime winner talk about the excitement and the resilience of your team In that game what a game. I mean that's kind of the Our season in a nutshell where we you know went down early. It's to nothing. We just kept battling kept battling Getting chances but not burying them. It's getting into the third period and they very easily could have you know Felt a little defeated at that point, but They stuck with it and and just grinded it out like they have this whole season and just Came together as a team and that was just a really proud moment to see them come back Tie it force an overtime and then just win in dramatic fashion so Just one of the one of the best games of the season and just extremely proud of of how far they've come this year and You know what how they were able to come back in that game Yeah, you kind of mentioned it and The your team and down to nothing and it's kind of like how your season was like you started 06 and 1 Windless there, but then just once were unbeaten and 16 straight before falling to almyra and the championship game It's just got to be a proud moment for you as a coach They never hung their heads all season long and they never hung their heads in that game either Yeah, and just as a group, you know, it started with our senior leadership just leading the way in terms of Trying to keep them together as a group and I think that that really brought them together and strengthened Their bond as a team without them even really realizing it almost and it created This family atmosphere that they just just carry them so far and and I think that And oftentimes that chemistry and that almost love that you have for your teammates is something that can overcome Any adversity it can overcome any team that might outrank you in terms of stat wise or you know Might be better than you on paper and it just has been nothing short of a privilege to witness it as a coach Yeah, just just one stat wise katie dorosa played phenomenal all weekend She had 45 stays a career high in that game against almyra Which also ranks second in program history just talk about her performance through the the last couple weeks So proud of the progression i've seen out of katie Just the way she's played in this last, you know, few weeks of the season It it's been a joy to watch and a joy to coach because she has just taken ownership and taken control of of her game and coming out and being aggressive and it just She she played awesome. She played awesome this weekend. We couldn't have asked any more of her And lastly and you know, I already you already kind of talked to on it But that senior class there's those seven seniors just talk about what they meant to you As a coach and then to this program. Yeah, try not to get emotional, but I was fortunate enough to get this job when I was young You know young in my career and and just feel very blessed to have that opportunity so So early on and they've just I've grown as a coach and as a person with this class and they will always hold just such a special place in my heart and Just a great group of of women and i'm really proud to have been their coach Well coach, thank you for coming up here week after week and talking with me Wish you the best of luck in the off season and let's do this again next year. Sounds great. Thanks For coach tracy johnson. I'm sam mary and this has been the tracy johnson show


Hello, my name is Albert VanSquad from the University of Pretoria in South Africa. I have been given the opportunity to give a visual sample of our article entitled The Value of Two Fears Line for New Natal Neuraxial Procedures. This study was done in collaboration with Professor Marius Bossmann also from the University of Pretoria and Professor Adrian Bozenberg from the University of Washington and the Seattle Children's Hospital. Two Fears Line is defined as a horizontal line drawn between the most superior aspects of the iliac crests. And despite there being some contention to its accuracy, it is still the most commonly used method of identifying the correct lumbar-vergible level in adults. And is employed by many medical practitioners to locate the spinous process of L4. However, in order to determine whether Two Fears Line can be effectively used to locate the correct level of needle insertion in neonates, this study aimed to determine the vertical level where Two Fears Line transects the vertical column of a neonatal cadaver sample and secondly to determine if the above mentioned level changes with the change in position from prone to flexed. In order to do this, 39 neonatal cadavers were carefully dissected after receiving the appropriate institutional ethical approval and also under the guidelines of the South African National Health Act No. 61 of 2003. Each cadaver was carefully dissected in order to expose the laminate and spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae as well as the dorsal surface of the sacrum. During the dissection, the two iliac crests indicated with a red line were also exposed and the most superior border of each iliac crest was marked. Using imaging software, each vertebrae was divided into thirds and each third as well as each interlaminar space was given a corresponding number. For example, the L4, L5 interlaminar space was numbered 20 while the upper third of L5 was 21 and the middle third was 22 and so on. A straight line was then drawn between the two marked iliac crests and the vertical level indicated by a corresponding number where this line transected the vertical column was noted. This was done with the neonate in both a prone and a flexed position. The results showed that, when prone, two fears line crossed the vertical column on average at the L4, L5 interlaminar space. This level ranged between the lower third of L4 and the L4, L5 interlaminar space. When flexed, two fears line crossed the vertical column at the upper third of L5 with this level ranging between the L4, L5 interlaminar space and the upper third of L5. When the position of the neonate changed from prone to flexed, results showed that on average two fears line moved quarterly by approximately one third of a veritable level. When looking at the distribution of the level of two fears line, the results obtained from the neonatal sample in a prone position concurred with what Kim et al found in their study. Two fears line intersects the L4, L5 interlaminar space in 26% of the sample. This is followed by the middle third of L4 in 21% and then the upper and middle thirds of L5 both in 18% of the cases. With flexion, two fears line moved quarterly to the upper third of L5 with the upper and middle thirds of L5 being the most common level where two fears line intersects the veritable column both in 21% of the examined sample. The results of this study would therefore suggest that the level of two fears line moves quarterly with flexion of the trunk. This is an important factor to obey in mind prior to needle insertion. In this sample, two fears line was also never found to be more cranial than the upper third of L4 in the prone sample and the middle third of L4 when flexed. While the most chordal level in the prone position was observed at the L5 S1 interlaminar space and at the upper third of S1 when the neonate was flexed. So in conclusion, these results showed that two fears line is a reliable means of determining the correct veritable level in neonates which is at a level chordal to the termination of the spinal cord. This is provided that the iliac rests which have yet to ossify are correctly identified and the changes to this level that occurs with positioning is appreciated.


Good morning. So I'm Professor PK Viswas, one of the co-PIs of this project from IIT Kharagpur side. In fact, myself and all my team members, we are very happy to be able to partner with IIT Bombay, particularly Professor Patak, to contribute to a greater national cause. In fact, from IIT Kharagpur side, we have already successfully conducted three of the workshops. And the fourth workshop, for the fourth one, which is on control systems, the main workshop is going to be going to start next week. So people are fully engaged for organizing that part. Now regarding the technical issues, the issues related to AVU software, Mr. Shajjan Dixit and Mr. Subrat Naik, they'll be talking about it. But before doing that, I just want to raise few of the issues or the problems that we are facing from the remote centers. And most of the problems which Professor Patak discussed in the morning, it is not that they are only with IIT Bombay. These are the common problems we are facing at IIT Kharagpur as well. So I request that the remote centers or the remote center coordinators, they should address those problems quite sincerely so that the problems are solved and this program can be conducted very smoothly. And it is quite clear that success of this program can only be achieved to proper communication, coordination and cooperation of all the resource persons, the resource institutions, the remote centers, the remote center coordinators as well as the workshop coordinators. So everybody has to cooperate properly for success of this program. Now regarding the technical issues, what we have found that anything goes wrong during any internet based activity, people always pass the blame to bandwidth of the internet. I can tell you with guarantee because I am head of computer center at Kharagpur and it is my responsibility to maintain the network at Kharagpur. So 90% of the cases I have found that the problems being raised by the users is not on the network side but on the end equipment side. So please whenever you face some problem, in fact some of the problems I identified after discussing with my technical team at Kharagpur, that some of the issues or most of the issues can be solved at your end by upgrading the desktop on which you are running the ABU software. Of course bandwidth of the network bandwidth is an issue because for smooth conduction of these video conferencing activities, what is suggested is you should have minimum of two Mbps connectivity both in the downlink as well as uplink side. So if you don't have, please upgrade your bandwidth for this VC purpose at least two Mbps. And the other issues which was told about that no continuity of audio video then audio echo. Okay audio echo may be due to two reasons. One is acoustics and other one is bandwidth. If your bandwidth is not sufficient you can have an echo on the audio side because the voice packets that you get the voice packets gets corrupted and this is the kind of protocol which is used for video conferencing is not a TCP protocol. So it does not guarantee that you receive the packets as it is. You can have corrupted packets. Okay. So for continuity in audio and video again that might be one of the problem. Then the other problems that they told about is the desktop sharing which is not visible at the remote end and similarly slide or whiteboard synchronization that is also not proper at the remote end. So after discussing with them what I found is in most of the remote centers you are still continuing with i3 processor with 4 megabyte or 4 gigabyte of main memory. But for this kind of applications I propose that you upgrade your system minimum to i5 with 16 gigabyte of main memory if not 16 at least 8 gigabyte of main memory because memory refreshing when it comes to the user side that is very, very important and the rate at which you receive the data at the remote end i3 processor with 4 megabyte of main memory may not be sufficient. So at the remote ends you try to upgrade your desktop to i5 with 16 GB preferable if not at least 8 GB of main memory. And if you do that and if you upgrade your internet bandwidth to 2 MBPS I think most of these technical problems that you face that will be solved.


The financial statements are prepared directly from the adjusted trial balance. The focus of this video will be the classified balance sheet. The balance sheet includes company assets, liability and equity accounts, including ending retained earnings which comes from the statement of retained earnings. In order to understand how to prepare a classified balance sheet, we need to learn a few new terms. A classified balance sheet lists assets and liabilities in order of their liquidity. Liquidity measures quickness of cash, meaning how quickly assets will be turned to cash or how soon liabilities need to be paid. Then assets and liabilities are listed in the order of their liquidity. Assets that will be turned to cash sold or used within one year or one operating cycle, whichever is more, are classified as current assets. Liabilities that will be paid within one year or one operating cycle, whichever is more, are classified as current liabilities. We will define an operating cycle in a future video, but just so you know, almost all companies have many operating cycles within one year, so the year is basically the cutoff. Assets which have useful lives longer than one year or will require more than one year to be turned to cash or sold are classified as long-term assets or sometimes called non-current assets. Liabilities which take longer than one year to pay off are classified as long-term liabilities or sometimes called long-term debt. So let's use the adjusted trial balance to prepare the classified balance sheet. We will take the assets, liabilities, and common stock from the trial balance and put that on the balance sheet. Additionally, we will use the ending retained earnings from the statement of retained earnings. The balance sheet has the company name, the name of the financial statement, and the date, which is either just the date or sometimes as of and then the date. The balance sheet reports assets, liabilities, and equity for a point in time rather than a period of time. This is because investors and creditors want to know the financial position today, not some accumulated amount that has no meaning. As an example, which of these two is more relevant to future decision making? How much money you have right now or how much money you've had over your entire life? Certainly what you have now is the only thing that would impact a future financial decision like buying a home. On the asset side, we start with the current asset section. Here we list our current assets in the order of liquidity and then total them. Next we will prepare our long-term asset section. These items are often grouped like this, investments, plant assets, intangible assets, and other non-current assets. In this introductory video, we'll just list them as plant assets since all we have for this company are plant assets. Finally, we total our assets. Then we move to the liabilities side and start with current liabilities. Here we will list our liabilities in order of liquidity and then total them. Long-term liabilities are then listed, and then we will total liabilities. Finally, we will prepare the stockholder equity section. First we will report common stock from the trial balance and retained earnings from the statement of retained earnings. Then we will total stockholders' equity. Finally total liabilities and stockholders' equity are reported. If we've done everything correct, that should be the same amount as total assets. One final note, all of the accounts and amounts reported to our investors and creditors are the same as the adjusted trial balance amounts except one. Retained earnings has a different account balance than what we reported. We will get this corrected in the next step in the accounting cycle, closing journal entries.


Hey Navigation Traders, welcome to this short video lesson on implied volatility, our edge for trading options. So you may have heard the term implied volatility, but what does that really mean? And more importantly, how can you use it to your advantage to make money trading options? First volatility is simply the magnitude of a stock's price swings. So a stock has low volatility, if it doesn't move very much, and it has high volatility, if it has big price swings. Implied volatility simply gives you a future expected volatility of the underlying symbol that you're trading. So if a stock has high implied volatility, the options on that stock are expensive. If the stock has low implied volatility, the price of the options are cheap. I want to make a couple more points about implied volatility, and then we'll go to the platform to show you an example. The other key factor to remember about implied volatility is that it's mean reverting. What goes up must come down, and as I show on the screen, except for the price of a stock. A stock can continue to go higher, higher, higher, and never revert back to its average or never revert back to its mean, but implied volatility is mean reverting. It goes up, it goes down, it expands, and it contracts. And it does this due to the fear that comes in and out of the marketplace. So if there is fear or uncertainty, implied volatility goes up. If things are calm and certain, implied volatility goes down. The fact is, with trading options and a lot of other things in life, fear is almost always overstated. So when fear or uncertainty comes into the marketplace, implied volatility goes up. The options get more expensive, and this is when we like to come in and place trades to take advantage of that overstated fear of that high implied volatility and sell options when they're more expensive. Let's go to the platform and take a look at an example. So this is a chart of SPY, which is the S&P 500 ETF. First what you'll notice about price, and this is going back to February of 2016, all the way through the time of this recording, which is December of 2017. As you can see, the price has been very bullish. It's continued to increase in price over the last couple of years with very little downside and very little pullback. So as I mentioned before, the price of a stock is not mean reverting. And what I mean by that, if I take my drawing tool and draw a line at what is about the average, let's call it $225 right there, there's nothing that says that the price of SPY has to revert back to its average, or revert back to its mean. Now it could have a pullback, or it could continue higher. Markets don't continue in one direction forever, typically, however the price of a stock or ETF is not considered mean reverting. However, down at the bottom I'm showing our navigation trading implied volatility indicator. This indicator is given to all of our members and we have more in-depth training in our courses about the indicator and how to benefit from its use. But the point I want to make in this lesson is that you'll notice that the implied volatility indicator ranges from 0 to 100. So as I mentioned before, when fear comes into the marketplace, implied volatility goes up, making the options more expensive, and then it contracts back down. It expands and contracts, expands and contracts giving it those mean reverting characteristics. So one of the keys to our trading strategy is we're selling options, or we're putting on trades when implied volatility spikes, and we're profiting when the implied volatility contracts. Implied volatility is a key component of trading options, and by understanding how it works, it gives us a huge edge for making consistent profits. I hope this video lesson on implied volatility was helpful. For more lessons on various topics, visit our blog at navigationtrading.com forward slash blog. Happy trading. Talk to you next time.


Hi everyone. I am Dr. Vijay. I am here to present a rare case support on scottal tuberculosis and its findings on ultrasound and MRI. Only few cases of scottal TB have been reported in the literature. Though the radiological appearance is very typical, it can be a challenge to differentiate scottal TB from bacterial epidermal arthritis and other testicular malignances in a long-standing case. So here we describe the characteristic findings of scottal TB on ultrasound and on MRI. So a 56-year-old male patient was referred to us with the diffuse painless enlargement of bilateral sputum. Patient had fatigue, weight loss, and on examination, we could palpate a few enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. Patient was Afebrile, and his lung parankamma was normal on both CT and radiogram. So ultrasound was performed for this patient. Performing ultrasound of scottal, we found that both the epidermal and the lymph nodes were bulky, and they showed multiple hypoechoic nodular mass, and these hypoechoic nodular mass did not show vascularity with them. But there was increased vascularity adjacent to it, and this is the right test, this is the first test, and the second is of left test. So in this left test, we can see that there was also infiltration into the adjacent scottal wall, and the testers appeared distorted, although they were not bulky, and they didn't show increased vascularity. There was also edema in the scottal wall, minimal edema in scottal wall, and there were multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the hypoechoic nodular mass. After ultrasoundography, the first differential was that these hypoechoic lesions are granular matters lesions, but because there was infiltration into the scottal wall, or a suspicion of infiltration into the scottal wall, malignancy was also suspected. So MR was performed for this patient. On MRI, in T1-mated images, we could see a few or multiple intermediate single intensity lesions in both the hypoechoic nodular mass, which corresponded to the hypoechoic nodular mass on ultrasound, and they were not seen separately from epididymus. Whereas on T2, in the right hemistrotom, the lesions showed intermediate to high signal intensity, whereas in left hemistrotom, it was more of a hypoentense nodular lesions, which were also seen on the surface of testers. And there was a small hydrosythe left hemistrotom, which appeared hypoentense on T1 and hyperintense on T2-mated images. So in the right hemistrotom, as you see here, these hyperintense areas, on histopathological correlation, we realized that these hyperintense areas, they corresponded to the necrotic changes that happen in the granulomatase lesion. So in literature, there are not many descriptions about how these granulomatase lesions in the stratum behave on diffusion-mated images. In our case, there was diffusion restriction. As you see, it was hyperintense on DW, and the corresponding areas on ADC showed low valence. Normal testers does show diffusion restriction, and that is what was seen in our case too. Because of this marked diffusion restriction, lymphoma was also considered as a differential diagnosis. But in our case, testers was not bulky, and testers as such did not show any lesions, though they were distorted. On post-contrast images, and this is the first image of T1-fadset pre-contrast action image, and T1-fadset post-contrast action image, you see that there is heterogeneous post-contrast enhancement. But there are also a few non-enhancing areas within the lesions. So these non-enhancing areas, they corresponded to the hyperintense signal on T2, and also these hypointense nodular signals on the surface of testers in the left hemisphere. So they were non-enhancing, but otherwise it showed heterogeneous enhancement. And again, on a suggested image, T1 post-contrast images, you can see that the epidermis is not seen separately from the lesion, and the polyethyl testers, they were not bulky, and also they were distorted. In the left hemisphere, you can see hypointense, I mean non-enhancing areas on the surface of the testers. And what we also saw was, there is a, there is loss of fatmate between the realm of this lesion and this caudal wall, and which exhibited heterogeneous post-contrast enhancement, which suggested that there is caudal wall involvement. Again, in the literature, there are not many examples of scottal tuberculosis, where the dynamomatous lesion also involves a scottal wall. This was seen in our case, where there was also involvement of the scottal wall. Bilateral spermatic cord were also thickened and showed enhancement. And also there were a few enlarged inguinal implants, though they were not conglomerated. So, after this, our diagnosis was of dynamomatous lesion that was tuberculosis, epidermis, orcitis. But since the patient condition was deteriorating, orcitectomy was performed. And on histopathological examination, it turned out to be dynamomatous lesion on histopath. But the patients with tuberculosis, epidermis, orcitis, they respond well to anti-tubular therapy. And literature suggests that an orcitectomy is only essential if there is abscess formation within the testers. But often the diagnosis is established after orcitectomy because of suspicion of testicular malignancy, as in other cases. The biopsy should always be performed when epidermis orcitis is the part of differential diagnosis. The differences in our case included bacterial orcitis and malignancy. But history of patient and lymphedermopathy, abscess of tenderness or increased temperature of scrotum, and failure to respond to conventional antibiotics, they also suggested tubercular orcitis or a tubercular epidermis that was also confirmed with history otherwise. So, in conclusion, the take-home point is that in patients presenting with Scottish swelling, which is not very painful, and on ultrasound when we find nodular masses on epidermis and testers, it should alert the radiologist of a possible diagnosis of tuberculosis, epidermal orcitis, and consider microbacterium tuberculosis as the cause, especially if there is no response to the conventional antibiotic treatment. So, these were my references which also included only like some of the very few cases that have been reported on scrotal tuberculosis.