Welcome everyone. Welcome our distinguished guests and distinguished faculty, staff and students to today's panel session. That is part of our Purdue Engineering Distinguished Lecture Series. Today's panel sessions has the title, How Will Advances in Technology, Shape Human Kinds Well-Being in the 21st Century. I'm Eckhard Groll. I'm the William E. and Florence E. Perry Head of the School of Mechanical Engineering, and also the Riley Professor of Mechanical Engineering. And it's my distinct pleasure now to introduce the moderator of today's panel session. And this is Professor Luciano Castillo. Luciano is the Kennedy Professor of Renewable Energy and Power Systems in the School of Mechanical Engineering here at Purdue. Luciano was the inaugural center director of the National Wind Resource Center and the Don K. Clay Cash Distinguished Engineering Chair in Wind Energy at Texas Tech before he came to Purdue. And before Texas Tech, he was a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the Mechanical and Aerospace Department. His research area include turbulence, renewable energy, and bioengineering. He published more than 100 publications, edited several book chapters and books on renewable energy, as well as co-authored several patents. Some of his awards include fellows of APS, fellow of ASME, associate fellow of the AIAA, and the Robert T. Knapp Award, as well as several best paper awards throughout his career. Based on his contributions to wind energy and the developments at the US-Mexico national border, he was elected as a foreign corresponding member to the National Academy of Engineering of Mexico in 2020. For his contributions and impact on inclusiveness, he received the 2016 McDonald Mentoring Award from ASME. There are also the Martin Luther King faculty award RPI and was recently appointed in the College of Engineering here at Purdue as a Dean's fellow for Hispanic engagement. He has given several keynote, plenary, and distinguished lectures on wind energy and diversity. With that, please help me welcoming Luciano Castillo as a moderator of today's panel session. Thank you. Oh, thank you Eka for your kind introduction. It is indeed a great pleasure and honor to be here today and most importantly to be the moderator of such a distinguished panelist that we have this afternoon today. The first person that I would like to introduce is Professor Stacey Conecton. She is the professor in the Bryan Land School of Communication at Purdue University. She's also the director of the Purdue Policy Research Institute. Stacey brings so much different perspective. She does research at the examines, the leadership, and multi stakeholders are going to organize in. And most recently she looked at that from the context of political violence and preventive initiative. She has been many different projects. One of the things that she has done, she is the recipient in 2017 of the Faculty Engaged Scholar Award at Purdue, the Purdue 2018 Treblazer Award. In 2020, she won the Purdue Provost Graduate Mentor Award. Stacey, she's also the associate head and the director of the graduate studies at the School of Communication at Purdue. She's also the associate chair of Purdue in Social Sciences Institute Review Board. One of the most important things that Stacey does, I was discussing with her many months ago about how can we bring education to people in jail, and I realized that she has also done that when she was in New Jersey. So it's a great honor to welcome Stacey Conecton here. Please let us welcome Stacey as our first guest panelist. Number two, I would like to welcome our special guest, Professor Lance Collins from Virginia Tech. He is the inaugural vice president and executive director of Virginia Tech Innovation Campus that is planned in Alexandria, Virginia. She is the National Academy of Engineering. He was selected this year actually, so many congratulations to Lance. Then also for many years, for a little bit over 10 years, he was the dean of the School of Engineering at Cornell University. He was the department head there as well. And he has placed so many important roles in turbulence and combustion. One of the important things with Lance is that his leadership skill has overshined the visibility at Cornell. One of the important things that I know for sure is that he made a very significant contribution for women in engineering and diversity at what he was at Cornell. He is the recipient of the inaugural Morsiq medal distinction from Cornell Morsiq. He's actually the endowed the Edward Bouchet Legacy Award from the Bouchet Grader Honor Society. So please let us welcome Lance Collins as our distinguished panelist as well. Thank you, Lance, for taking the time to be here today. And number three, I would like us to welcome our distinguished colleague, actually, the Eugene Susie Gottson distinguished professor of mechanical engineering at Purdue. His name is AJ Malshe and I have a great pleasure and honor to have interact a lot with him. So we're so honored to have him here today. He is a member of the US National Academy of Engineering. Before coming to Purdue, AJ was a distinguished professor and the 21st century endowship professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Kansas, Arkansas. He gains international reputation for advanced manufacturing, bio-inspired designing, multifunctional material surface engineering, and the system integration. I know for a fact that one of the things that AJ does very well, he brings this perspective of social need with engineering. He is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering. He has received many awards, including from the American Society of Materials Engineering, and he had published over 200 articles. He has over 60 graduate students and postdoc in his career and he has over 20 patents. He's also an entrepreneur. So please let us welcome AJ Malshe as a third distinguished speaker. Thank you. And the last one, but not least, is such a great honor to be able to introduce such a great scholar and good friend, Professor Victor Castaño. He's a professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He is a member of the National Academy of Science of Mexico, the National Academy of Engineering of Mexico. He's a member of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico as well. And he's also a member of the National Academy of Engineering of Canada. Victor, as you could see, meaning too many Academy means that he does a lot of in-depth research in all of those areas in as a physicist. He works in areas in medicine. He does a lot of work in nanomaterials. At the UNAN, where that's his home university in the School of Science, he has over 15,000 citations. He is one of the most distinguished and highly cited scientists in Latin America. He has published over 750 journal articles. He has over 73 PhD thesis that he co-advised in Mexico, in Peru, in all Latin America. He co-advised over 33 master students. And not only that, he does a lot of in-depth, amazing, fundamental research. He's also a very prolific inventor. He holds over 20 patents. He has 31 books. So we're so honored to have him here, Victor. Welcome virtually to Purdue. And I really want to thank the entire panel to be present. Thank you for your time. And with that, what I would like to do is to welcome everybody to the meeting. And what we're going to do here are one of the goals of this panel is that one, we really want to inspire the students and the audience to think of big social problems. But most importantly, to understand how we bring social sciences and engineering to solve big, audacious idea. And each of these panelists in one way or the other reflect those big ideas. So what we're going to do, I'm going to ask a few questions to the panelists. We're going to start with Stacy first. We're going to start from left to right. And then after we do that, what I would like to do is to welcome actually the audience to be able to formulate their own questions. We want you to be able to interact directly with the panelists. So let's do that. Okay. So the first one. And we're going to start with Stacy is this following last year we went through many, many challenging year from climate change issues, we went through a pandemic. We saw a lot of big challenges, but from the perspective of the pandemic, what I would like to know from each of you, what is your major takeaway from this perspective from this, this year that we've been going through this, what is your major perspective from this pandemic, as you reflect on it. Stacy, can you please start? Be happy to Luciano. And first of all, thank you so much for the invitation to join this very prestigious group of people. And muy buenas tardes a nuestros colegas en México y cerca de la frontera. From the perspective of a social scientist who has a particular interest in policy to me this past year has really made profound inequities in the United States, even more pronounced. Those inequities certainly have always been with us, but COVID has magnified them. COVID has affected women, the poor, rural populations, even more. And when I say affected, I'm not only talking about the physical and mental health tools, although those have been profound, but also the economic costs, the loss of jobs reduced and the events that led to the Black Lives Matter movement, the events that led to the border crisis are grounded in social, cultural and economic inequities. Those inequities are sometimes borne out in policy, sometimes created by policy. And what that all has signaled to me and what I take away from this last year is that we collectively have an opportunity. And it's an opportunity to carefully scrutinize existing policies and to work together with policy influencers to develop new policies that begin to address those inequities and the multiple interconnected crises that we are all facing. And here's the thing, when we do that, we must use our scientific sensibilities. We must base policy on good data. And for that data to be good, it must be the result of rigorous scientific research design. And it must be inclusive of the most affected populations, women or underrepresented minorities, etc. So as social scientists and engineers, let me just close my remarks by saying we can and we must work together and with people most effective to design solutions to these pressing social issues. Thank you, Stacy. Thank you very good perspective. Okay, Lance, what is your takeaway on this? Can you expand it? Well, first, let me also add my thanks for being invited to participate. This is an extraordinary panel and I'm going to do my best to live up to it. Stacy's opening remarks were excellent and, you know, in some ways I feel like this has been an extraordinarily difficult year and it's brought out the best of us and the worst of us all at the same time. So what do I mean by the best of us? So I think, you know, it's amazing to be in a time in which in a matter of months, the biotechnologists on this planet, some represented in this group, were able to design a vaccine, go through trials and bring it to society in an extraordinary amount of time. You know, this is the demonstration of technology.  You know, because it was like, well, we need to resources. You know, that was the first thing. Today we think technology, right? We think, well, you know, what do we have in our incredible tool chest to do something extraordinary. So I'm proud of that. I'm part of technology. So of course, you know, it's the first thing that comes to mind. But as Stacy pointed out, it also brought out some of the worst of us, you know, and in some sense and, you know, in terms of deception and, you know, misuse of data and, you know, exacerbating racial tensions beyond belief, etc.  We saw the best than the worst. And so, you know, I, I'll end by saying that maybe the most important panelists spoke first, because I'm beginning to think that technology can't solve everything on its own. And it's, and that really what's what this is indicating is, is that the time is it's more and more is becoming more and more important that we find ways to bridge society and understand deep understanding of society. I don't mean engineers trying to pretend. That's not, that's not what I mean. I'm talking about people who are deep in understanding society and understanding policy and understanding economics and the like, coming together with us who understand the technology. And I'll stop there. Thank you. Thank you, Lance. Thank you. And then I would like to welcome right now. Well, thank you again, Luciano for inviting for this distinguished panel and the dialogue that Stacy's initiated very well and then last build upon. I would like to actually ask a couple of questions in the course of the dialogue that everybody's trying to find out what we learned. I'd like to ask a question what we learned from virus, and I learned from virus equity and equality because why is did not only selectively affected some and let others go. It was across the gender, the color, the countries and all the border. This is probably not the best way to put it, but it is true. And you cannot let the facts take out of the side but at the same time, I saw human only spared some and let others go. So it is a very interesting conundrum that I am at that what we learn from the nature, because nature is resilient. The reason why this is going through a mutation is for survival. And so I think one of the very important things that what I call this like earthquake, it was a health quick. This was a health quick that created crack and showed the divides. And I think if we can learn anything from that that what we learn from these divides and what are the ways to heal them. The second point that I would like to make bring it out is that typically in the traditional ways when we talk equity, equality. Those are the subject typically we go to expert sociologist like Stacy and others. We talked to the economist, those are what tell their models, but I believe today, it is a techno socio economic equity and equality. And I believe that literally at the Maslow pyramid, everything at the bottom is connected to the technology from food to the health care. And I would like to highlight the difference between the vaccine that beautifully Lance pointed out how some of the brilliant minds on the earth has came up with, but distance between the vaccine and a vaccination was and vaccination took a long time but the vaccine came fast. And what that tells me is that engineering has a purpose in the society to bring the equity and equality, and what I would like to call as a call for action is that how we turn science into society benefit. And those are some of the lessons that I'm still learning, I would say. Thank you. Thank you for it's beautiful. Thank you. And then I would like to welcome Victor Castaño. Hi Victor. Yes. Hello good afternoon to everyone. Thank you very much for this honor on the serve that to participate in this wonderful panel. I would like to learn from all of you and also from the questions. And I'm a very fortunate man because I have been able to continue my work. During this pandemic, not only in Mexico and Latin America but also in the United States and Europe with groups like Lufianos. What I have learned from this last year is that we have to re engineer ourselves, our society and our world. If we think that this is just an accident and that we will be back to normal. I think we are wrong. We need to think again. What are we doing as a species and what are we going to be organized in terms of the relations between humans to begin with this all ceremony of shaking hands is quite likely to change. We are not shaking hands. And after one or two years of doing that, everybody's going to forget that. So our human interaction is going to change. It's already changed. I think that the last 100, 120 years can be rightly called the era of science and technology because we have made technology as never before in the history of mankind. But now, starting in 2020, I personally believe and remember that I'm a physicist that we need to enter a new era, the era of ethics. We need to formulate a new ethics on how to do science, how to relate to each other and how to take accountability of what Stacy mentioned. Victor, thank you so much. And I think that there was so many great points that each of the panelists brought. And actually, I will mention something very interesting. Human race has been exposed to pandemic throughout. We have lived with virus our entire life. And even with all of the challenges as a black Hispanic man, I rather be on this pandemic than any other time in the history of humankind. So I would like to add the panel is this is not about my opinion, but what I would like to do right now is to bring the second question to the panel because I think they were very important perspective, and and last alluded to this issue of technology. But how do you see advances in technology created new opportunities for us, but at the same time, as some of you alluded, exposed in a quality gap in our society. So, at the core is how technology created new opportunities, but then how technology exposing equality gap. So, is that okay if I start with you again, Stacy. Sure, absolutely Luciano and and I will be, you know, building off of insights that that Lance and AJ and and Victor and shared, as I think about this question, you know, at Purdue at Virginia Tech at one time. We think we're all committed we're certainly all committed to technological advancement and you do novel exciting research and we innovate. We also consider I think at all three of our institutions and what we must continue to consider I think even more is that when we design new technologies and tools. We must remember to also examine the infrastructure or sometimes the lack of infrastructure that accompanies these novel innovations. So, for example, as Luciano mentioned, I do quite a bit of political violence prevention work in West Africa in Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria. In some areas in those countries, do not have the bandwidth needed to connect to the internet quickly. Right. So the result is that, you know, people living in those rather remote areas cannot keep up with communications as fast as others living and say the capital cities can. And so what happens they fall behind, right, and a gap between house and have not created and with each passing days that by putting them farther and farther behind and you know what I just described in a way as a metaphor for what a limited infrastructure can do. If we don't, we don't act on it right it can create division as I mentioned before, can all the technology we want but we don't have the infrastructure and the accompanying resources and knowledge of how to use it. And that technology might become useless and even divisive and, and guess what, this is not merely a West Africa problem. It's not just a global South problem. This is the United States of America problem. You know, for example, I recall when when here at Purdue we moved from in person learning to remote learning. Which some of my Purdue students who lived in rural Indiana had to travel to coffee shops to be able to complete their their homework assignments right because they didn't have a bandwidth at their home so access infrastructure and these are policy issues. These are equity issues and these are very much human issues and they must be addressed. Stacy, in the early stage when you were saying that the COVID the pandemic magnify the abuse for women in many ways the violence for us the economy. Can you can you expand a little bit more on that. Sure. Sure. In terms of the violence against women. Yeah, there are some some very least very startling statistics and you may have seen this that there there are increased evidence of violence against women but also against men right and in households and as a result of various social and and different sorts of factors right of people being in the home, but but those those statistics are quite startling and and they're worldwide, right, very much including here in the United States. Thank you. Thank you Stacy. Okay, Lance. Oh, you're muted. So what I observe is, there's this incredible acceleration of technology. So we just think about in our lifetimes you know in terms of the, the sort of the pace with which we develop it and deploy it. It just continues to accelerate so it is as it accelerates it exposes the inequalities that Stacy was referring to. Because suddenly we become dependent on it and then it the lack of it then becomes, you know, a more serious problem over time, but I would argue there's a kind of good news in that deployment of today's technology, even as we talk about the billions that's going to cost and so forth. Think about what it would be if we were laying copper wire or you know kind of think about generations before and the sort of a little bit of expense associated with technology actually is going down. And so in a sense there's, you know, like as much as it's a challenge. You know if there is a silver lining with anything, you know, the thinking is to me from a technological standpoint, it has, you know, the cost curve that's favorable. It's a matter of commitment and you know so their laws have to get passed and money has to be spent and this is around the world this isn't just within the United States and so you know it's a question of to what degree is society committed to making these things available and that's then we stray right into the political issue. I want to raise a separate issue though, and that is the unintended consequences of our connectivity so we are, you know, sort of massively connected and we can see the world, you know, on our screens almost, you know, you know, with those of us with access it's a trivial matter. But we've rewired ourselves.  And then we've, you know, over a matter of a decade have completely changed the way in which, you know, we communicate if we have children, you know, that's all I need to say. The way my daughter interacts with her friends is nothing like the way I interact. And so there is a, to me, a kind of unclear whether that is all positive or, you know, or maybe a lot of it is worrisome because it's easy to be in an echo chamber and to stratify yourself and to only communicate with those that share your views and to never encounter anybody that doesn't share your views and so forth. And the polarization that comes out of that is kind of self-evident, right?  And so I just state that as, to me, even bigger than the access issue. Access issue is one of commitment society has to make. This issue around rewiring of humans and the ways in which we communicate. That's less clear on what's the right way forward. You know, I'm not sure I know how to answer that. And in that issue, that aspect, right? I mean, you're looking at some of my parents, right? My parents or grandparents during the 80s and 90s. All of the sudden we had the advantage, we had the access to the technology to get connected, to get plugged in. But what about them? What about that society group that you were saying that their primary way of communication is not a text? So they're suffering in a sense, maybe, of disconnection because they don't know how to handle and manage technology. So that's one element of it. And you go all the way to the other extreme in terms of youth that their only mode of communication is through technology. And there's that sort of broad spectrum across age. I mean, the thing, I don't know how, but it sort of changed us. And I just feel like technology can't keep going this way with just the computer scientists and the engineers all by themselves in a vacuum, designing and building it. I just feel like we got to start to integrate the society, the ethical considerations, the policy considerations while we're building it and not just do it in isolation. This is an excellent point. Thank you. Thank you, Lance. Thank you. Okay, AJ. Well, it is very difficult to add any point to what Stacy and Lance said. I'm still reflecting on that. So thank you. Very, very incredible point. The points that I would like to make is the thesis of those is looking outward and looking inward. Because I see this pandemic also as a lens that has given me a bigger and more powerful lens to look at outward and inward. And what I meant by that, the spirit of philanthropy in the United States is incredible noted many times by many people, many countries. We have been really good in providing philanthropic help in many ways to the outside world. But I believe that today it is a time and calling to look inward. Because if you go in parts of Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Manhattan, you would find out the scenarios that you would find in other parts of the country, South America, in my India, you can find it in America. So I think it is very important that as an average American, this is the time to look outward, but at the same time look inward for our own citizens. Because this is this false sense of security and understanding that we are the best we are the great. And we are in many ways, but not necessarily for everybody. So I have this important way that how we look inward by keeping the outward outlook is very important and that is critical, because not the technology is accessible to everybody. I believe today the technology is in the ivory towers. The example starting from Indiana that during early years, I used to open YouTube and that would say 5G network from Verizon buy new latest and here I see the survey that 70,000 children have no access to education because of lack of wireless. Now this is happening in the same geography where I am. And that's what I meant by looking outward and looking inward. And that is more, and this is true as well in the same one month I was seeing the news that stock market is making the record on every sense, but at the same time millions are losing jobs. For my scientist, technologist and entrepreneur mind, it was very difficult to compute that all thing I was seeing thousands of Americans and the citizens are no more on the earth in the matters of weeks and days. And then I was seeing some of the news. Those are disturbing socio political. So it is very difficult to comprehend as a landscape to the average human mind that where we are and we are really at a point to ask the question co-wardedness. Where are we going outward and inward. And the second I would also like to look at individual as a human. Human is a combination of physiological, intellectual and spiritual, three parts to our life. We are doing with technology, everything that physically, physiologically we are good. Intellectually, that is something that we can debate about. Spiritually, that bring individual at complete holistic inner peace. I think we are going in the opposite direction in bio. There are rates of suicide are going up. The stress level are incredibly high. The attention span are going down. Access to the fundamental human needs are challenging. And what happened in the recent times, the incidences in the country are very transparent that we are the inequalities are. So I do not believe as a human really technology is helping us to advance. We might be helping our physiological needs, but though that does that is only the 33% part who we are. So I believe that this fall since the technology more we advance the better we will be. I think it is a challenge today. And this is individually we can look outward and inward and really start doing self or introspection who we are and where we are going. Thank you. Thank you, Jay. Okay, Victor. I would like if you allow me to, to add historical perspective to what the state see lands and Asia had very well described. If you look to the history of mankind, you will realize that many of the conflicts that we have had the two history society is through this conflict between immigrants and native. In every respect, you know, you have people who live and have a society and all of the sudden for whatever reason, some other people come and there is violence, very strong violence.  And what in my opinion where we are witnessing here is another conflict between natives and immigrants, what I will call the digital conflict. People who are natives of the digital era, like our sons, or against people like many of us who have to immigrate from another era to this one. But the main problem is not only that, but also that the people who are young and have no citizenship to this digital era. So they are even worse than us, because they don't belong to neither era. That's why I did mention before and I coincide with my panelists colleagues that we have a very serious ethical challenge to face after the pandemic. Of course, we need the science, we need math, we need material science, we need the microbiology and everything. And luckily enough, we have that in many countries in the world, but what we do not have is the mind to cope with this emerging conflict between digital immigrants and digital natives. Victor, this is a beautiful point. And in fact, one of the reasons when we started putting this panel was that more than ever, and we know they have been discussions to integrate engineering with social sciences and engine with other fields. And this what you have said is clearly highlighting the importance for us as engineers to integrate and maybe even a new field where social science is actually embedded in the engineering education for part of that matter, the issue of the aspect. And what I wanted to do is to, I want to erase one more question. And then what I would like us to do is to open the floor to, to the audience to interact with each of you. And to the line of education, how do you see the pandemic change education system. And more importantly, what unique opportunities do you see in the future. So let me start with Stacy again. I'm so sorry. It's fine. I'm happy to do it. So there are, you know, clearly obvious ways that we all have seen and experienced education changing during the pandemic, you know, certainly the increase in online learning university colleagues, faculty, staff, students, working remotely. And so for some as as Lance was was articulating earlier that's a positive and for some it might not be right. You know, a lot of a lot of factors I think at at play there in terms of family dynamics and and other kinds of things but what what I hope does not change in the in education and as a result of the pandemic is our focus on building relationships with each other.  You know, in my my limited experience much of that is done through those everyday in person spontaneous interactions that we have in the lab or we have we're collecting data in the field or or in the hallway. You know, and I think about first generation college students like my father where, you know, physical presence in an educational setting really helped him and others other first geners with their socialization and what higher education was all about and kind of learning the ropes of education and finding a mentor that can play that instrumental role and someone's life so as someone who herself has done a little bit of empirical research on virtual remote work with global organizations. There's certainly ways we can build relationships remotely and online and we can even do it well. But there's also empirical to empirical evidence I think to suggest that sometimes for some online work is not preferable and so I just hope that if all of this, we don't lose the human relational part of education. Thank you Stacy. Yes, lands. So, so you know I was a little gloomy in my first couple of responses I feel like in this case, maybe, maybe I can be a little bit more sort of up here. You know, because I actually do think that that what happened a year ago was a kind of sea change, I think that, and it's got to do with education and the truth, you know the sense of the classroom. It's got to do with our work and you know sort of the future of work and how we're going to think about work and where we do our work and with whom we collaborate and all of that. The question technology is a is a fast.  And actually think in this case, you know, we've learned how to communicate electronically and improve our abilities to do that. We haven't addressed that in the context of education. I think that, you know, in some ways, social networking tools applied to education, put allow for, you know, a higher degree of collaboration. And so it's sort of online collaboration so forth and we have, I think zoom was terrific emergency work, right it's sort of allowed us to to consume is sort of a meeting with one speaker at a time, which is kind of mimicking a classroom if you think of the person. And so, you know, there's a, you know, you could map a lecture on to zoom pretty, pretty easily. What we couldn't is that that collaborative thing that sort of more informal thing that students do with each other was, you know, that's not doesn't map as as well and so I feel like they're there needs to be advancement of these tools and I think it will, because I think we, we, there was, I believe it was a sea change. We forced all of, you know, higher ed, a good deal of the K through 12 system online we you know they just there was no other way to meet. I think that now that we're on the other side of that. Now's the time to really think of a sort of dual modality so there are things we do in residence and things we do online. I'm designing a campus the thing doesn't exist behind me by the way that's. It's a pretty image though right. But anyway, I'm to design a technology campus and so I'm thinking very much about this constantly in terms of when and I live, I'm in northern Virginia so there's some serious traffic around here so when do I force people to go through serious traffic to physically locate on the, you know, in the building and when can they just do something online because they don't need to. And, and, you know, so it's a it's an I think it's an exciting. It's adding a dimension we didn't have before. And if we can figure it out and optimize it. I think learners different kinds of learners can be accommodated. I think it has a lot of upside. Thank you Lance, very good point. Yes, AJ, and then we are going to do we're going to do very quickly to more allow AJ and Victor and then I want us, we would move transition to the audience because I know that they're anxious to ask all of your questions. Yes, go ahead, AJ. Thank you, Luciana. So I'm an experimentalist and I like to look at observations. And one of the very striking observations for me was that in 1920, when the Spanish flu pandemic came, the best technology that came to the rescue. Putting emphasis on a word technology. The best technology that came to the rescue of large population was a mask. And 100 years later, with all the advancement in stem, the best technology that came to the rescue of all, equitably and equally is a mask. And I think there is something to reflect upon that that is stem a solution or stem is is something that we are putting too much emphasis on. I think it is worth thinking about that. Also, we are in the age is the second observation we are in the age that within five years. One can realize a university of the value of $7 billion. And the name of the university is Coursera Coursera, where people can asynchronously educate themselves. Any part of the world anytime seven days 24 hours is today a company worth $7 billion in the education profession. So the fundamental mindset that education has walls boundaries campuses dorms classrooms quizzes is different now it has completely asynchronous so we will move from synchronous education to asynchronous very dramatic. I believe that what is really that has given us is the mindset at least of lifelong education. And I always believe that I'm educating students for jobs that don't exist and how do I do that. And that is a very, very interesting point of view so how my best two techniques are basically make them lifelong learner. The best provide them the skills how to learn and not what to learn how to learn. And the last point that I would like to add is that I believe the future of education is how to connect the left brain with the right brain. Because the only left brain, what we work quite a bit with still mask is the only solution. I think if we connect the left with the right brain with more technical logical side to the more creative and artistic and social side, I think you can create a holistic experience for our students more than anything. Thank you. Thank you. Okay, Victor. And then we're going to start the questions from the public. Okay. Yes, go ahead Victor. I would like to thank AJ for bringing us back to 1920 hundred years ago, because that allows me to also revise what we have taught our students all over the world in 100 years. We have been able to teach advanced physics, math, engineering, neurobiology, genomics, you name it. But what we need, in my opinion, to do now is to educate everybody, regardless of their career from social sciences to physics in that in a new concept concept that is being around for about 10 years now. And that the very few people have paid attention to. It's a concept originated in the northern, northern countries, because they are one of the main producers of their products in Europe, and they realize in 2007 that we need one health. One health means that if we want healthy humans, we need healthy animals. If we need healthy animals, we need health environment. If we need health environment, we need healthy humans. Focusing on having vaccines or having technology for humans without thinking into account the animals and the environment, it is wrong. And I just pointed out very, very drastically, 100 years, we have not been able to realize that we are a single planet, and we share the planet with animals, and if we don't pay attention to them, they mutate and they produce coronavirus and they produce 40 variants that are around already in less than one year. And it's going to be an endless story. We need to educate ourselves in this concept of one health. Beautiful, beautiful. And at this point, I really need to thank each panel. Now what I would like to do is to open the floor for questions. I know that Jerry's me asked me a question, he's a documentary filmmaker actually in Chicago, and he read one of our articles in Pacific American and now he's going to produce an article on the S Mexico border for us with us. So Jerry, can you put the camera and then formulate your question briefly and point to the person you would like to ask a question. Absolutely, I have to figure out how to change my picture. I just can't seem to figure that. Yes, yes, yes, yes, thank you. Well, let me first state that you said I was going to produce an article and I'm nowhere near capable of that. I'm hoping to, hoping to produce a documentary film about what Luciano is working on. Secondly, I had a question when I first thought of it, and then you guys have all been speaking so much that you made me think of 10 more but I'm going to go back to that first one. I guess I'm a little more optimistic as someone outside of your world, about a lot of things that you've mentioned. But one is I look first I sort of do the experimental thing like you said AJ and I so I look for evidence to support what I feel and one silver lining is this what's happened in the recent days with the corporations. You know the baseball, all of that politics, and it's so easy to say well it's just, it's nothing's changed, it's politics. But to me it fits in with sort of a pattern I've been observing firsthand in some cases, with people I know in that world, but also by watching the news, and I see someone about a shift or at least the possibility of a shift of of corporations large corporations being not so afraid to be, it may be not totally political but socially political. So Stacy maybe this is something that you would would would be able to expound upon but I'm, I, this is what I feel and I'm wondering if you support it that that maybe we're at a time when you've got. We encourage certain influencers the Elon Musk's and whoever, but I guess the Coca Cola's in the Patagonia's that maybe they can not only be more active in not less uncomfortable, uncomfortable stepping up, but encouraged to work together. Because we've seen that to with Merck and by you know, we've seen strange things lately. And we could build on that momentum and say, Hey, we've got a huge problem here, whichever one you want to point to. What if we collaborate, and what if it's great for us as a company, and great for society and etc. Do you think maybe we're on that cusp because I see it as especially from a big change shift from 100 years ago by the way agent when you had Robert Barons. So that's it. Thank you for listening. This is such a wonderful question and set of observations and I know our fellow panelists will want to jump in on this too but let me just start by saying that one of the courses I'm privileged to teach at Purdue is for first year STEM students. It's called transformative texts in the College of Liberal Arts quarterstone program. And one of the very first books that we read, we don't read the entire thing because it's quite lengthy but it's Alexis de Tocqueville's democracy in America. And one of de Tocqueville has many treatises many, many important points in the book but one of them relates to what you just spoken about and you know this is a French person, right, reflecting on what it means to be a US citizen, right, several years ago. And one of the things that he reminds us of is the importance of citizen and not only individual citizens but groups of citizens participating actively in their democracy to continue to make the grand experiment of American democracy better. Right. And so when I listen to your question I think of, you know, what should be what could be the role of corporate America or corporate global, right, and in that process right what what role could could corporate.  So I, I firmly agree with you that we're seeing some evidence that more and more corporations are stepping up and we're seeing more and more I think corporations around the world want to be involved in social justice issues in in real change, and I'll point out since we have we have wonderful colleagues from Latin America on the call. One of my favorite corporate examples is a company called crepes and waffles that's Colombian right crepes and waffles is a fantastic restaurant, but also wonderfully corporate wonderfully conscious socially conscious in the sense that they built their business model around single women who needed jobs just for their families and that's who they are. So, those, those are my observations to your wonderful question Jerry. Thank you Stacy, anybody in the panel, the panelists would like to add any further on this on this point on this issue. Jerry's question I just want to note something, and Jerry as you are experimental is observed. I believe in the 19th century, the countries were making the policies. In this century. I love what I have seen is that the corporations have become the countries. Because when you have some corporations those are worth of more than a trillion dollar. You're looking at a country you're not looking at a corporation. And people work in the corporation just people work in a country. And especially they have to keep eyes on the next generation generation season beyond and social consciousness between the age 20 to 80. And I think that social consciousness and ability to influence. I think or make your starting to see that play in real life. That's the way I see that corporations are today our countries without boundaries. So corporations and no boundaries practically, and that makes a transformative shift. Thank you. Anybody else. I know you all by the way. Yes. I just said thank you. Okay. Brilliant answers. Thank you. And I know we have a William George here. I'm sure he will have a question because he always has a questioning almost every meeting. Bill, I think you're muted but I in case you would like to ask a question. Okay, I don't hear him so I'm assuming he's muted. Anybody else we'd like to raise a question to the panelist. I have a question. I think a lot of the panelists agreed that there needs to be kind of a intersection between technology and social sciences. And so my question is how do you envision this in this kind of connection between the two sides and how do you think they are synergetic and could kind of add to one another. That's just a general question for the panelists. You might have jumped in on that that's one I think a lot about and it's because I am an engineer. But my entire family are social scientists. Like, like I'm this weird, you know, person that that, you know, dinner at dinner conversations. It's social science. It's not Newton's laws. So I think there's a real opportunity and it's, it goes both ways and I think they're always whenever you talk about collaboration is kind of the winning has to happen in both directions. I think that you might say why would a social scientist come work with engineers well you know social scientists historically when they were trying to gather data they would survey. And it was an arduous thing and you know now we're talking about you can look at a Twitter feed and and have, you know, sort of multiple orders of magnitude more insight information data, you know. So there is a so they are becoming interested in technology, they're not the technologists but they certainly bring, you know that capability and so there's suddenly this new kind of field that fields that are growing up as a consequence of the access. You know to to information that is, you know, pouring out of, you know, all of the exotic digital exhaust is a term that people often use. On the other side of this, I think that technologists are coming to realize that that the sort of bringing the deep understanding and that's what I want to emphasize the real expertise, not not just that a technologist has learned a little he's done a little reading, but in some ways really looking at scholarship from the two areas coming together is needed in order to really move technology in the right direction so I really feel like this is a moment in which you know kind of everyone can win when they come together. I would like to answer very quickly with Gomez question by saying that what we have to do in my opinion is to there to take the first step. And let me share my personal experience. I'm a physicist who have worked for 30 some years in nanotechnology material science computer simulations, and I'm teaching this semester, of course, on ethics of science and technology at the school of law. So you can imagine the face of students of law when a physicist steps into the room. And the second thing that I want to share with you is that I was able to convince psychologists. She holds a bachelor's and master's degree in psychology, and she is doing PhD in computer science, going after this gap between digital immigrants and digital natives that I described. So, I guess what do we have to do is to dare to to go, not only talk as a lens set, which is the very first step, but also take some action in going and try to see the world, the way others do. And that includes social scientists, artists, common people, even politicians. So, Luciana, if I may just add to what Victor beautifully said and lands before that I believe that so far, we have been working on the effect. What we have to focus is also on the cause and what I meant by that when we do engineering and technology we do as a effect. But the cause why we do is to benefit the society. And social science is deeply embedded in the society. So we have been so far focusing on just the effect and I would say cause and effect must go hand in hand. So the interconnection of both is very essential, not only good but must have it. Thank you. Thank you. And then there are two people that I will ask, allow them to ask questions. We have Andrea Chamorro, and then after that we have William George to go after her. Andrea, please come, you're welcome to ask your question. Great. So my question is often market incentive conflicts with taking the ethical course of action when it comes to the earth resources ecosystems and vulnerable people. So my question is how does one convince people who have always grown to prioritize the market incentive to think differently. Does that make sense. I mean she's asked she's make making the point that typically decisions are make prioritizing the market incentive. And she argues that that's in conflict with the ethical course of action right on the air, the environment ecosystem, and she's trying to how we prioritize that. I would like to comment on Andrea's question. Because that is a question that I have asked myself several times. One first step is of course to educate people, as we did mention before, in a new way of thinking, consciousness, ethical principles. But Andrea could say okay, that's right, but the best that will take a long time to achieve. So I think the only way to do it is to produce public policies based on evidence, based on ethical principles, and that will end up as regulations and laws to prevent that. That attitude, which is a terrible thing to the world, and to the rest of society. So the short answer to Andreas, we need starting now to produce new public policies to prevent that. I can jump in very quickly to Siano too and echo everything that Victor just beautifully articulated I think it does, you know, very much have a data driven policy angle and I think the other piece that I think of Andrea when I look at your question is who are the people we're trying to convince. So, you know, it may be policy influences influencers for example as Victor was saying it might be corporations right as we were talking about earlier. It might be activist organizations or others who, you know, through kind of their volume, right can can organize to to convince right or to to try to influence. So for me the first question to ask is which people are we talking about. And then secondly to drill down into what their interests are, right so you know for me I always kind of think of the classic, you know there's a difference between a person's position on an issue and kind of their underlying issues right or interests rather excuse me. Sometimes their position is what they articulate out loud but if you drill down and you listen very carefully to what their actual interests are. You can you can learn a little bit about how to persuade or move the needle on on behavior. So those are the two observations that I have and then just the third is to say that your question is a wonderful one because it is so difficult to navigate. Thank you Stacy. And transition to the next part but I love Bill George I think he has a question. Can you ask one quickly. Oh, we will enjoy. Yes, you have a question. Thank you. Thank you for bringing this wonderful panel. My question is not kind of a question it's kind of like I need your opinion. When you look at pandemic has given us two things. They are good. People have lost life. And then when you look at from the environmental perspective, we have kind of like seen some kind of relief. When you look at the climate change things have been like kind of okay. So we have seen the reduction in in carbon dioxide reduction in nitrogen dioxide. All the things are very good for climate change. And when you look at the death rate that are being accountable for when it comes to climate change is approximately 5 million people every year premature deaths. If you compare this number to coronavirus which is now standing around 1.5 close to 2 million. Of course, climate change is way way worse. So, I'm like what should we tell the policymakers from this pandemic to make sure that they try to divert more resources toward this fighting climate change. Because when coronavirus came in you saw everyone was like okay here the funding everyone was like was so eager. But when you compare the dangers of the two of climate change versus coronavirus climate change is way worse. Thank you. That's an excellent answer. I mean that that's a very thoughtful question. And I think that I don't have a horrific answer for you. I think it's, it's, it's the visibility versus the hidden laws, if you know, you know, so what happened with the pandemic is that you saw what was going on, you, we were beating the road to celebrate the healthcare workers who are working under, you know, difficult conditions and so forth.  And so we, so we respond. And so with climate change, it's a kind of hidden scourge, you know, we don't see it, or we don't, or we can, we can turn a blind eye more easily. And I think it allows us to kind of, you know, sort of pretend it's not there. And so, you know, I think it's just a very, you're asking a very deep question, and I wish I could say I had a very deep response to it but you know to me that's the, that's the difference. So George, if I may build upon Lance's point. And yeah, can you do it quickly because you need to transition to the, to the distinguish. No, no, go ahead. This can be George, you can reach me later. So Lucy and I know time is important. You please go ahead. No, no, no, just if you could do it in 30 seconds, that would be great. That way, you are asking a professor to do in 30 seconds. That is difficult. I'll try my best. Thank you Lucy. I would say that instead of using the word policy make the user word that humans are making a decision and inherently human are more reactive than proactive. So if you take two patients in ER tuberculosis versus cancer, typically tuberculosis you can get a quick help because you can see it cancer you cannot. And that is just the human nature that how we react to the realities. So it might be a kind of a compass to think about it but I don't think I have a full answer for that. Thank you. Good question. At this point, I really, we want all of us to thank and give a gift club to the family. Thank you so much. Thank you Stacy. Thank you. Thank you. And what we would like to do is to keep all of you here please we're going to transition to the, to the distinguished lecture that Victor is going to give. And Maria is going to make few comments before we start. This is going to start in five minutes. Yes, Maria. That's my slide. Thank you, Stacy. Thank you, AJ. Thank you, Victor.


The FDA has issued a black box warning for certain JAK inhibitors due to potential safety risks associated with their use. These drugs have been shown to increase the risk of certain cancers, as well as other serious side effects such as blood clots and infection. Patients taking these drugs should be monitored closely for any signs of these complications. This article was offered by Christine Samuel, Anna Kornman, Anisha Kambala, and others.


T.E.F.L. Madison, Wisconsin Madison is the second-largest city in Wisconsin and was named after the fourth president of the United States, James Madison. People have been standing in awe of the natural landscape surrounding Madison for centuries, as the local Ho-Chunk natives named the area Techepera, which translates to land of the four lakes, Lake Mendota, Lake Monana, Lake Cagansa, and Lake Wyebisa. Besides the wonderful scenery, Madison is home to other famous sites, including the Wisconsin State Capitol, Monana Terrace, First Unitarian Society Meeting House and Memorial Union. All of this makes Madison an exciting place to take a T.E.F.L. Tezal course. When Wisconsin became a federal state in 1848, the population of Madison was at a mere 626 people. However, the University of Wisconsin which opened the same year, attracted more and more people to the city, and when the railway system reached Madison in 1854, the city experienced a huge economic boom. Most of Madison's new population were immigrants from Germany, Ireland, and Norway who came looking for their fortune and a better life in Wisconsin. Madison is still an important hub for both education and commerce. Madison is greatly influenced by its surrounding lakes which cover over 15,000 acres in total. Therefore, people in Madison especially enjoy water sports, such as water skiing, swimming, and fishing. Above that, waterfront dining is among the most popular dinner activities in the area. The city has also been ranked amongst the best cycling towns by USA today as it features hiking and biking trails of over 200 miles. Madison is not only a city that is ideal for outdoor activities but also a hub for performing arts. Be sure to watch a production at the Forward Theatre Company and indulge in the fine arts at the Overture Center for the Arts. The museum mile is also a must as it is home to treasures from the city and its surrounding areas and stretches from the capital all the way to a Madison campus. The city rich in culture and natural wonders. Combined with its selection of fine arts, you are guaranteed a great time when coming here to complete your TEFL TESOL training. The Living Center offers you all the amenities and facilities you need to succeed in your training to become an ESL teacher. Our IT professional staff will guide you all the way throughout your course and beyond by assisting you in finding a TEFL job upon completion of the course. As you can see, Madison makes for the ideal place to start your TEFL TESOL career.


I apologize for the very bright light, but that's the best lighting I can arrange. I'm actually not at home at the moment, I'm away talking about open source. But today I'm going to talk about open source at Amazon. But first of all, just to set in context, for over 20 years, open source has really been helping builders to innovate and develop solutions, whether it's the tools that we use to develop the libraries that we combine to make our applications or the run times on which we deploy applications. And so I want to share how we think and act with open source at AWS and how we work backwards from our customers to provide the builders with kind of a greater choice in how they develop and run their preferred open source technologies and share hopefully how cloud and open source, I think is the future of IT. Now to understand how we think about open source at Amazon, we first have to look at our culture. At Amazon, we have 16 leadership principles and these form the basis of everything that is done within the organization, from hiring and finding builders, from our day-to-day interactions with each other, how we get our work done. These leadership principles enable us to better understand how we can work together to serve our customers. And these also influence how we interact with open source. So I'm going to take a look at some of these. The first and the most important leadership principle is customer obsession, but what does this actually mean? So as a company, we are customer obsessed. We don't lead with the coolest tech. We don't focus on what competitors are doing or what delivers short-term results. We aim to build relationships with customers that outlast any one of us. And it means we start with the customer and we work backwards to understand what their needs are, their pain points and their frustrations. But it also means that we look between the lines and we try and discover opportunities to delight our customers. Now, in the context of open source, this means a few things. And many of our customers are enthusiastic users and creators of open source software. And we listen to our customers when it comes to what products and services to create. 90% of the AWS roadmap, for example, is driven by customer feedback. And this is also true of open source. When customers tell us that they love open source technologies, but they would like to benefit from the integration to the other AWS products and services, we listen and we work hard to create managed services, sorry, excuse me, for those open source technologies. Customers tell us that they love the choice available to them when it comes to how they want to run their open source workloads. Now, for some workloads, they actually want to take on the responsibility and manage those open source technologies. Other times, it might be they just want to use one of the many hundreds of open source products available in the AWS marketplace. Customer obsession also means that we want to understand the pain points that customers have when it comes to using open source software and then helping them to tackle these pain points. And one of the common, sorry, one of the common pain points that customers have when it comes to running open source workloads is how to remove all that undifferentiated heavy lifting involved. So the installation, the configuration, the patching of security updates, the scaling up and down, how to do upgrades, those kind of things. They love the open source project and they want to focus on using that to help their customers. And I want to take one example of this using a project that I've been very deep into the last sort of 12 months. In 2014, the engineering team at Airbnb open sourced a tool that helped them build their and scale their data pipelines. Apache Airflow is a workflow orchestration tool and it helps you to create and manage complex workflows and it's been adopted by many businesses and data engineering teams. It became a top level Apache project, I think back in 2019 and it's been growing in popularity ever since. And it's something that I've been working with over the last 12 minutes, including my first contribution to the project, a few weeks ago. Now we have customers who prefer to actually manage their own Apache Airflow environments and they want to deploy this into AWS. And so in order to enable that, they want choice and flexibility in how they deploy that. So for some customers, it might be deploying on virtual machines. For others, it might be deploying container services such as ECS or EKS or maybe even their own Kubernetes environments. But customers ultimately want the ability to integrate with other AWS services such as S3 for storage or some of the data and analytics services such as Amazon Redshift and Athena. Now there are a number of challenges around self-managing Apache Airflow. The first is around setup. It's typically a very manual process. So some of that, the customers end up developing their own environment creation tools and there are lots of choices that aren't always easy to understand when and how to make the best choices. Scaling can also be a challenge and this can be done with some of the AWS services such as ECS, EC2 auto scaling or with Kubernetes. But when you do that, that brings its own complexities as well. Now for security supporting role-based authentication authorization typically involves a process where you have to authenticate in one place and then go into the airflow user interface to authorize that particular person to have a specific role like administrator or viewer. But sometimes what we find is customers make everyone administrator and don't even worry about it. And it's pretty easy to make mistakes accidentally like opening up the web server to the world. Upgrades and patches are also challenging as there are hundreds of Python libraries and other dependencies to keep a track on. And so knowing which ones are stable, which ones are required and which ones maybe have security vulnerabilities can be tough. And on top of that, upgrading airflow can be a challenge when you perform an upgrade and sometimes things don't always go the way you expect and so it can be painful to roll back. So in December 2020, Amazon released a managed service for Apache airflow called Managed Workflows for Apache airflow or as I like to call it more, that provides an upstream version of Apache airflow that's already integrated with the AWS services that I've talked about. And there's all of those things for you allowing you just to benefit from the use of Apache airflow. Now for other customers, they may want to use one of the managed services that some of our partners and users of AWS Marketplace have deployed. So as we can see here, there are a number of options you have including from Astronomer who are one of the main contributors and drivers of the Apache airflow project. And so you can easily start using Apache airflow by using Apache airflow via Astronomer through the Marketplace. And then we also contribute new projects that actually helps builders to easily locally develop and test their Apache airflow workflows before actually then committing your workflows to your production environments. So that's just kind of like an idea of the spectrum really of how customers might want to go from one end self-managed to the other end of using managed services. Over the past years, we've worked hard with a number of open source ISVs including Confluent Databricks, Hashicorp, various labs and many others to help them build their own cloud services with that open source technology. And our partnership, for example, with Confluent is really representative of how we obsess over our partners and our mutual customers' success. AWS also works with customers to help them effectively build and operate their own open source projects whilst we also contribute to those projects in the process. For example, AWS has partners with Intuit and Weaveworks to develop Argo Flux which provides a single tool chain for continuous deployment and fleet scale autonomous workflows via GitOps. But you see other projects there such as Spinnaker from Netflix and Envoy from Lyft as well which we've contributed and actually are part of some AWS services in the case of Envoy and Atmesh. Now another leadership principle is insist on the higher standard. AWS services are built to meet the needs of very high scale multi-tenanted operations. And when we build a service based on open source we provide customers with a fully managed, highly scalable multi-tenanted service. And here's a look at some of the AWS services for open source across just a few of the categories such as data, analytics, compute, machine learning. Now these managed services allow customers to quickly get started using these open source technologies without having to worry about how to run them. And when we do launch one of these services based on open source projects we make a long-term commitment to support our customers. We, and part of that long-term commitment means contributing bug fixes to security, scalability performance and feature enhancements back to the community in the project. Now, for example, the Amazon EMR team have been making contributions to the Hadoop ecosystem for many, many years. And the Amazon Elastic Container Service, the EKS for Kubernetes team has been contributing Kubernetes code, both code and broader contributions as well. I want to dive into one other example. Now we've used Apache Lucene internally for years and I think it was around 2019 the Amazon.com search service decided to move 100% to Lucene powered search. Now at the scale of Amazon runs we pushed Lucene to its limits but we felt confident that if we worked together with the community we could jointly ensure that it could meet our needs. And in pushing Lucene to the limits Amazon developers uncovered some rough edges, some bugs and some other issues according to Mike McAndless who's one of our senior engineers and a long time contributed to Lucene and other related projects. Now AWS has always aimed to take technology that it was traditionally cost-prevented or complex and difficult for organizations to adopt and make it accessible to a much broader audience. Open source is just one of the ways that AWS makes technology more accessible to everyone. And that's kind of core to Amazon's mission of helping make open source easier to use. Now thanks to the four freedoms of software customers are able to access many thousands of open source projects but just because you can access the source code does that mean you can use it? Well, not really because for many open source projects there is kind of work that you need to do to get it required in a state where it can be useful to you. And when you think about it what you typically need to do is you might have the source code but you might need to install it you might need to provide instructions and examples so you can get started quickly. You might need to actually spend some time to learn the project and how it works especially if there's lots of moving parts you're gonna need to deploy this project onto some kind of infrastructure and then you're gonna need to do that in an optimized way you're gonna need to do and configure security and then you're gonna need to make sure you can scale up and down to meet your needs and many other things and here on this little graph here you can see some of the activities that typically is involved before you get to the top bit which is actually being able to use and benefit from the open source software. So when you dive into the details we can see that operating open source technologies is actually a lot of work and we do surveys with some of our events from time to time and 88% of our customers sorry, 88% of customer surveyed to one particular survey said that open source leadership was really important or very important to them in determining who they went to as a technology provider but when we asked them what they defined by leadership what they said was making it easy for customers to use open source and run their preferred open source was something that was important to them. So at Amazon we hire builders, we hire pioneers people who like to challenge the status quo people who like to invent who want to build the future people who look at different customer experiences and who assess what's wrong with them and iterate and reinvent them entirely and people who get that launching is just the starting and not the finishing line and many of those builders are also users and contributors to open source software and so this influences how we think about open source as we aim to build relationships with open source projects that outlast any one of us and we draw upon the expertise and experience from folk we have working from the likes of Red Hat the Apache Software Foundation and other open source communities as well as Amazonians who contribute to a diverse range of open source projects and this is just a small selection of those contributors and the projects they contribute to and we have a distinctly Amazonian term for the way we organize people to optimize for innovation and execution and we call this our two pizza team model meaning that no team should have big enough or be big enough that you can't feed really with two live size pizzas. Now this concept is fundamentally around creating little startups of no more than around sort of eight to 10 people and this small team size allows you to minimize the matrix communication and unnecessary meetings and bureaucracy and so it helps accelerate decision making but also it helps increase autonomy and drive innovation because they're freer to experiment and create tools and move rapidly really on their customers behalf and many of these teams develop open source technologies open source projects and this is a small sample of some of those projects some of which you may be not familiar with but I think are really super interesting so I just want to take a look at a couple of them. Particle is an open source project that allows you to provide a single query language across all your data sources and it allows you to easily and efficiently query data regardless of where it is and what format it's stored and actually you'll find that Particle is actually integrated in some of the AWS services as well. S2N or short for signal to noise is an open source transport layer implementation that we use so every time you access AWS for example S3 ever SSL is using that under the covers. Amplify is an open source development framework for building secure scalable and modern mobile web applications and it makes it really easy to add capabilities such as authentication and machine learning and more. And so here are some of those projects but I want to dive deep into a couple of them. So Bottle Rocket is a Linux based operating system that's purpose built by us for running containers on virtual machines or even on bare metal. Now most customers today run containerized applications on general purpose operating systems that are updated package by package which makes OS updates difficult to automate. With Bottle Rocket updates are applied in a single step rather than by package to package and this single step update process helps reduce the management overhead by making OS updates easy to automate using kind of container orchestration services sorry by providing a single step process and that helps reduce the management overhead making it easier to automate that through your kind of container orchestration service. Now that single step update also means that you can improve the uptime for your containers by minimizing the update failures and enabling rollbacks much more easily. Now the other benefit of Bottle Rocket is also only includes just the essential bare packages required to run containers which basically which both improves resource usage but also reduces the attack surface. Now Firecracker is another great project. Now before Firecracker when you were working with containers you had to choose between containers that had fast startup times and high density or by using VMs which had strong hardware virtualization based security and workload isolation. But with Firecracker you can have both and Firecracker is a virtualization technology a purpose built for creating and managing secure multi-tenanted micro VMs and it underpins our serverless computing but you can use it for other things such as containers as well. And we've got customers who are using and innovating and building on top of this open source project. So WeWorks who I've already mentioned is a startup software company that make it fast and simple for developers to build containerized applications and they use Firecracker when they built Ignite which is their GitOps managed VM solution. Kind of on a different spectrum here. Last year we opened Open Source to Open 3D Engine and it's a real-time multi-platform 3D engine that allows developers and content creators in that industry to be able to create triple A rated games without any fees or commercial obligations. AWS has been one of the top contributors to Open Source for many years and no other company really has done more to foster the rise in success of Open Source. Our participation extends beyond just the Open Source projects but also the code contributions to other projects, financial support of them, of foundations as well as I think one of the important things which is having a false multiplier, the false multiplier effect of the cloud-provised Open Source projects. It's hard, sorry, it's easy to forget. I've been working in Open Source for 20 years but today Open Source is embraced by most organizations but that wasn't always the case. And in the early days, Open Source organizations needed validation for Open Source and when cloud came along, cloud was built on Open Source technologies and cloud became an important way to show that Open Source could scale and was ready for the most demanding workloads. So cloud was a false multiplier enabler. And on top of that, we've been working with customers to help provide tooling, to help them move away from proprietary software into Open Source tools. So we've got open source tools such as .NET Framework, the porting, sorry, Assistant, to help them shift their .NET workloads to .NET Core as well as move from proprietary databases to open source databases. So just to conclude, there are kind of three key points to take away from this presentation about how we think about Open Source. We're building strong partnerships with Open Source customers, partners, communities and we're increasing our activities whether that's code contributions or other contributions that together help grow the Open Source pie. Across both consuming and contributing to Open Source, the cloud is that force multiplier effect and it's the tide that lifts all boats, enables customers to focus on and get the benefits of Open Source software they love and allows Open Source software to win. And by combining the best of Open Source and cloud to accelerate business outcomes, enabling innovation and power and digital transformation, I think this is what the future of IT looks like. Make sure you keep up to date with everything that's happening on Open Source and AWS by using these valuable resources. I do a weekly newsletter. We have a very active social media and we have a blog that features some great Open Source content. I'm always looking to hear from builders as to what projects they're working on. And with that, thank you very much for your time. At Amazon, we value your feedback and how we can continue to improve the work we do with Open Source. So if you have got the time to complete this very short feedback, I'd be much appreciated.


From Hollywood, it's time now for Johnny dollar Yeah, yeah, I'm here, but right now I can think of a lot of places I'd rather be He has a gun and he means business And every weekday night Bob Bailey in the transcribed adventures of the man with the action-packed Expense account America's fabulous freelance insurance investigator yours truly Johnny dollar from special investigator Johnny dollar location Barbados British West Indies to the home office universal adjustment bureau Hartford, Connecticut Assignment the Phantom chase matter Expense account continue Item 28 well along about then I figured this item would be around 200 bucks burial expenses for me Tom Chase was desperate tired of running and ready to take me off his trail for keeps But Lola Chase's phone call to me seemed to have a strange effect on him Yeah, that was Lola why'd you drag her into this dollar? I didn't chase she insisted on coming here to Barbados herself Well, I couldn't she stay out of it.  Yeah, I figured that when I found out it was a woman who arranged your hideout in New Orleans And that's all over to turn sour real sour There's nothing left for me wait a minute. Look Chase There's only one thing for you to do turn yourself in turn over what's left of the money and you're late for that dollar There's only one thing left wait a minute Killing me is not gonna do any good Chase Somebody else will take over and keep after you until they get you and they will get you sooner or later You can count on it. I know They'll keep coming after me. I Can't run any more dollar. I won't take it anymore from you or anybody. I just won't take it. Oh, I Never thought I'd be glad to get hit on the head But just before I blacked out I remember being very happy that it wasn't the bullet in the back I'd been expecting I don't know how long I was out But when I came to Lola Chase and George Everson were bending over You all right Johnny Oh Yeah, I guess so Brother my head feels like I was on a pogo stick. What happened mr. Dollar Chase was waiting for me here in my hotel room with a gun Why did he come here for a very good reason to take me off his trail for keeps? Oh, yes But when you phone Lola, it seemed a time of a notch to learn that you were here in Barbados He started talking wildly mr. Dollar Lola and I'd still like to try the plan I mentioned to you No, no, no hear me out. We could just be wasting your breath ever since Tom Chase is not about to turn himself in now or ever I Still don't get it though.  He had plenty of chances It's almost as if yes Skipping ever since suppose you take Lola back to her hotel. I'm gonna check with police inspector. What's it?  Dollar? I'd say Chase has just about at the breaking point. Yeah That's why we've got to track him down fast before he loses his head completely. Oh, they're continuing I check up hotels and rooming houses. I don't think there's anything else you can do for the moment What's that here? Yes, just a moment for you mr. Dollar. Oh, thanks Hello, it's Lola Johnny. He was just here Chase. Where here at my hotel cottage Please come quickly Johnny. I'll be there in ten minutes. I Made it in eight Lola was still drunk He was talking wild crazy. You see which way he went Yes, I got to the window and time to see him drive off toward the mountain Johnny We've got to find him.  What do you say? I've never seen him like that before Johnny He's sick the things he said like what that it was all over. There was nothing left for him That he just wanted to see me once more before before what? We can't take these turns any faster I begged him to turn himself in He said he wished he could for my sake But then he couldn't look Lola. Maybe he just took this route to cross the island the way he was talking Johnny I don't think he was trying to get across the island Look up ahead. That's the car. He was driving parked beside the road next to a cliff All right Lola, you'd better stay right here in the car. Yes, I guess I'd rather I Walked to the edge of the cliff and look down His body was crumbled up on the rocks below. I climbed down He was dead all smashed up. It wasn't pretty I Climb back to my car Lola just looked at me with the big question in her eyes All I did was not All she did was slump over on the seat. I Drove her back to her hotel and phoned Inspector Whitsett, and I went back to my hotel Expense account item $29 $3 drinks for me. I Thought about a lot of things About Tom Chase who'd had everything in his favor back in New York, but who'd embezzled a hundred and twenty thousand Had killed a man a new Orleans for trying to turn him in but who hadn't killed me for trying the same thing And who ended up at the bottom of a cliff and Barbados? I Thought about Lola who'd come a long way for nothing except the final heartache And I thought about me who would also come a long way for nothing period The next day I dropped in on Inspector Whitsett at police headquarters Well doll, I've missed you. I uh, I sort of took time out for a while inspector. I don't wonder Yeah, this is Chase. Of course identified the body The inquest was this morning that it's suicide Burials it's afternoon Here in Barbados at first Mrs. Chase wanted to take the body back to New York But mr. Everson felt that that would just be adding another painful experience to those. She'd already been through Yeah Well, I still don't have the money chase embezzled inspector No, and offhand I'd say your chances of finding it were not too good Did you find anything at all and Chase's pockets that might give me a lead? Well, just the usual loose change his wallet cigarettes some matches a comb book matches Yeah, we're waterfront bar. Well, let me see him inspector. It's not much, but it's the only thing I've got to go I went down to the waterfront bar named on the match folder and started combing the neighborhood I checked every hotel and roaming house three hours later. I was about ready to give up And then I found it. Yep Chase's last hideout. I Searched his room, but the money wasn't there. I Went back to the desk and check the register again trying to find out if a woman had checked in about the same time chase had no soap But then I pulled out the sample of Chase's writing that Everson had given me in New York And I compared it to chase the signature on the register a Few wild ideas started chasing themselves around in my brain ideas have began to fall into a crazy pattern Adam 30 1260 long-distance phone call to the home office of universal adjustment in Hartford I asked Pat McCracken to run an errand for me three hours later. We call back from New York City with the answer Yep, I'd come all the way to Barbados, but the case got solved in New York I phoned Lola and Everson and asked them to come to the cemetery 15 minutes later We met at the freshly turned grave Mr. Dollar, I must say you're not being considerate of law. I'm sure you realize it coming back to Tom's grave Here's the most painful experience for her.  Oh, don't say that You've done everything that could be done and I appreciate it. Well, thanks, Lola But you see for almost two weeks now from New York to New Orleans to Barbados here I've been chasing a dead man. I don't understand. I think you understand real well I look here if this is some kind of a joke is in very poor taste. It's no joke I've got a hand it to you both though. You engineered the whole deal with just two people What are you talking about drop the axe Lola the faithful grieving wife? You had me fooled but good look dollar You told me it took a trip alone about the time Tom was arrested Lola. Well, that was true But it wasn't to Martha's vineyard You went down to New Orleans and rented a room under the name of Tom James. You were the other woman I was looking for that's a lie. You don't know what you're saying dollar don't I? Freddie Quintana in New Orleans showed me a letter Chase was supposed to have written It matched the sample of Chase's writing you'd given me in New York, Everson Well, of course it did that proves it proves that the sample you gave me in New York wasn't Chase's writing I just checked by long-distance phone.    How did you know I probably wouldn't have tumbled to it if I hadn't checked his handwriting Of course, you can't prove any of this like to exhume the body ship it back to New York and prove that it isn't the real Tom Chase The body stays where it is dollar. Oh put that gun down Everson. They already know most of the story in New York You're bluffing. Why don't you call the bluff and find out I? Think he's telling the truth George in that case Yes Better take care of him not we Lola not anymore What do you mean? I think we'd better just dissolve the partnership. Don't try anything like that George This was our idea together and you're in it as deep as I am and that's why I'm leaving Lola I wish it had worked out, but as long as it didn't you can't do that. You've got the money Both went for Everson at the same moment the shot spun her around a crumpler. I grabbed the gun from ever I'm afraid it's not serious Lola If his aim had been better, he'd have done you a favor one thing. I still don't get Your husband wouldn't make any statement after his arrest that means to me. He knew what you were up to And he loved you so much. He was willing to take the rap Tell me this Lola Why did you marry the poor guy in the first place? Expense account total $1,723 Lola and Everson were turned over to the authorities and Everson gave up the key to a safe deposit box in New York Where the imbecile money had been all the time? It also showed us the deserted spot on Long Island where he and Lola had hidden the body of the real Tom Chase remarks dear Pat Next time you call me for an assignment like this one. I hope you get a busy signal yours truly Johnny dollar Oh, here's our star to tell you about next week's story next week a body Suddenly rises from the grave to take the spotlight from the Hollywood star join us. Won't you yours truly Johnny dollar Johnny dollar starring Bob Bailey is transcribed in Hollywood written by Robert Reif. It is produced and directed by Jack Johnstone Heard in our cast were Michael Ann Barrett Jack Edwards, Ben Wright, Virginia Greg, Don Diamond, Forrest Lewis and Richard Crenna Musical supervision by a Marigold Marino Be sure to join us on Monday night same time and station for another exciting story of yours truly Johnny dollar Roy Rowan speaking