Hi, I'm Denshi. In today's video, I'm gonna talk about my new website, comfy.guide. Many of you may have seen my comfy guide videos before on this channel. In fact, my Arch Linux, one of my Gen 2 one, are some of the best performing videos that I've ever made. And I've decided to finally make my text guides that I use in those videos as uniform as possible, at least any ones that I have to write because the existing documentation may not be good enough for the program I'm trying to use. Over the years, I've written a lot of guides and I've always wanted some comfy way to organize all of them. And this is pretty much the answer. So if you go to comfy.guide, you can read all of the text guides from my videos. Now there are a few missing that I'm still working on, things I want to improve. And in today's video, I'm gonna show you how you can contribute to comfy.guide, add your own guides, make corrections, stuff like that, so we can have the best technology guides on the internet for Linux and self-hosting and all that stuff. Even more, everything that I cover on my videos. To begin with, if you go to the comfy.guide website, pretty simple, that's the link, you can click on any of these guides, let's say the Mumble one that I used in my latest video on Mumble. You can see that there's a bunch of information like the ports you need to install the software to run it effectively on your server, if it's a server piece of software. There's a table of contents for every single header that's present in the article and there's tutorials on the commands you gotta run and explanations and there's even images and stuff like that. So I'm gonna show you how to make your own little guide. The first thing you'll notice at the bottom of every single guide is that there's a button that says edit this source. Now, this is actually all hosted on GitHub, so if you click on this, it'll open up the actual markdown file on GitHub so you can go and edit it directly. If you have a GitHub account, you can literally just click the edit button and start working on it and then it'll prompt you to fork the repository and start working on the file and whatnot. Now, we're gonna learn how to do all that on the command line now. As you can see, the article's written entirely in markdown which is a pretty simple markup language to learn. There's code examples, all that kind of stuff and I'm gonna show you how to start editing and writing these articles in just a second. So if you go to the actual comfy.guide GitHub page, this will be linked in the description or you can find it directly by clicking a link on the actual comfy guide website. You can see all the contents of this website. Now, this is actually something called a Hugo site. I'm planning on making a guide on Hugo at some point but it's just so big and complicated and just got so many different ways of doing things that that's probably gonna take a while. Who knows? Maybe you can help me write one on this repository. But anyways, the way the website works is that all the content is written in markdown and then the Hugo templates I've included in here will automatically turn that into a publishable website. Now, you don't have to worry about doing any of that because I'm always doing the publishing and the correcting on my end. So you don't have to worry about actually rendering the site but I will show you how to preview what the site will look like when you edit it, when you're editing an article for it. So anyways, there's a little helpful tutorial on how to contribute that's written over here in text. So I'm basically gonna go over this.  You can basically just copy paste these commands up until here. So as you can see, it says cloning the repository and going into the folder of the repository. So here we are. As you can see, there's a bunch of different folders. The only one you really have to worry about is content. Everything else, it's not super important. I guess the static folder has icons in it. If you wanna add a new icon, so you might want to look at that if you're adding a new guide and you wanna add an icon. But apart from that, most everything you're gonna be doing will be in the content directory. So here's what we're gonna do. The first thing you wanna do is start previewing the website. So what I'm actually gonna do is I'm gonna open up a new terminal on a different window, you know, a different virtual desktop or whatever. There's basically a new terminal that's gonna run in the background. And I'm gonna run this command by going into the comfy-to-guide repository. I'm gonna run this command that's listed over here. Hugo server dash dash no HTTP cache. This will help reload the website faster. And dash capital D. So dash capital D will make it so that even if your article is marked as a draft, like it's incomplete, you can still preview it. So I'm gonna press enter over here. It might give some errors, you can ignore these for now. And it'll tell you to go to localhost 1313 since it bound to 127001. So what that basically means is if we go to localhost 1313 in our browser, the comfy-guide website will preview. Now, you might notice there's actually some difference between this website and the actual official website. There's a few things that are a bit weird, like the title doesn't seem to be working on this copy. I'll probably get that fixed by the end of this video. But the most important thing is you'll see there's a bunch of other articles which are not listed on the real comfy-guide website. These are all draft articles I'm working on in the background. Like, for example, a KissLinux article or an encryption article where I explain the basics of encryption or there's one where I talk about how to host stuff on tour. Look out for that video, by the way. This video will probably be coming out pretty soon. Anyways, these are all the draft articles they post up in the order of when they were made. So the oldest one here is the PureTube article and they just go up from there basically. Anyways, to make a new article, if you wanna start completely from scratch, what we wanna do is run the following command from the comfy-guide repository. You wanna run hugo new and then content. And then the folder you wanna make the content is. There's two folders. There's server and client and that's these server self-hosting guides and client more like Linux oriented home computer guides. Let's say I wanna make a new server guide, server, and then you gotta give it a name. So I don't know. Let's say I wanna make a guide to, I don't know, something basic like HTML, something like that. And then I'm gonna end it with .md which is Markdown. So this will create the template file which you can start editing. So now open up your editor. In this example, I show Vim, you can use Nano, whatever your favorite editor is, you can go to Vim, Content, and then server and then HTML, just whatever you name the file. And as you can see, it will contain a bunch of template information. So it'll automatically try to guess the title based off the file name. I mean, it got pretty close. It capitalized the H but I'm gonna actually make this to full HTML acronym. You can give this a description. I don't know, a simple guide to the hypertext markup language which is what HTML actually stands for. Icon. So you can give this article on the icon. I guess we can look for one of those. Ideally, you wanna look for an SVG icon. So normally you can find these on Wikimedia. So like if you search for SVG icons, yeah, here you go, HTML5 logo and wordmark. Yeah, stuff like this. You normally find it on Wikimedia Commons or websites that have good SVG sources. So vector images. Sometimes this is impossible. If it really is impossible, try making your own icon, try making your own custom little thing if you think it'll look cool. So we're gonna click over here and click original file. I don't know if you can see that. It says original file SVG file. We're gonna click on that. And there you go. There's the file. We can just basically right click on it and I think save page as, and there you go. So we're gonna just call this HTML.SVG. So in the actual comfy.guide folder, where you wanna save this is in static and then icons. So you wanna save it among all these other SVGs. At least that's what you generally want to do. So if you go to icon, you can rename that to HTML.SVG, just like that. So that way, there you go. The entry will show up on the comfy guide preview which we have with localhost 1313. The article will show up. It will be linked and it will have the icon which we specified. So opening it up, as you can see, it'll open up the article. It's got the icon, but it doesn't really have anything. It doesn't even have a table of contents because we don't have any content at all. Before I do actually start writing the article, I wanna say that if you want yourself to be credited in the actual article, then you can add your name over here. Let's say, I don't know, I'm Billy. I wanna have my name Billy over here. And it'll say this page is made by Billy. You can also have website, a bunch of other variables here, but the main ones are like email. Let's say Billy at Billy.org or something like that. And then it'll have a little email icon. If you have like a matrix, it'll have a matrix icon at Billy colon Billy.org, something like that. And there you go. Oh wait, it might give, yeah. You can't have an at, so you have to put it in quotation marks. Sorry about that. But there you go. Then it'll show a matrix icon. So all your messaging and context can be at the bottom here if you want somebody to contact you. You can also have a Monero address.  That's probably a good Monero address. And then it'll say you can donate with Monero. So yeah, you can have this metadata here so you can be credited properly for your work. With all that done, all the boring stuff done, let's actually write the article. So just in case you don't know Markdown, you can create subheadings. I recommend creating subheadings by using two hashtags instead of regular headings with a normal hashtag because a regular heading in HTML, I don't know, let's say how to write paragraphs, something like that, right? It'll show as like a title and you don't really want that in your article. So change it to a double hashtag or double pound symbol, whatever you call this.  Once you have your subheading, you can have your guide. So this is how we write paragraphs in HTML. And so that'll be like a paragraph when you write a paragraph like that in Hugo or sorry, in Markdown. If you want to include a code example, you have to do three little like backup philosophies like that and then three little ones to end it. This is like a code block. And then you can have, you know, the actual example. This is a paragraph in HTML. Just like that, close the tag. And if you want to have proper formatting for the code, so if I put this in, as you can see, it'll just be black and white. Like there won't be any coloring, but it can actually be colored by Hugo if you specify the language. So you can put a HTML over here after the first three back, I don't know what these are like, you know, back apostrophes. And then as you can see, it'll color it appropriately just like that. So that's how you do code. If you want to do like a list, you could say this is the first item of the list. This is the second one like that. You can do these little dashes for a bullet point list and you can do one, first, two, second. So like a number with a dot after that'll make an ordered list just like that. I think if you do like the wrong number, it actually goes to three. So it always assumes that you're going in the right order. So you can technically just do one, one, one on your markdown and then it'll show up as one, two, three on HTML. So you don't have to worry about getting the numbers always right. You can just put them in whatever order you want or, you know, with whatever number at the beginning you want. I guess you can put a comment with a little angled bracket like this. So this is a comment, a warning for some kind of block text. So the way to use comments on guides like these, because they kind of pop out, I recommend using them as little warnings or things like that. So I love using these for warning people like, oh, this is gonna take up a lot of space on your server or, you know, this process could easily take like a few days to complete.  I'd also mention, if you wanna have subsections within your subtitles, you can have little triple pound signs and even quadruple pound signs for even subsections. So if this is like a section, right? Section, just like that. Section, I don't know, two. And then you're like, this is my cool second section. There's a paragraph right there and mark down. And then let's say there's like a subsection, subsection one. Here is a subsection which goes into more detail on a specific step. So that'll show up as like a little separate thing on the table of contents. And as you can see, it's a smaller little text. It's like a triple heading, basically. It's like a sub-subheading. And you can also do quadruple headings, sub-subsection one, just like that.  You could do like five of these sub-sub-subsection. One, not really practical. Realistically, you're never, yeah, they're not even gonna be listed on the actual table of contents because even that's a bit of a little bit too extreme. I think the most realistic one you're probably gonna be using is the number three, possibly the number four. But yeah, one last thing I wanna cover on mark down is how you can do lines. So if I write, this is some text over here, mark down. As you can see, it'll render as this is some text as one sentence. It won't actually split it like I've done here. To split it properly, you have to put two spaces after the lines you want a new line after. So just like that, that will insert a line break. So as you can see, it'll do this is some text. Now this is different from doing this and then a space like that or a new line like that is some text. In this case where there's a line separating them, those are all considered separate paragraphs. As you can see, there's a lot of space between them. But for this one, it's considered one paragraph just with a bunch of line breaks. So double spaces and mark down just like that. Those do line breaks. Okay, there is one last thing I didn't mention which is images and links. So with a link, you wanna do two squared brackets like that or just two brackets, that's what they're called. And then put this is a link text.  It won't actually make a link. What you have to do is put two round brackets like that and that'll turn it into a link. And then in the round brackets themselves, you wanna put the contents of the link. So HTVS, example.org for example. You can put any link in here. If you wanna link to another article, you can actually just put something like forward slash server and then porosity, that's the porosity article. If you were to click that link, it would go to the porosity article. So that's how you link other articles. For images, it's the same syntax as for a link, but you put an exclamation mark in front. So this is the image text. So this is the kind of text which goes on the image that kind of describes it if you wanna include that. And then you put the two little brackets. And as you can see, we don't have an image in here so it won't render anything here. It'll just render the text if the image is missing. So to have an image, what you wanna do is create a folder for your article and put the article in it. I know it sounds like a bit of a convoluted process, but let me explain. So let's look for an image online, first of all. I'm gonna just do like some, I don't know, example. I wanna find like some really old, here we go, some old footage of HTML editors, like an old image of an HTML editor. I'm gonna save this image. I'm gonna put it in comfy.guide, content, and then server. And I'm gonna make a new folder here for my guide. So going back to my terminal over here, I'm gonna go into content server. And as you can see at the moment, we have this HTML file, right? The HTML.md, well, it's not a HTML file. It's a markdown file about HTML. That's the article we were working on. Let's make a new folder called HTML, just like that. So in that folder, we're gonna actually insert our image. So I'm gonna call this example.jpg, basically. So putting it in there, back to our article. If we go and start editing the text to our article, or not the folder, sorry, the text, the markdown text, and go to the image. If we type the name of the image now, since it's in a folder of the same name as our article, we can put the name example.jpg, and as you can see, it'll actually show in our article. It'll also format correctly. It'll size correctly to everything. So you don't have to worry about resizing images unless you really want to. That's how you put an image in. There is one more recommendation, which is you should probably go and move the HTML markdown file into the HTML folder, and rename it to index.md. This is mostly to help with RSS generation, and to make sure images are displaying correctly on the RSS feed, which for this website is still a work in progress, but basically, you want to rename it as the index of the HTML folder. So doing that, as you can see, the page is still intact. Everything's fine, but this helps you go in the background with stuff like RSS feed. So yeah, that's pretty much it when it comes to providing the guide. If you actually want to add your content to the guide after you've written it on the terminal, all you have to do is go back to the comfy guide folder to the root of the repository and do git add dot, and then there you go. And then git commit dash m, and then put something in like added HTML guide, just like that. So that'll show you the changes you made. As you can see, those are all the changes that we made. 56 insertion, so we added 56 lines to the code of the repository. And finally, we want to run git push. So this will ask you for your GitHub username and the passwords have put something like, I don't know, Billy or something bad. Obviously, I don't know Billy's actual password. It puts something random in here. Now, just to be clear for GitHub, you don't really put a password in. You put an authentication token in and you have to go to your GitHub settings and scroll down to developer settings right over here. And if you can see that, there you go, developer settings. And you want to generate something called a personal access token. You can probably do a classic one. I have a few, but you can just click generate new token, classic probably, then, you know, well, I have to authenticate for mine, but you know, you get the idea. Basically, you want to copy paste the token. If you were to put like a password in here, yeah, it would give an authentication error. But if I were to put my actual password from an actual account, it would tell me any token. That's just a GitHub thing. I don't know why it does that.  I mean, I'm sure it might help some people, but I just find it annoying.  So yeah, especially because people use the same password all across. But that's the process for adding an article to Configade. Once it was submitted to probably your copy of the repository, you can make a merge request on the actual GitHub interface and do all that kind of stuff. You can click through the GUI. It basically does everything for you. And I'll review your edits and I'll do it. There's already been a few people who've done some stuff. So if you go to pull requests, there's one closed one by, I think it is, yeah, I'm inter CX. I don't really know how to pronounce this name, but he fixed the typo in a variable. Anything you'd be for making the website. But yeah, the one last thing I'm gonna leave this video with is the issue pages. If you have an issue with an article or you're having a problem with something and you don't want to fix it directly, you just wanna ask for help, open up an issue over here. There's one issue at the moment, number one, which is the Configade logo. I just want to select some kind of logo. If anybody's got any ideas or wants to draw up some art or vector art, stuff like that, feel free to put it down in this issue. If you're an artist, if you're somebody who likes making logos. But yeah, as for that, I've been Denshi. I hope you enjoyed this video on Configade. And I really hope you check out the website and start making contributions and leave any suggestions, stuff like that, corrections to articles. If you think there's anything to correct, that's pretty much it. Goodbye.


In the first video on linear regression, I showed you how to set up the most basic version of linear regression, which is called simultaneous entry, where you take all of your predictors and you put them in the model at once. And what it gives you is this one that we have right here, which gives you the T values and the P values that allow you to hypothesis test on all of your variables, but only in the context of each other. And if you select different variables, or sometimes if you put them in in different order, you can get different results. Now I want to show you some of the options that Jamovie gives you for this. And to do that, I'm going to come back to regression. And I'm going to pick linear regression again. And I'm going to set up a new analysis. I'm going to scroll down a little bit here. The outcome variable, the dependent is openness. So I'm going to pick that right here. And this is where I can start choosing which variables I want to include in the analysis. Now what I did previously is I picked all of these Instagram down through modern dance, which are Google correlate terms, which have to do with the relative popularity of these search terms on a state by state basis. And I can pick those. And I also chose governor, which is simply whether the governor of that state was Democratic or Republican when the data was gathered. And we have this table right here.  And here I have an opportunity to do data in blocks. Now a very common approach or something that a lot of people want to do is something called stepwise entry, which you simply tell the computer, these are all the possible variables. And I want you the computer to go through and pick the one that has the highest individual correlation, stick that in the model, then pick the one that has the highest correlation after that and put it in and so on and so forth. The problem is stepwise models tend to really build on the idiosyncrasies of that particular data set. And so you get a model that's really well tailored to what you have. But it doesn't generalize well, and it can actually mislead you in a lot of different ways. Jim Moby doesn't even give you the option for that. What you do have the option for is what I personally call block regression or block injury or block wise regression. And that is you can set up several models that sequentially add additional variables. And so what I'm going to do here is I'm going to first take all of these search terms, I'm going to get all of them out. And so right now block one is just whether the state has a Democratic or Republican governor. And you can see right here that in terms of openness, it's doing subtraction Republican minus Democrat. And what that means is that the Democrat governors or the states with Democrat governors tend to have higher levels of openness than the ones with Republican governors. That's because we have a negative coefficient there. But let's add a second block and see how things shift around. Now I do want to come up here and change this to include the adjusted R squared. So I'm going to come down and say model fit and add that on right there. And I'll close that. So now we have our model fit simply knowing whether a state has a Republican or Democrat governor predicts almost 13% of the variance in the outcome, the openness of this state as a whole. That's kind of remarkable all on its own. But I'm going to come over here and add a new block. And in block two, we're going to try to put several other variables, we'll say for instance, come down and pick just these last few museum scrapbook and modern dance. And I'm going to put those into block two. Just as a main effect right there. And then I can compare the model with just governor and then the model with governor and these three in it. And so that's what I have right here. We have this first one is just governor and we have an adjusted R squared of 12.9. It explained about 13% of the variance in the outcome openness. When we add these other three Google search terms, the relative popularity of those on a state by state basis, it goes up to 52%. We've now explained over 50% of the variance in the outcome, which is openness. Now that makes a little bit of sense because openness often includes artistic or creative openness, though it can include a lot of other things as well. And this one right here, this model comparisons tells us that there's a statistically significant increase, which makes sense because it's a huge jump. And then here we have the variables. Now this is for model two. If we want to look at model one, we just click on this and we get the one with just governor. And you can see there's a statistically significant effect there. That's the 007 right here. But let's go back to model two. And now we can see that governor is no longer statistically significant. That's because it was a spurious correlation is predicted by other things. And then museum doesn't seem to matter. But we have strong and statistically significant effects for both scrapbook and modern dance to creative interests. And we see that one's negative and once positive. So in the states that have higher levels of interest in scrapbook as a search term, there are lower levels of openness. And in states that have higher interest in modern dance, there are higher levels of openness. Again, that's because we have these negative and positive coefficients. But remember, it's always within the context of one another. Now if we want to, we can add a third block where we take on for instance, these other ones that we go from Instagram. And then I'll do a shift click down to volunteering. And I'll put those in the third block as main effects only, we're not looking for interactions right now. And when I do that, we can see that adding those variables improve the adjusted r squared from only 0.525. That's 52 and a half percent to 57.2%. And in fact, you can see here that that increase from model two to model three is not statistically significant. The increase has a p value itself of 0.180. So we didn't get anything helpful by adding those extra variables. In fact, we lost degrees of freedom by doing that. So that tells us that we're probably best off going with model two, which had a substantially higher rate of predictive ability compared to the one that had just governor, and the results make sense in this that theoretical interpretation that matters. And so this is one way of looking at the relative contribution of different variables.  And really, whether it's something that you can put into use, whether you can do something productive with it, that is the goal of linear regression. And this blocked entry is to find the information that's going to be most useful to you in solving the problems that you're dealing with.


Okay. Once again, good day. Right away, I forgot to do something. I want to introduce the recorder, Dan, who's doing this online recording, and there he is. Dan took this course as an undergraduate, so as I present this, I'm carefully watching his face to get his reactions and so that I can adjust as I go along. I put too much pressure on you. I appreciate it. But if you want to ask me the occasional question. And he said if I want to ask him an occasional question, I can do that. I won't put any more pressure on him than already exists. If I answer it incorrectly, I'm going to cut it out though. Okay. Let me begin with a biography of Mark's. You should know something about who the man was. And I also have another motivation for presenting this little story about Mark's. I'm going to also introduce the dialectic as I tell you the story of Mark's. So I'm going to tell you very briefly, just take me a few moments, this story of Mark's, the man, and the way he thinks this Marksian theory. But in so doing once again, I'm going to also present to you the methodology of Mark's that is this concept of over-determination. So there's two purposes here. First, Mark's was born in Germany in 1818, beginning of the 19th century, and he dies at the end of the 19th century, 1883. So the first thing we can say about this is that Mark's, in the way he thought about society, the development of his Marksian theory, was a complex product of the economic changes that were occurring in Germany and France and in England and so forth over these decades. Just like everybody else, we are all, including Mark's, a complex product, a complex effect of the economic times. And just to explore that for a moment, during this period of time in Germany, dramatic changes were occurring, which was the death of an old society, feudalism, and the birth of a new society, capitalism, that's always interesting, birth and death. So Mark's becomes intrigued with the following question. How does capitalism, that's the birth of capitalism, arise in society? And he's going to argue that the birth of capitalism arises in and out of the death of feudalism, and it's called within the Marksian tradition the transition from feudalism to capitalism, and it forms the end of volume one that I asked you to read in this course. So there you can read Mark's ideas about how one society moves to another. Be that in mind, because Mark's, and especially the Marksists after him, are going to also be concerned with a different kind of transition, which is the movement, the transition from capitalism to socialism and communism. So there is a lot at stake in this kind of theoretical analysis that Mark's is going to present in terms of the movement of one kind of society to another. So one of the things that Mark's then does, he begins to theorize the movement of one society from another because that was occurring during his day and people were asking, what's the birth of this capitalism, how did it come about, and so forth. Next, there's no question as you all know that this is a period of time in Europe in which there's enormous industrialization occurring as part of this growth and development of capitalism, the industrial revolution roughly, in England from 1750 to 1850 and then another one from 1850 to World War I, the revolution in textiles and consumer goods in the first 100 years and then the revolution in all kinds of capital goods and heavy industry in the second from 1850 roughly to World War I. That's occurring in Germany and Western Europe as well. It's a little bit later than what occurred in England, but nonetheless tremendous industrialization. So Mark's answers or tries to come up with an answer to the questions of the day, producing all this industrialization, what is the nature of it? Third, Mark's title of his book is called Capital. That's an interesting question. People want to know in this development of capitalism and this tremendous growth of industry, what is capital? So Mark's begins to theorize, provide an answer to the economic questions of the day, not only transition from feudalism to capitalism, not only what's causing industrialization, but what is capital and of course you can see the next question of what is a capitalist? So Mark's is going to provide nuances to this question as well as things like the following. What produces the value of something? How do we explain price of both inputs and outputs? So Mark's is going to provide in Volume 1 of Capital, again that which we're reading here, an explanation for the price of something. And let me pick up since it connects to what we're already done and we may as well make use of it. What Mark's is going to try and show is that the price of something, I left it on the blackboard, the price of something in the market is connected to class exploitation. There's going to be a very famous and important part of his theory. What he's going to show is again that the price of an apple, the price of a car in the market contains within it class exploitation. That's consistent with what we did before. Finally, since it's appropriate today, Mark's is going to provide a theorization of the ups and downs of capitalism. The incessant business cycle that capitalism suffers from. So the booms followed by the busts followed by the booms. Mark's is going to provide, and we're going to do that in exquisite detail in this course, a theorization, an explanation of the business cycle. So to summarize. Mark's in his thinking is a complex product of the economic changes of the day. But that's not all of it, right? That's only a small portion of it. Mark's in his thinking, or obviously like all of us, a complex product of a variety of other things. For example, Mark's is a product, he's complexly shaped by the influences of his mother and father. Mark's carried with him, if you remember correctly, a picture of his father next to his heart for the rest of his life and was buried with that picture. So, you know, did his father have an influence upon him?  Just like your father and my father had an influence on each of us and our mothers and our grandmothers and grandfathers and brothers and sisters. So this personal impact that our families have upon us and the way we think. Also, his education. Mark studied at the University of Bonn for one year, then he went to the University of Berlin, a very famous university in Germany. He studied there. He studied there, by the way, at Berlin, and he made this transfer from Bonn to Berlin at the urging of his father. His father thought that Berlin was a more serious place for Mark's, so he went there at the urging of his father.  He got his PhD there in his dissertation for his PhD. He studied Greek philosophy. And one of the things that Mark's worked on in his dissertation and one of the things that Greeks were interested in, and we're going to come back to it in this course, is the notion of causation. There were two, if I may summarize this, there were two ideas of causation that many of the Greeks struggled with. One was a cause and effect idea in which A causes B causes C and so forth. The other was very different. The other was held by people who were skeptical that you could kind of order life into A causes B and causes C. They were called skeptics and they argued something quite different. They argued that every cause was an effect and every effect was a cause. People like Epicurus and Zeno, they were skeptical that you could order the world. They didn't think that the entities that were being ordered were independent of one another and hence you couldn't order them in such a way because they were not independent, such that A would cause B, B would cause C and so forth. In any case, Mark's notion of dialectics was influenced by his study of these Greek philosophers. So did his studies affect him the way he thought? And so of course they did, just like you and me. Mark's marries a young woman, Jenny, Von Westphalen, if I remember correctly, their last name. Did his marriage affect him? I mean that's a silly question, of course it did. Mark's had a friendship with a number of people, the most important with whom was Engels. So as you all know, Mark's in Engels. Engels had a profound influence on Mark's as Mark's did on Engels. Mark Engels was a man of fairly wealthy means who owned some factories in England and he helped to support Mark's, much of Mark's life besides their intellectual relationship with the other and their political relationship with one another. They were comrades, but Engels also wrote checks. They helped support Mark's. Mark's suffered from poverty over much of his life and the question did poverty affect him? Of course it did. So his friendship with Engels, his marriage, the economic events of the day, his studies, those all helped to shape the way he thought. Mark's was also a student of French socialist writings. He was both enamored with and criticized the French socialists. The French socialists were unhappy with the capitalism of the day. So Mark's was attracted to these individuals who were unhappy with the capitalism of the day as it was growing up, especially in France. But Mark's differed from them as well and provided a criticism of them. Once again to pick up what we did before. And the reason is because the French socialists, according to Mark's and according to Engels, did not have a class criticism of society. They criticized society, the poverty of the day and so forth. The business cycle, but they did not connect their criticism to surplus value. And so that Mark's is going to provide a critique of them for that reason. He also studies British political economy that was growing in the day. He studies Adam Smith. He studies David Ricardo and still others. So he begins to study economics, not just Greek philosophy, not just the French socialist, not just history, but also economics. And in part he's going to come up with an economic theory that is different from Smith and Ricardo, but he's always very respectful of those mighty thinkers. It just goes on and on. Let me just give you one more. Mark's was a political refugee. That is, even as a young man, he became noted to the authorities as a person who was a problem, a problem in Germany, a problem in France, a problem in Belgium. And so he was moving from one society to one country from another as he came under increasing pressure of the police, the political authorities of the day because his ideas were troublesome, as I told you. They produced an element of fear amongst the people.  They were asked by a league of workers in France to produce a manifesto for them. And Mark's and Engels responded by saying, okay, here is a blueprint for you workers. And that blueprint for the workers was very, very important in the revolt of the workers across Eastern and Western Europe in the 1840s. So Mark's was a problem. That aspect of his being a problem and his being a political refugee ends up in England affected him, just like anyone being a political refugee has his or her ideas and his or her experiences colored in part by that experience. Let me summarize this then, okay, because there's a theory here. So what I'm going to do now, I told you a little bit about the story of Mark's, but I want to now use it to kind of get across, if I can, this notion of the dialectic or over-determination.