All right, let's do one more example and that will put it us at the end of this section right here 4.7 This one's a three-dimensional picture. You're gonna have to bear with me a little bit as we try to draw 3d for a moment Imagine we have an old are we want to make an open box by cutting off the square corners of This square and then we can fold it up. We can fold these flaps up and make a box like so We're gonna make an open box by cutting a square from each corner of a 12 inch by 12 inch piece of metal and then folding up the sides What side square should we cut off for each corner to produce a box of maximum volume? So let's focus on that for a moment. We want to maximize volume It's gonna be a box when we're nice and done. So that is we get this rectangular prism and it doesn't have a top So this is open right here But what's gonna be the what's gonna be the dimensions of this thing the volume will equal length times width times height Now when we fold the thing up Let's say that we cut off X from each corner so an X by X corner when you fold this thing upwards then The height of this box is gonna be the dimension X right there. What about the length and width? Well, the base square It's gonna be this right here And if the whole thing was 12 inches if we cut off X and we cut off X that'll leave behind 12 minus 2x And that's gonna give us the length of this thing and it is a square So it's gonna be the same thing right here as well 12 minus 2x for the other side and so then our volume will look like 12 minus 2x 12 minus 2x And X Which 12 minus 2x it does have a factor of 2 you can factor that out. So you get 4 times 6 minus x squared times x. This is our optimizing function Where was the constraint Well the constraint actually came into the Into the the the metal square itself. There's only 12 inches by 12 inches That's how the constraint came into place. We actually had three variables in the original situation One of them was X the height was just X. So maybe you think we had three variables We had length and width which we are able to remove and replace in terms of X there So I'm since this thing is a square I'm gonna leave it factored as I take the derivative or use the product rule this time. We're gonna get four times two times six minus X times negative one don't forget the inner derivative times X Plus Well, the derivative X is just one so we get six minus X squared here Let's see. So there is a common factor of six minus X here and here We're gonna factor that out. So we get four times six minus X And then what's left behind is a negative 2x plus six minus X like so combining some like terms We end up with six minus three X and six minus three has a common factor of three again So factor that out. So we're gonna get 12 times six minus X and Then we get two minus X. So we're gonna find two critical numbers X equals six and X equals two So consider The domain of this situation. I'm gonna come back to the original picture So as we fold these things up clearly the smallest that X could be is zero But how big could it be like if we put all of it into height? What would happen? It would be like we took this square and cut it up into four squares That's gonna be the limit of how big X can be and this would be six and six and six and six everywhere So X equals six is gonna be the biggest we can get here All right, let's scroll back down again. Oh Six was a critical number. How convenient? So as we build our t-chart We're gonna consider X as it ranges from zero to six and we have a two in the middle Two seems very likely to be our maximum volume if X equals zero Then the volume is zero because it has no height if X equals six the volume will also be zero Because it has no length or width two seems to be very very helpful right here if the height is two Then we take 12 minus 2 that is 12 minus 4 Which will be 8 Which would be the length and the width and so you're going to get 8 square which is 64 double that you get 128 This will be 128 cubic Inches isn't it? So And that's kind of our maximum maximum volume We want to cut off a 2 inch square from each corner fold it with our metal folding machine And then we're going to this maximum volume of 128 cubic centimeters so The final answer is to cut a two by two cut two by two corners and This will give us the maximum volume All right, and so I guess it's a few more examples of optimization problems for today. I hope this was fun Optimization never really goes away. These are some of the most important types of Applications of the derivative one can see optimization problems are everywhere certainly everywhere We're always trying to do the best with the resources we got and calculus becomes a critical tool in helping one with those type of problems If you liked the video today, feel free to leave a comment if you have any questions also feel free to comment and ask your questions I'll be glad to answer them as soon as those appear We will talk about Newton's method next time In the meanwhile, feel free to subscribe to get more updates about these videos in the future and I will see you then have a good day everyone


The following is a presentation of TFNN. The Tiger Technician Hour with your host, Basil Chapman. Call now toll free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Now, Basil Chapman. Hi everyone, Basil Chapman, Tiger Technician Hour. And last week I was saying that was a pretty important Greek because of a number of aspects where there were V-shaped patterns that were going back to highs, all-time highs, I might mention, like the semiconductors and the QQQs, the XLK. The XLK, I think, is still just misted by two cents. Let me just double check. XLK, yep, it made a 76.26 all-time high, 76.27 all-time high in October, plunges to 57.57, 24% decline, and then spirals back from 57.57 to 76.26 five days ago, hasn't broken above. You get that close. There's a pattern that I used to call the Groucher-Marks Eyebrows pattern. I don't know if anybody even knows Groucher-Marks was any more. I didn't particularly like it very much. I just like these eyebrows. Yeah, these big, thick, bushy eyebrows. And what I would do is I would get a pattern like this. I've been doing monster-trader series years ago. We used to have these intensive eye-to-three-day series. Part one was two days, and then part two was the third day, more advanced. And I would draw in these eyebrows. You don't have to do that. I was a caricaturist years ago, so this is something that I kind of like. So you've got the eyebrows comes down. There's the schnoz and it comes back again. So I'm looking at this and I'm saying this is exactly where you'd find resistance. But I don't see it as more than shorter-term resistance because the Magdi is still good. The stochastic is at 91% in the daily. The weekly chart, the Magdi is still expanding. At least up until last week. I don't know what this week is. We've just begun this week. I suspect it's going to be pulling back a little bit. But it's still looking great. And the stochastic is at 94%. And the weekly chart, monthly chart is turning around. It actually is the way, way weaker technically than it was when it made the all-time high at 76.26. In October of 2018, this is the S&P spider select tech fund training at 76.05. Just barely off the top for five days. It's just been stuck in this narrow range. The longer you stay here, the greater the chance that even if you make a slightly higher high, you're going to take out the low that was made of 75, 11 on the fourth. And then probably test 74, 75, the 14-perim improving average. But that doesn't make it weak. That just says just be a little careful here. It's going to be strobing. So look at the QQQ. Right here, 185.28 was the high yesterday. 187.53 is the all-time high back in October. Another V-shaped pattern took a little longer to get there, just like the XLK. But to get there is incredible. Look at this. V-shaped pattern in the weekly. Look at the MACD, strong stochastic. A little weaker than it was three weeks ago, but still 84%. The on-balance volume is very strong. Only in leg C, same as the price. I think this is going higher. In the meantime, we could have a little digestive phase right here. So this is very important. IDM is IWM, the Russell 2000 B.L.A., just made a peak D. Underneath the previous peak D of 159.50, back in February of this year, February the 25th, and way under the peak F, top of 173.39. This is very different. This is nearly 20 points below. This is going to take a lot more work. So very interesting phase. Oh, someone asked, why IYT? This is the, IYT is the ICES Dow Jones Transportation Average Index Fund. And you can see here that it broke out. It cannot be a peak G because it's gone to another peak. So it means that the 192.27 high of mid-March, pulling back to the 179.55 low of March the 25th. This breakout is already peak B. And that should go to a C and a D. It's the reason why we're a long way out. I didn't want to get out of any position. I wanted to try to keep it as long as possible. Also the weekly has a left side, right side price. Time match with the Chapman Wave inside wedge right there. Target resistance line. And that resistance line says that the two, one is right here. And that takes it to 196 and we're at 191.64 right now. That would be leg D starts immediately goes over 193.78. And then you've got three resistance points above. It might work a little hard to get that 91% of the stochastic. MACD is good. Just starting to flatten out here. I like what I see. Now the fact that we are short the Dow was based on many other factors. The fact that you've got Boeing that's helping the Dow to pull back. But you did give this beautiful little doji candle right here. I like that as a turning point might just be a turning point. Doesn't mean to say there's going to break down. If there is a pullback below. 26,071 in the next couple of days. That would negate any chance of this being an alternate count. There is a chance that you get a Chapman Way Fed based restart. Now what on earth was I looking at with a Chapman Way Fed based restart? I did my work on it. Everything was there. The picture in my mind is 100% clear. And I just can't recall what the chart name was. But I'll find it at some point. Hmm. Interesting. All right. Well, that's that. This is looking crude oil crude oil right now is trading at 64.02 down 38 cents on the continuous contract. What's really important about this continuous contract is that you've got not a one to one as close to a one to one, but you've got the Chapman Way. A propeller shaft pattern here with the oval. That's an extended stalk leg formation. It's different. What it implies is that the stalk leg says you're going to go a bit above maybe to like that D and then you're going to come back. And retest the body of the oval pattern. But in this case, because you've extended almost one to one, it says that you could pull back probably to the last trough of importance. That's at about 61 sixties right there. But you're probably going to be chopping around with slightly higher highs, higher recovery highs. That is, and in a kind of an oval, another oval pattern is possible. And the 200 period moving average of 65 point 65 point 30 65 13 is the target in the 200 period moving average. We've gone to 64 79 so far. Let's see if we can actually tag that and then have a bit of a pullback. Next thing I want to look at is within the context of the home builders, HGX. Look at this. HGX is pulling back a little bit made a peak C. It is then your recovery high today. Then I think it goes on to a D. But you've got left side, right side price time match going to on a weekly basis going to the week of the third of May. And it's from the 310 point 36 high of 24th of August. So you go from just that level that along the all time high of 369 down to 277 in December, which did go 310 down to 227. Now you're back to 304. These V shaped patterns are quite remarkable. Now I just wanted to show you the shorter term. Yep, the shorter term Friday went to leg D in the five minute chart. That was very important at a very elongated rectangle formation building steam to the upside. I'll talk about that when we get back. I've also tried to take this is out as it does up 140. Down for 140 is to be done. The Taz profile scanner is the most revolutionary piece of trading software that you will ever try. Wouldn't you like to approach the markets with confidence as you begin your trading day? It's likely that you'll be faced with lots of decisions in order to make the best decision. The first thing you'll need is a strategy that will help you minimize your risks. 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Details on the Tiger's Den are on the front page of TFNN.com. We even have new pricing in six months and yearly options. Check out the new TFNN.com now and experience all the upgrades. TFNN.com educating investors. Call now toll free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. I was asked about HSY which is Hershey and Hershey the Hershey company trading at 160.08 down 19 cents. And the question was HSY. No, what was it? What was the question?  You know, I have seen the most unusual chart formations. I can recall that is once in a while you get an unusual chart pattern. That's okay. But I've seen patterns that are so unusual, especially at tops. Look at this. I can draw a straight line right this wall diagonal line right here. And that says there's a trend line that's going on. Could I make it a channel? If it's a channel, it becomes way more. It has more gravitas. So let's just see if this works. I don't think it does. I think it just cuts into it. Oh, yeah, that's good. Okay, so there's some gravitas for you because it's saying that Hershey's and monthly chart has gone. If I take the low right here where the arrow is and I go peak and I really should do this differently. But I'm going to do it this way at least for now. I call this a and I'll call this B. It's written alternative. It looks to me like it could be an alternative count from the previous just finishing up and expanding range formation. But that doesn't matter. I'll just leave it as a B because this did not take out the lot. And now within that you have another A peak A and a peak B. And this peak B is under the previous high. That was the all-time high in this case of 117.79. Then you get the high with another peak B and another peak B, basically a peak B failure right here at 116.49. Then it pulls back and makes a very nice arch formation that I would have been drawing in and saying, I'm a little confused why that's a B after a big reversal to the upside. At the same time, you've got your arch and yet I can't even make a cup formation because this left side high is below that point. So you'd have to be a rising cup. I don't know how to explain that, but a rising cup. Okay, that's not the issue. The issue is we've just started another leg B. Now this leg B, let me explain this. This is part of Chapman Wave, I was going to say mythology. That would be a pity if I called it mythology. This is part of the rap, part of what we look at in the Chapman Wave notation, the technicals. If you see this B, which is really a B minus because there's another little B underneath it, that turns into a B minus because it broke down. However, it gets reconstituted, becomes recalculated. If this peak A pulls back and starts this leg B as it's done right now and this peak B, leg B, I'm sorry it's a leg until it makes a peak and says a leg right now as it made a lower high. So it's still a leg B, but I call it a gray B because we're not sure yet exactly what the relationship is to all these B's here. If this leg, right this leg now and this monthly chart takes out by May, 116.49, doesn't stall there, but in fact continues to 117.79, 117.80 at all time high. That reactivates both peak B's and this becomes not a leg B but a leg C. I've always considered it so I upgraded to the next letter. I wanted to just talk about this because enough people are doing Chapman Wave methodology that I need to always clarify things. So I'm going to in the break, if I do get a chance, I'm trying to notate it from the low that was made right here. And A, B, C, D, A, B, C, D, A, B, C, D, E, F, that's what I thought. So that becomes a G right there and this becomes a calm B and H, there's no H and it can't be an A to B because that would have been a failure pattern because that low right there at 82.41 is lower and 82.42 I just recognized that I didn't even measure it, I just said that's a higher low. That means A, B, A, B again and now A and we're in leg B which would be a brand new leg C. The moment it crosses this high of 116.49 that becomes an official leg C to the upside. Hershey looking really good, I like it. So the question was, what do I see, 123? I see that 118 is the resistance to pierce in this particular phase. The moment it does that, yes, 121 to 123 becomes a target. It might stall a little bit before it gets there. Weekly chart is very strong. Daily chart doji candle, got to be careful. I don't want to take any time right now. I think this could be a D with a doji candle but the main D is stochastic or strong. So it's right on a very important moment at this particular stage. Okay, now a couple of things I wanted to do. I wanted to show you that the relationship, the gold, this is a good move off the 200 period exponential moving average. The main D is trying its best once again to cross positive. We'll see if it does that. That's number one. Number two is stochastic is very weak at 28%. So we're going to have to watch that really closely. Number three is that the weekly chart, the technicals are still pretty darn weak. It doesn't mean to say the price can't move because sometimes price leads the technicals high and sometimes technicals give support to the trade. So the big thing is 1316 is the 200 period weekly moving average, the orange line right there. If it closes above it by about Wednesday or Thursday, that's really good actually because it means Friday, you could see a close above the 200 period moving average for the first time in many weeks. And that would be a positive for gold. Now looking at silver, silver itself is trading at 15.25, up 0.03, a lousy action. Good action from the low that was made just on a four-day basis, but still lousy action daily, weekly, monthly. So it's going to be, I want synchronicity. I want them all to be in sync. T-G-O-D-F. Is that, thank God, open, something, what is that? T-G-O-D-F. How do you remember a symbol like that? Five letters distinctly different. Oh, look at that. So this is called green organic, green organic attachment. Oh, this has to be a pot stock, I'm sure. Chilli bulb mania. Did I put that in? Oh, this is what, wait, wait. Green, something. I don't know why I put that in. There was a reason for putting that in. Chilli bulb mania. Meantime back at the ranch, this is consolidating a $3.10. I would say that it's probably got a little more to go. If it closes under three, it's going to retest the low of the eighth, which is a, no, yeah, if that is $3. Yeah, it's going to be very important. It has to hold $3 here, because if it doesn't, the time consuming consolidation would use price and time. But if you look at MJ, which is the marijuana ETF, the Alternative Harvest, it's trading down 49 cents to 38. Look at the way the nine and the 14 period moving averages have been distinct. Resistance levels, repellent zones to the downside since the 27th of May way back at the 37 area. Yup, it's consolidating. I'm going to put this in yet to show you something that I think is going to take place. That's the consolidation phase, if we go for another week or two. But look at this, GW, and boy was I wrong. GWPH had a really good day yesterday. GWPH, oh, and another gap up today at 16991. But look at SDZ. Is I wrong? I said, I think GW is a better one. Sky Rockets, I'll be back. Since 1984, Basil Chapman has been using the Chapman Wave methodology to advise traders of his expert market opinion. While originally hand drawing charts from the late 1970s into the 1980s, Basil noticed that prices under most circumstances virtually always had a certain number of legs to the upside before declining sharply. Later Basil found that computer software which included the standard market technical indicators enhanced the degree of accuracy in calling price turns as well as market trend calls. Thus was born the Chapman Wave sequence. Using the Chapman Wave methodology along with other indicators, Basil Chapman advises his subscribers of his expert market opinion each market day with his opening call newsletter. Right now you can get a two week free trial to the opening call, Basil's daily trading newsletter, by visiting the front page of TFNN.com. Cancel at any time during that trial and pay absolutely nothing. Get your two week free trial to Basil's newsletter, the opening call today by visiting TFNN.com. The path of least resistance is David White's daily trading newsletter and if you're looking for active trading ideas, then now is a perfect time for a 30 day free trial to this powerful daily trading advisory service. David uses his years of trading experience to offer his subscribers his trading ideas each morning in his path of least resistance newsletter. Using a combination of equity trades along with options, David keeps his subscribers up to date with all pertinent market information with intraday afternoon updates when warranted. Don't miss out on this great chance to get a 30 day free trial to David's daily newsletter, the path of least resistance with no obligation to pay anything. David has been delivering solid recommendations for his subscribers recently and if you'd like to see the type of newsletter he delivers every morning then visit the front page of TFNN and you'll find the path of least resistance under trading newsletters. 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We are so confident that you're going to love this new charting software that will even give you a 30 day unconditional money back guarantee. Don't miss out on this incredible new piece of software. Get your copy of The Art of Timing the Trade Charts today by visiting TFNN.com. Hi everyone. So today I'm busy looking at my call-in list. Nobody there yet. Yesterday I saw just a tad late. So I missed Mike and Orman Beach looking at the Dow and I had mentioned that if it took a certain level it would go down further and that's the way we're looking at the Dow consolidating. So SDZ, here I am talking about this. I had an email and the question was on SDZ and I said, you know, I'm a little concerned that Constellation Brands has got all the spirits, got everything and now they're into the cannabis area. I'm not sure how they're going to be able to handle it. That my concern was that I would prefer rather than add money to SDZ. I would split it between GWPH, which is GW Pharmaceuticals, the marijuana company and from that point, I'm not sure where we were, but perhaps the GW was trading at about $170 or so, but it pulls back to the $158 area, $159 area. Today it's up and it hits a higher of $174. So that's nice, but SDZ just went, it's like, as if someone heard me and said, you think you know your chance? Watch this. And within two days it goes from that $175, $174 area, it powers up to $193.71, pulling back a little bit today. I don't know what it was. I couldn't believe it. It must have been an announcement and a positive announcement. That's fabulous. That's exactly what I wanted to see. I just didn't think they would be able to handle it. I still think that the $236 high is going to be a high for some time, $150 low. It doesn't have to be tested, but my thinking was that it wouldn't work. It wouldn't get to the 200 people moving average of $188 for a while because it was working through a bunch of constellations for a constellation brand. I was wrong, but I did say rather than add to it, I'd be splitting. The other one has done nicely, nothing like this. Oh, they've been sending off some of this spirits business. Oh, all right, so they're busy building up cash. I thought I just did TGODF. TGO, did I go to a break or something? And I've since this morning, I couldn't even tell you how many dozens and dozens of notations and charts I've done. Yeah, now I'd say that it has to hold three because it could be, it has to hold three because it could pull back a little bit more. This is obviously, I mean, I'm not saying obviously because I know Green Organic, Dutchman, my thinking is this is the old tulip bulb mentioned and it's in the same category. It's in the cannabis area. So I just give it a little time. Yep, this is the weekly chart. It's good. It's just building up momentum, but you've got to be prepared. Low price, stock $3.10. It could go to $2.95. That's still not bad action.  Yes, and Kara, I did see Kara last night. It could go by up one or something. Now it's at 20.41. Kara is Kara Therapeutics Inc. Very nice action. That's a lot better looking chart right now because it's already done weekly D. It's in an E that raises the base of support to the 18s. So that is good. Next thing we want you to do is a BA. Yep, I look at BA. BA is down. It's making that inverted, that V-shaped pattern, like an arch. It's a 369 down five. It's just got big problems. I try to avoid it. We've used it as a trading vehicle for option. I was going to go to a put-side. I didn't get a chance to do that because it gap down so quickly on Sunday, on Monday morning. That in fact was my position that I thought, hey, now it's time to play the downside. Maybe it still is. I don't know. So that's that XLI. Yeah, come in the throat. Excuse me. XLI trading at 75.87. This is the industrials. This is the S&P select industrial spider fund. It went not to the high that was made at 77.13 on the 25th of February. It pulls back to the 200-period moving average, orange line right there, to the 73s, and then has a fabulous single leg A to the upside. That's not an, I call it an F slash A, like I could do this A, but I've got to go back to see where the peak, the trough that started the last move. Oh, right there. Okay. So that was an instant restart. I've got plenty of room. It's held at 200-period moving average. The H that goes to, right there, the H that goes to the cup formation pattern and using time is extended. Yeah. All right, the big question is, is this an F or is this an A? F says, whoa, be careful. He says, no, what do you mean careful? Just buy every single dip. I have to say be careful. Right now, doji candle gaps down. It almost has a second gap. I'd just be careful. It is in leg C, but only a fractional leg C in the weekly chart. That says it could be bumping into resistance. I think that we've got a choppy sideways move, slightly down slightly lower highs, slightly lower lows just for the moment. That's what I'm looking at in the Dow and the industrials. So there's a trend line, different trend line to the actual Dow, which made a new recovery high back in October after the January high. The New York Stock Exchange made a January high last year, never ever even tested it. So I'm watching this and the industrials are telling me, be a little careful. Question about catapult. So there's a very interesting article in Stocks and Commodities Magazine. This is the April edition. And it's an interview, a very knowledgeable guy. He gets the interview that when the editor, here we go. When the editor of Stocks and Commodities Magazine, Mr. Naima, always forget her name. I should note after all these decades and decades, this is, I'll find it right here and say it very clearly if I can. And she does very nice interviews with particular people that are really quite famous in the field. And she did this one with Linda Raschke. Now Linda Bradford Raschke is someone I've known off for years. I've met her once just briefly. I didn't actually have a conversation. I just met her. There were other people there. So I didn't like to barge in and chat away because I've always found it extremely interesting. Anyway, she talks about patterns. And then she talks about models that describe most probable behavior for the market and all that. And then within the same magazine, there's an article. I'm going to try to find it here. On someone who's talking about also very, he answers questions to the magazine. A question and answer that's him. I think this is it. Let me see if I can find it. The reason why I wanted to bring it up is he's talking about, he talks about patterns. And he says, what's his name? I'll tell you his name right now. This is Kevin Davy. And then he talks about programming. He says, if you want to build algo strategies regardless of the market, you will need to program. And then what he does is he talks about programs as one thing and trading them as another, which is absolutely correct. But then he goes on to say, how do you really tell the difference between a chart that I'm looking at right now, like Caterpillar or GBTC? And that is the Bitcoin. Well, I don't find any difference at all. I don't care what it is. They have the same patterns. You wouldn't be like, could you tell this is Caterpillar or Bitcoin? I'll be right back. If you are in the CD market and looking for a secure investment, the Tiger First mortgage program may work for you. 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An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the direction shares carefully before investing. The prospectus and summary prospectus contain this and other information about direction shares. To obtain a prospectus or summary prospectus, please contact direction shares at<PHONE_NUMBER>. The prospectus or summary prospectus should be read carefully before investing. An investment in the funds is subject to risk, including the possible loss of principal. The funds are designed to be utilized only by sophisticated investors such as traders and active investors. Distributor 4-Side Fund Services, LLC. Don't forget, you can listen to TFNN live on your mobile device 24 hours per day. Go to TFNN.com and hit Watch Tiger TV. That's TFNN.com and hit Watch Tiger TV for the latest market information. So my point here was that as far as I am concerned, as long as you've got oscillation, as long as you've got peaks and troughs, a chart is a chart. I remember years ago, someone saying to me, oh, they never trade stocks in this particular country because everything looks like it's fixed. The banks control everything. And I said, OK. And then what I did is I took some of the charts from stocks of that country and I mixed them up with US stocks. And I said to him, OK, you tell me which is which, which are American stocks, which are foreign, all that stuff. There's no way to tell. You couldn't tell. Now, I had a question. And the question is, what do you need to see to get bullish on Bitcoin for a trade? Well, I was looking at Bitcoin a while back and I drawn in this rectangle right here. And it was, oh, maybe somewhere around there it was gone. It went to peak C. And what I tend to do with rectangles is I shrink them. I don't expand them. I shrink them because within the rectangle there's sometimes even a smaller trading band and then a smaller trading band. And then it expands and then it expands in one of the directions. But in the bigger context, what normally happens is it goes towards the upper part and then it just comes right back to the lower part. So I drew this in and fairly recently I drawn in the midpoint that I thought was a midpoint because the particular candle we always look at if it isn't a very obvious trough in a plum line where the left side, number of bars to the downside could equal the same number of bars upside. So this is very interesting to me because here I am, I'm looking at this and then there was some new, Morgan Stanley or some, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, someone said, oh, maybe now is a good time to look at Bitcoin because it couldn't have been JP Morgan. And Diamond doesn't ever look at that. So, and whatever it was.  So I followed it. But I had coincidentally identified this bar right here as the low bar and the left side, right side price time match said if it expands then I've got to look at the left side doji candle right here of the 13th of November of 2018 699 high 67 low and just draw it across. Well, that comes into the 11th, which is, what is today? Today is the 9-10-11. Another two days time. Well, lo and behold, we hit a high today of 6.90. And I said 6.99, did I? 6.99, yeah. So we've got another day or so to go. That's number one. The question is, what do I need to get bullish? First of all, charts repeat over and over. Let me show you what I mean. Look at the pattern. You see this elongated rectangle pattern. You see the breakout above it. Wait a minute. Haven't we seen that? Wasn't I talking about that very thing at the beginning of the show? Did I talk about it or did I? I can't remember if I was speaking about it or whether I was just drawing it in. Well, there it is. There's your rectangle, your long, long rectangle. And then suddenly you get the spike and it goes to what? It goes to a leg C. That could become a peak C because I could call that a phantom peak. I'm going to do that just because this is what I do in my own when I'm trading. I call this, if everything about it says that the magnus stochastic look like they want to pull back, I like to be ahead of the game. So I would call this a potential leg D and then put a little plus sign on it to say be careful. That's where you've got to be cautious. And out of the blue, it starts to go down, hasn't broken down yet, but it starts to pull back and that confirms, yep, that was a peak D. I had every reason to consider, even if it goes higher, it doesn't matter. It went under the nine, under the 14 and under the 200-period moving average. That's a magnet line, the 200-period moving average. That's why the price hasn't yet fallen. But I'm quite comfortable in saying that's a D. You can still get a real D. It doesn't matter. The magnus stochastic pullback. So he has the answer to the question. You see how everything relates. And I was just talking about it moments ago, whoever it was, whatever his name is, talking about you got to look at the characteristics of the instruments you're trading. And I said, I can't disagree with what he's saying, but a chart is a chart. So Kevin Davy, I just still think that you've got to look at the patterns and patterns repeat over and over because it's just a pattern of human nature. And there it is. P, D, you're pulling back. Why did I talk about this? See the rectangle formation? The question comes right back to this. GBTC trading at 6.64 down 19 cents. Where would I consider coming into this? Well, first of all, for subscribers, I've said a long time ago, until I feel very comfortable that we're making a low that is, we've made a low and maybe a retest that is very substantial for cushioning on the downside because you cannot trade this even overnight. It's trading, but you can't trade the GBTC as a fund. You can't trade it between anything other than 9.30 in the morning and four o'clock in the evening afternoon. So anything that happens in the evening, you just kind of stuck. So I want a big cushion. So the next time it comes back, if it does, you can trade it at some point. And a test between 5.64 and the gap low of 5.52, made on the 2nd of April, and gets into that area. That's where I want to see how, whether the weekly chart has improved enough, whether the monthly has improved enough, and then there could be a position that we take for subscribers that says, now you can take it. I'll tell you exactly what your risk should be, even though it's an overnight position, because if it gets close to that on the downside, you don't want to even hold it overnight. But then I'm getting a chance to say, you know what? The weekly has improved enough that if there is a pullback to whatever level I decide, but I'm looking at the low 5.64 to the say 5.30 area, that's where I probably would say, I think now I'm going to start considering it. I think this whole thing right now, six sessions, I'm not calling you to fake out. The price is the price, and it's very good action. And the magnate and stochastic government responded. But I think that you'll give back a chunk of this at some point. Hey, I could be wrong. It wouldn't be the first time, but I am saying the 3.66 low, I think about two points higher. That's where you should start to find really good support if there is another pullback. And then we'll be looking at it. So now you can see the relationship, whereas this broke out, the E-mini broke out, and then it started to come back and wanted to test the rectangle. I'm saying because of the pattern that's formed, we might come back and test the top of the rectangle. And that top of the rectangle is at the bottom of the gap up bar of the 2nd of April, 5.52. That's where I'm going to be looking at it. So I'm not doing anything yet. And as I say, this would be something that for subscribers, I say it's in play, expect a lot of volatility, but probably with slightly higher lows and higher highs, just reversing the pattern. But the big thing is how does it test the high that was made the week of the 9th of March at 7.79? That's not a lot of, it's a big percentage, but not a lot of point movement. That's why I would prefer to get it lowered down because you want to make a cup and a handle pattern at this particular stage would be good. I just don't want to see a trading under $5 in the next three weeks. Good. Okay. Next thing we want to be looking at is looking, no calls,<PHONE_NUMBER>. Love to get something from somebody. UK recession, Germany recession, GT says. Is that a prediction? I'm not sure. Yeah, you know, just pushing the can down the road. Eventually it always turns out that it's like me in my homework where as a youth, I still ended up cramming it all in just before. That's the same thing that's going to... I'm certain you are or strive to be one of the best of the best at everything you do in life. It's the most common trait that we tigers and tigers share. If you're looking to become the best of the best when it comes to managing your money, let me teach you to do what most wealth managers can tell you can't be done, which is how to time the markets. I'm Steve Rhodes, author of Mastery Probability, and for the last 12 months, Timer Digest has been tracking my newsletter signals which have earned me the ranking as their number one market timer in the nation for the S&P 500 for the last 12, 6, and 3 months. Timer Digest also ranks me as the number one market timer for gold as well. The fact is markets can be timed, and I'll teach you the exact set of tools that I use that has transformed me into one of the best at what I do. Sign up for Mastery Probability today by clicking on the newsletter tab on the homepage of TFNN.com and get immediate access to workshops where I take you step by step how to use an extraordinary set of tools as well as provide great market calls too. Sign up today. If you haven't checked out the newsletters page of TFNN.com, what are you waiting for? All of the TFNN newsletters are informative, up-to-date, affordable, and must have for every trader looking to gain a competitive informational edge in today's markets. TFNN newsletters cover every aspect of the markets to offer you the very latest in market news. Plus, new subscribers get to test-drive our newsletters risk-free for 30 days. From all aspects of the markets, including stocks, bonds, metals, commodities, and tech, there's a newsletter to fit your needs exclusively from TFNN. Stay informed each day you trade and get the competitive edge that will help you stay ahead of the game. Visit our newsletters page by going to TFNN.com and click the newsletters button near the top of the page. TFNN.com Educating investors. You know what's cool? Taking something that's good for you. Something specifically formulated to help with weight loss, better sleep, stress reduction, and the need to detox. 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Stay tuned for another great hour of the Trader's Edge, heard here at tfnn.com. Yeah. So, I do recommend Linda Bradford-Rashke's article. It's just really interesting about how she started trading and went from one thing to the other and how she trades full-time. She's just been a very fine technical analyst. This is an interview with Jay Yonthi, Gopalak Rishman, and in Stocks and Commodities magazine. Actually, this particular edition has some very good articles, inertia and momentum in the market, reliable set of indicators, interview, V-Trade, the best chart, patent entry, better entry timing, adaptive EMA. Just a bunch of things. I've been getting for years and years. I've used very little ever, but I'm just intrigued. It just helps refine things. Okay, yes. Bonds. Later, I have 150, and 2130 seconds on the 28th of March. Pullback, moderately. Yeah, this is a peak C in the weekly chart. There's a good chance if this market does have some kind of a consolidation near these all-time highs just to kind of tease you, get ready for a breakout to the upside. Yeah, bonds. You can see bonds pull back a little bit more. He yields good, actually. Money comes out of bonds and goes, oops, sorry, wrong way around. You can see bonds rally, and yields come down a little bit as money comes out of stocks and goes into the so-called safety of bonds. But so far, I just think if you look at this, we're in a trading range, the TNX, TNX, which is the 10-year yield, came under the weekly 200-period moving average at 2530 and is trading right now at 2497 peak C and a little bit of a bounce from the 23.56 low. I think there's a bit of a bounce going on. The way it's looking at monthly chart says, you know, yields just stuck in a range in the lower range. They could rally, but if for now they're stuck in the lower range, let's see what happens. So just before we wrap up for the day and see where this is coming back into it, yep, there's your peak D. There's your pullback. That's why I had that phantom C. Remember, these are techniques that I've developed over the many, many years. So take care. The Dow's down 147. If the Dow closes towards the low of the day and drags the S&P down with it, then we've got ourselves a near-term time out. Just be careful there. Stay tuned for Steve, Dave, and Tom on the back to come in a little later. Have a great day. Otherwise, see you tomorrow. Check out my opening call.


Hi, everyone. This is really exciting. Appium Comp is super inspiring and energizing for me. So, yeah, Dan already introduced me. I look like that. I'm even wearing the same hat, and I have a different shirt on today, so I'm a little bit off-brand for CloudGrey, but, you know, it works. So, yeah, I worked on Appium for a long time, mostly while I was at Sauce Labs, and then more recently started my own consulting firm around mobile automation strategy, and obviously do a lot with Appium, and happy to say that I've even worked with some of the people in this room in that capacity before I spent a lot of fun. So, here we are in India. I notice it seems like Google Maps actually puts real weather on their satellite view now. At least that looks like real weather. I hear that there's some kind of cyclone happening that some of us will have to fly back through. So, I'm not looking forward to that. But I'm really excited to be in India. I've only been in India once before, and I was almost a decade ago. I've never been to Bangalore. I'm really grateful to be here, and I just want to also take this moment while we're here in India together to recognize a few different people and a few different groups for their contributions to Appium. And this is something that I think is really important because obviously you get a lot of attention for standing up and talking at things like this. So, there's sort of an inappropriate level of focus that gets put on people like me and Dan. But it's an open-source project, and the real drive for Appium is not even the maintainers, but it's the people that use Appium and the people that contribute to many little ways every day. So, if it were just for me and Dan, there would be no Appium conference, it's really because of all of you. So, I just wanted to ask, if you've ever contributed code to Appium before, would you raise your hand? Awesome, yeah, good handful of people.  And if you've ever submitted a bug to Appium, yeah, a lot more people, that's what I expected. And if you've ever gone onto the Appium forums and either asked for help or helped someone else out on the Appium discuss forums, so that's like a lot of people. So, I just wanted to take this moment to recognize that this is the kind of contribution that really makes the project work and makes it awesome. So, thank you all for the part that you play in moving Appium forward. So, kind of theme for this talk, such as it is, it's really a thinly veiled disguise to do some kind of experimental thing later on, but we have to have a talk first. So, what we're going to talk about is the changes that are underway in our industry. I don't know about you, but it seems like as I look at the type of work that QA engineers and software testing professionals are responsible for, it keeps getting more and more complex. The cost of quality failures keep getting higher as the importance of well-functioning and well-designed applications gets higher. And it gets hard to keep up with the additional requirements. So, 10 years ago or 20 years ago, if you were in software testing, you would be expected to make sure that the app worked on a functional level, and that was pretty much it. But we're very much in a new world right now. We've moved pretty far beyond functional testing as the basic set of requirements for jobs in our industry, and now we have responsibility for things like visual testing. We have to make sure that our app looks good and doesn't have some kind of visual regression or bug. We're responsible for performance testing because it's not just whether our app functions or not, it's important, but it's how quickly it functions and the type of experience that the users get. There's more broadly user experience testing, which encompasses a whole host of other kinds of testing, but really puts the focus on user experience quite broadly and wants to make sure not just, again, that the app functions as intended, but that it does so in a way which is actually meeting the needs of your users. If you're some kind of video or audio streaming app, you obviously care about the quality of the content that you're delivering and not just whether it's delivered at one frame per second versus 60 frames per second or whatever. There's a lot of really important aspects to audio visual or audio video testing that we didn't really have to care too much about, especially before mobile devices came along and we started consuming media all the time everywhere. And obviously more. I'm sure there are people in this room who are doing kinds of testing that I haven't even considered. And that's kind of the point that I'm making. The kinds of testing we're responsible for is expanding, and it's expanding very quickly. So to dig into a few of these a little bit more specifically, we're probably familiar with visual testing. This has been around for a while now, and our AppianCons sponsor, the Apple Tools, really pioneered this as a testing discipline in a really important way. But if you've never done visual testing before, haven't gotten into it yet, it's basically designed to answer the question of whether your app's visual appearance has changed in a way which is not intended, which could indicate any number of different problems. And just to talk about a few ways that bugs could enter in to the app on a visual level that don't really map to the functional level, you could have intrusive or absent elements. Things that shouldn't be there that are, or things that should be there that aren't, that don't necessarily affect kind of the functional level of the application but really affect the user experience. There could obviously be style or design bugs. Your app could look ugly, and that would be really bad. But that's the kind of thing that would never be caught by, you know, one of the standard type of apium test that's just looking for elements and interacting with them and so on. There could be bugs due to, you know, form factors or device layouts that weren't considered in app development. And all of a sudden you're running on a different kind of device and the layout is totally broken. And, you know, again that's the kind of thing that a standard apium test wouldn't tend to catch as long as all elements are there. There's also stuff like internationalization bugs where developers assume that strings are a certain length and that's what makes the layout work, and then you translate your app into other languages which have, you know, different writing directions or different lengths of words and phrases and you can get some pretty nasty visual bugs there. So this is the kind of stuff that we're now responsible for that, again, we weren't so responsible for the state of the art in app development improved and before the importance of getting all these things right really moved forward in a big way. There's also the category of performance testing, which is in a way really trying to answer the question of whether our apps are responsive enough, you know, making sure that they're not stalling, making sure that they're not too slow and frustrating users, and, you know, there's all these studies that have been done that show that users are actually, you know, a quite easily frustrated group of people, much more easily frustrated than, you know, developers of applications when they're using their own apps and, you know, if you have a delay of even fractions of a second, some scenarios, it can really turn a user off of an application. So it's super important to have a very responsive app and people are beginning to test this as a discipline and to test it in automated ways. So some of the things that you can, that can lead to performance problems in app development or, you know, network design and things like that are, you know, developers often make the mistake of writing code that somehow, you know, does something bad with the UI thread and your app becomes not responsive. Or you can have situations where the network is slower than you anticipated and that leads to a bad user experience. Or your backend team might have a poor network stack design where they've, you know, I was talking with some folks at Headspin who focus a lot on performance testing and learning a bit about the types of problems that they see and, you know, one problem that they see is network connection objects on the app in the app code not being reused well. And so, you know, all these network requests are continually recreated and you have all the overhead of new TCP connections and stuff that really increases the amount of time that it takes for content or images to load and, you know, a simple fix in the network stack or the use of the network APIs for iOS or Android could fix this. But often people don't uncover these things during app development and so it comes to testers to uncover these bugs and ideally know a little bit about what could be some of the problems leading to them. Of course, there's also kind of typical performance issues that plague any software application when in certain scenarios you overuse system resources and this is especially problematic on mobile because obviously mobile devices are pretty resource constrained compared to, you know, our laptop computers. They're quite powerful, remarkably powerful in fact but, you know, especially on Android, it was problematic in the earlier years when one app could take up too many system resources and really negatively impact the performance of the whole device. And so, you know, it's really important to have good app development hygiene to make sure that you're not using too many of these resources and tools like the data analysis of performance data, flame graphs and all that kind of stuff help the testers and developers figure out where these problems are breaking in. Also, sometimes when we do testing, we're not totally aware of all of the contexts in which our app will be used. So, you know, people that are developing for one market that tends to use a certain type of device might not realize that their app is being downloaded and used by a completely different market that tends to use devices which are, you know, much lower power than they were developing on. And so, they're kind of leaving a lot of money on the table, so to speak, by not testing for these other markets where their application could be much more popular and useful if they only, you know, coded to the particular hardware that those people use. So, we also have, you know, just to take one more example, audio and video testing, which is particularly important for applications that deal with streaming, video and audio, which are a lot of applications nowadays, and we probably, each of us have our handful of apps on our devices that we use to watch TV and movies and listen to music and so on. So, there can be a lot of issues here, right, that wouldn't necessarily be caught by an Appium test because Appium isn't really designed for, you know, high frame rate capture and verification of video and stuff like that, so you could have, of course, drop frames, which really impact the user experience, even though the video itself is still playing. Videos can also fail to play, but if you're just checking for whether an element exists in your application, you might not realize that, you know, the most important element, the video element, isn't actually playing, and you might happily go on your way to the test without verifying this, and obviously there's a number of ways to verify that a video is actually playing. You could have, you know, a high frame rate video that's playing, but it could, you know, have a lot of chunks and blocks and weird compression artifacts in it, and the same is true for audio, of course, that would make these types of media completely unconsumable and very unpleasant experiences, but, of course, you have to have some way of telling whether your video is actually playing in quality or not. And then, of course, there just as with the performance testing case, there can be issues with the back end in all of these applications because, obviously, for media content apps, the delivery system for the content is very important, and there can be bugs there as well. So this is just kind of a little exploration into some of the kinds of testing that you've likely been, you know, hitting your head against, depending on the app that you're responsible for automating. So the basic point here is that, you know, it's probably the case for you that you feel your job is getting more complex, that the requirements are stacking up, that you're responsible for more and newer kinds of testing, and you may or may not feel that you have the appropriate tools to deal with all these cases. I certainly don't think that there's a perfect set of tools for all of these kinds of test cases. And so, you know, we're in a situation where we've been cobbling together different systems to deal with different types of testing and some of it's automated and some of it's not, but there's certainly no one right way to do all this and an awful lot of complexity that can get pretty overwhelming. Of course, there are tools that we try and deal with these things, but as with a lot of other areas of software development, as we get more and more complex in the kinds of stuff we can build, we get more and more complex in the ways we can test it, and we wind up with lots and lots of tools that compete with each other and it feels that, you know, the second we learn one tool to help us do our job, there's now another tool which is, you know, potentially better, but we don't really know and should we learn that one. So there's an awful lot of tools out there which leads to a sense of fatigue, as has often been noted and, you know, and made fun of in the web development community with JavaScript frameworks and things like that, but I would argue that the same is happening in pretty much every area of software development. So how do we, you know, how do we deal with this proliferation of tools? I think it's a really important open question. How do we structure our teams? Do we specialize? Do we have individuals who specialize in one type of testing? Do we just, you know, train ourselves more in all these other kinds of tools as well? We hire more people for our teams. Do we scale back our expectations of what we can test? What are the realistic expectations in this kind of new world? And since it's, you know, 2019, it would be an omission, you know, not to mention one of the really big themes that's out there in the industry right now and is trying to deal with some of this tool fatigue and some of the fatigue that comes from having all of these new responsibilities and that's sort of the rise of AI and machine learning for testing. So obviously AI and machine learning is a big topic again in every area of the software industry and has been put to use to good application in a lot of different fields. Let's say good application, I should say successful applications. It's often not that good or necessarily positive for the world but it can be very effective at solving certain kinds of problems. And so there's a lot of people out there who are trying to apply AI and machine learning approaches to testing.  You might not, maybe they're just kind of specialized algorithms for image work but of course the terms AI and machine learning get applied to a lot of things nowadays that maybe technically aren't, technically don't fit that definition but there's also a spectrum of solution to these problems, some of which do kind of move into the real fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning at least. So, you know, again, there's image analysis. APM has tools for this now. There are companies, again, like APA Tools that have formed whole businesses around making this part really work well and putting a lot of smart people to work on, you know, figuring out what the right models are for doing this kind of thing. There's machine learning that attempts to help us with analyzing our user experience data. So taking some of that performance data, for example, and giving it to us in ways that make it easy for us to figure out what's going on. So obviously, you know, I showed that image before of the performance, you know, data and it was a little bit too, you know, complex for me to really understand what's going on. So now there are tools that take the raw data and try and use it to surface the important bits to us so that we have a relatively good idea of, oh, you know, this combination of network bottleneck and something else means that it's likely that your backend server is misconfigured. You know, so tools that try and help us go more directly to an answer about what could be wrong versus forcing us to slog through reams and reams of data to figure that out on our own. The same is true for our tests themselves because our tests aren't just verification or application. They're also bits of data and as we run lots and lots of tests and we move into a world of continuous integration and continuous development where we're running thousands of tests multiple times a day, all of a sudden we have a lot of test data and we want ways of kind of sifting through that and figuring out what could be the root cause of a flaky test or something like that without having to go in and again dig through all the data ourselves. So there are machine learning approaches which are offered by different folks that try and help us wrangle our tests themselves into submission in a way which helps them to serve us rather than getting overwhelmed by going through all of our test results. There are test authoring tools, some of which claim to be totally using an artificial intelligence approach, some of which are more simple. So there's tools, very simple tools like Appium Desktop which you probably use that has a very simple recording system that can generate some code for you and it doesn't work particularly well but it can help you if you're learning the Appium API all the way to folks like Testim or Test Project which are trying to offer whole environments for authoring your tests without having to code at all. And again, we can debate the merits of these approaches but it's an example of different folks that are out there trying to apply these techniques to solving the problem of test authoring which is a real problem for sure. And then even one step beyond that there are tools and companies that are trying to make the problem of testing sort of go away entirely by having tests automatically created and automatically discovered from your application. And so a company I've worked with like TestAI is trying to do this by you just giving them their app and then they generate tests and they generate reports for you without you having to even take the step of authoring a test. So again, there are people trying to use AI and machine learning to solve all these different problems and I think it's worth following this trend and seeing how successful it is in solving these different types of problems while of course taking all of the marketing hype with the grain of salt and waiting to see how truly useful these things are day to day because quite honestly some of the more radical approaches I don't find are more effective today than some of the traditional approaches of just writing test code but it's worth paying attention and seeing how these things evolve and improve and whether they can indeed fulfill the promise that they have been giving us. So where does Appium fit in this new landscape of different kinds of testing and different tools and different approaches for solving all these new problems? Well, obviously it's not going to do everything but I like to think of it as the common interface for platform automation. So I would be very surprised if Appium ever became opinionated about how you should run your tests or even to know about tests in the first place. Appium like Selenium is an automation tool that lets you remote control a mobile device but I think the vision for Appium as we've been saying for years is obviously beyond mobile devices, beyond browsers, viewing it as a common interface for automating any type of platform and obviously the Appium team could never create automation capabilities for every platform that's out there which is why we have to have a big vision and share it with the world to get all kinds of people coming and contributing automation for different types of platforms. So I think there are a lot of benefits to this way of approaching Appium's philosophy. One for all of us is to help reduce the tool fatigue is that there's less cognitive overload when we're dealing with one API. We call it the WebDriver API today. Maybe in 10 years it'll be called the AppDriver API or maybe we'll call it StarDriver like we've always wanted but the basic idea is that the more we can reuse the same APIs the less new things we have to learn and that makes our lives a lot easier helps us adopt new tools and new technologies without feeling like we have to throw away everything we've learned and start again from scratch. Another benefit is extensibility of the Appium platform. The way we've designed and architected it it's really easy to build new Appium WebDriver compatible drivers.  You can just worry about how to automate the particular platform that you're creating a driver for. Coming with Appium 2.0 which we're still kind of working through the right design for this but I think work will begin on it soon. We've introduced the concept of plugins that could enable stuff like the thing that I built that you might have heard about which enables you to use an image classification model to find elements using Appium. So this would be an example of a plugin that's used for a single purpose of finding elements that you could download and some people might use this plugin and some people might not care about it but you can have a whole ecosystem of plugins that help extend Appium in different ways that don't need to be part of the main server. Of course you can mix and match drivers and plugins as part of this vision. And finally we always want to kind of keep the philosophy that we've had of being this big umbrella and having a big community and not just focusing on one type of platform but really giving people tools to bring new platforms into the fold and I think that's been really successful. We've had kind of new surprising drivers show up like the UI TV group created a third-party driver or Samsung created a third-party driver for Tizen that we had no idea they were even working on and then one day it just showed up in Appium and it's like great. So we want that kind of thing to keep happening. Of course as I already said Appium is not going to try to do everything so I think we need to be clear about kind of the place that Appium has and I like to think of it in this way where there's kind of a really high quality open source core which is Appium and the world doesn't need to compete on the kind of stuff that Appium does and then there's a whole ecosystem of open source tools and paid services that kind of surround this and make it better and people can choose which things they like and which things they don't. Java. I just knew that Java was going to ruin my talk somehow. I'm blaming Angie. She just released a Java course. That's probably why. So anyway I think you get the point but I like to think also that Appium will keep up with the future so it's not that we're going to say no because AI and machine learning and stuff and say well someone else will do that. I mean we'll get in there and we'll get in the mess of it and try and figure things out too which we already have been. We've added image recognition features. We've been working with Test AI to add this experimental element of finding AI to Appium. Right now we're working on ways to group commands together to send to cloud services when you're running Appium tests so that you don't have to deal with the latency of commands going back and forth. Obviously we're always committed to keeping up with the Android and iOS platform updates and general maintenance and stuff like that. Then there's always new and useful techniques that we learn about often from the community saying oh did you know you could use ADB to do this and we say oh we didn't know that but now we can make it an Appium feature and we generally do so we keep adding things that seem useful. So in my remaining time I want to just share a little fun example of something I've been working on to try and illustrate this point of Appium kind of expanding continuing to expand its platform umbrella. You might have seen a talk I did in 2016 in London at the Selenium conference called App to the Future which was maybe my favorite talk that I've ever given because it was all based around movies, movies, puns like this one which I don't know. I am a dad now so I suppose dad jokes are totally appropriate. I wasn't at the time I guess I was just practicing. But one of the points I was making in this talk where I was sort of imagining what would it be like to have Appium for an X-Wing? I imagine that you could use the web driver API to find and shoot some proton torpedoes and what that would look like. And it was sort of a tongue-in-cheek way of talking about automating physical things and automating the internet of things. So that's sort of what I've been trying to experiment. I sort of put it out there in the universe like what would Appium for IOT look like trying to do the Jason Huggins thing where you put it out there and then someone does it but nobody did it in the last three years so I was like fine I guess I'll do something with it. I don't know how useful this kind of IOT automation will be but let me show you what I've done. So this is something put out by a company called Adafruit. It's over here and it's a little it's a little computer really that has lots of sensors and you can hook wires up to it and get signals in and get signals out and you can put code on it and have it do whatever you want basically. So I got this thing and then I thought what can I do with this and I decided to find a yogurt container from the refrigerator and empty it out and put some buttons in it and I clipped some wires from these buttons together with this circuit playground device and then wrote some code actually in Python it's really easy to do this kind of thing that whenever I press a button one of these LEDs will turn from red to green but so the whole thing looks kind of like this there's a video of it you press a button and one of the LEDs turns from red to green but that's not all that happens because I was also able to connect up a little homemade audio cable and have it so that every time you press one of these buttons a sound is produced so this is actually a little drum machine which I'll show you what it sounds like in a minute so kind of from a schematic point of view I don't know anything about electronics really I was trying to get hugs to explain some stuff to me but I don't know how to do electronic schematics this is my my own version of it but you have your buttons they're connected with some wires and they need to be grounded to the board and when you press one of the buttons the light turns on and some sound is sent to your headphones pretty straightforward this is my first project like this that I did it was super fun, highly recommend playing around with this kind of stuff so this is basically the app so I have this drum machine it's a little device that I created now I'm thinking about how can we test this app and you could think of different ways to test it we could test it just by writing more software to put on this device that would trigger the audio output but then I'm not really testing the inputs to this device I'm not really testing what happens when an electrical signal comes in I'm just testing from the software on the way out I could create a robot that would hit the buttons that's probably what Jason would have done but I don't know robotics and that seemed a little overkill to me, no offense Jason but what I thought and this actually was an idea from my partner at CloudGrade Jonah is what if we had another device that was designed to send electrical signals into this device so in other words instead of buttons being connected here we would have this other device actually just sending electrical signals in so it's still an end to end test but it's not it doesn't require me to manually press buttons so I got something called a Raspberry Pi which is basically a full-fledged computer it can run versions of Linux and stuff like that and it has these things at the top you can see a big row of little metal pins and it's called the General Purpose Input Output Header and so it's just a bunch of pins that can send and receive electrical signals so what I was able to do is get the Raspberry Pi, get some wires connect them from the General Purpose Input Output Pins and hook them up to the same spots on the the circuit playground where the buttons connect so it looks something like this when they're coming out of the Raspberry Pi and then when I connect them to the circuit playground I'm basically just using alligator clips to connect them to the exact same spot where the buttons connect and I'm not even disconnecting the buttons I'm leaving them connected so I'm not modifying the Applender test so this is in true Appium fashion we're connecting these alligator clips so that we can send electrical signals and trigger the behavior of my app so then what I was able to do is actually write an Appium driver for the Raspberry Pi GPIO so that I can call so I can write a test script on my laptop that creates a session on the Appium Raspberry Pi driver and then basically tells it what to do with pins, you know, should a particular pin send an electrical signal should that signal be high or low should it be an input or output pin all those kinds of electrical things that I don't really understand but was able to model my way through and get something working so what does this driver look like well it's pretty simple I'm not showing you the implementation here obviously but it just has a few methods in it it only supports four web driver commands create and delete session so we can start a session and stop it we can find an element which in this case is just one of the pins that we want to automate and we can set a value on one of those pins and the values that are supported are either 1 or 0 because the pin can be either high or low and then I had to basically think about well how do we map pins on the Raspberry Pi to the actual inputs on the circuit playground and so I decided that that would be what the app is so we define an app as just a set of pins mapped to IDs which are just strings that define certain place on the circuit playground and we talk about what their mode is and what their initial state should be when our test begins so that's how we create a session and now I'm able to find an element by its ID which because I've set this up in my app mapping I know maps to pin 7 on the Raspberry Pi and I'm able to either set that pin to low or high using send keys so that's how the app in Raspberry Pi driver works let's actually try it if I could get your help Dan I know I'm running out of time I'll try and do this as quickly as I can so here we have my phone which I'm going to use here so you can see what's happening and then I have my Raspberry Pi which I'm going to turn on and I haven't plugged it into anything yet so here's my test test device and then here is my app I'm going to plug so the app should be working so I have I don't know so there's my little drum machine I'm not really a drummer but super fun so the app is working so now all I need to do to test it obviously is connect the Raspberry Pi stuff here to the right spots so this one will go here hopefully it's not just touching the rubber and this one will go here and I'm just remembering where they go hopefully I'm getting it right this one will go here ok things still work I can still play the drums but now hopefully I'll also be able to control it for my Raspberry Pi so I'm going to go to my terminal here and connect to the Raspberry Pi over local Ethernet so now I'm actually on my Raspberry Pi I'll try to make this a bit bigger and I'm going to start up I'm just going to make sure all the pins are in a good state first and then I'm going to go into my Raspberry Pi driver so this is actually running on the Raspberry Pi using Node.js and I'm going to start the Appium server making sure that I can connect to it from my laptop so while that's starting show you our test code it's basically what I showed on the slides here it is it has some extra functions that have to do with playing drum notes and stuff but here's the function that will hit a drum basically it sends a certain pin state and then waits for a certain amount of time and then resets it it's basically the equivalent of hitting one of these buttons and then here's where I've defined the song that I want to be played just a bunch of drum hits basically now everything is connected I should be able to run my Appium script here and we'll see now obviously for thanks Dan, I appreciate that obviously for this to be a real test we would need to capture that audio and perform some kind of audio analysis to make sure that it actually played the right song, that the drums weren't hooked up incorrectly or things like that I didn't do that but I did recently write an Appium Pro article on how you can perform audio verification using audio fingerprinting so that is an exercise left to the reader so that's basically it just as a way of summing up everything I've been saying the WebDriver API is pretty flexible you can use it for websites or input output pins on a microcontroller yes and you can run it in a lot of places I was actually pleasantly surprised that I could actually run the Appium server on the Raspberry Pi I didn't have to do anything special for that that's just because the technology involved in the Raspberry Pi is awesome already and it's just Linux so I can install Node.js and actually did all the coding on the Raspberry Pi over H2 which is pretty fun it was super easy to create this driver it's less than 250 lines of code there's an open question of whether this kind of thing is truly useful for business applications I have no idea but it's super fun and it's the kind of thing I think we should all be doing because some day some application will come around and then we'll have the technology to deal with it and again like I said last year it's important to get out there and do creative stuff with Appium even if there's not some pressing business need for it a couple of people asked me Jonathan did you bring your guitar or ukulele and are you going to play a song this year and no I did play a little bit of really bad drums for you but I'm sure that was not quite as pleasant but there is something kind of cool that's happening right now which is that all of the songs that I've done involving Appium in the last five or six years including the one where I did last year at Appium Comp 2018 they've all been released or are being released on an album that my band is putting out it's going to be released next Tuesday so if you're interested in hearing studio versions of the songs that I wrote specifically for Appium and involving Appium Automation you can check out our album that is released everywhere okay thank you everyone


This study compared three different methods for mapping mangroves in the Brisbane River area, southeast Queensland, Australia. The first method, spectral angle mapper, SAM, produced accurate class polygons with only a few unclassified pixels, overall accuracy of 69%. The second method, linear spectral unmixing, LSU, produced a patchy polygon pattern with many unclassified pixels, overall accuracy of 56%. Finally, the third method, object-based image analysis, OBIA, produced the most accurate results, overall accuracy of 76%. The OBIA method combined a rule-based and nearest neighbor classification method, resulting in the most accurate results. This article was authored by Mohammed Kamal and Stuart Finn.


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