I was waiting a few extra minutes. It's the first session of the day. I'm sure people are just getting in. But we'll go ahead and get started. Welcome to day two of Workamp Birmingham. Ryan. You're good. I just didn't see anything on that screen. And I'm sorry to interrupt you. OK. Yes. There's stuff there. Awesome. Thanks, Ryan. So welcome to How Does the Web Work? So in this presentation, I'm going to give a little bit of an overview of the history of the internet, setting the ground of why some of the things exist the way they do. And then we're going to look at something specifically. My thing is not going. That's OK. Am I on the wrong? There we go. So I'll get back to that just a moment. But specifically, there's something called the cycle. It's the same thing I'm going to mostly focus on in this talk, explaining what exactly happens if you were to type something into your browser or someone were to type your URL into their browser. What happens to go around all of this cycle to end up viewing a web page in their browser? So I'm going to talk about lots of other things, slight tangents that help clarify some of this. But the main takeaway will be what exactly this is. So I am Frank Corso. I'm the head of engineering at PodChaser, where a podcast audience insights tool. Before that, I founded a tool called Site Alert, which allowed you to monitor your WordPress websites, check for uptime monitoring, broken links, that kind of stuff. But I sold that business in 2021 when I joined PodChaser. So that's a little bit about me. But we'll go ahead and jump right into the history of the web. So a lot of people don't realize just how long ago this process got started. So I'm going to start in the 1960s. But actually, by then, a lot of this was already started to being a motion. But this is where it really becomes the internet and the web as we know it today. So way back in the 1960s, there was a concept of packet switching, which when someone transfers files through the internet, whether you're downloading a file or someone's viewing a web page in their browser, there's something called packets, which is essentially breaking all the files and data down into little tiny packets of information. And all of the internet and all of the connectivity, all of your devices are built upon this concept of packet switching, where it makes sure the little bits of data is getting from where it's supposed to be to where it's going. And this started back in the 1960s. It was actually independently started being worked on. There's people at MIT who say, hey, we need this system. There's people over in RAND that were working on this. There were people in ARPA. And they all started working on this around the same time, going, hey, we need some way to transfer information to other computers. And so ARPA realized there was many people working on this at the same time. So they kind of brought it all together to lay the groundwork of something they called the ARPA net. And so that was the foundational piece of, hey, we have computers. We're going to send data to each other using this packet switching theory that several people are working on. And we're going to build it out into our ARPA net. And at the time, the ARPA net consisted of four main computers, or universities. It was University of California, the Sanford Research Institute, Santa Barbara, and University of Utah. And that was the foundational pieces of the ARPA net, were those four universities. Now, a fun random fact was the very first message was sent on October 29, 1969. So this was the first time they tried to send a message from one computer to another across universities. And they attempted to submit the word login. But after the letter L, the letter O, the system crashed. But it still counts as the first message. But they only get received two of the letters of the five. Now, around the same time, IBM created something called the generalized markup language, or GML. Now, if you've ever looked at HTML or your web page, or kind of see what it looks like, you might have seen an H1 tag, or an H2 tag, you might have heard like paragraphs and bullet points. Well, all of this is based on this language that IBM created in the 1960s, called the generalized markup language. It looks a little bit different than what we use today in HTML, but it still had the same concept of tags and attributes. Now, from there, as we started adding more and more universities and other companies started getting involved, they realized, hey, we're all doing this slightly differently. And that's not going to allow for an actual internet to evolve, and to become something useful for everyone. So this is where protocols started coming into play. So you might have heard of the FTP. It's not used as much today. It's a bad practice for using FTP in web development. But it is still fairly common. And what it basically is a file transfer protocol. So it is the standard way of sending a file from your computer to a server.  And someone might say, oh, you have to FTP in to disable the plug-in. And essentially, all that is, is you going in and making file changes through this protocol that was created in the 1970s. Now, there's a slightly newer one these days. It's the SFTP, which is Secure File Transfer Protocol. But it works exactly the same, which is secure. This was also the same time when other protocols, such as the FTP mail protocol and the SMTP were created, which is how most of the emails were built off using those protocols for many of the following decades. And then at this point in the mid-1970s, 1977, according to that, there was a lot more universities in the force. So within a decade, there was dozens of different universities using this network now. So at that point, several different people, but most specifically, Robert and Vince here, they realized, hey, now the ARPANET's growing. There's going to be these subnetworks. So at some universities, they might have one computer that's connected out to the other network, the ARPANET. But then they might have their own little network going on within the university. And then some other just independent companies started having their own standalone networks. So these gentlemen said, hey, we need some way to standardize exactly how these computers are communicating on this network. And that way, we're all doing it the same way, and we end up with one main network. So they came up with something called the TCP and IP. So essentially, you might have heard of IP addresses. They're just a unique identifier for your computer, for your phone, for your Nest thermostat. Everything has a unique identifier. They've changed a lot over the years, but essentially they're still very much the same of IP addresses. They're the internet protocol. And then there's the TCP, which is the protocol of how these then communicate. At the time, like I said, there was many subnetworks and different things. And when they established this, the goal was to create a way to communicate across networks or internet. And that's where we came to the internet. And then from there, fast forward just a hair, maybe. There it goes. A few years later, so I think they proposed it 78, 79, a few years later, they realized, hey, now that there's lots of computers, at this point, there's dozens and dozens of universities participating, which is many, many, many computers. They realized, hey, right now, everyone's having to type in an IP address. So for me to go to someone's website, which loosely defined at this point, but if we use access website, I have to type in 1.637.89, and no one's going to remember all those once we start adding thousands. So a lot of people would propose, hey, we need some way that you can attach an address, an actual word or phrase that if you type it in, you will find the right server you're looking for. And that is where the domain name system came into play. Now, you might have come across domain names. Some of you, if you already have websites, or maybe you have lots of websites, maybe you're doing all kinds of things, you might have used domain names quite a bit. Maybe all slightly, but essentially, they still work the same way that they did back in the early 80s. And we'll dive more into those in just a moment. So after we have a growing network, and we have our domain name, we have our standardization around some of the protocols, now people actually need to be able to start using some of these things. And this is where the early browsers started coming out. So some of the early browsers were like, let's say, PC Hypertext and SilverSmith. The problem at the point, though, was that there still wasn't a standardized way of displaying this information. And also, how are you going to structure this? So far, HTML does not exist, HTTP does not exist, CSS doesn't exist, JavaScript, none of that exists yet at this point in time. So they end up having something basic like this, where you say, hey, here's a domain name, it'll just return a few paragraphs. Which was probably amazing at the time, which is, that's great, but it's probably not going to evolve into the internet that they want yet. There's even, so SilverSmith was actually using a different version, a different, a competing technology with HTML called SGML, which was pretty much that one that was invented in the 1960s from IBM. It was just slightly different and improved. But that one didn't allow for all the cool things. So even then, it was still kind of basic like this. And that is where HTML and HTTP came in. So Sir Tim's Burner League came in and said, okay, right now we've all these different ways of doing it, some of it's bad, and some of it's okay, and some of it's great, but we need one central way to do this. And so they propose, or he proposed, the Hypertext System and Protocol.  And this was what he proposed back in the 1990s, or late 80s, sorry. Now, depending on when you started with web, you might've come across something called Gofer. And that was essentially a competitor to HTTP. This was a, there was Gofer browsers at the time and they were doing a slightly different protocol. And so there was a brief period in time where depending on what you were trying to do, you either had to do HTTP, domain name, or Gofer, and you had to use different browsers and I can't imagine how chaotic that would be if that existed still today, but that's a fun little tidbit to remember. So that brings us to the 1990s where we actually start getting into what kind of looks like how the web works today. So after we, after Berners-Lee proposed the HTML and HTTP, that had got accepted, people started using that and that came with the first HTTP web browser called the World Wide Web. And this arrived in 1990 and then quickly other people started making them. There's Mosaic, Opera, Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, several of these other ones that all started coming around, around the early 90s, very much working the same way, but all built on this HTML, HTTP system. However, at the time, it was still just that paragraph of text. So we needed some way to style this. We looked at it and we said, okay, we'd love to be cool if we could change how the links look or maybe if add some spacing around the text or make our headings bigger, bolder, all these fun things. And at the time, there were actually several different systems for a brief moment of time, every browser had their own way to style. So if you were a web developer and if WordPress existed at the time, then when you created a heading, you would have to say, okay, in Mosaic, I want it to look this way. In Internet Explorer, I want it to look this way. And Netscape Navigator, I want it to look this way. You have to do that for everything on your entire website. That would be just terrible, but that's how it was. And there's even browsers were super customized about the time, which we have lost over the years, but you could also go in there as a user going, hey, I want most of my web pages to look this way. So then you could just standardize all how you were viewing it, which seems awesome, but that's something that's died down over the years. So then in 1994, someone proposed, hey, why don't we have a standardized system and they propose CSS, cascading style sheets. And that was eventually accepted in 1996. And interestingly enough, Internet Explorer 3 was the first commercial browser to use CSS, which was probably one of the few times Internet Explorer was ahead of the competition. Now from there, we started realizing, hey, we want to maybe do interactive things with the website. Maybe you want to have a pop-up up here. Maybe you want to have a form on your website. Maybe you want to do all kinds of animations and crazy effects on your website, or maybe you want to even have cool games running on your website. Well, you can't do that in just HTML and some paragraphs. That doesn't work. You need some sort of actual coding language. So around the mid-1990s, browsers starting building their own different systems. And again, this became a problem of, hey, now we're having to build it for all different types of browsers where all different directions, none of these were compatible. So again, someone came up and said, hey, why don't we propose a new language and that is where JavaScript comes in. It was originally called Mocha, then it became LiveScript and then it became JavaScript. And then it was, if I can scroll down just here, my notes here, oh, well, maybe. Sorry, my computer goes. Then, where was I? Sorry. So Internet Explorer then again, decided to do their own way to do things. So they actually used something called JS Script. So depending on when you started in the industry, you might remember a time where you had JavaScript running on everything else and then JS Script running in IE. And for the most part, they were the same, but there was just enough differences that it was extremely frustrating to build anything for Internet Explorer. Eventually, Microsoft caught on and standardized things, but it was several years that there was a distinct difference between the two. And then the code name for JavaScript in Netscape was SpiderMonkey. And if you were to look into Firefox today, they still use that same code name for JavaScript. Oh, one final point on that, this is probably something you'll never need to know, but the actual JavaScript, the organization is ECMA. They're the ones that actually put it together. So every now and then you'll hear JavaScript referred to as ECMA script. That's the actual name for JavaScript. I don't think I've ever heard anyone actually use that name in any real setting. Everyone uses JavaScript. That's technically the commercial name, but they're pretty much interchangeable. Everyone uses JavaScript, but that's just a random tidbit just in case you were to come across that. So I'm not gonna go through this entire thing, but this is essentially all of the web browsers that have existed between 1990 and 2018. I could not find one that's up to date, but 2018 is still close enough. There's been a lot of browsers and most people don't realize just how many different browsers there were and how many different versions and how many of them were connected to each other. An interesting one that I always like to point out is this one right here, this one is called Conqueror. And this one came out in 1999, 2000, somewhere in that period. And this one came out, they had this really cool engine, and I'll get into engines in just a moment, this engine called WebKit. And it was really revolutionary. It came in, it did things very nicely. It was really easy to work with, it had all these great systems that developers could build upon. And, but no one really used this browser that much. Some people kind of liked it, it was fun. There was a handful of volunteers that were running it, just wasn't enough people to really get it into something big. And at the same time, Apple was going, hey, Microsoft has Internet Explorer, we need our own browser. And since Conqueror was open source, Apple came along and said, hey, Conqueror is Safari. That's ours now. And so they forked it and built upon it to create Safari, which is the Safari that we use today on Apple devices. And then WebKit, that same engine that now Conqueror and Safari is using, became really popular. So then Google Chrome came out and they also use that same WebKit engine. And then Opera eventually switched to that WebKit engine. So most of the browsers today, even Edge, are built upon that WebKit engine that volunteers built at open source back in the original Conqueror browser. So random tidbit, again, something you may never need to know, but fun little tidbit. So let's get into the actual, what happens when a page loads? So if you go into a browser, you might type in some random domain name and you might hit Enter. And then it does a lot of different things. But it all starts with the browser. The browser is what handles the HTTP request. And I'll look at that in just a moment, a little bit more. But essentially when you type in your website or my favorite cat.com or something and you hit Enter, the browser is going to make that request to the server, to the domain name servers. It's going to handle all that piece. And then it's going to get stuff back and it's going to interpret that HTML, that CSS, that JavaScript, to figure out exactly what to show and what to do in the browser. Ooh, that one's, we'll cut off there, that's good. So when it comes to the parts of the URL, majority of the time, people are usually familiar with the domain. So if you have mycatsblog.com, my cat's blog will be your domain. But there's also all these other pieces that you might want to remember throughout as you work on things on your within your website. So the protocol almost always, that's HTTP or HTTPS. And that's pretty much a standard. The browsers usually handle that mostly for themselves these days. But theoretically that's also if you were to do an FTP, if you have to FTP into your website, it'll actually look almost identical to this except the protocol will be FTP or SFTP. Or if you're doing some other protocol, it'll be the same structure except with slightly different protocol. For most people every day using the web, you'll never need to do that. It's always going to be HTTP or HTTPS. But that is, they all work the same way. From there we have the subdomain. So depending on your structure, your website, you might have a something.something. So maybe you have mycatblog.com and you have a staging site set up at staging.mycatblog.com. Then the staging, that will be a subdomain on your website. And then again domain is just kind of the main address of your website. This is, if you're not too familiar with domain names, these are essentially like your mailing address. So think of the IP address as kind of like your, your physical geographical location for your house. Like, oh, latitude and longitude. People can't mail to your latitude, longitude. That just wouldn't work. So we have a mailing system. You have an actual address and a street name and all this. That is the same concept to the domain name system. So your IP address is like your physical location for your house, but then the domain name is the actual mailing address that people then remember. Then TLD, this is the top level domain. There are now over 1600 top level domains. Most people can think of like five. So it's always fascinating just how many there are, but the majority of them you might know like .com, .org, .edu, .io, .tv. Technically, .tot, .xyz, .app. There's several of them that you might be familiar with, but then there's also ones for almost every country kind of has their own. And there's also all these sub ones. There's lots of them out there, but for the most part, most people usually want to stick to something more familiar so people can actually remember your domain. And then after the .com, you might have a path to a specific page of your website. So if you have mycatblog.com slash aboutmycat, then the aboutmycat portion is usually the path of the URL. And that is how WordPress or other systems know what page specifically someone wants to be viewing on that domain. And then at the very end, there's parameters, query arguments, there's several terms for this, but essentially this is just extra data that we want to send to the server about something that might change within the website. So if you use the WordPress default, is it still default? I think it's still default. Default options where it's just, oh, all the different pages, instead of having a nice about us and contact page, sometimes it just goes to P equals, it's like P equals one and P equals three or P equals four. So instead of having, sending the path, we're sending this P equals five to the server and then the server knows, or in this case WordPress knows, oh, they want this specific page. So that's kind of how parameters work is that it's just sending some specific additional information and whatever's running on the server, in this case WordPress, kind of goes, oh, okay, this is some additional data you're sending and I'm going to do something with it. Now theoretically you can go to any website and type whatever parameter you want, but for the most part, unless they happen to be using the same exact parameter that you type in, it's not going to make a difference. But these are fairly arbitrary that you can type whatever you want in there. So that's just something to remember, but it's only whatever the server is looking for that'll actually be used. So this is an actual HTTP request. So your browser does all this kind of behind the scenes but you can do this manually if you ever want to. I don't know why you would want to. This would not be fun to look at HTML this way, but theoretically you can. And so this is a HTTP request that I did where I just go, hey, show me, what was I looking at this guy? I think it was example.com. So I said, okay, I want to look at example.com through a terminal. And so I did an HTTP request and this is the protocol that pretty much all of the web is built on and you just go, and again, you don't have to remember these details of the methods here, but essentially you, there's different ways. You can say, hey, give me information. You can say, oh, give me information. Or you can say, hey, I'm sending you information. Or you can say, oh, I want to delete this information. There's different, we call them verbs or methods, but essentially they all just say, hey, what am I doing on this domain? So in this case, I did a getrequesttoexample.com because I wanted to get the website and that's what most browsers use. So as you navigate the website and you navigate the web, go to google.com, go through your store, they're all making get HTTP requests because they're getting information. However, if you submit a contact form or you purchase something on the website, they might make a post request because that is sending them that you want to do something with information. So in this case here, I did a getrequesttoexample.com and then it returned, it returned all this HTML down here, which is what the browser receives to then do something with. Now it also receives, there's also a concept of headers. I'm not gonna get too far into those but essentially there's additional metadata or additional information that this protocol can use to communicate with. So in this case, we can specify like, hey, how long does a cache work? When was the last time this page was updated? What kind of content is it? There's all these extra things that the browser can use and the servers can use to say, hey, you might wanna do something different with this content that you're receiving or that you're sending. A lot of different servers and tools use these to add additional data and information.  If you only have a certain amount of credits per month or it might have a, if you get blocked by like Cloudflare, they'll include a header of like, oh, your block expires in 24 hours or you have 23 hours left that you're blocked or so they'll add additional metadata there that then browsers can use to do something with or tools or integrations or plugins can then use those headers in addition to the content themselves. And then the actual body is the content itself. There's not any need to remember the term body for the most part, unless you really are getting into development, which I don't know if anyone here is really getting into development, but the body is just the actual content of whatever's getting back or whatever's being sent. And then lastly, there's status codes built into the HTTP protocol. No, HTTP is the protocol. Into HTTP, there's status codes and you might have come across these already. You might go to a website and you get a 404 error. The 404 is the status code through this HTTP system. There's also 500. You might come across a 301 error, also something like 200 status. All these have different meanings, but essentially anything in the 200 range is usually everything's okay. Everything in the 300 range is usually like a temporary thing or some sort of like, hey, just to let you know kind of thing. 301 redirects are popular in SEO. Like if something gets redirected, you might have to set up a 301 redirect. Anything in the 400s is usually a client error, which would be something, the browser. Something happened in an error on the browser side or a user error. Maybe you're trying to access a page that doesn't exist. That would be a 404. Anything in the 500 range is usually errors on the server side. So 500 is usually a common error of, hey, you crashed your website. Now you're seeing 500 errors. So there's something wrong on the WordPress side of things. Does that make sense? Does that have any questions on that? I know I'm going through a lot of material very quickly, but feel free to like throw something at me or wave if you're lost on anything. So the domain name system itself, again, this is like the address to your website or address to any website. And how this works is you go to your browser and you type in mycatblog.com or example.com or WooCommerce.com, automatic.com, any of these, you type in that name. And then the browser goes, okay, I have to figure out where this exists because the browsers can't remember all of the IP addresses in the world. There's millions and hundreds of millions and billions of IP addresses. The browser's not going to remember all of those to make that connection of, okay, they want to look at mycatblog.com. That's at this IP address. The browser's not going to remember that. They look up something called a root server. So the organizations that run domain names and top level domains and .coms, they have this concept of called a root server. So the browser will reach out to the root server and say, hey, I'm looking for mycatblog.com. Can you tell me where I can find this? And the root server says, oh, I don't know, but I know that since it's a .com, you should talk to the .com name server. So then the browser goes, okay, so I need to look, so there's a TLD name server and that's the top level domain. And so .com.org.eu.io, all of these have different name servers. There's more than one. There's usually millions of these servers. It's not like just one kind of server in someone's closet or something. But they look for this top level domain name server. So the root server says, hey, it's a .com, look at the .com name server. So the browser says, okay, .com name server. Where's this IP address? And the .com name server goes, hey, I think you should look at the domain name server. So the domain name server is wherever you bought the domain from in most cases, they kind of have a set of servers then that say, hey, okay, we own all these, this set of domain names and we know what IP address is these point to. So the top level domain, top level name server, the .com name server in this case goes, okay, this domain is owned by Hover or this domain is owned by Psycround or this domain is owned by someone or they sold this, they manage this domain. They'll know where the IP address is. So the browser goes, okay, great. Now I can reach out to Psycround or Hover or whoever you bought the domain through, ask them and they'll say, okay, it is this IP address. It's this server here. The browser goes, yes, now I will connect to the server. So that is how that loop works. There's a lot of super technical details that I kind of glossed over there, but that's for the most part, that's kind of how the concept works. Now in DNS, if you've ever set up domain name system, your domain name before you might come across like A records and C records and text records and MX records, all these are just different things you can attach to your domain name that says, hey, if a browser is connecting this way or they're looking for this thing on the domain name, this is how I want you to interpret that. So if you bought your domain name through Hover or Bluehost, GoDaddy, any of these, you might have an A record and that's usually saying, hey, if they type in this, send them to this IP address and that's just like the basic, almost everything you do is relying on A records or C name records, technically, but I'll get to that in just a minute. So that is the actual record where it goes, okay, if I want to go to mycatblog.com, it's at this IP address, that A record is what says these two things go together. C name works pretty much the same way, except it uses just instead of saying, let me think of a good example here. Instead of pointing to an actual IP address, it points more to another domain or another system that says, hey, instead of getting this IP address, it's just this more generalized term will get you there. So you usually see this more on like a WWW or like a subdomain, those usually more use C names depending on how you set them up, but the A record is kind of the main standard that most people use. Then you have the MX record, if you set up your emails and then you use your domain name, you might use this record, you might have used this one before, essentially your email provider, whether you're using Zoho or Fastmail or Gmail or whoever you're connecting your domain through, they'll say, hey, I put this little snippet of text into your domain name server or into your domain name system and you'll copy that and you'll use the MX term and that's when email goes through, they look for MX records to know how the emails get sent through and so they look specifically for MX records instead of the A records. So that's just some, there's actually dozens of different types of records. I'm not gonna go through all of them because you'll never touch most of those.  If you're verifying you own a domain, like through the search console or through some other things, you might use a TXT record, but those are usually the main ones you'll ever touch and most places that are asking you to set those up, we'll explain those in super detail, but just in case they don't, you might wanna remember generally kind of what they're for. So once the browser says, okay, I know where this site is, I have the IP address, I'm going to connect to the server now. It then connects to a few different types of servers. Now, there it goes. Now there's a lot of different kinds of servers these days and a lot of these blend together. So before these used to be very separate things. Some of these kind of blend a little bit together, there's our thing, there's things, concepts that kind of exist between each of these and so it can get a little confusing, but mostly it can be bucketized into these four main types. So shared hosting is where you have a server running and it has your different sites or your sites or many of their customer sites.   So I will share, I will sell different pieces of the server. So essentially if I sell some of it to my friend Joe, he might have access to this much CPU and this much bandwidth coming from the server and I might sell it to my friend Christine and she'll also own a little piece of it. But then I'll realize, hey, I want to make lots of money so I'm going to sell, I'm going to break this down into a really tiny piece. I'm going to cram thousands of sites into each of my servers and that is how shared hosting becomes super cheap then because each person only gets a really tiny sliver of the server. Now, some of that is good, like if you're just starting out, you don't want to spend hundreds of dollars a month on servers, you usually want to do something super cheap just so you can one, figure out what you're doing or maybe it's a site that will just never make money and that's fine, like that's entirely fine to start off in shared hosting. And, but it's just something to be aware of that technically most newer hosting providers these days do a better job of separating some of these sites a little bit so if one gets hacked they don't all get hacked but there are some that exist that since they blend them so much together on a single server, if one site gets hacked they can hack the server and then just hack all the sites. So that's the downside of shared is that you're using all the resources but you're also sharing the risks too. So, but again it's perfectly valid, most people start off on shared hosting so I don't want to say shared hosting is terrible but just be aware that there are the risks and there are also performance issues because you're sharing those resources with everyone that if you have an e-commerce site and you get, what's a popular show they say? Does Oprah still exist? Does she still, I don't know, if she has a show and she goes, oh hey, mycatblog.com is amazing and then everyone goes to your site if you're using a shared host that has thousands of other sites on that server and you're sharing this much and everyone starts going to your website that website's not going to stay up. Like it only gets a little bit of resources it's trying to share it with everyone else so then it just will not stay up with that amount of people coming to the website. So, that's kind of how shared works. Again, not bad and it works great for many sites just be aware of those kind of downsides there. The next step up is VPS, virtual private systems. These work very similarly to shared in that there's still a server that people are kind of sharing but in this case, they're one, the big factor is there's a lot less sites per server but they're also, I don't want to get super technical here but essentially they're virtualizing the environment. So, instead of having one shared server that runs Windows or Linux it has lots of fake computers essentially running on that server and each site has its own fake computer. So, that fake computer, if that gets hacked it's kind of its own computer so there's less risk of that site affecting other sites on the server because there are their own fake computers, virtualized systems. And they also have since their own fake computers they have a little bit more resources going on so they have a little bit more power and can absorb much more traffic or people or more intensive things going on on the website. The next step up, this is this that most people do not need but you could have a dedicated server just for your own site. So, you could go out and say, hey, I don't want to share this with anyone. I want my own server and I want only one site on it or maybe only my sites on it. You could go get that dedicated server. These cost quite a bit more and unless you are really big site or you have a lot of traffic this usually isn't needed to spend that much money for this something like this but that is also an option. Right. And then last there's cloud hosting. This is a kind of combined of shared in VPS in a way that essentially you still have your fake computers your virtualized systems but instead of them running on a single server they run across many servers.  They might have a series of servers that they set aside for cloud hosting and if you run your site they will set up their fake computer and it will just use resources from whatever server is currently available. So, if you go to mycatblog.com and it's usually working with these two servers but for some reason they're busy it can use from these some servers or they can use from those servers and you aren't managing those servers you aren't aware of those servers they all kind of happen in the background on their own kind of on the side. So, this is great option for large sites or really dynamic sites or sites that have a lot of traffic coming to them or they have a lot of things going on. Again, this probably isn't a spot where you're starting your first site at but it isn't another option out there. Does that kind of make sense what the difference is between these? Does anyone have questions on that? Not really, it depends on once you get into cloud hosting there's all these kinds of configurations and different ways you can do it.  You probably won't find things much cheaper than that but you could go to a cloud hosting option that kind of spreads those out and you could find one comparable but it might not be kind of exactly one to one. Does that sort of answer your question? Yeah, so like for someone who is a little bit more intermediate and they're not wanting to do the share and then dedicated is obviously too much than our choices are VPS and cloud hosting. Is there a preferred one for the more intermediate with an average traffic? For most people usually VPS is a good option. Now technically something in VPS you might have come across managed WordPress hosting or managed hosting. Most of them are built upon VPS type systems. So all those would apply within there but usually the VPS approach is the easier approach if you're not technical quite yet or you just don't want to care about any of this stuff just because it's a single server and you have a digital ocean droplet or you have cloudways single server system or you have something like that where it's like oh this is your only thing you have to care about and that's usually what most people go to just because it's much simpler and you don't have to worry about once you get to cloud hosting you might have to think about load balancers. You might have to think about this stuff so it's a little bit more complicated and I'm not gonna go into any of that right now but so while it could be cheaper sometimes it could be more powerful or less powerful depending on it it's just a little bit more complex so most people don't usually go there unless it's needed. Thank you. You're welcome. Any other questions on this? How are we on time? I think we have a little bit left. So once the browser finds the server let's assume in this case we are still talking about mycatplog.com which I don't know if it's a real site or not so if it's there and it's a bad site please don't blame me I have no idea if that exists. So say it's maybe we'll use example.com because that is a good site. So if we go to example.com the browser found the domain name already it found the IP address and now it's connecting to the server directly the server then has to actually do something to return content and this is where you might come across server software so you might have heard of Apache or Nginx I'm not gonna get two into the weeds here the technicalities but essentially it's just software that runs on the server that then empowers other software to run. So WordPress can run within these environments and so these kind of kick off hey someone is asking about this webpage I'm going to send this to WordPress so WordPress can do something or I'm gonna send it to you might have heard of Node.js or Express or these other systems out there and so Apache and Nginx are kind of like the gatekeepers for the server so when the information comes in or there's a request coming in they kind of decide how to handle that and pass it off to whatever relevant software is needed which in most people's cases here that will be PHP which is a programming language that runs on the server and WordPress runs or WordPress uses PHP it's built in PHP so in this case if we type in example.com if they were to be using WordPress I have no idea if they are but if they were then they might be having Apache or Nginx it will get to there the gatekeeper gets hey okay this is a request for this particular page that's powered by WordPress so they'll send it to the PHP side PHP will run and WordPress will kind of run through all of its functions its themes its plugins to build out that page along the way connecting to the database now the database is super technical I'm not gonna get too far into it but essentially it is where all of your data is stored and all of your settings are stored all of your random bits of information stored if you have themes installed they might all the theme settings might be stored in your database you have plugins installed all the different configurations might be there if you have a form plugin or a pop-up plugin or any of those like what you've built there the titles and the fields and all that will be in the database usually so that has all of your actual content so the PHP will run it'll kind of parse through the plugin files and the themes to figure out what it needs to build pulling the data from the database to generate the HTML to send back to the browser random yeah I will try to stop with random facts cause I know we're almost out of time but last random fact the MySQL started way back in the 90s it was acquired by Oracle and some of the people that built MySQL didn't care for it being acquired by Oracle so they forked it and created MariaDB so these things are essentially the same thing there are minute differences but WordPress can actually run on both so just something to be aware of every now and then you might come across a site depending on exactly what you're doing but you might come across a site using one or the other or you might see a reference to one or the other in the WordPress documentation or in plugins they work the same way some people prefer different ones depending on the use case but most people end up on MySQL cause that's just standard and last interesting fact MySQL the My portion of MySQL and the Maria portion of MariaDB are both named after daughters of the same person who is the founder of both of those so once the browser gets that content back so we've got to the IP address we've gone to the server we went through Apache we went through the PHP WordPress we got on the data from the database it creates that HTML and it sends it back to the browser the browser gets that and then has to do something with it so first it parses through tries to figure out exactly what is going on here and then it has to build out the actual elements and the actual tags and how it's all structured the documents, the DOM, the tree all these are technical terms but essentially they're building out just what all the elements are on this page and kind of how they're laid out and then from there they do something called painting and this is where it oh we have our elements we know what the CSS is we have a general idea of what's going on so now we're going to start visualizing and adding the actual elements to the screen so it's adding your text it's starting to create the picture it's starting to create the content down the page and once that's all done it fires off something called onload and this is one of the last steps of the website being run and when it fires this off a lot of your JavaScript will be triggered based off this event so it's saying hey all the content is there if you have some cool things going on that's interactive start running them now so if you have a pop-up plugin you might say hey when the onload fires that's when we're going to start loading the pop-up content or we might start opening pop-ups you might start doing something like that you might have things like cool animations they might want to wait until everything's loaded to then start doing things so you don't confuse the users with stuff moving before the content's even there and then once everything's done that's called fully loaded now if you were to go to page speed insights or you might play around with speed tools or SEO tools or various things you might come across first paint first content full paint so that's all happens in this third stage here the first paint is where the very first start things actually start appearing first content full paint or there's another term for it first and I don't remember the other top but most of its first content full paint that's where something's useful is actually showing up so the first step is oh there might be some random background color there like that's great but no users getting value from that first content full paint might be the heading and the first few paragraphs are there now or the header image and your title is there now like something that's actually meaningful for the content so there's a distinction there and when it comes to SEO and page speed insights a lot of them look at the first content full paint step and not that initial painting step so that's just a distinction there you might want to remember does that make sense that I confuse anyone with that yes I confuse you or yes it makes it well so essentially yeah so on this let's see if it shows it here eeeeeeeeee not too well but essentially when I've loaded this page I don't think this page on my site even exists anymore so if you try to find that I might not you might not find that exact thing but essentially if you were to type this website in and it starts loading it starts loading in all the content the CSS the the JavaScript the HTML and at some point around here it starts painting the page so to visualize what's going on and so the first part of that is starting to paint various layers of it so it might start with like the background image it might start with some placeholder image it might start with some things that are happening kind of in the background as it's painting all the content so that's the first part of painting and so that's when you see the term just painting like a speed test or something it might refer to that first step and then as it continues to show up and things such as the title here starts coming in or this might start being viewed that's when people start calling that the first contentful paint is that first contentful paint sorry sorry I'm talking way too fast to try to wrap this up so I'm sorry about that but if you go into if you search if you do a speed test on your website or page speed insights or you do some some speed test or you even go in the browser and there's something called your developer tools within most browsers and you were to refresh your page you end up with something like this called the waterfall and it just kind of shows you all the different files that your site's loading so over here like my actual domain and then my CSS and some more CSS and some Elementor CSS and some more plugins CSS lots and lots and lots of files but all these every single one of these go through that cycle that I've been describing so every single one so it goes oh hey the html links to some CSS file I don't know where that is so I have to then go to the domain name server the top level domain server the the root server the domain name find the IP address pull it from the Apache server go through this whole process then it goes oh hey now there's an image I don't know where that image is so it's going to go back all of these go through that same process now over the years there's newer things HTTP2 and parallelization all these things I've made this process better so it's not quite as every single one has this entire loop but for the most part most of these still go through a process that looks similar to kind of what we're describing today so that's where you might if you do a page speed test it might say oh you have too many files loading it's because of that having to run that cycle for all those that it might advise you to have less files this is kind of what we've been talking about this is going super slow sorry now that we've gone through this cycle does this cycle kind of make sense to everyone and is there any piece that's super confusing to anyone yet do I have a slide after if you were looking for these slides I do have a domain called frankslides.com if you missed the second s it'll still take you to the same place because I missed the second s a million times so I bought both domains but they just go to a slide share page that has all my presentations on it this one should be somewhere near the top theoretically but I know we have like negative two minutes for questions but does anyone have any questions that I can answer yes oh microphone sorry yeah that's all right does caching either local or server side affect any of that cycle yes so caching it could be its own talk because there's actually like 12 different forms of caching but essentially at every step of that cycle you can use caching to help speed up that piece of the cycle so for those that aren't familiar caching essentially creates a for lack of going into all the technicals essentially creates a copy of some step and so whenever it tries to load it up again it just reads in the copy instead of actually running the step so like server caching when it got to that server part of the cycle instead of having to load all through the database and bring all the content and kind of build all the thing again it'll just look at the copy and when it gets to the browser there's browser caching there's so if it tries to look for the css files or javascript files doesn't have to do that set because there's browser caching that then it just looks at the local copies so each piece of that cycle can have caching applied so you might have a caching plugin you might use cloudflare for their cdn and caching you might also have uh... use different plugins that help with the browser caching so all those combined would speed up the process does that answer your question? does anyone else have any questions that I can answer? yes, oh microphone sorry when you're doing that initial diagram of servers you go to the first one was a root server yes everywhere so it depends on what domain you're typing in so there's gonna be some different things but there's like the ican organization ican? ican? there's like the main the main organizations and then the hosting providers and people there's all different versions of that so you probably don't want to remember like root server and tld server you probably don't need to know that technical detail just being aware that it has to go through a few different processes to find the right IP address that's probably the big takeaway but if you want to hunt down the root server for your particular one it's usually like the organization that owns domain names and the people who kind of manage those is where that initial step is I think we're about to get kicked out but we might have time for one final question does anyone have any other question that I can answer? alright well thank you so much I hope you have a great day


Bookmap's Execution Pro add-on unlocks powerful features that allows traders to efficiently execute trades with both speed and precision. The add-on works with both the Bookmap Heatmap chart, trading, and Dome Pro add-on by utilizing keyboard shortcuts together with unique trading strategies. The Execution Pro is included with your Bookmap Global Plus subscription. To subscribe, go to bookmap.com and in the Pricing section subscribe to Bookmap Global Plus. If you already have a different subscription, then log in to bookmap.com and choose Global Plus in the Add Subscriptions section. For more information on the Execution Pro, go to bookmap.com, click on the More button, go to the Knowledge Base, then go to the Add-on section, and click on Execution Pro in the left margin. This section goes through all the details associated with the product. Let's take a closer look at the Execution Pro. I've already installed it. We'll cover the installation in another video. Once the Execution Pro is open via the Add-ons section, then select the Execution Pro that matches your run option you selected when you started Bookmap. If you are in Live Trading mode, then use the Execution Pro Live Add-on. If you are in the Simulation mode, then use the Execution Pro Sim Add-on and click on the text. There are many different settings. These settings will be covered in a separate video. Let's take a closer look. Note it is important that your trade position is flat before loading this add-on. Else it will not function correctly. Let's enable the shortcuts here and open the Keymap settings. There are several keyboard shortcuts allowing you to quickly enter and manage your orders with precision. You'll note the actions here. In this case it would be to join the bid with a limit buy order. In this box you can input your custom single keystroke. The key set is the default keystroke. In this case the key F1 would quickly add your limit buy order on the best bid. The check box indicates this keyboard shortcut is active. De-select it to deactivate it. All of the keyboard shortcuts are rather straightforward. Please refer to the Knowledge Base article to review them. In general you can set buy orders in this section, sell orders in this section, edit all orders here in this section, and then here in the VWAP section you can set keyboard shortcuts to quickly buy and sell off a low time frame VWAP strategy that will cover in a few minutes. You can quickly move your limit and stop orders in this section. Note you'll need to set up this in settings and we'll also cover that in another minute as well. Finally you can use this key set to quickly move your stop to break even. Note these keyboard shortcuts must be different than Bookmap's default keyboard hotkeys which can be found under section 12 appendices in the Bookmap Knowledge Base. All of these keyboard shortcuts are specific to the current symbol you are accessing. Therefore use the export button to export your custom shortcuts to another symbol. Or import other symbols custom shortcuts into your current symbol. Let's close the keyboard shortcuts window and go over some other settings. In the reset VWAP section, by checking the box here, you can utilize the VWAP keyboard shortcut we just covered to quickly buy and sell off a resetting VWAP. Choose from the reset seconds drop down the number of seconds of your choice. I'll choose 30 seconds. Select the line color of white and the line style of solid. Note you may not see the VWAP. It is located down under the widgets panel here. Please do not confuse Execution Pro's VWAP with Bookmap's regular VWAP. This is a powerful feature that allows Trader to scalp back and forth with low time frame VWAP settings. In the use local position section, let's go over a few settings in general. We'll create other videos to demo their functionality in real time. Reset to limit. When selected, this feature allows you to have a larger core position with bracketed orders. However, if you scalp a smaller position in the opposite direction, it deselects bracketed orders. Thus only your core position remains with bracketed orders. Once you flatten your position, the previous bracketed order setting is re-enabled. Cancel orphan brackets flat. Once you flatten your overall position, then any remaining open brackets will be canceled. Open bracket orders. If you decide to take a few small scalp trays against your larger core position, then the bracketed orders are updated to reflect your current overall position. Note these are excellent trade management tools required by professional scalpers. It is best to check all selections here to get the most from these features. If the break even section is enabled, then once the market goes into profit by the inputted break even ticks amount, your stop order will be moved to the inputted break even plus ticks amount. In this example, the market needs to go six ticks in my favor, then my stop is moved to break even plus one tick. When the trail stop is enabled, the market must advance to the inputted trail trigger ticks amount, then your stop order will trail price by the inputted trail amount. In this example, the market must move eight ticks in my favor, then my stop will jump up and begin to trail price by four ticks. Resize order quantity. When enabled, this feature allows traders to temporarily change their order size due to the short-term trade opportunity at hand. After that trade is taken, then the original trade size repopulates. The payup enabled feature keeps traders from missing a trade if price nears their order but then quickly moves away. The inputted payup size signifies the amount of limit orders threshold that must be met in order for your order to begin chasing by the chase ticks amount in the inputted box. For example, if price comes down to your order, but liquidity begins to decrease by 50 contracts or less, then your order will be moved up to ticks. The move limits feature is very straightforward. Note it must use the keyboard shortcuts we mentioned earlier. When using these keystrokes, your limit and stop orders will move up and down by their inputted values. Under the Theo price settings, you can scale in and out of a multi-contract position with your overall position break-even point being displayed on the bookmap chart. This is an excellent feature to quickly understand where your overall break-even is located, allowing you to better manage your trade and your money. In summary, this video gives an overview of the Execution Pro add-on feature. Details for these features can be accessed in the bookmap knowledge base as well as separate follow-up videos which will cover specific examples of their functionality. We are pleased to offer the Execution Pro add-on and meet the trading execution needs of active professional traders.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2017 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Long Box Dually Laramie is stock number 13021Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used heavy-duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2017 Ram 3500 has the 6.7 liter high output Cummins diesel. It's paired up with the Icing heavy-duty 6-speed automatic transmission. This truck can tow up to 24,890 pounds and has a max payload of 5,402 pounds. I found that on Ram's tow guide website, which I'll link in the description below. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video. White Pearl is the color, and if you have HD capabilities, I shoot all my videos in 4K, so turn those on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person.  And if you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Auto. This one comes with the polished aluminum rims, and it has Cooper Discover LT-235-80R17 tires. These tires in the front look like they have right around 50% to 60% of the tread left, and the frame in the underbody, other than a little bit of surface corrosion, is in really nice shape. Front fender is in excellent condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. It does have the projector lamp headlamps, the LED running lights, factory fog lights, and the front bumper parking sensors. No major dents or dings on that front bumper. Looks really good. Chrome-trimmed grille is in nice condition, and the hood is in fantastic shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Looks really good. Passengers side front fender is in fantastic condition as well. And the passengers side rim, I'd say probably the roughest part of the whole truck, a couple little scuffs right there, but nothing too bad that's going to affect the performance of it. And as you go down this side of this 2017 Ram 3500, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos, so if you are far away, or even if you're close by, and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video that was helpful and that Brett sent you. It does have the 3M tape on the dually tub, and you can see just how nice and clean that dually tub is. Back rim is in excellent shape. And once again, if you want to subscribe to that YouTube channel in the upper right-hand part of the screen, there's a link to do that. Back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, if not a little bit more. And once again, the frame and underbody, other than a little bit of surface corrosion on there, nothing bad at all. It's like that all the way underneath, and it does have all the remaining factory exhaust, and that is all in very nice shape. Lower rockers, cab corners all look really good as well, and it does come with the factory chrome step bars. Once again, that dually tub, really nice condition. Coming around to the back, the rear bumper is in great shape. Didn't see any major dents or dings on there. It does have the backup parking sensors, full towing package, which includes a receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring. And the tailgate is in very nice shape as well. Does have the locking tailgate backup camera, has a fold up tonneau cover. Now I will say there is just one little rip at the top in the middle there, but I don't think it goes through. I don't think that, I don't think it's a hole. I think it's just a little rip at the top layer of that tonneau cover. So stuff shouldn't get wet back here. Inside you have a very nice spray and bed liner, fifth wheel and goose neck prep package. This is a Linux brand bed liner, which is what I have in my truck. Love it, has a seven pin wiring, LED bed lighting, and that spray and bed liner goes onto the tailgate as well. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly. And as you go down this side of the truck, just as clean as that passenger side. Once again, we kind of looked at this one already, but didn't see any dents, didn't see any dings. And for full disclosure, this back room is in nice shape as well. Down the rest of this side, the cab and doors all look really good. It does have the cargo cam, which we'll check out in just a second. And down the rest of this side, doors look good. It does have the heated fold up tail mirrors. They power fold in, have built in directional signals, power fold out. Inside the Laramie package gives you the tan leather interior. You get the 40, 20, 40 split bench seating, no rips or tears. You get the Laramie embossed backrest, memory driver seat, lumbar, factory, all-weather floor mats, power pedals, audio controls in the back of the steering wheel, auto headlamps, power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. Also the power fold in mirror feature. You can see that both sides are working nicely. And they power fold out like so. Did wanna show you your tire and loading information. And then the emissions sticker, or the VIN sticker here. We'll take a quick look at the back seats. Just as clean as front seats, no rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Power sliding rear window with the built-in rear defrost. Those seats are in great condition. They do fold up for extra storage.  If you got muddy boots or tools, put them on there. Nope, you won't get your seats dirty. Also, if you got pets, put both sides down.  Storage underneath. And you do get in-floor storage with removable bins for easy cleaning. Put ice and drinks in there.  Side curtain airbags. And you do get child safety locks on the back doors. Bottoms of the doors all look really, really good. And we'll hop inside, check out the miles and radio, and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. See that this one has 78,816 miles. You do get a digital speedometer, outside temp and compass display, range to empty and current MPGs. Comes with the heated leather wrap steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. Does come with the ICEIN heavy duty six-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. And it does have the 8.4 3C radio. You get the factory navigation system on there, AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities. You have your heated and cooled seat buttons there, as well as your backup cam and cargo cam. You can see that backup cam is working nice, as well as the cargo cam. And then you have your different apps on here. Your climate controls, which you can either do up here, or you can do them down here on the more tactile buttons and knobs, as well as volume and tune. Turned out four-wheel drive factory brake controller.  You can turn those off and on. Does have a 115 volt, 150 watt plug-in. You can see the carpeting, passenger side format, and passenger side seat are in excellent condition, as well, no rips or tears. Smells very clean inside this truck. It does have the speakers in the ceiling, part of that Alpine premium sound system, home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems, map lights and power sign rear window button. You also get an assist in 911 button, and there is your Alpine sound system badge. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video, you'll be able to verify the quality, condition options and cleanliness of this truck all the way around, inside and out. Under the hood, we have the high output, 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine base. Very clean runs, very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. There is your emissions sticker. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck or one rather 500 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons. You name it, we gotta go to that website right there summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle in two locations all at summitauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact, in a second, you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left. A link to more Ram 3500 truck videos like this one on the upper right. Link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those, check us out. And we're super excited out here at Sultry Clean 2017. Ram 3500, Crew Cab Longbox Laramie. Dualy with the Ice and Heavy Duty Transmission, the Heilpuk 6.7 Liter Cummins Diesel. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe and share on my YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


An 11-man committee set up by the All Progressives Congress in Oshun State to review recent activities and resolve grievances within the party has presented its report to the party leadership. Chairman of the committee, Professor Isaac Adeewale, presented the report in the presence of other party leaders at the APC presidential campaign office Oshobu. The report recognized former governor Buyega Uyetola as leader of the party in the state. It also restructured the party at all levels in Oshun State. In this regard, the leadership of the party should constitute a three-time committee to address the ways to APC victory in 2026. UxLNC, we are recommending immediately or with immediate direct meetings regularly at polling units where elections are won and lost at one level, minimum twice every month, local governments and states, including the state-working committee. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Some people tried to discourage me not to attend, and a lot of people were telling me that I was too old to go back to college. You know, college is just for the high schoolers, you know, kids coming out of high school. And I thought about it. I'm like, well, maybe I am a little bit too old to be trying to go, you know, back to school. But I did, and I got my GED, and it was a, I think I was probably the oldest one that was there, you know, getting my GED and everything, but that made, that put something in me, some confidence in me that I know that I could go on. And that day from 2011, all the way up until now, I've been at Black Hawk Technical College. So you're never too old.


This evil person is leaving Congress, but not before doing a lot of damage. And in his last act as a bromance effort toward the current president, he killed a bill that or legislation that would have withdrawn troops from Yemeni, where thousands of children had been murdered. I call this Cole Paul Ryan. Gil Scott Heron, he spoke of winter in America, but winter in America is not as cold as the winter in Paul Ryan's soul. Paul Ryan is so cold that Ping was out of him with an ice statue. Paul Ryan is so cold when his colleagues have a meeting with him they have to bring space heaters. Paul Ryan is so cold that when he breathes on somebody they get frostbitten. Paul Ryan is so cold that his nickname in high school was 32 degrees or simply 32. Paul Ryan is so cold that Jack Frost sued him for identity theft. Insurance companies pay my way, what is that to you? All of my colleagues are up for sale, owned by the guys who are too big to jail. When I go out to dine on crab, the Colks and Big Farmer pick up the tab. Paul Ryan drinks a wine called S-U-Z, drank Cree, $350 bottle to order to you, a long way from Jamesville Wee, population of 62,640. When he cuts a safety net, you'll fall in love with pigeon stew. You'll be scouring through garbage cans for any food of description. You'll become shoplifters in drug stores to fill your prescriptions. All of you, Marx, who voted for Trump, you'll be sub-primed and thrown out on your fat-spoiled hateful rumps. How do you like that for invective and dranted? I'm taking away your social security, told the seniors who get their news from Fox. You better hold on to your puny savings to pay for that final box.  You better have some money to spare because Paul Ryan will get rid of Obamacare. Paul Ryan is so cold that Penguin's dedicated an ice statue to him. He's going to privatize your Medicare. He's going to penalize your cat. If you don't watch out, he might even privatize your mama. What do you think of that? Now don't you miss President Obama? Paul Ryan is a cold, cold dude. He has an ice box for a heart. He does his abs in the capital gym to trim away his flab, but he hogs all he can from big oil and gas.  He's so inhuman that he's never used the loo. He doesn't have ice in his veins. He's lacking in veins and blood cells, too. Ice tea won't get anywhere near Paul Ryan, normal ice cube. And when the Republican Party melts down, all the ice and the only glaciers remaining will be found in Paul Ryan's eyes.


But let's visit another teacher, Esther Mapangwe from Lefence Senior Secondary Girls School in Soweto, who has prepared a lesson on a similar topic. Last time in our lesson, we were talking about continental drips. Do you remember when we were talking about... Esther has also prepared a lesson on volcanoes, but has decided to use video to illustrate her lesson. What does she do to make this lesson more than a passive viewing experience? I pause where I think I need to emphasize certain points, and then I explain to the learners. The questions that are joined together, what do we call them? Esther watched the video at home and decided to pause the video to highlight important points. She asked learners questions to keep their viewing active. By incorporating these carefully planned interruptions, she has in fact changed the nature of the video. She has turned a documentary on volcanoes into a new learning resource. I want you to watch the next part of the video.  Video can be overwhelming to the learners, with both sound and moving images bombarding them at the same time. Esther decided to improve learning by turning the volume right down at one point so that learners could focus on the image of a volcanic formation rather than be distracted by their accompanying soundtrack. Up to this far. What have you seen? The blocks move from each other, when the volcano occurs. Good. Did you all see the blocks moving apart? Yes. And then there was a hole from underground and something was coming from the underground going upwards. And then they've seen the whole video with my explanations. Then I allow them to watch it on their own without any interference. And I'm not going to interrupt. I would like you to watch very carefully and tell me how the land where the volcano is occurring, how that land is affected. Instead of giving the learners verbal instructions on what to look out for, Esther could have prepared a worksheet beforehand. In this way, she would have focused learner attention on the most important points, as she would have been able to actively involve more learners. But Esther demonstrates some very important points about good media use. She has clearly familiarized herself with the technology of the video recorder and can thus teach with confidence and without embarrassing breakdowns. Even if I do not have a video for that part of the section that I am dealing with, I try by all means to record what I see on TV at home. And this helps me a great deal because they understand better.


Greetings, friends! Welcome to CTUCC Conference Cast for December 12, 2014, the regular podcast of the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ. Whoever you are and wherever you may be on life's journey at this very moment, you are welcome here. We begin this week's conference cast with this meditation from Cecile Gilson, assistant to the Conference Minister. The 61st chapter of Isaiah begins with one of the Bible's great proclamations of a world soon to be transformed by the grace of God. God has sent me, says the prophet, to bring good news to the oppressed, to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives and release to the prisoners, to comfort all who mourn, to give them a garland instead of ashes, the oil of gladness instead of mourning, the mantle of praise instead of a faint spirit. As I was reading words about proclaiming liberation to the captives, I was struck by how similar it sounds to Mary's Magnificat. Mary's song is one of my favorite passages, so it would come to mind quickly. I often find themes from the Hebrew scripture in the gospels and the stories of the early church. The traditions and stories that were passed from generation to generation told the story of a God who calls us to do great things. God has chosen us to do justice and to witness to God's love and power. It is a powerful story, one that is both awe-inspiring and overwhelming. The essence of the words and traditions that are passed on do not change, but the culture and environment that I experience caused me to reinterpret what I hear. These same words remind me that I cannot sit idly by while racism is still present in society. These words call upon me to have difficult conversations and to search my own soul as I find my way to true inclusion. These same words remind me that I cannot sit idly by while my neighbors are hungry or unemployed or lonely or in need of a friend. These same words remind me that I cannot sit idly by while the government and political bodies find it difficult to work together for the common good. These same words remind me that I cannot sit idly by while the earth is crying out in pain. In this season of Advent I await the birth of the one who has come to bring good news. I have hoped that this birth is a reminder of the ministry of engagement and presence that God has defined for me in the life and ministry of Jesus. I have hoped that our traditions and our new stories will help me find a way to do the work God has called me to do. Our prayer for this week is an ancient Latin proverb, one well-suited to this Advent season. Dumb spiro sparrow, while I breathe I hope. Amen.  And as we approach the second anniversary this Sunday of the tragic shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School here in Newtown, Connecticut, we pray that God's peace might come to those who grieve as we continue the work to make this a world in which children need not fear. In the news this week, nearly 2,000 years ago Christians in Greece sat at table together for something they called an agape meal, sharing simple bread and wine in the spirit of agape, one of the Greek words for love. Last Sunday evening, the first congregational church UCC of Atlantic recalled those ancestors and those of the Moravian Church, the oldest Protestant denomination, as they held a love feast in the Moravian style. There were hymns and prayers in the sanctuary and there was bread and coffee shared in the pews with all. Pastor the Reverend Richard Haverly emphasized that Jesus in his ministry regularly shared meals with all kinds of people. Having table fellowship is a way of overcoming differences and just being with people, he said. I think you relate to people on a different level, so this is an opportunity to do that in church. So there in Willimantic, a gathering of all people, open and welcoming to share in the love that Jesus taught us. Last week, 140 UCC leaders gathered in Savannah, Georgia for an annual conference on the authorization of ministry. But events in Missouri and New York summoned them to speak out on the heartbreaking realities and ongoing challenges of racism. Their open letter to the United Church of Christ reads in part, In the season of the year that is intended to be joy filled, we weep because we live in a culture that tolerates senseless acts of violence that unjustly target certain sectors of our communities. Benjamin Franklin said, Justice will not be served until those who are unaffected are as outraged as those who are. We are outraged. On Christmas Eve, we lift the Christ candle in the midst of our people, proclaiming the birth of the one who is the light that shines in the darkness.  With arms open and hands up, we welcome the one who brings hope, love, joy, and peace. It is our prayer that the grace given freely by our Savior Jesus Christ is personally yours. This coming June will be the 30th General Synod of the United Church of Christ, the Denominations Biennial Gathering. In addition to its delegates, the Connecticut Conference will send a group of 15 young people between ages 13 and 18 to participate in the Youth at Synod program, which runs parallel to the meeting. Youth at Synod will participate in worship and plenary sessions, follow the processes as Synod delegates consider their actions, and join in work and justice projects. This trip is perfect for youth who are leaders in your congregation, such as gift-squared participants or those who are thinking about working for God, said Debbie Kirk, a member of the conference's Youth and Young Adult Ministry team. I hope you will identify a candidate and share this exciting information today. And so do I. It's been a while, but we're delighted to revive a conference cast feature by welcoming conference archivist John Van Ips to the studio today with a new edition of Touchstones with History. Connecticut secedes from the U.S. Sound far-fetched, but that was a possibility in 1814. Our country was in the midst of the War of 1812 against Great Britain and on the side of Napoleonic France. New England's shipping and commerce had suffered greatly with the entire coast subject to a British blockade. Here the war was derided as Mr. Madison's war. The Connecticut governor even refused to call out the militia for a proposed invasion of Canada. Now with the defeat of Napoleon, the British could focus its forces against the U.S. Washington was burned and Baltimore was bombarded in the fall of 1814. In Connecticut over 100 merchant ships were burned in Essex and there was the Battle of Stonington. In this climate there was a call for the states to convene in Hartford to discuss their grievances and to seek redress, even changes to the U.S. Constitution. Some had opposed the Louisiana purchase with its extension of slavery and the embargo act of 1807, which was seen as the president exceeding his executive authority. Sound like today? The call for this meeting stated that there was to be nothing repugnant to the obligations of the Union and no disloyalty to the Union's interests. There were a few delegates, especially from Massachusetts, who did favor secession. However, what most delegates sought was to determine a proper course consistent with their obligations to the U.S. They met in Hartford in December 1814. The result of this Hartford Convention was a document which condemned President Madison's policies, stated their grievances, and proposed several remedies and constitutional amendments. At no point did they approve secession from the Union. Several of these proposed amendments make sense today or have been adopted. These proposals were only one term for the president, no two successive presidents from the same state, for representation to be based on free persons rather than including three-fifths of the number of slaves who could not vote, but were included to boost their state's representation in Congress. This was later approved. Other proposals were that the state militia of the Guard be under the control of the state, not the federal government, and that war could not be declared without a two-thirds vote by Congress. These sensible proposals were to be presented to Congress in early 1815. However, in the meantime, General Andrew Jackson had a resounding victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans, and word was received on this side of the pond that the British and U.S. had agreed to peace with the Treaty of Ghent. So the country hailed this resolution and derided the Hartford Convention as an unpatriotic act of treason. In Connecticut, this led to a rapid decline in the Federalist Party which supported our standing order and the rise of those Jeffersonian Republicans and the Toleration Party. This resulted in a new constitution and the abolition of our church's status as the established church in 1818, so much for being on the wrong side of history. You'll find more on all these stories at ctucc.org slash news. Interdependence is a pre-existing condition. We need one another. We believe that together we can accomplish more than we would as individual churches working in isolation from one another. This is our vision, and we invite you to become a partner in helping this vision come alive in new and dynamic ways. Become a friend of the conference. You can give online at ctucc.org slash donate. Consider joining the Farmington Valley Association's mission trip with Simply Smiles to the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. The trip is in May, and there's an information session in Avon on January 7th. Stepping Stones returns on January 15th with Lenten activities for all generations in Tallinn. If you're a high school age youth who's thinking about working for God for a living, there's a retreat for you at Silver Lake the weekend of January 30th. There are still openings in this year's confirmation retreats. If you're leading one of these classes, consider bringing your group to Silver Lake for a weekend with other young people. They'll be held in January, February, and March. Get ready for summer with a workshop called Unpacking Vacation Bible School on February 10th in West Hartford. The Stepping Stones Workshop Church Asset Mapping for Faith Formation will be February 26th in Milford, and you can learn more about all the Stepping Stones workshops at ctucc.org slash Stepping Stones. Young people have an opportunity to prepare to be a counselor in training at Silver Lake with a weekend conference March 13th through the 15th. Get Super Saturday on your calendar. This day of workshops features keynote speaker, the Reverend Ruben Duran, who works on promoting new church development for the evangelical Lutheran Church in America. This joint venture with the Massachusetts Conference UCC will be held March 21st in Ludlow, Massachusetts. And there's lots more on the calendar. Maple sugaring, stewardship, spring action, and even the next youth revival in May. You can learn more about these events or register for many of them at ctucc.org slash events. Our spirited Wednesday thought comes from the Reverend Paul Bryant Smith, director of spiritual care at St. John's Riverside Hospital in Yonkers, New York. Two years ago, he found himself as the guest preacher for the day, leading worship on the third Sunday of Advent, the Sunday of Joy, at a church which was grieving the loss of one of their members killed just two days before at Sandy Hook Elementary School. He writes, amid such tragedy, joy felt a long way off. But the church came together to hear ancient words of assurance and sing hymns of expectant joy. We were reminded that the rejoicing of the third Sunday of Advent comes to us in the midst of sorrow. Joy is not marred by sorrow, but joy breaks into our sorrow, even as the light breaks into our darkness and is not overcome. And that brings this conference cast to a close. Thanks to Cecile Gilson for her reflection, and to GarageBand for our music. Additional music this week from Valerie Timmons, John Hinckley, and David Jarvis. Primary funding for conference cast comes from your congregation's gifts to our church's wider mission, basic support, changing lives through the United Church of Christ. This is Eric Anderson, the minister of communications and technology for the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ, praying that your days this week may be filled with the presence, the guidance, and the grace of God.


Hi everybody, Joe for jaspyscasebrake.com coming at you with our last filler to knock out another two box break of NT World Cup soccer. Um, that's a two box number block break, too. It's a fun one given with last two spots No vet common ship from this pack blah blah blah blah and JT real Muto That's a loud out Filly down to the last out that could have been off the wall for JT real Muto could have been extra bases, maybe a triple. Oh But when shouldn't thank you Got all the spots that makes life pretty easy. We'll send you all the cards We'll send you all the cards and Makes it easy for everybody See if there's any surprises in here got a rookie mosaic All right, so nothing too crazy there But you automatically win those two spots and we're gonna see you for that two box a random number of block break Thanks Wen Chun. Thanks everyone for watching. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


Here's one of my favorite Android applications, HTTP request shortcuts free open source and available on fdroid and allows you to create these buttons and icons that send HTTP request which I control everything in my house with HTTP request lights my TV even my kids computers I can lock with HTTP requests. All you have to do is select category you can make as many categories as you want. You can also have a button that sends multiple requests but we'll just do a regular request here. Basically you would get it give it a name select an icon you can use one of the built-in ones or import your own that fit your needs and then give it the URL that you want to send it to. You can collect this play button to test it check to add it and now it's there and you click it you can even add the icon to the home screen and it's just great it allows you also to export your configuration to import to another machine or for backup. You can also create these shortcuts through a web interface and then add them to your phone or other Android device. That's it. Thanks for watching and I hope that you have a great day.