What we're going to cover today is a lot of what you, if anybody took the 51p class over the summer, it's a lot of what we're talking about for that class. And so we're going to talk about how to waste and draw organic molecules. We'll be talking about fluid structures, how to draw fluid structures for organic molecules. And then that's what we're going to be working on in this discussion. Later in the week they talk about how to draw reaction specters and then honestly we'll be done with probably by the end of Wednesday's lecture all of the material that we covered in 51p. So it's really fast and so I'm glad that a lot of you were able to take that time to learn that, Joe, because it's super important. All right, so where we left off last time we were talking about ionic and covalent bonding. And we said that when you have an ionic bond you actually transfer electrons completely from one atom to another and then you'll get a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom. Those two are going to be attracted to each other by a very, very super powerful ionic bond. And generally speaking, if the electronegativity difference is greater than about 1.8 the electrons are going to be transferred completely and you will have an ionic bond. There is one exception to this rule and that is the bond between H-hydrogen and fluorine, so hydrochloric acid HF. That is 1.8 difference in electronegativity. That is definitely a covalent compound. So that's kind of on the edge. And so that's why I wrote about, because it's not a super strict rule, we have a lot of variation in that. It's about 1.8. All right, we don't do too much of that here again because most of the things that you were talking about are covalent and bonded. And so covalently bonded compound add to take a filled valence shell by sharing electrons. So let's see what that looks like. Do that right at the very beginning. All right, so simple example here. A hydrogen plus a great orthoperiodic table combining with another hydrogen plus straight orthoperiodic table. And those two are going to, those electrons are going to overlap. And so we're going to have a hydrogen and hydrogen-hydrogen covalent bond. There's two shared electrons. Each hydrogen's happy because this hydrogen's happy because it's test two electrons in its valence shell for helium configuration. This hydrogen's happy because everyone's happy. And we can write that in a more simplified way. This is equivalent to HH. So that bond signifies a pair of electrons. So each hydrogen shares two electrons and again helium configuration. All right, so that would be between two like atoms. We can also have something between two unlike atoms. Hydrogen and chlorine. Let me make that panel a little bit bigger here. Those can overlap. Chlorine has seven electrons. So let's draw all seven electrons here. The hydrogen's going to overlap. The chlorine. Chlorine has eight electrons in its valence shell. Super happy about that. So there's eight electrons. That's the octet rule. Hydrogen has two electrons. That's the duet rule. And so we get hydrochloric acid. And again, this line between the hydrogen and chlorine represents a pair of electrons. So this is the type of bonding that we see with atoms of similar or the same electronegativities. As those electronegativities get closer. So what we're really talking about is thinking where the electronegativity difference between those two atoms is less than about 1.8. Let's look at how carbon hydrogen and oxygen and the halogens satisfy the octet rule. Four valence electrons. If you look at a periodic table, that's four valence electrons. To complete a shell, it needs four electrons. So it's going to have, in neutral carbon, there's going to be four bonds. So those bonds can be... We can have four single bonds. It doesn't really matter here. We can have four single bonds. We can have a double bond. That counts as two bonds and two single bonds. We can have a triple E bond into something else. Nitrogen has five valence electrons. So it needs three more. So it's going to make three bonds. So we're going to have three bonds in neutral nitrogen and a lone pair. Three single bonds. It could be a double bond and a single bond. It can be a triple bond. Oxygen. Six electrons in its valence shell. Satisfy the octet rule. And so it's going to make two bonds. We're going to have two bonds in neutral oxygen and two pairs of non-bonding electrons. And that could be two single bonds or a double bond. Hydrogen only needs one electron to have two in its valence shell. And so it's going to make one bond. And halogens also only need one electron. So they're going to make one bond. And really, 95% of what we deal with are these atoms. Very small amount of periodic table. Okay? So an easy way to remember this is the Haak 1, 2, 3, 4 rule. Hydrogen and halogens make one bond. Oxygen makes two bonds. Nitrogen makes three and carbon makes four. Okay? And that super important point I want to make here is that this is for neutral compounds. For neutral atoms. Okay? Uncharged carbon makes four bonds. Uncharged nitrogen makes three. Uncharged oxygen makes two. Hydrogen makes one. Halogens make one. Questions so far, anybody? Yes? Excuse me? Helium is the is the atom in the periodic table that is in the first row. And it has a filled valence shell, so two. It has two electrons. So hydrogen, when it gains an electron, it's going to have a helium configuration. All it is is the noble gas that's at the end of that row. Okay? More questions? Anybody? It gets a little bit trickier when we have charged atoms. We do have a lot of charged atoms. I mentioned last time that in GK, if you have a charged molecule, you put brackets and you put the charge on the outside of the brackets. We don't do that here. You want to know which atoms have the charge and you want all formal charges shown. So when carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen deviate from the whole world, they are sitting up with formal charge. I'm going to show you a couple of ways to figure out formal charge. It's something that you're going to need to know. You may just memorize this chart. I'm also going to show you a formula that you can use. You can use that or just kind of a way to think about it. But it's a super important concept and what I see is that there's people who are all the way in 51C and still get formal charges marked wrong and if you add up all the points it ends up being super significant. So it's something that you want to hold up right away. Okay, so carbon if you think about it, when we have neutral carbon it has four electrons. That's more of a periodic table. When it's cationic that means it's lost in electrons so now it only has three. So when it's cationic it's going to have three electrons and so we're going to get three bonds in a pair of non-bonding electrons. So that's what anionic is. We only have three bonds. It only has three electrons so it can make three shared bonds. When it's anionic that means it's going to have five electrons so that's going to make carbanion. We have a special name for it carbanion. And when it has five electrons that means it needs three to fill its valence shell so it's also going to make three bonds. So if you count the electrons here we have one, two, there's two for every bond two, four, six, eight. So notice that with a carbocation it only has six electrons so that's not a very happy compound. All the M's are trying to get an octet that's not a happy compound but that being said we are going to talk a lot about carbocation so you will see them all year. That's something we talk about a lot. Alright so nitrogen number of bonds to the neutral atom here is three number of bonds when managing this cation it's going to make four bonds it's going to need that to make an octet so three bonds here once we remove one of those electrons we're going to have to make an additional bond so positively charged nitrogen has four bonds it can be single, double, triple just as long as all of those add up to four while when nitrogen is anionic it only makes two bonds oxygen on the other hand when it's cationic makes three bonds it's going to look like that on three bonds some combination of making three bonds and oxygen that's negatively charged makes one bond you can memorize that when I see an oxygen and it has one bond and three pairs of non-bonding electrons it has a positive charge or when I have oxygen here that's positive when oxygen makes three bonds it has a pair of non-bonding electrons it's like that it's your choice I'm going to give you some other ways to do that it might be a little easier for you I'm going to do a formula some of you like to use formulas I don't personally like to use formulas too much because it's easy for me to forget them okay so how do we know this what I'm really trying to do here is can I understand this so I don't have to memorize can I understand this so you don't have to memorize it's another way you can do whatever you want so let's look at carbon for example so if we have neutral carbon we have four valence electrons so that would look like this four valence electrons so you can see that when we have carbon with four valence electrons it's going to want to make four shared bonds to make enough time you see the four dots there it's going to make four shared bonds so if we have carbon plus there's only three electrons because we've taken one of those away to get a positive charge and so carbon's going to look like this one, two, three and we put a positive charge it's going to make three shared bonds so this actually has a special name too that's a carbon cation it's so special that we have it has its own name carbon with a negative charge is a carbanion normal carbon would have four if it's a negative charge it has a classical electron so then it would look like this one, two, three, four and then we pair one of those so that means it's going to make it's going to bond with two, three atoms so it's going to bond it's going to it's bonding like a neutral nitrogen it bonds like neutral nitrogen neutral nitrogen makes three bonds this is also going to make three bonds so we would say it's isoelectronic with neutral nitrogen ok? questions on how I did that so far are you ready? let's do one more, let's do oxygen so neutral oxygen has six valence electrons right? so one, two, three four, five six so I took the four electrons I distributed them one on each side and then now we have two pairs of non-bonding electrons and it's going to make two shared bonds if we have O plus I won't do O minus I'm just going to do O plus because I don't have a verb to do O minus so we have O plus that means instead of six electrons we drop one we have five valence electrons like this one two, three, four five that's oxygen with a positive charge I did forget to put the negative charge here for part so we always want to put the charge near where that atom is ok? so oxygen with a positive charge bonds to three atoms so can you see that let's look at that so can you see that positively charged oxygen looks like this it's going to have the same bonding as negatively charged carbon ok? and that's going to have the same bonding as neutral nitrogen let's go back up to neutral nitrogen now it's going fast ok? so see neutral nitrogen three bonds and apparently non-bonding electrons ok? so the charged atoms are a really big deal we talk about them all in the time which is super important let's show you how you use a formula instead the formula is number of valence electrons minus half the number of bonding electrons minus the number of non-bonding electrons ok? so let's do an example of that on the next page so this could be a question like you might see on cypro charges to the atoms that are charging the following molecules so super important things if an atom has a zero charge don't put a zero next to it if an atom has a positive a plus one charge only put plus don't put plus one but these are some inventions we have in drawing so we're not going to put zero on anything we're going to put if we have a plus one charge we put a plus well so we're just talking about we're going to talk about that coming up so you're looking a little ahead we will talk about that coming up yes, if atoms have a lone pair they can make bonds to other species we're talking about just being able to draw a Lewis structure for a molecule but you're absolutely right we will get to that, it's going to take us a while alright, so the Honk rule is super helpful when we're doing a problem like this we do not have to calculate the formal charge for every single atom so for example by the Honk rule hydrogen makes three bonds so if it makes four bonds then that means that it is charged okay and so here's the formula but carbon here makes four bonds so that doesn't have a charge hydrogen makes one bond one bond, so we're not going to waste our time trying to calculate formal charge for the carbon this carbon also has four bonds by the Honk rule that means it's new comb oxygen has one bond so we're going to have two so it means it's charged after a while you're not going to need to use a formula you're just going to know that O- that's O- when it has only one bond it's just going to take a while as you work problems but let's calculate using the formula so we want the number of valence electrons for oxygen six minus one half of two a shared pair of electrons between oxygen and carbon so for the purposes of formal charge carbon owns one of those electrons that's all it owns, one electron for the purposes of formal charge and then we have six non-bond electrons so that's minus one so we'll put a minus there we want low pairs on this oxygen we'll talk about the mistructures coming up when you have a low structure you want to show low pairs and we'll also talk more about this coming up but in G-chem you had a little short cut for writing low pairs you could write a line for a pair of electrons we don't do that in O-chem so you have to take the time to draw two dots rather than a line the reason we have that rule is because when we start getting into mechanisms you're not going to know what's the head of an arrow what's the line, what's the charge it's not readable so that's why we have that alright so I'm not going to always go to a pair of electrons we have non-charging here we have nitrogen which is group five so that's five valence electrons nitrogen owns one electron for every program of bonds that it owns is four for one half of eight and then there's no non-bonding electrons so that's zero that's equal to plus one so nitrogen is a positive charge alright so a couple of things at point I want to make about this is first check 1, 2, 3, 4 rule first first check 1, 2, 3, 4 rule so you don't waste your time up relating zero formal charges don't write plus, don't write one if it's understood write zero if an atom has a zero formal charge anybody? questions to the octet rule we do have some exceptions to the octet rule most of the time we're going to be dealing with the second row of the periodic table carbon, nitrogen, oxygen hydrogen is in the first row carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and the halogens so we're most of the time going to be doing the octet rule 95% of the time but we do know that third row elements have D orbitals available from bottom so they can accept more than 8 electrons the two compounds are similar to this if you're going to see sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid okay so how many valence electrons is sulfur half here counting all the ones in its valence row 2, 4, 12 electrons all together 12 shared electrons it's a third row element carbon will never have 12 electrons around it carbon will only get a maximum of 8 that being said some of you are going to draw carbon with 5 bonds we have a name for that it's called Texas carbon um Texas for everything's very good but you don't want to draw that because carbon cannot exceed 8 electrons in its valence row easy mistake to make phosphorus has how many? all together in its valence row okay 4, 3, 4 elements there's also we also have molecules with open shells sometimes they're not enough electrons to provide an octet in GK we might remember this boron was one of the ones so boron like carbon can make 3 shared bonds and so one of the things that boron likes to do is make EF3 may or may not remember this from GK so what we have is boron here and you would have fluorines 3 shared bonds with fluorine and then we have fluorine here we have a shared bond there fluorines all have octets boron does not okay there's fortunately we don't have to draw it this way all the time we have a simplified way of drawing that we have boron with 3 fluorines each of those lines needs a pair of electrons but we do need to draw low pairs sometimes we leave low pairs off but when we're drawing a Lewis structure we always have to have them on so only 6 electrons so we call that open shell so you may say to yourself boron as an open shell can't you just make another bond with something that's going to go into a pair of electrons and then we'll have to take electrons that's exactly what boron does it likes to accept a lone pair of electrons but that's a chemical reaction between two compounds so a very common reaction which you may or may not remember from GK is boron trifluoride and so Lewis acid we'll talk about that in chapter 2 likes to accept a pair of electrons from something that has low pairs and so this is a common thing okay and what's going to happen and we'll talk about curvy arrows curvy arrows coming up but with curvy arrows we will see that nitrogen is going to donate a pair of electrons to boron and that's going to make everybody happy okay so that arrow notice I used a fissure arrow last time this is a double headed arrow okay so a double headed arrow means moving two electrons double headed arrow shows transfer of two electrons and that's a curvy arrow we use those a lot in GK so that's not something you've ever saw in GK okay so that's going to react and once you get a reaction there doesn't this going to look like you get a new covalent bond so let's label the new covalent bond we're also going to have some charges here so this is a new covalent bond we're supposed to have three bonds when it's neutral it means it's charged so we can use one of the three methods nitrogen with covalent you're going to say oh it has a plus charge I've done this so many times I know it has a plus charge you're not even going to think twice so one of the three methods you can use here I'm going to show you another method that you can use instead so nitrogen with covalent for the purpose of formal charge nitrogen owns one electron from each of those bonds right so nitrogen owns one electron from each of those bonds so it owns four electrons nitrogen's group five it only owns four electrons that means it's lost an electron it has a positive charge so that's another way to do it all I'm really doing is the exact same thing you do when you do that calculation using the formula the problem with the formula it's easy to make a mistake I saw one student one time a charge of 256 so I don't know how they got that but you can make a number that doesn't make sense alright let's do the same thing for boron well boron's owns one electron from every single bonding owns four electrons boron's group three it only has three electrons that means it's gained an extra electron so it has a negative charge so again whatever you find fastest it works better for you questions representation of structure we have a lot of different ways to represent structure molecular formula wow we don't use that too much I know you use that a lot in G cam we don't use that too much because it's not very helpful it's only helpful if you're trying to calculate the mass of that of that species that mass of that molecule and you'll use this in the lab so that way you know you say okay I have two carbons so that's 2 times 12.01 is the mass of carbon when you're calculating those calculates that's the only thing that's useful for it doesn't really tell us anything about how those are bonded together so it's not super useful for us then there's condensed structure condensed structure is a way this is the same molecule but it actually tells us a lot more about it that's absolutely the same molecule but now it tells us how things are bonded together and that's super important for us but there is a little bit of a learning curve in figuring out what this means so what this means is that we have a carbon that's bonded to three hydrogens and then it's bonded to another carbon which is bonded to one hydrogen and then that's bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to one hydrogen so that's what it tells us we can actually draw a structure where we would be hard pressed to draw one for the first one and notice this is the charge here the charge is on the atom that it belongs to tells you which atom is charged if I gave you the molecular formula you wouldn't be able to do that you wouldn't know which atom is charged so what this means is carbon's bonded to three hydrogens and then it's bonded to another carbon that carbon's bonded to a hydrogen because the hydrogen follows it and then it's bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to a hydrogen so what that would mean is there's actually more than one way to draw this again we will talk about that coming up but it says the charge is on the oxygen so that means that that means that the oxygen has three bonds the carbon's not charged so it has four bonds so by showing that cosmic charge oxygen it allows to draw the structure of that so oxygen with three bonds and a pair of non-bonding electrons has a positive charge so it gives a lot of information it also saves us a lot of time when we're drawing so there are some guidelines let's go through those guidelines here all atoms are drawn in but bond lines are generally admitted atoms are usually drawn next to the atoms which they are bonded so that's why we have CH3 means this CH parenthesis are used around similar groups bonded to the same atom small pairs are usually admitted formal charges are shown on the atom to which they belong super important let's do some examples when I'm looking at here I see CH3 that means I'm going to draw this okay I have a carbon and then I have CH3 two times bonded to that carbon and then I have a CH2 and a CL so once you can draw that so CH3 bonded to a carbon the parenthesis that shows that this carbon is bonded to two other menthols I'm going to call these bonds out very much longer because we have these shortcut ways of drawing things and then that carbon is bonded to a CH2 and then we have a torn lone pairs are optional in condensed structures so we don't have to put the lone pairs on the torn there's a couple of ones that are going to be a little trickier than others this next one let's have a little bit CH3 carbon bonded to hydrogen and also bonded to oxygen and so what that means is that this is what we have I'm going to go ahead and draw in those lone pairs it is not and as commonly a common mistake it is not this you know why we know it's not that and because of the way this is drawn the hydrogen is bonded to the carbon not the oxygen if it was this it would be CH3 COH it's not it's CH3 CHO which means that that hydrogen is bonded to the carbon so there's a couple of ones that are going to throw you off I'm going to show you a couple more that will throw you off let's label this first one wrong because bonding to carbon not oxygen how do we know if a hydrogen is bonded to carbon it follows this when we write thick and dense structure I'm giving you all the hardest ones CH3, CO, CH3 once a tricky one it's going to throw you off CH3 don't move on CH3 first one because I think that's going to throw you off I draw the second one to make it more clear I add more information if I can I draw this way and the reason I draw it that way is because if I don't draw it that way then 80 to 85% of the class will get it wrong on the test and that's not what I'm looking for I'm looking for you to get answers right I want to be able to convey what I'm what I'm trying to convey we believe that everybody in the room so it is not so these are the tricky ones that you just have to remember how do you know it's not this well once we start drawing Lewis structures we're going to come back to some of these ones and you're going to see that you're going to draw something that's really weird that doesn't make sense that has charges that it's not supposed to have it doesn't have the right amount of electrons okay so it's not that this one here is also a really, really common one for students off CH3 so probably everybody has a whole CH3 on so there's two ways to draw this I see this way in some textbooks I see this way in bio books I don't draw it that way I draw it this way and the reason I draw it this way is because those two oxygens are bonded to carbon and so it looks like this that's what it looks like it is not it is not this we know it's not those once we draw Lewis structures so that will be Wednesday's lecture we're going to come back and look at this and we're going to show why these two other structures are not correct we're going to show why this is correct these two are not correct but we need a little more information before we do that so you just have to remember that the CO2 in a condensed structure means carbon bonded to two oxygens one will have a double bond and one will have a single bond okay one will have a double bond one will have a single bond same thing with this last one here CH3 I'm pretty sure we're good on the CH3 here that's not a tricky one see how that double bond is drawn in the in that structure that's not required I always do it that is not required with that double bond here I always do it again to make it more clear so we have a carbon carbon double bond then we have our CO2 so the CO2 means the carbons bonded to two oxygens one with a double bond one with a single bond so I have a double bond here let's put long hairs here and one single bond so that's CO2 and then we have a CH3 so those are the trickiest ones questions on taking condensed structures and turning them into loose structures yeah it does yes and and you get used to kind of leaving long hairs off because you don't have to draw them in all types of structures so I'm just having to go back and work on it so thank you for coming anybody else? Questions? alright let's talk about loose structures that's what you really want to know about, right? structures we get connectivity that means how the atoms are bonded together tells us connectivity and the location of all non-bonding and bonding electrons as well as formal charges they do not give information about three dimensional orientation in space so you can see the way that I drew this here those are not writing on a molecule but it doesn't matter it's a loose structure we will draw on structures that show correct angles but it's not a loose structure so by the way, if I tell you to draw a loose structure on the test, I will remind you that I want to see all non-bonding electrons and formal charges I will tell you that so you won't forget so let's do the loose structure of the sample compound here we already drew on the previous page we are going to come back to the structure to talk a little bit more about it this is required what else is required? formal charge is always required low pairs are sometimes optional formal charge on atoms is always required no matter what type of structure you are drawing required required formal charge always required all types of structures not all pairs do have to have formal charges there is a loose structure then we have 3D structures here is where we attempt to give the 3 dimensional orientation of molecules that is chapter 5 we are not going to have to do this for a while but if we were going to draw the same compound showing correct angles we won't be able to finish this but we will start it how do we know what the correct angles are? we are going to talk about that after we finish the loose structure this here where a straight line is sponsored in the plane of the paper a wedge means out of the plane of the paper that means the hydrogen is coming out of the plane of the paper and a dash means that that atom is going behind the plane of the paper but we are going to stop right there sorry sorry sorry


2016 has been a year of resistance from the people against anti-people, anti-farmers and anti-student policies of this government. Here are a few struggles from different sections in the last one year. Since assuming power in 2014, NDA government has consistently cracked down on the freedom of universities and the right to dissent of students. Among its targets was the Hyderabad Central University. The Modi government put pressure on HCU to ensure strict punishment for activists from a Dalit organization. Rohit Vemila was among the five research scholars who were suspended by the university in August last year and also one of the accused in the case of assault on a student leader. He committed suicide after he was kicked out of his hostel, his type had frozen and was harassed outrightly. After this atrocity carried out by the university, protests erupted spontaneously across the country. The 18th convocation of the University of Hyderabad witnessed a rare happening when Sunkanna Valpullar, a Ph.D. holder of the Varsity, refused to receive the degree from Vice Chancellor P. Apparao. The gesture was made in solidarity with Rohit Vemila. Later that year, JNU students union president Kanhaiya Kumar was arrested on sedition charges after allegations of anti-national sloganeering against him surfaced. He was ordered to three days of police custody. Massive protests and marches were held to demand the charges to be dropped. On July 11, 2016, four young Dalits were publicly flogged and paraded around in Oona in broad daylight for skinning a dead cow. The most inhuman kind of torture has been meted out to people on the pretext of cow protection and the perpetrators in their bravado have uploaded the brutal attacks on social media with impunity. Vijlante Hindutva groups acting in the name of cow protection clearly had no idea what they were getting into. Their actions sparked widespread protests in the state which transformed into a movement for Dalit rights. It also led to the formation of the Oona Dalit Attyachal Ladath Samiti to seek justice for the victims of the brutal attack in Oona. In late 2015 and early 2016, observers of Kashmir reported growth in homegrown militancy and radicalization of the Kashmiri population. After the news of Burhan Wani's death spread, protests erupted in some areas of Kashmir Valley. Curfew-like restrictions were imposed in some places in South Kashmir during the night and internet services in many areas were cut. Over 11,000 people including more than 7,000 civilians have been injured in the unrest. Indian security forces have used pellet guns which although billed as non-lethal, led to a high number of casualties including permanent eye injuries. In July, the Jammu and Kashmir government imposed a press emergency. The police raided the newspaper installations and seized copies of newspapers and printing plates. September 2, 2016 saw the largest ever industrial strike. Corrors of workers across the country went on strike, demanding an end to the all-round attack launched by the government against their lives, livelihood and dignity. Representing the interests of the big capitalists, both domestic and foreign, the Modi government has been trying to fool the working people with its false promises even as it supports and actively imposes a policy that is snatching away jobs, looting family budgets, disarming workers of their rights and opening the doors to a harsher exploitation.


we will definitely not a set of a triple. Why are athletes still told to stick to sports? Losing their careers, receiving death threats, being scrutinized for their every move, these are just some of the consequences black athletes face when they enter the fight for civil rights and racial justice. LeBron James has 143 million followers on Instagram, eight times more than President Biden. And research shows that his words and those of other athletes actually make a difference in our elections. In 2017, the Black Voter Project found that Colin Kaepernick inspired the majority of respondents to vote and were more likely to sign a petition or contact a representative. And if history has taught us anything, athletes will continue to use their power to affect change regardless of the backlash.


So I don't know how my audio is. I hope it's good. I wanted to go live because I haven't done it in a little bit and I'm sorry about that. I've just been working a whole bunch because I'm gonna be going on vacation while I plan on going on vacation in April. And so I wanted to make sure that I had my funds in order for that. But I also wanted to make sure that I did a school for you all. So that's what we're gonna be doing today. I think someone asked about Baylor on one of my most recent videos. And then I noticed that Baylor was one of the top PA programs in the US. So why not do them? If you guys want me to do another, like any other PA program, not tomorrow because I work tomorrow, but the day after let me know in this video's comments and I will do that, okay? I just wanna check YouTube really quickly to make sure that I am actually live and all of my settings are correct. And then we'll go from there, okay? I hope you guys have been doing well. And I hope you guys are having a great start to the new year. Is it still like, can we still talk about that? Can you still talk about like new year and stuff? Cause we're in February now, but whatever. It's neither here nor there. All right, let me check this. It says I'm live. It says it's Baylor. Great, we are good to go. So let's go. I'm gonna share my screen with you guys very, very shortly. Let's start the screen sharing. Okay, hold on. So this is the first time I'm using this on my newest computer, okay? So, let me see. A lot of apps to remember. Okay, I hope this can work. So let's go to a tab and I want this one. And I say, all right, can you guys see my screen? If you can, please say yes. Cause I wanna make sure that you guys can see this. And I want it to look like this. Okay, I think you guys can see it because I'm seeing it in my tab down here. So this is Baylor College of Medicine. This is their PA program. Let me put my glasses on cause my screen here is like a little, the light is like blinding me. Really doesn't make that much of a difference actually. Okay, so this is their program. They have a DNP program, nursing anesthesia, which is cool for anybody that is interested in that because nurse anesthetists, I think it's like a really good career to get into just saying, I don't hate. So if you guys are interested in that, you should check their program out for that as well. But we're here for the physician assistant program. Okay, so it says admissions. I like how everything is laid out. I'm looking at this class here. This is a class of 2022 receiving their white coats. Is there, is it diverse? Let's see you guys. Do I see a lot of diversity here? I see a person of color here, here. He's like racially ambiguous here. There we go. All right, I mean, there's some diversity. I, you know, my hope and desire is that our PA programs can become more and more diverse. I really, really want that because you're serving such a diverse population in terms of the United States, you know, and we're getting more and more diverse as the days go by that it would be really nice to reflect that in our providers. I know that I feel really great and comfortable and happy when I see somebody that looks like me, you know, come into the room to talk to me about something. And I know that a lot of my patients have expressed that to me as well. So, you know, PA programs, NP programs, med school programs, just healthcare in general, please take notice of your patient population and do that. So that's just like my little soapbox of the day. All right, it says our program is ranked first in Texas and third in the nation by US News and Report. So this is what I was saying. It is one of the top PA programs in the United States. It says the diversity of clinical setting in Texas Medical Center, the world's largest medical complex that ensures you have the opportunity to explore the full range of practice options open to PAs. All right, that's cool. I like this, let's hit the faculty up really quickly since it's right here on the main screen. So we have Ms. Clark, Patrick Elliott. She is the program director, new associates. All right, so, oh, the medical doctor, Dr. Atkinson's, cool, okay. See a lot of women, a lot, a lot of women, a lot of women. All right, that's kind of cool. You know, it's very highly what female ran. I saw only one male. Wait, maybe no, Ms. Smith, yeah, assistant professor. How am I reading this? Let's see, program, yeah, yeah, yeah. So let's see, he is senior faculty. He's a professor, Carl M. O. Fassar. That's the only male that I saw. So that is interesting, I like it. I don't know, I'm a little biased to my females. Curriculum, whatever. You guys can look at the curriculum if you're interested in that. I really care about now is admissions. So let's go to admissions. Okay, so the application process.  Not every program requires that, but this program does. The payment for supplemental applications must be received by August 1st. When is there, and that's supplemental fee. When is there, is this, I don't know what this means. Let's just, let me just pop over to CASPA really quickly to their participating programs to see exactly when. Okay, so August 1st is when you have to have this program like set. Okay, like you have to make sure that you're, you have applied to Baylor by August 1st. That's essentially what is being said. A screening, during the second stage of review, a PA program faculty screen and rank all eligible candidates through a holistic set of criteria reviewed by the PA program admissions committee. I like that they say holistic, meaning that they're not just gonna be looking at your GPA and what you did from an academic standpoint, but holistically as a prospective student, what you did volunteer wise, what you do for your patient care experience, all of those things will come into play. And a lot of schools do that, but the fact that they make mention of it kind of makes you think that it's more than just grades. But you never really know, honestly, interview. So there's three stages, obviously you apply, then you will get your application will get reviewed and then hopefully you get an offer to interview, okay? So this needs updating. Obviously it might likely be 2022 because they're still in that 2021, 2022 cycle. So all of this information pertains to their interviews that took place in 2022. I don't know if literally it's just these three interview days that they have. Let's see, the third's this blah, blah, blah. The specific dates of interviews are decided by the PA program admissions committee. Invitees are asked to acknowledge the acceptance of the offer for interview to the PA admissions within seven calendar days, the maximum of 150 applicants are interviewed. So likely maybe I would say 50 or so, we'd say 50 invitees per day. So they just kind of knock it out all within a short period of time, a three day period. And say, well, wait, which is kind of scary but cool at the same time because you know that you'll hear back from them within a timely fashion. The top 40 applicants are offered admissions. So their cohort is a 40 class, 40 student cohort and you're informed within two weeks of interviews. Yeah, I like that. Okay, so I love hearing back from the interview committee admissions committee early. And so, you know, don't have me up in limbo like waiting a long period of time just to hear back from you. Let me know, you know, did I get in or did I not get in? That's what I need to know. All right, prerequisite requirements, like let's look at this. Due to COVID, the Baylor College of Medicine, PA program will accept online lab courses completed in spring of 2020, summer of 2021 and fall of 2021, subsequent laboratory courses should be completed in person. All right, so if you are applying to this program and you know, this is what kind of COVID did for a lot of schools, they're kind of like forced to pivot and really accept online courses and online teaching because everything was done through, you know, a pandemic where we were forced not to go to school or be in school in person. And so if you took any class from 2020 to 2021 that was a laboratory class online, then you'll be fine. You're good to go. All right, so their minimum GPA is a 3.2, okay? And so this is a little bit different than some of the programs that we've seen in the past because the majority of those programs that I have kind of reviewed and gone over their minimum GPA requirement is a 3.0. But this just goes again to show you that their standard is a little bit higher. A 3.2 overall is the minimum. So definitely you're trying to hit higher than that. So you're probably shooting for like, I would say 0.4 above that, so like a 3.6, 3.7, if at all possible for both your overall and your science GPA, okay? Core specific requirements. All applicants must complete the courses below that I'll scroll down to with a grade of C or higher, which is standard. Science courses must be taken for science majors not nursing health professionals or health science majors. So it literally has to be for like your science majors. And I know like for me, when I was an undergrad we had to take general chemistry. That was the chemistry that we were taking for science majors, but my friends that were in nursing they were taking inorganic chemistry. So there's a slight bit of a difference for what is required for their nursing degree and what was required for my biomedical sciences degree. So just be mindful of this, be mindful when you're choosing your courses that they are for science majors and not for any of the other like allied health science courses. All right, so these are their prerequisite requirements. So of course, anatomy and physiology, micro and genetics, your chemistries. So general chemistry one and two and then they would like organic chemistry. They want, what is this? So psychology, one of the humanities electives of sociology, maybe another like a higher level of psychology. So probably like a developmental or abnormal psych is what you would take as this elective here. And then expository writing, okay. So just the general English, your English comp. Not really sure why you need that course. I haven't really seen that as a requirement for any of the PA schools that I had looked at when I was applying and then any other schools that we have obviously reviewed. But it's interesting, okay. And then statistics, all science courses must be intended for science majors. Okay, so they're making a big point of this. So do not apply to this program if your science courses are not intended for science majors because you're not gonna meet the requirement and therefore you would be wasting your money and you're not gonna get accepted. Okay, it's just as simple as that.  My GPA is great, I've done this, I've done that. Like they can look past this one little thing and it's not the case because they have so many applicants. Like who are you, right? You know, like who are you this one person who is like, okay, let me skirt past the rules or try to feel like you can essentially like be above the law, I guess you could say. And to now not do what is required when 500 other students was able to do what is required. And that's really kind of how you have to look at this. This is not about you, this is about what their requirements are. So just saying, I'm just letting you know, okay? So minimum required courses cannot be waived, see? Not waived, we already talked about that. Pre-requisites science courses cannot be more than seven years old and non-science course works cannot be more than 10 years old at the time of the application deadline. So for any of my non-traditional or not like directly out of undergrad trying to apply to PA school or like even within two years of coming out of undergrad trying to apply to PA school, if that is not you play clothes, pay very, very close attention to this because again, you would have gone to school for four years. So already your 10 year margin is now cut down to you have six years to apply to PA school and get in. Okay, and so if you take a gap year or two, now you have four years, okay? And so like the time is constantly like kind of trying to catch up on you and it's like nipping at your heels if you are not a traditional student. And so you have to really like pay attention to these little tidbits of information that these programs put on here with respect to, you know, their requirements in terms of how long coursework needed to have been completed, okay? And then I don't think we really need any of this information. Let's look at their, let me just see what. So they do have a supplemental application. Their supplemental application is $50. So just for your awareness to be aware. Okay, so that was prerequisites. Let's look at tuition and fees. You know, I had, I've had a lot of people talking to me about tuition and fees because I did a program whose like tuition was 150,000 or something like that. And then I did a video. So if you have not watched my video on why is PA school so extensive, go ahead and watch that video. I'll probably have a follow-up video on that because somebody sent me some really, really good information. You know who you are. I'll mention to you on the video about just like another reason why PA school may be so expensive and you know, not to give these PA programs a pass because hey, they're making bank. So I may do a follow-up video on that. So stay tuned and go ahead and subscribe to my channel. But financial assistance, you can get financial assistance by calling the Office of Student Financial Aid. They'll help you get like grants and loans and things like that. So this program is in Houston. So you'd have to like look at housing in Houston. So this is a typo. It says the BCM physician program but it should say like physician assistant program, right? It's committed to recruitment and retention of diverse students. Oh, are you? Let's look at their diversity statistics report, sure. All right. So by gender, again, females always outrank males when it comes to PA programs. That's just kind of how it is across the board. So not very shocking to me. This race and ethnicity thing is also not very shocking. Like almost 70% for whites and for a non-caucasian you make up that other 56%. But I mean, to me, I would like to see this pie even a little bit, probably like more half. So like, you know, maybe 50% whites and anybody that is non-white or I didn't advise as a person of color can be in the other part of the pie. But sure, okay. Look at African-Americans here, very dismal, 5%. Asians, 18%, Hispanics, 12%, Native Americans. Oh my goodness, 1%. This other is 0%. I don't know what that would consist of, but 1%. So 2019, okay. So this was what, all for 2019. 2019 is worse, 72%. Does it say 0% African-American? Okay, what year is this? Applicants. This is 2019 applicants. This is 2019 new students. Wow. So the actual new students that entered, there was 0% African-Americans. All right, like Bayley, let me let you know, like to be the number three program in the United States and the number one program in Texas, like this is kind of disappointing. And even like from just a Hispanic standpoint, right? Like you have a huge Hispanic population in Texas. It would be nice to see this even larger and this one per 0% is like killing me. All right, all enrolled students, 1% African-Americans, 11% Hispanics. Yeah, we'd probably have to dive into this chart a little bit more to understand like what's going on. Like from the fact of the students who applied, so only 5% of the African-Americans applied, 64% of whites applied, who got accepted in terms of students. So none of the African-Americans got accepted and who actually enrolled. I don't even know how this works if it says 0% and then now we have 1% African-American. But we would have to look into that and then like how these numbers as well, like Hispanics is down to 11%, Asians at 14%. Dumb on my landline. Okay, bring it in the back I needed for my bundle. Let me, were you guys able to see this? I hope you were able to see that. Oh no, you didn't. Okay, so let me share that, where am I? Let me share this screen with you guys so that you can see the metric that I was looking at, okay? And it is this one, save. Okay, so this is the metric that I was looking at. It was just their PA program diversity report card for 2019. I would say that it's probably a C, it's less than that 3.2% that you guys are, they're that 3.2 GPA that you guys are asking for your students for because like this diversity report doesn't really seem that diverse to me, but I'm just saying. So 2019 we have here again, gender, race and ethnicity in terms of applicants, okay? Total applicants in 2019, right? So 5% African-Americans, 18% Asian, 12% Hispanic, 12% Hispanic, 1% Native American. Now in terms of new students, it's up, which I get again, like I don't understand how that works, but I would need somebody to like app failure to help me with that, but 72% whites, 0% African-Americans, 13% Asians, 13% Hispanic, 2% Native American. So Asians went down, Hispanics went up a little and so did Native Americans and whites. Now in terms of all enrolled students, like I guess, oh, and so maybe all enrolled in 2019, maybe somebody like decelerated or something, maybe somebody transferred and I don't know what it may be, but the other kicks up, okay, cool. There may be some African-Americans in that. Sometimes I consider myself an other because I'm like a hodgepodge of a lot of these different ethnicities, but it has 1% African-Americans, 14% Asians, Hispanics are at 11%, whites are at 64% and Native Americans are at 1%. So that is the metric that I was looking at, which I felt was a little bit dismal. I didn't really like it, and yeah, so I wasn't feeling that, but whatever, let's go back to the other screen so you guys can see that. Okay, so back to tuition and fees. Let me see if I can actually see what that cost is for you tuition and fees. Okay, so we are here at the tuition and fees section. It is, how long is this program? I don't know. I didn't say, I haven't seen it yet. So we'll look and see how long the program, try to find out how long the program is, orthotics and prosthetic program. And what is this? Okay, so physician assistant program, you have your first year at 45,000, your second year at 44,000, and then your third year, which is the fall term only at 22,000, about 22,500. So what does that all come out to be? 45 and 45, that's like 90. So I would say 90 plus another 22, let's say 23, right? Is that what we're looking at? I'm just rounding up like 113,000. And is that, does that include your actual yearbook fee? Do you have to pay, did I have a yearbook in PE school? I don't remember having a yearbook. This is kind of interesting. Okay, cool. You guys got a yearbook, that's dope. I definitely didn't have a yearbook in my PA program. So I think that would be nice to just kind of have something to look back on. I don't see anything about like a room and board here. So this is solely for the program. It's about $113,014,000 for your full three years at this program and not including any room and board and food and stuff that you would have to pay for. So it's a lot, you guys. You know, it's expensive to go to PA programs. But honestly, like when you come out, if you get a really good paying job, it's worth it.   So you just kind of have to look at things like that, see how you can work it out because then you'll be completely debt-free and then you'll be able to like live your best life and travel and do whatever you wanna do with your money and as well as like just being responsible, right? Okay. So we did that, I don't care about the handbook, we saw faculty, all right, let's, they have a part here about diversity, equity and inclusion, DEI. The Baylor College of Medicine, School of Health Professionals, insurers, learners, faculty and staff are equipped with the knowledge, education skills and attitudes needed to provide exceptional, culturally competent service and care. All right, so our process, they have a committee, a DEI committee, the subcommittee involved from Multidisciplinary Task Force, with the endorsement, okay, whatever. So they say they have a DEI committee, they are committed to training up culturally competent providers. What that looks like, I honestly don't know. But maybe this is something that you guys can try to ask them if you do get, if you're interested in this program and you do get an offer for an interview, this would be something that I would ask them about, you know, like how exactly are you committed to training culturally competent individuals and what is your commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion? Those are questions I would ask. And, you know, I've gotten a lot more bold in terms of like that understanding just because I know how important a role it plays, more not just in my learning, but when you come out of PA school and need the workplace, like your work environment, that plays a really big role. So it's just really good to know. All right, let me see if I can go back. I don't think there's really anything else that I want to see what their pants pass rate and stuff is. I don't know where I would find that. This is just a program about the paid profession, student life, alumni, job and preceptors program history. Nope, man, I don't know you guys. Like, I don't know where this would be. And that's something that I would really, I'd want to know advanced standing, technical standards, information sessions. Okay, let's go to frequently asked questions. Do you offer any campus tour, shadowing, rotations, is there on campus housing? I don't see it, you guys. I don't see it, I don't see it. All right, so that would be something that I would like to know. I hate having to search for these things because these are the things that are kind of important. Like, what is your pants pass rate? We saw like what their makeup in 2019 was, but what was your makeup in, well, like we're in 2022, right? So what was your makeup in 2020 and 2021? That would be nice to see as well, clinical didactic research service and professionalism. No expected graduation competencies? No, I don't know. I don't know where to find it. So again, another thing that it's a little bit disappointing but whatever, I can't find it. If you guys have any questions for me, I think now is your time to do so, okay? And now's the time to ask me whatever questions you may have and then again, leave a comment for me to tell me what school you want me to probably review on Thursday and I'll try to get to that one, okay? So King Joe Robinson says, so if I'm black, don't apply. I mean, I don't know if that is exactly what I'm saying or it's not even exactly what I would take from it. It's just a matter of like for me, diversity and inclusion is important. And so I know how difficult PA school is just in general anyways and having somebody that like you can relate to on different levels is really important to have like that comrade. And I like praise and thank God for the friends that I made that look like me in PA school because like what we went through and kind of the things that we saw and that we like through like, you know or like there was just like a different level of understanding like we just got each other, right? And so, and that helped tremendously us like get through the stuff and get through like the trials of PA school. So no, it's not a matter of like don't apply. You still apply for sure. You apply to all the programs that you're interested in. And then, you know, you can kind of use some of these various different things as platforms and for reform and for education, I would say. So if you have the grades, if you have the hours and is that, was that even there? Let me see something you guys before I stop this because I don't even know if I saw the hours of like how many hours you should have gotten. Oh, it says healthcare experience, patient care experience and shadowing hours are not required for the application. These hours will be considered the holistic application process. So this is cool. That's one thing that's actually pretty cool about the program. So, you know, there's no like minimum hour mark that you need like healthcare experience or shadowing hour mark that you need to meet. You just kind of have to have them. So that you can be looked at holistically as a student. But yeah, so all of those things, if you have those intangibles kind of going for you apply and then you just see what happens from there. D. Robinson says, never give up on your dream job. J. Rob, J. Rob, okay. Joe Robinson, I get it. All right, cool. Paris says, when you have to reapply to a PA program, do you have to reapply all over again? Or can you edit it? Okay, so great question.  Like even if you are not a re-applicant. So if it was me, what I would do is I would say, hey, you know what, I, it's a year before I have to apply because application doesn't open up until May for the year that you're really trying to apply. So for this 2022, 2023 cycle, the application, the CASPA cycle will open up in, well, really the end of April, the last, I think it's the last Monday in April. So when it's time for that, you know, you kind of want to have everything already together and ready and done. So what I usually tell you guys to do is start your application now. It's forever your start, start putting stuff in. And then you can close that application, like save whatever information you have and then close it out. You don't have to apply to any schools because it doesn't cost to open up like a CASPA application. It only costs when you apply. So once you've closed that application out and you reopen it when it's time to apply in April, when CASPA opens back up, you click the re-applicant button and then all of that information that you applied with the year before will transfer over. You get to choose what information transfers over for the most part. And I think I did a video about this a while back and I'll just refresh it on what information transfers over on your CASPA application. Because then that way it saves you time and then you're like any frustrations in having to put all of this information in again. And no, you don't have to reapply all over again per se, but you will be able to edit that information that you applied with last year. So if you have more hours, you can add that. You would have to put in a whole new set of transcripts, because hopefully you would have gone to and gotten some extra courses to boost your GPA. So that's always important, but you can just edit information here and there, re-upload a personal statement if you've changed it and then send out the new letters of recommendation, request to whoever it is that you're requesting it from. But the general information like your address and if you're like your tax information, if you're using your parents stuff or anything like that, you don't have to do that. So great question. It says, so how many times did it take for you to get into PA School? So for me, it took me, like I would say maybe, I would say technically three, like I applied three times on the third time I got in. And the second time, I don't think it was quite my fault that I didn't get in. So, and these are all things that I learned now on the backend, but didn't realize it early on. And this is why I started my channel and this is why I really want to give you guys this information. A lot of the mistakes that I made and then even like some of the people in the IG world and just like some of my friends made and why they had to be re-applicants is because we did not pay close attention to those little nuances of information. So those things that I pointed out like, oh, you know, your science prerequisite coursework needs to be completed within seven years and your overall coursework needs to be completed within 10 years, those type of things. I didn't really pay that close attention to those things. I looked at, oh, what's the prerequisite coursework that I need for this? And then I just kept it moving. And you know, when you're not diligent and you're not focused on like the things that you're interested in and the things that you want and things that you're going after, this is when you run into problems. And so for me, for sure, I think that it's important for you guys to really, really dig into these programs, like really go through these websites, look at all that information so that you don't make mistakes like I made and the mistakes like others made. And they're like costly mistakes, right? Because we're spending this money to do that.  So just a heads up. Dee Robinson, I think finding the money to pay for PA school is a major discouragement for myself as an African-American. 150,000 is a lot. Maybe this is why our numbers are so low. And I mean, I could see that and I would probably agree partially with that. I do think that financial burden is definitely a deterrent to applying to some PA programs. But honestly, this is just one of like 300. Not every PA program is 115,000. There are some PA programs that are tied to, they're like community colleges that are tied to four-year universities. And they're like 50,000 for the two years or the 27 months, like the three-ish years. So it's really a matter of finding the program that kind of resonates with you that you would be okay with going to, looking at the education that you would be getting from there and then getting your C. That's really what it's about. A lot of times I think people think like, oh, okay, it's about the name, but the name of the PA program doesn't really matter. What matters is, hey, did you actually get the education to be a good provider? Were you able to pass your boards? And now can you go in and be a great PA? And that can happen with a plethora of programs that do not cost $115,000. So just keep that in mind. You guys, my daughter is bothering me right now and I can't, like I'm trying to keep my cool, but get the balloon and come on and then go. All right, so Paris says, three years, what did you do in the meantime and how many programs did you apply to? Okay, so, yeah, so for me, and we look at it as three years, but it was really more so like two. I didn't, I didn't, like the first time I applied, I didn't even realize like what I was doing, right? Like applications had opened up in April and I think I was like applying at like the bare minimum deadline, like, you know, September 1st or October 1st or November 1st, like I'm barely putting in those applications and at like October 20, you know, 29th or August 30th or something. Like it was very much not well planned, not well looked into. I did look at just like programs in my area and I applied to those. So the first time I think I applied to maybe four schools, the second time I applied to like seven or so schools and maybe a little bit more, maybe nine because like every time I would get like $55 I would apply to a program. And then, and it didn't matter where the, oh, okay, I need to stay in my state. For me, it was always about, I just need to get into PA school. Like that is my goal to become a PA, get into PA school. And then I know once I get into PA school, like I'll be a great PA, it's gonna be fine. But the last time I applied to like three schools, you know, I was like, look, this is it. I'm just applying to the schools that I really wanna get into, that I really think I am like excelling at in terms of like being a really super great applicant in looking at like their requirements and their average student, like what they've allowed in. And it worked, I got interviews and then I got in. So it worked out. So yeah. Dee Robbins, since I thank you so much for taking the time out to explain this. Yeah, no problem. If you guys, again, you know, come back on Thursday and you come back with whatever other questions you may have. When I end this broadcast, you can absolutely leave more comments in the comments section and leave comments on the schools that you want. And then we can go from there. Oh, there's a couple more questions. So Paris said, I want to attend in my state. There's still some applications open. Should I apply out of state? Yeah, I mean, if you have the money, why not? Absolutely. You just really have to look at those schools that you are gonna apply to and make sure that you are hitting the mark. Like that's what it's all about. It's about looking the best, right? Looking your best, like being your best. And so essentially like for sure, if you can absolutely still apply to programs and you're still like pretty early, like I would say 30 days out, do it. It is in February though, this is February and I think most of these deadlines would be March. So if it was me, I wouldn't apply to a March deadline like this late in the game. I would just hold out for April to come and the new cast of a cycle to open up and start applying to those schools. But if it's not like, if this is like a rolling admission school and it's not like a deadline type of thing where you're coming up on it in less than a week or seven days or so, then yeah, I wouldn't do it. All right. And Dee Brown says, was this a heavy burden on your marriage and family while in school or so? What do you suggest? I do to make sure I balance my family and study time. So I mean, I think essentially of course, yes, right? Like I completely uprooted my family and we moved out of state all four of us, me, my husband, my two kids and my dog, right? So yeah, I would say it was essentially a burden. My oldest daughter had to change schools and go to a new school and leave her friends that she had made behind and we left our community, our family, our people to come so that I can get a better education. But we talked about it. And I think that that's something that was important. We really sat down, we planned, we said, all right, like this is it, right? Can I apply to out of state schools? Was the initial question before I even started applying? What is the feeling on that? What would that look like?  And these are all conversations that I think that any couple married or not should have just so that you can see like where your relationship is going, like what can happen in terms of like some of the turmoil, you know? Like when stress is high and then go from there because you don't want any like resentment or anything like that. I knew that for me, I was only gonna be out of state for a year and then we would really be right back in our home state. And I worked very hard at finding a program that would cater to that. And so, you know, praise God I did. So I went to school like in the state that my school was located in for a year. And then when it came to clinical year, I was back in my home state with my family and my friends and we were like, you know, we were back okay. Now for that year, it was for sure, you know, it wasn't the easiest thing, but it was so great having my family there. And then when it came to studying, I was very regimented and I talk about this all the time. I would still like wake up and make breakfast and get everybody ready for like school because my, like I said, my oldest daughter was in school, like she's an elementary school, she's in middle school now, it's just crazy. And my little one, she was like not even two yet. Like so, you know, that was an interesting transition, but we would do that. And then I would come home at like five-ish, six o'clock, spend time with them. And then they went to bed, my kids went to bed like seven-thirty and then I would study from like seven-thirty to ten, like, you know, my husband would be there watching basketball game or something like, we're just kind of in our space together. We're still communicating, but I'm still studying doing things like that. And we did that for the year and it worked out and our foundation stayed solid and I think a lot of that was just kind of due to my faith as well, our faith in God, you know, not to be cornered or anything, but having that foundation also really, really helped. So I think the first thing that you should do in terms of trying to find your balance is talking it over with your significant other on what this might look like, having them understand, you know, really like, hey, I'm when it's time to study, like I have to study because I have to pass because we're paying so much money, right? But this is ultimately for our future. And as long as you guys are both on board and both in that same space, you should be okay. Should be good, okay? All right, thank you guys so much for joining me. I will definitely put out what school I'll be doing. It'll probably be Thursday morning. I'll put out like the reminder on the school, the program that I will review. I will choose that program maybe tomorrow and then we'll go from there. And then we should be back to like our regularly scheduled program in terms of me doing these lives every Tuesday. However, you know, if I do have to change it, just keep in mind, I will let you guys know ahead of time just be like on the Sunday before if I'm picking up extra shifts or anything like that. Okay. And then Paris has one more question she said, is March 1st too late? I got rejected from one school, but I was thinking of getting an application to more that are still open. And so like, again, for me, I would think March 1st is too late. I would not apply to a program that has a deadline that is March 1st. That is just Adana, right? If you have the money and if you want to, then for sure, go ahead and do that. But for me, I wouldn't do that because I think that it's, I don't think it gives it enough time for me to really look like a good applicant. Like this is the deadline, right? So you imagine CASPA opened up in April of last year, there are hundreds of applications that have gone through prior to your application coming in right now like with, you know, like what, what is that? Seven days left? No, nine days left of the year, of the month until the deadline is open, I wouldn't do it. I personally wouldn't. But this is something that you have to choose for yourself. But if it was me, I would just save those, that $55 and make my application right for this upcoming cycle, which will literally open up in like 60 days. And so I would do, you know, what I can do to try to better myself as a student, get some more hours, you know, things like that under my belt and kind of just prepare myself to apply once CASPA reopens for the new cycle in April. That's just my, that would be me, I'm just saying. All right, thank you guys so much for watching. Go ahead and subscribe, like the video, watch my rebroadcast, go to the playlist and see all of the other schools that I've done thus far. Drop a comment for me on what schools you want me to do next and we'll go from there. All right, talk to you guys next time. Bye.


What is good about the squad? And welcome back to our channel. Baby, show them the dress. I'm sorry, show them the dress. You're gonna see way more of the dress. That's all our dress see for right now. Stay tuned in this video. There is a lot of time that you look sexy, but today, especially- It's like a different feeling though. It's like I'm at where a bride in a groom right now.  I actually look semi decent.  I look actually good today. Baby, you look good. Today is my bridal shower. Well, our bridal shower. It's mostly for girls. Bill, it's coming with to see his family since we never really get to see any of our family. So who do we got here? So right now, we have my mom, my sisters, her mom, your sisters. Yeah, Megan, Anna. Megan, Anna. And the only person missing is Julia. As you guys know, Julia could not make it this weekend. And it was a really sad, but you know, she's going through a lot right now and I'd rather her be healthy and safe before coming here. And I know she had a big part of today. And Julia, if you're watching this, like you are literally the best friend I could ever ask for. She did so much, scheduled a lot of things. For the party.  We are literally on our way. And we had no idea. I'm so nervous. I don't even know what it looks like. I don't know what it looks like either. I'm so nervous, guys. Like the adrenaline is high right now. We have a little pit in our stomach because you know that pre-party feel when like you kind of feel sick. You're the center of attention. It's weird. I'm nervous. I feel like this is my wedding day. No, you're good, you're good. This is like pre-wedding day. And this is like a trial run for me. We're literally five minutes down the road. We're about to be there. I'm super excited to see how it looks, baby, that today's for you. So. And for you too. But mostly for you. Yeah. Come on. This is behind the scenes right now. We're not all the way done. So this is kind of a setup or Mariah's bridal shower. Because she said yes soon to be. And then she said yes. Welcome Mariah's bridal shower. All right, guys. And over here. So we are currently waiting for Mariah and Bill. And we're gonna show you a little bit of the behind the scenes. Everyone is still working. I'm making everything look perfect. And my job was to make the mimosa bar. So I actually did the mimosa bar. Look how cute. I am obsessed. This is orange. We have watermelon. We have orange. We have all the fruits over here. And pop the bubblies. And then also bubbly bar for the bubbly. And then we have another bubbly bar. And then we have cheers. I think it's really cute. And then I gave it a little touch with these things right here. So super cute. I am very excited. And then this is the bar right here. Our girl Hannah is helping us. She's amazing. Thanks for your help. And so this is like the champagne glasses here. And then more glasses over there. So everything is coming along so good. I am so excited. Here is the catering. And then we have all the tables are set. The lights look good. So we have Mariah's sisters over here. You guys did a great job. So we're just getting behind the scenes. I know you already showed them this. But how cute. I'm obsessed with the cake and the cookie. I know Julia. Props to Julia for that. Yeah. Super cute. She's amazing at making up cakes. She really did. The cake is gorgeous. And then all the cookies. I love them. Oh my goodness. I'm obsessed with this. So Mariah's mom actually did this. Basically like it's just like how was the bride to be. So like that everybody has to guess how old she was in these pictures. So I go watch them like when she was a baby to high school. Oh that's so cute. Oh and this is how they play. Yeah I guess it is. How old. That's such a cute game. Mm-hmm. Oh. Oh I'm so excited. She's gonna love it. Everything looks beautiful. Even the outside is giving y'all like look at these leaves like everything's just so perfect. It's a beautiful day. All right guys stay tuned in cause she'll be here any second. Any second. All right guys. So most of the people are already here and Mariah is about to walk in. I'm nervous. I wasn't nervous but I'm like a little nervous now.  So we're all gonna just be standing here. Should we clap when they walk in? I don't know. What do we do? All right guys nervous. Are you guys ready for them to go walk in? Oh I know. I know you guys are hard to have a sister in law. Basically. All right guys. So we're waiting. We're waiting. She's about to walk in. Oh my gosh I see her. I see her. Everyone's like waiting anxiously. The moms have their phone out. She's coming in. She's coming like. Look gorgeous. Yes. Oh my goodness. It looks like she's getting married today. It does. How do you feel? You're the mother-in-law. I'm really excited. I'm really happy for them and I love Mariah and I cannot wait for this adventure of theirs. All right so we've been here for about like an hour and a half fish. We've just like made our rounds. We're talking to a lot of people. Like a lot of people showed up and I love it. I feel like the turnout was so perfect. The love here is just amazing. Well just think. We're like all women here. Like there's, I'm the only guy here. I'm just think like that's just the women. Like they didn't even bring like the husbands, their little kids, like the boys. Like everyone. You have to thank your speech. I can't do that. I'm sorry. I did it last time. So I wanna say thank you to everyone. Mariah's gonna be like I second whatever he says. Cause I'm too awkward baby. I'm really gonna be like you can cook for me. But you know everyone here. I know but I'm still shy. Well we're eating right now. So this is our food currently. It's not like a brunch type of deal and Mariah what do you eat? I actually have one of the tacos. It was really good. And then I had biscuits and gravy, bacon and sable. Stay tuned cause Mariah's gonna be doing the speech. No I'm not. It's gonna be awesome. So it is currently the next day. I am exhausted but. You made a beautiful bride to be. Thank you. You made a handsome groom to be. You shouldn't have. Yeah he's so cute. I did a good job though. Oh we didn't even film the speech but me and Mariah, we did like a little speech. It wasn't like crazy. I stood up, Mariah was next to me and I was just thanking everyone and I also wanna thank everyone on here for watching this video and to tell you guys that like I'm so glad we could bring you along and you be a part of her bridal shower cause you only get one of them usually. And we're so thankful for everyone that came out, supported us and honestly turned out so beautiful. Everything I could ever dream for. And since Meg was like her voice is a little like raspy cause she just got over a sickness, I had to do all the talking and all the games like all the like brides made or bridal games. I think they're bridal games. There was like an age guessing game. Dude we should do the age guessing game on here. So right now we're gonna do a game with y'all. There's 10 photos, I'm gonna pop them up in one second. I want you guys in the comments if you wanna play this game, comment down one through 10 what you think Mariah's age is in each of these pictures right here. So one through 10, you see all these photos, she is a different age and all of them, they could range from when she was born to like 20 something years old. Yeah, so it literally can range from zero to 24. Good luck guessing.  Yes, yes. Next video we are doing the giveaway. We promise you pinky promise. We are not gonna break that promise. I was gonna say we would post it on Wednesday. Oh yeah, we did. Oh so we didn't even break our promise, yeah. I just, I wanna give the giveaway out. We did pick two of the winners. So there is one more winner left that we have to pick. To be entered in the giveaway, you have to be subscribed to our YouTube channel. Make sure to stay tuned and turn all notifications on. Check out my bridal shower photos. And then follow us on Instagram. She did just post some cute bridal shower photos. But we are gonna be looking for the last winner. We cannot wait to send them out once we get back to Florida because we are in Chicago right now. Was your bridal shower like everything that you like jumped of? Yes, it was everything. So many people came and so many. Why did you just take my phone out? Because I'm gonna download our shows before we forget. Oh my God, she's already thinking of Netflix. We're flying home in literally the next couple hours. It was a great, the best bridal shower I could ever ask for. I love you. You deserve the world. I'm glad that I could be there with you to do it. She's also like super happy. Because you're good with my speeches. I'm not good at public speaking at all. You are good. You are good. Everyone was like loving you and looking at you though. It was fun. But thank you all so much for watching this video. If you wanna play that game, we're gonna be looking at winners in the comments. We'll shout some of you guys out in the next video. But we will see you guys in the next video. But until then, peace, love you guys.


Let me take this opportunity one to and allow me to use three hearts Have about five hearts That I would have wish to be present in this forum But let me just use three of them One I want to apologize For not being able or in a position to come and do a presentation Or now I think on 28th was to do a presentation on sharing experiences for measuring and enhancing effective adaptation in Kenya Where I could have been able to share with you quite a number of things Particularly practical things that are the communities our communities have been able to achieve in their own small way In particular at that junction I Had done a presentation Which probably later I can be able to share with you So that it can be shared to everybody and see what is that that I wanted to share with you the practical aspect From the community level so at that point That's the one of the heart and I wanted also at that particular level to share with you as As one of the implementers for a number of years more than 15 years Implementing community based national resources based programs and most of them Is that quite a number of the organizations that I was able to work with and I'm happy and appreciate That they are here to be with us starting with the UNDP, GEF, SGP program Which really did quite a lot of programs Community based programs in Mount Kenya Legion and I'm sure that a number of the people who visited that region There is quite a lot of work that was done and that was one of the models that I really Today as part of the government We are trying to scale it up within the region where the communities were able to Realize some of the benefit from the adaptation that they did within the Mount Kenya region Mount Kenya being the world heritage site and I'm sure There is quite a lot we can be able to learn at that point and I'm sure that there was also Other prayers that I was able to work with like hearts Under the Shakirir as Lumari and I'm happy that I can see them being one of the sponsors in this region Before the day that I decide to join To join this position. I was the last time I worked with ACT as their program manager under CRM Implementing that program. I also want to take this opportunity also Particularly I'm referring to this because I keep it was one of the counties that was visited and all these I wanted to share with you during During the visit or over here There are some other programs that we implemented with Caritas here in Of energy saving and other programs that are based to communities and as well as there is a program That I would have loved to take the people who visited that region a program of a small group International small group and international small group and three planting program That is the test where communities are planting trees for carbon credit So there weren't quite a lot of things I would have loved to share with you at that point Allow me also to use the other the other heart that I've been mentioned as the governor of the Iqibia County Iqibia, well I'm in Iqibia I'm the chief servant of the county of the people of Iqibia County But when I go to the council of governance, I become the chair of the I become the governor and therefore I head the that talk it on water environment and national resources and mining where I would want to encourage many of our fellow Kenyans to use that that portfolio Use that committee particularly to be able to get a number of issues being discussed And this is where I want to encourage the youth to engage at that level and we are able because all these programs That you are talking about they still have to be implemented at the county level And this is the high-tech that each and every player the stakeholders we need to appreciate the level of evolution and I'm sure that we appreciate that we'll be able to achieve and realize a greater resource allow me now Now to use the last heart And this is where as the chair of the environment and national resources as well as Sitting on behalf or representing the chair of the council of governance his honorable Issa Pluto Who has been our chair for the last two years and therefore standing here? Representing the council of governance the 47 governors and therefore it is my great honor to be part of this auspicious occasion Representing the council of governance And and to see so many important stakeholders in the natural resources management sector present today It is indeed a privilege to interact with the caliber of individuals present in these who only present a white spectrum in the natural resource management industry ladies and gentlemen Today's activity evidence that has been collected and analyzed so far Suggest that the climate is changing and that human activities are Exhibiting natural changes in the climate and it's advanced impact are possible In the recent years There have been an eclipse in the understanding the negative effects of climate change and the challenge it poses to development consequence adaptation to climate change has become a key subject in international climate change talks climate related hazards like frauds drought electric lanes pest and diseases and health stones are not only new phenomena to our country But they are socioeconomic and by physical effects have increased in intensity and coverage across the kids Across the borders the dreams and inspirations of people in Africa and the world over How in the balance due to the simple reason that climate change knows? No borders our response today We will define our future and this is due to the fact that climate change threatens our very own survivor as a people the environment Human and financial costs of climate change is lap and re becoming unbearable and This was distant threat has moved firmly into the present with extreme weather events That show us exactly what these changes may mean for future generations ladies and gentlemen in Africa and particularly in Kenya Crime change has started having Significant impacts on physical systems and ecological systems And I'm sure the days that we have been here We have experienced what is happening in narrow and this that is just an example of what is yet to happen in this country This has been due to extreme weather events such as ground and France shifting patterns of precipitation Increased the currents of the extreme events and shaped ecosystems that would be a catastrophic For example those associated with the expansion of ladies of pathogens diseases and pests that affect human and human populations With the societies that are actively participate in the source Dependent economic activities and these are the communities such as farming and fishing in Kenya and larger Africa Crime and change has increased the finarability especially of those or leading marginalized Inevitably it is the marginalized who suffer the impact of changing environmental conditions sadly Crime change will also affect a wide array of systems that include but not limited to human health coastal systems and low-lying areas fresh water resource Just to name a few ladies and gentlemen There has been a tendency to deal with the current or near-term climate impact in a just in time fashion this can No longer be the case. There is urgent need for proactive adaptation To change is already with us which require Fartling climate change into these decisions that affect the long-term stability of systems to the impact of climate change in particular at this juncture This is the time that our donors are financial institutions We need to consider when we are implementing or financing the community Adaptation programs we need now to go build the three years the two years period of our programs because Climate change programs or the natural resources based programs need more of the time to realize the results adaptation is an enormous task that requires the Continued and sustained efforts of different actors within and also build the state Managing national resources systems with the added stresses associated with the climate change post-asharic the default units Offer a better chance for talking the problem of climate change The problems brought about by climate change may be community-based specific all affect a specific geographical legal within certain counties hence Interventions would be county specific or community specific Through this approach the stakeholders at the county level can be fully engaged in formulating adaptation strategies as a means of building a constituency for the resource Management problem and adaptation. I believe that such kind of approach Looking at the problems and possible interventions with local perspective perspective would offer Better pathways for vulnerable communities to engage in developing response strategies for adaptation and ensure that there is room for change in those strategies ladies and gentlemen Social acceptance of any response strategy to environmental change of any form is critical Ways of adapting to climate change need to be in harmony with the existing cultural structures institutions and society norms Response strategies themselves need to be flexible enough to be able to adjust on going environmental and social change Management approaches need to be interactive flexible and Inclusive they must also take it to account the technological institutional and management options that are available to individuals and communities for example When key vulnerable groups are excluded in urban planning process poor poor households are forced to live in Liskia areas in urban settlements making them more vulnerable to these such as flooding and it's happening in this country These groups are frequently ignored when infrastructures are being designed to alleviate such funeralities additionally marginalized groups within societies including older people and women are Often excluded from decision-making structures when planning is not collaborative this Sustainability of such plans to enhance adaptation to climate change and the execution come into question in agriculture for example new technologies associated with the genetic Convocation of clubs are often ill from for the potential to cope with climate stresses and Consequently as an adaptation to climate change however There is there are social and environmental movements that express the public mistrust and And this is this about genetically modified crops and for this reason These technologies cannot automatically be assumed to be potential adaptation strategies for drug resistance or food security at the county level as regards to adaptive and community-based resource management Beauty recipients into both human and ecological systems would be an effective way to cope with environmental change societies and communities dependent on natural resources Need to enhance their capacity to adapt to the impact of future climate change Particularly when such impacts could lie outside their experienced coping range social learning specifically in relation to the cause and effects of communities actions and acceptance of strategies that beauty social and ecological serious would go a long way in helping the communities ladies and gentlemen Devolution as many of you are aware has brought down position-making functions to the grassroots Which would enable us to look at problems with a local perception perspective such as community-based management approach would enhance adaptive capacity of by building networks that are important for coping with extreme events and by obtaining the receivers of their opinion resources and ecological systems Well, as we direct our efforts to enhance adaptation to climate change There is need to understand how well we are adapting to the changing climate and preparing for the future We need also to understand the influence of adaptation programs and having to the communities and target systems Where these adaptations are cause consciously planned activities whether by public agencies or individuals There is an interest in accessing the performance or relative merits of alternative measures and strategies estimates of likely future adaptations are an essential element of climate change impact and funerability assessment the degree to which a future climate change is dangerous depends Greatly on the likelihood and effectiveness of current adaptations in that system I would like to finish By saying that some degree of climate change is already inevitable Climate changes are happening now and are projected to increase in both frequency and severity before the benefits of interventions will be realized on behalf of the Council of Governors and a chair of the natural resources committee I would like to applaud you for your attendance and participation at this memorable conference on climate change and adaptation We thank you for calling me this opportunity to address you and I wish you all well in all your endeavors and I wish you a pleasant stay in Kenya And I want to welcome everyone back in this country Kenya and as my colleague Fatuma has mentioned Kenya is safe Kenya is safe and I'm sure that people who came to Iqipia and other leaders that you have managed to visit I'm sure you can attest to it that Kenya is safe Samaritan is medium Leading is to present Kenyans And I want to say at this time that Kenya is safe and we want to welcome you back Come and visit the counties come and visit and enjoy our nation Kenya is where you can even be able to see a bear in this continent Kenya is where you can be able to witness the fight the big five at a grant within two hours Kenya is safe and Therefore, I want to wish for the ones who are traveling.