Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. Welcome, Weirdos. I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved, and unexplained. If you're new here, welcome to the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you don't miss future episodes. If you're already a Weirdo, please share the podcast with others. Doing so helps make it possible for me to keep creating episodes as often as I do. Coming up in this episode... The investigation of an apparent suicide in 1953 led to an unbelievable theory. Not only had the victim used LSD years earlier, but it was quite possible it was forced upon him by the Central Intelligence Agency. You don't often hear of people being struck and killed by lightning, at least not nowadays, but pick up a paper from the early 1900s and you'd think people were doing it as a hobby. January 30, 1835 was the date of the first attempt at assassinating a sitting U.S. president, Andrew Jackson. The fact itself doesn't warrant placement in Weird Darkness, seeing as the attempt failed, but the story leading up to the attempt and the attempt itself certainly earned their place in this episode. I'll end the episode in the chamber of comments, but before that my last story will be the most disturbing one of the episode. Most ghosts are seemingly passive or even benevolent, appearing to scare people only by accident, never by intent, but then there are the stories of violent and angry ghosts, spirits that not only bring terror, but also bloodshed and even death by their own ghostly hands. We'll look at some famous cases of violent hauntings throughout history. But first, the axe murders of New Orleans took place over a hundred years ago, but the Jazz Man story remains one of the greatest mysteries and unsolved murder cases within the annals of American crime. We begin with that story. While listening, be sure to check out the Weird Darkness website. At WeirdDarkness.com you can sign up for the newsletter to win monthly prizes, find paranormal and horror audiobooks I've narrated, watch old horror movies for free, plus you can visit the Hope in the Darkness page if you're struggling with depression or dark thoughts. You can find all of that and more at WeirdDarkness.com.  They were a series of night slayings that were committed during a post-war age of jazz and newfound optimism that were both dark and terrifying. It is a chilling story of terror during a seemingly golden time of boom where a new America had emerged but a night prowler was invading homes and creating nighttime carnage and chaos. The Axeman's modern status is one of mythological urban legend and the rumors and theories behind this killer range from the interesting to the downright far-fetched, but terrifyingly the Axeman was real, very real. There were four people brutally murdered and eight grievously injured by the Axeman. They were all New Orleans and the neighboring Gretna residents, predominantly Italian Americans, and they were attacked within their own bedrooms by a panel burglar. The weapon of choice usually belonged to the homeowner and the attacks took place inside the homes of the people where this creature struck. The attacks occurred from May 1918 until October 1919, and now, more than a hundred years later, they remain unsolved. There were unfounded reports of attacks going back to 1911, however these have subsequently been questioned by researchers. The letter sent by the Axeman claimed to spare anyone that was playing jazz, thus establishing the somewhat twisted and yet almost romantic motif that the Axeman was killing to promote his own love of jazz music. The city of New Orleans was in the grip of fear by 1918. The attacks were surprising and vicious. The first victim, an Italian American named Joseph Maggio, had his skull fractured and his throat cut with a razor while his wife Catherine choked on her own blood. This clearly demonstrated the police description of a murderous degenerate who gloats over blood. In the spirit of a later serial killer known as the Night Stalker and predating the infamous Richard Ramirez's trademark of breaking into houses in the middle of the night, this was the original Night Stalker. The Axeman had many of the same traits of Ramirez. He was a home invader with a desperate hate for women and the need to punish those as they remained the most vulnerable a human being could possibly be. A sleep. There is of course a strong possibility too that the attacks were a sexual compulsion. Here are the contents of the letter sent by the Axeman. Hottest Hell, March 13, 1919. Esteemed mortal of New Orleans, they have never caught me and they never will. They have never seen me for I am invisible, even as the ether that surrounds your earth.   When I see fit I shall come and claim other victims. I alone know whom they shall be. I shall leave no clue except my bloody axe, the smeared with blood and brains of he whom I have sent below to keep me company. If you wish you may tell the police to be careful not to rile me. Of course I am a reasonable spirit. I take no offense at the way they have conducted their investigations in the past.  But tell them to beware. Let them not try to discover what I am for it were better that they were never born than to incur the wrath of the Axeman. I don't think there is any need of such a warning for I feel sure the police will always dodge me as they have in the past. They are wise and know how to keep away from all harm. Undoubtedly you Orlinians think of me as a most horrible murderer which I am, but I could be much worse if I wanted to. If I wished I could pay a visit to your city every night. At will I could slay thousands of your best citizens and the worst, for I am in close relationship with the angel of death. Now to be exact, at 12.15 earthly time on next Tuesday night, I am going to pass over New Orleans. In my infinite mercy, I am going to make a little proposition to you people. Here it is. I am very fond of jazz music and I swear by all the devils in the nether regions that every person shall be spared in whose home a jazz band is in full swing at the time I have just mentioned. If everyone has a jazz band going, well then so much the better for you people. One thing is certain and that is that some of your people who do not jazz it out on that specific Tuesday night, if there be any, will get the axe. Well, as I am cold and crave the warmth of my native Tartarus, and it is about time I leave your earthly home, I will cease my discourse, hoping that thou wilt publish this, that it may go well with thee. I have been, am, and will be the worst spirit that ever existed, either in fact, or realm of fantasy. Signed the axe man, and on the night of March 19th, the jazz man got his wish. The dance halls were full, and the majority of houses blared out jazzed throughout the night, and no murders occurred. However, it is impossible to distinguish if the letter from the axe man was real or a hoax, in much the same way that we cannot identify the From Hell letters supposedly penned by Jack the Ripper. It is of course the most glamorized and famous aspect of the axe man tale. Strangely enough, the unidentified axe man was not even the first axe man of New Orleans during that era. Clementine Barnabet was convicted in 1913 for a murder she carried out in 1911, whereby Clementine was a voodoo murderous with the same penchant for axe-wielding as our jazz man. The only difference is that she was awaiting execution at the time of the 1918 slayings. Claiming, allegedly, up to 35 victims, she was described as braining her victims with an axe. Clementine is the stuff of an Anne Rice novel, true fantastical I cannot believe it is true New Orleans lore. To have this coincide with the jazz-loving axe man is even more crazy, and the overlap between the 1911 axe murder reporting and the 1918 to 1919 slayings could be explained by the presence of bloody Clementine. In 1923, Clementine walked out of prison and was never seen again. The first murder conclusively linked to the axe man was on May 22, 1918, where store owner Joseph Maggia and his wife Catherine were discovered lying in a pool of blood within their bed chamber. Joseph's brother, who was also an extor neighbor, discovered the bodies. The killer had entered the house by chiseling a lower wooden panel out of the back door. The axe was left in the bathroom of the horror house and the razor was found in the neighbor's garden. There was no evidence of stealing and thus no link to burglary as a motive. The only clue found at the scene was a cryptic message written in chalk on the pavement, a short way away from the murder house. It read, Mrs. Maggio will sit up tonight, just like Mrs. Tony. The police linked the message to Mrs. Tony Shionbra, who was killed some six years earlier by an axe man. Again, experts cast doubt on whether any attacks prior to 1918 were carried out by the same man. However, this could link to a copycat slaying. Unfairly, but beginning a running theme throughout the case, Joseph's brother was considered an early suspect in the murder. Andrew Maggia was booked in for questioning but released when police failed to break down his statement. A month later, the axe man struck again. On June 27th, Baker John Zanka went to make a delivery to grocery store owner Louis Massumur, another Italian-American. Zanka was aghast to discover the remains of Massumur and what appeared to be his wife covered in blood, but somehow both were still alive. Massumur had been hacked at with an axe. The attacker had again entered through a panel via the back door and attacked the seemingly married couple while Louis Massumur and wife Harriet lay sleeping. In a bizarre turn of events, it emerged that Harriet was not Mrs. Massumur, but Louis Massumur's mistress. Louis Massumur had been attacked with his own axe, which again was found in the bathroom and there were no valuables taken. The police rounded up suspects, including one of Louis Massumur's employees, but a lack of evidence produced no further charges.  Harriet's final act before dying was to accuse Massumur of espionage and working on behalf of the Germans and pointed the finger at him for the attack. Louis Massumur, rather unfairly, was even put on trial for the attack but was acquitted. The next victim was Mrs. Schneider, a non-Italian victim. Schneider was pregnant at the time and was discovered by her husband with her scalp cut open and her teeth knocked out. She had managed to survive the attack and would later safely give birth to her daughter. The survival of some victims, despite horrific injuries, would indicate a frenzied nature of attack. Rather than a methodical and pragmatic serial killer, the axe man appeared to be attacking through methods of carnage and savagery. An FBI profiler would probably tell you that this indicates some form of rage and hatred towards women or Italian Americans. With Mrs. Schneider's attack, the windows and doors showed no signs of forced entry and rather than an axe, a lamp was discovered near the scene and likely used in the attack. It kept in line with the victims being attacked by their own possessions. The next target, after Mrs. Schneider, was Joseph Romano. Romano was an elderly man who lived with his two nieces, Pauline and Mary Bruno. The attack occurred on the 10th of August, 1918. The sisters had found Joseph after he had been struck on the head and was discovered bleeding badly. They managed to get a peek of the axe man and described him as dark skinned, heavy set and wearing a dark suit with a slouched hat. The intruder had again used a chisel to the panels to force entry. Mr. Romano died two days after the attack, resulting from the injuries. The attack to Joseph Romano sent the whole of New Orleans into frenzy, and police believed they were looking for a real-life Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Police detective John D'Antonio believed they were looking for a seemingly normal person in plain sight with a dark and devious double persona. It was now that the idea of a mass murderer was taking shape. Serial killer was by then an unused term. The next attack was particularly disturbing. The Cornelia family were attacked by the axe man on the 10th of March, 1919. This time, the attack occurred in the New Orleans suburb of Gretna. For unknown reasons, it occurred seven months after the last attack, and there's no explanation into the hiatus. However, the MO remained eerily similar. They were Italian Americans and grocers. The axe man had entered the house by chiseling through the back door panel and attacked with the victim's own axe.  Little Mary would die instantly with Charles and Rosie, despite their serious injuries, surviving the incident. It was fellow grocer Mr. Irelando Giordano that came to their aid when he heard the blood-curdling screams and then alerted the authorities. Unfortunately for Mr. Giordano, he was then accused by Rosie Cornelia of the murders. Making an accusation, which Rosie later admitted was made out of spite and jealousy, saw Irelando Giordano and his son Frank sentenced to life in prison and hanging, respectively. Charles was allegedly so disgusted by his wife's actions and the false accusation, which he told police were untrue at the time that he reportedly divorced her. With Rosie later recanting her testimony, the two men were then released and spared the multiple murder charges. It was after the Cornelia attack that the infamous letter was sent to the Times Picayune newspaper where the axe man threatened an entire city and the city rather serially threw a massive jazz party to keep it at bay. The next attacks were questionable. The victims were Steve Boca and Sarah Lawman who both managed to survive. However, the authenticity into these two incidents being the axe man has always been questioned. The MO of attacking women matches Sarah Lawman and Lawman also suffered several skull fractures and had her teeth knocked out in the attack. However, this time the perpetrator had entered through an open window and not the chiseling of the panels. Steve Boca's attack was unusual and that there were no women present at the time of his attack and despite surviving he claimed to not remember anything from the attack. Many believe that these attacks were the work of a copycat as they either did not follow the same MO or unusually attacked a single man in his bed chambers. The final slaying by the axe man was on the 27th of October 1919 against another Italian-American grocer called Mike Pepitone. Pepitone was awakened by a noise and was struck at his front door by an axe-wielding darkened figure. The figure then fled into the night unidentified by the Pepitone family. The blood from Pepitone's wounds had sprayed onto a painting of the Virgin Mary. In this instance the nature of the attack and Pepitone catching them at the front door had fortunately spared both Pepitone's wife and six children. And then after October 1919 the string of attacks just stopped. Who was the Jazz-loving axe man? The first theory points to the Italian-American mafia Due to the attacks mainly being carried out on Italian-American grocers it has led some to believe that it was the black hand that was behind the axe attacks. The black hand was an early form of the mafia in America and could link the murder to hard working Italian-American business owners to an extortion racket run in New Orleans. This links the attacks to an old-fashioned vendetta in order to settle old scores and repay any outstanding debts. Joseph Mumfrey is the only legitimate suspect linked to the real identity of the axe man. Mumfrey was connected to the New Orleans extortion racket and was later shot dead by Mike Pepitone's widow in Los Angeles in 1920. Further research has drawn a blank on this theory as there is no record of a Mumfrey having been in California let alone dying in California during that time and there is no source of a Mrs. Pepitone being arrested for any crime which leads many to claim that the entire story is an urban legend. The story of Esther Pepitone avenging her husband's murder against an Italian mobster sounds almost too good to be true. And into the realm of fantasy theories with many believing that the axe murders were the work of Clementine Barnabette's copycat killers or a phantom that could appear in houses in the middle of the night and existed in a realm of fantasy. Anne Rice inspired Ghost of the Night that was attacking those as they slept vulnerably. This of course is a perfect explanation to blend into the gothic history of New Orleans, but it is of course an idea of pure imagination. Coming up, the investigation of an apparent suicide in 1953 led to an unbelievable theory Could the CIA have been forcing people to take LSD? Pick up a paper from the early 1900s and you would think people were getting killed by lightning every other day. And the first attempt at assassinating a sitting US president not only was a failure but the story is a bit on the bizarre side as well. These stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. Here it comes, my favorite part. Have you ever noticed that when George Bailey is on the bridge, it doesn't start snowing again until after he says, aw man, the power is out? No problem, because you're prepared with the Patriot power generator from four Patriots. While the rest of the city is dealing with the weather outside is frightful, you can have the power that's so delightful inside your home. 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On November 28, 1953, Frank Olson, a bland, seemingly innocuous 42-year-old government scientist, plunged to his death from room 1018A in New York's Stadler Hotel, landing on a 7th Avenue sidewalk just opposite Penn Station. Olson's ignominious end was written off as an unremarkable suicide of a depressed government bureaucrat who came to New York City seeking psychiatric treatment so it attracted scant attention at the time. But 22 years later, the Rockefeller Commission report was released, detailing a litany of domestic abuses committed by the CIA.  Olson's death was the result of his having been surreptitiously dosed with LSD days earlier by his colleagues. The shocking disclosure led to President Gerald Ford's apology to Olson's widow and his three children, who accepted a $750,000 civil payment for his wrongful death. But the belated 1975 mea culpa failed to close a tawdry chapter of our nation's past. Instead, it generated more interest into a series of wildly implausible mind control experiments on an unsuspecting populace over three decades. Much of this plot unfolded in New York, according to H.B. Albarelli Jr., author of A Terrible Mistake, The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments, which I have linked to in the show notes. For me, in countless ways, the Olson story is a New York City story, said Albarelli, a former lawyer in the Carter White House who was written extensively about biological warfare and intelligence matters. The CIA itself was created and initially composed of wealthy men who came from Wall Street and New York City law firms. Olson was a research scientist assigned to the CIA's Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, Maryland. It was performing top-secret research relating to LSD 25, a powerful new drug whose properties were barely understood. Could psychedelic drugs be used to get enemy combatants to lay down their arms or work as a truth serum on reluctant prisoners? Albarelli spent more than a decade sifting through more than 100,000 pages of government documents and his most startling chestnut might be his claim that the intelligence community conducted aerosol tests of LSD inside the New York City subway system. The experiment was pretty shocking, shocking that the CIA and the Army would release LSD like that among innocent, unwitting folks, Albarelli told the Post. A declassified FBI report from the Baltimore Field Office dated August 25, 1950 provides some tantalizing support for the claim. The BW, Biological Weapon, experiments to be conducted by representatives of the Department of the Army in the New York subway system in September 1950, have been indefinitely postponed, states the memo, a copy of which the author provides to the Post. An Olsen colleague, Dr. Henry Eigesbach, confirmed to Albarelli that the LSD subway test did in fact occur in November 1950, albeit on a smaller scale than first planned. Little, however, is known about the test, what line, how many people, and what happened. The purported experiment occurred nearly a year before a more infamous August 1951 incident in the small town of Ponson-Esprit in the South of France, when the citizens were hit by a case of mass insanity. Over a two-day period, some 250 residents sought hospital care after hallucinating for no apparent reason. 32 patients were hauled off to mental asylums, four died. Mercury poisoning, or ERGO, a fungus of rye bread, was cited as the culprit. But ERGO is also one of the central ingredients of LSD. And curiously enough, Olsen and his government pals worry in France when the craziness erupted. Albarelli also introduces us to George Hunter White, a Nerduel agent for the Bureau of Narcotics, a forerunner to the current Drug Enforcement Administration. He was on special contract with the CIA. It was White, Olsen's colleague Eigelsbach Contents, who was behind the November 1950 New York City subway test, as well as a second test two years later, Albarelli claims. George White in 1952 did release a small amount of aerosol LSD in a subway car. He was pleased with the results, as indicated in his diary, but his reports on the incident were destroyed by the CIA in 1973, he says. But with the CIA's most important records on such matters destroyed or cloaked in national security claims, it remains difficult to prove whether these purported subway tests occurred. Still, Albarelli's portrait of White, a gruff, chain-smoking, gin-swilling reprobate with an occasional fondness for opium, hookers, and mafioso drug dealers makes it apparent that if anyone could have tested LSD on an unsuspecting public, it would be him. White had set up a CIA safehouse at 81 Bedford Street in Greenwich Village, comprised of two apartments conjoined with a hidden two-way mirror and doorway. Posing as a seaman or artist, he would regularly recruit strangers for social gatherings there, where they would be plied with psychedelic drugs, often without their knowledge. The aim was to see if White could successfully extract information from them and to assess those results, according to one CIA document. In between home experimenting, White was well known as a carouser. The safehouse was down the block from Chumley's, a former speakeasy and now defunct bar, where White once took James Jesus Angleton, the former CIA head. The good news for people of New York was when they stumbled out of Chumley's, it was a short walk home, and they didn't need to ride the subway to get there. Most of us don't know anyone who has been personally struck by lightning, and that's because people just don't get struck much by lightning anymore. If you're like me, however, and enjoy reading old newspapers, you probably noticed that just a century ago, people seemed to be getting killed by lightning left and right. There are probably several reasons for this. For starters, weather forecasting was a crude and primitive science in those days. There also weren't as many tall structures a century ago as there are today, and the booming mining and timber industries left a whole lot of Pennsylvania out in the open without many tall trees for a lightning strike. Or maybe people back then were just walking around with more metal objects strapped to them. Or maybe folks back then ate a diet that was very rich in iron, who knows. One particularly strange event took place in the summer of 1918, which shows just how dangerous thunderstorms could be back in the old days. On July 24, 1918, a severe storm rolled through the coal region, and by the end of the afternoon, four unfortunate children, all of them, under the age of 15, had lost their lives after being struck by lightning. Three girls from Ashland, Ruth Crumb, Mary Young, and Catherine Price, were swimming in the lake at Fountain Springs Country Club when the storm approached. Despite the rumblings of thunder and the flashes of lightning, they refused to leave the water. The girls were standing on the diving board, and just after Catherine dove into the water, a bolt of lightning made a direct hit on the diving board. Catherine was underwater when the lightning struck, but the bolt had been so powerful that she was temporarily blinded and deafened. When she came to the surface, she was horrified to find that her friend Mary was floating in the lake in the vicinity of the beach, with her head under the water. Catherine, still stunned by the bolt, fumbled and crawled along the shore until she reached the dam and made a valiant effort to retrieve Mary's body by dragging her out of the water by the hair. Frantically, she attempted to revive her friend, but when she saw that it was a lost cause, she ran up the hill to the clubhouse where an ambulance was summoned from the Fountain Springs Hospital. Two doctors and a handful of assistants raced to the scene, but once they realized that Mary was beyond revival, they stripped off their clothes and jumped into the lake to search for Ruth Crumb. She was eventually located in 12 feet of water. The bodies were then transported to the hospital. At the hospital, an examination revealed that neither of the victims had water in their lungs, which meant they were dead before they fell from the diving board. Ruth's hair had been singed and Mary's body bore a clearly visible imprint of Ruth's hand on Mary's chest. Meanwhile, just a few miles away in Kultmont, a mother was grieving the loss of two of her sons. Mila Klaps, along with her young boys, Salvatore and Jerry, were out in the woods picking huckleberries with a friend, Michael Vinarchik, when the sky darkened. Mrs. Klaps, putting maternal instinct ahead of common sense, made the fatal mistake of finding shelter beneath a tree. Salvatore and Jerry were killed instantly by the lightning strike, while Mrs. Klaps and the Vinarchik boy were rendered unconscious. There were many other people out in the woods that day picking berries, and after witnessing the tragedy, they raced to Scott Cagliari and called for an ambulance, and all four victims were taken to Shimokan Hospital. Moments later, Scott Cagliari was also struck by lightning, but a quick organized bucket brigade managed to extinguish the fire before any damage could be done. Lightning also struck the Kultmont homes of Jay Gatchel and Frank Savitsky, causing a fire to break out. By the time the flames were extinguished, the house was left without a roof, all the furniture ruined by the rain. The powerful storm reigned destruction upon the villages and mining patches across the coal region that fateful day. The storm was so powerful that it was even felt underground. In Excelsior, lightning struck the top of the Corbin Cagliari, and the electricity traveled 500 feet below the surface along a metal rail, stunning three miners, one of whom was initially reported as dead, though he later recovered. In Shimokan, lightning struck the Reformed Church, causing slight damage, though hail caused significant damage to other homes and property in the city. In Ellisburg, acres of crops were flattened by the hail, and several bridges and roads throughout the region were washed out by the rain. While every January 30th usually comes and goes without any fanfare, it actually marks an anniversary of sorts. It was on that day, in 1835, that the first assassination attempt on a United States president occurred. Even that in itself may not have been all that noteworthy given later US history, but, well, listen to what happened. The would-be assassin, Richard Lawrence, was born in England in or around the year 1800. The exact date is lost to history, and that his family emigrated to the United States when he was 12 years old. There is little other information concerning his early life in Virginia, not far from Washington, D.C., aside from his being a completely unremarkable house painter who became increasingly unstable and unemployable as he grew older. While the prevailing opinion was that he was a schizophrenic, later sources have suggested that his psychiatric problems may have been related to chemical exposure from the toxic paints that he used as a painter. In any event, what was not in dispute was that by 1832 he had developed some extremely grandiose delusions, and his behavior became increasingly bizarre. Despite telling his family that he had decided to return to England, he soon claimed that he had been prevented from traveling abroad by the US government and that the newspapers were carrying stories about him. He also insisted that the government owed him a large sum of money since he was really King Richard III of England. At some point he began obsessing about then-president Andrew Jackson who he believed was behind the conspiracy against him. Lawrence became convinced that President Jackson cheated him out of money in a conspiracy with steamship companies and had murdered Lawrence's father as well. To avenge his father's murder and to end the conspiracy against him, Lawrence decided to assassinate President Jackson since he felt Vice President Martin Van Buren would be more sympathetic to his cause. With that in mind, he purchased two pistols and began watching the President's movements carefully. Witnesses would later report seeing Lawrence in his paint shop quietly laughing to himself as he made preparations for his assassination scheme. He finally had his chance when President Jackson went to the US Capitol to attend the funeral of a prominent congressman on January 30, 1835. Choosing his spot carefully, Lawrence waited for the President to pass as he was emerging from the Capitol rotunda. Though he had originally planned to shoot the President before he entered the US Capitol where the service was being held, he decided to wait for a better opportunity. Since there was little real security around the President, it was a much more innocent time, Lawrence had no problem approaching President Jackson. As the opportunity came, Lawrence drew his pistol and aimed at the President before firing at point-blank range. Except for the pistol jamming at that very moment. President Jackson, an old military man who no doubt felt that his days of facing enemy fire were long behind him, was quick to react. He raised his cane but Lawrence drew his second pistol and fired. That gun misfired too. At this point, President Jackson managed to strike Lawrence several times with his cane and other funeral attenders, including then-Congressman Davey Crockett, wrestled Lawrence to the ground. By this point, Lawrence, who was still stunned by the President's attack, likely hoped that the crowd would be rescuing him instead of his intended victim. He was promptly taken into custody and treated for his wounds. Lawrence was examined by two prominent American physicians who later testified as to his mental state. The guns that he had used were later found to be in perfect working order. As it happened, the weather that day was especially damp and the guns Lawrence used were especially vulnerable to moisture. Naturally enough, there was a rampant speculation that Lawrence had been part of a greater conspiracy organized by the President's opponents, but no evidence for this could be found. According to sources, President Jackson became somewhat paranoid in his belief that a conspiracy was at work, but things settled down eventually. The trial was almost a foregone conclusion and it only took the jury a few minutes to find Lawrence not guilty by reason of insanity. He was hospitalized and eventually died in the Washington D.C. Government Hospital for the Insane in 1861. It was this same hospital, later renamed St. Elizabeth's Hospital, where John Hinckley Jr. was committed after his trial for the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan. Would U.S. history have been altered if Lawrence had succeeded? Probably. Was anything learned from the nearly successful attack? Not really. It took three successful assassinations before the U.S. Secret Service was charged with presidential security. Richard Lawrence represents an early example of how easily a lone, mentally disturbed individual could commit violence against a prominent figure due to a personal grudge. It is a theme that would be revisited time and time again. When Weird Darkness returns, we'll look at some of the most horrifying, terrifying, and even deadly hauntings in history. Ghosts that might not just scare you to death but actively murder you. The most violent hauntings in history are up next. I was waiting and waiting and it has finally hit the website. 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That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Built, and use the promo code WeirdDarkness all one word and you'll get 10% off everything in your cart. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Built promo code WeirdDarkness. It's beginning to taste a lot like Christmas. Most ghosts are seemingly passive or even benevolent, appearing to scare people only by accident, never by intent. Ghosts that are violent, also known as poltergeists, however, are in a class by themselves. Stories suggest that some of these malevolent spirits have actually killed people. The most famous cases of violent hauntings have inspired multiple books and movie adaptations. We're about to look at some of the most vicious true hauntings around the world and throughout history. The Nameless Horror of Berkeley Square Most people think of hauntings as something ghosts do, but the entity haunting 50 Berkeley Square in London, England has paranormal enthusiasts and experts a bit baffled. By all accounts, it seems to be something otherworldly but precisely what is still up for debate. The earliest verified account of the horror dates from the 1840s when a 20-year-old Sir Robert Warboys took a dare to spend the night in the supposedly haunted upstairs bedroom of a house surrounded by scary rumors for years. He went in with a gun and a candle and a bell system for alerting the landlord just in case. He never came out alive. Just an hour after he entered the bedroom, the landlord heard the bell ringing frantically, followed by a gunshot. When he got to Warboys' room on the second floor, he found the young man dead with a look of horror on his face and a bullet hole in the wall opposite the body. It seemed he had perished because of fright, but due to what, no one could ever figure out. After a series of residents, many with stories of hauntings, the home was left to sit vacant. A second, better documented incident occurred a few decades later in 1887. This time two sailors, Edward Blunden and Robert Martin found themselves without a place to stay on Christmas Eve and decided to crash in the empty house on Berkeley Street. Martin fell asleep but was awakened in the night by the sound of Blunden fighting something. Martin awoke to a scene that caused him to flee the building in terror. Blunden was being strangled by a brown, formless shape that had tendrils, one of which it was using to strangle Blunden. These tentacle-like appendages have led some to suspect the entity is not a ghost, but a semi-aquatic predatory cryptid phenomenon that surfaces from the London sewer system. Martin ran from the house and returned with a police officer only to find that Blunden had been thrown from the second story of the house and crushed on the street below. In another version of the story, Blunden's mangled body was found in the basement at the foot of the stairs. The house is still there today, complete with an antiquarian bookshop on the first floor. By police order, no employee or customer of the store is allowed to explore the building's upper floors, though they do report strange noises from that part of the house. It's probably for the best, since the creature or whatever it is that lives upstairs has reportedly claimed at least two lives so far. The Enfield Poltergeist If you've seen The Conjuring 2, this story may sound familiar. Loosely based upon the Enfield haunting, the movie embellished some of the details for a dramatic effect. Nonetheless, the Enfield haunting remains one of the most widely debated and, if true, most violent episodes of ghost activity in the 20th century. The trouble started on the night of August 30, 1977, when two of the Hodgson children witnessed a wardrobe inexplicably sliding across the floor and loud banging noises. After alerting their mother Peggy, she called the police. Once there, the police reportedly witnessed a chair sliding across the room by itself. All were left to conclude that some invisible force was at work in the house. Before long, the Hodgson family's youngest daughter, Janet, became the focus of paranormal activity in the house. It seems she became possessed by the ghost of the house's previous resident, Bill Wilkins, who died of a brain hemorrhage in the home before the Hodgson's moved in. Janet was levitated by the alleged spirit, and he also spoke through her in a creepy male voice, sharing details of his passing. Objects flew through the air, family members and visitors were physically assaulted, and matches were spontaneously lit by the restless spirit. Some people dismissed the case as an elaborate hoax, but several eyewitnesses came forward with stories to corroborate their claims. One of them was a policewoman who signed an affidavit attesting that she had seen the chair levitate and move on its own in the house. The alarming activities eventually subsided. Family members said they continued to feel a presence, but active haunting stopped. A subsequent family to live in the house reported hearing voices and feeling a presence, but nothing as extreme as those reported by the Hodgson family. The public and countless experts continued to debate whether the haunting the Hodgson family reported was a hoax or a reel. The surviving Hodgson children continued to maintain that the events truly happened. The haunting of Maria Jose Ferreira. Maria Jose Ferreira was only 11 years old when she became the target of a malicious poltergeist, and she did not survive the ordeal. It happened in Javote Cabal, Brazil in 1965. The angry spirit manifested stones and bricks out of nowhere and targeted little Maria with various physical assaults, including scratches, slaps and bites, leaving her constantly battered and bruised. A visit by an exorcist did little to help. In fact, it seems to have provoked the spirit even further, to the point where it was setting Maria on fire in public places, in full view of many witnesses unconnected to the case. A visit to a spirit medium revealed the source of the poltergeist's animosity. Maria had apparently been a hurtful witch in a previous life and was now being tormented by spirits of people her previous incarnation had sent to their deaths with black magic. The medium beseeched the spirits to leave the innocent girl alone but to no avail. Maria returned home and continued to be tormented until she took her own life with pesticides. After her passing, the manifestations stopped in the Ferreira home. The Bell Witch The legend of the Bell Witch has been described as America's greatest ghost story, and some versions of the tale even involve a future U.S. president. That last bit is likely an embellishment, but some claims about the story have been documented. In the early 1800s, the Bell family settled in what would one day be Adams, Tennessee, near the Red River. John Bell and his wife Lucy had three children. Elizabeth, Betsy, was born in 1806, Richard in 1811, and Joel in 1813. Beginning in 1817, John and daughter Betsy became the targets of violent attacks by an invisible entity that eventually spoke to them. Kate, as the spirit came to be called, would slap, bite, scratch, and otherwise assault everyone in the family from time to time, but seemed to hold special animus towards Betsy and John. Before long, the spirit's manifestations became accompanied by curses, one of which supposedly slayed John Bell in 1820. The Bell Witch legend was so famous in its own time that the family's quest for help is said to have reached the ears of future U.S. president Andrew Jackson who came to visit the home with his men, armed with silver bullets to protect themselves. I don't know if that is before or after the assassination attempt we just talked about. But like all others who tried to help the Bells, they were driven away by the vengeful spirit. Eventually, Kate gave up her vendetta against the Bells and it is said to have retreated to a cave on their old property, where hauntings and bizarre occurrences continue to be reported to this day. Elisa Lamb and the Cecil Hotel It is one of the creepiest unsolved mysteries in Los Angeles history, but the death of Elisa Lamb at the Cecil Hotel wasn't the first time this building has been associated with strange passings. Indeed, the hotel has a long history of murder and the macabre, which is one reason it became the inspiration for American Horror Story Hotel. Elisa Lamb's case is exceedingly hair-raising, even to skeptics. Security camera footage shows she spent almost four minutes in an elevator, alternately talking to and trying to hide from someone who isn't visible. All the while, the elevator doors don't close, staying open much longer than they are designed to. She then leaves the elevator, never to be seen alive again. She was reported missing and eventually her body was discovered in the hotel's rooftop water tanks after hotel residents complained about the water's taste and color. There's no plausible way Elisa could have gained easy access to the water tanks, and despite the fact that the coroner ruled her death an accident, it sparked numerous conspiracy theories, one of them being that she was either possessed by or trying to evade one of the spirits who haunts the Cecil. Elisa's passing is only the latest in a long series of strange deaths and macabre incidents at the Cecil Hotel. Almost from the beginning of the building's history, it has attracted violence and tragedy. In recent times, the Cecil Hotel was the home of two serial killers, Richard Ramirez, the night stalker, and later his admirer and copycat, Jack Unnerwedger. It's also said that the Cecil Hotel is the last place Elizabeth Short, known as the Black Dahlia, was seen alive. The South Shields Poltergeist The South Shields Poltergeist is a recent case of spiritual harassment and assault where the entity seemed to have a fetish for toys, specifically the toys belonging to a three-year-old boy which the spirit used to terrorize the boy's parents. In December 2005, Mark and Marianne, a couple living with their young son Robert in South Shields, England, began to notice strange things happening in their house. Furniture moved by itself. Doors opened and closed of their own accord. Chairs would be found stacked in bizarre configurations. Then, the entity reportedly became violent. One evening while Marianne and Mark were in bed together, Marianne got hit in the back of the head with one of her son's toys. Mark was beside her and it appeared as if no one else was in the room. The couple was then pummeled with toys being thrown at them seemingly out of nowhere. As they tried to shield themselves with their covers, they found themselves in a tug of war with an invisible entity that tried to steal their blanket. The encounter ended when Mark felt a searing pain on his back and 13 red scratches appeared on his skin. That's when the Poltergeist's toy fetish fully manifested. It left a rocking horse hanging from a ceiling fan. Mark and Marianne found a stuffed rabbit sitting in a toy chair at the top of the stairs with a box cutter in its lap.  Sometimes, young Robert would go missing for long periods of time, only to be discovered hiding in strange parts of the house like closets and cupboards. Paranormal investigators were called in who claimed to witness several incidents themselves and even to have seen the entity manifest. They described it as a midnight black three-dimensional silhouette that radiated sheer evil. And then, as abruptly as it had begun, the haunting stopped. Though Marianne says she will never be the same and remains traumatized, reportedly no additional paranormal activity has occurred in their home. The Black Monk of Pontefract Yorkshire, England, 1966. The Pritchard family wasn't expecting trouble. And at first, the haunting seemed fairly innocuous. Strange noises now and then, the occasional chair moved around, etc. But sometime around August of that year, the entity at work in their home at 30 East Drive on the Checkerfields estate decided to ramp up the horror. Like many poltergeists, the thing focused a great deal of attention on children. In this case, the Pritchard's daughter Diane. She was thrown from her bed and at one point dragged up the stairs by her neck, leaving welts and bruises in the form of a handprint. The entity began to manifest itself visually in the form of a dark, robed figure that hovered at the feet of family members' beds. And then, like many poltergeist cases before it, the haunting stopped abruptly, never to resume. Years after the events, a paranormal investigator discovered the Pritchard's house stood near the former grounds of a medieval rectory and across the street from an old gallows where many people had been sent to their demise over the centuries. Among those hanged there in the past was a cleniac monk who had been convicted of raping and murdering a young girl, not much older than Diane had been at the time of the haunting. Based on this information and the entity's description, it was concluded that the haunting of the Pritchard's was carried out by this monk's angry ghost, who lost interest in Diane after she became too old for his sick desires. The black monk now had a moniker and went down in the record books as one of Europe's most violent hauntings. The Great Amherst Mystery The haunting of Esther Cox is one of the most famous haunting accounts in all of Ghost Lore. It centered around Cox and her home in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada, beginning in 1878.  The attack, understandably, left Cox in great emotional distress, and there may have been a connection between that and the events that followed. There was knocking and banging throughout the night, and Esther's body began to swell as she alternated between high fevers and periods of very low body temperature. Then objects in the house began to fly around. The doctor who was called into help, Cox, witnessed her bed clothes being moved, heard scratching noises from an undetermined source, and saw the words, Esther Cox, you are mine to kill, appear on the wall at the head of her bed. Esther tried moving to other houses, but whatever hurtful entities haunted her followed along. Among their tactics were the setting of small fires, one of which burned down Cox's host's farmhouse and resulted in her serving jail time for Arson. It would have been easy to chalk this all up to mischief on her part, however multiple credible witnesses saw several of the events happen while Esther was under close observation. Eventually attempts to communicate with the spirit through seances and spirit wrapping revealed that there were at least five different ghosts following Cox around for unknown reasons. The phenomena calmed down after Esther's jail sentence in 1879 and eventually ceased altogether. Esther Cox went on to marry twice and have sons from each marriage. Whatever plagued her seemed satisfied with the damage it had already done. The Ghosts of Greyfriars Cemetery Lord Advocate Sir George Mackenzie, known to his victims as Bloody Mackenzie, was a vicious war criminal and torturer in the service of King Charles II. He imprisoned and tormented thousands of dissident Presbyterians in Scotland during the King's attempts to unify the country under one state religion. He carried out his grisly work at Greyfriars Kirkyard, a small cemetery of the Greyfriars Kirk Parish owned by the Church of Scotland. Hundreds of his victims were buried there and ironically, so was Mackenzie himself when he passed in 1691. There he remained interred until the 20th century. However, one night in 1998, a homeless man seeking shelter disturbed Mackenzie's mausoleum and unleashed one of Great Britain's most well-known poltergeists. The homeless man himself fell through a hole in the floor of Mackenzie's tomb into a forgotten chamber that housed the remains of plague victims. This sent him screaming into the night, never to be heard from again. The next day, a woman looking through the iron gates of the cemetery was blasted back off at steps by a cold force. Shortly thereafter, another woman was found unconscious near the tomb with bruising on her neck indicating someone or something had dried to strangle her. Since then, there have been nearly 500 reports of ghostly attacks near Mackenzie's tomb, including burns, scratches, unexplained bruises, broken fingers, punches, kicks, pulled hair, strange smells and sounds and wall and floor knocks many seen by multiple witnesses. Some people even claimed the ghost had followed them back home or to a hotel to continue its torments. The only person who ever tried to exercise the restless spirit, or spirits, from the cemetery, failed and was reportedly found dead a few days later. To this day, the ghost, presumably to be that of Bloody Mackenzie himself, reigns supreme in the area and shows no signs of leaving or refraining from hurting others. And finally, the Coventry Dog Killer. In 2001, a family in Coventry, England uploaded a video that showed a closet door opening and a chair moving about the room with no apparent assistance from the living. The family's mother, Linda Manning, claimed the ghost responsible had also killed the family's dog by pushing it down the stairs. Desperate for help, the Mannings called in famed medium Derek Okora who claimed the poltergeist was an angry spirit named Jim. After conducting a spiritual cleansing at a home, Okora and the Mannings were happy to report that all poltergeist activity ceased. If you'd like to see the video of the closet door opening and the chair moving, I've linked to the video in the show notes. It appears by the number of likes and dislikes that most people, including myself, don't buy for an instant that the video is legit. It's amazing what you can do with fishing line, ain't it? Thanks for listening. Do you have a dark tale to tell of your own? Fact or fiction, click on tell your story on the website and I might use it in a future episode. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. The Axe Man's Jazz was written by Kieran W. for Mystery Confidential. The CIA and LSD was written by Phillip Messing for The New York Post. Death by Electrical Storm is from Pennsylvania Oddities. The President and the Madman is from Dr. Romeo Vitelli for Providencia. And Vicious and Violent Hauntings is from Robert F. Mason for Ranker. And now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Psalm 121, verses 7 and 8. The Lord will keep you from all harm. He will watch over your life. The Lord will watch over your coming and going, both now and forevermore. And a final thought. It always seems impossible until it's done. Nelson Mandela. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness.


The National Broadcasting Company, in conjunction with the Fund for Adult Education, presents Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville. In 1831, there are in America estimable men whose minds feed upon philosophical reveries, and whose extreme sensibility fills the want of some illusion. These men, for whom philanthropy has become a matter of necessity, find in the penitentiary system a nourishment for this generous passion. Starting from abstractions which deviate more or less from reality, they consider men, however far advanced in crime, as still susceptible of being brought back to virtue. And pursuing constantly this opinion, they hope for an epoch when all criminals may be radically reformed, the prisons be entirely empty, and justice find no crimes to punish. The Heavenly Prison A study in American reform, item 8 in the series Democracy in America, prepared by the Division of General Education of New York University under the direction of George Probst, American historian. A series designed to bring to life the America of 1831, as recorded by Alexis de Tocqueville, and so to illuminate the image of democracy itself. A study in American reform, The Heavenly Prison. When Beaumont and I arrived in America in 1831, we were impressed by the fact that everybody was a success. The whole world here, man turns and fashions to his pleasure. Not a man, but may reasonably hope to gain the comforts of life. Not one who does not know that with love of work, his future is certain. But even in America, Beaumont, there are persons who have come into conflict with society, persons therefore whom their fellow Americans wish to reform. But this passion for reform is made more complicated by the American belief that their democracy peculiarly expresses the will of God. The attitude towards American democracy is permeated by religion. And hence, to the American, a criminal is also a sinner. Americans are very zealous in promoting schemes to reform one another. It is part of their belief in the indefinite perfectibility of man. Do you remember Tocqueville, our trip up the Hudson River and the American who chatted to us? In America, if we think anything needs to be changed, we know it can be changed and that we can change it. That great stone building there is a machine for changing human nature. It's the new penitentiary of Sing Sing. Welcome to Sing Sing, gentlemen. How do you like our penitentiary? Mr. Warden, this word penitentiary, it interests us very much. These places you very often seem to call penitentiaries rather than prisons. Why is this?   In other words, a place to reform him and send him back to society, converted and improved. And by what means do you attempt this difficult task, Mr. Warden? Work and silence. Almost the Mededictine rule. I would know nothing about that, sir. As far as I'm concerned, this is the rule of Mr. Elam Lins, who was the first warden of Sing Sing. Sometimes we call it the Arburn system because Mr. Lins started the system when he was at Arburn Prison, upstate a piece. That was ten years ago. And do you find this system works? You gentlemen will be here for a week or more. You'll judge for yourself how it works. We have here nearly a thousand desperate criminals, kept without walls. We put the convicts in cell blocks at night, and by day they all work together in the open, under a few guards, in absolute silence. To prevent possible conspiracy. Yes. And also to prevent possible contamination. Even a bad man can be contaminated by a worse. And also to give the men a chance to meditate on their crimes. And to realize that they offended against the laws of man and of God. Mr. Elam Lins, recognized even by his enemies as the father of the present penitentiary system, was indeed a very remarkable man. We finally met him at Arburn, near Syracuse. We found him in a hardware store that he owns. He was dressed like a salesman and acted like one. But when he came over to see us, we soon saw that Elam Lins, for all his coarse appearance, is very intelligent and singularly energetic. All right, gentlemen. Elam Lins at your service. This is a great pleasure, Mr. Lins. That's right. You've had a great deal about you. That's right. Some good, I hope, sometimes. But what of course? I've got enemies, don't tell me. I retired from ten years of prison work a year ago, and now I look after my store. Done enough with the common good. I'll look after myself. We shall not detain you long. Glad to hear it. What's on your mind, Mr. Tocqueville? Reform is on my mind. The American faith in the power to reform the heart of man. That's right. A penitentiary is not just a lock-up. It's a place to learn new habits, preferably good ones. Should be, anyway. We hear that your system, Mr. Lins, is extreme discipline. That's right. Silence and the whip. I regard whipping as the most effective and humane punishment. It never injures the health, forces the inmates to live an essentially healthy life, and makes them prudent. Do you think this would work outside America? It'll work anywhere it's put to work, given a chance. I'd say it worked better in, oh, say, France than in America. Your prisons are solidly supported by the government. Over here with the slaves of something that's always changing. Public opinion. But Americans say that your system works because, fundamentally, Americans respect the law. I don't believe it. At Sing Sing, a quarter of the inmates are foreigners. I'd discipline them as if they were Americans. The French, by the way, submitted with the least trouble. I'd rather direct a French prison than an American. Mr. Lins, you speak frankly. That's right. Then, frankly, do you really believe that a penitentiary reforms a great number of the inmates? Let's understand each other, Mr. Tarkville. I don't believe in complete reform, except maybe for juveniles. Never? I'll say this. I don't think you often see a mature criminal become a religious and virtuous man. I don't have any faith in the saintliness of those who leave prison. And I don't believe that the exhortations of the chaplain or the private reflections of the inmate ever makes a good Christian of them. The chaplain at Auburn Prisoners have the opinion that out of 650 inmates, there are already at least 50 who are radically reformed into what he considers good Christians. That's the chaplain's opinion, isn't it? It is, Mr. Lins. He's entitled to it. My opinion is that a great number of former convicts don't relapse into crime. They even become good citizens. But the reason is that they learn to trade in prison and picked up the habit of doing little useful work. Is that reform? It's the only reform I ever hope to produce. And I think it's the only one that society can reasonably ask for. The conduct of the inmate actually in the prison, what do you think that proves about his future reform? Nothing. I'll go further. If I had to bet, gentlemen, I should even say that the inmate who behaves perfectly in prison will probably pick up his old habits on the outside. The worst characters are excellent inmates, just fine. They're usually more clever, more intelligent. They see through the system, if you like. They calculate the way to get by is to stay out of trouble, stay clear of the whip. And that's right, of course. So, of course, they act well. But as to being reformed, why, that's another matter. Oh, you are very frank, Mr. Lins. Your candor leaves us speechless. There's really no conclusion to be drawn. Yes, there is. But some impractical reformers might not like to hear it. It's the conclusion that you should never, never under any circumstances grant pardons for good conduct in prison. All you do is put a high value on hypocrisy. And you're no nearer reform than you were in the beginning. So, pondering on the American dream of the infinite perfectability of man, we came at last to the great city of the Quakers, Philadelphia. Philadelphia, beyond all other cities, is infatuated with the penitentiary system. And since, of course, the penitentiary system is our trade, the Philadelphians compete in pampering us. There are here, above all, two kinds of men who take a prodigious interest in prisons, although they look upon the subject quite differently.  Our own interest is to listen to everybody freely without taking anybody's word for anything and accept the books and dinners pressed upon us by these zealous Quaker philanthropists. Philadelphia gentlemen like Mr. Robert Vo, who is ardently dedicated to the reform of man. I tell thee this, Fred Tarkville, that in Philadelphia we believe that it is the duty of those that have seen the light to reform those that still walk in darkness. What exactly do you mean by reform, Mr. Vo? Reform. Reform. To make again. If these never seen before, a man made again by God's grace, then I can assure thee they can see it here. There are many eloquent testimonials to the powerful working of the inner light. Well, this I have no doubt. It seems to me that you have undertaken a very formidable task. Very formidable. Formidable? To change human nature. Thee has forgotten we are not alone. If God be for us, who can be against us? Most commendable sentiments, but surely sometimes a little difficult to achieve in practice. No friend, not for us. We are clothed in the whole armor of righteousness. There are many frail men and women in Philadelphia, who have broken the laws of God and man. We do not punish them so much as provide them through God's grace with the means of salvation. That is why the eastern state penitentiary was built on Cherry Hill. We've spared no expense. The wall alone cost $200,000. $200,000? Then how much did each cell cost? In the neighborhood of $1,600? A very large sum of money. But it is needed to provide every prisoner with the silence and solitude necessary for him to repent his sins and become a true penitent. But do you rarely keep the prisoners in silence? In complete silence. And always alone? Always completely alone. He's not this very cruel, Mr. Vo. No friend, it is not cruel. It is the greatest kindness. For it gives every prisoner the best chance to hear the still small voice. The guilty conscience never stings with keener pain or smites the soul with greater grief than when we are alone. Are they well in good health? Are they penitent? They are well looked after. They are alone with their consciences. They must be penitent. If I can talk to some of these prisoners myself, talk to many who have not had a conversation with a fellow human being for months, perhaps years, then I shall have a real idea about what the value of your prison system may be. No one has ever been permitted to speak to the prisoners. This would violate the heart of the system. We believe in it and are sure of its worth. I know. But... But thee come from France to learn, and we have no other interest than the truth. We shall arrange it, so thee may speak to the prisoners, friend Tocqueville. What use it may be is up to thee. But if there is something vicious in the prison we direct, it is important that we learn of it. As thee see, friend Tocqueville, some of the cell blocks over in that direction are incomplete, the prisoners but two years old. These prison cells appear to radiate out like a wheel they do. Here, friend, is number 28, condemned for murder, protests his innocence, knows how to read and write. He has nothing but his work and the Bible. He has talked to no one for several years. Well, open the door, Warden. I shall wait for the outside. Good day to you. My name is Alexis Tocqueville. I have come here from France. France? France. They have given permission, and I have come to talk to you a little, and find out what it is like for you in this prison. Would you like to talk to me? Yes, sir. Sir, I am innocent. Be sure I shall tell the authorities. I've been a drunkard, sir, and very turbulent and not religious, but I'm not a murderer. Of course not. But I've repented, sir. I've repented for the bottom of my heart. Excuse me, sir, I can't help tears. It's rather a shock being alone, you know. Is it very bad to be alone? Well, sir, I don't know. Sometimes there's almost a kind of pleasure in the solitude. I am tormented. You are tormented? Tormented by desire to see my family again. I want to give my children the right sort of bringing up, but I never used to think about that. I think a lot, sometimes. You see, sir, I'm not a murderer, though I did do other things. I see you at work when I came in. Do you think you could live here without work? No, sir. Don't mention the idea. Work isn't a burden here. It's a privilege. Sometimes a solitude is frightful, and then work is all there is. It's absolutely necessary to exist, sir. I should die without it. Do you see the keepers at all? Through the bars, I see them go past, that's all. How often? I'm able to see them six times a day. Is that any help to you? Well, it's a consolation.  This summer, you know, a cricket came into my yard. Each prisoner has a little bit of yard alone, of course. I was glad to see that cricket. It looked like company for me. When a butterfly or any other animal comes into my cell, I never do it any harm. They often told me that though their bodily health was good here, the soul was sick. In these solitary cells, I interviewed 42 prisoners. They were all anxious to talk, and many of them wept when they spoke to me. They all tried to prolong the conversation and detain me. It took eight days to see them, one by one. Work and the Bible was all they had. Many of them professed themselves were formed, made new men, as the good but stern Quakers who had built the prison would have wished and prayed for. Others, however, were not affected by their punishment in this particular way. One man, aged 40, imprisoned for armed robbery on the highway, told me, I was 14 or 15 years old when I arrived in Philadelphia. I was the son of a poor farmer in the West and found no work. And the first night I was obliged to lie down on the deck of a vessel, having no other place to rest. And here I was discovered the next morning. The constable arrested me, and the mayor sentenced me to one month's imprisonment as a vagrant. Confounded during my short imprisonment, with a number of male factors of all ages, I lost the honest principles which my father had given me. And on leaving the prison, one of my first acts was to join several young delinquents of my own age into a system in various thefts. I was arrested, tried and acquitted. Now, I thought myself safe from justice and confident in my skill, I committed other offenses which brought me again before the court. I was sentenced to an imprisonment of nine years in Walnut Street Prison. Didn't this make you feel that you needed to correct yourself? Yes, sir. Yet the Walnut Street Prison has never produced in me any regret at my criminal actions. I confess that I never could repent them there, or that I ever had the idea of doing it during my stay in that place. But I soon noticed that the same persons reappeared there, and that however great the finesse or strength of courage of the thieves was, they always ended by being taken.  So I conducted myself better, and after seven years in prison, I was impardoned. I had learned tailoring in prison, and I soon found a favorable employment. Then one day my master received a letter from one of the constables in Philadelphia, which informed him that one of his journeymen was a farmer prisoner of Walnut Street. I do not know what could have induced this man to such a step. I owe to him my being now here. As soon as my employer had read the letter, he sent me indignantly away. I went to all the other tailors in Baltimore, but they were informed of what had happened and refused me. Misery obliged me to seek labor on the first railroad then building between Baltimore and Ohio. Grief and fatigue threw me after some time into a violent fever. Well, my sickness lasted a long time, and my money was at an end. Hardly recovered, I went to Philadelphia where the fever again attacked me. When I was convalescent and found myself without resources, without bread for my family, when I thought of all the obstacles which I found in my attempts to gain honestly my livelihood, and of all the unjust persecutions which I suffered, I fell into a state of inexpressible exasperation. I said to myself, well then, since I am forced to do it, I will become a thief again. And if there is a single dollar left in the United States, and if it were in the pocket of the President, I will have it. I called my wife, I ordered her to sell all the clothes which were not indispensable necessary, and to buy with the money a pistol. Provided with this, and when I was yet too feeble to walk without crutches, I went to the outskirts of the city. I stopped the first passenger and forced him to give me his pocketbook. But I was arrested the same evening. I had been followed by the person whom I had robbed, and my feebleness, having obliged me to stop in the neighborhood, there were no great pains necessary to seize me. I confessed my crime without difficulty, and I was sent here. What are your present resolutions for the future? I do not feel disposed, I tell you freely, to reproach myself for what I have done, nor to become what is called a good Christian. But I am determined never to steal again, and I see the possibility of succeeding. If I leave in nine years this prison, no one will know me again in this world. No one will have known me in the prison. I shall have made no dangerous acquaintance. I shall be then at liberty to gain my livelihood in peace. This is the great advantage which I find in this penitentiary. Had this man reformed, as his jailors intended, had he grown more virtuous, or had he grown only more cautious? The penitentiary had made its impression, but what impression? On the surface, of course, everything was ideal, cannot be a combination more powerful for reformation than that of a prison which hands over the prisoner to all the trials of solitude, leads him through reflection to remorse, through religion to hope, and makes him industrious by the burden of idleness. It is incontestable, all this perfect isolation shelters the prisoners from all harmful contagion. It seems irresistible, but there are difficulties, there are indeed difficulties, all this mass of evidence, and so little that we can be sure of. Look, we have the materials to prove that the penitentiary system reforms and that it does not reform, that it is costly and that it is cheap, that it is easy to administer and that it is impracticable. In short, that it suits and that it does not suit France, according to the taste of the selector. And we guarantee to support each of these assertions with pertinent examples, but we still wonder how much these systems actually reform. What do you mean by reform? The radical change of a wicked person into an honest man, a change which produces virtues instead of vices? A thing like that must be very rare. Yes, to give back its primitive purity to a soul which crime has polluted. And here the difficulty is immense. It would have been much easier for the guilty individual to remain honest than it is to rise again after his fall. It is in vain that society pardons him. His conscience does not. Even when he resolves to live honestly, he cannot forget that he has been a criminal. And this remembrance which deprives him of self-esteem also deprives his honor of its rewards and its guarantees. But something still remains. The Americans' belief in perfectability in all its forms, whether through public progress or private reform, whether by forming associations to modify the laws and even the customs, or to work no less earnestly upon the souls of those citizens who stand in need of punishment, correction, and ultimately recovery and reinstatement in society. Such is the fixed belief of the Americans and to further it, they are willing to spend time, energy, and money. You have just heard The Heavenly Prison, a study in American reform, item eight, in a series based on Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America. This series, presented by the National Broadcasting Company, was prepared by the Division of General Education of New York University under the direction of George Probst, American historian, produced in the studios of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation by Andrew Allen, script by Lister Sinclair, music by Lucio Agostini. This series, Democracy in America, is made possible by a grant from the Fund for Adult Education as part of a general course of study of the nature of American society. Teachers of American history and American civilization and adult education leaders may be interested in using these dramatizations and other materials which are available for study and discussion at a reasonable charge. For information, write to American Foundation for Continuing Education. Post Office Box 749, Chicago 90, Illinois. Now this is Ben Grower inviting you to listen next week to The Tyranny of the Majority, item nine on Democracy in America. This has been an NBC Radio Network presentation. Relax and enjoy the companion listening of Radio NBC.


Save 10% with my code Bobby10 on raw, organic, grass-fed and grass-finished, freeze-dried organ meats from grassland nutrition. Link in the description box. All right guys, welcome back to the channel. If you're new, my name is Bobby. Guys, because I've been struggling with the topic of circumcision within Islam, you guys recommended this video to me. Today we're going to watch Islam and Circumcision. East Circumcision compulsory in Islam by the channel TheBeliever. As I said previously, bodily modification is a huge issue for me personally, especially as someone that has tattooed himself in the past and now came to regret this. Once I returned to faith, once I returned to God, I saw that I did a mistake with tattooing my body. In the Bible, it says that our body is our temple, and therefore, of course, we have to honor our bodies and accept them the way that God created them. You see it in this day and age, what people do to their children. Boys can be girls, girls can be boys, and everything in between and beyond. This bodily modification issue is a huge struggle for me. This is why today I'm excited to hear a further explanation on the topic of circumcision. With no further ado, let's have a look. The purpose of all such directives of religion is purification, either it's physical purification or it's spiritual purification. So circumcision is something which relates to more of your hygiene, more of your physical purification. So we know, this is something which is well known, that if you cut that part from the male organ, it is able to, I mean, instill purity in a much easier way than if that part is left intact. So the reason for this is again that hygiene and purity about which not only internal hygiene and purity, but external hygiene and purity of the body, which every religion, every divine religion, I would say, lays a lot of stress on. I fully understand the spiritual and physical purification, the purification of the body and the purification of the soul. However, when it comes down to cutting organs, as he just mentioned, I see a problem with this, of course, especially with proper hygiene measures in place. I do not see an issue with that extra skin. We can shower ourselves, we can clean ourselves, we can use soap. First of all, it needs to be understood that the directors of Islam, if you ask in a way that we are able to find out where exactly it is placed, the sources of Islam are too, the Quran and the established practice of Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, which we call the sunnah. And this established practice of the Prophet Muhammad, it actually has a lot to do with the Abrahamic practices, which crystallized in the times of Prophet Abraham. And they were transferred all the way from Abraham up to Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam. And they were given sanction by him, and they became part of the final religion. So circumcision is a directive which is found in the established practice of the Prophet. It is not mentioned in the Quran at all, not at a single place. But again, as I said, the reason is that the sources of Islam are not just the Quran. It is the Quran and the established practice of the Prophet. And by the established prophet of the Prophet, as the Quran speaks, it is basically a sunnah of Abraham or the sunnah of Abraham. And circumcision is something which originated from Prophet Abraham. And we know this from the Bible as well. That I understand fully, Abraham was circumcised, no doubt about it. Even Jesus was circumcised according to the Bible. However, I personally haven't found a hadith in which Prophet Muhammad, may peace be upon him, has been circumcised. So if you know anything on those lines, please let me know in the comment section. Directive regarding circumcision is that the male offspring, the male child, he has to be circumcised. There are some spurious narratives which speak of female circumcision, which is an absolutely heinous thing to even imagine. It has no basis. The narrative which is actually described to the Prophet wrongly that he recommended female circumcision is totally baseless, it's spurious, and is the wrong description to him. It is only the male child who has been prescribed. And this practice in itself is not obligatory. It's like a recommended practice. So you see the established practice of the Prophet Abraham or the Sunnah of the Prophet, as we can say, they themselves are divided into mendatory, into recommended, and it has different grades. But as far as circumcision is concerned, yes, it is a practice of Prophet Muhammad, may peace be upon him, recommended, but it is not obligatory. It's not mendatory. It's something highly recommended. And one more thing that I think I would like to explain here is that the purpose of all such directives of religion is purification. Either it's physical purification or it's spiritual purification. So circumcision is something which relates to more of your hygiene, more of your physical purification. So we know, I mean, this is something which is well known that if you cut that part from the male organ, it is able to, I mean, instill purity in a much easier way than if that part is left intact. All right, guys, and this is already it for today's short video. However, it was definitely clarifying for me personally. Yet again, it was mentioned that it definitely is not mandatory. Moreover, it was mentioned that it was Abraham's practice. How about Prophet Muhammad? Yet again, this is really my question here. I personally couldn't find the Hadith in which I saw that Prophet Muhammad was circumcised. I even heard that he was born circumcised. Other sources said that he probably was circumcised because this was common within the Arabic peninsula. However, I didn't see it as a practice mentioned of Prophet Muhammad. Please correct me if I'm wrong. Be that as it may, guys, after doing all of this research for me personally and definitely for my son, I'm not considering circumcision. Never say never. Who knows what the future brings. I would have never thought that I'm going to sit on YouTube and talk about Islam in the first place. But as for right now, I'm definitely not there yet, especially researching and finding out that it is not mandatory, that it is favorable, but not mandatory. Therefore, this practice that I personally choose not to do for now. All right, guys, but this is it for today's video. If you liked it, leave the thumbs up. If you haven't subscribed already, guys, please do so. And if you want to support this channel via Patreon, all the links are in the description box below. Thank you, as always, for your ongoing support, guys. As always, much love and peace.