A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a ha-ha-yo silver! The lone ranger! With his faithful Indian companion total, the daring and resourceful mast rider of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. No where in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver. The lone ranger lives again! When the dreaded chief Black Hawk fled from an Indian reservation, he took with him nearly a hundred apaches. A mission educated Indian named White Crow helped to plan the flight. White Crow rode beside the chief, and as Black Hawk signaled a halt, White Crow leaned forward on his spotted pony and said, Hey, come back! And us in Gordon's Valley, is right the first white man who might report a march to Black Hawk. All white men in the path of Black Hawk die.  Then if White Man runs from house to escape flames, we shoot him. Good! You'll give command to Black Hawk. Malaga! The Indians rode into the valley to surround the log house. Then taking cover behind rocks and trees, they shot fire arrows at the building. Soon it was a mass of flames. The renegades watched for the occupants to show themselves. When no one appeared, White Crow murmured, The fire do work well. We watch to make sure. The walls of the ranch house collapsed. Black Hawk was satisfied that no one inside the building could survive. The Apaches muttered and rode away from the valley. Early the next morning, the Long Ranger and Tuttle rode into Gordon's Valley. As they dismounted beside the ranch house ruins, the mask man said, Look at the tracks, Tuttle. Them tracks, Indian ponies. Yes, Black Hawk and his men set fire to that ranch house. He want make sure no one lived to tell soldier where to find them. Well, there's nothing we can do here.  Yes, Tuttle, but first we're going, look. He must be, look. Horse wagon come this way. And a girl in that buck board. Then see us. Follow him shotgun.  They burned the ranch house. Really? They burned me? Hello, hello, hello, hello. Mr.  Is this your land? Yes, and that was our house. You dirty, pack-trailing polecat. You must be Chris Gordon. That's my name. And I aim to make sure you and that red skin don't live to burn down any more ranch houses. Tom and I didn't burn your house, Gordon. We're trailing the renegades who did. Lion won't save your hides. Look at the tracks, man. Dad, he's right. Those are roof prints of Indian ponies. That's right, Miss Gordon. Black Hawk and his renegades were here. Black Hawk? I thought that engine was on a reservation. He jumped the reservation. And he has nearly a hundred of patches with him. You and your daughter were fortunate you weren't here to meet them. We left to go into town several days ago. Dad ordered a few pieces of furniture from the east, so we went to the railroad station to get them. The trip saved your life. Oh, why? Why did they burn the house? They probably thought you were inside. They wanted to silence anyone who might report their line of march. Now, lower that shotgun, Gordon. Sorry I misjudged you, mister. When I saw your mask, I figured you and that engine had robbed us and set fire to the place. My mask doesn't mean I'm an outlaw. Tell me, do you know the commanding officer at Fort Blanchard? I've met the Colonel. Does he know you? No, but I know a scout who works for him. Gordon, I suggest you and your daughter go to the fort. You'll be safe there. Well, we have no choice. We'll have to go to the fort. Do you think Black Hawk is still in this part of the country? Of course he's in this part of the country, Mary. Hasn't had time to get away yet. Soon as the army learns that he's loose, they'll go looking for him. Todd will now ride to the fort with you, Gordon. In case of trouble, our guns will be useful. Thanks, mister. Easy. Come on, sonny. Late that afternoon, the Lone Ranger taught old Chris Gordon and his daughter, Mary, sighted Fort Blanchard. The party grew rain at the edge of a sand of timber. Oh, oh, oh. Although my mask will arouse too much curiosity in the fort, I'll wait for you here. Ah, me's happy. You and Gordon will be able to give Colonel Wilcox all the information we have about Black Hawk. Colonel will probably send troops out to look for that rest in. I hope he does. Oh, uh, give my regards to Johnny Rolf, Toddle. Ah. We see you later, Kimitabi. Adios, mister. And thank you. You're welcome, Miss Mary.  After reporting to Colonel Wilcox, Chris Gordon, Mary and Toddle left the commandant's office. While Chris drove the wagon to the stable, Mary and Toddle waited for him in the parade ground of the fort. Suddenly, Toddle heard a familiar shout. Toddle, what are you doing here? It was Johnny Rolf, a young civilian scout. Toddle introduced Mary and Johnny, then explained the circumstances that brought him to the fort. A mask, grandfay. Give you regards, Johnny. Where is he, Toddle? Well, him not far away. We go join him now. Well, I'd like to see him. Him not stay around here long. We go trail Black Hawk. Yeah, nobody in this part of the country will be safe without a patty on the loose. It was Black Hawk who burned our ranch office. Yeah, you're lucky to be here to tell about it, Miss Mary. Adios, Johnny. It's so long, Tony. Remember me to your mass friend? Uh-huh. Me do it. Mr. Rolf. Uh, please call me Johnny, ma'am. Very well then, Johnny. Do you know the mask man? Well, I don't know his name, ma'am, but I'm mighty proud that I do know him. Why does the law want him? All the law wants of him is help, ma'am. He's not an outlaw. Then why does he know him? I reckon you haven't been in the West long. I've been in school in the East, but I've been in the West long enough to know that when a man wears a mask, he... Ma'am, that mask man's called the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger? He's done more to help bring law to the West than any other man I know. Johnny, I saw a wagon into the fort. I thought they saw an Indian. What about it, Lieutenant? Well, I... Do you mind if I join you? Of course not, Lieutenant. Thank you, Missa. Miss Mary Gordon from Gordon's Valley. Miss Mary, this is Lieutenant Henry Coates. How do you do? Delighted, Miss Mary. I hope you're satisfied, Lieutenant.  Now that you've met her clear-out, I apologize for Johnny's lack of manners, Miss Gordon. The Army seems to think cowboys' scouts are necessary in this part of the country. And it's... Why, you... You're not wrong, Johnny, please. All right, Miss Mary. I'll not hit the dude. I wish you'd try it, cowboy. If and when I do, you'll think you've got caught in the middle of a stampede. If? When? What's the matter, Ralph? Are you afraid? Of you? Oh, listen, you brat. Please don't start an argument. Miss Gordon's right, Ralph. We should settle our differences elsewhere. I'll settle them any time, any place. What's wrong with you two? Nothing to worry about, Miss Gordon. It's just that Johnny holds my West Point Commission against me. Here's a whole lot more than that against you. However, the Army sent me here to do a job, and I propose to do it, in spite of the opposition of civilian scouts. Well, fat lot of good, your kind of soldier in it here. We need Indian fighters, not parade ground dudes. Ralph, if you were in uniform... If I were, you'd throw your rank around. Is it as I'm not... Johnny, Ralph! Yeah, what is it, Sergeant? Colonel Wilcox, what scene is over? All right. Miss Mary, excuse me. Don't worry about me, Johnny. I'll go join my father. I'll walk with you if I may, Miss Mary. Very well, Lieutenant. I'll see you later, Miss Mary. What part of the east are you from, Miss Mary? Huh. When Johnny Ralph entered the commandant's office, Colonel Wilcox looked at him sharply and asked... What's eating you, Johnny? Ah, that West Point... You and Coates have been feuding ever since he arrived. I know, Colonel, but I can't... Johnny, Coates will make a good officer one of these days. Huh. Meantime, you've a job to do. I've just had bad news. Huh? About Black Hawk? Yes. I verified the report Gordon and the Indian named Tato brought him. I telegraphed Fort Fraser and learned that Black Hawk has jumped the reservation. He took about a hundred renegades with him. Where do you figure they hid? Who knows. The Canadian border may be their destination. Yeah, maybe so. They might be planning to join Sittin' Bull. Or they may remain in this part of the country, harassing settlers in plundering towns. They have already secured rifles and ammunition enough to warm themselves. That makes them even more dangerous. I'm sending troop D after them. Good, good. Lieutenant Coates will be in command of the troopers. But Coates is no Indian fighter. That's why you are going with him. Me? Yes. You'll be able to trail Black Hawk. Yeah, but Colonel... I expect you to give Coates the same cooperation you give me. Oh, Colonel... I'm just counting on you, Johnny. All right, Colonel. I'll do my best. Meanwhile, Tunnel joined his masked friend and reported what had happened at the fort. Colonel Wilcox, say him telegraphed Fort Frazier about Black Hawk. They'll notify him that Black Hawk jumped the reservation. And then he sent troopers after Apache. Is Johnny Ross still scouting for Colonel Wilcox? Ah, me see him at fort. Him ask me say hello to you. Ah, he's a good man. While I waited for you, I did some scouting, Tunnel. Ah, what you learned? I picked up Black Hawk's trail east of here. Then troopers have no trouble finding Apache tracks. Yes, but those tracks may lead to a trap. What do you mean? The Apaches will scout their back trail as well as the country ahead. If they sight the troopers, they may plan an ambush. Ah, and what we do? We'll follow Black Hawk. He's a terrific scout. He's got easy for life. Come on. Let him up to scout. At sundown that night, the troopers pursuing Black Hawk were deep in medicine hills, riding beside Lieutenant Coates. Johnny Rolf studied the ground sharply. No sign of the Apaches yet, Rolf? Yeah, they're the tracks of their ponies. I don't see any tracks. There's lots of signs for anyone used to reading them. We're on the right trail, Lieutenant. Good. We'll make camp for the night and continue the pursuit in the morning. I wouldn't advise campin' in these hills. Your advice is welcome, but I'm in command here. But you don't know Apaches. I know we're heading for a fight. The men rest tonight. They'll be fresh in the morning. That might be what the book says, Lieutenant, but engines can't read. That's enough, Rolf. Sergeant Murphy. That's it. We'll camp near the creek ahead. That's it. After dark that night, Johnny Rolf lay in his blanket, staring sleeplessly at the clouds drifting across the face of the moon. He was restless and uneasy. No scout could sleep in hostile country, wondering when and how soon an enemy, as furtive as the Apaches, might strike. Finally, he tossed his blanket aside and moved away from the sleeping soldiers. As he strode to the place where his horse was tethered, he checked his guns carefully. Then he saddled his big gray and got at the animal away from the camp. Come on. The curtain falls on the first act of our lone ranger adventure. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue. Johnny was making his way cautiously uphill when he heard hoof beats behind him. He brought his horse to a halt and waited until the rider came into view. As soon as he saw the horseman, he exclaimed, Lieutenant Colts. What's the idea, Lieutenant? I saw you leave camp. What about it? Where are you going? To look for Apaches. I'm your dog going lucky I didn't mistake you for one. If those savages were camp nearby, we'd know. If you were sure that you'd be back in camp, and so would I. All right, Johnny. I admit I'm uneasy. Let's look around. Our horse is trained to move quietly. You'd better do as much as possible to guide yours over ground little muffless hoof beats. All right, come on.  Meanwhile, the lone ranger and Toto were also scouting the hills. They had found the Apache camp and were on their way to report to the troopers when suddenly, You stop it. Look! Toto pointed to Johnny and the lieutenant a short distance away. The mask man was looking at two Apaches who were watching the two riders so intently that they failed to notice him and Toto. Toto, those Apaches have seen Johnny roll from the man with him. Easy. Setting up. What we do? Easy. Keep up behind the Indians and take them by surprise. As silently as shadows, the mask man and Toto crept toward the Apaches. The braves were reaching for their bows when the lone ranger leaped at one and shot it. Toto! He surprised the Apaches' world with his own attack. They were too late to act. The lone ranger's arm gripped one of the wardiers around the throat. Toto closed with the other. As Johnny and the lieutenant blew their horses to a halt, the young officer drew his gun. The lone ranger's voice was sharp as he commanded. Fire that gun and you'll never live to see another sunrise. He's right, Lieutenant. Most of your hard work. Use your fists. No need for fists now. I'm conscious. What's going on here? The Indians were about to fire a couple of arrows at you. Oh, thanks, mister. This is the second time you saved my hide. Are the rest of the Apaches camp nearby? Yes. They're about a mile from here in a well-guarded valley. So that's why you warned me against gunplay. The sound of a gunshot would be heard in their camp. Johnny, will you help Toto tie these two braves? Sure thing, mister. I'll give you a hand there, Toto. What's the meaning of this, Johnny? Do you know this masked outlaw? I'm not an outlaw. Even if I were, this is no time to argue with a man on your side in this fight. But mister, meet Lieutenant Henry Colts. He's in command of the troopers. In that case, Lieutenant, you'll be interested in what Toto and I learned. The Apaches camp is one that may be easily surrounded. You said it was well-guarded. It is, but the guards can be silenced. Hey, I said, you scheme. Once the Redskins are surrounded, they'll have to surrender. They'll put up a fight, but the troopers will be able to stop their escape. The men aren't moving until I see where the Apaches are camped. But, Lieutenant, you can't... This masked man may lead us into a trap. Your local Lieutenant, he saved our lives. He's masked. Of course he's masked. He's the lone ranger. I never heard of the lone ranger. I never heard of him. Why, you... Teddy, Johnny, steady. I'll take the Lieutenant to a place where he'll be able to see the Apaches for himself. I intend to see them before I give my men a command to march. Those are all the local junkheads I ever met. Pato, will you stay here and guard the prisoners? Uh-huh. You watch them, Kim. Good. All right, we'll head for the Apaches camp. Easy, steady, boy. Yeah, yeah, yeah. As they modded and rode away, the lone ranger, Johnny and Lieutenant Coates, didn't know that two other Apache scouts had been watching them. They had been there while their comrades were tied and gagged. And after holding a whispered conference, they moved forward with extreme caution.  In a few minutes, the captives were free. They explained what happened. Masked man, soldier, one of the fellow on way to Apache camp, then army come to attack. Where are army camp? Me not know. Maybe this Indian have answered. What is his name? Me here, Masked man, call him Tonto. We take Tonto to Blackhawk, Red Bear, Mother, go after three white men, after them, then bring him to village. Uh-huh. A short time later, the lone ranger sign the halt on the side of a thickly wooded slope. Who's the boy? We'd better leave the horses here. We'll go uphill on foot. Where's that trail below us lead? Looks to me like it leads right straight to the gap ahead. Yes, it does, Johnny. The other gap is Blackhawk's camp. You'll be able to see it from the top of this hill. So he's camped in a valley, huh? The valley's wall was solid rock. There's water there and good grazing for the Indian ponies. If I lary it with me, I might need it. The gouts may be stationed at the top of the slope. I'm here on. You'll have to move cautiously. Lead the way. The three men were nearing the crest of the hill when they heard hoof beats on the trail below. What the? They turned and saw two Indians approaching along the mool trail. Tonto was with them. He's been captured. His hands and feet are free. Maybe he can make a break. Johnny, look out! As Lieutenant Colt shoved a war in Johnny's world just in time to escape the knife of an Apache warrior who had been following them, Johnny grabbed the Indian as the other appeared. Here comes the other one. I'll give you a hand. We'll deal with these two. Well, I'll go help Tonto. Several hard blows stopped the two Indians. They dropped their weapons and raced downhill to escape the fight. The poor cats are getting away. Let them go. Without weapons, they'll not make any more trouble. Meanwhile, the lone ranger hurried toward a place that overlooked the narrow trail leading to Black Hawk's camp. The gap was walled by rock. As the mask man stood on the ledge, he realized that gunfire would alert the renegades in the valley. He still held his lariat. He uncoiled it, and as the Indians reached a spot on the trail directly beneath him, he dropped a wide loop. It caught the two Apaches pulling them off their ponies. As they spilled to the ground, Tonto seized the chance to escape. He wheeled Scout sharply and raced away. By the time the Apaches freed themselves from the rope, Tonto was out of sight, and the lone ranger was nowhere to be seen on the ledge above. We go left to fellow of the rope. It's better we go warn Black Hawk about enemies near camp. Keeping to the shadow of the trees, Tonto guided Scout uphill. A few minutes later, he joined the lone ranger, Johnny and the Lieutenant, at the top of the slope. We know your plan to bring Johnny and Lieutenant here. We know you see Apaches right along the trail below. You wouldn't have had a chance of getting out of Black Hawk's camp alive, Tonto. We know that. Me, sorry, prisoners escape. But two other Scouts, come look for them. I understand, Tonto. No. Then, Father, go to camp. Sound alarm. Take a look at the camp. You can see it from here. They've already sounded an alarm. There goes our chance to surround and capture those Redskins. They're heading for their ponies. Sure. They'll clear out of that valley. Mister, you've scouted this country thoroughly. What's at the other end of that valley? A blank canyon, Lieutenant. Then the only way out of the valley is through the gap below us. Right. Well, what's to stop us from keeping them in there? There's nearly a hundred renegades in that valley. Tonto and I'll do our best to hold them there while you and the Lieutenant go for the troopers, Johnny. Oh, now, hold on. Just a minute. I didn't ask you to take the risk, Mister. I offered to take it, Lieutenant. And we'll all stay here. My men will hear the gunfire and come here to investigate. They'll get here faster if they know where to come. Yes, buddy. There's no time for argument, Lieutenant. Johnny, you go for the troopers. No, no, you don't. Not a civilian, not a soldier, Lieutenant. You can't order me out of here. You're the one to lead the troopers. He's right, Lieutenant. Very well. I'll return as quickly as possible. What about you, Johnny? I'm staying with you, Mister. I know we're outnumbered, but don't go not. We'll put up a fight. Now let's give those redskins a taste of lead. Right. At first, the surprise, the patches returned to fire. Then they retreated to the far end of the valley to consider the situation. In the moonlight, the lone ranger, Johnny and Tonto, could see Black Hawk giving orders. They're out of revolver range, and I don't have my rifle. Black Hawk. Point this way. He's probably giving orders to rush the gap. I think you're right, Mister. Black Hawk knows we'll be able to drop a few of his men, but he likewise knows we can't stop them all. The patchy, stock-charged killer- Oh, I'd sure welcome the sight of that West Point Lieutenant right now. Here they come. Listen to them yell. They're heading for the gap. Yeah, and they're shooting as they come. They're in shooting range again. Open fire. All three of the men on the slope triggered their guns, but each one knew it would be impossible to halt the frenzied charge of the Apaches. The hard-riding warriors were approaching the valley entrance. When an army bugle sounded, It's the army. And look who's leading the soldiers. Lieutenant Cotes. Look at him travel. Soldiers reach entrance to the valley. Those redskins are trapped. The fighting was hand-to-hand. Two painted graves rushed toward Lieutenant Cotes, but Johnny saw them and fired. I got him. Tonto and the lone ranger were also covering the troopers. The combination of the soldiers in the valley and the devastating fire from the slope was too much for the Apaches. Those who had not been wounded surrendered. Daylight was breaking when the troopers were ready to start the return trip to Fort Blanchard with the Apaches in custody. Lieutenant Cotes turned to the lone ranger. Mister, you're welcome to return to the fort with us. Thanks, Lieutenant, but Tonto and I are heading south. I'm glad your mission is accomplished. Well, you might have accomplished it with less difficulty if I'd listened to you in the first place. I'm sorry I doubted you when you told me you found Blackhawk's camp. Well, that's all right, Lieutenant. The army's indebted to you for the help you gave us. I'm glad we were able to help you. Adios, Johnny. So long, mister, and thanks. You're welcome. Easy, silly big foot. Come on, Tonto. Be really, keep it coming. Johnny, I also owe you an apology. For what? For refusing to believe you when you said that man was not an outlaw. Forget it. You'll have a mighty fine report to make when we get back to the fort.  Thanks, Johnny. That's a big compliment. Coming from a friend of the lone ranger. This is a feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated. Created by George W. Trenville. Produced by Trenville Campbell Muir Incorporated. Directed by Charles D. Livingston. And edited by Fran Stryker. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by...


While I was training in medical school, I was doing an elective and fell in love with the field of physical medicine rehabilitation. I came out to JFK Johnson. I saw the amazing culture that was here and decided to train here at JFK Johnson. I'm Dr. Sara Cucarulo, better known as Dr. C. I'm the chairman, professor and medical director of the JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute. I'd like to talk to you about JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute and tell you why I think that it's so special. We're very fortunate that we have specialists within our facility right here that are specialists within all the different fields. While you're here as a resident, you are taught by these amazing physicians who specialize in the field of PM&R and you have a one-to-one attending resident ratio. Having that one-to-one exposure really allows us to get to know that resident, teach them in the most holistic way we can and so much so that by that time they graduate, they really are our colleagues. And when we look at JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, you are always going to find top specialists in the field located right here. While I was here as a resident, we started to develop the resident curriculum. I was then hired as an attending. While I was in attending, I was asked to start the PM&R or physical medicine and rehabilitation board review course. I started that in the early 90s. While I was doing that course, I developed a full set of notes. In 1998, the year that I became the residency program director, I was approached by demos publishing to publish those notes. You'll go all over the country. You'll see people using Dr. Cucarula's red book, the board review book, and that was literally created here. So the attendings who are writing those chapters are the same ones that we're rotating with that are lecturing us. So you really are working with leaders in the field. Our curriculum is based on 12-month blocks, which means by the time you get here as a PTY2 and by the time you graduate, you'll have covered the material three times. Our rotation blocks are also three-month blocks, and so being with the attending one-on-one, you kind of really drill down the material. And really by the time you leave here, you're just incredibly well prepared. I think that's really well reflected in our 100% board pass rate. After three years, you have a full clinical competency portfolio, and our goal is to make you competent in every area and in every procedure that you do here in PM&R. So this goes for EMGs as well. You're assessed on all the procedures that you do within each of the different areas.  I got to work closely with all the attendings, the faculty, the rest of the staff, and I really learned so much in a breath of PM&R. Another very special thing about our program is the research that we do here. We are a TBI or traumatic brain injury model system site, which is one of only 16 sites that are selected in the country. It's a NIDLA grant that's $2.1 million that we work to do research in the field of traumatic brain injury. We also do really very exciting research on stroke. It's called the Stroke Recovery Program, where we do cardiovascular conditioning for stroke patients. And it's a comprehensive program for stroke patients that we do only here at the JFK Johnson Rehab Institute. But the great thing is our residents work with our attendings. They execute these research projects, and as a result, any projects that they do, either with the attending or projects that they come up with on their own, we encourage them to present them nationally, and when they go nationally and present, we completely fund them for their presentations. In terms of the wellness event, we're going to have JFK. We actually go above and beyond. So the last couple of years, we've done top golf, we've done rock climbing, we've done paint night. Just really a variety of activities that really kind of help further build the culture here. One of the best things about our program is our amazing residents. I've been a program director since 1998, and the thing I'm most proud of is the caliber and the quality of the residents we graduate here at JFK Johnson. I chose JFK Johnson ultimately because of how well this program sets up their residents for success. The close relationships we developed with the staff and the faculty, the small size of the program allowed you to really have an intimate interaction with the attendings, and of course the patients and the population we treat. From day one coming in as a resident through fellowship and beyond, I always felt like my co-residents, the administration, the leadership always had my back, and I was always going to progress and learn and get so much from the environment here. So I chose JFK Johnson because of three major reasons. The first was the strong culture of teamwork and support amongst the residents and also the attendings. The second major reason was because of the attendings that we work with, and the third was because of the location. Being close to these major cities is really nice as well. In addition to the wonderful Jersey Shore and the wonderful mountains that we have here for hiking, so it's got a little bit of everything in my opinion. The JFK Johnson residency program has a five-star rating on Doximity, which is the highest rating, and Doximity is the leading platform for U.S. physicians who vote for residency programs. You are coming into rehab at a very exciting time, and we look forward to seeing you on our campus.


A very good evening as friends, I welcome you all to the Hindu Daily News Analysis brought to you by Shankar Ayes Academy. A kind request to you all, those who haven't yet, subscribe to our YouTube channel, do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular notifications about our current affairs videos. Also, don't forget to like and comment on the video. Now, before getting into the discussion, I have an important announcement to you. The announcement is regarding Prillim stage series. Page 2 of Shankar's Prillim stage series is about to begin on 15th October and the first test will be conducted on 22nd October. A total of 48 tests including mark tests and C-SAT will be provided in the stage series and the test will be conducted in both online and offline mode. So, go and register for the stage series and boost your Prillim score. Now, with this happy announcement, let us get into news analysis. Today, I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu newspaper dated 5th October 2023. This playlist here is a list of news articles that we will be discussing today. Now, let us get into our first news article discussion. Look at this news article. The news is that the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists namely Alexi Ekimov, Luis Bras and Moungi Bhavendi. They have been awarded Nobel Prize for their research on quantum dots. This is all about the news. In this discussion, we will understand some points about quantum dots, its properties and applications. First of all, what are quantum dots? Quantum dots are nothing but nano-sized crystals. They are made from semiconductor materials like cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, lead sulfide and so on. See the quantum dots exhibit unique optical and electronic properties. The quantum dots have the ability to transport electrons between the quantum dots. Apart from this, the quantum dots can also absorb and emit light in different colors depending on their size. Okay, now I will explain to you in simple terms. Let us imagine quantum dots as something tiny particles. Here the tiny particles are extremely so small which means that we cannot able to see them with our eyes and it can be seen through some specialized devices like microscope. See when we shine light on quantum dots that is on the tiny particles, they start to glow in different colors depending on their size. They glow just like little light bulbs. But what is more interesting is that we can control the color by changing the size of quantum dots. After that the smaller quantum dots emit blue light and the bigger dots emit red light. So basically the size of quantum dots determines the color of light emitted by them. See this light emitting property of quantum dots are used by scientists in many areas. Okay, now we will see various applications of quantum dots. Firstly, quantum dots are used to make advanced displays. The quantum dots are used in high quality displays like LED TVs and laptops. The quantum dots enhance the quality of the display by providing highly accurate and vibrant colors. See if the quantum dots are used in the displays then such display is called QLED display. Okay. Secondly, quantum dots are used in biomedical imaging. Quantum dots are used in medical imaging for creating better images of tissues and cells. So they help to detect diseases and to monitor the treatment more effectively. Thirdly, quantum dots are used in targeted drug delivery. The quantum dots can be employed in drug delivery systems to precisely target specific cells or tissues in the body. Okay. Fourthly, the quantum dots are used in LED lighting. The quantum dots are used to produce high quality and energy efficient LED lights. See when we use quantum dots in LED lights they can generate more colors with less energy. Okay. Fifthly, the quantum dots are used in solar cells. See the quantum dots can be tuned to absorb specific wavelengths of light effectively. So when we use quantum dots in solar cells we can capture a broader range of sunlight. So quantum dots improve the energy efficiency of solar cells. Lastly, quantum dots are used in quantum computing. See quantum dots play an important role in the functioning of quantum computers. As I already said, the quantum dots have the ability to transport electrons between the quantum dots. So in a quantum computer, the quantum dots can trap and manipulate electrons in an efficient manner. This in turn makes quantum computer a faster and efficient one. Okay. This is all about the applications of quantum dots. So to sum it up, the quantum dots are nanocrystalline particles that have unique electronic and light emitting properties. These properties of quantum dots are used in parity of fields. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about what are quantum dots, then about the properties of quantum dots, and finally we saw some points about the applications of quantum dots. See this topic is very much important for your both problems and means. So raise all the facts that we discussed. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this front page article. The news article reports that at least seven people were died in Sikkim due to a sudden flood caused by a glacier lake burst. According to the National Disaster Management Authority, the South Lonok Lake in Northern Sikkim have burst due to an avalanche from the ice-capped feature. Only half of the lake was drained out and it caused floods in the Thista River basin. The floods also destroyed the Sikkim's Changtang Dam. Okay. This is the crux of the news article. Now in this discussion, let us learn some points about glacial lake outburst flood, their causes and some mitigation measures. Now let us start with glacial lake. See the glacial lakes are the lakes that are formed due to the steadily melting ice at very top of glaciers. This glacial lake is contained and regulated by the dams to ensure the steady flow of melted water. However, in the event of a sudden melting or faster melting of glacier in such lakes, the steady release of melted water suddenly increases. Apart from this, the breaking and falling of huge glaciers into the lake also increases the water over the lake. These factors make glacier lakes very unstable. And this results in sudden release of enormous quantities of water, debris and sediment into downstream areas. And this leads to catastrophic flooding. Okay. This event is what termed as glacial lake outburst flood. In simple terms, glacial lake outburst flood refers to the rapid drainage of water from a glacial lake due to some natural trigger like avalanches, breaking of glaciers or unusual melting of glaciers. Okay. I hope you understood about glacial lake outburst flood. Now what are all the causes of glacial lake outburst flood? Firstly, the extreme weather events like excessive rainfall, rapid snow melting due to heat waves and other disaster natural events like earthquakes can cause glacial lake outburst flood. Secondly, the rapid slope movement of glaciers can also lead to glacial lake outburst floods. Okay. Thirdly, lack of dams in the glacial lakes to regulate the flow of water can also lead to glacial lake outburst floods. Okay. These are some of the natural reasons. And some of the anthropogenic causes like global warming due to carbon emissions and the climate change will also increase the frequency of glacial lake outburst floods. Okay. Now finally, let us see about the mitigation of glacial lake outburst floods. See the National Disaster Management Authority has issued some guidelines which can be followed to reduce the impacts of glacial lake outburst floods. Firstly, the introduction of yearly warning systems and implementation of advanced monitoring systems in vulnerable areas to detect glacial lake outburst floods can help to avoid the loss of lives. This is because these systems can provide timely warnings to downstream communities. Secondly, developing hazard maps and land use regulations also help to mitigate glacial lake outburst floods. These types of regulations ensures that the vulnerable areas near glacial lakes are not densely populated or it is not used for critical infrastructure. So this helps in the mitigation of glacial lake outburst floods. Thirdly, construction of buildings and infrastructures that can withstand glacial lake outburst floods can be one of the solutions to tackle flood. This may include elevated homes, flood resistant bridges and protective dams. And finally, establishing clear evacuation routes and conducting regular drills can also ensure that the communities are prepared to respond quickly when a glacial lake outburst floods warning is issued. These are all some of the NDMA guidelines that can be followed to mitigate the impacts of glacial lake outburst floods. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this editorial article. This article talks about climate change. Here, the author of the editorial mentioned the term climate polycrisis. This term was made popular by a historian Adam Toose. This term literally means that the climate change is interconnected and compounded one. Yet the word interconnected means the climate changes not only affecting few sectors like agriculture and food production, but also affecting various domains like urban governance, monetary policy, political coups, etc.   He also suggested some measures to tackle climate change. So in this discussion, we will understand these points in detail. As usual, we will approach this topic with mains answer writing come interactive approach. Now before getting into discussion, let us look into the syllabus. In prylums, this topic comes under general issues on environmental ecology, biodiversity and climate change. And in mains, this topic comes under GS paper 3 under the topic of conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. This is all about the syllabus. Now first we look at the question. The question is, the climate change is a polycrisis that is affecting various sectors and domains. In the light of the above statement, analyze the effects of climate change on various sectors and list out the solutions to tackle climate change in an efficient manner. See in this question, the key word is analyze. In this type of question, we have to break an issue into various parts and we have to explain how the issues related to one another. Okay. Coming to the question, the statement in the question says that the climate change is a polycrisis affecting various sectors and domains. So in the introduction part, we have to write some basic points about climate change. Then the main body of the answer can be split into two parts. In the first part, we have to write some points regarding the impacts of climate change on various sectors. And in the second part, we need to write some suggestions. And finally in the conclusion part, we have to suggest a good way forward. Okay. This is how we have to approach the question. Now let us start with introduction. See here the question is about climate change. So in the introduction, we can write a classic definition of climate change. Here the definition is the climate change refers to a long term change in the temperatures and weather patterns of the world. The climate change occurs due to both natural and manmade activities. The natural causes include changes in the sun's activity, large volcanic eruptions and so on. The manmade causes include high carbon emissions, deforestation and so on. Despite climate changes caused due to both natural and manmade activities, the manmade or anthropogenic activities are the main driver of climate change. Okay. And the climate change is a polycrisis as it is affecting various sectors and domains. Here the impacts of climate change on these sectors varies from physical, social, economic and political challenges. Okay. So this can be an introduction for this question. Otherwise, you will start your intro by quoting some data from significant reports. For example, let us see the data from World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report, 2023. The 2023 Global Risks Report states that failure to mitigate climate change and failure of climate change adoption are the two most severe risks of the world in the next decade. These failures may lead to natural disasters and extreme weather events and biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse. So we have to act quickly to mitigate the climate change-inducing disasters. Okay. So you can also write an intro like this. Now coming to the body of the answer, see in the first part we should write the impacts of climate change across various domains. Now we will understand the impacts.  See according to the World Health Organization report, climate change affects the social and environmental determinants of health like clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter, etc. Apart from this, the WHO data shows that between 2030 and 2050 the climate changes expected to cause approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year due to malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat stress. From these data of World Health Organization, we can observe that the climate change will have a serious impact on human health. In addition to this, the climate change will also increase the risk of health infection, then increase the spread of zoonotic diseases, etc. Overall the climate change will pose a huge risk to the global health architecture, particularly for developing countries like India. Okay. This is the first impact.  As we all know, the agriculture sector employs a significant portion of India's population that is almost 50% of Indian population are engaged in agriculture. See these people are particularly vulnerable to climate change. For example, climate change-induced extreme events like droughts, floods and pest attacks will hamper the crop yields. This resulting in loss of farmers' income and may lead to farmers' suicide. Apart from this, the climate change-induced irregularities like LNO, change in rainfall patterns, change in sea surface temperatures will also affect the monsoon of India. As India is most relying on rain-fed agricultural model, the irregular monsoon affects the Indian farmers. So, overall climate change will pose a serious threat to agriculture by damaging the crop yields. This in turn affects the food security of the world. Okay. This is the second impact.  See it may look something new, but in the reality, the climate change is increasingly affecting the macroeconomic policies of the countries. See the erratic monsoons, extreme weather events and rising temperatures will disrupt agricultural productivity. This leads to supply-side shocks and increases the demand. This causes inflationary pressures in the country. For example, in 2020, there was a less production of onion due to unseasonal rains. This caused inflation in onion prices. And very recently, in June 2023, the tomato prices went high due to heat waves and cyclone-led crop damages. Okay. This is the third impact.  As we all know, physical infrastructure such as bridges, roads, ports, electrical grids and several communication systems, they often play a vital role in countries' development. But climate change induced weather events like heavy rains, floods, snow or temperature changes can destroy the existing structures and facilities. Okay. So overall, the climate change affects physical infrastructure.  See the climate change increases the factors that leads to poverty. For example, the events like urban floods will damage the slums, destroy homes and livelihoods. So the people migrate to other places for their livelihood. And occurrence of extreme heat waves makes it difficult for the poor people who mostly work in outdoor jobs. Okay. According to UNHCR data over the past decade, that is from 2010 to 2019, weather-related events displaced an estimated 23.1 million people, an average each year. And these people are more vulnerable to poverty. So on one hand, the climate change pushes the people into poverty and on the other hand it leads to migration. Okay.  Now first, let us see the impacts of climate change on children. According to children, climate risk index of UNICEF globally 1 in 7 children are exposed to at least 5 major climate and environmental hazards annually. The index also noted that in 2020 nearly 10 million children were displaced due to extreme weather-related events. So it is clear that the impact of climate change on children is very high. Now talking about the impacts of climate change on women. See the climate change affects women more than the men. This is due to gender disparities in access to food, health care and education. Apart from this, extreme heat due to climate change worsens maternal and neonatal outcomes. Okay. This is all about the impacts of climate change on various sectors. See you can quote all these data and examples in your answer. Okay. Now moving on to see about the solutions to address climate change. Firstly, as mentioned in the article, a national carbon accounting system can be followed to tackle climate change. Here national carbon accounting system means accounting the various carbon emissions in our day-to-day activities. The system will bring the entire nation starting from individuals and households under one carbon accounting framework. This process will account all human and non-human activities in the world under carbon emissions. So by adopting national carbon accounting system, we can internalize carbon reduction goals of the country and the world. Okay. This is the first solution. Secondly, one health approach should be followed to address climate change. See one health approach is a new approach. It recognizes that the health of the people is closely connected to the health of animals and environment. Under this approach, the health of the animals and the environment are maintained in good pace to safeguard the health of the people. This is because if one parameter in this triangle gets affected, it will affect the other two. For example, if the animals are getting affected, the human can also get affected through zoonotic disease and so on. Okay. This is the second solution. That is the one health approach. Thirdly, increased collaboration of the countries is essential for combating climate change. Historically, the developed countries are responsible for huge carbon emissions. But now the burden is shifted towards the developing nations to reduce carbon emissions. This inequality should be addressed and the countries should collaborate with each other to share best practices. Apart from this, the developing countries should fulfill its commitment of 100 billion US dollars a year for the developing countries to fight climate change. Okay. This is the third solution. And finally, some of the steps taken by India like international solar alliance, Climate Change Life, they should be taken as a model program around the world to combat climate change. Okay. These are all some of the solutions to tackle climate change. Okay. Now, if we have completed the body part of final, let us see the conclusion. See, the conclusion can be like the scientific evidence of climate change is clear. So climate change is a reality and we should fight against the climate change impacts of climate change are threat to human being and the health of the planet. So a global action is needed against climate change to ensure a liable future of our next generation. Okay. This can be a balanced conclusion for this question. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, through the main answer writing approach, we understood the impacts of climate change on various sectors and we saw about the solutions to tackle climate change. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. The news is that African swine fever was reported for the first time in Coalicode, Kerala. While there have been previous cases in the Wynard district of Kerala, this is the first case reported from Coalicode. Okay. See, African swine fever is classified as a highly contagious viral disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Okay. This is all about the news. Now, in this discussion, let us understand some points about African swine fever. From a problem's perspective, African swine fever or African swine flu is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars. See, this disease is known for its devastating impact on the pig-forming industry. Apart from this, the disease also has significant economic and food security implications. Okay. The African swine fever infection was first detected in Kenya in 1921. It was detected as a disease that killed domestic pigs. Since then, the African swine fever has been reported in various countries and also in states of India including Kerala and some North Eastern states. Okay. Now, what is the causative agent of African swine fever? The disease is caused by the African swine fever virus. This virus is a unique-enveloped DNA virus and it belongs to the family of Asfar Vairida. Okay.  Note that the symptoms of the infection is seen only in domestic pigs and the closely related European wild boar and some of the wild African pig species such as warthogs, bush pigs, dain forest hogs, they do not develop any symptoms. Okay. So, basically these animals are the natural hosts of African swine fever virus. And note that the disease has fatality rate of about 100%. Now, moving on to see about how this disease is transmitted. See, the transmission of African swine fever can be direct or indirect. The direct transmission is through contact with an infected wild pig. And the indirect transmission is by contact through ingestion of contaminated material such as food waste, feed or garbage, or also through biological vectors such as ticks. Okay. See, the African swine fever virus can also survey on cloths, boots, wheels and other materials. And it also survey in various pork products such as ham, sausages or bacon. So, through these materials, they can be indirectly transmitted. Okay. This is how the African swine fever gets transmitted. Now, we may have a question. Will African swine fever affect humans? See, according to World Health Organization, African swine fever is not a danger to human health. This is because the African swine fever is not a zoonotic disease. This means that the African swine fever does not spread from animals to humans. Okay. Despite it is not affecting the humans, it affects the farming business because the deaths of pigs lead to loss of income for the farmers. Okay. Now, what are the prevention measures? Know that there is currently no vaccine for African swine fever. Some of the prevention measures include bio-security practices on pig farms, yearly reduction of disease and separation of infected animals can help in the prevention of African swine fever transmission. So, precautionary measures and awareness are the only way to prevent African swine fever. Okay. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the African swine fever, then we saw about the symptoms of African swine fever and finally, we saw some points about the transmission and prevention measures of African swine fever. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. The news is that yesterday, the central government has notified the constitution of the National Thermalic Board. It was constituted to meet a long-standing demand by turmeric farmers across the country. See, this decision comes ahead of the assembly election in Telangana. And note that Telangana is the second largest producer of turmeric. Okay. This is all about the news. Now, in this discussion, let us learn some points about turmeric crop and about the turmeric board. Now, let's start with turmeric crop. See, turmeric is an important commercial spice crop grown in India. The scientific name of turmeric is Kurkuma Longa. See, turmeric is a perennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family. Here, herbaceous means that the plant don't have huddy stem. The turmeric is a perennial plant because it can live more than two years through its rhizomes. Okay. An important thing to note here is that turmeric is not a root crop, but it is a stem tuber crop. Okay. Now, we shall see the conditions for the growth of turmeric crop. See, turmeric can be grown in diverse tropical conditions from sea level to 1,500 meter above sea level. The suitable average temperature range is 20 to 35 degrees Celsius with an annual rainfall of 1,500 millimeter or more. It can be cultivated under rain-fed or irrigated conditions. Though it can grow on different types of soils, well-drained, sandy or clay-loam soils are best suited for turmeric production. Okay. Now, moving on to say about the uses of turmeric. See, turmeric is used in diversified forms as flavoring and coloring agent in India. Turmeric has excellent healing properties. See, according to medicinal experts, the healing and protective power of turmeric comes from two component molecules present in the turmeric. One is kurkumine and the other is piperine. Both these molecules give healing and protective power to turmeric. See, kurkumine, the active molecule in turmeric has powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. So, it can be used to treat arthritis and joint inflammation. Okay. Now, coming to the production of turmeric, note that India is the largest producer of turmeric in the world. Apart from India, turmeric is also cultivated in other countries of South Asia and Southeast Asia. In India, Maharashtra is the largest producer of turmeric. Then Telangana comes second and followed by Tamil Nadu. Okay. These are all some of the important points about turmeric crop. Now, finally, we will look at turmeric board. See, the turmeric board was primarily created to meet the export target of rupees 8,400 crore. The board will focus on the development and growth of turmeric and turmeric products in the country. Okay. Now, we will look at the chairperson of the board will be appointed by the center. Apart from chairmen, the board will also include members from the Ministry of Ayush, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and so on. Apart from this, the turmeric board will also have representatives from state governments. Okay. See, as of now only these information are available about turmeric board. So, we have to wait for detailed information about turmeric board. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the turmeric crop and we saw some points about the turmeric board. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. Recently, the union cabinet has decided to raise the subsidy of LPG cylinders under the PM Ujwala scheme. The subsidy was raised from rupees 200 to rupees 300 per cylinder. This decision is expected to benefit 9.6 crore families in India. Okay. This is the crux of the article. Now, in this discussion, let us see the PM Ujwala Yojana from Pralim's perspective. The PM Ujwala Yojana was launched in May 2016. It is a flagship scheme of the central government and it is being implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. The scheme was launched with an objective to provide clean cooking fuel to poor households across the country. Okay. Now, let us see the features of the scheme. Under PM Ujwala Yojana, a deposit-free LPG connection is provided to adult women who belongs to below-power-to-line family. See, this particular below-power-to-line family should not have existing LPG connection in the name of any family member of the household. If this condition satisfied, then only the LPG connection is given under PM Ujwala Yojana. Okay. Now, under PM Ujwala Yojana, initially the target was set to provide 8 crore LPG connections under phase one. This was achieved successfully in September 2019. So by keeping phase one as the base and to cover the remaining poor households, PM Ujwala Yojana phase two was launched in August 2021. Under phase two, the government aimed to provide 1 crore additional PM Ujwala Yojana connections and this target was successfully achieved in January 2022. Later, the government increased the target to 60 lakh additional LPG connections under the Ujwala Yojana 2.0. So as of now, more than 9.60 crore LPG connections are given under the PM Ujwala Yojana scheme. Okay. This is all about the features of the scheme. Now let us see the objective of the scheme. Firstly, the scheme aimed at empowering women and protecting the women's health. Secondly, the scheme aimed at reducing the number of deaths in India due to unclean cooking fuel. That is nothing but reducing the number of deaths due to indoor air pollution. And finally, the scheme aimed at preventing young children from acute respiratory illness caused due to indoor air pollution. Okay. This is all about the objectives of the scheme. Now finally, let us see the beneficiaries of the scheme. See the beneficiaries of PM Ujwala Yojana are identified under socio-economic cost census list. Apart from this, other identified categories such as scheduled cost households, scheduled tribe households, most backward class households are also the beneficiaries of PM Ujwala Yojana. Also note that under Ujwala phase 2, the migrant workers from other states are also covered under Ujwala scheme. The phase 2 was aimed to provide maximum benefit to the migrants who live in other states and who find it difficult to submit address proof. As of now, the migrants can give self-declaration to avail the benefit under the PM Ujwala Yojana. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about PM Ujwala Yojana, then about the features and objectives of PM Ujwala Yojana. And finally, we saw some points about the beneficiaries of PM Ujwala Yojana. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next part of the video. Let us discuss preliminary practice questions. As friends, today we are having four questions. I will solve three of them and one will be a quiz question. Look at the first question. This question is regarding African swine flu. Here, three statements are given. We have to find how many of the statements are correct. Look at the first statement. The infection of the African swine flu virus is confined to the African continent. See, the statement is incorrect because initially the infection was confined to African continent. But now the infection has reached multiple countries across Asia, Caribbean, Europe and the Pacific. And it also reached India. So four statement is incorrect. To commit to the second statement, African swine flu virus is the only known DNA arbovirus. See, arboviral disease is a general term used to describe infections caused by a group of virus due to the bite of infected orthoports such as mosquitoes and ticks. Note that the African swine flu virus is the only DNA arbovirus. Except African swine flu virus, all arboviruses are RNA viruses. So second statement is correct. Now commit to the third statement. It affects humans when they come in contact with infected pigs. See this statement is incorrect. As we saw in the discussion, the African swine flu does not affect humans and it is not a zoonotic disease. So third statement is incorrect. In this question, only one statement is correct. So the correct answer for the question is option A, only one. Moving on, let's take up the second question. Here a description of a particular tree or plant is given, we have to identify the description describes which of the given tree or plant. I will read out the description. It is the ancient and sacred spice of India known as Indian saffron. It is an important commercial spice crop grown in India. It is used in diversified farms as a condiment, flowering and colouring agent and as a principal ingredient in Indian culinary as curry powder. It has antiviral activities and hence finds use in the drug industry and cosmetic industry. Which of the following tree or plant is described above? Here the answer is option C, turmeric. Moving on, let's take up the final question. This question is regarding Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana. Here three statements are given, we have to find how many of the statements are correct. After the first statement, it aims to provide deposit-free LPG connection to adult women from poor households. See this statement is correct, it is one of the main objective of Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana. Now coming to the second statement, it is implemented by Ministry of Chemicals and Fetalizers. See this statement is incorrect because the Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. So second statement is incorrect. Now coming to the third statement, there is a government subsidy of up to 6 refills of cylinder per year. See this statement is incorrect because under the Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana, the government provides subsidy for up to 12 refills per year. Here only four statement is correct, so the correct answer for the question is option A, only one. This is a quiz question for you today, I will post this quiz question in a community section, try to answer it. And displayed here is a main question for your practice. Go through the question, write your answer and post it in the comment section. With this, we have come to the end of the video. If you found our video to be useful, do like, comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankarayas Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


Thank you so much for coming out to talk with us today. We're excited to have one of your final interviews for National Archives news Happy to do it. I know all the staff is very eager to hear from you. You know one last hurrah one last time So the National Archives has accomplished a lot over the last 12 years obviously during your tenure What are you most particularly proud of during during your tenure? What really stands out to you? A number of things, but I would point to the attention that electronic records has gotten from the White House and the Hill. The President's executive order on managing government records is the first time that the White House has gotten involved in record keeping since the Truman administration. So we were fortunate that President Obama in his open government initiative recognized the importance of good record keeping for open government and transparency and in fact he used a quote from us in his executive order that the backbone of open government is good records management and we were just you know dancing in the streets when we got that attention, but that has you know kind of set the tone for the shift from paper to electronic record keeping which which is underway now. So I point to that. I would point to the work that we've been doing around the citizen archivist this on his first day in office President Obama challenged his senior administration with comments about the government doesn't have all the answers and we need to figure out ways that we can involve the American public in helping us do our work and I took that very seriously and started thinking about so how can we engage the American public in helping us and that resulted in the citizen archivist program where we're having people transcribe records. We've got people all over the world who are helping us transcribe records, tagging records. We've got 43 million photographs not all of them really describe well people are identifying people in places and in contributing that so those kinds of activities I think are involving the public in our work is another the other thing I would point to in terms of accomplishments. Yeah, that program really took off. I think their newsletter has like 300,000 subscribers now and it's become a model for other institutions. The Library of Congress, the Smithsonian, lots of libraries around the country are providing those kinds of tagging opportunities to involve the public in their work. How have you seen the agency transform during your time? We've focused a lot on culture and the employee viewpoint surveys every year give us some indication of how people feel about working here In our transformation work, we put a stake in the ground about making this the best agency in the government, the best place to work and have worked very hard to ensure that we're doing listening to our staff and figuring out why people are unhappy and what can we do to improve the quality of the work environment and I'm very pleased to say as I'm leaving our scores are higher than the government average We're kind of turned a corner, I hope, on how people feel about doing their work. I know you've spoken a bit about what your what your advice would be for your successor. Do you plan on leaving your successor a letter or any advice you would like to sort of impart on them? I would urge the new archivist to take some time and get to know the organization, get to know the staff. Don't bring a posse. Understand the strengths and weaknesses of the staff, get some sense of our history before making any dramatic, heroic changes in the first six months. This is a wonderful staff with lots of talent and the new archivist needs to appreciate that. You have devoted a lot of time to building the cultural programs here at National Archives and especially working with the foundation. What exhibits in public programs during your time stand out in particular to you? I've always felt a responsibility to researchers who are discovering and rewriting history with the use of our records, a responsibility to give them an opportunity to share what they've learned. So when they write, the first thing I do when a new book is published or advertised when I see a blurb in Publishers Weekly and get my hands on the book is to read acknowledgments to see if we're cited and if we are to invite that individual to come and talk and do a presentation. Not only to talk about what they've learned but to talk about the process of using the National Archives and how valuable the National Archives was as a way of celebrating the National Archives, advertising the National Archives, but most importantly to let the staff know how much their work is appreciated and being used. In terms of the exhibits, I think we've been strategic in balancing education versus entertainment in the exhibits, but the ideas for these exhibits come from the staff and the staff who are most familiar with the records and have ideas about interesting and entertaining ideas for exhibits. So the idea to do a food exhibit resonated with me. We have great Department of Agriculture records. Actually food is represented in multiple agencies in our records. So what's cooking Uncle Sam, the government's role in food, was one of our I think successful exhibits and it was made even more successful by our guest curator Jose Andres who fell in love with the National Archives and the idea of an exhibit about how the government has influenced the use of food. And he was so excited that he created a pop-up restaurant across the street to coincide with the exhibit America Eats, where he was testing and recreating early American recipes. The natural follow-on to that was a spirited republic and that was another one where we were able to mine the records on prohibition and our fascination with alcohol in another great exhibit. And then if I had to point to one exhibit that I'm proudest of, I would say it was the Vietnam exhibit that we did. And there was a lot of concern on the part of the staff about dealing with a controversial, still controversial, after some of the year's topic. We had a curator who understood that tension, understood that the exhibit had to be created from voices on both sides of the war. And I think she did a great job in involving those voices in video recordings throughout the exhibit. So it was very successful. I think we made lots of lots of new friends, educated a lot of people, used data that hadn't been used before. So it was new information we were sharing. In fact, I'm being celebrated at the Vietnam Veterans Association Conference in August. I'm getting the Lifetime Achievement Award for not only our service to veterans, but the exhibit. So I'm really proud of that. And you mentioned before when Nar completed the the Blue Water Baby Technogs. That was also sort of a highlight. It sure was. Agent Orange is the ability for anyone who was in that area to get the medical treatment that they deserve, based on exposure to Agent Orange, depends on documentation that proves they were exposed. And it was relatively easy for people on the ground, the Army and Marines on the ground in Vietnam, to prove that. But for those on ships, Coast Guard and Navy, not so easy to prove that. And our work in digitizing, along with the support of the Veterans Administration, digitizing the deck logs made it possible to prove that these ships were within Agent Orange range during the war. Another contribution. A direct impact to people's lives. Exactly. Shifting gears a little bit towards the more fun aspects of your time here. You have mentioned that the rotunda sleepovers and the naturalization ceremonies were among sort of the highlights in terms of fun. Had it, Nara, what made them stand out to you? What are your memories? Well, the sleepovers were the first. And it was based on my disappointment that at the New York Public Library, the lawyers wouldn't let me do sleepovers. So when I got here and took a look at that rotunda, I said, this is a natural. We're going to do sleepovers on the floor of this rotunda, so kids can sleep in the presence of the Charters of Freedom. I think it's safe to say that the staff was nervous about being successful in this. We were wildly successful, oversubscribed on most of them from the very beginning. And they were self-selecting. These kids who are history nerds who bring with them a history nerd parent or grandparent, and they're just tingling when they're here. For me, the naturalization ceremonies are another highlight in terms of just pulling together everything that we stand for, everything that we are responsible for in a ceremony that welcomes anywhere from 75 to 150 new citizens to the country swearing their oath of allegiance in front of the Charters. It's just a moving experience. And I'm always so impressed with the fact that these folks know more about their rights and responsibilities than if I were to go out on the street and ask a regular American citizen some of those questions about their rights and responsibilities, I wouldn't have the same level of knowledge. So that always reminds me of how much work we have to do to compensate for that. One of the final questions we have, hearkening back to a few years ago, you did a time capsule opening at Arlington National Cemetery. If you had to leave a time capsule yourself upon leaving National Archives, what would you put in it? That's a good question. Since the Charters of Freedom have been from the very beginning, the center of attention here, I would want copies of them in the latest electronic form so that in 100 years someone could try and figure out how on earth are we going to read this. I would want some history of the organization, the growth, creation of and development of the National Archives. And I would expect that history to go way back to the beginning when people start talking about the importance of we got to do something about the public records. Thomas Jefferson, for instance, saying that it would be interesting, I think, to engage the staff in deciding what should be in a memory box. Those decisions, when I was invited to come over to Arlington to open that box, I got a sense of the controversy of what was in the box because there were so many groups who thought they were responsible for it. And I think it would be a great activity for the staff who's really devoted to the mission of the agency to contribute to that process. It was similar to the way I think the Bicentennial memory box was created that it was open to the public, the public made recommendations. And my favorite item in that was a package of Twinkies, conservation nightmare, of course, about Twinkies. Is there anything off of your desk that you would be willing to leave in there? I grew up outside of Boston and every time I moved into Boston, my favorite spot to visit was the USS Constitution, Old Iron Sides, and I had the opportunity to go out on a turnaround on the ship and as the archivist, and they presented me with a piece of the deck. I had to replace some wood on it. If I had to contribute something, I would contribute that piece of history. I know that you've been hesitant to say what plans you have. Is your plan still no plans? No plans. No commitments. It's one day at a time.