everybody. The topic for today is serial extraction. So serial extraction is basically an interceptive orthodontic procedure that is it is initiated in the early mixed antition period. This is the period where you can anticipate any potential irregularities in dental facial complex that can further lead to established malocclusion that will require comprehensive orthodontic treatment. So you recognize this in an early stage when there are signs of crowding, severe crowding in the patient and that is when you it is intercepted. So it is an interceptive orthodontic procedure. Now let us see the definition. There are two one by the gun given by the well and one by profit. Now the key word here is the correctly timed and planned removal because you do it at proper timings only. So serial extraction is the correctly timed planned removal of certain deciduous and permanent teeth in mixed antition with dental alveolar disproportion in order to alleviate crowding of incisor teeth. The next definition is serial extraction is the timed extraction of primary and ultimately permanent teeth to relieve severe crowding. Now let us have a look at the history. So patient was the first to point out extraction to improve extraction as a therapeutic procedure to improve the irregular alignment and crowding of teeth. Then Jelgrin in 1929 first used the term serial extraction to describe a procedure where some deciduous teeth followed by permanent teeth were extracted to guide the rest of the teeth into normal occlusions. Then Nans in the 1940s popularized this technique in the USA and termed it planned and progressive extraction and hordes referred to the procedure as guidance of eruption. Now there are three main factors that are to be considered as the rational behind serial extraction procedure. First is the arch length tooth material discrepancy. Now what is one of the most important causes of crowding? This is when there is excess tooth material that is present compared to the available arch length. So there is a discrepancy in arch length and tooth material. So this is one of the main factors to be considered. Next comes physiologic tooth movement. This is teeth have a tendency to move into the empty spaces that is available for it. It moves in that direction. It drifts in the direction. So when you extract certain specific deciduous teeth this allows for the proper eruption direction of the erupting permanent teeth. Then comes the normal dental skeleton and profile development. That is serial extraction is indicated only when there are normal skeletodental relationships and is any other cases not an ideal case for serial extraction. Now what are the indications? What are the ideal cases for serial extraction? Class 1 molecular occlusions are the ideal cases a true relatively severe hereditary tooth size or jaw size discrepancy if it is present. Makes a good case for serial extraction or if there is a mesial step mixed dentition which show signs of developing into class 1 permanent relationship eventually when there is minimum over jet and over bite. If the facial pattern is orthognatic or with slight alveodental protrusion. So how do you make out if there is hereditary crowding present? So these are the signs that you look out for which would make the patient an ideal case for serial extraction procedure. That is if there is maxillary mandibular dental alveolar protrusion without any inter proximal spacing. If there are crowded mandibular incisors if there is a midline displacement of permanent mandibular incisors resulting in the premature exfoliation of primary canine on the crowded side. If there is a crescent shaped area indicating external root resorption on the mesial aspect of primary canines which is again caused by crowding due to permanent lateral incisors. If there is bilateral mandibular primary canine exfoliation resulting in lingual uprighting of permanent incisors that is there is a lingual inclination of the incisor. If there is a spraying or if there is a flaring of permanent maxillary or mandibular incisor caused by crowded malposition of unadrupted permanent canines due to the pressure of the canines that cannot erupt and if there is gingival recession on the mandibular incisors. So these are the signs of hereditary crowding or because of arch length tooth material discrepancy. If there is a prominent bulging in vestibule if there is a discrepancy in size of primary and permanent teeth this reduces the leeway space and eventually leads to crowding. If there is an ectopic eruption of permanent maxillary first molar or impaction of permanent mandibular second molars. Now other than these hereditary causes hereditary jaw size discrepancy causes there can be other causes also such as trauma, itrogenic causes, transposition of teeth, rotation of teeth, ankylosis of primary teeth, premature loss of primary teeth which can lead to drifting of the permanent teeth into these empty spaces, prolonged retention of lower second primary molars that is over retained deciduous teeth, inter proximal under stored caries this can again lead to loss in the arch length, abnormal exfoliation sequence and altered emergent sequence all these can also lead to crowding. Now what are the contraindications? Class 2 and 3 malocclusion cases with skeletal abnormalities are not an ideal case for serial extraction. If there is space dentition serial extraction is strictly not indicated anodontia or oligodontia. If there is open bite and deep bite because serial extraction can worsen the condition of deep bite, if there is midline diastema, cleft lip plalate, mild to moderate crowding which does not require serial extraction but can be corrected from other procedures such as proximal stripping for example, dilacirated teeth. If there are extensive caries for restoration or if there is class 1 malocclusion but with very minimal space deficiency serial extraction is not required and again if there is a mild disproportion. So all these cases are not ideal for serial extraction so it is important to keep these in mind. Now what are the advantages of serial extraction as a treatment procedure? The main thing is that this treatment is more physiology because it is all physiologic you just extract the deciduous teeth or if required permanent teeth at certain times and you just allow the erupting permanent teeth to be guided into proper space you are not using any other external force. So it is a very physiologic mode of treatment and also because this is an interceptive orthodontic procedure it can reduce the psychological trauma associated with malocclusion in if there is if it can lead to establish malocclusion in later stages of the life by intercepting it in the beginning much before you can avoid the psychological trauma caused by malocclusion. It eliminates the duration of multi-banded fixed treatment that is comprehensive orthodontic treatment eventually. Better oral hygiene is possible because it reduces the crowding then pedodontal health that is health of investing tissue is preserved and even if orthodontic treatment is done after serial extraction the retention period that is required once the treatment is completed is much lesser comparatively and more stable results are achieved as the tooth material and arch length are in harmony now. However the disadvantages are that as we saw it cannot be universally applied to all patients. Treatment time is prolonged as the treatment goes on for 2 to 3 years as we saw in the definition itself the timing is very important and it goes it can go on for a very long period of time which means that patient cooperation is extremely necessary to report on the proper time as and when required. As the extraction spaces are created that close gradually the patient has a tendency to to protrude the tongue into those empty extraction spaces that have been developed so it can lead to the developing of the habit of tongue thrusting. Then extraction of buckle teeth can result in deepening of the bite if the procedure is not carried out properly there is a risk of arch length reduction if it is not timed properly then the arch length can be further reduced because of the mesial migration of the teeth into the empty extraction spaces and there can be a result in space that exists between the canine and second primolar. Now before starting the procedure before making the diagnosis how do you determine that this case is ideal for serial extraction. This is through a complete set of diagnostic records which includes panoramic radiographs, cephalometric radiographs, CBCT, oriented facial photographs, study models and intraoral photographs. Now dental radiographs must be taken for the following reason for documentation purposes. For detection of any congenital absences of teeth, supernumerary teeth, any root resorption signs that is that is that can be evident of crowding pattern to calculate the total space analysis and assessment of trauma to teeth if any and to evaluate the size and position of the third molar. Cephalometric radiographs are required to evaluate the craniofacial dental relationships before treatment. You evaluate the skeletodental positions and the treatment should be gone ahead with only if the skeletodental relationships are normal. It also helps in assessment of soft tissue matrix prediction of growth and development as a basis for monitoring of skeletodental relationships during treatment and for detection of pathology conditions before and after treatment. Facial photographs are required for evaluation and documentation of craniofacial relationships again for assessment of soft tissue profile and for occlusion curve analysis and to monitoring to monitor treatment progress at each stage of the treatment. Study models are required to calculate total space analysis to assess and document dental anatomy in the intercalciation arch form. All the model analysis is done using the study models, the model analysis to determine the amount of crowding that is the amount of discrepancy in the tooth material and jaw size which is an extremely important factor in determining whether the patient is an ideal candidate for serial extraction. Now how do you know what is the proper timing for the extraction of the particular teeth? So 3 factors need to be considered. The effect of extraction of the primary tooth on the eruption of its primary successor, the amount of root formation at the time of emergence, the length of time for the attainment of various stages of root development. Keeping these 3 factors in mind you decide on what time the extraction should be done. Now there have been various procedures of serial extraction that have been proposed through the years. Some of the important ones will be discussed here. First is Devel's method. So this is commenced at around 8 to 9 years of age that is mixed dentition period. So here first the deciduous canines are extracted that is C.  Then once the canines are extracted after 1 year deciduous first molars are extracted that is D. Now once the D is extracted this accelerates the eruption of the first premolar into its space. So once that is accelerated the extraction of erupting first premolar is then done. So after all this is done it allows for the proper space for the canines, permanent canines to erupt in proper alignment. So the sequence to remember for Devel's method will be C D4. Then comes Tweet's method. This is also commenced at around 8 years of age. Here first all the first deciduous molars are extracted. Unlike Devel's method canines, the deciduous canines here are allowed to remain in position so that the eruption of permanent canines can be delayed. Now after 4 to 10 months of extracting all the first deciduous molars that is D's then extract all 4 erupting first premolar teeth that are erupting into its position along with all 4 deciduous canines. Then once this is done the canines and incisors are properly aligned in their spaces. Narn's method is again very similar. Extraction of deciduous first molars followed by extraction of first premolars, deciduous canines allowing canines to erupt in alignment. Now Moyer's method is slightly different. Here extraction of all deciduous lateral incisors is done first B. Then wait for 7 to 8 months. Then extract all deciduous canines. Extract all deciduous first molars followed by premolars. Then finally this provides space and align canines. The sequence here is B C D4. Now there are certain problems that can be encountered in the case of serial extraction. Inadequate root paralleling, buckle enter digitization of the teeth. Space closure and alignment can be a difficult issue. Then it may worsen cases of overbite and overjet that is excessive. It can lead to excessive overbite and overjet. Skeletal profile disharmonies and anchorage considerations are also important to be kept in mind because this is important for comprehensive orthodontic treatment. So all these factors need to be kept in mind. So serial extraction is like a double H4. It has its own advantages and disadvantages which it requires a very comprehensive diagnosis before its implementation and you need to carry on the case only if you are very sure that the patient is an ideal candidate for serial extraction. So the main points to be remembered under this topic is the definition, the indications for serial extraction, the contraindication, advantages and disadvantages and the three main sequences or procedures of serial extraction that is to eat NANs and devil's method. These are the three methods that are important to remember the sequence in which the extraction is done. So serial extraction does not eliminate the need for comprehensive orthodontic treatment. However, if it can be done efficiently, it can shorten the length of the treatment that is required in the eventual stages of life. Thank you.


He's using the drill because this is being reused so we don't want to damage that as you can see Got a block working all top points at the top. Tie away. Is it in? so It's a Tuesday It's a beautiful day Right now we're mic'd up It's 14th of March And it's half eight and we're back on the same estate with the extension job is because the customers here Walk past us. I think they've got a dog so walking past with the organ noticed us So asked us to come and have a have a look to give them a quote. So this is today's and tomorrow's job The bricks have been ordered and are going to be delivered today stroke tomorrow. We're not sure yet But there's plenty for us to do today. So this Basically, they're in the kitchen done. So they need a bit of remodeling on the brickwork So what we're going to do is take this window out Take all this ugly pebble-dash off Tooth everything out Well, probably do the toothing first with that monster and Then this window is going to be transferred around the corner. So to doubt New face work all the way up and we're going to go a little bit out there take that vent out and break that back up as well So it's all nice and tidy and then we're going to obviously it's all block works already enough to there So we're going to carry that block work on up to the top I'm not sure show you what we always do when we're breaking up a window which is knock the jams out Because back then they used to return the block work back to the face work and put a damp course in So that's going to give you a cold bridge now Which we can sort out so we cut the cavity back out and we run our installation into through to the cavity So everything runs right through so you lose the Any chance of any damp getting through and it's called bridging strip that hundred millilitres out of the window That's there now Won't transfer any damp or cold after and then little stays and there's no point ripping that little out and then this window It's being transferred to here So it's going to be put against this this edge Then this hat this side is going to be two doubt and all that's going to be two doubt So that's going to be bricked up up to the window and then we're going to break up this side up to the window Which comes to about here So new windows going here Face work face work block work block work So I think we'll be able to it's got an open on it So be able to take that opener and actually fix that window onto this side On this side, we'll put some screws in some of the long grabbers stick them out about three and actually build them in as we go So that's it. There's a lot of two of them to do quite a bit of mess but Just this is just our kind of job So no need for a skip because the cost because the kitchen's getting remodeled I'll be getting a skip when they rip the kitchen out So we're just going to pile a muck down there on the drive on the concrete drive. I Can't think of anything else now. I think that's everything. I think that's enough talking now Alex is getting the van unloaded I'm going to get this evolution set up and start making a mess So we'll stick the camera somewhere up high out the way from the dust and get cracking So Just got nine and he's great way so excellent bricks are here He said he's gonna try and get them around the back for us It was good trying go on to that road and drop him here, which if you can Smashing it's a lot less moving around for us. So well When he gets round we'll see what happens and if now we'll see you then That's certainly a Lot easier than being out on that driveway. So Thank you. He's great. That is a save does play about He's great. He's great. He's gray Warrington. Thank you very much. That is saved us a Lot of moving around and messing about now. We can just get them covered if it starts to rain Happy days. So dad's eager to get drilling now. So I'll pass you back to it Rock down. Yeah Down Header out for two then just a few more to go. I'm Taking this out while he's doing that But dad's a drill and again, but Progress it's do what better than a the last extensions brickwork. They mortars a lot more softer If you didn't hear that he's not only easy to use He's using the drill because this is being reused. So we don't want to damage that and That is coming out eventually, but we might need an accrue for it. So he's gonna see we're gonna see about that later and this there's a lot easier than a the rendering on Jason's job and And they've just done it in brick and it's flat. So I'll yank them out. Oh Yeah, and they've set it back obviously to make the rendering flush But yeah, so I'll get them out now dad'll keep drilling We'll hopefully make some good progress before break or before the rain comes Pardon Oh Yeah, there's the injection holes for the insulation right I'll let that get real in again They're coming out nice and easy Once that comes back, I'll get into I give you a demonstration but obviously because they just Sit on edge. There's less resistance Demonstrate thank God.  Oh Trying to move polystyrene balls. It's hard enough when they get wet It's an even more of a nightmare Because then they just don't pick up No, when the bone driver the worst when the wet stick together a little bit bone drivers the wind just takes them Hmm, you can't hover up. You can't move them up when the wet though They suck either way Yeah These just came out by accident but a If you sir if you sir aware around the middle of March was wet week, so we're We're in in the impending doom Yeah Much as we can done before For that rain comes I mentioned at the beginning it's forecast crap this afternoon, but We brought the evolution tent with us to give it a try for the first time We've got a bit of an overhang gear Hopefully it'll fit in here, and if you showed me overhang on the back Yeah, we should be fine for rain on the back just this out It's gonna be a pain But yeah, hopefully this evolution tent will come in handy. I better I better help I'm just studying around Back to the bricks. Well, there's what we had and there's what we're getting But yeah, I love the moment, but But that's our at least all that's left now is that part and the rest of that so Yeah, we're having a break now or ten o'clock I'm ready I'm ready for anything Hey Yep, just in break right you're the reason I've got this bad boy So yeah, we'll have a quick break see what this is doing, and then we will See what happens. Maybe we'll get this evolution out if it works. So Do you have to break time? 11 Half 11 25 to 12 give or take so That was a mammoth task, but we're done We've had two two snappers, which is absolutely amazing considering these are London brick the That's a bit of a mess at the moment I've stuck a brick in a few packers under that corner just to support it, but on a cavity lintel The lintel's supported on the inside skin That's not going to go anywhere that because it like I say it's built into those skins So that's just belt and braces that would just take that as we get up to it We're going to clear all this shite out now. We're going to get a mix in And Alex is going to start running this in While he's doing the mix Stick some plastic on the wall inside there You see we just starting to come through there just to get the dust down and other kitchens coming out But it's still being used at the moment so Plastic around the window out and then what we need to do is knock all that out All the cavity closures that have been built in And they're quite solid then Like every three are tied in see and then the others are just ricks and that means it's a 65mm cavity So it's not a bad size cavity that Anyway, that's a that's our task before lunch clear up Get a mix set up and get this window out And while Alex is running that in I'm going to pop around here And crack on with this with this too then Let's do the same again. I'll just do it with a drill for now might take a little bit out with the Devolution but then go back to the drill I just noticed this is a three-quarter here So we might have to take them out depends how the bond works So yeah, look at the box drying out nicely. They've soaked the vanity with that wet So Yeah, that's the time Right that top one was the only screw holding this frame in now so Everything's out there That's holding nothing. That's holding nothing. I'll stay there a bit. I want you to push this frame out Let's get this frame out. Shall we put you on the bin? On the evolutions Hopefully you can hear me now The camera says you can so we'll see right boom That was a lot more work than we thought as usual. It always is The took the fan out Took everything out clean the cavity out It's all nice and clear down below dpc ready for us to put new installation all the way in This is the important one you must take The returns out of the cavity So your installation goes right through don't forget. There's no window there anymore It's a solid wall So you're you get ready a cold bridging What wouldn't be damp because the because the damp course is in there, but you you want to get ready a cold bridging clean monstrous Concrete wrinkles up there the size of that So yeah That's the plan. No, I haven't told you the plan is yet. But there's Alex. He's about to put a mix in the rain's actually stopped for now Which it's forecast all afternoon. It's been on and off luckily as you can see There's no blocking this it's all brick which is very rare because it's about 60 60s maybe early 70s So it's weird seeing them using brick on the inside But yeah, we took the top off here as well. There's a big brick and edge here with the The cavity closed off across here as well. So that's all been knocked off. So we've got a completely clear cavity now all the way around We'll probably be bossing that in I'm putting the block in there so they can plaster that So yeah mix is going on now I'm going to get these blocks cut because we've worked out the pieces. So we've got half full block full block 80 mil piece And then the other is the 320 piece block block 320 piece block block. So it's just um one two three Six cuts to do so I'm going to rattle them off now. I'll let's get some mixing He's just using our I think isn't that a curtain side? I think it's the side of our gazebo. You see the evolution tick It's covering bricks up today. We haven't used we haven't put the tent up yet. We still haven't done it but we will When it gets bad enough and it's like it's blowing a bit windy down here So I don't want to put it on and struggle with it blowing away. So Plus it's stopped stopped So they can go up no problem And then Alex can start rattling the brick working and I'll go around there and start prepping for tomorrow So yeah, hopefully we still get a good day out of this So we'll catch you in a bit progress update. We've almost got this in one more course to go and so I want to show you Before the comments start rolling in Got me tear weighs here Alternated on each course.  So it's just most has gone a long way But yeah, so last course then shift all this stuff back and then try and get some well not try I will get some brick working. So get you sit back up while I finish this off and catch you in a minute There's a few shades in them right Maybe that's been a long day for me because of the Because we can't get the grinder right in and we can't get the reciprocal in It's drilling So it's very slow going So obviously that side's done. You've seen that I've got this side done This side done and I've just managed to get a few cuts of the grinder in there So you can get the grinder packed away because it's actually about quarter past four still got half a mix of these up But um took all them out took the two course out from under the door It's still safe enough Alex made a lovely job of the blockwork Great job. So it's just a little bit of tights up doing there I've packed all the stuff away Going to get everything in the van Needs the last thing and then jump on with Alex who's Currently one two three four four courses up So tomorrow When we get back we're going to come early Get in here and mix in half seven I've got grinding out and stuff to do up there Drilling out But um I'll jump on this with Alex till about eight o'clock till it's Till it's a decent hour and then I'll jump on that and get those rest of those twos out The twos have just took so long But like I say we always do things properly So all that's been done So basically tomorrow Alex just gets a line up and backs these in While he's doing this I'll be around there get the twos out Get the doorway out the door window out And then cleaning that window Just do there cleaning that up ready to go in there And then all all the customers have to do then is just seal it because you don't want to bricklay a seal in your window You know Like I said, they're having the they're having the kitchen done So should imagine the kitchen fitters are behind it doing a bit of sealing so they'll probably get them to do it for them So that is it Especially job and knock on the motor but it is it is getting on a bit but We knew it's gonna be a tough one today, so We'll just keep plugging along And we'll catch in a bit Well, I'll tell you what I'm uh, I'm a bit surprised we've got that much done Considering now the weather's been although we're saying that the weather all things considered has been very generous Because um, it's been raining that way. So I've been quite sheltered from the rain here and dad's had the air that That there to keep him covered a bit. So I've done quite well as you can see Got a block working all the top points at the top tie away is it in Just get a close up for you boom boom boom boom boom And there you go we're about 17 courses up, I think so we're over halfway That's just ready for a scaffold hike tomorrow 10 to go 10 11 28 this one. Oh, so 18 courses done then Happy days. Well, there you go. So that's that done and I'll take you around here quick because dad Hasn't been doing nothing He's got most of the toothing out ready That's all toothing actually isn't it? Oh that bit there But um But up to window height, he's got the toothing done. So Tomorrow we've got to cross our things at the weather's just as generous to us and it's took longer because Instead of just destroying the frames the grinder held back Just in case they don't want to get they want to sell them All the shit are getting in the comments about throwing stuff in the skip So they have an option it's up to them everyone throwing the skip or not, but I won't be throwing it in the skip It's sellable So we'll catch you tomorrow. Well seems we football. I forgot to film an outro again. So From from the office Thank you very much for watching if you enjoyed be sure to There was a thumbs up and if you're new to the channel. You want to see more hit subscribe and tap on that bell That way you'll always be notified when we upload. That's always a massive help and we greatly appreciate the support This has been quick playing with steven alex and we'll see you for the next one


You know, Abe, I just, that's why I just came here. Isn't it fantastic I would have believed it of my own brother, of my own. I mean, that's the little thing. What's this gonna do? Would you be saying to him,


So at the end of last year, I went through the rankings for the top 10 for the men and I made some predictions to see where everyone would be at the end of the season. Of course, there was a lot of injuries to some key names, so it's going to look a little bit dodgy, but let's go have a look at how many I got right and, more importantly, how many I got wrong. So coming in at number 10, I've got Yannick Sinner. Now, some of you might have him a lot higher because he has got the potential to be in the top five, possibly in the future, maybe even a number one, somewhere down the track. Alright, so I had Sinner a little bit lower than maybe some of you might have had because, of course, I didn't expect him to do as well as he did, especially at the end of the year, where he really dominated the season, only lost to a couple of guys towards the end of the season post-US Open. I did have him playing well at Wimbledon and made the semi-finals there, so I got that one, but yeah, I had Sinner way lower than maybe I should have, probably should have put him in the middle of the top 10, but I just didn't think he'd made the adb finals, and that's where he definitely proved me wrong by making the final of the finals, going undefeated until that final, winning tournaments, making the finals of big tournaments as well, but Yannick Sinner, number 10, way lower than he should have been. Coming in at number nine now, and I've got Hogaruna. Now, again, another player that a lot of you might have much higher in the top 10, but I'm just a little worried at his game at Slams. So I wasn't too far off. He finished at number eight in the world. He was number nine, I think, going into the final weeks of the year as well, so I only was one spot away, not too bad. I'm pretty happy with that one. And he did okay at the Slams. You know, he did make the quarter-finals of the Wimbledon, also the French Open, yet again, made a good run at the Australian Open as well at the start of the year, but it was those points at the end of the year in Paris towards the end of the season when he had all those massive chunk of points. He did play well in Rome and Monte Carlo, which I didn't expect at the start of the Claycourt season, and he got to the final of those two events, so maybe if he had won one of those, he might have been a lot higher, but wasn't too far off with the one spot away at number nine. Coming in at number eight now, it's Alexandre Zverev. Now, Zverev impressed with how he's come back the last couple of weeks, and it looks like his injury might be behind him. And I was going to put him a lot higher, but I just couldn't justify putting him too high, because that foot is still a worry for me, and he could be out for months if that foot gets re-injured. So it wasn't too far away. Zverev finished at seven. I put him at number eight. Didn't think he'd go high up the rankings.  Of course, made the semi-finals of the French Open. Again, you know, getting those points and regaining those points. So he didn't lose too many points at the start of the season, then gained everything at the end, making the ADB finals as well really helped, but not too mad at that one with seven and eight, not too far away. Coming in at number seven now is Caspar Roud. Now, currently in the top three, so a lot of people are probably thinking, hang on, why isn't he going to stay in that top three? So he finished number 11 in the world, did drop down from number three to number 11. I did think he would drop down and couldn't replicate those US Open. And the ADB finals points, of course, didn't qualify for the ADB finals, which makes it really hard to defend those points. He did make the French Open final, though, which was a bit of a surprise. Back-to-back finals. Lost to Djokovic. Last year he lost to Rafa. So maybe if he avoids those guys, he might actually win a French Open, but very unlucky for Roud not to sort of do better, I guess, on some of the hardcore events. He did have a really bad run losing, you know, first, second, third rounds, especially the Australian Open, US Open, played terrible at those events. Of course, didn't play well at Wimbledon and doesn't like playing on grass, so that kind of throws a lot of points out the window as well. Coming in at number six now, I've got Stefano Sintzi Pass. Now, it's hard not to put him high up, but it's also, I don't think I can put him any lower. He hasn't played very well at the big tournaments. So my first right prediction spot-on, number six in the world. He did make the Australian Open final, of course, which kind of saved a lot of his points from the start of last year, but couldn't replicate most of those other things. Couldn't get to the final of Sintzi. In fact, I think he lost in the second or third round. Monte Carlo, he lost as well, which really hurt his rankings. So he did go up the rankings a little bit at the start of the season, but he just went down from there and he ended up at number six, made the air to be finals, but got injured, didn't get to play that event to its end. So maybe next year he gets a little bit better, but number six in the world spot-on, I'll take it. Coming in at number five, and this might shock a bunch of you, but I've got Carlos Alcaraz. I'm just kind of like rude. I feel like they've had a very good season. I'm just a little worried about backing it up next year, and I think now he is going to fall down. All right, so look, this prediction was not great. Number five, man, I mean, how disrespectful. I should have put him at least top three. It was number one on and off throughout the whole season. Of course, Djokovic sharing that ranking with him, but man, I just didn't expect that Wimbledon win. He won Wimbledon. That really helped his ranking. He obviously replicated Madrid, won that again, made the semifinals of the U.S. Open, which was enough to get him into the A to B finals, which again, he made the semifinals there, made a bunch of points. So yeah, number five, man, I expected a bit of a sophomore slump, and he just got better and better, Alcaraz. How will he do next year, though? Will he get to stay at number two? Or maybe next year, will he drop down at number five instead? But, man, I should have had him in the top three.  Coming in at number four, I've got Felix Ogelyaseem. Now, this will be a massive jump for him if he can get there, but I feel like he turned a corner in 2022. All right, so by far my worst prediction of this top ten list. FAA finished 29 in the world. He played terrible throughout. He didn't make a slam final. It wasn't even close to making a slam final. He could barely win a match throughout the middle of the season. He was injured a little bit, but that's no excuse for the terrible form that he had. He lost a lot of points at the end. He could win Basel to his credit, which defended those points, but it wasn't enough and he was way down the rankings. He fell out of the top ten after like three or four months. So my worst prediction by a long shot, I thought FAA would go from strength to strength. He went and had that sophomore slump that I thought Alcaraz would have. Coming in at number three now, we've got Rafa Nadal and I know a lot of people are going to think, wait, hang on, how come Rafa is not number one? Why aren't you going to put him at number one? So this was a tough one because I think everybody had Rafa in their top five, if not top three. And as I said at the end of last year, you know, number one in the world, he could have got there. Had he not got injured, he's currently 600 and something in the world. So, I mean, look, this is such a tough one because yeah, it's not right. I'm way off. But I don't think it's my worst prediction. She can't predict injuries. Of course, got injured in Australia, didn't get to play for the rest of the year, dropped all these points. He's going to start this season or next season with practically no points. So yeah, look, that's a tough one, Rafa top three. I did think he would drop down a little bit, but man, who thought that injury was going to happen? All right, coming in at number two now, and I've got Daniel Medvedev. Now a little bit strange, he was number one at some points this season, but I feel like this year was very disappointing. Once he lost that Australian Open final, he just never regained the confidence, also suffered with injury as well. So I reckon Medvedev will make a massive comeback next year and finish at number two. He's currently, I think, number six or seven in the world. So he did actually fall out of the top ten after the Australian Open. He did lose all those points because he did lose the quarter at the Australian Open. And then he did rock it back up the rankings and got to number two in the world. I think either before the French Open or before Wimbledon, one of those tournaments, he made it to number two in the world, finished at number three. So back in the top three, and he was that solid number three guy until the end of the season where he started losing to Sinner, who started to make his presence felt and, you know, ending up in number four, Sinner himself. But Medvedev at number two, I don't think that's a bad prediction. I think, you know, making the US Open final definitely helped. Beating Elkaraz definitely helped. He won four tournaments out of five in that start of the year, hard court season as well after the Australian Open. So really did well Medvedev and got back up the rankings as he should be. And the number one ranking is going to be Novak Djokovic. I think most people like putting Djokovic as number one, even if you're not a fan of his, just because of what he did without playing every tournament this year. He didn't play so many massive events. All right, and finished with a high, got Djokovic a one, predicted him at one. He was number one. Look, him and Elkaraz traded number one ranking for a while, but it wasn't till the end of the year where he just took over the number one ranking and stayed there at number one. Next year is going to be a little bit trickier, but we'll see what happens. Maybe, you know, not being number one at the end of the year. Next year might be a possibility, but I mean, it was a no-brainer. He had so many points to gain. Glad to play in America, that was a huge plus. Plus, the Wimbledon points came back, made the final there, of course. And then winning the French was just kind of a bonus as well. So, Novak Djokovic, world number one, I'll take that all day. So, I don't think I did too badly. Again, seven out of the ten, I got right. I got a couple of in the right position as well with guys like Djokovic at one and City Pass in the middle there. Didn't have Rubelev in the top ten. He finished at number five. Massive disrespect there. FAA, I was bought into the hype way too much. Hopefully, next year he can do a little better. Hercatch and Fritz, I didn't think Fritz would stay in the top ten. And he did to his credit. And I gave a couple of other guys that, you know, maybe didn't deserve to be in the top ten. Maybe I gave him a little bit too much credit. But let me know the cost below.  For this year? We're going to do these videos again, of course, in the next couple of weeks. So, stay tuned for those and see how many we can get right for the new season. But I'll take that. I wasn't too mad at those ones, especially with Djokovic at number one. Mevadev in that top three. Maybe you should have given Elker a bit more credit. Same with Sinner. But, hey, there's always next year.


We have seen the MSNE characterization result in the previous module and even before proving that we have actually used it to find the MSNE of a game of the goalkeeper and shooter game. Now let us use this theorem to develop an algorithm in a more formal way. It is essentially the same algorithm that we use to find the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium of the penalty shootout game but written a little more formally. So we are starting with a normal form game as given here and the first thing that we will have to do because the characterization theorem is saying everything on the basis of the supports. We will first have to fix the support profile and we will have to iterate over all possible support profiles. That is the way this algorithm works. So if we go over all possible supports, so suppose for player 1 the support is x1 for player 2 support is x2. So therefore we will for this support profile from x1 cross x2 to xn we are going to develop a feasibility program where the variables are the probability masses over those strategies in that support. So what does that mean? Let us go over step by step. So sigma sj, so if we pick a specific player j and we look at the strategy of that player j which is living in that support. So let us say this sj is in capital xj which is the support. Then we are going to define the sigma and j sj as a variable in this feasibility program which essentially says that what is the probability we are associating with that strategy. So with what probability this player is going to play that strategy? Now what we have seen in the previous module, the characterization theorem says that for all the strategies which are in the support for this player, the expected utility for this player will be same. So therefore we can write, so this is essentially a, so we are here looking at the player i. So for player i, all the other players that is j not equal to i, we are multiplying their probabilities of picking their respective strategies and this essentially is the expanded form of sigma minus i s minus i, this one and multiply that with the utility when this player is playing this si and the other players are playing s minus i. And when you, we are taking the sum over all s minus i is in capital s minus i, note that these are all finite sets, so we can take the summation, this is giving us the expected utility. So this whole right hand term together is nothing but ui of si sigma minus i. We have just written it explicitly so that we can show the dependencies on the individual variables in this feasibility program. And this should be equal to some variable let us say wi and this will be true for all si which are living in that support xi. So here we are considering player i, its support is xi and this equality should be holding for all players i in n. So this is essentially the condition one of that characterization theorem. Similarly for all the strategies which are outside this support so si minus xi, we have this wi which is the value, the expected value that should be at least as much as the expected utility for any strategy that is living outside this sample. So this is essentially just writing out the same two conditions in a more expanded form. So this is condition one of that characterization theorem and this is the condition two for characterization theorem. The rest of the conditions are nothing but the feasibility things so essentially all this sigma j s j are probability masses so therefore they should be non-negative and they should sum to one. So this is this feasibility program is solved for one support profile and exactly this is the procedure we had followed to find out the the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium for that penalty shootout game. We have actually started with different support profiles and we have seen that for certain support profiles you cannot maintain this feasibility I mean there is no solution to this feasibility program so we throw that out and whenever it was possible we found out the the corresponding values of the sigma j s j for all these all these players and that happens to be the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium for that game. So we'll have to iterate over all this possible support profiles and there can be a very large number of support profiles because this x i so x 1 for example can be all possible non-empty subsets of the of the strategy set of player 1 which is s 1 so it can take this many number of possible values 2 to the power cardinality of s 1 minus 1 and similarly the whole support profile therefore will be the product of all these terms so this algorithm is not really the most efficient algorithm and in particular this feasibility program if you look at even for a specific profile of supports that feasibility program is also not a linear program unless there are only two players so if there are two players then this number is essentially a linear so there is only one such variable there otherwise all these variables sigma j sjs are products are appearing in this expression in a product form so therefore it's a non-linear program so which is not very easy to solve but the bad news is that there does not exist any polynomial time algorithm for general games which has more than two players in particular the problem of finding a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is what is known as ppa d complete this is a specific complexity class and we are not going to discuss too much about it the name ppa distance for polynomial parity argument on directed graphs if you are interested you can search about it and find out the complexity class but the the problem of finding a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium falls inside this class and it has been shown by these people Daskalakis Goldberg and Papadimitriou in 2009 all right so with that let us now come to that type of algorithm where you are you are removing the dominated strategy so remember for finding a pure strategy Nash equilibrium we were just removing the dominated strategies the purely dominated strategies we are going to use a very similar thing but now we have the flexibility of removing those strategies for players which are dominated by a mixed strategy of the same player so earlier we were just looking at the domination by another pure strategy but now we can even talk about mixed strategies the mixture of two or more strategies essentially giving rise to the the dominance so in this game so let us look at this specific game here can we actually see some kind of a dominated strategy here definitely we cannot find any purely dominated strategy so let's say if we look at player one none of this strategies t m or b dominate each other similarly for player two there is no strategy which which purely dominates the other strategies but if you look at this strategy so where you are picking half so this strategy t with probability half and strategy m with probability half then you are taking the the the mixed so the expected utility that this player is getting when it's playing half and half so four and half this will be 2.5 and if you take this strategy this expected utility then it will be six plus two times half which is four but that number actually this that mixed number is larger than this three and that mixed number is larger than two so therefore half t and half m this mixed strategy actually dominates b so this is this is a observation that was not possible that were we did not consider when we discussed about this kind of games because in pure strategy in ash equilibrium we are trying to find the pure domination domination of of the strategies by by another pure strategy but here we can actually do that even for mixed strategies so what we can say formally is that if a pure strategy si is strictly dominated by a mixed strategy that's a sigma i then in every mixed strategy of that game si is chosen with probability zero you can take a look at these standard textbooks to to find this proof however the intuition of the proof is very much similar so because now we are in the mixed strategy world we can actually think about the domination by by a mixed strategy and because we have some strategies which are strictly dominated by a mixed strategy of the same player then we can without loss of generality remove that strategy as if the player whenever it was thinking about playing that strategy it can always improve strictly improve its its payoff by choosing the mixed strategy which has dominated it so therefore there is no reason why it should be picked and the mixed strategy in ash equilibrium will never choose that this theorem essentially formally proves that however there is a good news about mixed strategy in ash equilibrium and that is by a result due to John Nash in 1951 which shows that every finite game has a mixed strategy in ash equilibrium what does that mean the finite game that means the number of players and the number of strategies for each of these players are finite now this proof is not very difficult to to do at least we can do it for two players and show it very easily but I will not spend time to go over the proof in the in the module itself rather I will post a note where the where each of these steps you can you can read about it but to read that note there are certain ideas some some mathematical tools that will be needed and some results that will be needed from real analysis that is what I am going to explain in this in the rest of the time so the first notion is about convexity I am sure that you know what a convex state is so a set and here we are only dealing with the subsets of r to the power n to keep things simple the definition of convexity is even general but we are only looking at an n dimensional real space so it is convex if we if for every x and y that lives in this space so if we look at a set s for every two elements and if you join the chord between these two points that is going to always live within that set so to give an example so let us look at a two-dimensional plane and let us look at a specific set which looks like this is this a convex set the answer is no because you can always pick some x and y here where if you take some convex combination so if you take a combination of these two points and you go to a point which is lying outside the set that that violates the definition of convexity so therefore this set is not convex so what will be the shape of our convex set something like a circle or things which does not have such kind of situations where if you draw a chord between two points in that set that goes outside the set okay so the second property the second definition is about closeness so we say that a set is closed when it contains all its limit points so what does a limit point mean so points so limit points are those kind of points for a set where every neighborhood of that set contains a point in s so let us think about this so suppose I have a point and we are going to define this as a limit point if you draw any arbitrarily small ball around it let's say we are still living in the two-dimensional space so I draw a small circle with the radius epsilon and this epsilon can be arbitrarily small it just requires to be positive but it can be arbitrarily small and for every such circle no matter however small it is so you will have some points of s that lives within that so one classic example for an a limit point of a set is when the set is let's say 0 1 open when it is open on this one it means that it is it does not contain one but the all the numbers which are arbitrarily close to one that lives inside this set now we claim that one is a limit point to this set because if you have this real line where it is closed at zero but open at one that means if you are sitting at one and you draw an arbitrarily small circle like this then every such circle will have some point which is living in this 0 1 open interval think about it and you will see this this will take some time to sink in but the but the point that I am trying to make about this limit points is quite quite easy to follow so once we have such limit points will not call this this kind of a set 0 1 open to be a closed set because there exist some limit point so here the limit point is one of this set which is not contained within that set so if we instead had 0 1 which is closed that is we also include the the point 1 into this set then it becomes close closed and there does not exist any other point which is a limit point and that is not inside this set so that is one important notion so we need the this property of closeness boundedness is very very simple we already know by the term itself you know what a what a bounded set is so what what does it say formally we will say a set to be bounded if there exists some point x naught in r r to the n notice that this x naught need not be inside this set s and some finite r so this should be larger than 0 and should be smaller than in finite so it is a finite radius r such that if you look at every point so for every x that is living in x if you take the difference between the distance between x naught and x and we are just looking at the l2 norm that should be smaller than r so let's say we have a set s which is looking like this it is in let's say it is in r2 again two-dimensional plane and suppose there is x naught and there is a radius let's say r and then you you can draw this circular ball around this x naught point all the points that you can pick from this set s the Euclidean distance between x and x naught will be bounded within that r so if we can do this this kind of an we can ensure this property then we say that this set s is essentially bounded now you can play around with this properties you can see the conditions where it is convex but not closed closed but not convex closed and convex but not bounded and so on you can actually create examples of all sorts and that will essentially make your understanding better now we are going to call a set to be compact if it is closed and bounded so we are just using the fact that this we are living in this r to the n so these are only real spaces for so there is a different definition of compactness when it is not r to the n but since we are here it's easy so every set in r to the n which is closed and bounded that is also compact so that's what we are going to use now a result from real analysis that we are going to state and this this result will be very much useful improving the the Nash theorem and this is called the Brouwer's fixed point theorem so what is a fixed point fixed point is nothing but a point where a a function gets mapped to the same point where it started from so let's say we have a function which is starting from x and it is mapping to x the same set then if there exists some x which when you apply f to it and get fx that value is nothing but x itself so if you want to draw a figure in two dimensions this is nothing but so and suppose we have a function like f of x so on the y axis we are plotting fx and on the x axis we have x then what it what a fixed point is saying is that it is the point where it is crossing this x y equal to x line so this point here is a fixed point because at this point whatever that x let's say x star is the value of that fx star is nothing but x star itself so therefore we call that point to be a to be a fixed point now this Brouwer's fixed point theorem is saying that if if you have a set s that is convex and compact and if you have a function which maps that set into itself and the function is also continuous then it says that t has a fixed point so that means that there exists some x star in s which maps which is getting mapped to itself via this function tx we are not going to prove this result this proof is a little complicated rather it's already a very well known result but I can give you an illustration of this result in two dimensions so suppose we have a we have a very similar thing we have t on the on the y axis t of x and we have x on the x axis and we know that this function is so suppose it is mapping some interval here so 0 to m or something this this interval into itself so on the y axis you also have 0 to m now this function looks something like this maybe like this and the this result is saying that you can always find some point which passes through this y equal to x line and that you can you can clearly see that this is definitely going to be possible because this is a function it has to give some value at each point from 0 to m and because this is continuous can you ever draw a function which does not pass through this you can't because this is this is like a box and you are going from one point to another and try out different ways of drawing a continuous line on this which has values from from every point from 0 to m you can never find any point which does not pass through y equal to x yes if it is if it was a discontinuous function then you could have drawn something like t equal to t is of this value here and then after that it it changes its value so in that case it might not intersect with that y equal to x line but as long as the function is continuous this this fixed point is guaranteed to exist and the browser's fixed point theorem is essentially saying that


Welcome to start up the storefront presented by Aura Bora All right, welcome to the podcast on today's show. We're talking to Haley from the painter land sisters company people who don't know what your company does What do you guys do? What do you guys make? So we are two sisters who are fourth-generation farmers on our family's organic dairy farm And we make an organic Icelandic style skier yogurt made with milk from our cows and other cows in the area So here are three of our flavors, and we also have family sizes as well And we're in Philadelphia. You said Pennsylvania. We're in Pennsylvania. Are you guys probably the farthest away from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh? We're in Taiyoga County, West And how big is this town? How many people are in this town? Let's just say there's more cows than there are people So that's a thing my sister usually likes to say that we grew up with more cows and cousins than than people to talk to And what made you guys want to start this company? You could have went into farming you could have done a bunch of other things You could have got into cattle Meets why sort of descend into the the yogurt CPG land? Yeah, so From our perspective, we're still fourth-generation farmers This was our way to sustain and vertically integrate our family's farm by creating a market that was stabilized and that we could really tell our story and so we still view ourselves as directly a part of agriculture and This after looking at all the different value-added products. We possibly could make we thought this was the best product That we could bring to the world. It's very new trans dense Transparent and we we feel like it's the niche Did you guys explore anything else like obviously there's a poster of cheese behind you? Did you guys play with cheeses or was it always sort of the direction was let's go into the the yogurt land? We played with cheeses. I personally was into cheese As soon as I graduated college Stephanie graduated from a liberal arts school in Pennsylvania And I graduate I went there as well with her and I transferred and graduated from Iowa State After graduating college. I moved to New Jersey and made different cheeses I'd sell into farmers markets in the city and Philadelphia and places like that So we got to actually make the cheese by hand right from the animals in the land and age it in a cave and Monger the cheese. So it's such a beautiful thing creating cheese creating yogurt It's a combination of art and science together my roommate from that cheese journey kind of told me that she's a dairy farmer in Costa Rica, so we looked at a ton of different products Cheese was one of them. We designed a cheese processing plant before we launched into this and Ultimately we looked into the market a little bit more what our mission was which was to sustain our farm so we had to get large enough in order to support it and We wanted to provide a product that consumers really were looking for and needed and that's like a very new trans dense Transparent yogurt and so then as you guys start thinking about that obviously scaling a shop or a plant Is your plant located on the farm or how does how does all that interact like where where is the yogurt made the skin? The skier everyone's like how do you say is a skier is a skir what? The skier like you're a skier going down a hill our farms in northern Pennsylvania We produce it in central Pennsylvania and a co-manufacturer there and we store it in southern Pennsylvania So we have the full connection of Pennsylvania pride And what was the first step you guys had were you guys attending like farmers markets to get this into the public? And so you realize you were on to something or what was the first dabble into Testing your product making sure you guys had something that was worth investing in and spending all your time You know obviously so much time and resources, but what was the first step? I'd say the first step so we started planning in 2018 We sold our first cup of yogurt March of 2022. So this was four years of research Many different business plans the last business plan that we officially jump started with Was a 120 page plan that we presented to the bank or family or community And so although we didn't officially try the product we got to try a trial batch About four months before launching and that trial batch was 14,000 yogurts that we couldn't sell So we pedaled it around to different opportunities. We wanted to connect with Um and got to got to get it in the hands of everyone we could think of we didn't exactly know where Where we were going to sell this stuff We definitely didn't plan it being national at first. We thought it was going to be kind of a state product we for some reason thought that the state of Pennsylvania could eat 60 000 cups of yogurt every single week right from the beginning, but The market size is not there. So yeah, we we had a trial batch and we pedaled that stuff and our Subarus and our cars and got it out to to as many people as we could and that connected us with our first distributor It's actually a Mennonite distributor John F. Martin connected us to local stores And then we got connected with a broker who got us into and we got to present to giant So then we launched with giant shortly after After launching with giant natural grocers picked us up and we became national And then central market being in tioga county. Stephanie lives in southern pennsylvania and liditz I live right up here on the farm and she she's up here more than three quarters of the time But um my sister and my mom signed me up for the woman of the year in our tri county or tri-state area and so I Was the top three. So there was this video that started going around linkedin and the buyer from central market saw it um with some connections and networks of people we knew and so we launched with central market Got into kahi the distributor And then from there we got connected with sprouts and launched with sprouts. So this was all within six months of launching That's pretty incredible. And are you guys funding this yourselves at the beginning just bootstrapping your way to success or Yeah, yeah, so that 120 page business plan that we actually were able to write through We got grants at first You know, we have to pay for our graphic designer and all the work that goes into starting a brand before you can actually sell anything We got grants from the state of pa through organizations like dairy center of excellence for farmers And so it helped us build our business plan get consultants and really create a robust team To understand what product do we really want to launch and why and so that's why I think we didn't Start out as curious because we spent so much time with Really high-end advisors asking the right questions getting out there and putting putting the thought into it before So with those grants we had the business plan the business plan We got a loan from our community bank and that's what funded it up until About a year and a half after starting That's so crazy Like that's so what I was in uh, I don't know if you know this place. It's called cuba new york It's a very remote place in new york. It's like farm country. It sounds a lot like you're describing Cuba cheese. Yeah, Cuba cheese. And so My wife's grandmother has a house there And I think it's like probably equal equal amount of amish as non-amish people And it's like there's farms everywhere And so when I think about just to put my window like my brain into You you know you have this product all over the country And so it seems crazy that Someone from a farm in a place that very few people will probably ever go and right go visit Unless you know someone unless you're personally connected is now expanded their reach You know nationwide that's It's incredible. It sounds incredible to me I live in la and so everybody here is on the hustle and bustle And so when I meet someone an entrepreneur here and they have let's say a product in pennsylvania It doesn't sound that crazy But having been spent some time in cuba. It sounds pretty remarkable. I mean pretty amazing It is very remote and rule. We actually didn't have great internet up until Two months before launching this so luckily we got fiber optics in and we got some some good internet And we were able to start the company online And now that everything has kind of switched to remote. We can have meetings. We can pitch different customers All remote. It makes it so much easier We can have employees from all across the world and because of that fiber optics into the rural areas For all these rural development projects that are being put in it's It's thank goodness for that But on top of it, you're right like we are so far in the middle of nowhere And the pride that comes out of our town our county and our state now Is just unbelievable. Our local restaurant is our biggest fans and supporters They have a bunch of our signs and posters and videos up and people will come in and see the painter land sisters in our local restaurant I really love that. No, that's that's such a great story when it comes to oof, I guess When you came to market and so I noticed your product is also lactose free, right and so Most skier is not obviously you guys are using dairy cows. And so what was the decision that you guys used You know, what was the decision-making process there? That you you know to decided to which is really smart by the way, at least for me in los angeles are Where I am right now.  And so why why that decision for you guys? Yeah, so Dairy is such an important nutrient like it can provide 13 essential nutrients for our bodies And it's such a powerhouse food that I strongly believe can fuel so many And then we found out that over 65 percent of americans have some sort of lactose sensitivity So that's 65 of the country that might be able to consume. Yeah, it's crazy, right? And when you look at data like that, it's like how could you not especially when it's such an Easy process. Yes, it costs more But now 65 of the country can enjoy these products Real dairy products again that fuel their body That they might not have had the chance to or would have had to switch to plant-based alternatives Or take a lactase pill every time they want to enjoy something and let's be honest Someone's going to take a lactase pill. They're going to eat ice cream. They're not going to go for the yogurt Yeah, they're not they're not going for a healthy option. That's for sure That's funny. And so how do you guys do it? You just add the enzyme into the product? Yeah, so in the culturing process you add the different cultures to Basically sour the milk and then you add the lactase enzyme in there as well. Lactose is just milk sugar.  They're best friends And in our bodies like the 45 percent that have a lactase enzyme already naturally in there We can separate those sugars But people who can't who don't have lactase enzyme in their stomach naturally These sugars do not separate and it just causes uncomfortability. So it's like a I always relate it to an m&m with hard candy on the outside Like people who are lactose intolerant can't get to that sweet chocolate on the inside.  That's exactly that's a perfect example of that How did you guys decide what price to to come to market with? Like how much is one of the yogurts today if I go to a store here in LA? What am I what am I paying? It is definitely one of the most premium products and it's got a premium price with it So we recommend around $2.99. We see it anywhere from $2.15 to $3.50 So that varies because it's a suggested retail price But we try to put as much nutrients in here as possible and arguably It could be one of the most nutrient dense yogurts on the market I'm not a very definite person because you never know what's out there But it's got four cups of yogurt and every single cup of milk And then it's the organic milk Which when the cattle graze and have that opportunity to be really healthy Their the outputs that they have in their milk are are way more nutrient dense typically an average They have more amegas the cow is just healthier and they can let out more more nutrients We're also cross-bred herd that sounds a little weird people are like, what is that? Yeah, what does that mean? I've never I've never heard of that. So like the different cattle breeds have different nutrients And so the typical black and white cows might have less solids or nutrients in it They have more volume of milk versus a cow called the jersey a breed called the jersey They're really small deer like looking cows and they have way more fats and proteins And so you're going to be able to get more nutrients in a cup of yogurt So ours are basically six different breeds of cattle all mingled together So that we have the healthiest different outcomes and more nutrients per cup and a healthier animal That's really good to have in your investor pitch. That's so fascinating because to me it's like wow I don't know anything about cattle and these different and so now I've just learned something that's super interesting and And I guess that makes your product a little bit better if it's more Nutrient dense when it comes to protein how much protein I'm talking about per cup of yogurt Yeah, so the plane has 18 cups of or 18 grams of protein per serving and it's a 5.3 ounce serving size The fruit it have 16 grams And what flavors are you guys rolling out with right now? So we have six simply yummy flavors six, okay Plus the two big Multi-serves so we have plain strawberry blueberry lemon Meadowberry named after Stephanie's daughter meadow Stephanie's my sister So meadowberry is just a mixed flavor of strawberry raspberry blueberry and elderberry And we just launched savannah's peach And what's your favorite? What is your favorite flavor of all of these? plain My sister loves the vanilla bean I wanted to talk about this so I you know off air. I was telling you We invest in startups sometimes and or at least we we speak to them when they're raising capital all the time Probably five companies a week. I would say and so when this happens Usually the conversation of a crowdsource campaign will come up. They're thinking about it You know the market is an ideal right now investors are holding tight blah blah blah And so one of the options comes up we fund or kickstart or whatever it might be And so you are currently in a in a we funder campaign and you've you guys are well over $700,000 First of all congratulations kudos to you. That's unbelievable.  You're obviously doing it presently successfully And so let's give people a window into that but uh first why Why the decision to do that and then two tips and tricks that are working out for you Yeah, so we were chugging along, you know selling yogurt We became a national brand less than four months after starting within 12 months of starting We sold 1.2 million dollars worth of yogurt We've now been in business a year and a half And we've sold over three million just this year So just for perspective January of this year, which would be month 11 in business We sold 170 thousand dollars worth of yogurt that month in october We sold 462 thousand dollars worth of yogurt And so it's more than three times increasing in our business. So we're we're moving along We're getting great traction. We're picking up new stores We're in almost 2000 stores nationwide now in every state but Alaska We're getting a lot of increased pickup per store and are really focusing on the natural grocery channels And so we're getting a great product. We're getting traction and now Looking for funding. It's like how do we want to do that? And our vision for starting this company is to sustain our farm and other farms around us for generations to come And to connect consumers to the direct source of their food the american farmer There's very few products that are farmer owned very few yogurts on the industry and so transparency and also The ability to know where your food comes from and also support our economy because farmers are the backbone of it They're the stewards of the land and can be one of the number one sources of sustainability practices And so we need to support them And our farm's been around for four generations We wanted to create a brand that we could Continue to expand Hopefully for generations to come and really create a stability stable foundation Which is why we focused on premium quality and connection through social media and talking And so when we were looking for investors We wanted the same in return and we had so much support from our community to the point where it was like Why not just open it up and let people invest who really care about that mission Who want to join us with it? Who are consumers of the products or who have connections? And so networking is key like we When we first started remember I told you we had 14 000 yogurts and we pedaled them around not knowing where we were going to sell them So somehow I ended up in an Amish guys car from Lancaster county We became friends and we pedaled to New York city. We drove and tried to sell it into the city So the same thing with fundraising. Why not like open the doors because you never know who you're going to meet Right and so by launching a crowdfunding campaign We can talk openly about what we're doing about our successes and our obstacles and opportunities And what our vision is and really take control of what our destinies are going to be And so crowdfunding and we picked we funder because it's a very notable site That this can be the avenue to create these connections and networks Open the door to meet new people and have them join along with us when you think about Being a fourth generation farmer. What similarities do you see? Like what what what has growing up in that environment taught you about business and about maybe your specific approach to business I always said I never wanted to be a business person Um, I just wanted to have good food Meet good people and to live on my farm very humbly, right? and so just really leading with authenticity and connection and so our business minds both my sister and I Are just thinking outside the box being creative and knowing that no one has done this before you No one has done this before us exactly the way we're doing it And so you can get all the advice in the world But take all those advice take the different perspectives and overall make make a decision you feel comfortable with because No one's done this before and so it's a new path Yeah, it's it's personal to you That's fascinating and so when it comes to the just the we funder the the day You know the day in and out of just making sure that campaign is live What kind of things are you guys doing to get the word out social media? Obviously, but how are you guys spreading it? What are you doing to get to and obviously you're at seven hundred thousand dollars? So it's working. So what are you doing? What what do you realize is clicking? So if you talk to the different people who raise on we funder they have different perspectives But I think majority of them raise online or through their internal connections through calling people They're just pushing it on their own social medias We set up in-person meetings all the time. We call people We have these events called graze and gather events people can come they can try yoga They can meet other people in the community and then I'll set up and I'll pitch I'll let people know what we're doing It might be an older way to do it, but it's so engaging. It's so fun I can't tell you how many cool people I've met through that So basically you guys use it as a feeder and so if someone's interested and they can meet you Either whether via zoom or in-person you'll go ahead and set it up the pitch And so you give context and if they want to donate they'll go back to the website and do it that way Yeah, exactly And how we set it up as well, which was a little out of the norm is a lot of companies right now are Starting and they sell within five to seven years and that's actually in their business plan 90% of the food in the grocery stores are owned by 10 companies We want to take our destinies into our own hands, right? And so we don't we don't want to set up for the investors to have the return on investment of a one-time sale We want to make smart decisions So that we can provide the most nutrients to consumers because consumers are our Country is more nutrient deficient than ever before It's such an interesting at least for me like it's interesting to hear your perspective on it and I think You have I mean your window your lens of this is so unique Which is so special and the way you go about this is obviously different And I think that that's a cool story to share because there's somebody that'll connect with that There's someone that'll say like, you know, I might not sound like the most I guess out of the box business person, but Here I am and we're growing we're growing this national brand and it's built upon authenticity the desire to Nutrient first there's a story here. It ties back personally for you. It's also just a story of I don't know. It's like farming like there are some books that will equate entrepreneurship to farming in the sense of like You have to really care for this thing and some people don't do that They'll go on the private equity route Let's say and everything becomes about growth as opposed to nurturing and these these are two very different approaches in business Neither one is right or wrong per se, but in the sense of they can both work But nurturing It feels a little bit better. I think and so it sounds like your approach is more nurturing, which is special To wrap up that last thought though You're completely right That's what we're leading with and the authenticity and so How we have it set up through crowdfunding is the return on investment isn't if we sell the company it's To encourage profitability so that we can reap distributions of profits And so that encourages longevity and health and are you guys profitable yet? Or do you feel like you Like when do you think profitability will hit for you guys? It's projected in 2025 Okay, so pretty soon not not too long away Yeah, and what stores are you guys at nationally? Are you at the Whole Foods? Tell people where they can at least find your product try your product Yeah, so they can find it in sprouts nationwide central market airwan nugget giant giant food a bunch of the amish and country stores in pennsylvania new york A lot of stores throughout new york city new england states And we're in Whole Foods in the mid-athlantic Excuse the ignorance here when it comes to working with the amish. Is it just cash basis or are they now using credit cards? How does that how what's the form of currency? What's the exchange? Yeah, so we mostly like checks checks and cash and but credit cards and bank accounts as well We actually have some amish members who are investors in the company I love that pretty cool. That's awesome. So it's a profit-first business model That makes a lot of sense in the event that someone were to approach you for an acquisition or you know, would you Entertain and obviously I think a part of you would have to you know, how do you view that? How do you? View this bigger picture of your legacy and what you you know, what you ultimately want to achieve not so much maybe Financially but maybe just for for you for the farm for your family Like what do you view success as at the end of the day? We're open-minded to hearing other opportunities But success to us is creating a stable market for our fluid milk farmers haven't been Given a higher price for their milk since 1980. This is a real problem They're you know, they're struggling and what they're doing is is leading the way in sustainability And so we want to create a stable market and to tell the voice of the amazing things they're doing But also connect consumers. There's this big gap of disconnection and they should have the right for it And basically once we create that stability just figuring out what else we can do and We have a lot of plans for the future. So we will see where they take us Sometimes when I talked I have a friend of mine who invest in food tech And so he'll say things and this might sound crazy But he'll say things like in the future when you go to a coffee shop You'll be able to order not so much almond milk or oat milk You'll be able to order lab-grown breast milk And you'll you'll be able to get that in your latte and that sounds wild to I think anyone who normally would hear that Unless you know him and what he does for a living when it comes to To this thing where I think you're totally right It almost sounds like a presidential campaign the fact that you want to empower the farmers It sounds so beautiful and it sounds so like I want to support that I want to get behind that There's a whole another side of it, which is this like lab-grown Breast milk as an example.  Do you care at all? Does it matter at all? But in terms of like the food technology that Is coming up how often do you think about it or does it not really pertain at all? I think that food industry and you know feeding our growing population should be at the foremost of everyone's minds And we should be looking at all the different technologies and advancements from From that to you know, how do we sustain our land? How do we give back to the soil? How do we provide more nutrients per cup of yogurt all of that entails? Obviously, I'm more dedicated to how do we sustain farms and our way of life that Come so symbiotically to us to work hand in hand with mother earth and the animals But to be extreme in this line of work only causes lack of opportunities in the future like farmers Conventional organic like we should all work together Food suppliers we all need to work together because we all have similar goals and we shouldn't be trying to I guess Shut one down or the other so I'm excited to see what the new world the food technology is But I'm going to keep advancing organic agriculture here here in the northeast That's a great answer. Will you guys give any any new products coming to market any like snack packs any things like that? Uh that you might find interesting that you can tease I would say if everyone watches our social media then they can see when we come out with things But we would love to hear what everyone's ideas are because we are super open-minded And so we're going to go for for whatever we think an opportunity is And to connect with what the consumers want. So you guys connect with us We will try to make it happen one way, but when we first started I told you about those multiple business plans The very first one we had a processing plant. We were going to do a farm store We made every single type of dairy product in this plan, of course And so we minimized it to just this yogurt for now and selling it to retail stores So we have to get a little focus, but yeah, we have some wild dreams Any desire to go on Shark Tank? I'd love to go on Shark Tank. I think that would be so much fun. Yeah, that'd be amazing I can see you want it.  They have this beautiful story It's lactose free 65 of the market. You're doing basic three to four x from last year I mean it the whole story is is is wonderful Thanks, we get that all the time I'm sure So we'll we'll see where that takes us But yeah when when we have enough energy we'll give it an apply on there on their website and see if we end up there I'm gonna put you in touch with Mindy the casting director. I think she's gonna love you guys and all right I'll have to ask her if we should bring a cow Just get absolutely You can just we can just bring them in from northern california a little bit closer Well, look at thanks for coming on the podcast. Tell everyone where they can Find you guys support you guys social media the weave under all the things Yeah, so you can support our company painter land sisters We're the fastest growing yogurt company and the natural category based on spinz data year over year So if you want to try it or if you want to color on our yogurt containers because each Yogurt color Has a coloring page or if you want to check out our cute cows or videos of stephanie and I dancing in our cow fields Hanging out seeing what farmers do on a daily basis or if you want to just hang out in la eating some yogurt Then check out our website painter land sisters.com You can go to our where to buy page and find almost 2000 stores across the country that you can find it But yeah, I really encourage you to check out our social media or email So you can see the latest scoop in the cutest cow pictures I love that hailey. Thank you so much for coming on the podcast. Thanks for having me Thank you for tuning in if you enjoyed this episode share with your friends your family or anyone You might think might benefit from the conversation we've had today And if you haven't already, please take a moment to leave a review on your favorite podcast platform We'd greatly appreciate it your feedback helps us improve and reach more people who can benefit from our discussions The best way to stay connected with us and get the latest updates on future episodes is through our social media channels You can find us at startup storefront We'll be back next tuesday with another great episode. See you then


Hi everyone, this is Basel Chapman for the 4 o'clock Tiger Financial News Network market update and we're looking at the Dow down 180 at 34,765 in March of the Tiger Traditions Hour tomorrow at 10 I'll be discussing more this candle it's called Chapman Wave inverted Roman candle just simply put if anytime tomorrow the Dow trades above 35,020 for more than I'd say an hour there's a good chance to try to test today's high if it closes under today's low where it closed today 34,765 that says that the 50 period moving average of 34,670 is the next target the S&P closed down as well quite sharply the S&P was down 33 at 4404 this is now below its 50 period moving average in the sell mode and the 30 oh I'd say 39,80 is going to be the next key support level QQQ and resistance is at 44,36 QQU 362,64 right now down 381 very sharp pullback the 359,357 area next week all the way into Friday has to hold at any sharp pullback IWM Russell 2000 trading down two and a quarter at 185,85 184,47 is the 200 period moving average support it needs to try to hold gold closed down 12 that makes the resistance at 942 to 944 really tough to break if it can do that that's positive but the 1900 level looks like the next target the dollar did a very nice upturn I've made a new recovery high this is now the 200 period moving average of 103,16 is small time support but 102,80 has to hold at any pullback it's acting well and bonds the TLT oh the TLT down 72 at 93,86 oh that that means yields are pushing higher that's really worrying the market so overall market day trend the daily trend is really perceptively in a sell mode the weekly charts the middle charts that we're looking at here are all still holding pretty well when you think about it so let's go one step at a time watch how these supports hold and then we'll see on Friday's close what happens to the weekly charts have a great rest a great evening see you tomorrow


Hey everyone, welcome to figure fantasy. So we're here unparalleled stealth with bludgeon. So we're gonna be starting with the easy stage. So let's see my lineup for this one. Okay, as for bludgeon, objectives will be achieve victory, defeat plain milk within 11 seconds, which is this guy, plain milk, clear stage within 25 seconds. So you're gonna be using, of course, remoru.  Okay, so let's try to do this and try to clear this one. Okay, not at all a difficult stage. You just have to defeat the plain milk first because of the objective and I don't think we'll have a problem with this first clear. So just have to go through the motions for this one and clear this within 25 seconds. That means that we have to have at least 35 seconds left on the clock. Okay, there we go. That is our easy clear for this stage with three stars. Okay, next we are off to hard. So let's see my lineup for this one guys. Okay, objectives for this one is going to be achieve victory, use remoru to deal the most damage for allied figures survive. So again, you'll be using remoru for this, of course. Then you'll be using Yuna for the next one. Okay, so you won't be able to use AoE for this. So let's try this one out. Okay, again, I don't think we'll also have a problem with remoru dealing the most damage because he has a big AoE damage. Really OP figure to have. Really happy for this event and happy for you guys, especially for those who are pulling right now. So I'm gonna clear this in no time. So four allied figures survive. Definitely. And... There we go. Okay, so also three star clears for this level. Let's check the next one out. Okay, so we're moving on to Sormin, the last one for bludgeon, and let's check my lineup for this one. Okay, just have to have a little bit of a fixer upper here and arrange the lineups. So victory objectives would be unleash remorrows ultimately times or more. I don't think there's a problem with that. So clear stage within 30 seconds. The trick here is to make sure that you don't go after this guy because he's going to delay you.  So let's put remoru here, then Yuna here. Okay, it's a small change. I'm gonna swap this out for this lineup. Okay, let's do this. Let's do this now. Okay guys, so remoru should be able to unleash his ultimate three times here. Unless if he does this too quickly and he doesn't unleash anything else. That is the problem because he's too efficient in killing. That's two. Then we need one more ultimate guys for him to be able to meet our objectives. There you go. There you go, remoru. And there we have it guys and girls. We have achieved three stars for the last level of this event. And by the way guys, thank you very much for staying this far. Hopefully you have gotten some tips on clearing the stage. And if you're still here by the way, please do consider subscribing because this helps machan a lot. Thank you guys. Stay safe. Take care. This is The Warden and I'm out of here.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss how to find the distance between two points on coordinate plane by using Pythagoras theorem. Now we will know how to find the horizontal length and vertical length between two points lying on same horizontal or vertical line on the coordinate plane. Now length of this horizontal line segment A v will be equal to absolute value of difference between the x coordinates which is equal to absolute value of 4 minus 2 which is equal to 2 and length of this vertical line segment P q will be equal to absolute value of difference between the y coordinates which is equal to absolute value of 4 minus 1 which is equal to but if we have any two points say D and E on the coordinate plane and we have to find distance between them when the line joining them is neither horizontal nor vertical rather it is a slanting line. Now for finding out the length of this slanting line segment we will make use of Pythagoras theorem. Now let us see how to use Pythagoras theorem. Now suppose we have a right angle triangle ABC right angle at B then here AC is called the high pattern use and also it is given AB has length P units BC with length Q units and AC with length R units. Then according to Pythagoras theorem in a right angle triangle we see square of the length of the high pattern use that is R square is equal to sum of the squares of the length of every two sides that is Q square. Now we can use this result to find distance between any two points in the coordinate plane. Now let us take two points A and B on the coordinate plane. Now coordinates of point A are minus 4 minus 2 with point B and now we will find length of this line segment AB and for this we will make use of Pythagoras theorem. First of all we will make a right angle triangle using these two points on the point B and the point where the neat right angle and coordinates of the point C are minus 1 minus 2 the length of vertical and horizontal line segments as we have discussed earlier. Now coordinates of point A are minus 4 minus 2 and coordinates of point C are minus 1 minus 2 so length of horizontal line segment AC is equal between the x square is equal to absolute value of minus 4 minus that is equal to absolute value of minus 4 plus 1 which is equal to absolute value of minus 3 that is equal to and now we can find length of vertical line segment BC which is equal to absolute value of difference between the y coordinates that is equal to absolute minus of minus is equal to absolute value of 2 plus 2 which is equal to 4. The length of hypotenuse AB by unit angle triangle is equal to plus BC square by recent lines is equal to now length of side AC is 3 units length of side BC is further be equal to and this implies AB square is equal to 3 square which is 9 plus square which is 16 and this implies AB square is equal to 25 which further gives AB is equal to square root of 25. Now taking a positive square root as length cannot be negative we get AB is equal to points A and B is thus we can find the distance between any two points on the coordinate plane. So in this session we have learnt how to apply Pythagoras theorem to points on the coordinate plane and this completes our session hope you all have enjoyed the session.