Hello, I'm Nick, Exploiting Leamer. I've been doing IT for a long time. I've been coming to DEFCON for a long time. It's awesome to see, so this is going to sound weird. It's awesome to see people that were born when I first came to DEFCON, that are coming to DEFCON now. And I feel old. Playing with electronics and stuff forever, playing with SDR for a while. I've been a ham for about 20 years. So I like radios. I like listening to stuff and monitoring and seeing what fun I can hear. So how many radios do we have on aircrafts? A lot. We've got various systems for communication, telemetry systems, either just one-way or two-way ping response, navigation, as all kinds of stuff, and then, of course, on commercial aircraft, much in the way of passenger entertainment. So let's start with the easy ones, voice communication. Aircraft always needs to talk to air traffic control, ground traffic, each other. So there is VHF, which is typically used in kind of close in within, depending on the altitude of the aircraft, you can have about 100 miles or so of range, plus or minus, et cetera. And hang on. There we go. Spacebar wasn't working. The VHF voice comms are all AM, which is just amplitude modulation. It's very simple, has a carrier and two side lobes. The nifty thing about AM is from the control towers perspective, whoever is the closer aircraft is going to be louder. Actually, it will receive as louder in their receivers because the amplitude of that signal is going to be higher than anything other that's far away. If you have aircraft talking over each other, you can actually hear that there is doubling going on instead of with FM, where your receiver will capture a closer signal that is within a certain number of dB. I can't remember off the top of my head. Anyway, AM, you'll hear this fun squealing sound, which is the phase difference between the carriers of the two transmitters. But you can also hear the voices mixing somewhat. And that's going to be at 118 to 137 megahertz. AM being entirely analog, no encryption, no integrity checks, no authentication, et cetera. Which you will see as a theme throughout this talk. And it's approach, departure, and route, et cetera. Oh, yes, there are also the automated weather reports from the ground. So pilots can tune in and hear what's going on nearby. There is also HF for trans-oceanic flights that uses single sideband, which suppresses the carrier and one of the side lobes. It's more energy efficient. And that actually gives you an easier time hearing pilots talking over each other, because you don't have that carrier phase interaction. So that's 2.8 to 25 megahertz or so. That also has weather reports. There we go, I thought I had another thing. Weather reports, air traffic, et cetera. The fun thing about HF is it is entirely dependent on solar weather. So if there are any sunspots, solar flares, et cetera, where we are in the solar cycle. And the time of day and the frequency you're using, where the transmit and receive stations are, because at different times of day, the ionosphere will be doing different things. And different signals will bounce off it in different ways. So it's not nearly as predictable and predictable. I'll stick with that. I'm sorry, I am super out of it. So bear with me. So that's pretty much it for voice. Let's go on to data, which there is even more fun stuff. There's the VHF data link, which, again, just is on those same VHF channels. There we go, that's what I was looking for. Eight state differential phase shift keying modulation. It carries ACARS, which we'll get to shortly. There is also the HF data link, which is the same frequencies as the HF voice communications. Much lower bit rate, maxes out at 1,800 bits per second. Where's the VHF data link? I think it was 30 or so kilobits per second. This uses a variety of phase shift modulations, either two, four, or eight-way. Also carries ACARS. And then as for ACARS, it is the aircraft communication addressing and reporting system. It has telemetry status of various systems in the aircraft. Sometimes it'll carry position information. Also communications between ground controllers and the aircraft and ground controllers. I should be eating space more often. CPDLC is the controller pilot data link communications. It's basically cockpit to ground SMS used in commercial aircraft. They'll use it to get route clearances and such through their controllers and check in and do some various messaging in route. I'm saying, hey, I'd like to descend to flight level. Whatever, can I do that? Cool, yay. For position telemetry, sorry, we have a variety of systems. So the mode S transponder is the kind of predecessor to ADS-B. It's in use by the secondary surveillance radar systems. So air traffic control, think of those big spinning radar dishes. For the most part, all those that are doing is sending out a 1 gigahertz ping. And then they get back a slightly higher 1 gigahertz response at 1090 megahertz. And that includes the aircraft transponder ID, squat code, and altitude. It's a pretty limited subset of data. And then just through the spinning radar dish sending out that ping, it says, OK, the dish was pointing in this direction. It took this long for the response to come back. So I know that the aircraft is on that heading. And I know it's that far away because I can calculate based on the speed of light. Then ADS-B is the one that everyone's having fun with these days. It's a pulse position modulation signal and carries a lot more stuff. The transponder ID, squat code, flight or tail number, altitude, speed heading, location, climb rate, altitude. So that's essentially just the aircraft transmitting constantly. This is where I am. This is what I'm doing, et cetera, et cetera. ADS-B is automated dependent surveillance broadcast. So it's constantly broadcasting. It's automated. It's doing it whenever once. And it is a dependent surveillance system. So the air traffic control depends on the aircraft actually sending this, which is the dependent part. Whereas the mode S transponder is, I guess, a semi-independent system. And then primary surveillance or primary radar systems are really just I send out a ping. I get a response. I see there's something there, something on that heading. And that's all I know. Renderman is doing some ADS-B receiver workshops, or was, I don't know what the schedule is for that. If you had a chance to go to that, if they've happened, or if they haven't happened, see if you can get a chance to go to those, build your own ADS-B receiver, see what's in the air, it's pretty cool. Renderman also has a bunch of talks on ADS-B and the terribleness within. Again, unencrypted, unauthenticated. That one is super easy to just throw anything into the air and make stuff appear on people's screens. So it's not so great. There is also the universal access transceiver, which is a 978 megahertz system that is in the US only. It's utilized for general aviation craft that fly under 18,000 feet. So commercial aircraft, even though they, if they're in that zero to 18,000 foot window, they fly above 18,000 feet eventually, so they stick to ADS-B. The reason this is set up is just because of the sheer amount of general aviation traffic in the US. And ADS-B doesn't have any sort of carrier sense, so they are just constantly squawking and easily talk over each other in crowded areas. So as an incentive to get general aviation pilots to spend a bunch of money on these systems, the FAA said, okay, let's put some nifty stuff in here. So in addition to the transponder sending their telemetry data out, they can also receive from ground stations, weather, notams, TFRs, other en route data. And there's also a system that will, once a ground station receives a UAT packet from something in the area, it will start retransmitting ADS-B stuff that it receives that is in the vicinity of that aircraft. So it gets the benefit of seeing all of the ADS-B stuff, even though it's not on that frequency. And then also SiriusXM, really. They have a aircraft service that also gives them, it gives pilots notams and TFRs, et cetera, weather data. Their selling point, according to their website, is that it's higher resolution stuff and you get it more frequently. I haven't looked to confirm that, but I don't know how much is just marketing BS or not. So, but you also get music from their 180 channels of, you know, whatever. And then there's also data communications and telemetry systems. In Mar-Sat is one that is commonly seen in the news after the Malaysia Air Flight disappearance. So the Aero service carries, I'll get there, carries ACARS data and it's actually pretty easy to receive the ground station to aircraft transmissions. You just need a tiny patch antenna for about 1.6 gigahertz, circular polarized, an amplifier will help and then an SDR will let you pull that down. To get the other direction, which is aircraft to ground, you need a like eight foot or so dish to receive C-band transmissions. So it goes one way and then the other and that translation happens in the satellite itself. So that one is the more interesting one if you want to see aircraft location data off of the satellite. There's also, within that signal, there's ADSC, which is sort of a PubSub model. The ground station will send up a signal and say, hey, I would like this data from you and then the aircraft will say, okay, here I'll send it to you now and start beaconing it and that will include a variety of different things, not just location.  There's also digital voice. That one will make use of the AMB codec or LPC, which are just digital voice codecs, easy to find decoders for those. And then there's also Swift 64, which is, this one's fun, it's actually ISDN. So, for the old telecom people, yay. Navigation, satellites, GPS, clone-ass, Bidoo, Galileo, et cetera. This is magical relativistic atomic space clock, pixie dust. This works by every satellite carrying an atomic clock that is corrected for general relativistic differences where the higher you get from the Earth, the faster your clock runs, you can do some fun experiments. If you have a couple of nice like CZM time sources, you can set one down on the ground and then go up to like a 5,000 foot mountaintop and then come back down and the one that was on the mountaintop will be a little bit faster. You know, great, great outing for the kids. Anyway, so the satellites have that corrected signal, they send out there just the time beacon basically and your receiver gets that. It sees the difference in time on each of the received signals. It has its own internal almanac that is transmitted by the satellites that tell it where the satellites are at any given time in the sky. And so from that, it can calculate, okay, satellites are supposed to be here, I'm getting a time of this and this and this and this, I must be here. And yeah, that's how that fun magic pixie dust works. One that is, yeah, anyway, VOR, VHF omnidirectional ranging is a beacon system, 108 to 118 megahertz, encodes the station ID, other data. And there are two systems, there's the conventional VOR, which has a single or one omnidirectional carrier signal and then a secondary signal that's transmitted from a Fray's-Duray antenna and it has a phase delay of its signal in relation to the carrier signal that changes across the entire rotation of that antenna. So if you are, so if you get the main signal and then the secondary signal is 90 degrees out of phase with the first one, that means you're on a bearing of 90 degrees from that beacon. The 270 degrees out of phase, you're 270 degrees from that beacon. And that's, yeah, that just tells you basically where you are in relation to the beacon from zero degrees is gonna be north. And then there's also the Doppler VOR, which has an array of antennas that are spread much further apart. And those are, you rotate the carrier signal through those, either mechanically or electrically. The mechanically is literally just like a servo with a piece of coax that kind of spins around and vaguely goes next to the feed lines of all the other antennas. So it kind of, as it starts to couple with one, it'll slowly stop coupling with another, goes around, gives you a nice constant rotation instead of a stepped rotation. Electronically, you can do that with just RF switches. And then the redshift and blueshift of the signal as it rotates towards you and then away from you, you can tell at what point it is on center. And basically when the, so yeah. So as it is at this point and it's coming towards you, that's gonna be the maximum blueshift. And then it's going to hit a point where it's going to stop blue shifting and start redshifting away from you. Which is to say the frequencies that approaches you is gonna be a little bit higher.  And then from there, you can tell, okay, I am on this bearing from it. DMA, sorry, DME, Distance Measuring Equipment is UHF, microwave-ish. It is literally just ping response. You send out a signal and say, hey, and the station receives it. It waits a set amount of time, which I think is typically 50 microseconds. Then it sends you the response back. And thanks to the wonders of knowing the constant speed of light, you can figure out how far away you are from it.  Don't ask me why. It has to do a bit of math to understand where you are in relation to it from a ground distance perspective, because if you're up in the air here and the station is here, the distance is going to be this section of a triangle. And fortunately, you also know your altitude, which is this section of the triangle. So then you can easily solve for this section, a squared, plus b squared equals c squared. The Aepithegoras helps us know where we are. TACAN is a military VR DMA system. It can be co-located with civilian systems to provide DME service for civil aircraft. But the VR stuff is not available for civil use. Navigation, the ILS, that previous talk, if you were here for that, was fantastic for a guide on how ILS works. So basically you have two transponders, one VHF, one UHF, they send out two signals, one to the left of the runway, one to the right, one kind of low, one kind of high, and those are modulated at either 90 or 150 Hertz. And from the relative signal power of those two signals, you can tell if you are to one side or the other or on centerline, laterally and vertically, coming into your glideslope as far as passenger entertainment goes. You have all of your fun internet services. NRSAT provides the Swift broadband service. There's Viasat and GoGo. GoGo has some satellite service, but I believe most of it is actually ground-based. So they have ground stations that talk directly to the aircraft instead of through a satellite. Benefit of that, less ping time. Admiral Grace Hopper has this great little thing that she did, which was, she carried around a nanosecond with her. Just a piece of wire that was precisely one nanosecond long in terms of the speed of light. She would, when other generals would ask her why, because it takes so long to get stuff from a satellite back. She'd say, well, there are a lot of these between here and the satellite. The geo-synchronous ones are 25,000 miles up, 20 to 20, 22,000, thank you. So yeah, it takes a bit. So yes, those are all the fun passenger hand-made systems. So that was my fun super-fast, big run through all of the aircraft radio systems. I am going to put up this online. I'll show you the links in a minute. I also have information on how to receive all of these things if you want to. It's a lot of really cool stuff. For those that do have ADSB receive stations or want to set them up, I highly encourage you, if you're in the US, to get a second SDR dongle, set it up for 978 megahertz, because there's a lot more cool stuff there. Low-level, general or aviation stuff that you are not going to see from just ADSB transponders. So that is very nifty stuff. Anyway, after that, Chappelle, does anybody have any questions? Yes, I'm sorry, say that again. Okay, okay, I'll make a note. Any more? Okay, how much more time do you have? How much more time? Oh, you have more time. Okay, I'm going to do a quick spiel on ADSB and UAT systems then on how to optimize your system for RF performance. So high gain antennas on these systems actually can hurt you in some cases, especially for UAT. The higher gain in antenna goes, the lower the receive lobes are vertically. So with UAT stuff, there's a lot of low-level thing, low-level things flying pretty close to you above you and your antennas, we're just really not going to get that if it's a super high gain antenna. That can help you for ADSB stuff, if you're looking for things far off. But again, as commercial aircraft overfly you, you're just not going to see stuff straight up. Locating your receiver next to the antenna is the best thing you can do. You can also use an inline low-noise amplifier at your antenna and have your receiver located a little further away. Feed line matters, the thinner the feed line, usually the higher the loss per foot or meter of the feed line, especially at those higher frequencies. If you can manage to run it and you want to, you can use LMR 400, which is nearly half an inch in diameter, but it's pretty low loss at those microwave frequencies. Excuse me. Filters are good, filtering before your amplifier. You probably want to do that if you have a lot of really high-level local RF stuff so you don't overload your amplifier. However, having the filter before the amplifier means that you increase the overall noise floor of your system because the filter is going to introduce some loss. And so the signal that you're receiving is going to drop down a little. Noise floor is pretty constant here and then your LNA is just going to kind of raise everything up like that. So signal itself in relation to the noise floor is not gonna be, the ratio is not gonna be right. The signal noise ratio is gonna be worse. Let's see what else. Yeah, FlightAware sells 1090 and 978 megahertz antennas. They sell a 1090 filter. Oputronics sells 1090 and 978 megahertz filtered amplifiers. I actually have a reel of 100, 978 megahertz saw filters that I forgot to bring with me. They're in my room so I can grab this and bring it back. If anybody has really good soldering skills to solder a QFN three by three and a half millimeter surface mount device. So anyway, that's it. Thanks.


When I took command just about three years ago, I asked you to be ready to deploy in support of nation and state. I guess now you see I wasn't kidding. Pearl Hughes and C.S. McCauskey, I believe it is fitting to tailor my comments, focus on you as a command team this morning. For you together have formed a dynamic and a collaborative command team. The change of responsibility conducted to honor the contributions of the NCO Corps and acknowledge the Command Sergeant Major Stewardship of the formation. Jersey Blues, Jersey 7L. Command Sergeant Major McCauskey will now pass the colors to Colonel Hughes in his final duty as the Brigade Command Sergeant Major. It says if you want something done well, you send the professional soldiers of the 44th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Brigadier General McLaughlin, past the colors Lieutenant Colonel Shemalia, charging him with the responsibilities for the 44th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. I appreciate everything you do in exchange I need your help more than ever starting today. And Command Sergeant Major Rizzo, very excited to be working with you, I think this is going to be great. Lieutenant Colonel Shemalia, past the colors, this is the new Brigade Command Sergeant Major, C.S.M. Rizzo. To the soldiers of the 44th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, I can only say that I will stand in front, alongside and behind you no matter where we are called to go.


I'm here to do it. I'm here to do the hard stuff. I'm here to do the stuff that no one wants to do. I love it. That way, you know, eventually I'll reap the benefits that... You will. Yeah. I'm not going to stop. I'm definitely not going to stop. I don't stop. I keep on going. I wake up early and go to sleep late. Sometimes, you know, I don't even eat, but I'll do it again the next day. I love it.  I'm here, baby. If I need to get there two hours earlier, then I will. Yeah, that's it. That's the game. Entrepreneurship made simple by Vic. Exactly, man. I'm hungry. You want to eat, baby? You want to eat, go and eat. Life's easy. I think people just make it hard. Right, life's easy. Yeah, they do it or they don't. That's a fact.


Welcome back. The government has just over 23 days to bring in over 10,000 Syrian refugees, at least in order to meet its revised resettlement targets. So is Canada on track to resettle that number of refugees by the end of February? Another 15,000 potentially by March. The group that helps Canada process these refugees and bring them here is the International Organization for Migration. So what do they make of Canada's commitment and what obstacles still remain? Joining me now, the Director General of the International Organization for Migration, William Lacy Swing. Nice to meet you, Mr. Swing. Appreciate you being here. You met with our immigration minister, John McCallum, today. What did you discuss in specifics or broad terms? Well, we discussed primarily Syria, obviously, the Syrian refugees, the 25,000, and the good collaboration that we have. And let me just say at the outset, it's an honor to be back in Canada. It's particularly an honor to be here at a time when I think your Prime Minister and your government have made a very courageous political decision to bring in these 25,000 refugees. I hope it's an example that will be emulated by many others because there's a lot of suffering out there. But we discussed primarily the whole question, the logistics of making this happen. We move about 300,000 people a year in normal times. And this is a bit of a challenge because, but it will make it work. I'm satisfied we can make it work. We're moving twice as many refugees in three months as we normally move in one year for Canada. We've been doing this program for many years, including cultural orientation and all of that. But right now we have surged staff into Beirut, Amman, and Ankara. We have put hundreds of staff in that we didn't have there before to make this happen. We're processing the people. We're doing the medical exams. We're getting them on planes. We're making sure they're taken care of. And then we'll help on this side also. It does seem as though it is taking some time from our perspective, watching it here. We are expecting some planes to arrive in the coming days over the next two days. How complicated is it to go through that processing on the ground? Why is it taking a little bit of time? Well, it's always a complicated process because, first of all, the UNHCR, the High Commissioner for Refugees, has to make available to us the names of the people. They have to be interviewed. They have to go through security check. They have to go through medical exams, processed and ready to go. But once this pipeline starts, we'll have our flights probably coming, our charter flights, I would hope, as early as next week or certainly in the very near future. And then they'll be coming on a regular basis and we'll see that the numbers will quickly augment. Right now, for example, we're processing about 700 a day in Jordan. This is just to come to Canada? Just in the Syria program, just for Canada, about 300 in Lebanon. And the center in Turkey will probably start in the next few days. So we're ready for business now. So Turkey has been more complicated because of the exit visas, if I understand correctly. Is that fair to say that it's been a little more challenging? No, it's basically because we have not done that much resettlement out of Turkey. Jordan is our largest resettlement post in the world. Lebanon has been building up. But Ankara is a little bit smaller. It'll take time. But right now, there are no major obstacles to a fairly smooth operation. How many people do you think Canada can really get here? Let's say by the end of the year. Let's start with that goal. Well, we're working with the government's goal 10,000 by the end of the month. And that happened. We're going to make it happen. If we can, we're going to try. I mean, I can't guarantee anything, but certainly the relationship is so good. We're working very close with the Canadian colleagues in those three posts. They've surged also staff into there. And the relationship is excellent. We have all the expertise we need, including translators, interpreters and others. So I think that we will do everything that is humanly possible to get the 10,000 by the end of the month. In any case, we're looking for the 25,000 by the end of February. Is it a problem? And we have heard this that people want out, but not everybody wants to come this far. Is that a challenge when you're trying to resettle people in terms of getting refugees to come all the way over to Canada? Or are you seeing that people are buying into that idea? No, I think people are buying into it. But I think it's normal that people would have second thoughts about whether they're leaving or they're coming back. Can they still get back into Syria? People are under, I think, a lot of frustration there. But in the end, I think we'll have no problem getting the 25,000 numbers there. And we hope that by this example of Canada and your Prime Minister, that others will follow suit because we really need to help a lot of people.  What did you mean by that? Well, in the sense that there's a lot. We're living in a period of unprecedented anti-migrant sentiment in the world. You hear the rhetoric all the time, the xenophobia, the thinking they may be coming with ill intent. And we have to work against that. So to take a decision by saying we'll take 25,000 when a lot of the world is saying we don't want any more refugees or migrants, I think is courageous and visionary. Visionary. When you hear someone like Donald Trump then, for instance, say that he wants to ban all Muslims from coming into the United States, how does that affect a project like yours? How does that affect resettlement of refugees? Well, it doesn't affect us at all in terms of our ability to do the job, but it worsens the atmosphere. It puts migrants in unnecessary difficulty and potential danger and risk that should not be there. We should not be discriminating against anyone on the basis of race or creed. So we have to work to fight against the anti-migrant sentiment. Your organization will be 65 years old next year. How does this give us a sense of how what we're witnessing now compares to what we've seen in the past in terms of scale? Well, let's first of all, our organization along with the UN High Commission for Refugees were founded in 1951 precisely to take European refugees out of the ravages of World War II to Canada, to the US, to Australia and other countries like that. But we, for example, in March of 2011, working together with our other partners, we evacuated and sent home to 54 countries, 250,000 refugees that had cost about $125 million. So we've been in similar situations. The timetable is the big challenge here, but it is a timetable that we think we can hold to. Okay. Nice to meet you, Mr. Swing. I appreciate your perspective tonight. Thank you very much.


I'm very pleased to be able to participate in this celebration of Sampson's coming of age. I've known Sampson for many years. I was trying to remember when it was that we first met. What I think it was was at one of the spring schools in Trieste many years ago. I think I was having a coffee with Michael Green. We were having a quiet English conversation when Sampson arrives and this transforms and enlivens the conversation with his characteristic combination of stories, anecdotes, jokes, critiques of what's going on, all combined with the critique of what's going on in theoretical physics. I was talking with one of the other speakers about the difficulty of knowing quite what to say about Sampson in these morning sessions since there's so many great stories of Samp without Sampson, most of which are probably not right for talking about this time in the morning, especially not when the lecture is being recorded. Sampson also has his serious side and I think it's very good that we have a scientific meeting here to recognise his many scientific achievements. He's done a great deal of important things. Perhaps it's probably true to say that he hasn't perhaps got the credit he perhaps deserves of many of the things he's done and it's very good that a lot of the talks here are recognising and remembering some of the things that he's done. Unfortunately, yet I haven't had the pleasure, or if that's the right word, of collaborating with Sampson, but we very nearly did. We applied for a research grant together, a joint British Irish one. So we heard yesterday about Khan's criterion that we shouldn't think about whether something is mathematics or physics, but only whether it's true or false, whether it's right or wrong. It's not clear what happened, but it seems that one of the judgments on our grant proposal was that it was too much physics and not enough mathematics. What I want to talk about today is some of the things which we might have got, some of the work I've been doing which might have been part of that collaborative effort involving special halonymy manifolds and related things. Someone asked me whether the word degeneration in the title had anything to do with Sampson. Of course it doesn't, it's referring to degeneration of geometries. I thought there was no connection, but then as many of you know, Sampson has been involved in an art film project over many years. I learned yesterday that two of the films from that project have been nominated for the Berlin Film Festival. One of them, it turns out, is called degeneration. I was wondering if there was any... Not believing that there can't be a coincidence, I looked to see what it was about. It was about a physics research institute. Where the members there were facing what it called an existential crisis. Being the kind of film that it was, that resulted in some degeneration and it all ended very badly as far as I can tell. I was very relieved to see that although some of our esteemed colleagues were involved in this film it seems that Sampson was not part of the degeneration film. So I hope that he will long stay free from such existential crises. So the work I'm going to talk about was some work I've done, I've been doing over the last few years with my student, Nipol Chumjomras. It's taken me a few years to learn how to begin to pronounce his name. I still haven't got it right from Thailand. The general theme is understanding relationships between string theory and geometry. We have a picture of string theory formulated as a perturbation theory and we now know a lot about the ingredients involved in that. But the dualities we've discovered have revealed a surprising non-perturbative structure to the theory. Still very poorly understood and these duality symmetries which help us understand some of these non-perturbative and strong coupling generalisations. What I want to talk about today involves some very recent mathematics which are some very interesting recent geometric results which turn out to shed a great deal of light on some of these dualities. In particular it gives a very interesting relationship between some of the ingredients in perturbative string theory involving brains and orientive folds and related things and certain geometric properties. It does it in such a way that it immediately lends itself to all sorts of generalisations and it looks like it's going to be a very profitable way of trying to understand and unravel things both about non-perturbative string theory and about geometry. The starting point is the duality is involving K3 and it will go on to look at special hillonomy generalisations. The starting point is the duality between two A strings on K3 and the heterotic or tight one string on a four torus. In fact it's almost exactly 25 years since Paul Townsend and I proposed this duality and it's quite intriguing that there's a lot of evidence in favour of that. There's still a lot of mysteries involved in this. One way of understanding some of this is a standard duality argument where if you take type one string on a four torus then via a chain of T and S dualities you can get the type two A string on an orbifold of T4 modded out by a Z2 a four torus modded out by an orbifold of a four torus and this is a special orbifold point of the K3 modulized space so it gives a proof of a derivation of this duality at one particular point in the modulized space of K3. Then one can try and argue how to move away from this point by understanding how to move away from this point in the K3 modulized space and the corresponding moving away from that point in the type one theory. This is quite a fruitful way of understanding this but one of the issues which arises in thinking about this directly is that when you move away from this point in the modulized space there are no longer any isometries and no longer any conventional T dualities to use so that the duality can no longer be understood in this simple way. Some of the new mathematics I'll be talking about involves particular identification of a region of the modulized space of K3 in which we can understand some of this quite explicitly. In particular the chain of dualities taking type one to two A on K3 takes the D-brains in type one theory to the Klutzklein monopoles and it gives a picture in which the D-brains here are represented by Klutzklein monopoles and I'll be saying a lot more about that. But there are also orientafold planes in the type one story and this whole story will lead to some kind of, should lead to some kind of geometric dual for these orientafold planes and in this way will give us a new picture of K3 and a new understanding of orientafold planes at strong coupling and a rather explicit picture of the dualities. As I mentioned I'll be using some new results from geometry but in fact this stringy duality picture in some sense could have predicted that there should be this picture of K3 which involved the modulized space being understood in terms of positions of Klutzklein monopoles and so on. So a starting point will be to think about type one string on a circle so thinking about a circle across nine dimensional Minkowski space if you do a T duality it replaces the circle by a circle moded out by Z2 so corresponds to reflection in one line and so there will be two fixed points and in this picture in the string theory one learns that one needs to insert an orientafold plane at these two points so we're looking at a circle across nine dimensional Minkowski space so we get a nine dimensional plane at each of these two points and because there's this reflection symmetry we can think about just considering a half of the circle with these at either end and we have a picture of an align interval with an orientafold plane at either end so we're taking the product of this with nine dimensional Minkowski space so we think of this as being a slab with nine dimensional orientafold planes at the two ends and we have a picture of this with some nine dimensional D brains which move along this interval and in fact there are 16 of these D8 brains in the perturbative theory and at strong coupling this picture is modified there was arguments originally by Cyberg and Morrison which said that there's more things which can happen at strong coupling and instead of having orientafold planes there's some objects which are referred to as o-star planes instead and their whole structure is rather mysterious in the type one theory but this whole picture should have a dual representation in the dual K3 theory and in particular if we take the case where we have this interval being very long compared to various other scales in the theory we should expect a picture of K3 which has got a long neck and that's so we have some long neck, a four dimensional space with some long neck region a various divided into various segments and these are joined together by various bubbles which involve insertions of colloquial monopoles I'll be more precise about how this works as we go on and these positions of these colloquial monopoles will be dual to the positions of these D8 brains and this being a smooth geometry there must be some kind of smooth hypercaler cap which goes on these ends and one of the things we'll be talking about is what these caps are what these geometries are and it turns out there's an intriguing relationship between these and del petso surfaces and the rather limited classification of these has a lot of implications for the dual string theory so this is the sort of picture we might have expected from string duality and as I'll explain in 2018 a very precise construction of a matrix on K3 in a limit in which the metric degenerates to something which has got a long thin neck of this kind was constructed and has precisely this kind of structure and this whole story leads itself to further directions one thing I'll say a little bit about is the very interesting generalisation to special holonomy where this picture in terms of brains gets generalized to one involving intersecting brains and one of the nice things about this story is that dualising the type 1 prime gives a consistent string configuration for various brains that can't exist in isolation if one slots off dualising D brains one ends up with various as one gets to D7 brains and D8 brains one's already familiar with the fact that these don't exist well on isolation and you need to take into account their back reaction and put them in a consistent string background for example in the type 1 prime as we've discussed if formally one takes further dualities it needs to various things which have been referred to as exotic brains in low co-dimension and again these don't exist in isolation but this chain of dualities starting from the one we've just been concentrating on in this talk gives rise to consistent backgrounds for these to live in and in particular it takes the K3 to certain non-geometric backgrounds T-folds and related things and then the picture of and then we have a picture of instead of K3, instead of K3 being understood in terms of Coulout's Climb monopoles living in this background geometry we understand it now in terms of exotic brains in terms of T-fold background so let me now start talking in a little more detail about some of the ingredients which go into this so the first thing I want to talk about is a tourist bundle with a duality twist so having a two tourists for example fibered over a circle if we could start a geometric bundle we could look at a bundle where the monodromy around this circle involved a large difumorphism of this two tourists but in string theory we can generalise this and we can think about having a two tourist conformal field theory here and we can look at having a monodromy around here which is an automorphism of this conformal field theory in other words a T duality transformation which for a D tourist would be in this group and for a two tourists you get O22Z which has got an SL2Z cross SL2Z subgroup and this subgroup acts on two moduli of this two tourists one is the complex structure modulus for the two tourists the other is the complex modulus given by the value of the B field on this two tourists the constant value of the B field plus I times the area of this two tourists so this these are both symmetries of this of the conformal field theory if we had a monodromy which is in the SL2Z acting on Tau we'd construct a geometric bundle if we had one which involved the full group then we'd construct something more general a tourist bundle with a duality twist so is it not that T dual group is S special optimal? so if in the bosonic string it's ODDZ in the super string it would be more properly SO no it's a bosonic so I'm not being very precise here so there would be a slightly different story depending on whether I was looking at the bosonic or the super string and then there's in either case there's an SL2Z cross SL2Z subgroup but there's a question about whether I need to divide this by an Z2 and I'm not going to be very precise about those sorts of features in this talk so for the purposes of the next couple of slides let's think in terms of the bosonic group where I can put everything in O22Z and everything fits for the super string I would have to be slightly more restrictive so a simple case is where we take a case where the product is topologically just a three-torus but we have a B field which depends which is proportional to the volume form dywedd by wedge DZ on the two-torus and depends linearly on the coordinate X around this circle so the curvature of this two-form the exterior derivative will just be the three-volume of the three-torus and there's a monodromy here for the modulus rho as you go around this circle because B shifts by M times the volume form if we take a T duality we turn off the B field and get a two-torus bundle over a circle and we get a manifold which is referred to as a nilfold which is a two-torus bundle over a circle but it could also be viewed as a circle bundle over T2 with this metric and there's a monodromy, a geometric monodromy in which the complex structure modulus shifts by an integer M here and if we take one further T duality we end up with something we get a metric and a B field which look fine until you remember that X is meant to be periodic and these are not periodic metrics or B fields but it turns out that there's a monodromy which involves a T duality transformation as you go around this circle the metric and the B field come back to each other related by the action of an O2 to Z transformation which acts in a complicated non-linear way on this geometry but because this is a symmetry or an automorphism of the two-torus conformal field theory this is still a good string theory construction so this gives a nice duality orbit of geometries which is often discussed but there's an issue in that none of these are solutions of the string theory for example three-torus with flux doesn't satisfy the equations of motion doesn't define a conformal field theory but nonetheless one can embed look at these in string theory by looking for bundle solutions in which these geometries arise as fibres and then the duality transformations act as fibre-wise duality on this construction and the simplest case is where I take these three geometries fibred over a line and in particular the case where we have the nil fold fibred over a line gives a construction which admits a hypercaler metric so this metric can be understood as a kind of Gibbons-Hawking metric so as we'll be familiar to most of you the Gibbons-Hawking metric is a four-dimensional calerici flat or hypercaler metric which is given as a circle bundle over an R3 which is where you have R3 with these coordinates and we have a circle fibre with coordinate y and we have V being a harmonic function on R3 and omega satisfying this equation and if we allow the harmonic function to have delta function sources at some points we have a circle bundle R3 with some points removed and remarkably this is regular at the sources of these the sources R i of these things if M equals one and this gives a multi-tub nut space and there are simple orbital singularities for M greater than one so in this way we construct a metric over the whole of R3 not just on R3 but the points removed so one way of part of the ingredients will be looking at trying to put this on a torus so we can think about so-called smeared solutions where we take this harmonic function on R3 and choose the potential to be independent of one or more coordinates and the coordinates which it's independent of we can then choose to be periodic and it can be periodically identified so for example if we used to smear on X and Y we take V to be a harmonic function just of tau not with X and Z independent of X and Z so that Y should be a Z then we have a harmonic function in one variable which is just a linear function or a piecewise linear function where we can allow there to be a kink at say tau equals zero where there's a jump in the gradient and we can think of this as giving a domain wall with the two plane dividing the transverse three space three dimensional space into two parts for tau bigger and less than zero and the difference between M and M primed can be thought of as being associated with the energy density or the tension of this domain wall so this is a very nice construction but one of the advantages of the metric one constructs this way is typically singular and that's something we're going to have to deal with so let's look at the smeared Givens Hawking metric where we take this linear potential then we get this metric and if we notice that if we take and look at it for a fixed tau the metric becomes precisely the kind of nilfold metric we were talking about before which is a circle bundle over T2 with representative of the first churn class given by this two form and M is required to be an integer and this can be thought of as quotient of the group manifold of the Heisenberg group by a discrete subgroup so here we have a picture of a nilfold fibered over a line, the line parameterised by tau and there are domain walls at the places where the gradient jumps here and so we have a set of domain walls separating these nilfold bundles over a line and to get a string solution we take a product of this with six dimensional Minkowski space getting a ten dimensional metric and this can be thought of as a metric for a smeared coluysiglymonopole with the original tau nut metric it's precisely what's referred to as a coluysiglymonopole metric and now we can look at the T dualities if we take the nilfold fibered over a line we've got three circular directions the x, y and z directions and we can look at T dualising in any of those so if we T dualise in this coordinate the one of the circle fibre the y coordinate we end up with a metric which is conformally flat it undoes the topological twist but turns on a b field and we end up with a three form h given in this way so we get a conformally flat space but with the conformal factor given by this piecewise linear potential the ten dimensional solution is that we take the product with Minkowski space and this is the metric for a Nervyschwartz fibrain smeared over the three directions x, y and z which are then identified to give a transverse space instead of being a transverse space being r4 it's r cross T3 and we can do a further duality and get a T-fold fibered over a line but I won't say a lot about that today this generalises straightforwardly to having a multi-domain wall solution we're having a general piecewise linear function with kinks at a set of points tau i and with a domain wall with energy density given by the jumps at each of these points and it's also interesting to know that you can also think about single sided domain walls if we have this linear potential this is invariant under reflection tau to minus tau and if we quotient by this reflection this gives a solution just for positive tau and you could think of there being a single sided domain wall at the point at the boundary tau equals zero so these are going to be some of the ingredients we're going to look at but as it stands these are not consistent string backgrounds away from the domain walls we get to have a hyperscalar space which is a good solution and the duals also give conformal field theories away from those but the domain walls are singular and the linear delaton and the potential v will quickly blow up unless we end it with single sided domain walls and when we do that we will need some negative brain charges to give total net zero charge to get a consistent solution so to understand this what to do about this we can use the chain of dualities I mentioned in the introduction so we started off with a smeared collucicline monopole taking the potential function to be independent of what is a number of object a number of directions we could then compactify we could take those directions to be periodic and then we could T dualise and we end up with a number of Schwartz 5 brain smeared on T3 we could then dualise this to S dualise this to a D5 brain and then T dualise to get a D8 brain wrapped on this same T3 and this same chain of dualities will take the nil fold to a T3 with flux fibered over a line and then we end up here with a D8 brain which is this domain wall in 9 plus 1 dimensions the D8 brains to exist in a string background we need to introduce orientafold planes in particular we need the consistent string background is the type 1 prime string I've mentioned which has an interval with orientafold planes at the two ends and 16 D8 brains moving between that and in this case the singularities which occur at the domain walls reflect the presence of physical objects which we know occur in string theory the D8 brains and when we dualise to get consistent backgrounds for the nil fold the T fold and the T3 with H flux there should be we should be getting duals of the D brains and the orientafold planes and there's questions about how these singularities are resolved in particular by the time we get to the Klutz-Klein monopole there shouldn't be physical physical objects represented by the singularities in the way that the D brains were but instead we should be getting smooth geometries so understanding how to resolve all this will tell us something about the kind of smooth geometries which should be dual to these various objects so a bit more precision about the type 1 prime theory we have 16 D8 brains each of charge plus one in my units they can be arranged so there's ni a set of points tau i so the total number is 16 and we have two orientafold planes of each of charge minus 8 at the two endpoints tau equals 0 and pi and then the metric away the supergravity metric corresponding to this configuration is the kind we've been talking about it's this form so it has a nine dimensional Minkowski space and then five it over this line with parameter tau and if we have a number of if we have a number of the D brains coincident with the orientafold plane if we have n minus coincident with the orientafold plane here we get charge minus 8 plus n minus and minus 8 plus n plus here and the total number of brains in the middle will then be given by the sum of b minus and b plus which will be less than or equal to 16 so now we look at the chain of dualities we've talked about we can first of all think about dualising the supergravity solution wrapping on T3 to get smeared Gibbons Hawking or Nova Schwartz V brain that we've talked about and the 16 sources will then become Glut's Clive Monopole or Nova Schwartz V brain sources smeared over this T3 and the issue is understanding how these singularities should be resolved and at the ends of the interval there should be duals of the 08 planes which again should be somehow geometric and so the chain of dualities we've talked about is starting off with the D8 brain going T dualising to a D5 brain S dualising to a Nova Schwartz V brain T dualising to a Glut's Clive Monopole and then maybe dualising further to one of these exotic brains which I mentioned and so the chain of dualities on the orienta folds has been understood for the first few steps the 08 plane goes to a 05 plane the S dual of this has been referred to as an ON plane in the literature but then one of the questions is what happens if we try and look at the further dualities what do we get here what are the in particular there should be something geometric arising here and the analog of the fact that we have a geometry which is dual to these brains arising here so looking at the full string theory we start off with the type 1 prime string theory on which the type 1 on a circle cross 9 dimensional minkowski space which is T dual to the type 1 primed on this orbit fold S1 mod Z2 cross 9 dimensional minkowski space and then we can compactify both sides on the three torres and do the chain of dualities we've talked about so the type 1 prime can be thought of as the 2B string theory identified under the operation omega which reflect which is orientation reversing on the worldsheet and then we get the 2A theory the type 1 prime is the 2A theory modded out by reflection in the 9th coordinate together with which is the circle coordinate together with this orient orienta fold T dualising we get the 2B modded out by the Z2 which involves reflection in four directions and an orienta fold the astualising we place this by minus 1 to the left handed firmy number and then T dualising again we get a geometric orbit fold of the 2A on T4 modded out by this geometric Z2 which is an orbit fold limit of the K3 and so we understand as so this is the understanding of the duality between the type 1 on T4 and 2A on K3 at this point in modulised space and so we have the corresponding transformations of the various brains that we've talked about it the brains in the various series starting off with the 9 brains in the type 1 theory and the brains become gravitational solitons and one of the issues is what happens to the orienta fold planes in this limit so dualising the super gravity solution with D8 brains to one with Klutz-Klein monopoles we end up with a space which is the nil fold fibre over a line with smeared Klutz-Klein monopoles and at the ends of the line interval we get some sort of geometric dual of the orienta fold planes and this is the same set of dualities which we get from dualising the type 1 prime string which takes it down to 2A on K3 so this is an argument which predicts there should be a region of the K3 modulised space where the K3 looks like this picture I've drew here where we have a long neck regions which are the nil fold and we have it over a line and there are jumps in the degree of the nil fold the vatntige M characterising the bundle and at these jumps there will be regions which have Klutz-Klein monopoles and at the ends there will be geometries at the ends of the interval which look like the duals of the 08 planes and this prediction was very safe to make because just such a limit of K3 which looks just like this was constructed in 2018 by Heinz, Sun, Wieikowski and Zhang they constructed precisely a family of K3 metrics dependent on the limit gt such that in the limit t equals 0 it collapses to a line interval so it's constructing a geometry which has got a long neck region for small tiles so we're looking at a particular region of the moduli space of K3 near a boundary and the neck is split into segments each of which is a nil fold fibered over a line and the nil fold as I mentioned is the circle bundle over tile 2 characterised by its degree or churn number and different values of this integer will arise at different segments with insertion and the gravitational instantons or occludsclined monopoles at the plate of the junctions and the ends are cut by spaces which were constructed by Tian and Yao which I'll be saying more about in a moment but these are complete non-compact hypercaler manifolds which precisely have the right asymptotics to glue on to here in other words the asymptotic region is a nil fold fibered over a line precisely this kind of geometry so here's a picture of what this looks like from their paper here there's a case where we just have one bubble in the middle where we have all the occludsclined monopoles at these points here we have smooth caps at the end and the metric is in fact constructed using each of the ingredients is a smooth hypercaler manifold I've talked about the nil fold fibered over a line the Tian Yao spaces are precise hypercaler manifolds and we'll be talking a bit more about the metrics the occludsclined monopole metrics here and the hard part of the mathematical analysis was showing that you could glue these together in such a way as to construct a smooth compact hypercaler metric in other words a K3 metric so the first approximation to their metric is precisely the one which I've been constructing from these supergravity solutions away from these domain walls who have this kind of geometry and the way they resolve these the singularities is that the at the end point the single sided domain walls at the end we resolve with the Tian Yao spaces and at the the jumps points the tau i it's resolved using aguri buffer construction for hypercaler for occludsclined monopoles so the idea here is if you look at the Gibbons Hawking metric replaced by r cross t2 the first approximation would be to smear over t2 but better you could take start on r3 take a periodic array of sources in a 2 plane and construct a sum of potentials which is singular but it could be regularised to give a good harmonic function and then when you've got a periodic array you can periodically identify to get a single source solution on r cross t2 and near the source it's non-singular and looks like a tau of nut construction and this all works fine except one of the tricky points is that because of the regularised sum the solutions are only regular on a finite interval in r if you try and extend it beyond that then the potential v which we talked about becomes negative and the signature flips so resolve the Gibbons Hawking metric by an aguri buffer metric on r cross t2 with a monopole charge n and so these bumps in the middle will be precisely these aguri buffer type solutions near the sources it looks like an n-center multi tau of nut solution and if we have coincident ones we get a normal fold singularity and in this way we get a consistent hypercalometric on some interval in this region here and far enough and so each of these kinds of metrics only works for a finite domain and the hard part is showing that these can be glued together so let me say a little bit about the Tianiel spaces that arise at the endpoints these are complete non-singular, non-compact hypercalous spaces, asymptotic to a nil fold fibre over a line and these are constructed from so-called del petso surfaces by subtracting, by cutting out what's essentially a two-tor it's more precisely a smooth anti-canonical divisor and on this space here one can Tianiel had an existence proof of the existence of metrics of this kind so just like the Calabiol story it's an existence proof rather than a construction the del petso surfaces are complex algebraic surfaces characterised by their degree which can run from one to nine for degree nine it's Cp2 for degree B it's given by blowing up nine minus B points in Cp2 and there's a second one of degree 8 which is Cp1 cross Cp1 and this gives a complete classification of the del petso surfaces and hence of these Tianiel spaces so the Tianiel space is constructed from the del petso surface of degree B and it's asymptotic to precisely to a nil fold where the degree of the del petso becomes the degree of the nil fold and we can extend this to degree zero by taking the case where M is what's referred to as a rational elliptic surface and then in that case the nil fold just becomes a three torus it becomes untwisted and we get the cylindrical region the cylindrical region will just be R cross T3 and we get asymptotically we get a cylinder T3 cross R in that way so we take so we resolve the singularities here with a grwy buffer matrix at these domain walls and at the endpoints we introduce Tianiel spaces the degree of the Tianiel spaces goes up to nine because of the classification of the of the del petso surfaces so the charges of the insertions of the Clutes Clive monopoles have charges up to 18 this almost agrees entirely with the type 1 prime picture but it said but whereas the type 1 primed we got there were 16 D8 brains here we get 18 instead of 16 so we're finding this almost precise agreement from what we'd have expected from duality apart from the fact that we get 18 instead of 16 here and the resolution is as I mentioned in the introduction is that the idea that you have 16 D8 brains is correct at weak coupling for the perturbative type 1 prime theory but at strong coupling it turns out that an 08 plane can emit 1 D8 brain to leave a new kind of plane of charge minus 9 the so-called 08 star plane so then at strong coupling this would give a picture of the type 1 prime where we had 08 star planes at either end and 18 D8 brains on the interval or we could have some of the brains coinciding with the 08 star planes and then we get exactly the same equations as we get for the degenerate K3 and both cases have 18 sources and this allows for these 18 sources are needed to allow for some of the gauge symmetries which we know for example from the heterotic dual should arise here for example the possibility of SU-18 gauge symmetry so if we look at matching the moduli spaces now we see that the type 1 prime moduli space is given by this coset which has got 16 D8 brain positions the value of the dilaton the length of the circle or the interval and after dualising this gives an embedding of this type 1 prime moduli space in the moduli space of K3 which is of course a much bigger metric moduli space and in particular we can understand the moduli spaces in this way so for example if we look at the oriental fold of 2B T4 mod Z2 which arises as one of the duals we to understand how T4 mod Z2 looks like a long interval or in other words what this K3 looks like in the as a dual of how this moduli space is embedded in the moduli space of the K3 we can parameterise T4 mod Z2 we can regard this as T3 cross an interval where at the ends of the interval we identify the three torus at the ends by to pin a Z2 so we have a long neck which looks like if we take the interval to be long we have a long neck which looks like T3 cross I cross the interval but the ends pinch off to get this restriction and then the moduli comes from the positions of brains on this picture and if we then dualise one further we get the picture of the K3 with a long neck cross the dual of this T3 which becomes the nil fold and we get the moduli from the positions of the Cluth's Clive monopoles so we see that the duality between the heterotic or type 1 on T4 and 2A on K3 are understood as TNS dualities at the orbital point but not at general points in the K3 moduli space it doesn't extend there because there are no isometries however matching the moduli spaces of the two theories means that we can understand how what the corresponding duals are and the duality at one point in the moduli space formally leads to a duality at all points and in particular we can translate moving in the type 1 prime moduli space into moving in the 2A moduli space in this way how much time do I have 3 minutes ok so I'll say a little bit about the non geometric generalisations there's a generalisation where we replace the three dimensional nil fold with a higher dimensional nil manifold which instead of being a circle bundle over a two torus becomes a TN bundle over a T, a torus bundle over a torus and rather remarkably it was shown from supergravity arguments by Gibbons et al that if you take certain bundles of this kind fibre them over a line just like we fibre the nil fold over a line you can get not a not a hypercalometric but a special halonomy metric on this space and one of the work and with my student we looked at this structure and looked at what happens under duels of this and we found that the special halonomy metrics dualised instead of two nürbur schwarz five brains or Klutz-Klein monopoles instead to intersecting nürbur schwarz five brains or the corresponding intersections of Klutz-Klein monopoles solutions so the kinds of bundles we get which arise in this way the simplest ones are these which give rise to these kinds of halonomies including G2 and spin seven as well as Calabi Al so looking at the chains of dualities we took what we've been talking about was based on the duality between the Tau of Nutt or the Klutz-Klein monopole and the nürbur schwarz five brain and the corresponding multi source generalisations of these so we showed that with my student we showed that the special halonomy metrics of Gibbons et al T dualised to intersecting five brain solutions with one function and it was then very straight forward to generalise this in such a way that there was a different harmonic function for each of the intersecting five brains and then this in turn gave rise to a special generalisation of these special halonomy metrics with several functions all of which were highly smeared over many directions but we also know from the intersecting five brain intersecting brain story that there's we can do a little better and go explicitly to semi local solutions and this gives rise using that same generalisation here gives some semi local construction of special halonomy metrics and the full story will be understanding the relationship between fully localised intersections here which would then give rise to special halonomy metrics here and one of the and one of the and what we're still working on is trying to understand this duality further and in particular there's a possibility that just like we constructed a complete compact hypercalometric for a general limit of K3 that there could be there's a prospect of compact special halonomy spaces arising in this way from these intersecting brain solutions in a way which again would be again it's something which is formally seems to be predicted by these dualities and it would be very interesting to understand in detail whether this works and whether this could be used explicitly and then one of the nice features about this picture is that we have a very explicit model geometries for these different regions of this space and because the individual regions apart from the endpoints we understand they have isometries we can explicitly do T dualities and other dualities for the model geometries which are glued together in this full metric and so we can go some way to understanding the effects of string dualities at least to this in some detail at least at this region of the modular space and in each case it gives a picture which is consistent with what we'd expect from our understanding of string theory it's also intriguing that dolpetsos are arising here in an interesting way and it's also intriguing that dolpetsos have been invoked as having structures which are dual to many which seem to reflect many other structures which arise in string theory in particular relations to u duality but the chairman's standing up so I'll just quickly come to the conclusions I've talked about the nil fold in its dual giving local solutions of string theory fibreing over type 1 fibreing over an interval dualising gives full strength, dualising in type 1 prime shows how to incorporate these into full string theory solutions and it gives an interesting realisation of K3 in a particular degenerate limit as a nil fold fibreed over an interval with Knut's Klein monopole insertions and Tianyau end caps and it's a very interesting approximate geometry for K3 that allows explicit duality transformations in an interesting way and we see that some of the non-perturbative effects of oriental folds like the O8 star planes now after these S dualities become perturbative aspects of the dual geometry in type 2a and we can understand that the O8 in the type 2a picture and the O8 star and the normal oriental fold planes are very much on the same footing and it's and it's led to a lot of some interesting ongoing work involving generalisation to special helonomy manifolds and to non-geometric duals to all of this story but that's for the future and I'll stop here and once again wish so the this new folds T4-1-D2 for special helonomy is basically replaced by joises or before construction or it's rather this is similar to covagia so these don't seem to be related to the joise construction but it seems to be giving other to other constructions which are looking much more like duals of intersecting brains and because there are two types of constructions I think now one is joises and another like eight years later by covagia I'm sorry if I'm not pronouncing no you're probably pronouncing it better than I am but I would but I think it would be very interesting to understand that kind of question more fully so the short answer is I don't know but I think that's that kind so I walk to be I mean looking for the adelogs of the orbifold point T4-1-D2 in this story is a very natural place to try and understand these dualities and then Z2 square was for joise right and it was almost like T4-1-D2, Fibre, Dolmer and other T3 right singularities were always cummer so my impression although I'm not an expert on this I haven't looked at this in detail is that these seem to be corresponding to different orbifold points which is one of the things which makes it quite interesting Any other questions? One of the early slides you had this convention this blowing up of the metric and the linear dilaton so what does it mean that the linear dilaton blows up? So for example if you looked at the type 1 prime theory without putting on these if you just looked at a single a couple of D8 brains without the orientafold planes then you'd find that the dilaton would be increasing would be going off to infinity somewhere and that would mean that in those regions you wouldn't have a perturbative string theory and you wouldn't really know how to deal with that So it's no longer linear then? So if you've got a non constant dilaton you can always choose a coordinate so the dependence is linear so it depends which coordinates it's linear in one coordinate system but it means that the perturbative picture is not it's not valid so you might look for a hajava wittent type construction or some other kind of construction to try and understand it So you just want to pursue regarding when instead of having say two, three, five of a having the flags for something or having new poles when you have this generalisation of multiple new poles which is a T-dualised to the input second NS5 which in turn generate the whole KK monopoles sector do you have u-dualities in this case or is it possible to construct a transformation which would lead to what would be u-duual of such construct when you have a collection of n-folds So that's a good question so all of this story has various u-duality generalisation so I talked about the case where we had where we used combinations of S and T-dualities which could be thought of as giving a u-duality but we could certainly there's questions about stories about more general u-duality transformations one of the problems is that a lot of these other duels there are things where we don't understand the perturbative string theory formulation so it's harder to make progress there but I think that's a very good question for the future sorry I missed something there are no more questions


pain. What a pain. It looks terrible. We got to move this back a little bit. All right, looks like people are in here. Hello, Dave and sparkster here. We made this should work. This should work because I have backup if Wi Fi goes out. What this has been a pain and I had graphics all ready for you guys. I had graphics set up. I had pictures of the as a reveal. So I was going to show hello, Jeff Woodman comic tropes that does somewhat make up for my difficult difficulties. Thank you very much. Hello, gentlemen and Sardis or Slaughterhouse. Wow. This is a real professional operation. You can tell. Hey, it's codename to Vera too. Nice to see you. Hello, Sal and gas. Yes, I'm back. So yeah, thank you everyone for making the jump over here. After the disaster, the other one was I don't think I told your live chats on screen on this like I can on the other one. And CJ ACDC and sparkster and space Cobra, Bader Ray Bob. Thank you, everyone. Even though I can't show you graphics. Hello, Mike Lagin. Even though I can't show you graphics and images from the the has lab reveals, we can still talk about them. We'll still talk about them. You've probably seen that. Hello, Jose. Yes, no more shenanigans. I'm gonna I'll do my best. I'll do my best. We're off to a great start. It's the best ever, best ever. So I wasn't even able to get house. I was just trying to get the housekeeping stuff. So we can talk about the actual substantive stuff, right? So I mentioned the Patreon. I mentioned the fund me. I mentioned Timmer. I mentioned codename to Vera to what else I think that's it. Let's move on before it screws up again. Move forward. Let's move forward. So one bit of GI. So what you're probably talking about is IDW losing the license to GI Joe and transformers. So again, this is something that everybody's already talked about. But we haven't got it yet. So don't know where that license to go yet. Don't know when to become of the Larry Hama title. Just don't know. We don't know anything yet. But I don't mean I'm trying to be optimistic here. Maybe this opportunity to refresh the brand Comma Trope says it's up with Robert Kirkman. Very well may be and that has been floated around as a possibility and that's very much a possibility. And maybe it's not a thing. Maybe it is an opportunity to refresh the little bit. Transfer is probably the big money title for whoever that license. The license will probably have it both and both. And you know, given that Hasbro's attempt to promote new Joe through the snake eyes movie of flopped comic books is relatively in a means to keep GI Joe in public and just something out there, especially if they're trying to now rework exactly what they're going to do with the GI Joe brand. So I think the comic book going just makes sense that they will. Whereas whether Larry will continue. I don't know that he wants to continue. He may not want to continue. He doesn't. Yeah, my camera is hilarious. It tells the best books. If he doesn't want to continue. Well, first of all, Larry does want to continue. I hope that he's able to continue. I want to be able to continue. But if he does, my hope would be that he would be able to wrap up the seats in his way, wrap up these in a way that happy with in a way that he was able to do with with Marvel. Hello, heavy. Thank you for joining. So so that's my hope. Obviously, if he wants to continue doing it, I hope he can continue doing it. But I mean, I could see the possibility that he might prefer to, you know, to wrap it up. You know, he didn't get that chance at Marvel at Marvel at Marvel. You know, he kind of had the rug pulled out from under the series was cancelled without the opportunity to tie up loose ends. So yeah, I think I think that would be nice. And if this is not the occasion he's not ready to go yet, at some point in the future, I do hope that he has that chance. I just don't want to I just don't want to be taken out from under him without having the chance to to finish it. I want him to be able to finish it his way. So knock on wood, he'll have the chance to do that. So that's a bit of G.I. Joe news. It's not necessarily good news, but it's not necessarily bad news either. It's probably bad news for IDW, but it's not necessarily bad news for G.I. Joe and Transformers. It may in fact be great news. It may be going to another publisher who will have fresh ideas of what to do with it. So so that's not necessarily bad. Hello, Cinefile. Thanks for joining. Hello, Jake. And anyone else that I missed, thank you for joining. So let's talk. Let's talk about the Haslab G.I. Joe reveals for 2022. Who got Jay, I'm late coming in. Yeah, actually, a good thing that you're late because the start of the the live stream was a complete mess, a complete disaster, which is why we're doing it in this different format than we usually do it. Hello, Matt. Thank you for joining. Okay, so let's talk about these reveals. Yes, Tomax and Zemot, but not in that order, they actually announced them in reverse order. Clever, clever. So right off the bat, Haslab on Fan First Friday announced a classified series Zemot. Other than the slashes removable and he has the scar. Oh, thank you, Josiah. Yo, believe me, I appreciate it greatly. Thank you for your tolerance this evening. Thank you very much. So we got Zemot announced first. And then we got Tomax announced directly after that. So these are in the classified series. So these are six inch figures. There we go. These are six inch figures. And Tomax has a little bit of a different spatial expression. He's got kind of a smirk on his face. He's it's the they the parts that they use are not necessarily interchangeable. They are mirrored. So that's kind of cool that that that requires extra effort and extra tooling to actually mold mirrored parts for each figure. So that's that's nice. But what what they didn't say for sure is whether these will come in a two pack. Will they come packaged together? I think they should. If you I don't think there are very many collectors that are going to want one but not the other. And if you if you don't package them together, inevitably, you're going to find one but not the other and you're going to be stuck with half of the twins. Some people are just will not be able to get both of them. So just put them together. Just just package them together. You already have a couple other multi packs. So why not just make them a two pack? That is my comic tropes only collects them on. See so what comic tropes could do is buy the two pack, pulls them out, put Tomax on eBay, a problem solved. So those are the first two reveals and I should point out that they did not have figures in hand. They only had digital renders. As the fact that they are using digital renders raises some questions about a couple things and I will get to that. And this is where if I had my regular presentation, I would be popping images up on the screen. Just imagine just imagine the here. Hold on. I'll draw it for you. Hold on. You know what? We improvise. We improvise. Here we go. Let's see. Yeah, there's Tomax and Zima. You can see you see there's the scar. So just imagine this is this is the the digital renders popping up on your screen right now. The next reveal was one close to my heart and that is stalker. They are doing a classified stalker. There is one thing that's very surprising about this and that is they are using the name stalker. I guess we shouldn't be too surprised because they did recently release a retro stalker. So they are still using the name stalker even though that it's it's a little bit uncomfortable calling a figure stalker nowadays. And I get that. I get it. But apparently Hasbro thinks it's fine. You know, so they're like, yeah, we're just going to call this guy stalker. What what what's you going to do? So the digital ranger that they put up had stalker wearing like a dark camouflage uniform and a scarf. The scarf made it difficult to see a lot of the details on the chest. A lot was covered up by the scarf. So it's hard to know exactly what the chest and the torso completely looks like. The color scheme is also really dark, like really dark like it is a dark camouflage color. And they did mention that this is a new military body. They are apparently using a new body for stalker. At least that's what they mentioned. And so I think that's good, even though they they obviously they could reuse parts for this guy. I am happy that they are adding new parts. They are creating new parts and expanding the parts library that they can use on other figures. Also, they didn't have the accessories, didn't have any of the accessories for any of these guys. But they did mention that stalker's accessories will have some some callbacks to the message I said. So I'm assuming that he'll get his submachine gun. That's it. Well, if you count the scarf, besides the scarf, he needs a submachine gun and he needs a kayak. Let's make it happen, Hasbro. Kayak. So, yeah, I'm intrigued to see stalker. I won't see the figure. Obviously, I'm going to get it. I can't not get stalked, my favorite guy. But I'm very curious what's with him. And as we have learned with other figures in the classifieds, if we're getting stalker with a an updated deco, chance are very high that we'll get in the future another stalker that has more additional vintage deco, so probably more of the light green and dark green clash, I will bet. I'm assuming. But that was the next riddle. Very intrigued about stalker. Very interested in what he comes with. They did the beret is removable. That's to be expected. In general, the berets have been removable so far. The net they announced may have been a little bit of a letdown for some people was the bareness, a classified bareness again, but with a new deco, it has basically an all black uniform. They said it has a new face print and new packaging. So I assume this will be on like a retro style packaging. So, so just a recolor on the bareness and if you have, um, if you have bareness already, and there have been a couple releases of the bareness already, I think the movie meant you just not be interested in this year. Now, if you were not able to get the earlier bareness, then you're in luck because this is one that is very faithful to the. Oh, hey, they gone says, folks still got time for my so they gone is running an art contest. But thanks for mentioning it. They gone. Yeah, if this, this, this um, bareness line is very close to the vintage figure. In fact, you as hello from Serbia again, hello from the United States. Thank you very much. I appreciate it. Hello. So yeah, you're getting a figure. This is something that can be said about Tomax and Zemot. They have designs of yours for classified very little. They are very close, very close to the vintage designs just scaled up. So if that's what you want, and some people really did the one with one of the big complaints that I heard early classified series is that new designs are not what we were wanting were years based on the classic design upscaled from the classic design. I keep more and more videos. I agree peg warmers. So if that's complained early in the series, well, you may do this as I'm that issue by giving you very vintage inspired designs. If, however, you already have a bareness, then there's not much new here. There's just not and it may not be worth getting if you're satisfied with the one you already have for Tomax and Zemot. You know, the first figure right out of the gate is almost one for one, an upscale of the vintage figures. So after that, and keeping with the theme, they are reissuing Lady J with a new deco with a new deco in her 1985 colors, and most likely in retro packaging. And this is another one where it's basically a reissue of here that we already got with some other colors. Now the colors they are using are very close to the 1985 figure. So again, if you want an upscaled 1985, you're going to get that if you are not fond of the updated color palettes of the classified series, you're going to get an inspired color of those same figures, it seems. Again, as with bareness, if you already have the Lady J that they issued, the standard issue Lady J, you may not feel that you need a new Lady J with just different colors. So, you know, I don't think there's any reason to be a completist on classified series, especially if some of the figures are like very, very similar. They're so similar that you feel that you just already have already. And that's not the only figure in this announcement that is like that, where we'll get to the other one. But in between announcements of classified figures. And Jack says, Lady J, favorite female figure from the vintage toy line. I can see why she wore, that's a really, really good figure from 1985. I like it a lot. I really love it. If I had to choose, so I think I may prefer the updated classified coloring, the darker green, I just think looks good. So I'm sure I will need an updated Lady J figure. I'll probably get any way because I would like to show it side by side with the previous release and just see all the differences. So I'll probably get it. But I don't know if I'll need it. I mean, I'll need it, but I don't know if I need it. So we'll see. But in announcements of GI Joe classified series figures, they moved talking about O-ring figures. This is another thing that GI Joe fans have said they wanted. They want O-rings. When announced the Walmart exclusive retro series, everybody assumed it would be O-ring figures. And it wasn't. And a bit of a stink was raised about that. They're working on that. So they've got a couple O-ring figures out there. They have more O-ring figures coming with the haz black eye striker. And they seem to be expanding the O-ring series, the O-ring figures, because they announced a two pack O-ring troop builder, the first one being a Cobra officer, Cobra trooper. So a two pack troop builder with a Cobra officer and Cobra trooper as O-ring figures. Tony says no one is. And I apologize. The chat goes by really fast. And I'm doing my best to keep up, but I'm not keeping up well. So I'm sorry about that. Probably some people have said that I have not been able to respond to. So I apologize. I really do. So yeah, a two pack troop builder. Now the thing about a two pack troop builder is you got a trooper and an officer. And you can't really have the same number of officers as you have troopers. So like a couple troopers would be better or two troopers and an officer. They did something similar to that on one of the later announcements. We'll get to that. What is the largest vehicle that could still be made at classified scale? Honestly, I don't think we will get anything larger than a vamp. I think eventually we will get something in the vamp scale. Anything larger than that would be prohibitively expensive, even with like a Haslab project. So even like a his tank, I think would be just too big in the classified scale. I don't think we're going to get anything that large. So the O-ring train continued with another announcement of a two pack. This one being Duke and Cobra Commander. Duke is inspired by his animated series coloring. So he has, you know, the animated series colors and the red epilates on the shoulders. It's fine. No problem. It seems like we will always get a Duke and even more Cobra Commanders. This is a face-plated Cobra Commander. And I'm very curious about something. This Cobra Commander is also in his animated series colors are as close to the animated series as they could get it. But it was just a digital render. And this is what I'm talking about. Sometimes using the digital renders raised more questions than it answered. Because while the other parts of the figure looked very close to vintage, the head looked a little different. So that raises the question. Is it a new Cobra Commander head or is it the old Cobra Commander head? I don't know. I think it's the old Cobra Commander head. I don't think they've done new tooling. I would be surprised if they did. But I mean it's possible. It doesn't look like the vintage part in the digital render. So that's why I'm saying the digital render raises a couple questions.  I don't think they remolded it. But it remains to be seen. We shall see. We shall see. But hey, this is something and I have to credit Hasbro when credit is due. This is something where they have listened to fan feedback. Fans very loudly and clearly. See you Michael. Fans very loudly and clearly said they wanted O-ring figures. And we are starting to get O-ring figures and they're starting to put out more of them. They're starting to push out more O-ring figures. Now it's not. It's still not clear how many of the original molds they have. But that's why I'm looking to see if they put out anything that that's any different from, you know, anything they've put out in recent years. Anything to indicate that they've retooled something. Because retooling would be significant investment in the future of the line. If they are investing money on new tooling, that means they're expecting this line to stay around and be profitable for a little while. But again, I don't know that they're doing that. If I were to guess, I would say they're probably not. But yeah, it remains to be seen. It remains to be seen. Yeah, we'll have to see. Well, we will see. But yeah, that's just something I've got my eyes out on. It's like are they reusing the tooling that they have whatever they can scrap together, or are they creating something new? I don't know. I don't know. But hopefully we will find out soon. So the next announcement was Destro classified another classified figure, another redeco, they're taking they're taking the classified desktop that we already had a figure that most people really like, by the way, and they are just changing the colors, just changing the deco, reducing the number of colors. So it is more close to the vintage figure that it's closer to the vintage figure, but somebody pointed out the the the eyebrows. That's the other main difference with this Destro figure from the original release is that he has eyebrows on his helmet, which I assume somebody sharpied on that metal mask like as a joke, you know, somebody got a hold of the mask or or when he was sleeping, somebody took a sharpie and drew the eyebrows on. And of course, you can't see it because he's inside the mask. I don't know. I don't know what how I feel about eyebrows. Destro, I'm not I'm not sure about that one. Yeah, I get it. I know in the animated series, he had an expressive face, even though he was wearing a metal mask, somehow the metal face would move when he talked. I know it's weird, but but eyebrows, but eyebrows, I don't know. Yeah, it's supposed to be more like the Sunbow look, but but I don't know how well some of the Sunbow design would look if you translate those sensation action figures. I don't know. So they might not translate perfectly well. But again, who by any chance missed out on on the first Destro release, that was missed out on that. I'm sorry, you should try to pick one of those up. She missed out on that shot at a a read code Destro classified be here and and I do these read this red echoes are going to be on retro packaging. I know they're gonna come out with some retro packaging for these guys. Her spirit is pushed back to September. I haven't heard that, but I hope not. I would like to see spirit that is a that I would really like to get hands on. It looks good. And that's another figure that is very, very full to the to the 1984 vintage original figure. So we have a draw and we have yet another classified cloud figure read echo and that is the hoe they are releasing gun hoe in his 1983 colors, which means light blue, green camouflage, light blue that they the hat is better, the looks more like a hardcore, you know, cover. So the hat is definitely better than the previous gun hoe figure. Best is closer to the vintage figure as well. Don't know what the extras are, but I assume we'll still have his grenade. The tattoo on the chest still is not the Marine Corps tattoo, but it's closer. It's a bit better. It's definitely better than the first release gun hoe. A lot of people had a problem with the tattoo on the first gun hoe released beyond just it not being the correct or tattoo. I think the assumption is that the assumption is that they just can't use it for legal reasons. So, you know, if that's the case, then fine. If they can't use it, then they can't use it. But besides that, the tattoo on the original didn't look right. It was not, not great. The new one seems to be a bit better, so more improvements. But you may, again, look at this as a figure that you already have and you may not feel that you need it in a new color scheme. And that's totally understandable. I get the figure as, I mean, for the hat alone. I really do not like the hat on the gun hoe, the other classifier. So, yeah, I'm thinking just for that, even besides just the change of the color scheme, the hat, it's really nice. So, there's that. And then there was one more release, one more release. And that is the other three pack. It is three pack of classified offers. You get two troopers and an officer.  Excuse me. The officer has a slightly different color scheme than the troopers. I believe the troopers are going to have a very slightly different operation than the initial release. And this, I think, is the one that a lot of people are looking forward to. They are facilitating troop building, which I know a lot of people want. This, back to the 2006 Viper pit, they tend to something like this four-ring Vipers in 2006. They released a six pack with a bunch of Vipers and one officer. So, this is something that I know a lot of people are going to be going for and are going to be really happy to get. You know, I'll probably get, I typically army build thing, but I would still like to see how they do the figures. I still would like to see them in hand and see what they look like, and how they stack up to earlier releases. Yeah, I'm very curious. So, that's the release. Somebody in the act did point out something else that we want to talk about, some additional Joe News. But before that, so those are the announcements. Let's run through real quick. Tomax, we got Stalker, Baroness, Lady J, Cobra Officer and Cobra Tuber overing two pack, Duke and Cobra Commander two pack, Crossified Destro, Gun Ho and Viper Pack. So, what are you guys saying? Are these that are standouts for you? Are there any that you really don't need? Are there any that you're just in? I have my opinions about them, but I'm really sure if you guys have thoughts. Yes, Gray Fox, I am talking about three Joe's very soon. I want to give everyone a chance to express thoughts they may have about the Hasbro pulse announcements. Are any of these that you have to get? I mean, I think I have to get Stalker. I have to. I mean, they, you know, they're making a kind of figure of my favorite guy. I mean, I can't not get him. I just hope that he looks good in hand. I really do. Super 7 Snake Eyes in the wild really. Is it really that hard to come back? I mean, I don't think so. I've been told that the Blue Snake Eyes Super 7 figure is in numbers. People, I guess, thought it was going to be a chase figure, apparently isn't. I'm just going to get all of them a complete list. That is dedication. That is dedication. So, one for the eyebrows. Hillbilly, Prepper, the PO box. I cannot type because of this, but look at the PO box unboxing video. You should find it. Am I breaking up again? I shouldn't be. This says signal is good. So, sorry if I'm breaking up. I apologize. So, before I completely break up and go, you know, this thing breaks down again. Let's go ahead and talk about the other thing that we should talk about. And that is, there is a new character from 3D Joe's. 3D Joe's is doing a new ARC omnibus, we could call it, of the artwork guy Joe. It's going to have all new photographs, much sharper, much better. It's also going to have some information about pre-production. There's going to be a lot of new stuff in it. So, if you have the six volume set of collecting new T.I. Joe from 3D Joe's ready. Thank you, Yorktown Joe. Have a great evening. So, if you already have the six volume set, it's going to give you, I think, better graphics. It's going to be an update, but it's not just new images. Apparently, it's going to have a lot of information in it as well. So, if you have to look at it and if you can back it, that is really awesome. 3D Joe's is a great website. Carson, the guy that runs it, a really cool guy, does a lot for the community. There's a lot for T.I. Joe and he is making 3D Joe's the go-to site since Yo-Joe kind of got the rails. So, 3D Joe's is a website you should visit. And if you have a chance, check out the new Kickstarter and back that if you can. I did back it because it's going to have a ton of information that will be great for research, for videos. So, yes, it's going to be a big size. That's correct. Updated photos, better photos. He showed some updates of photos like site-by-site with the earlier editions and it is significantly better. So, I am looking forward to it and so check that out if you can. How long time? I'll wrap it up here. So, photoviper, you're late. It's okay. Thanks. I'm just glad you're here. So, yeah, I'm going to, I'll wrap it up here and just, I apologize for the difficulties. That's very frustrating. That doesn't happen on every live stream. It just happens occasionally. And it's even what I do to the hardware, to the software, to the website. Nothing seems to work. If it's having that issue, it's just going to have that issue all night. So, again, I apologize. But thank you. Thank you for your patience. Almost everybody came over to new streams. So, I appreciate everyone who did. But I think I am going to wrap it up. I got, I just got back from a few rolls before we started this. I am pretty tired and I think I'm ready to crash now. So, we are going to have a live stream next week and it's going to be good. It's going to be a good one. So, please join me for that. If I have a chance, I may kind of do like a bonus live stream for you guys, just to make up for the difficulties on this. So, if I have any extra tweak, we may just do a bonus. Thank you, Josiah. Please take a moment to subscribe on JoeMine. Hey, that's a good one. W.O.E. wants on JoeMine. I am always in the live chat for their live stream on Fridays. They would like to get some additional subscribers so they can get past the 1000 subscriber mark. Please subscribe to them if you are not already. Rob says thanks for the pug. No problem. Pugs are adorable. I need to have a pug. Pugs are like their little fuzzy kind of chubby short-nosed dogs. They are sweet. Sweet dogs. You are welcome for the pug.   Pog plug. Yes, you're welcome for the plug too. That's anytime. But yeah, I think I'm done. I'm down for the count. I will catch you guys later. I'll try to make up for this later this week and we will have another live stream next week. So, thanks a lot, guys. I will say good night and I will see you next time. Bye!