The Cavalcade of America, presented by Dupont. From the time of the first printing press in the year 1450 until late in the 19th century, all type was set by hand. The invention of the lino type, or mechanical type setter by Atmar Murgentaler, made practical such things as inexpensive books, modern newspapers, and other printed matter, thereby giving tremendous impetus to the spread of education and knowledge. Pioneer scientific achievements, such as this, are similar to those of the research chemist, who is constantly striving to bring more comforts and conveniences into our lives. His work is aptly expressed in the Dupont Pledge, Better Things for Better Living Through Chemistry. As an overture, Don Voorhees and the Dupont Cavalcade Orchestra bring us the ever-popular Underneath the Stars. The Dupont Cavalcade moves forward. Murgentaler was born in Württemberg, Germany in 1854. His youth was spent in learning the mechanics trade. Our story starts in the year 1872 in Washington, D.C., in a machine shop owned by a German-American named August Hall. Hall's assistant comes into the back room of the shop. Mr. Hall? Yeah, Joe? There's a young man outside asking for you. He doesn't speak very good English, but I think he's trying to say that he's a relative of yours. Well, what is his name? Murgentaler or something like that. Oh, yeah, yeah, I'm expecting him. Ask him to come in. Yes, sir. Come in, please, August. I'm Ottmar Murgentaler. Ottmar Murgentaler? By the last time I saw you... Yeah, I know. I was a little boy. I'm 18 now. 18? I can hardly believe it. That's all, Joe. Go, go. Yes, sir. Sit down, Ottmar. Sit down. When did you arrive in America? I arrived in Baltimore yesterday. It was good of you to lend me the passage money. Ah, I was glad to do so. I understand you're quite a mechanic. Yeah, yeah. I have learned the mechanics trade. I work very hard, studied at night, even Sundays. Yeah? Yeah. I'm a good mechanic. But I had little chance to advance at home. They still think that young men have no ideas. But I remembered how you had succeeded in the new world, so that's why I wrote to you. But I hardly know if I can... I knew that you were making instruments and machines, and I'm sure that I can help you. I don't want a lot of money, because, in August, just to change the proof that I am a good mechanic, that I can learn, and that I have an inventive mind. Well, I can't very well ship you back to Germany now that you've come this far. All right. There's an instrument over there that we are preparing for making weather observations. Take a look. See if you can understand it. Thank you, cousin August. You won't be sorry that I decided to come to America to work for you? Atmar Mergenthaler was soon known for his cleverness in carrying out the ideas that various inventors set before him. His constant association with these scientific minds helped develop his own inventive genius. But it was a small commission that he executed for a friend that started him towards the invention that was to make him famous. Four years fast. It is the year 1876. We find Mergenthaler in the composing room of a Baltimore Daily newspaper delivering a package to Ben Poulton, a printer. Well, Mr. Mergenthaler, you're prompt. My daughter said you'd promise to have her music box fixed by tonight. I keep my premises. Here's her music box, as good as new. That'll make Margaret very happy. Wait. I'll show you. Yeah. Yeah. It is as good as new. Margaret realized, of course, what a favor she was asking.  It was a pleasure. I spent so many hours repairing instruments that never give me any music for my pain. Yes, I've heard your shop makes all the instruments for the United States signal service. Well, most of them. And then we have to keep them in repair to say nothing of the clocks and electric barrels. Then I doubly appreciate your taking the time to fix the music box for Margaret. Coming here so late. I had promised. And she said you'd be kept late at your work. Yes, I'm always late. I still have got another hour's work ahead of me. Another hour's work? But the paper is already on the newsstands. Well, but we printers must get ready for tomorrow. I can't go home till I distribute my type. Distribute the type? What does that mean? I've never been in a printing shop before. No? Well, if you're interested, I can show you easier than I can explain. Yes, please. Now, here is the form for today's page one. All this type you see here has to be used over again tomorrow. It must go back in my printer's case. Here, ready for use. Each letter has a special place? Yes, each letter, each numeral, each punctuation mark. I see. You have to sort out all this type, huh? That's it. I'll take this first word now. It happens to be America. I'll show you how they go back into the case. A-M-E-R-I-C-A. Yeah, how fast you work. It may seem so to you. But we printers spend a fourth of every day just handling and distributing type. And then you begin all over again picking out letters to make new words, huh? Yes. It takes me almost as long to set type as it did Johann Gutenberg 400 years ago. He was the first printer to use movable type, you know. Before that, they cut the letters in large blocks. You mean to say that the printer's art hasn't advanced since that day? Oh, in some branches, of course. We've improved printing presses. We have better type. But type setting is much the same. Hmm, strange, isn't it? We've designed accurate timepieces to take the place of our glasses and sundials. Oh, you think someone could make mechanical type setters? Oh, no, Murgantaler. A machine that did my work would have to be so intricate that... Well, every day I make intricate machines. Instruments to measure wind velocity, rain, snowfall. Well, maybe we printers have been waiting for a good watchmaker like you. Well, I'd like a chance to work on the problem. Murgantaler's chance to revolutionize the type setters' art came sooner than he expected. A few days later, Mr. Fulton sent James O. Clefane, a Washington lawyer who'd been a court reporter and a congressional stenographer to see it. Clefane and a group of friends were interested in a writing machine invented by Charles T. Moore, which so far had been unsuccessful.  It just doesn't seem right. What's the trouble, Mr. Murgantaler? Is it bad workmanship? No. No, Mr. Moore. The model is accurate. Parts are put together well. You know machinery. Then why doesn't it work properly, Mr. Murgantaler? The design is wrong, Mr. Clefane. The design? You've just admitted Mr. Moore is an expert. Pardon me, gentlemen. You asked my opinion. I gave it to you. It's all the same principles as the typewriter. And you'll admit that's a successful invention. Oh, it's a great invention, Mr. Clefane, but something Moore is needed for printing. This machine of Mr. Moore's really isn't a printing machine. This machine merely prints letters in lithographic ink on a paper ribbon. Then you have to cut the ribbon into lines, separate the words, and transfer them to a lithographic stone to be printed. Well, I'm sorry you don't think it'll work, but it's not Mr. Moore's fault. It was my idea, and as he carried it out so skillfully, I'm the one to take the blame. You shouldn't blame yourself, Mr. Clefane. Very few machines are perfect. The first time they're tried out, they have to be rebuilt or planned. If we all continue thinking about it, one of us will be sure to strike on an idea. Don't you think so, August? If you say so, Atma, that's the way he works, gentlemen. If one idea fails, he works on another. Would there be any value in a machine that would press letters into a kind of strip, say, a paper mache, which would make a mold into which some kind of metal could be poured? Yeah. Yeah, there's an idea there. You like it? I am so sure you're on the right track that I'd be willing to gamble my time on it. That's very encouraging, Mr. Mercantala. Have you any objections, Mr. Howe? You fought Martin, she can make something out of your idea. I'm only too glad to let him try. Mercantala went to work with a will, and his first crude model of a type-setting machine somewhat resembled a typewriter. It had keys to control all the letters of the alphabet, and the idea of a paper mache mold was followed. But it failed to work properly. For months, he worked to improve it, toiling all day and far into the night. We find him late one afternoon in his shop. He turns from his work to greet his wife, Emma. Oh, Emma. I didn't see you come in. Did you like the lunch I sent you today, Art Mar? Lunch? Oh. Oh, yeah, the lunch. It was very good things, dear, thanks. And did you eat it all? Well, all but the potatoes. But I didn't send you any potatoes. What? Well, I... Oh, Art Mar. You didn't even touch your lunch. There it is on the desk, forgotten. Well, I guess I was busy. Yes, I know, but you're always busy. I know, but this time I really have something, Emma. Look, here. I'll print a word for you. No, no, no, wait. I'll let you do it. Me? Yeah, yeah. Come over here to the machine. It's not hard to operate. But I might break it. No, no, no. I show you which key to press down. Well, if you say so. All right, now. Yeah, press this one. Yeah. Now that. Yeah, now that one again. Mm-hmm. And this one. And that's a word? Yeah. You've stamped it on this strip of papier-mache. You see? Art Mar, you mean I made all those dents when I pressed the key? Yeah. And those dents, as you call them, are the letters of your name. Now, watch. I pour this hot liquid into the mold. There. And we'll have your name in metal type. Now, just a minute till it cools a bit. But I don't see... No, no, no, no. Don't touch it, though. It's still warm. Yeah. Yeah, now. Now I can handle it. Yeah, I pull it out. See? But it looks backward. Oh, sure. All type looks like that. Now, you see, I inked the type.  Like this? Yeah, that's it. Now, look. Why, it is my name. Then your invention's finished. Oh, unfortunately, not yet. I've learned how to set a whole line of type at once, but sometimes the papier-mache sticks to the metal. Well, couldn't you clean it all? By cleaning it takes longer than setting type the old way. And besides, I can't make the spaces regular between the lines. Why? The papier-mache shrinks unevenly. Oh, but, Artmore, now that you've gone this far... Yeah.  Six years and all. I've had a lot of work to improve the machine. Still, the results were disappointing. Practical printers made fun of his model. His financial backers began to lose hope, but the inventor kept on working. In January, 1883, Clefane is in his office as the door opened suddenly. Clefane, I have found it. Oh, it's you, Artmore. I have found the key at last. Yes, you've told me that so many times. Yeah, but this time it's true. That's what you've said last year and the year before. I have no more money to waste on it, and I won't borrow anymore. Mr. Clefane, you'd like to get back the money you've already advanced, wouldn't you? And if you'd have set me now, I can never pay you back. Since I gave up all hope of that many months ago. What if you stay by me a few more months, you'll find your money doubled? You owe it to yourself at least to hear the idea. All right, all right. What is this new miracle you're asking me to believe in? A machine that will not only set the type, but actually cast it in metal. Yes, that would be a miracle. It will be commonplace ten years from now. You're after this? Now listen, Clefane, you can't go back on me now. If we've been over all the ideas, there's no possible way. Yes, it is. First, we'll stop using strips of papier-mâché. What will you substitute? There has to be a mold. We'll have separate metal matrices. Each will bear the mold of a single letter. These will be set in a line like type, and then we will pour in the hot type metal, pour it right into the machine to make a solid printing line. I see. Yes, that's a sound idea. All right, I'll help you, but this will be the last time. Nurgenthaler's plan seemed practical, but it was nearly two years before he perfected his new machine. There was much doubt among publishers and printers as to its value, but at last, White Law Reed, publisher of the New York Tribune, agreed to try out the new invention. It is July 3, 1886. In the composing room, situated on the ninth floor of what was then a tall building, a group of printers are talking. One is looking out of the window. Hey, there's an awful crowd down there. They got a couple of policemen holding them back. Don't lean so far out that window, Jack. Nine stories is a long way to drop. Anything of interest, Jack? I got the box off the truck. Hey, jump over it. Let me have a squint. Hey, that's a big thing, isn't it? It took eight men to move it. They have to be big and heavy to all they claim for it. I hope that block and tackle is strong. Heavy contraption like that would make an awful mess get it all over Frankfurt Street. What's moving? Let me throw that fellow's doing on top of it. I guess he's going to steer it away from the telegraph wire. Oh, sure. Don, it's way up, Al. All right, let it come. I've seen those contraptions come and I've seen them go. Next week, we'll be back to the old way again. Ah, don't you be too sure, Al. Mr. Reed isn't going to try out anything he hasn't confident in. Well, Mr. Reed said, was that he'd like us to compose a part of tomorrow's paper with it. The failure will be the first to tell us to scrap it. Hey, they're past the telegraph wires. You've come a climbing, Al. You want to look, Al? No, I'll see it soon enough. Hey, why are you so against it, Al? It'll make things a lot easier for us. I'm not for it and I'm not again it. I'm just reserving my judgment until I see how it works. Say, my brother works for Mr. Morganfeller down in Baltimore. And I've got one of the first slugs the machine turned out. You showed it to us. It came by mail. It cost him 95 cents to send it. Yeah. It doesn't prove anything to me. Well, boys. Ah, here's Mr. Reed. Ah, there's a line of type coming. It's up to the sixth story now, Mr. Reed. It's going strong. Well, what was that you called it, Mr. Reed? For one of a better name, I called it a line of type. That's what it turns out, a line of type. Yeah, it's a good name, Mr. Reed. Mr. Ford, Mr. Reed, if this new contraption works, you'll not be needing so many of us. Oh, on the contrary, Al. Mr. Morganfeller's contraption, as you call it, is successful. It'll revolutionize the printing business. It'll mean 10 times as much printed matter. More work for all of you and many more besides. Set up in the composing room, Morganfeller's contraption, named the line of type by the publisher, White Law Reed, was an object of interest to everyone connected with the newspaper. As the inventor himself sets in his machine, the reporter questions him as to his possibility. They tell me, Mr. Morganfeller, that we'll get out the paper tomorrow with your new invention. Well, only part of the paper, Mr. Blake, you'd need about three type-setting machines like this to do the whole job. Oh, I thought I knew something about machines, but I had never seen one like this before. And I've never been interviewed before. Oh, well, you'll get used to that. My questions won't bother you. Just show me how the thing works. All right. I'll pretend I'm setting your story of my invention. My story? Well, I haven't written it yet. Oh, well, you won't have to use this one. It's just my guess on what you'd probably say. Your setting type when you press those keys? Yeah, yeah. You notice how each key releases a bit of metal? Yes, I do. Well, each of these bits of metal is a matrix or mold. They are all held in rows, you see there. Yeah. There, I've released enough to complete a full line now. Why are you pressing that lever? It releases the line of matrices and sends it before the mold, to which the metal pours down and forms what we call a slug, a leaden slug. Oh, I see. And when the slug cools, you'll have the impression of the letters on it. Yeah, yeah, that's right, that's right. I'll have a line of metal type. Now, watch each original matrix automatically travel back to its proper place. Ready to be used again. Oh, yes, I see. See them? Yeah, they return at the rate of 270 a minute. So that saves our men the time they usually spend in distributing types? Yeah, it saves about a fourth of their day. And the type setting is speeded up too? Oh, of course. Wait till I finish these other lines now. Yeah. Oh my, that's remarkable. Yeah. You know, Mr. Murgenthaler, that you'd almost think that machine could think. Yeah, that's good. There we are. Here are the finished lines of type. If you care to see them? Yes. Let's run off a proof sheet. I'd like to see the start of the story that you thought I'd write. Oh, very well. Well, now we ink the type, eh? Well, here's some paper. Yeah, thanks. Now, let's see. A new day was ushered in for printers and the reading public when a type setting machine was used this morning for the first time in getting out a daily paper. Well, Mr. Murgenthaler, that's a good newspaper leaf. Yeah, you're right. But really, this is a type setting machine, a type casting machine, and a type distributing machine all in one. I wonder if you'll realize what this invention of yours is going to mean to the world. You've ushered in a new era in printing. Murgenthaler's linotype was the first of three other machines which were to speed up type setting and reduce its cost. From that time on, the history of the linotype was one of improvement. Today, it is used all over the world and has done much to help spread education and advance civilization through the medium of the printed words. DuPont is proud to add the name of Upmar Murgenthaler to the list of inventors in the Cavalcade of America. Here in the studio is Mr. Martin Goode, who for 50 years has been a printer on the New York Tribune and its successor, the New York Herald Tribune. Mr. Goode was one of the first men to use the Murgenthaler linotype after its installation as described in our broadcast. I'm sure you will all be glad to hear a word from someone who knew and worked with Upmar Murgenthaler. What did he look like, Mr. Goode? Well, Mr. Singeiser, Otto Murgenthaler was a medium-sized inconspicuous man with a heavy beard. In fact, this evening I almost felt like hearing him again after 50 years. I was 22 when I came to work for the Old Tribune and it seemed like yesterday. Most of us have heard of Murgenthaler's work before we actually saw the linotype and we were very much interested in seeing if it could do all its performance. Mr. Murgenthaler showed us in a quite modest way and we all felt that he was a good example of the true mechanic who cared little for fame but just worked for the pleasure of doing a good job well. The linotype certainly changed the printer's routine and gave us greater opportunities. Having worked with its inventor will always be one of my happiest memories and I want to congratulate the Cavalcade of America for its interesting grammatization of Murgenthaler's life. Thank you, Mr. Good. It was a pleasure to have you with us this evening and to learn a few personal facts about the inventor of the linotype and what it meant to the men for whom he invented it. Not so long ago, printers had to hang freshly printed magazine pages up to dry just like the family wash. In those days, the pigment colors used in printing inks mostly came from natural sources such as earths and plants and animal extracts. These inks were very slow drying and the colors that could be used were few in number, dull and quick to fade. Here is just one of the many contributions research chemistry has made to printing since Murgenthaler's linotype opened the doors to a new world of information through printed word and page. Today the DuPont Company provides materials to make ink dry so quickly that you may enjoy a hundred page magazine printed in colors only a few hours after it comes from the press. The colors of today are many and brilliant and they come out of the chemical laboratory from such materials as pig lead, coal tar and iron ore. If you were to visit the DuPont Company's plant in Newark, New Jersey, you'd see more than 400 workers busy making color pigment. One of the things you might be interested in is a new blue pigment called monastrol blue. Until chemists solved the problem the most desirable blues seemed to be attracted by soap. The blue ink would seep through the wrapper and stain the contents. The new monastrol blue has passed all tests for printing on soap wrappers. Indeed, manufacturers are now discovering that they can use any shade of this new blue they want. This means, for example, that you can now choose a wallpaper in bright or delicate blue tint of the new DuPont monastrol blue without fear that it will lose its beauty through fading from sunlight like the action of the lime in freshly plastered walls. And DuPont chemists have so improved the manufacturing method that it has been possible to reduce the price since the introduction of monastrol blue just two years ago. And here's another case. Ink makers found an imported vermilion color both expensive and difficult to print. DuPont's research chemists now provide a fine American-made vermilion of excellent properties stronger than the foreign color at less than one-fifth the price. Such accomplishments have helped produce more beautifully printed materials from the colorful pages of the magazines and books you enjoy to the packages on the grocer's shelves. Here again we see chemistry in our daily lives. People working in the DuPont companies, plants and laboratories doing their share to provide as DuPont expresses it better things for better living through chemistry. December 7th will be the 150th anniversary of the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States. Delaware was that safe. And in honor of this event, the story of the Constitution of the United States and its inception will be the subject of the broadcast when next week, December 8th, at the same time DuPont again presents the Cable Cade of America. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Tell me I'm not the only one who knows about this number one misconception about designers. Designers are artists. No. No. No. We are not. Designers are creators, but at the end of the day we don't create art. Would you please?


A new poll shows that 44% of Americans cannot successfully name a famous Asian American celebrity. Now we're gonna go through the reasons on why we think that is, and also talk about why a lot of people are freaking out over this. Yeah, this is going viral on a variety of platforms, of course, especially in Asian circles. Andrew, this study comes out every year. It's done by the Asian American Foundation. Long story short, they said people were naming Bruce Lee, who's been passed away for 50 years. Jackie Chan, who's not an American citizen, and Kamala Harris, which does count even though she's half, but I would have to say a lot of Americans don't even know that she's half. So actually the top ranking Asian American that people know that is famous in 2023, Andrew, is actually Lucy Liu coming in at 3%. Wow, alright guys, we're gonna go through the comments section, but first we're gonna talk about the reasons on why we think the number is at 44%, and maybe why you shouldn't be shocked, so please hit that like button, check out other episodes of the Hot Pop Boys from silly to serious. We're talking about it all. Yeah, I mean, I think this is going viral right now because people are like, but we had such a great Oscar run, we've got beef, physical 100, all this stuff from Korea, even though that's foreign content, how can it still be 44%? But they don't really realize Andrew, in 2022 it was 58%, so it's actually a 14% improvement year to year. Bro, if you gain 14% on your stock portfolio, you're gonna be rich. Alright guys, anyways, let's start with reason number one, why we think the number is at 44%. Why 44% of Americans cannot name a famous Asian American? One, I think that literally it's just a very fragmented pop cultural landscape in 2023. It's not like the old days where everybody just followed like maybe 50 celebrities. Now there might be like 50,000 celebrities depending on what independent vertical you happen to care about. Exactly. Like if you follow NBA Instagrams, they're constantly making jokes about Guangdong Tigers and Shanghai Sharks for Dylan Brooks and Jordan Poole. That's so niche. And if you're an American kid who's following K-pop to you, BTS and Blackpink are your world, but your parents or your older cousin might not even know any of them.  It might be TMZ, Access Hollywood, Time Magazine, People Magazine, and maybe Daily Mail for the UK. You know what I will say? It's not digital media. It's not TikTok. It's not YouTube. And it's not Netflix. Right. Like RiceGum could have been on this a couple years ago, but I don't know if people count RiceGum as a celebrity because he's an internet celebrity. He's a YouTube celebrity. He's a Twitch celebrity. So anyway, moving on to number two, Andrew. People recognize Asian faces in movies and TV shows, but they don't know their name. Yeah. So what you will see often times, and this even happens Asian on Asian, right? But a lot of people have seen a show with an Asian face in it and are like, ah, I like that. The scientist from Jurassic Park. Yeah. The Asian guy from Silicon Valley. Or, oh, I saw this comedian once he made me laugh, but I just don't know their name. So especially when quizzed on the spot, a lot of people can't register the name. David, even other Asians to this day, just the other day, we got called the Wong Foo Bros. Now shout out to Phil Wang, Wong Foo, and Wes Chan, but we're not the Wong Foo Bros. Yeah. People just get names mixed up of worlds that they don't really take that serious. And to be honest, entertainment and stuff like that is just like outside of people's career paths oftentimes. Somebody said, yeah, you know, if you pulled the average Asian in the suburb of Texas, Ohio or Washington above the age of 45, under 45, basically whatever city they're in, it matters a lot. Yeah. And also the age, you know, like, you know, I don't think a lot of young people were pulled. I do think the results are quite different if you were to pull only Americans below the age of 35. Yeah, the age matters. Like, literally whether they're a coastal city and Enclave City, like, hypereducated, not educated, if they're really focused on their pumpkin patch and their chili cookoff, I really doubt that any place like that in Texas cares about Asian celebrities. And why would they? Moving on to number four, Andrew. If they perform every two years this study, the numbers will begin to shift over time. Yeah. I mean, there's already a 14% decrease in the people who can't name an Asian. So what about the 2024 study? Is it going to be at below 40% maybe? You know, I just think the number is going to continually go down as more and more people are watching more and more Asian content. Point number five, Andrew, most people in America, even though there is a technical definition that includes a lot more types of people, only think of East Asian when they hear the word Asian. Do you agree with that? Yeah, I do think that's the narrative, and that's why I think Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan ranked so high on that list, even though they technically do not count in the term Asian American. It's because those are just the global stars, and they are East Asian now. And they were in Hollywood movies too. Yeah, even as an Asian who is trying to think of a brown Asian who is globally on that level, like an Indian celebrity that's on that level of Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan, or even a Jeremy Lin, it's hard to name. I know a lot of Indian actors and a lot of Indian comedians, but they're maybe not on that global level. Point number six, Andrew, did you know that there was not a single Southeast Asian named in the top 20 most known Asians, according to the study? Yeah, and I think that that is just also in the numbers. Wise, I also think East Asians have been in media for a longer time, even if you think about Anna Mae Wong, or Sessa Hasegawa, obviously. There is a long East Asian history in America. And to be honest, my Southeast Asian friends, as long as they, them family, and their friends, and they're having vacations in Vegas and stuff, or Hawaii, they do not care about this.  Now, I think it's going to increase. I think their time is coming soon, because they still have a lot of numbers, but it's just, yeah, the East Asian, that's the narrative right now. Let's get into the comments section. Somebody says, I'm South Korean myself, and I can name a ton of celebrities from South Korea, but I really even struggle to name some from America, even though a bunch of faces popped into my head. I kind of knew who Sandra O was, but then I realized she doesn't even count because she's Canadian. I kind of knew who Johnny Kim, the Navy Steal, Sniper, Astronaut was, but I couldn't even remember his name, and I'm Asian myself, and I know a lot of Asian things. Yeah, and I think the people who clicked on this video from us and are watching right now, I think you guys in the comment section can name a lot more Asian Americans, but you have to understand that a lot of these comments are pulled off Reddit, and actually Reddit is not, doesn't necessarily mean that you're tapped into media. Like a lot of people recognize faces, even other Asians, they recognize faces, but they don't all care about media the same amount, so they can't just bust out these names out the top of their head. Somebody said, I'm a young white guy, and I have to admit, I would say Asa Akira, but a lot of people do not want to mention that, so they're just going to say I don't know. So I think these studies are kind of inconclusive because people are going to shift their answers even though they do know some names. Yeah, I think if the question was, can you name a sexy Asian person? I think some people would start busting out the adult stars, yeah, for sure. Somebody said, you know, you just freeze up when you're asked to name somebody on the spot because it's not a common question. Billy on the street used to go up to people and say name a woman, and people would freak out and just like freeze up.   And basically a lot of boomers are really stuck in what that show Good Times symbolized where basically people just care about those good old days where basically almost everybody in media was white. So this liberal white guy who's on the coast was like, yeah, I'm just blaming it on the Good Times crowd. That's really funny, but I don't think we should discredit them.  Well, they still run everything, right? So I'm still curious to know what they think, but yeah, I'm sure if you pulled a college campus at UCLA, I'm sure this... They're probably gonna say Aquafina for sure. Yeah, I'm sure that this whole list looks completely different. Somebody said it's really the system, man. Don't blame the people. Asians can't get roles that are like really visible lead roles, right? Because obviously there was a whole whitewashing controversy. So how was it the people's fault when they're just watching what the machine produces? It'd be like that. Somebody said, listen guys, there are plenty of reasons to believe that Asians and Asian immigrants get treated badly, but this is not one of them. Who cares about this stuff? Yeah. I mean, a lot of people are questioning why do we keep caring about Asian celebrities? Why does it matter? Them being famous, what does it do? Yeah, we got a lot of takeaways about that. You guys want to stick around to it. And somebody said, of course, it was Lucy Liu. I'm 40. I had a crush on Lucy Liu growing up. She was the only girl who got a shout out in a multi-platinum song, Hey Ya, by Andre 3000. Yo, and also I got to give it up to Lucy Liu. She was born with a pretty catchy name, the alliteration Lucy Liu. And all the Lucy Liu's. Somebody said, why is being famous important, man? Asians got good macro statistics.  Why, who cares about being famous? Yeah, I think a lot of people, especially of the, to be honest, the Asian groups that have the smaller numbers, I think they're like, yo, listen, honestly, it's going to be so long before we're actually fully represented. I don't even care, man. I'm just worried about my own life. And that does account for something. I do think that a lot of Asians who are caught up in the, the name dropping. Representation movement. Maybe, maybe, maybe some Asians are too caught up in it, you know. Little bougie may perhaps have their priorities overly placed. But maybe if they didn't care that much, there wouldn't be such a change. Yeah, that's true. Somebody said, man, if you told a white, black or Latino person off the street to read through the list of famous Asian-Americans that Asian, that always pop up on Asian blogs, they would have no idea who anybody was. Yeah, I think the average non-Asian would have trouble, especially if they read the name and they try to match the name with the face. Yeah, somebody said, man, maybe most people just don't even care about celebs at all. And of course, somebody else came back and said, no, it's because they don't value our identities. Most Asians are third generation here now and they still don't care about us. So actually, both of these people are wrong. People do care about celebs because America, if you know, is a hyper-celeb-driven country, if you really analyze it versus even other countries, to be honest. And number two, most Asians are actually still fobs. So actually, this Asian-American that was trying to say that most Asian-Americans are third generation lives in a bubble and was also completely wrong. Yeah, and it's also a cycle because when Asians see more Asians on the screen, they're gonna care more about media because they see themselves represented. And if I'm a lot of older Asians, I would say above the age of 45, they did not see any Asians on the screen. So a lot of them just checked out of the whole entertainment scene as a whole. So they were just like, I don't even care, man. Just living my life. I gotta get money. I gotta buy my mom a house. Yeah, definitely Asians are always asked, and I think that they do live up to this. They follow everybody else's sports, but they don't like follow their own because there is nothing that is Asian. Of course, other than K-pop and like martial arts movies, right? Dude. But an anime, if you consider Goku Asian, you know, it's dependent, it's debatable. But I'm just saying like, you know how like white people watch hockey? Black people watch basketball. White Americans might watch baseball, but now it's a Latino thing to watch baseball and soccer because their group is heavily represented visually in that sport. Asians are the only ones that are like, man, I'll just watch anything I like because nothing's gonna have me in it. Exactly, and I mean, Steven Young always has that one quote that I really like.  Yeah, or nobody thinks about you. Yeah, nobody has to think about you. But you gotta analyze and think about everybody else. You gotta know things about everybody as you gotta be in everybody else's culture, but nobody has to know about yours. Somebody says, man, if you take away the American citizenship requirement of being born in America, I could name you some names. Yeah. And I just cannot name you any that were born in America. Dude, actually, of the current stars even in Hollywood that are actually born and raised in the United States, there's not that many. Right. Awkwafina is literally at the top of that list because Michelle Yao, Henry Golding, Ronnie Chang, Jimmy O. Yang, they don't count. Right, Steven Young and Ali Wong, I believe. No, Steven Young is born in Korea. John Cho is born in Korea. Daniel Day Kim is born in Korea. Oh, yeah. So, Ken Jeong, I think. You have Ali Wong. You have Awkwafina. And off the top of my head, I mean, there's a lit because Simu's not born in America. Sandra O's not. Right. Well, Simu wasn't even born in Canada either. Yeah, he was born in China actually, yeah. So, yeah, I don't know. Listen, guys, it also depends on your definition of American. Anybody who's an American passport holder, if you get PR status, this account, who knows? Anyway, let's get into the takeaway, Sandra. I will say this. And I will say this. Every time this statistic comes up every year, there are so many bloggers that write these think pieces or maybe they, I don't know if it's real outrage or false outrage about it. And my whole thing is like, okay, I acknowledge this is true. Most people are still just saying Jackie Chan Bruce Lee. I get it. You know what? I think that Asians have been without Asian representation for so long that we can hold off until we get the right representation.  I'm like, yo, listen, guys, we were without it for so long, still got good macro stats. I'm not saying individually, you know, some people struggle and that or that, but like overall the Asian community is doing good. You know what I mean? Got good careers. We can wait until we get the right type of representation. We don't got to take everything just to be degenerate cloud chasers just to be like, see me, see me. Yeah. Like, oh, we got ours. See, you know, I don't look at it necessarily just as a badge of honor, guys. And also the term Asian American, I mean, if you are so strict to it, who cares, man? I just, I just think any Asian that is affecting our, the diaspora who probably is an Asian who speaks English. Like when Michelle Yo was a Malaysian citizen who got famous in Hong Kong, a lot of people consider her an Asian American. Yeah. She's like the Asian queen of the media right now. You got Malaysian passport, yeah. Yeah, but I mean, and so it doesn't really matter who's like, at this point, if you're Asian and you're contributing to Asian representation in the West in particular, but of course we also want to show love and always acknowledge that Asia has its own thing going on. Always, right? That's also very extreme. They got their own award shows every day. Yeah, they got this extremely huge. I mean, some bigger stars, right? If you want to think about the biggest stars in the world, they're in Asia right now, by the way. Also, I would say, you know, I would say that... Like, I don't want to see from me back to my first point. I don't want to see Asian Jerry Springer or degenerate content just to get known. I know that some people think that's so great because it runs counter to the model minority myth, like, if you are purposely trying to be a degenerate, typical American to run counter to the model minority myth, you're actually still being held hostage by the model minority myth by being repelled from it directly. If that's you organically, then by all means, be that. But don't do it just because you're like, yeah, the culture's moving this way, so all dark this way and it'll be cool. Yeah, I know that there is a feeling in a lot of people, men and women, who feel like, oh, I'm going to do this just to break stereotypes for the heck of it. Really because I think that this is good work or not really that this is how I'm raised. But that's who I am. What is organically you? I just want to stand out and do something crazy. You know, do you, but I guess at the end of the day, Asians need to focus on living their own lives. And sometimes, you know, like we going back to some of our Southeast Asian friends who are doing well for themselves, but they just know that Southeast Asian stories are not really going to be leading the Asian narrative anytime soon, although they're going to have their day in the light. But I guess like they're just being like, you know what, man? I'm just living good, you know what? And I'm living my life and I feel like I'm respected in my community, in my friend group, even in my city amongst the non-Asians in my city, and I'm good, you know? We ain't man, I'm out at Encore Day Club with my squad, man, we living, man. What are you trying to tell me about 44%, man? They don't always have to be Viet, but we got a lot of Viet friends. So anyways, guys, we're going to leave it right there. You guys let us know in the comments down below how many Asian-Americans can you name. Are you shocked by this number? Obviously, like, but also let us know. Do you think it's going to continue to go down in the future or not? Yeah, I think it'll continually improve, but I definitely think that I'm super over. Everybody just going, support this terrible project because it's Asian-American. I will never diss it. I'm not a negative person, but I'm just saying. We need to celebrate and support Asian projects and Asian films, even though they suck. I disagree with that in 2023. All right, everybody. All right, please leave it in the comments down below. Thanks so much for watching. Until next time, we out. Peace.


The programs you write in this course have three major phases. The first phase is the input phase where you ask the user for input from the keyboard or you read data from a file. The next phase is processing where you manipulate the data, you do some sort of calculations, and then once you have the results you have the output phase which is where you display results on a screen or you write the results to a file of some sort. When I write programs I usually like to keep these phases separate so I do my input first, then my processing, then my output. I tend not to interleave them, do some input a little bit of processing then some output, then more input processing and output because that tends to be a bit confusing. In the processing phase there are three major types of things you can do. The first one is sequence, doing things one after another. That's what you did with the robot example. You did one step, then another, then another, then another, one from the beginning to end until you were finished. Another type of thing that you do during processing is repetition. For example, with the robot you could say keep taking a step forward until you get to the door. So it would do the same step over and over and over again until some condition were satisfied and that leads to the third kind of structure that you will find during processing, which is called conditional. So you could say to the robot, if you have an object that is... if you have picked up an object, then put it down. Otherwise, turn counterclockwise. So your processing phase consists of sequence, repetition and conditional structures and that is the stuff that does the heart of the program and that's surrounded by the input to get your data and the output to display the results. There are three types of errors that you can make in Python. The first type is called a syntax error. By the way, this number sign that I'm typing in the shell is a comment. That means Python should ignore it. It's just there for us humans to read. A syntax error happens when you say some of this grammatically incorrect in Python. So for example, if I try to say 34 plus times 8, that doesn't make any sense mathematically. It's just wrong on every possible level. So when I press the Enter key, the shell will respond, showing me that the star is where it got confused and says that's invalid syntax. You can have another kind of error called a runtime error. This happens when you do something that is syntactically valid. It's grammatically valid. For example, if I try to evaluate 42 divided by 0. Well, syntactically in terms of grammar, I have two numbers and a division sign between them. But when it comes time to actually run that calculation, I get an error that says zero division error because you can't divide by zero. These two types of errors are usually pretty easy to find. Syntax error is the easiest because the compiler points them right out to you.  The third type of error is called the semantic error, which means you said something that's syntactically correct grammatically, and it's not going to cause any errors when you run the program, but it doesn't do what you wanted it to. So for example, if I wanted to find out how many days there are approximately in 25 years, and I accidentally typed 25 plus 365, there's nothing wrong with that in terms of mathematics. I have two numbers with the plus sign. There's no runtime error because I can certainly add 25 and 365, but the number I get is nowhere near the correct answer because I've said something that is a semantic error. I didn't do the computation I intended to do. Semantic errors in general are the hardest ones to find because the compiler can't help you. The runtime system can't help you. It's only when you as a human look at the error at the result and say, wow, this is not what I intended.


Today we are going to talk to our senator from the Big Island, and it is big. A senator, Russell Roderman, represents the district of Puna, which of course is all over the map and everybody around the world is talking about Puna, like they know where it is. And so to really talk about Puna, what is going on and what the future holds for Puna, we are going to talk to Senator Russell Roderman. Good morning, Senator. Good morning. Thank you for having me. How are you? Oh, we're doing wonderful. I am so pleased to talk to you today, to talk about Puna and where it is and what is going on. First, tell us about the senator. Give us a little background about you. Well, it has been my second term in office, you know, before getting elected I was mostly a citizen activist, I would say, and my main area of involvement was always environmental issues. On the side, I own a group of natural food stores here on the Big Island and my big hobby is playing music, so politics and music and business, that's my three hats. Oh, wonderful. Now, what kind of a store do you have? We have a group of three natural foods markets, kind of like miniature Whole Foods type stores. No GMOs. Well, we do our best to limit GMOs, we don't add new GMO products, it's very difficult to claim no GMOs if you have any packaged foods these days, so we do our best. Okay. And the name of the store or the stores? The name of the store is Island Naturals. Island Naturals, Market and Deli, yeah. Correct. And where are they located? We're in Hilo. Wonderful. Now, so in natural foods, you're trying not to have GMOs, did I understand that? You know, I don't want to make the discussion about GMOs in natural foods, what we try to do is present healthy, uncontaminated foods, you know, we use organic as much as possible, which means it was grown without most chemical fertilizers or pesticides. So we have healthy Whole Foods that are honestly labeled, that's the important thing. We do try to avoid GMOs, but I think it's more important, you know, issues like organic local health foam are more on people's minds these days, perhaps. Now tell us, these are locally grown foods? Well, we have as much locally grown foods as possible, we always try to increase the amount of locally grown food that we sell. And in our produce department, it's, you know, maybe 60% local, but when you look in the package foods department, most of those things still come from the maintenance. But now, speaking of locally grown, and I guess I'm out of order here, but tell us about Puna, then I can get to the question I wanted to ask you about locally grown. How big is Puna? All of the farms and ranches and things that are in that district and now are being forced into looking different because of Madame Pele. So let's tell us about Puna. A very diverse district, it's very large. As you mentioned earlier, the Puna district is actually larger than the island of Oahu. To give some perspective, we have about 45,000 people that live here, which is about the same as the population of Hilo or Kona, although most people don't realize that. Puna is the fastest growing district in our state and the poorest district in our state. And I think both of those things relate to the fact that land here is still very affordable compared to the average of Hawaii. So when someone's on a fixed income or someone's looking around the state for a place they can afford, East Hawaii and Puna look very attractive because of the cost of land and the cost of housing here. So therefore a lot of relatively poor people have gravitated here and also that's the reason for the fast growing nature of it because it's affordable. So a lot of people couldn't afford life on Oahu, moved to Pahoa and Hilo. It's very, it is really beautiful. The whole island is beautiful. Now of course right now our big thing we're facing is this lava flow, which has affected about a third of our districts and affected some areas very, very greatly and it's frankly devastating and I think it's very hard for people outside of our district to understand what it's like. I know there's no way to know. I've been watching pictures every day and been mesmerized by the flow but it's still almost impossible to really think of what the people are going through with the odor or the sulfur or whatever that is that comes from the volcano. What about the people that had farms down there, the orchids, the vegetables, the coffee? What about those farmers? What happens to them? It's a disaster. There's no way of avoiding saying that it's a disaster because for most of the farmers that were affected by this lava flow they not only have lost their land or the ability to farm their land but they've lost their income and perhaps their livelihood because it's not easy to just start over when you're a farmer. There's maybe a lead time of at least a year before the crops can produce money and you have to find new land to farm and get set up with all the equipment and personnel and everything so it's devastating. One of the things I think people don't understand is most of the folks who've lost their home, many of them have also lost their livelihood so it's much worse than it might seem and of course this applies to all the farmers who have lost their land. Some farms have been inundated, covered by lava. Other farms are inaccessible and others are not safe to be because of the sulfur dioxide in the air and in some of those cases many of the crops have died already so it's different categories of people but their farm is not viable right now for many, many of them. That includes we had both diversified agriculture in Buddha which was a lot of orchards and vegetables. We also had quite a bit of papaya farming and we also had quite a bit of orchid growing. I think we're certainly the papaya capital of the state and possibly the orchid capital of the state. Well I would think the orchids were sold all over the world aren't they? Well they're sold all over the world. The ones that are grown in Hawaii I'd say a lot of them are grown into a district. So a lot of the people who lost their farms were orchid growers. Well now tell me is there a way for you as a senator to look at moving them to another location? The big island is big. Is there a way to redevelop in another location? Because they'll never go back. You know the law was just covering everything. So is there a way for you to move them to new development? I hate to say redevelopment but a new development. Is that possible? Is there? It is possible and I am trying to do that. I'm working on a proposal to relocate both residences, residents and farms. Oh it's still under discussion. My proposal is that we use a large section of state land which is unused and we could relocate people to that and both a residential, new village and also a new agricultural park. Which by the way I already had a proposal for an agricultural park in the same area. Starting a couple of years ago it's moving slowly. If we have the will to fast track that then we could settle a lot of farmers on land out there quickly as a response to this disaster. I'm also working, the main thing I'm working on is long term relocation for people who have been displaced and I'm proposing the use of state land for that although there are several other options of ways we could help people relocate but it's important to me that we develop a plan and begin to move on it soon because people really need a sense of hope, they need a sense of light at the end of the tunnel and try to have a way of picturing what their life is like. I mentioned the loss of homes and I mentioned the loss of livelihood and what's probably hard for people to understand is that there's a tremendous mental stress in the community that's been affected. Some form of PTSD is affecting pretty much everybody that lost their home or was evacuated. So it's very, very stressful and people need a sense that there's a way to move forward. So the biggest needs that we have here are A, short term housing and B, long term housing. I want to emphasize that these are not easy things to solve but we're past the phase where we need food and water and we don't need that anymore, we don't need clothing and tents. What we need is housing. We need short term housing to get people out of the very uncomfortable situations that they're in, either at the shelter or on someone's couch or garage and then we need to move forward on a long term relocation solution because that will take a while and meanwhile we're losing time. I consider it urgent. It is urgent, even just watching I can see the urgency and I'm sure you're correct about the PTSD, even those of us that are watching, it hurts, just watching and knowing what the law is doing while I'm a fan of Madame Pele, it still hurts to see this, to see what is happening to real people in real time. Tell me about the geothermal plant. Now what is going on with that thing? It was in the path of lava and it has been shut down since not in operation and beyond just being shut down they took a lot of precautionary steps to try to prevent hazards when lava hits various parts of it, they've sealed the wells and sealed some of their equipment so that it would be safe if it gets inundated by lava. So right now it's offline, it has been offline since day two of the eruption I think and it's going to be offline for somewhere between months to years if not forever because I mean right now you can't even drive to the place. The electrical connections to it are all gone, the substations are gone, some of their equipment is gone, some of the wells are gone, so you can't even get equipment to it for months at best and we will have to move on in terms of our electrical grid to replace that electricity with other renewable energy and I think that will have happened in the next year or so. I personally don't think they're ever going to reopen that plant because it's surrounded on three sides by hot glowing lava. Even if the earth it should survive this eruption I don't understand who's going to look at that picture and say this looks like a safe place. Yeah we have a picture of that and it doesn't look safe at all. So I can't believe they're ever going to try to reopen that plant but that's a discussion for the future. The problems that Geothermal is having in Hawaii are not political, they're geological and they can't be solved by discussion it will take them a very long time to figure out what to do. Well we need to take a break and we will be back in one minute and then let's look at where we started, the future and other options. Okay? Thank you Major. Thank you. This is Think Tech Hawaii raising public awareness.  Welcome to Hawaii this is Prince Dykes your host of The Prince of Investing coming to you guys each and every Tuesday at 11 a.m. right here on Think Tech Hawaii don't forget to come by and check out some of the great information on stocks, investings, your money, all the other great stuff and I'll be your host. See you Tuesday. Aloha. I'm Marcia Joyner and we are navigating the journey with Senator Russell Roderman from the Big Island from the area of Puna. Is that District 2 or 1? Yes. And it is almost, now how far are you from South Point? From South Point it's 30 miles, 40 miles, something like that. Yeah. A little bit more than that I'm sorry let's say 50. That is the most southern point in the United States. Is that correct? Yes. So you're next. Well you could say that. Yeah. Now we want to talk about the future. Where do we go from here? How do you see this in all of the things that you said needed to be done? Step one, step two, step three, how do we move forward? And what is it that the rest of us can do to support your move forward? Now of course my one thing we talk about all the time on cannabis chronicles is hemp industry. Not marijuana but hemp, growing hemp as an industry. And all of the things that can come from that. And so where are you with this one? On the subject of hemp you mean? Yes, as an industry. Yes, I'm all for it. I think it's a wonderful opportunity for us in Hawaii. I think there'll be tremendous demand for Hawaiian hemp products. And as you may know some of the CBD oil and medicines are made from hemp. And we could certainly make those kind of medicinal hemp products here. I think there's tremendous opportunities for us economically, medically in terms of building materials in terms of fuel and even in terms of seed. We import all of our feed for chickens and stuff and hemp could be a big boon for that. I'm very excited that we're going to get started with it finally. Yeah, well we have a picture of you with Senator Gabbard about hemp and the hemp. The way I see it, the way I'd like to see it, let me put it this way. As a hemp industry from seed to manufacture to export, when we have this whole, I don't know what you call it, where children go away to school and don't come back, at least that's what my experience with all of my sons. And so if we go from seed to growing to manufacturing to export, we have an industry that our children can grow into. They can learn to be farmers, manufacturers, scientists, engineers, all with this industry. So that they get to stay home. They don't have to go to California or Vegas or whatever. Yes, it has tremendous economic potential for our state. And I've been calling for its liberalization or legalization for many years. In fact, for several years, and I will propose again next year a bill that allows counties to regulate cannabis. So that if a county, for example, a big island wants to have more liberal cannabis loss than the state has, I don't see why they shouldn't be allowed to experiment with that. I know you're talking about hemp, and yes, there was just, you know, some moves have happened recently that makes hemp much more possible as a commercial crop, and I'm very excited about that. I think cannabis on both sides of the coin has tremendous potential for our society. Well, you're an environmentalist, and this is one of those little things. Yes. There are those 27,000 real trees that go into making toilet paper just for the United States. 27,000 trees. Just think how many trees we could save if we used hemp to make toilet paper. Yeah. You know, it's just unimaginable that they're cutting down real, beautiful trees. I agree. And as a reminder, the reason hemp or cannabis is illegal was originally from money from the oil and timber industry. And so if we think about how much timber we cut and burned or processed over the last 80 years, instead of hemp, which could have replaced it and how much deforestation we've suffered, it's an environmental crime on a huge scale. And it's about time we reversed it, restored sanity to that. Well, you commented about the counties being able to regulate. Now, in 2006, the Supreme Court said the states, they gave states rights. Now that, you know, that hurts me to say states rights. But nonetheless, they said the states have a right to regulate their medical issues. So the state of Hawaii did that in 02. And what is the holdup? I know that on the Big Island, they're growing seed to see what works best in Hawaii. So what's the holdup? The holdup was legal issues getting the first crops in the ground, you know. I mean, I think there was issues with obtaining the seed legally, obtaining the licenses legally. I'm not sure what to say, Marcia, but I think that the holdups are mostly in the past. That's the good news. It has to do mostly with the federal scheduling of any cannabis practice and schedule one drug. And so you have to get special permission from DEA to import even hemp seeds, which is absurd, but that's the legal situation we have been in the last few years. I believe it's changing very fast right now. So on the hemp side, at least, there's good news. Yeah, well, I'm talking about hemp as an industry. Yeah, I understand. Now, of course, medical cannabis is different. Do you have any dispensaries on the Big Island? Not that are open yet. Ours seem to be the last to open. The two of them have a license to open, but they have not opened yet. So no, the answer is no. And the reason it's called the Big Island is because it's big, and only two dispensaries? Well, I'm sorry. To be clear, two companies got licensed to open dispensaries. They each can open two, so that could lead to potentially four dispensaries on the Big Island. I don't think that that's our limiting factor. It's a legal situation at all. You know, when they did award legal medical dispensary licenses, I think they did it in a convoluted manner that made it much more difficult and much more expensive for the people who want to be in the legal medical dispensary business than what they should have done. I fear they've made it so expensive that the black market will continue to thrive instead, and the legitimate dispensaries will struggle because of the expenses that have been put on them that are absurd. Well, now you're a senator, so you can go back and take a look at that, right, in this next session. Well, theoretically, I mean, really, what, half years ago, the legislature passed a bill asking the Department of Health to make medical marijuana available through dispensaries. We passed a fairly clear bill with a statement of intent, and it somehow got convoluted to say that, well, we're going to make this difficult as possible pretty much, and we're going to make the ways people really want to take it, which is smoking or eating. We're going to make that as difficult as possible. So I think a bureaucracy got in the way of our legislative intent in the process of drafting rules and made it much more difficult, much more limited and much more expensive than it ought to have been. Well, now the Department of Health is in the governor's office, and can they just run a muck like that? Yeah, I don't want to say that they're running a muck. I think there's good people each responding from their own point of view, but the net result is a perversion of what the legislative intent was. We wanted it to be available safely, and instead it's not available inconvenient. It is, and I'm still amazed, like I said, as big as the Big Island is, and you only have two. Now, in the little bit of time we left, everything in Pune is upset, or almost. What about rural health? What about the health of these people? Are there facilities that are outside of that area, hospitals, clinics, whatever, to assist? Because you talked about PTSD. There's some non-government agencies, charitable agencies that are trying to be involved. And of course, we have a hospital in Hilo, but Pune, which I repeat as the size of Oahu, doesn't have a hospital or an emergency room or psychiatric office. We don't have any of the basic services that almost every other district in our state has. And so we're lacking profoundly in basic services. Our whole island has a shortage of mental health professionals, so it's of course much worse than Pune, where we don't have any offices. But we have a lack of all those kinds of services. When I get on the plane Monday morning and from going to Oahu for business, I see a bunch of acquaintances and friends. Almost all of them are traveling to Oahu to see a medical specialist because we don't have the services on the big island. Well, okay, so then at the opening of the legislature, that should be number one, rural health. It really needs to be, not just Pune, but even when you get out of urban Honolulu, when you get out further, that's an issue. So I am asking you to please make that a priority rural health across the state. This modern day, we have to do better than this. We must do better than this. Thank you. It's a priority for me. Thank you. Thank you. And count on it. We'll support whatever you want when it comes to rural health. And I promised you we would end on time and you will come back and let's talk more about rural health and how we can help. Okay. Thank you very much, Marsha. Thank you so much. Aloha.