Yeah, so thanks, thanks for inviting me here. So, so look at me. I mean, we used to be colleagues at SP digital. So anybody know what SP digital does. Maybe I just sell a bit off. So I'm a software engineer and SP digital. So what we do is we provide what are energy tech solutions. I forgot the tagline ready. Yeah. Specifically, my side what we do is, whatever you see today on the SP utilities app. If you want to open and close your utilities account, look at consumption. We are basically building the websites plus the all the back end systems to do it that we also support internal businesses. For example, let's say automation today the meter readers technicians they are doing very, very manual work pen and paper to figure out let's say what are the meters that needs to be repaired and things like that. So we harvest the ingest all the data when we figure out and to use of various technologies AI machine learning to figure out what are the things that needs to be proud of that. So, so we work on all sorts of things that can help the device make to make the SP group is a utilities company operate better more efficiently and I think it's to save taxpayers money. Yeah. So, yeah, so that's why I do. So the topic I'm talking about today is hotline liquid cooling. So, anybody here knows what okay anybody here has built your own PC before. So is it, is it water food. Okay. So, so I was sending so I always been building liquid cool PC and I have my, my, my, my, I always thought my thought was like, it's easier to maintain is, is quiet. My, my, my aim is it needs to be quiet. So I realized that after my first few builds there was one bill I tried to go full silent, meaning that not no fans, all hit things. And then it's okay but you can't go very high and because, yeah, so, so, then I was thinking, we'll, we'll look at cooling actually help to that. Yeah, so, okay, so I will just try to wait. Okay, so we all know about traditional cooling. So CPU or some kind of hardware that's, that's warm or hot. You have a heat sink, which is basically something that conducts it away and then you have a fan, which tries to cool it down basically the fan tries to bring airflow through that. So I won't go into details like all whether it's positive negative case flow all these are all those are like beyond the score of this. So it's really small about my experience with what water cooling. Okay, so why because things like this are very hot. Right, so we need to cool this down. Yeah, so traditionally you can put things like that. So this one was one of my examples I tried this thing technically can run without a fan. This is the laptop D 14. So it's really really a gigantic piece of aluminum, like this. So with this, if you are not gaming, you can actually run without fan. Yeah, and you can really achieve almost complete silence. So if this one pad with even power supplies that are totally silent passive you can actually run an entire computer without any fans. Yeah, but obviously not for gaming. Yeah, so. So yeah, I understand that it needs to have a large service, but at some point that the air that you're trying to keep the air that you clean. Correct. Correct. So this this obviously need to put it in a place where there is adequate airflow, and because this is so so huge right. Without the fan, it your you have acceptable temperatures around. Okay, it depends on how as though you feel it is around 50 to 55 degrees. So you can survive up to 100 without open case shutting down. Yeah, so if you are not gaming, it's actually okay. Obviously this experiment you shouldn't be doing that. Yeah, but I'm just saying that with this size of fans right, you can actually run without fan you won't shut down. You will still run because it can maintain around 50 plus 60 degrees. Yeah, obviously not not this you try to get. Yeah. So I know that answer the question. Yeah. So us today costs around 100 and 180 90 I got this I maybe very long 12 years ago. So just to just in case. So not so as a company that I think they make one of the best hit things. They are expensive because they are really well made. And they last while in the sense that even over the different generations are your CPU socket all this might change right all you need to do is email them say that I have a new CPU socket. And which what house using they will mail you the the bracket for it. So in a way it's like lifetime you can use it for years I used to I've been using it for more than 10 years over like three or four PC builds. Yeah. Because I know that yes, you need to clean. So there is definitely maintenance, even though it's so-called fanless. Yeah, over time.  Ultimately, it's still there's a maintenance. Yeah. Okay. So, so yeah, yes. On the photo we show that so that we can see. Yeah. Yeah, you can you can. I mean, I'm not, not saying that we should run fanless. I'm just saying that is, it is possible. I haven't done enough experiments that you can issue on finance but but yeah. So, but this is just to show but it is usually is in the case. I'm just going to illustrate are in case for the rest who are other parts of the PC at today's today are the same, whether it's graphic cards, or what is always sitting fan even today, your mvmv SSDs also has a mini meeting he's saying and fan. So, yes, so everything now has your even your memory sticks now today has a headset and a fan. So, pretty much now everything is getting hotter, because they're getting smaller and. Yeah. Okay, so water cooling. Right. So, what's the concept. The, the, the heat sink is replaced with a water, what we call a water block. So it's actually jazz metallic aluminum and some kind of metal block that conducts it away. And the rest is actually like any other traditional heat exchange. So what cold water comes in, it goes out. The water is being passed through a radiator, and then the radiator with his, with his large facility will will try to put down obviously you can put fans on it so that you can put them in the apartment so to actually submit the, the coolant. Yeah, coolant here can be can be a lot of things some people say that water works for obviously water over time they will they'll be out gay growth and things like that. So people will use something called some kind of coolant. So they usually what does willing to water clean companies they sell it. So the next point in it will inhibit the growth of algae and basically try to clean things along the way. So, some people claim that you can just run with pure distilled water. It was for some people it was it depends on where you are in the in the world so then basically maybe it's okay maybe our environment is even some countries that even the ambient temperature is low they also have to put in some other chemicals make sure that doesn't freeze like this. Yeah, so it depends on where you are. Yeah, so in case, in case you wonder why it's a water block like it, it looks like a mini hit thing. So it's this is a cheapest that you can find so you have a copper plate and then there's a lot of things. So it basically tries to mimic what a heat sink would do. But in this case, it passes water through so water in water out. So that that that that that that's how what to clean words to try to cool this water block or quite cold plate. So, this is the most elementary one. Obviously, today you can buy really nice machine once very very fancy that really with tiny things different channels that forces the water through so that's that's a up to the design of this. You can go through tiny things that can make the pressure higher and things like that so there's there's a lot of science that they they went into designing modern water blocks. Yeah. So, next thing is what case and form factor, if you want to do cooling because if you want to do water cooling then you, you can get to there you can pretty much buy any any kind of case you want. So I think traditionally in the in the past they are some. Okay, you still need to buy and accommodate so I'll cover later on what do you need to figure out to see what fits based on how much components you have. What is the way for size of the radio you have then you have to really go and consider what is the size of your casing. So, you can also you can go all the way this really fancy kinds where these are called like a medium or small compactors they are really custom if you are really into this kind of thing you can buy cases these are these are not full custom meaning that it is still off the shelf. They are those really really hardcore ones they machine, they machine their own cases, but this one you can buy off the shelf, but it was a lot of manual. So, yep. The case alone is $700 just the case without any components just the case itself. Yeah. So, okay, along the way, I will cover then you can you can feel free to ask me the prices. Anyway, why I remember is from two years ago. So I built mine during Kobe, which is probably might be higher than that now. Yeah. Okay, next is, you can also go, they call it SSS, SSS small contactor so traditional small things that is because it's really so small people might say that maybe my thing you can't you can't fit any more water components in is really so small but apparently people have done it. Even for this kind, which is so small, you can see the mouse for comparison they are able to fit in water cooling for both the GPU and the CPU. So, yeah, people have done amazing things with it. Yes, yes. So it really depends on what you're willing to it's a it's a it's a balance. If you are running a large big case, you can afford more fans more radiuses, you can put you can get a very low. If there is something like that right it's very tight definitely f o it will be will be worse. The, the, the, the, there's only one way to do here, but it depends on what you're going for. For example, let's say your you want to go for a quiet you want it to be small. You can say that I am okay for this to run at a load of let's say 80 degrees, maybe for someone who's going for cool and quiet they may not accept that so it really depends on what you're aiming for for some folks they want the size. Yeah, definitely if you will echo this you won't you won't be able to fit high confidence in but if you want to quit you barely allows for it so it depends on what you what you're looking for. So, if you're looking for like for this maybe they are designing this for cat and maybe video video editing maybe not so much about gaming, and then people actually underclock or limit the voltage limit the hardware so that they know that it can perform better, but they make it more efficient by maybe limiting the power consumption to a certain voltage, and then you know that the pressure won't won't exceed that. So again, that's another whole science of what they call today. And underclocking technically overclocking today is. I won't go to that. So that that's that's how you can actually optimize optimize it. Basically, you know. Yes, yes, I'll cover that and what I did so this is this is not this of mine is often that so yes.  This is the more traditional one is what you can buy off the shelf.   Yeah, so I end up going with a more traditional PC tower case like this. So to answer a question earlier that I wanted to it to be running cool and near silent. So definitely I need something bigger I need more space I need more really intense. By the way, this is, I think it's an attack evil acts if you're curious. Okay, how much it costs this case I think it costs trainers. I think more than this nowadays and there's no fun. Yes, because today there is pretty much no need for this. Yeah, so there is a front I always thought about this whole thing can be removed is just a faceplate but the behind is just a pen for for fans. Yeah, so if you again is not mine but this is what is fully installed is something how it looks like. Yeah. So, although it looks quite plain you can look quite cool when it's fully loaded. Okay, so the question is if you have decided that you want to do water cooling, whether to go half hard line or soft to be so direct internet recommendation is you go soft to be so to bring is pretty much the garden hose idea. So the good thing is, which I will talk later that the pain of hard line is everything doesn't move. So the total tolerances are very quite high. So any King or any, anything that's not a line. There will be leaks. So soft is really just a to be a coin to one end. Usually nothing will go wrong for hotline is it looks nice, but you really have to figure out how do you measure it to be precise because you can imagine.  How do you even make that happen. How do you measure that to cut it to the correct length. So, the worst is, they are different types of tubing which I will cover cover. So there's a few types which is required rubber tubing here so rubber is the easiest so what they recommend for stuff for starters. Yeah, then you have acrylic PDG, various types of plastics, you can go glass. If you know how to bang glass. Yeah, you can go other exotic stuff like copper and even carbon fiber for some folks. Yes. So, I went a couple so that I will show. So, so the thing is, you need to bend things. So you have to think about how do you bend things is you are going for class how are you going to bang glass. So if you can bang glass at home, you have to, there are guides on this but it's really really complex. You can bang copper so, but today they actually sell pre-banned copper which I will show so they are pre-banned in 45 angle degrees. So you need to bang yourself. Yeah, but for for acrylic on plastic, you have to bang yourself and it's actually not that complex. It's really just a heat gun, which is pretty much a head dryer. So you have to be on top and then you just what we are there is often and then you bend it so obviously there's more to that you have to put inserts in. If not, if it's a hollow to the moment you bend it gets collapsed. Right, so they will put rubber inserts into today. So again, there's an add and sign to all those but I won't cover that. So, recommendation is if you are totally new and you will try to go for rubber tube, if you have one to review one to experience or have try more things, you can try acrylic or plastics. Yeah. Oh, okay price rubber tube is cheap. I think three meters of rubber tube. Okay, obviously it's not normal rubber tube because rubber tubes will be great over time. So those views of water playing because water runs. I think they sound slightly higher quality ones. So I think a three meter tube set $12 plastics and credits I think they sell in one meter length. $1215. A lot of things actually I saw online, you import from Alibaba or this is this is cheaper. If you try to buy locally in Singapore is a lot more expensive. Okay, so the next part is how does this actually connect to that water block or thing that we are talking about. So there's this thing called fitting. I always wondered how they connect. So this is called a fitting. So fitting means you can imagine there are two parts. The bottom part is the one that actually screws on to radiator or the water block. So you can see there are two rubber seals. So what you have cut the length that you just force it in the rubber tubes to so called provide a seal. There's outer ring so when you screw on the outer ring it locks it into tightens it into place. So that's it. Therefore, by squeezing the rubber tubes into the metal you achieve a seal. So that's how how you connect things to parts to different parts. So they call this fittings. Yeah, there are different types because if you're using this is for hard tubes, things like copper or acrylic. So that design is for rubber tubes. So I think I think you can guess it looks more like a garden hose kind of right so that's actually for rubber tubes. Yep. Okay. Okay, I think the next part is, which is the planning part. So this is a rough thing diagram of what you have to consider in planning. I would call it a cooling loop. So before we go on one pitch next. Okay, in a simple design, what these are the minimally minimally with these other things right. Let's see. Okay, this is, this is when the in the past battle to build us to popular. So you definitely need radiators radius are the one that actually water goes through them and then they dissipate the heat. You need a reservoir. So, okay, reservoir is I read why reservoir is because if it's just Today they sell close to coolers. So it's just a radiator. The tube and then it's just a coat of the water block and then you kind of CPU. So technically then you are best available so actually it's no reservoir because it's close to But however, if you are building yourself you, you wouldn't be able to fill it up to the brim without having a reservoir there to store water. Yeah, you can do without it but I think it will be a challenge to to to fill everything to fill the entire look because your look is of different heights.  It's really good. So you need a reservoir. And I think for aesthetic reasons people hook as well because it was cool. Yeah, so that's a reservoir you definitely a pump. Yeah, I think I think that's probably. Yeah, so, so going back to this then there are more things which is, okay, this are more like serial product because if you look at any, any, okay for GPU in case in this sense, there's a in that's out. So do I go in and out there or I go in and out there so again this is more of design and choice. So, they talk about the things how do you bend it because you can go 90 degrees you can be fancy you can go so all this you have to really consider the design, the reservoir drain well so there is maintenance. So things like maintenance can be a problem for them for different reasons. For example, the coolant, technically they recommended by the manufacturer that manufacturer is that you need to change the water out maybe once every two years. Yeah, to make sure that there's nothing going inside. But even if other things for example, your GPU sunny dice, right. How do you remove it and then send it for I may also this thing. So you can't, if you just plug it what does it just personal right, so you need a drain off. So the drain off is for you is just located at the lowest part of the of your of your build. I mean that can be very fancy designs like push pull walls and stuff like that but it's basically that so the idea is you if you need to drain it just open it and then you drain it. But the thing is, again, even if you open it. They are high low parts you won't be able to train everything. So you still have to do some kind of leading where to somewhere on top again power design pump air in to get for all the water out. So, so if any of us if you're curious that yes there is maintenance involved but I think it's it's not that bad for my mind I think I did I did it once it wasn't it's not that difficult. So if you design it probably you just train it and then do any maintenance you want to feel about the back. Yeah. So you can see the lines they come back here like you need to consider things like if it's the run is too long with it said. Yeah, is it rigid or this so. Okay, so so this is a different different constitution so I will try to cover later once I go into the photos. Okay, so next let me just go in. But I didn't prepare enough slides, but I will cover photos. Yeah, so this is the case. This was the planning that I did for for it. So I have to consider red parts are the radiators. So I, again, I don't have a cat diagram. I don't have a cat file for this. So I have to really do a lot of guesswork. I will, I will scale the image to the correct dimensions. Again, all this is very hackish I will scale it to the correct dimensions of what I know the case is. And then fill in the gaps so in Photoshop make it one to one so then after that I will draw out I know this is the radio they're going to buy what is the length. Does it fit. So the red parts are radiators blue parts are the fans. So again I look up the fans back how long is the fan. Okay, those are those are fixed, meaning that if you're radiators supports three fans, the holes are really great. So those are the things we don't worry. The thing that you worry is connecting all these things together with the part running from there to there. How long does it have to be. So, so, in short, what what what I do is I try not to then stuff because that would be that will make it really really funny because you connect one part and then you then how much do you know where to then. So for mine is easier. I try not to do anything. I buy prevent stuff. So you, you cut one side to make it the other side then so now you just worry about one side. I don't know if I said it's a good explanation. So another day, it's always the case. Cut it first. Then later on. Here you have to sort of high balls. So I will try to cut not not so much. Look at it. Try. So that's that's that's try everything like that. So I actually have to cater and buy more. So you do make mistakes. Once you cut it to short is it's gone. Yeah, you probably can reuse it somewhere else if you're shorter but yeah that's a lot. So that's the pains of hard hard life. And then the thing all these things like to make them treat nicely they are definitely the things that will actually help which I will try to cover later. I have to count how many I have to buy and how many how many had to wait for a few things for the angles. I end up buying like four times. So I bought one batch and try to fit it and right. Yeah, you need more parts by again by again the whole building I think took me like probably six, six months. Because a lot of shipping shipping from from from top our channel takes easily two weeks each. And then she should be the wrong stuff and things like that so I have to do this. Yeah, so. Okay, I'll roughly go to the part so this is the water block. So some pictures. Yeah. Yeah, this is important, you know, before you always see a sticker on his things fans, people always forget to remove that protective sticker. Yeah, even OEM companies they'll they make it mistake so their customers will say why my CPU overheating then when the repair person opens it up they didn't remove the sticker. Yes. So it's the blog. It's the brand. At that time of this I think Ryzen 5900X was I think it was one of the best value for money today. There are choices but it was it was. Oh, great price. Let me go back to this. Let me try to remember things like that. Okay. This blog is things to 80 $280. I think it's around that I think per stick is like 150. 8 to each. I put four pieces so 32. Yeah, I don't need to support because gaming and most very few things in the process for unless you're running at tons of virtual machines doing really. Yeah, this one I think I bought a really small one is only 500 gigabytes. Yeah, I think this was like probably 200 plus. Yeah, CPU. Wow. I think it was 2002 at a time. Today is a lot cheaper. Yeah, that one that was a time that every was shortage people are robbing other countries people are delivering CPUs in armored vehicles that was a time. Yeah. So, today is a lot cheaper motherboard for $500 I think. Yeah, this is the socket. So in the day for six of them again, that time was limited by choices. There's a lot of things that we really because it was I think just after one of the face to really a lot of things unlimited. At the limit of price. This is a it's a it's a it's a the water block for the GPU. So you can buy your own GPU remove the the the his thing that the one that comes with it and then you can buy something like this to revisit with. So I actually bought this thinking that I can buy a GPU. For nearly four months I couldn't get you. I exhausted all my contacts because I have contacts working with distributors and then at that time, really nobody can sell a GPU. Yeah, you have to pay like really through the roof like three four times the price. Yeah, even distributors themselves are trying to sell sell off without even going through so pretty much you couldn't get it for you couldn't get what you want. So you pretty out you have to really see what's on the market and then see what fish of budget. So I even though I bought this. I end up returning it because I couldn't use it because I couldn't get you that that that fit this. Yeah. Oh, wait, so this cost. Around $300. Yeah. Power box hundred and hundred and 80 something. Yeah. So the people might say oh you today you need a hundred watt power supply for what do you know you don't actually you can there are ways to compute it. So today efficient power supplies actually you don't need that you don't need to use you need to go like really over over the top. It's modular so you can really have good people management. Okay, so this is a pressure tester. So after you have done out your look right the only way to test that it doesn't leak is to connect it to a pleasure to pump out a pleasure. Because if it doesn't leak air means it doesn't look water. Right so so that's you have unfortunately you have to either you have to buy this to be able to test your system and if you since it might seem like a one time purchase because you use it once right but each time you do maintenance you have you should actually test it again. This costs 30 bucks. Yeah, so you can see how many bars you can test it. So if you if you pump it let's say so the recommended not that recommended pressure that you should be for for water is the pump it to like 0.7 or 0.7 and you lock it you hold it that you put it for overnight. If it doesn't drop means good. Yeah, if the next day you see oh it drop means it is leaking. Yeah, then you have to figure out where it's leaking that that's actually the hard part so so how to figure out where it's leaking right. So there are there are a lot of ways. Some people say that yeah you get you get soapy water, you brush all the connecting class. If you see bubbling then you'll notice anything but especially this thing this kind of the leak might be very very very little so sometimes even those can't detect so sometimes really have to try and like for me it when I first call it installed it was it was it was leaking. Then I just remove every part pulling back again again I didn't go to the bubble support the rock. Yeah. Okay, these are additional fittings this is to mount the pump and reasonable. These are the radiators. Yeah, so they look like that looks a lot like a corner courageous so it's just a lot of things what goes in what goes out. Okay, these are the hard tubes that bought so they are copper tubes that are pre chromed into a nice finish. So they look like this. Yeah, so they are pre bent one so so so So let's say I need I know what's the distance between my the certain device to that Ben, then I would just do a cut there. Then once I fit it now try to eyeball their side by cutting this by bit by bit by bit. Yeah. But these are fittings so even for a similar piece of PC you need to buy color fitting fittings are all the connectors, something connected something something needs to Ben turn all this I actually bought quite a lot I also bought spare just in case I screw up. Yeah, so they look like this. Yeah, so there is a one that this is the outer locking ring that locks in place, the other part on top is the one that actually connects to the device device you want then that is the rubber seal. These are connectors like 90 degree bands so if you are not bending something you you have to pipes just connect that using that. So that is just this and you seem to put a fitting on the way. So that's why the fitting multiplies to a lot because this is just a band you seem to put fitting on both hands. So these are more extension so I have a short gap or run some instead of putting a tiny short tube I can buy something like this. Yeah. This is a temperature sensor. So by having a gap somewhere you can actually use this thing that looks like a fitting but however the other end actually connects to a temperature sensor. Yeah, so that's interesting part so if I wonder, so how do you know whether it's cool. So you don't need you. Okay, yes you need to care about your CPU and GPU but all actually you care is what is the coolant running at. If you can coolant coolant pretty much everything takes care of itself. So, because obviously if your CPU and GPU is running hot, it will heat up the water the water will be hot. Right, so if you can maintain the water temperature to the temperature you want pretty much everything takes takes takes care for itself so all you actually need to do is to measure the water temperature. Then if that is within your acceptable range, you don't really need to worry about what CPU or GPU temperature running at. I mean obviously if I work walking. Yes correct to reach equilibrium then you have to do so so this one is obviously you have to wait a while you can benchmark and test it yeah so this is very important. Yeah, sorry. Yes. You okay so the pump, I will go to the pump. Yeah, so this is a CPU. So that's a that's a paste that came with it. I find the paste. Again, there's a lot of debate how we should buy the place is it a dog is a cross is it. Yeah, nobody can agree with it, but I use the traditional credit card with it. Yeah, so you spin it with a with a card. Yeah. So this is the other side where you have to remember sticker is this yeah it's quite shiny. And then you install it.  You have to rinse it and with with with stuff to clear everything out rinse it a lot of times palm water through it so I was trying to clean them up before installing. Yeah. These are the fans. So I have two radiuses one that can fit two fans one can fit three fans. So I have to buy five fans. Yeah, this am I am I a word. Okay, yeah, so this is what I have. I have a set up then without any of the after after two runs yet. Yeah, because there was a delay of four months when I was trying to hunt around Singapore to get this kind. Yeah. So, yeah, so a lot of this which and I like I couldn't use I have to return this. Okay, this is okay this is the the fans that I want to install on the radiator. This is the pump and reservoir so today you can buy two in one so this is the rest the pump is below the reservoir is on top. So, to answer your question earlier that this pump technically works like a fan, you can connect the sense the pump sensor. The sensor tells you the reading. Okay, typically fans with a right, the, the, the, if you connect your mother what you can you can get to things because they powers attend. Secondly, it tells your mother about how fast your friend is spinning. Right. Yeah, so this, it will tell you how fast the pump is spinning and you can also control the pump speed. So by pairing your temperature you can you can say that if the temperature you can you can they call it the fan curve optimization. So if you say that if I wish you temperature run the pump at this up yet.  Yeah, you can do it yourself in one. It depends on what you buy. So if you buy. Okay, so this is under and usually it's called is by your motherboard. So this motherboard, most of them support fan curve optimization. Oh, you have to buy the microphone yourself, and you have connected. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yes. This is not fun. No. Sorry. Yeah. Yes. Yeah, so, so because, okay, I'll go to quite part because combat the echoing right, you can run the fence at super super low RPM. Yeah, that's the main main thing. Yeah, typical fans CPU fans are running at 2000 to 3000 RPM. This fence on the radiator I can run at 500. It is so slow they can see it spinning. Yeah, it is really there to have some airflow that's it. Yeah, so you said that the is the palm is in cold by the water board like in the temperature. But I have trouble understanding that they might have this water in some system and there's some radiator and there's something that produces heat. Faster. If the water must sound faster. How am I going to eat. Okay, I don't know the science behind that. But if you push water fast enough through the whole system right. If I'm not wrong. That's what they say it gets cool down faster. The water go to the top of the city. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, so yeah. I think it brings to the right. Faster. I. Yes, correct, correct. Yeah, so that it's not in that sense. In fact, in fact, there are a lot of things in water that doesn't seem to make sense. Which one should come first. If I CPU is hotter and then GPU or GPU is hotter CPU should it should my should my look goes through the CPU first then the GPU with effect. So there's a ton of experimental science into that apparently doesn't matter. Yeah, as long as the loops temperature is what you want. Yeah, in a way so so there's really a lot of different things in this again it goes into science of science behind what's the science for for what the Yeah, there's a lot of fun with it. Like I will say something doesn't it's not very interesting, but apparently it works. Yeah, so I think I think that's another topic for why why it works and how well it works based on this. Yeah. So, so today, my today's motherboard has a temperature sensor for water cooling, the modern mother box today. Yeah, so there's a liquid like pw something that you can connect that. Yeah. So, this is the, I think this is something aerated to keep it to prevent the bubbles of forming. Okay, this is the GPU that I'm buying. It's not exactly the one I want but it's the only one that can get it. Okay, this is 2500 points. 3, 380 GTX RTX RTX 3, 380. At the time most of the line, there's no ti out yet there's no, there is 390, there's 390, but you have to pay, you have to pay almost 4,000 for it. Yeah. Yeah. That time was really nowhere to find it. This is the cheapest I could find. Yeah. Even outside buy it. The, the, the shop will tell me if you buy it now you will still have the money if you sell it at the end of the year which really it went to what it picked at almost 3,200 something $300. So this one is kind of this one ever has has this thing this thing to detect any leakage if there's any leakage it knows it will shut everything down. So there are metal tracers that will be back leakage. The back. Because I want to mount it very fancy I'm going to mount it horizontally so you have to extend your PCIe this standard aesthetic. Yeah. This is mounted. Here, here, here, here. So this is where I try to measure it. So what some of the tricks I tried online is you get a wire, those are quite the wire cleaner, the type cleaner, because they can bend quite well. So you use that and try to measure because you can cut them to length you can try bending it and then you use that to cut off tubes. Yes. Yes. So how do we cut copper tubes right. So if you have work with this is the same thing that promise used to cover copper tubes. So if you have done have your account installation done they are using the same thing to cut. So, it looks like this you. I think I have it in a later later slide. So this, this is just a radiator with the fittings installed with the pen installed so this is ready for connect connecting. This is the digital sensor display sensor. So this little show the water, when water runs it differs both the temperature, the rate of the water flow everything is in state here. So these are weird fittings that I have to compensate. So there are certain parts where these two things doesn't align this thing actually swivels upon a point so you can share two things and then you have instead of trying to figure out how to align them, you, you get this and then you will do the opposite. Because this thing can consume. So there are all these small parts that can help you achieve that that alignment. This. Yeah so you can see I already installed certain parts already so this is connected.  This is a roller. So behind that is, is a school that you can turn it will put it will put pressure on to this and then you just keep rotating your method, your copper tube. And then you will do a small groove. So you tighten it a bit, the one more round time it will eventually you will come through. Yeah. No, yeah, I mean, you can buy the expensive one that can do it but this is this is this is this cutter is like what $7 manual cutter so you just apply pleasure rotate. I don't know. It's like eight tubes. Yeah, but it counts it's bad. This one more or less installed you can see I have to do tricks here to try to get the alignment to see, you can see the weird band there so there's a lot of these things that you have to try to make the bands align. I mean fit. It's more or less done. This is the. Oh, this sense if I'm not wrong. Maybe seven bucks, seven, eight bucks. Yeah. Or maybe it's even cheaper, maybe five bucks. Yeah. This is the, the outlet valve. So in the, it is a, they call it a push pull. So all these are actually just pumping concepts if you do pumping then I think pretty much copy everything they just make it look nicer. This is $20. So I was testing pleasure I think this is dropping. I did a test run with plain water. So I, I, I, I, they always say that you should actually put paper towels in all the parts so that it doesn't leak by tested if my the, the, the, the, I tested with the pleasure tester few times everything okay so I just just went for it. So, so one trick you say is, don't connect the motherboard power just the look. So even the look leaks, nothing is on for this time. So you can actually connect just the power that delivers to your pump and thing and reservoir everything else is short circuit it then you can actually get it running without having to put it on. Yeah, affordable no. So you can use things like mineral oil or things like that. But they are quite visible so you can do it, but you can so there are things that that, okay, the today today they are, they are really interesting solutions right where they make it such that you almost never leak. So even if you try to slice the tip you know how how what it does is maybe I'll cover that. The one is very interesting way how they do it. Yeah, so this is like that up. Yeah. Yeah. This is the outlook ball. This is the, this is the coolant. Mistake for it is supposed to make it like cloudy as it is the stock version of it so yeah, it's really really heavy. This is 25 kilograms. Yeah, because it's all copper. The GPU, the GPU itself is, I think it's 2.5 kilograms. So the whole thing is copper. So all the copper pipes all this the way out the radiators or everything is copper for all this as an exam. Yeah, you can buy aluminum fittings from everything. So there's something about in metallurgy that you cannot mix metals because the ions will transfer they will leach out each other. So if you want it to be aluminum, the entire look has to be aluminum. If you want it to be copper, and that has to be copper. Yeah, so I decided to go copper out actually copper cheaper aluminum. Yeah. So, but it's just you have to, yeah, and it's very, very, very heavy. Yeah, so this is the sensor that I talked about. So the top one is the temperature of the water of the coolant water the middle one is the flow how many liters per minute. The last one is the RPM of the of the sensor. Yeah, so pretty much I because it's mounted just at the side I can see who I just actually occasionally just glance at it and I know everything's fine. Yeah, if you see the water is not flowing, then something is wrong or if the temperature is too high. So, pretty much this is right if I don't think it's around 30 degrees sometimes even lower if I turn on an icon, they will be around 26 degrees 2028 degrees so it's pretty much room temperature. Then gaming, it hits up to 40 degrees. benchmarking which I would say sometimes it's unrealistic, it may not realistic load on this is a really a maximum so benchmarking those markets of that it will hit like 55 degrees for for my yeah. So typically if if it's idling it goes like 0.7 liters a minute, if I revenge market, it will sheet probably three. I think that it makes up that fall. Yeah. Okay, so this is this. Yeah, so I went to buy this huge monitor. Yeah, so this one is the Samsung Odyssey G9. So if you have a GTX RTX 890 you need an equivalent monitor to harness and to use all the power. My table spans the entire room. It's a it's a inbuilt table under in the room. Yeah, so the the length is not an issue, but it's so this is actually, this is a 5,100 and 515120 by 1440 is basically 22k 22k monitors together. Yeah. I think the aspect ratio is like 21 by nine or something. Yeah, it's really, really good for productivity because you can really like open like four in those I think. Yeah, and it's even better for gaming. Yeah. Yeah, I think that's, that's, that's, that's all. Yeah. Thanks. Make a guess. Oh, wait, it's doing the monitor right. Quite close. Yeah. The graphics code alone is like 1.5k. The CPU was 1.2 motherboard was like 6700. All the fittings cost a lot of money. Each fitting cost $4. I bought like 30 plus 40. Yeah. So I think I spent around 5.5k on the CPU. Okay, so everything, actually the monitor. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I might reduce a bit but I didn't, I didn't really go over by quite a bit. Yeah, I was really, really careful. So I probably only wasted one or one or two of the fittings and then the tubes I think I wasted one tube. Yeah. So, can the cost be lowered? Yes, you can. Don't go copper. A lot of things can you can save on a cost. Can it go higher? Definitely yes. Yeah. A monitor was 1.5k. Yeah. Yeah, which is actually okay today if you buy the same model this or this Odyssey. This runs at, it's not that fast. So it runs at 100, it makes up 120 hertz. So the Odyssey G9 today makes up at 240. That costs almost $3,000. Okay, that's all I have. Any more questions? No, nothing so far. Yeah, then the sound. Yeah, so I measured with the decimeter. This is nothing on in my room. It was 22.4 decibels when it's on is, sorry, is it 26? Wait, let me see. Yeah, it's 26 when it's on. Full load. Full load. I did the picture here but I think it was not much difference to 28. Yeah. And pretty much you can't really hear it. Yeah. So what's the performance increase or the performance increase? There's no performance increase. Yeah, you probably can go higher in terms of overclocking but the main difference really is I would say you can run cooler. It means that you can change it overclock more if you want. Yeah, it is, you can run it at a much, much, the fence can run slower if you just small silent. So if you ask what's the benefit of how I'm cooling over, it's not really for performance. It's really just, it's for aesthetics is to cool things better. So you can definitely things run typically your CPU for echo CPU, today's CPU is easily run at 80 degrees, even at idle is like 70 degrees. But this for my idols at maybe 40 plus degrees at low is around maybe 50 plus max. So the benefits are, I would say really aesthetic and then if you want silence like me, then yeah, performance wise. Yes, if you are thinking about that, since it's cooler, I can overcome more, but then overclock is, yeah. Yeah. Okay. Thank you so much.


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Okay, so good evening all. We are here at Kawata police station. You are aware that one of our members the district IPS from Petauke district in eastern province was abducted on Wednesday. The family, family members, lawyers, members of the party, we didn't know where he was. You are aware that yesterday with fellow members of parliament and leaders of the party, we're looking for Rizwan Patel. We didn't know where he was. We looked all over. We didn't find him. Finally, our lawyers located him this evening and they've managed to get a police bond for Rizwan. He's been charged with four offenses. Strangely, Mr. President, identical offenses that were given to me, a matter that you will speak to. So I'll invite Honourable Given Lubinda, who's leading the delegation. We have Honourable Emmanuel Tembo, Honourable George Sanga, who's been at work to ensure that we located Rizwan and a bond was obtained, family members and others. So I'll invite Honourable Given Lubinda to give his remarks. I want to welcome Rizwan to the growing club of the victims of arrests. This is a growing club and interestingly, it's a club comprising mostly of members of the patriotic front. It comes to us without any wonder, without any surprise. I have said this and I want to reiterate it. If there is anything that is going to stop President Haga in the Hidemah from forming government in 2026, as far as his consent, it is the patriotic front. And this is the reason why he will not stop at anything in arresting all of us in the patriotic front. One message I want to make clear to him is that these arrests shall not cow us at all. We shall continue to do what we promised the Zambian people we shall do to give him the necessary checks and balances as a credible opposition political party. They will lay charges against us for all sorts of frivolous cases we shall not back down. It is very strange that four people, five people have been arrested for exactly the same offence. How could five people possibly have met and forged one letter or two letters, five people, all of them forging one letter? How could that have been that Emmanuel Muamba, that Andy Lutti, that Thompson Peary and now Rizwan Patel, the four of them sat and said, let us forge a signature, the four of them forged one signature? The question that begs and answer is can Zikta please come out in the open because now it is Zikta that is in the dock. Can Zikta go and trace the one person who was the first one to post that letter on social media instead of harassing everybody? I'm sure that if they come to my Facebook page and they find that letter, they also say I also forged. But it is easy for Zikta to trace this and see who was the first one to post that letter. As far as we are concerned, that letter has been in circulation for a long time. It was not brought on social media on the 8th of June. We know some people who actually dropped that letter from their Facebook pages and Zikta can trace that. We would like to advise President Againde, we know that the relationship between your government and the Catholic Church and the body of Christ generally is not the best. We know that and we sympathize with you and we also sympathize with you. We know how damning that letter is to your relationship. We know that you want to find a way of trying to distance yourself and your government from that letter. But surely harassing innocent people as a way of cleansing yourself is not the right thing to do. I think that what you could do as President is to make sure that Zikta just go out there and they get the letter. Let them produce the original letter and let them take that original letter for forensic expert check to see who actually signed that letter.  That is not fair. It is totally unfair. I would also like to condemn this habit of abducting our citizens and taking them to our non-destinations. Harassing them, beating them up and trying to extract information from them. That is not policing. That is not investigation. Conduct your investigations in a civil manner. Conduct your investigations in a manner that shows that you have due respect for the rights of your suspects. A person is innocent until proven guilty. And it is not the duty of anyone but the courts of law to prove a person guilty. And the courts of law also must be seen to be free from any interference if their judgments are to be respected by the Zambian people. So I would like to appeal to you President Agaende, please make sure that these institutions of justice are allowed to operate without any undue influence from anybody. Particularly the investigative wings of government. We advised you soon after you formed government when you decided to take law enforcement agencies under office of the president. We told you that that act in itself was an act that is going to boomerang because whenever these people take any action, we shall say that you instructed them. What is it that stops us now from saying that you actually, even when you are in Rwanda, you are commandeering the arrest of young Rizwan. And for a president to be so interested in the arrest of one citizen, I mean that really demeans the stature of the office of president. I would like to appeal to you my friend President Agaende, please let law enforcement agencies operate independently. And the comments that are being made by your spokesperson, whoever you call them, new positions you have created, that they stand up and start denouncing people and threatening. Initially we were told fear to be deregistered, now we have been hearing citizens first to be deregistered and somebody is claiming a man who was feigning being beaten. How can a man who has lost a tooth say that he is feigning that a tooth was removed? The tooth broke out of his mouth and he has a medical report and one of your people go around on media saying a man who was feigning. Now this gentleman here, he has been abducted, beaten, gunshots fired to scare him and again somebody should come and say that he is lying. Anyway, my message to all Zambians is that the patriotic front is still determined and we shall continue to fight. No matter how many of us are arrested, we shall continue to fight. I want to thank those who have come up to give sureties to the police for the release of Rizwan and I want to assure you Rizwan that you are just joining a growing club. As a member of the patriotic front, you must also be baptized to come into the club of victims of arrests. Only after this can you say I am a true soldier of the patriotic front. So welcome Rizwan, welcome Emmanuel. Thank you Mr. President. I can only greet with my left hand. First of all, I'd like to thank Honourable Mibondu Winda, the patriotic front party, my sisters Honourable Tessila Longu and all the other members of parliament, my legal counsel who have been day and night trying to find me where I am, what I was going through. When I was taken from Petauke when I was brought here, I requested please let me call my family member or my party officials to notify them that I am on this journey. I was denied access, no you will get it, you will get it. At beginning up to Luangwa they were a bit friendly, from there the tone changed. When I came here, first night I was put in second night in interrogation and in the afternoon they literally took me to C5 room at Central Police, beat me up like a criminal, put a shaft in between my legs, tied my hands with a seatbelt. They beat me in such a way that right now my vision is blurring in and out. And they said, Katsuza Vomera, this is just a start. And for sure they lived up to their words. At night from there they took me to Lilae Police Station, Lilae Division Headquarters Delta. In the middle of the night they came to pick me up with C5 officers.   No one will know you. Why are you still following this party? What is it for you? What are they doing for you? Can you admit? And now you find that they even fired a shot over my head. I was just praying there that God, you are there for me. I'm standing for the truth. I've not done anything wrong. What did I do wrong here that I'm being blamed for? Why is it that justice has to be double standard? Why is it that when a UPND member posts this on Facebook which is a public media, he's never brought here. He was never tortured. He was never picked up from Petauke like an ordinary criminal. Why is it that we have to be victimized? Just because we wear this? This is our belief. This is our party. We are from Eastern. We are proud of our party. Why is it that justice has to be two standard? This is not right. Your excellence you promised rule of law. Tell your officers to practice a rule of law or we will assume that you are the one instructing them to victimize us. Thank you. This is a mistake but the offense that has been lumped on Emmanuel, on Andy, on Thompson, on Rizwan is not a small charge. To be accused of forging a letter coming from the head of state is something very scary. And this is a reason why we in the patriotic front shall stand by these two poor people to make sure that we get to the bottom of it. As a matter of fact I want to say that we also as a party have the right and also the responsibility but also the capacity to conduct our own investigations to find out who exactly authored that letter because surely it could not have been authored by four people. It must have been authored by one person and we're going to make sure that we also get to the bottom of it. So we shall assist in investigating so that we know who is it who authored that letter because it couldn't have been authored by four people. Somebody must own up and one day that person will own up. It may not be now but for sure time will tell. And the God that we all pray to one day will vindicate us and God will show us the one who actually signed that letter and that day is coming. So don't think that you can hide behind time because time will catch up with you. These four people will go to court and I'm very happy. They will have their day in court. They have to go and stand there so that they are proved guilty. They don't have to go and prove themselves innocent. No, they'll have to be proved guilty and that day is coming. Thank you and I want to thank all members of the party continue to stand together especially in moments like this, stand together. All of you members of the Petroleum Front, remember my words. All of us are potential victims of police arrest. So all of you be on standby, be on lookout, be on alert, be ready.  Let's be brothers keeper, let's be sisters keeper. Those of you who are always available to come and sign bond for us continue to do that, don't tire. But you also remember that you are also potential victims. All of us in the Petroleum Front are ready. Thank you. Rizwan. So, Sir Rizwan, my God. We need to take this for the abduction and then for the torture that has been subjected to. No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. I'm fine. I'm fine. So then, please move over to the piano. Thank you. Thank you. All right.


What makes us beautiful? What creates symmetrical attractive faces? Many people would boil it down to genetics. I personally believe genetics are determined by diet and region of the world over a period of generations.  The issue here is that people are looking at ideal facial development, facial posture and saying, yeah, of course, you need to have proper facial posture to have ideal facial development. But what determines whether or not you have proper facial posture? For anyone unfamiliar with orthotropics or Drs. John and Mike Mu, it's a branch of orthodontics where they're using certain devices to replicate the tongue posture that humans are supposed to have. And this was present in all indigenous groups, hunter-gatherers. So if we look at these people and we notice the symmetry between their lips, the width of the lower jaw, all of these various aspects of their facial development, we can hypothetically say that this is what humans are supposed to look like. An interesting analogy here to be made is with animals. If you have a species of a certain type of wolf from a certain part of the world, they will look differently than wolves from, say, another part of the world. Same thing with Native Americans from one part of America and Native Americans from another part of America. There are differences in what these people look like and if the location of the world and the diet they're following doesn't determine that, then what does? So now if we look at lifestyle factors of these people and try to determine why they had this proper facial development, most people try to boil it down to chewing and hard food versus soft food. But this does not make sense for quite a few reasons. Mainly because there were indigenous groups that consumed both hard and soft foods. We'll take a look at an excerpt from the book The Fat of the Land later about that. The other thing is that infants and babies that are breast-fed mothers milk, there are drastic variances in their facial structure despite both being breast-fed and hypothetically having the same, you know, workout of the facial muscles. Not only that, there are many many pictures of babies coming out of the womb and having drastically different width of the lower face and as much as you want to boil this down from genetics, when one child's mouth is like a centimeter wide and another child's mouth is five inches wide, obviously, there's some sort of nutrient, i.e., vitamin or mineral determining factor here. It just doesn't make sense. The fact that there were indigenous groups consuming both soft and chewed food and the variants in babies leads me to believe that nutrition is the key factor here. So my theory is that nutrition allows for proper facial posture. So what happens is your skull and your facial bones develop properly and then the tongue can fit in the mouth. Obviously, if your skull isn't large enough, if your jaw isn't wide enough, the tongue isn't going to fit comfortably. It's like trying to cram a 16 ounce burger patty onto a white castle bun. Obviously, it's not going to fit because it's not meant to be there. It just doesn't work. Now, of course, if you replicate proper facial structure with orthotropics in young and early stages of life, you can improve the facial development, but there is really little to no evidence that this can be done in an adult. Yes, there are people who are older that have seen slight, slight, slight changes in their facial development. But to me, there's no indication that this is something that can be changed at older stages of life. So for me, the purpose of orthotropics is what you're supposed to do. You want to increase the nutrient density of the child's diet, try to use orthotropics to fix their mouth and their face to how it should be, but you have to keep in mind. Orthotropics and facial posture is not changing everything. You did not develop properly. I did not develop properly. For those of you guys that don't know, I had double jaw surgery to fix my bite. We are not just referring to the jaw and the face here. We're referring to the skull. We're referring to every single bone in the face. And there's only so much that the tongue will do in pushing the maxilla forward. People really think that fixing your facial posture is going to do all of these things. No, it's not. We don't have a time machine. We can only do the best with what we have access to. Of course, if your face doesn't develop properly and mine didn't, I had jaw surgery to correct the bite and now I am trying to practice proper tongue and facial posture. But if your face didn't develop properly, practicing proper facial posture and tongue posture isn't going to do anything. You might, what you're doing with orthotropics is you're fixing your facial posture. You're not fixing how your face looks. That's what people need to understand. So here we have an excerpt from The Fat of the Land. It's a book about an arctic explorer named William Stephenson. And here there's an anthropologist who essentially talks about the dietary differences between certain eskimos and why chewing hard foods doesn't make sense in the context of facial development. We quote now Henry B. Collins, Senior Ethnologist of the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian from a letter dated August 10th, 1939. In this letter, Collins refers to the idea that chewing hard, tough or coarse foods will keep the teeth sound and terms it an old wives tale. He says that by his own observation, eskimos who have the soundest of teeth are more likely to gulp than to chew their food, which is chiefly boiled or raw meats. He goes on, the hard chewing hypothesis to explain sound teeth seems at best an impediment and distraction from the main issue, which is the extremely important role of diet in the formation and condition of teeth. It would not be difficult to point to other examples of an inverse relationship between vigorous chewing and good teeth. Consider the prehistoric Indians of coastal Florida, who to judge from the skulls in the National Museum had fully as robust jaws and almost as perfect teeth as the eskimo. And yet their principal food was oysters and other shellfish which surely required little chewing. Their immunity from dental carries and the splendid development of their teeth and bones in general is to my mind a condition directly correlated with their diet. For consider on the other hand that without exception every prehistoric or modern Indian population that depended to any extent on grain agriculture shows susceptibility to dental carries. I base this generalization also on the extensive skull collections in the National Museum. From examination of these collections I have the definite impression that there is a rather close correlation between dental ills and grain consumption. The more intense of the agriculture the higher the incidence of carries. At one end of the scale are the Pueblos, prehistoric and modern, whose worship of the corn deity has not prevented them from having the most wretched teeth of any American aborigine. Dental decay is also much in evidence among the eastern and southern Indians, mostly inland, who were also agricultureists. Ascending the scale somewhat we find that prehistoric plains tribes who practice agriculture to some extent show some carries while later plains Indians of whatever group who have given up agriculture for a nomadic hunting life have splendid teeth. So there's a correlation between consuming grains and plant foods as opposed to animal foods and what this is is an increase in anti-nutrients in the diet such as phytic acid and oxalates which bind to minerals and take them out of the body. This results in the teeth not remineralizing properly and the lack of animal foods in the diet results in a lack of vitamin K2, metabolism of D3, all these vitamins that are important for the mobilization of calcium and other minerals into the bones. So for anyone to argue that soft versus hard foods and chewing and facial posture there's just too many factors going against it. The variance in the facial structure of babies and infants, the idea that they can't be cognizant of their facial posture at such a young age, it's just that there were indigenous groups consuming both hard and soft food it really doesn't make any sense. One thing people don't realize is that modern medicine is preventing us from going extinct. I believe Gail said, talked about this on a Joe Rogan podcast, there was a group of monkeys that were living in a jungle as monkeys do and they open up this resort in this jungle and at this resort they're throwing out all this cake and all this food in the dumpsters behind the resort and the monkeys find these dumpsters and the monkeys start eating this cake and they literally die of tuberculosis within one or two generations. The monkeys go extinct essentially. This is what Weston Price found in these indigenous groups. When indigenous groups went on modern man-made foods they develop tuberculosis and they die. So what I'm basically saying is without modern medicine humans are supposed to get tuberculosis and die and tuberculosis seems to me a result of going off of native and indigenous diets to some degree. It's really interesting. To me it's crazy interesting that we would literally die on a modern diet without medicine vaccines or all this stuff. I think that's something people really need to understand. So yes we have improper facial development, yes we have all these things wrong with us, yes we need to wear glasses, we need braces, we need all these things but we should have been dead is what I'm getting at. Having these things isn't natural and the only reason we're able to live with them is because of modern amenities.  So hopefully I've given you guys some good points to think about in this video. I've seen a lot of information out there about mewing and listen I'm a very open-minded and objective person but this whole facial posture thing and soft food versus hard food really doesn't make any sense especially looking at those pictures of babies. This is why guys I advocate so much for nutrient density in the diet. To me it's very clear I might not be best at illustrating and conveying this point but what do I always say whether it's a year from now, five years from now, 10 years from now, Frankie Boy was right. So do you guys want to be on the right side or the wrong side? I personally don't really care but I'm inclined to believe that you know it's kind of like bragging rights you know I could say oh well when everyone else thought that facial posture and orthotropics was the issue nutrient density is really the issue and I know some people have acknowledged the diet to some degree but it tends to be in the context of hard foods and soft foods. So outside of that thank you guys for watching if you guys would like to support the channel please subscribe like and share the video all the stuff down below guys I have an amazon shop that has nutrient dense foods like cod liver oil you can check out my patreon I have some exclusive videos on there if you guys would like to go on my twitter instagram on twitter I post a lot of studies like this and pictures of indigenous groups on instagram it's pretty much our selfies and you can see stories of me complaining about driving in new york city traffic and if you guys would like to reach out to me for one-on-one consultations and increasing the nutrient density of your diet you can do so via email frankatofano at gmail.com all that stuff is down in the comments guys if you guys have not seen my video on prenatal nutrition I kind of cover the bases in a similar light to this so definitely check out that video it was last week if you want to know more about this but again thank you guys so much for watching and enjoy the rest of your week


Veselo, sem Jean-Luc Gabriel, a prič sem izvok, kako se bolj skupnila vseh vseh, zespečenje, tajnji, plajnje, mordel, in kapacitiv. To je vseh vseh vseh, z Antonio Fagnio in Daniela Venturi. Vseh vseh je kriptografične primidiv, v kaj je player, zelo, For instance, it is impossible to protect against attacks, which are able to jointly leak from or tamper with all the shares, because the adversary could simply, for instance, reconstruct the secret and output the distinguishing bit, or in the case of tampering, after reconstructing the secret, the adversary could flip one bit and then share the secret again. For this reason, leakage resilience and non-malability are defined with respect to a family of functions. In our work, we consider the family and tampering, in which the adversary is able to partition all the shares in unauthorized disjoint subsets, and then he is able to jointly tamper with all the shares in each subset. The same strategy applies for leakage, in which case the output of the leakage function is computed jointly on all the shares within each subset. Finally, we consider the stronger notion of continuous non-malability, in which after fixing our reconstruction set, the adversary is able to tamper and then see the result of the reconstruction as many times he wants, as long as the reconstructed message is valid. Again, also in this case we consider leakage attacks obtaining what is called leakage resilient continuous non-malability. However, this model comes with some further limitations. The first one is that achieving continuous non-malability in the information turned accepting is proven to be impossible and therefore we can only achieve as I said before, is the self destruct trigger. Whenever the result of a tampering query is invalid, the oracle self destructs and no more queries are allowed. Again, this is a limitation which is inherent to continuous non-malability and it is easy to show that this is necessary. In this setting, let me show our construction, which is a slight modification of our recent construction of Gojal, Serene Vazan and Ju. Upon input a message M, the first step is to share it using sharing, obtaining shares s1 up to sn. Then, for a share we compute the split state leakage resilient one-time statistical in non-malable code of it. And finally, we apply again Shamir's secret sharing to the right part of each codeword. The new shares are defined as follows. The first share is the left part of the first codeword and all the first shares of the right parts. Similarly, the second share is the left part of the second codeword and the second shares of the right parts, and so on. Until here, this is the construction of Gojal, Serene Vazan and Ju without significant modifications which we also proved to be leakage resilient other than non-malable. Then, we make our modification consisting of computing a perfectly binding and computationally hiding commitment to the message and sharing the randomness along with the message. In our work, we prove that this modification suffices to obtain the first leakage resilient continuously non-malable secret sharing scheme against joint tampering in the playing model. Indeed, almost all the other continuously non-malable secret sharing schemes are only secure against independent tampering and the only one which is secure against joint tampering actually needs a trusted setup. The proof of normalability is quite long, but I'll show you the main ideas. Consider the first two steps of the scheme consisting of computing Shamir's secret sharing of the pair message randomness and then computing a non-malable encoding of each share. The first fact we want to prove is that notversary is able to distinguish with more than negligible advantage between the original security game and an hybrid game in which we replace the first share with a completely random share. Here, we proceed by induction. Is the adversary is able to distinguish between the two games by only performing one query, then it is possible to construct a reduction which breaks statistical one-time normalibility of the non-malable code. For the inductive step suppose that the adversary is only allowed to perform p tampering queries but notversary is able to distinguish between the two games by performing less than p queries. Then the decisive query is the last one and all the other ones can be simulated by the reduction. How? Well, first the reduction leaks the necessary information to correctly compute the tampering and then obtains the tampering commitment. Then since the reduction is unbounded it is able to open the commitment by brute force and since this is perfectly binding it allows to obtain the tampering message. Finally, the reduction checks that the simulation has no errors by performing a leakage query just before the last tampering query. Now it only remains to discuss one detail which is how does the reduction simulate the leakage queries and the last tampering query. This is the reason for the third step of the scheme. In particular the reduction generates all the information which is not related to the first codeword as well as some shares for the right part of the first codeword. Then the reduction constructs the left leakage or tampering function which takes as input the left part of the first codeword and computes the corresponding joint leakage or tampering and the right leakage or tampering function which takes as input the right part of the first codeword deterministically completes the corresponding Shamir Cigres sharing and finally computes the corresponding joint leakage or tampering. This concludes the proof of the original game being statistically close to the hybrid one. However, the exact same proof can be used to step to another hybrid game in which the first two shares are completely random, then the first three and so on until all the shares are completely random. At this point the only information related to the original message is the commitment. But by completely hiding property we can finally replace it with a commitment of a completely unrelated message therefore concluding the proof. The next result of our paper involves studying the rate of the Cigres sharing schemes which is the ratio between the length of the message and the length of the largest share. In this setting we achieve a negative result which informally says that any Cigres sharing scheme which is continuously unmalable against jointly tampering with more than t over two shares cannot have shares too small. The proof is quite simple and the main idea is to construct a commitment scheme from the unmalable Cigres sharing scheme. In particular we consider the commitment scheme which upon input the message m and random coins r computes at t out of n continuously unmalable Cigres sharing of m with random coins r and outputs the first t minus k shares where k is the maximum number of shares the adversary is allowed to jointly tamper with. Is this commitment scheme perfectly binding? Well, suppose not. Then the commitment has at least two different openings which are the original one and another one with a message m prime which is different from n. This means that there exists a Cigres sharing of m prime which is different from a Cigres sharing of m but as the first t minus k shares is in common with it. Therefore it is possible to construct an adversary which learns the value of k shares of m one bit at a time and in particular by replacing them with the corresponding shares of m prime if the bit to be linked is one and applying the identity function otherwise. Finally, after learning the k shares the adversary could query one last tampering function in which he is able to reconstruct the message and learn one bit by possibly producing an invalid codeword. Since the attack breaks continuous non-malability then the commitment scheme must be perfectly binding to avoid it. But this also implies that the size of the commitment must be at least the size of the message which implies that the size of a share must be at least the size of the message divided by the number of shares inside the commitment. Therefore the capacity which is the maximum achievable rate of any continuously non-malable Cigres sharing scheme against joint tampering with more than half of the shares in the reconstruction threshold is bounded by t minus k. We show now a compiler to achieve such optimal rate. First we start from our non-malable Cigres sharing scheme. Then we apply the following modification. We replace the message with a random key for an encryption scheme and we encrypt the message. If we append the encrypted message to its share we would obtain a rate of one but not optimal. Instead we use an information dispersal scheme which is almost the same of a Cigres sharing scheme but without the privacy property to share the ciphertext and we append one share of the ciphertext to each share of the key. The advantage in using an information dispersal scheme is that it is easy to achieve one with rate t star where t star is its threshold. By applying this compiler to our previous result we would obtain a leakage resilient continuous non-malable Cigres sharing scheme against joint tampering in the plane model with rate t star which is a free parameter. However, we only achieve this result with the following restriction. When tampering with the shares the adversary is forced to choose either zero or at least t star shares from each subset of the partition for the reconstruction procedure. Here is the idea of the proof. First we define an hybrid game in which the shared key is a random key unrelated to the one us for the encryption and we prove that this is computationally close to the original experiment by reduction. In particular, the reduction reconstructs the modified ciphertext inside the tampering oracle and then outputs a Cigres sharing of zero or of one depending on the first bit of the ciphertext. Then the reduction does the same for the second and all the other bits of the ciphertext therefore leaking all the tampered ciphertext by only using tampering queries. This works because the reconstructed ciphertext must be always the same in each tampered subset otherwise the code word is invalid and the oracle self destructs. However, this is also the reason for the restriction on the adversary model. Indeed, the reconstruction procedure needs to see at least t star shares of the ciphertext in order to reconstruct it. Finally, when the shared key is unrelated to the encryption key, a simple reduction to the security of the encryption scheme against chosen ciphertext attacks completes the proof. In this slide I copied the theorem and the restriction for reference. The main consequence of our rate compiler is that we obtain the first continuously unmalable Cigres sharing scheme against independent tampering breaking the rate one barrier. Notice that independent tampering is a subset of joint tampering in which the attacker is only allowed to tamper with each share independently. In this case, the restriction says that the adversary is forced to choose either zero or at least one share from each subset, making the statement always true for the case of independent tampering. Moreover, the corollary follows by considering our continuously unmalable secret sharing scheme against jointly tampering with t over two shares for which t star equals t over two. Indeed, since the independent tampering queries can be viewed as k joint tampering queries for any key, the scheme is also secure against independent tampering thus proving the corollary. In this setting we also study how to achieve optimal rate in the random oracle model and in the algebraic group model. In this case, we slightly modify our constructions that t star equals t, and each share also contains the hash of the ciphertext. This is not a problem because another reduction can extract the ciphertext from the hash and does not need to reconstruct it inside the tampering oracle anymore. Therefore, in both the random oracle model and the algebraic group model we achieve optimal rate t. Notice that this does not contradict our negative result about the rate upper bound because our result only appears in the plain model. So, in conclusion here is a summary of our results followed by some problems we leave open. First, we construct the first secret sharing scheme achieving continuous normal ability against joint leakage and tampering in the plain model. Then we prove a negative result on continuously normalible secret sharing schemes by finding an upper bound on the rate of such schemes in the plain model. Finally, we show how to achieve by adding a constraint to the tampering qualities of the adversity. We also applied this result to achieve the first continuously unmalable secret sharing scheme against independent tampering in the plain model with rate strictly greater than 1. A first natural open problem is to find out whether it is possible to achieve optimality in a more general setting without the need to add restrictions to the behavior of the adversity. Then we leave open to improve the overall efficiency of our construction so that the rate of optimality also holds in the case of small messages. Another open problem is to extend our results to more general cases. For instance, by removing restrictions on the threshold or even better for general access structures. We also want to stress that our results on the rate hold without restrictions on the threshold. But for now, the only continuously unmalable scheme against joint tampering in the plain model is the one in our work which has this restriction. Well, that's all. Thank you for your attention.


These three practices are actually jeopardizing you and your invention. Part three, one, resisting adaptation or pivoting, sticking too rigidly to your initial idea can lead to missing out on crucial evolution. Two, neglecting legal and regulatory research. Overlooking legalities can lead to significant future obstacles. Three, setting unrealistic expectations. High expectations without room for iteration can set you up for disappointment. Stay flexible and well-informed on your inventor's journey. Don't hesitate to contact the patent professor for personalized advice.


Maen nhw, fod ydy'r gwybod yn tynnu maen nhw'n faut. Yn eistedd a fawr newydd. fod ydych. Mwy o'r maen nhw'n bywys sour o'r gyrfa eich egwyddur yma. Mae geni'n amlŷu? Felly, mae'n duines, a mynd i'n ddoch, a rydw i wedi bod yna, yn dod oes. Ond rydw i, mae'n sgwrdd ychydig. Dwi'n siaradd i'n ddigon. gyda'r gwaith gyda'r gyda'r gwaith. Rwy'n meddwl ychydig ar y bryd o'r protharn, gyda'r bryd o'r rhiniedig. Rwy'n meddwl i'r bwysig y bwysig, lle mae'r bwysig yn ddod a yn y cwestiynau y ddron, mae'n ddysgu'r ddysgu'r ddron yn ei wneud, ac mae'r bwysig yn adroddi'r mecanigol yma yn y bodai. felly rwy'nействid y gallwn fel mewn ffilm, funisiad y cyf хотill, wych Pleist饃tu, a then I can get an understanding of the patients and the medications they're on and what it's gonna do to their observations in the body ready for the exam. Smart thinking, right? I hope so... So yes, that's literally my day I'm trying to think smart about this exam I am trying to keep my revision as minimal but as in depth as possible as I can boi'n ddiolch i ddweud o ffarrig sydd yn ei wneud yn cael ei wneud i'w eu cyhoedleddau a ffarrig o'r llyfr a'r llyfr yn ei wneud i ddim yn ei wneud i'w meddwl. Felly rwy'n golygu'n meddwl a'n gynghori'n ddod o'r bod o'r bodi i gyd. A dyna yna, rwy'n go i'n gweithio'n ffarrig o'r bodi'n gweithio'n mecanismu i'r amser o'r bodai ddif焉ol y byddai fel yna gweithio yn y ddod o'r ddangos. Ac mae'r ffysiologi ddiddordeb yn y ddod. Fe yna'r ddiddordeb gyda'n gwybod i'r ddod, mae oedd y ddiddordeb yn y ddiddordeb ymlaen ei ffysiol, a'r ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn gweithio llawdach fel y pethau yn y ddiddordeb yma, ac mae'n cael ei ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb. Felly yna'n gweithio'r ddiddordeb ac mae'n wneud i ymlaen ar ddim. Felly dyna'r ffreshaf o'r trafodd yn siwtio. Mae'n ffrasigau. Mae'n ffrasigau. Felly mae'n ffrasigau ac yw'r t-shirt gafodd. Gweithio. Rhaid eich t-shirt yn bwysig? Yw! Felly yma. Felly rhaid y gallwn gwneud ar boblogau mewn dda wedi gwyb yn ddweud, a lewch yn ddim. Felly rhaid eich bod yn dweud. Felly rhaid eich bod yma'r gwybwych o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. yma. Felly Tewsday was our first day and we had our assignment lecture on policy and politics. We were only in nine till one and that session that we had in the morning was just amazing. It's exactly what we needed to get on with this assignment. It was a question and answer session. We got to ask all of the questions we needed to know about what to include in our assignment, what we should be doing with our assignment and it was just really really such a useful session. It was amazing and then the next session after that we had this new lecture that we haven't had before and he was amazing and sometimes to get a lecture come into university to teach you and their energy and their passion shines when they're teaching and it just makes such a difference to the whole room. It's fantastic and we learned so much and it really got us thinking about policy and politics in nursing particularly for our assignment. So I found Tuesday the most useful day of the week so far and then Wednesday was a full day of physiology and our liver sessions and I am or I was I was struggling with liver. I still struggled with some aspects of liver and the in-depth function but I do feel a little bit more confident than I did back then so I am a bit more confident on liver and after the Wednesday session I feel a lot more confident than I did from the start so that's a bonus I'm feeling much much better about this exam not as bad as I initially thought maybe a hope and Wednesday was actually our last liver session so I'm not going to lie I'm really happy to get rid of the liver sessions and start a new case study so our next case study that we started today was a COPD and I knew that this one was going to be far better because we've done touched upon COPD before asthma the lungs respiratory system we have done that in previous exams so we've already got the basic knowledge that we need and we're just building on that and it's just so much better because we know the stuff that we're talking about whereas liver we hadn't done it before it was all new and we did all of us struggle I think but students are actually saying that they're actually enjoying liver and they're enjoying learning about it which is a bonus and I can see that side to it as well because it is fresh and it is new and you're thinking wow the liver does all these things that I didn't know before but for an exam purpose I'd rather not have liver for my exam that's me beating off the liver for my exam sorry liver so yeah so if there's any other choice I'm probably going to pick that for the exam but yeah COPD great great sessions today and again we had a new lecturer with a slightly different style of learning and the way she explained the physiology to us was bang on she explained it to a T and then she was going into it so she was she was actually questioning us as well as she went okay so why does it do this why does it do this why does it do this and it's a whole list of whys whys but why but why but why and then you're constantly asking yourself okay why does it do that why does um your inflammatory response get activated what does that what does that do why does it do that why does it cause broncho constriction instead of dilation things like that and so we're like whoa so I I particularly liked the physiology session today I'm not going to lie I really enjoyed it um I don't know if I've actually told you what our exam consists of have I so our exam is a written paper exam it's two and a half hours I think I might have said that before but it is two and a half hour exam we've got seven parts to this exam and they want to know basically you've got a set of observations on the patient and the condition so with COPD his observations and all of the abnormal ranges that they're going to be so abnormal blood pressure abnormal heart rate abnormal um saturations things like that and we have to look at those observations then we have to list 10 things that we are worried about with this patient with the observation so you put I'm worried about blood pressure whatever and then you have to state what you're going to do about that blood pressure so what's your next step as a nurse okay so you know that person's blood pressure is bad what you're going to do about it so you have to explain what you're going to do in the time frame you're going to do it and then your rationale behind it so the physiology of why that blood pressure is particularly high or low for the condition the patient has so you have to link it all in together does that make sense I hope I make sense in these videos so yeah so four example I don't want to go too much in depth because this is going to really stress me out trying to repeat this so four example let's just say I'm going to use the liver one just because there is one that's slightly easier so basically those of you that know the ABCDE approach you're going to know that you've got airway breathing circulation disability exposure and it goes down in order of the your list of responsibilities basically so when you approach a patient that's what you assess you assess their airway they're breathing the circulation head to toe every time you see a patient whether they're alive unconscious whatever state that patient's in so let's use the liver patient for an example so we're going to check this patient's airway is the first thing we're going to do because as you approach someone you say hi how are you when they respond you're assessing the airway you'll be able to hear the gargling sounds the snoring sounds or is it clear how are they talking any sort of slight abnormality you might start to think oh okay what's happening with their airway so yeah so my first observation is airway I'm going to check their airway by speaking to that patient physically speaking and then as I'm listening I'm listening to the sounds of the airway signs for obstruction and I'm going to do that continuously because this patient in particular is at risk of a reduction in airway he's at and a reduction of an airway because he's currently got these varices that have formed in his esophagus which have now actually ruptured causing a lot of blood he's vomiting blood so that means he's at more risk of aspiration he's at more risk of an obstruction of the airway with all that blood building up if you can't cough it out which means you can't get the oxygen he needs into his body and so on and so on so basically that's so we have to do seven of those for every single observation we have to explain okay why are we doing that what are the reasons behind it what are the physiological things that are happening in the body that's going to decrease or to potentially decrease in the patient so that's why you're monitoring it if that makes sense I hope this is making sense to everybody so yeah so this exam is going to be horrendous but I find things like these really really useful because when I'm out there in practice as a nurse I'm going to be assessing these patients exactly like that and I'm going to be able to apply that rationale behind why things are happening in the body okay so it doesn't matter that they've got COPD or liver cirrhosis the actual compensation mechanisms of the body the heart the respiratory rate the renal they're all the same in every single person no matter what condition they've got they've all got the heart that works exactly the same way but it's just the different conditions will affect it in different ways and there'll be different reasons behind it does that make sense so out there in practice I can input this physiology into my patient and work out and hopefully understand why something's happening so yeah so the physiology side it was good I really enjoyed today's lesson and then after that we had policy and politics so we had an external lady come in and she just talked through about policies and politics within the NHS and things like the A&E crisis staff shortages all of that sort of thing things that we can implement again back into our assignment and yeah hopefully it's going to be useful and when I start writing it's going to make sense when I'm writing it I'm hoping I can make it clear on an assignment because you know with assignments you have to explain every detail and why you're putting it in there what are the reasons behind it and really explain things in your assignment so fingers crossed I can do that within the 3000 word count that we have to write it fingers crossed all in all it's been an okay week actually it's not been too bad a high and a low point of physiology but I'm feeling much more positive about it which is amazing and I'm starting to structure my flash cards and my revision technique now just so that my revision is hopefully going to be on point for my exam fingers crossed for the weekend I've got a bank shift tomorrow I'm back at the clinic in sexual health Sunday I'm off all day so Sunday I do plan to do a little bit of revision but also do some assignment writing as well and trying to keep on top of both of them because we do have the exam and the assignment sort of in the same month one week after the other so I'm trying to balance those two right now and hopefully I'm going to be okay so that's it from me thank you as always for tuning in and watching thank you so much if there's anything you want to know if there's anything you want me to cover just put it in the comments below send me an inbox or something and I will try and do videos to cover what you want to know because I want to help you hopefully hopefully this is helping you and I want to help you more if you're out there struggling or if you want to know more about nursing anything please let me know and I can do a video on that hopefully to help you out so I shall see you for now how great week ahead of you guys and I shall see you next week


Every day until Christmas, I'm doing self-tape practice in attempts to not get crusty over the holiday break because historically I just don't act a lot in December and my bookings have been pretty good lately and I just want to keep that rhythm going about dishing and hopefully booking more things. So I filled up this advent calendar with different movies and TV shows, either scenes or monologues from movies or TV shows that are Christmas themed. So today's number 12. Let's see what's behind door number 12. And you might be thinking like, how are you doing this every day? Well, I'm trying to set myself up for success in that I put a 15 minute timer and then that's how much time I have to prepare it. What's behind door number 12, 13, 12. Oh, the horse. Christmas with the cranks! This is a scene where the husband is telling the wife like, Hey, how about if we go on a little cruise?  I actually do really, really want a reader for this one because I think it would be really fun. I love this movie. So I think I'm going to do this a little bit later. I'm going to try and get a reader. I might have somebody that's able to help me. So I'm going to put a 15 minute timer to prepare Christmas with the cranks. I don't even know if I need 15 minutes. Yeah, I should, I should prepare it and, and see how I can play with it. And just at the very least when I'm playing around with it, I usually am able to memorize it. If not 100%, like 90%. I have an idea. I wouldn't call it a catch, but we ate 10 days and somebody's helping me and I don't want to waste their time. So my goal is to do maximum, max, max, max, five takes. My goal is to do three takes. My max is to do five and I'm just going to play it one way. An eager person who is just so tired of spending all of this money and all of this energy and time on a Christmas that really everybody else has so much fun in. Like I'm creating magic for other people and for once I just want it for me. Fine. I'm going without you. Ah! Okay. Do you have any notes for me? No, that was great. My friend, one of my best friends, Stephen, that I'm staring at his face right now is helping me be the reader. He's a great actor. He was just in a play at the Spindrift Players in... Pacifica. Pacifica. And it was called The Boys in the Band. I think it's just Boys in the Band. Honestly, I'm not sure. It was a really good play. I'm trying to think if there's any other way that I could play it. I mean, this is very like campy though. You know, it's like very Christmas movie. What about like car salesman? You know, you're like trying to pitch this idea. You're trying to get your customer to buy and so, you know, I don't know. Maybe, maybe something, there's something there. If you want to try that. Yeah, like making it so flashy. Right. That was so much more fun than trying to get like an audio online or whatever. I mean, I know this is one of my best friends, but still. Okay. Here are the two best takes. Maybe I'll just do one take because mostly I just did one version of it. So here's the best take from today and I'll see you tomorrow for day 13. I have an idea. Yeah. It's a brilliant idea.  All right. Okay. Come over here. Turn around. What are you doing?  This is a little ledger of what we spent last year for Christmas. Look at some of this stuff. What is this? $63 on ornament repairs. You got to be kidding me. What? Oh, look at the total. We spent $6,100 on Christmas last year. $6,100 on... I heard you the first time. Okay. With precious little to show for it. Where is this going? The Caribbean. A 10 day luxury cruise on the Jubilee. The most luxurious ship in their fleet came in islands snorkeling. We go to Jamaica. We Windsor for whatever the heck that is. Look at this picture. The Bahamas. We sit in the sun. I might have to lose a little weight. Heck, I'll lose it for you. What's the catch? Well, I wouldn't call it a catch. We just skip Christmas. We skip Christmas? Yeah. We skip Christmas. We save the money and we spend it on us for a change. I don't know. Oh, come on, please. You and I go bask in the Caribbean sun. How much is this going to cost? $3,000. We save money? Absolutely. We can still give our charitable donations to the children's hospital and of course the church. No. This is a total boycott, honey. Total. It's $600. It's a total boycott, I'm afraid, and that's all I'm going to say about that. Well, then no.


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Shashi and I am going to help you with the following question. Question says, find the local maxima and local minima if any of the following functions. Find also the local maximum and local minimum values as the case may be. fx is equal to x square. First of all let us understand that if we are given a function f defined on open interval i, then let function f be continuous at a critical point c in interval i. Then if f dash x is greater than 0 for x less than c and if f dash x is less than 0 for x greater than c then c is the point of local maxima. Now let us discuss when c is the point of local minima if f dash x is less than 0 for x less than c and f dash x is greater than 0 for x greater than c then c is the point of local minima. This is the key idea to solve the given question. Now let us start the solution. We are given function f given by fx equal to x square. Now differentiating both sides with respect to x we get f dash x equal to 2x. Now to find the points of maxima and minima we will put f dash x equal to 0. So we can write 2x is equal to 0. This implies x is equal to 0 so we get critical point as 0. Now when x is less than 0 then f dash x is also less than 0 and when x is greater than 0 then f dash x is also greater than 0. Now clearly we can see f dash x changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through 0. So this implies x equal to 0 is the point of local minima. Now let us find out local minimum value. You know local minimum value is equal to f0. f0 is equal to 0 square. Now we can simply write it as 0. So we get local minimum value equal to 0. So our required answer is function f has local minima at x equal to 0 and local minimum value is equal to 0. This completes the session. Hope you understood the session. Bye.