Hey guys, welcome back to come again vinyl where we take a look at vinyl figures today We're taking a look at the pop Marvel 80 years 547 Wolverine. I picked this guy up at Walmart yesterday I saw him on the shelf normally I'm not really fond of the selection that Walmart has but I saw this guy and I just had had them as you can see This is from Wolverine's first appearance in credible Hulk 180 and 181 Got a nice image of Wolverine there on the front in his original costume There's a side image Marvel pop Wolverine 547 There's the other side Got Wolverine peeking up there There he is on the back as you can see it's got incredible Hulk number 181 on the back first appearance collect them all Yeah, then on the top And as you can see the since it's a 80 years anniversary the number is in Chrome It's all chromed up very nice now. Let's go ahead and open this pop-up and take a look at Wolverine All right, so first things first. He does come in a clamshell with the clips As you can see here does have the clips on the top and the bottom Clips right there Right there. Okay He is a bobble As you can see Let's go ahead and adjust this real quick There he is a bobble and I'm not usually very fond of bobbles I'm more of a vinyl figure collector not a vinyl bobblehead collector, but He just looked so awesome. I couldn't resist and As you can see he's got his claws out ready to fight the incredible Hulk and By the way guys if you hear tapping in the background it's because it's raining and I Guess our roof is like literally Right above the ceiling. There's no crawl space between there or anything so the sound really kind of Passes straight straight through here. So sorry about that guys All right, so as you can see it's got his original mask The black doesn't come all the way around Little little ear thingies and Then the rest of his suit matches with his 90s counterpart Sometimes in the 90s he wore the Golden brown suit other times he wore the yellow and blue suit in the animated series He wore the yellow and blue and it looks like this claw is slightly bent. Let's see if we can straighten it out There may have to do that when you guys if you guys take it out of the package very nice The bobble works great No other articulation other than the bobble, but he looks really great I'm not seeing too much paint bleeding other than around the trunks Right there Which with the character like Wolverine in the yellow and blue costume It's gonna be hard not to get some paint bleeding because of all the points He's got on there Overall it looks really nice. I Love the how he's got the whiskers painted on his mask That looks cool and most pops they don't come with mouths on them So it's really nice to have Wolverine's mouth sculpted in there and it's even got his fangs So that's nice. The eyes are three-quarters of the way painted So it looks like he's very angry and you can make out They did sculpt his eyebrows in there to show that he's ready to fight So anyway, I hope you guys enjoyed this video. If you did give us a like subscribe Comments and share We could really use it This is a new channel for come again We're transferring over all our vinyl figure reviews over here So that it won't mess with what we're currently doing over there's algorithm. I don't want to keep doing I don't want to keep uploading review videos over there when people want to see history and origins videos So we're bringing all the vinyl review our vinyl figure review videos over here We've also got another channel come again collectibles where we review action figures and sculptures comics stuff like that so if you're into Collectible reviews head on over to come again collectibles and hit the subscribe button if you're into vinyl figure reviews Hit the subscribe button here. And if you want to learn more about geek culture comic book history History of old cartoons stuff like that head on over to come again TV The only place on YouTube where all geek culture collides. I'm Shannon for come again. Take care geeks


From theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto in Boston, bringing you data-driven insights from theCUBE and ETR. This is Breaking Analysis with Dave Vellante. We're going to use to the phrase higher for longer, referring to the realization that interest rates are expected to remain elevated. This trend appears to have an inverse effect on enterprise tech spending. Prior to the Fed's tightening binge, for example, IT decision makers, ITDMs, expected annual technology spending increased by 7.5%. 11 Fed interest rate hikes later, ITDMs estimate that their 2023 budgets will be up only 2.9% this year with an expectation or perhaps it's a wishful hope that their budgets will be up 3.8% in 2024. Hello and welcome to this week's Cube Insights, powered by ETR. In this our 200th Breaking Analysis, we preview the current spending climate and where AI fits in relation to other sectors. And we'll explain the importance of that statement. We'll also share with you a snapshot of the leaders on the board in terms of spending velocity on their platforms and how their performance compares to their peers and relates to earlier periods. Now, one of the superpowers of ETR's approach is its strict adherence to consistency over time. This allows for an apples to apples comparison that highlight changes at the margin. Let's look at an example. This chart shows the spending expectations from IT decision makers over the past 10 quarters. Shows the survey month and the year at the bottom starting with the September 21 survey all the way through October 2023, the most recent survey. The survey ends, they range from around 1500 to more than 1700 completes, depending on the survey quarter. Now that blue line shows the 2022 outlook starting in the September 2021 survey.  Now that figure jumped as we exited 2021 all the way up to 7.5% entering 2022. Then as we progressed through the year, two significant changes occurred. First, Russia's invasion of Ukraine that February then followed by the Fed's relentless tightening cycle. And you can see the deceleration and spending expectations over the year 2022 as we progressed over time. We exited the year at 4.6%. Now what actually happened in 2022, we've seen numbers from Gartner and IDC that range from flat 0.8% up to even five as high as 5.5 or even 6% up. I think it's reasonable to assume that the market grew that year in the low single digits. Now as we entered 2023, that's the red line. Fed tightening was having the desired effect at least on tech spending, perhaps not so much on the consumer side. And expectations for the year were 4.1% spending growth. And then notice the meaningful deceleration as the Fed actions continued through September and took hold where ITDMs now believe that their 2023 budgets, the growth of those budgets will come in at around 2.9% this year. And they're hopeful that in 2024, we'll see an uptick to 3.8% spending increases. But given the current climate, uncertainty around debt and the latest mess in DC with the speaker of the house and the confusion around the election, the likelihood of more downward revisions is probably higher than not. A part of the issue is that generative AI is in some ways both a blessing and a curse. The excitement potential and magic of LLMs is fantastic. It creates urgency and mobilizes teams to focus on creating new forms of value, new business models, restructuring business processes and the like. But given the economic climate, what we're seeing is generally not a lot of new money coming into ITD budgets, rather there's a reprioritization happening. Here's some data that shows what I'm referring to. This chart shows the nearly 30 sectors in the ETR taxonomy. The vertical axis is net score for the sector, which is ETR's proprietary measure of spending momentum. It essentially represents the percentage of customers that are accelerating spending within a sector. It does this by netting out those customers that are managing spending levels that are flat to down. The horizontal axis shows sector pervasion, which is calculated by the number of customers spending in a particular sector, divided by the total N of the survey, which in this last survey is around 1,725. Think of it as a proxy for market presence on an account basis, importantly, it's not a dollar basis. Now that red line at 40%, that represents a highly elevated spending velocity. Note that during the pandemic, cloud, containers, RPA, and AI were the four sectors that consistently held above 40% on the Y axis. Now notice also that squiggly line on ML AI. Spending levels began decelerating because firms kind of over-rotated a bit on the sector. But then the chat GPT announcement hit, and you can see the accelerated momentum returns. But almost every other sector, not all, but most, started to descend. There was compression on the vertical axis. And that's an indication of robbing Peter to pay for AI Paul. So this is the curse of where AI, the curse of AI where the clear business value is still being sought after. Budgets are tight and so other projects are being delayed and money is being redeployed into what are primarily AI experiments at this time. Now, generally established tech companies are adapting to this new reality. Well, there are many Series B and Series C startups that aren't AI companies and or they haven't nailed their product market fit or their go-to market fit. You know, they may be struggling. Mainstream enterprise tech firms, they've raised a lot of capital during COVID. They have strong balance sheets and they're making moves. Some examples, Cisco Splunk, a $28 billion acquisition. Many like CrowdStrike and Palo Alto Networks are growing.  So company management's have generally adjusted nicely to this new environment. Here's a chart that shows the leaderboard in terms of spending velocity that net score on their respective platforms. The chart shows the net score methodology in more granular detail with the percent of the citations, the citations, the ends are shown in the last column over on the right. Net score then breaks down by new adoptions. Those customers spending, where spending is increasing, the present of customers spending is flat and then those spending down and replacements or churn. The net score is calculated by subtracting the spend less from the spend mores. And that's what you get in the green column. And again, note that red line at 40%. Anything above that is highly elevated. Now you're probably not surprised, but it's still impressive that OpenAI is shot up to the number one position and is holding that with a 78% net score. They are far ahead of any other player even though their net score is down 10 percentage points from the last quarter survey, but they weren't even in the survey last year at this time. Yet they have an end that's higher than Databricks and Snowflake or Snowflake, not an end. Speaking of which, for years, Snowflake was number one in this metric for many, many, many quarters. I think probably over eight or nine quarters. And they came down to Databricks level. It kind of came down to Earth a couple of quarters ago and they continue to decelerate to the point where now Databricks is ahead of them in terms of spending momentum. Remember, this is an account-based metric. It does not reflect spending levels, the amount of dollars. So ACVs are not a factor here. It's percentage of customers. Now both Snowflake and Hashi have come down to Earth and they each show a meaningful year over year net score decline. But also notice this is largely due to the percent of customers that are shifting into that flat spending bucket, okay? So that flat spending bucket counts as a negative to tracks from net score. So basically the flat spend less and the churn are not included in the net, I mean, they're included in terms of they're subtracted out from that net score. So net score really focuses on new adoptions and those the percent of customers spending more as the metric. So as you shift the percent of customers into that flat spending bucket, the net score declines, okay? So that is largely what's accounting for the declines for those two companies and frankly, these leaders as opposed to spending declines and defections. So churn is pretty low. Now Wiz is the other notable call-out in this chart. Hot company, we saw them at RSA this year and in April, May and a big party, the line-out to get into the party was huge. They got evidently the reporting from the customers we talked to, great sec ops, analyst experience, kind of modern new product, but we're seeing a meaningful change in both year on year and survey to survey and that could be a factor related to security consolidation and maybe some competition from others like CrowdStrike who seem to be doing quite well. Now, I'm somewhat limited in how deep I can go today because ETR is in its quiet period and has two webcasts coming up one next Friday and the other a following Friday to go deep into the spending topic. So if you're an ETR client or a joint client, you can attend those, but I'm limited in what I can share with you on breaking analysis until they go public. So let's wrap up with some thoughts on what to look for in the months and quarters ahead. Now, look, AI initiatives are not creating, as we talked about earlier, incremental funding. They're stealing from other budget buckets. We're seeing a little bit of compression in places like RPA. Cloud is holding pretty well, although it's definitely down. Containers obviously holding well because from an application development standpoint, a lot of the traditional IT infrastructure is again under pressure. There are some examples in some enterprise software segments that are ticking up a little bit, but generally speaking across the board, there's compression in other sectors as projects are delayed and some experimental funding is going to AI because companies are paranoid that they're going to miss the wave and the train's going to leave without them. Speaking of that, while 75% of enterprise customers are actively evaluating gen AI of those, the vast majority, let's call it around 80%, are still in eval mode. And then there's privacy, legal, and compliance concerns presenting other key hurdles before they can get to deployment. Now, until a definitive business value can be realized via labor cost reductions or perhaps revenue generation, but the former is probably the fastest path, the value, it's before, unless that can be shown, it's likely that the spending client is going to remain cautious as higher for longer appears to be the new normal. So right now, prudent guidance from company management is in play. And of course, comparisons are somewhat easier, certainly than they were in 2022 and even 2023, but we'll see. A significant shift in sentiment could bring estimates down. So we'll keep an eye on that. And for now, we're going to leave it there. I want to thank Alex Meyerson, who is on production and can shift men. So they manage the podcast, they do all the in-studio stuff here and in our office, in our studio outside of Boston, Kristen Martin and Cheryl Knight, they help get the word out on social media and in our newsletters. And Rob Hoef is our editor-in-chief over at SiliconAngle.com. He's doing some awesome stuff and great editing and doing a weekly summary of all the news. He helps us with our cube pod. So thank you, Rob. Remember, all these episodes are available as podcasts, wherever you listen.   And thank you very much for listening and subscribing. I publish each week on wikibon.com and siliconangle.com, where you can email me at david.volante at siliconangle.com or DM me at dvolante. You can comment on my LinkedIn posts and do check out etr.ai for the best survey data in the enterprise tech business. This is Dave Volante for theCUBE Insights, powered by ETR. Thanks for watching, everybody. We'll see you next time on Breaking Analysis.


My name is Sheridan. I work at the Long Beach Public Library, and I'm here today to show you how to write your own name in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Before we get started though, I would encourage you to sign up for summer reading if you haven't already by going to longbeach.beanstack.org. If you've already signed up, be sure to enter the code pirate into the activities tab of your challenge to be able to get points for watching this video. So let's go ahead and get started. For this, you're going to need some paper. I've got here some card stock, but you can choose whatever you'd like. And I'm using markers today, but you can also use colored pencils or crayons, pencils, really anything that you would use to draw or illustrate something. If you want to follow along in a little bit more detail, click on the link in the video description so that you can pull up the webpage that has all of these symbols with a little bit more detail so that you can see sort of what I'm doing as I do it. So let's get started. Hieroglyphics are word pictures that represent the ancient Egyptian language. And the word itself, hieroglyphic, or hieroglyph, comes from ancient Greek words, hyros, which means holy or sacred, and glyph, which means writing or symbol. So these are sacred symbols that the ancient Egyptians would use to mark the names of their pharaohs or magically protect royalty or important people. And they would actually oftentimes write out their magic itself in hieroglyphics too. So the symbols carried a lot of weight in ancient Egypt. There's two kinds of hieroglyphic symbols. There's ideograms, which are images that represent the object that depict the object that they represent. So for example here, this bread loaf hieroglyphic that is for the t sound actually depicts a bread loaf. And so that's an ideogram. There's also phonograms, which are images that represent certain sounds. So for example, here we've got this basket symbol, which actually represents the sound that t and h make together in the English language. And so this basket represents the sound, and thus it's a phonogram. You can see too that there's a mix. Oftentimes a single hieroglyph can be both an ideogram and a phonogram. Hieroglyphs represent words phonetically. And so what does that mean? It means that hieroglyphs are used to actually spell out phrases based on the sounds in those phrases. So I'll kind of describe to you in a little bit more detail. For example, the name Michael in English is spelled M-I-C-H-A-E-L. But it's not really pronounced that way. It's pronounced M-I-C-O, M-I-C-O. So for the first sound, I think I'm going to use an M. After that we have an I, an I sound, right, M-I. Then we have a K sound, like a hard C or a K sound. But that's not really represented by the CH combination, is it? So I think I'm going to replace that with, you know, a symbol that has that K sound. For this, it's going to be a K. So so far we have Mike. The last part is we have an A and an E, followed by an L. But if you say the name Michael out loud, you don't really pronounce the A and the E, do you? You don't go Mike Ga'el, you say Michael. They don't really, they're almost silent. So we're just going to leave them out and represent the name like this. Michael. And so that is actually, this spelling is a little bit closer to how hieroglyphics represent words. Let's do my name. So my name is Sheridan, and in English it's spelled S-H-E-R-I-D-A-N. But it's pronounced Sheridan. So I do have that S-H sound, right? So I'm going to represent it with an S-H. I'm going to keep that there. And then we have a Sher-E sound. Now I'm going to represent that with an E. Next we have a Sher-An-R sound, represent that with an R. And what's follows up? So we have Sheridan, Sheridan. We don't really pronounce this I. The next sound is a D. And then we have a Sher-Din-Din. So I think here we have a little bit of an I sound, and last but not least, we have an N sound. So this is the way that I would represent my name, Sheridan, if I was spelling it phonetically. And now I'm going to translate this a little bit into hieroglyphics. At this point, take a second to spell out your own name in English and really pronounce it and then transfer it into a more phonetic spelling. Pause the video if you need a little bit more time, but I'm going to go ahead and keep going and translating it into hieroglyphics, okay? So for this SH sound, I'm going to look over here and I'm going to find the SH sound over this way. We have this lake. If you see this SH is represented in ancient Jewishman hieroglyphics by a lake symbol. So I'm going to think, okay, well what's there? So I'm going to put a lake there to represent that one, and this is just a rough drawing so we don't have to get super artistic with this part. An E symbol, there's actually two. There's a double reed, which is the symbol more for names like Elaine, then there's a vulture, which is the symbol for a name for the sound Eh. The vulture is Eh, the double reed is E. So I'm going to need the Eh, which is the vulture. So I'm just going to draw a quick little vulture here. You know, it doesn't have to be super artistic. This is just for us to know which symbols we're going to need later. Next up is the R symbol, the Ruh. And here we have a mouth that represents the R sound. So I'm going to do a mouth there. Next we have the Duh, the Duh sound. We have a hand that represents the Duh sound. If you haven't clicked on the link in the video description, it has all of these glyphs and stuff in much more detail, so you can actually follow along a little bit better. So so far I've got Sh, Eh, R, Duh. Now I need sort of that Eh, Eh sound, right? So it looks like here we've got a single reed, and that single reed represents the Eh sound at the beginning of the name Isabel. So that's what I'm going to need. I'll draw a single reed there. And last but not least, we need an N sound, right, like the letter N. And here we have a wave, and that wave represents the N sound. So the last thing to finish up, my name is going to be a wave. And so this is how I would represent my name in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Obviously right now it's a very rough kind of draft, but now that you know which symbols you need, now you can really take the time to actually draw them out and color them in and get really, really artistic with them, okay? I'm going to flip to the next little thing here. So once you've figured out which symbols will actually spell your name, you want to enclose them in a cartouche. And a cartouche represents a looped rope, as you can see, that has the magical power to protect the name inside of it. So the ancient Egyptians oftentimes would put the names of their pharaohs or their priests or their gods inside of cartouches because they were magical protection. They would take those same carvings or art that had that name on them and they would place them in the tombs of their pharaohs or in the temples to their gods as a way of warding off evil spirits, both in this life and in the afterlife. So that's sort of what a cartouche is. So I'll show you here real quick. I prepared this earlier. I've got the English name, the English spelling of my name. Then I've got a more phonetic spelling of my name. And finally, I've got my name in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs surrounded by a cartouche. Pretty cool, right? So you can take some of that paper that you've got, figure out which symbols represent your name. Click on the link below if you need a little bit more detail about which symbols.  And then what you can do is you can take that cartouche with your name in hieroglyphs magically protected in it and put it on the door of your room or maybe perhaps on your secret stash of treasures that you've got in your room, really whatever you've got going on. Hopefully you enjoyed this video. Put in the Code Pirate into your activities tab to get points for watching it. And if you haven't joined Summer Reading just yet, be sure to join so you can get prizes for reading all summer long. We'll see you guys around, okay? Take care, bye.


I think the ones that have to do with students, I do believe a lot of institutions have gotten away from the importance of why we're really there. And if you think about it, the students are the core of why institutions truly exist. There's a lot that goes on with research. There's a lot that goes on with publishing. But the students are the reason that we're really there. I think what was very interesting is that most of them, with the exception of probably security, they're not technology-specific issues. They're all higher ed issues for which IT and technology has answers, maybe, or can certainly support those issues to free the mission of the institution. You are not in the basement anymore. We're not just about transactional systems. We're about really affecting the whole culture and its experience and everybody's experience. But way beyond effective and efficiency, what about transformation? I was pleasantly surprised with the attention to data and sort of integration, platform integration, data migration. That was sort of novel. I think people are starting to recognize the value of data and the importance of data on the campus, especially around business intelligence and analytics, and ultimately to AI. Actually, two of the items were about the data analytics. At Marquette, we're really focusing right now on becoming more of a data-driven organization, so figuring out how do we analyze the data, how we pull the right data together, how do we get the campus on board in using the data. That's probably the area that most resonates with me. The issue of student success, student experience, and what surrounds it, and in my opinion, is analytics data, a decision made based on data, because it's data that actually is going to tell you if the decision you have made are correct or not based on the results, so you need to close that loop. There's some things on that list about governance. That's really, really important on university campuses. Research is a big part of it, so you wind up having these silos all over of people actually having IT that's a little bit decentralized from centralized IT. And because of that, you really, really need to have a good governance structure. I think what's missing from the list is really high-level thinking around what's on the list. So it's about governance, it's about policy setting, it's about real, it's about leadership. I think from a CIO perspective, that's what resonates with me the most, sitting at the table when decisions are being made around strategy, budget, you know, having the ability to understand how leadership works, to understand how people interact with each other, to understand sort of the high-level thinking that goes into what ends up appearing on the list.


Welcome, I welcome you all to this course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In the previous lectures, we looked at the aims and objectives of this particular course. We looked at the textual as well as the systemic approaches and other approaches that we shall study in this particular course which are related to Sandhi. In this lecture, we shall be discussing the sources that we are going to study in the Paninian Grammar with respect to Sandhi. In the previous lecture, we discussed about the pattern of evaluation and we said that along with the generation as well as the analysis of Sandhi, a student is supposed to know the sutras which cause the generation as well as the analysis of that particular Sandhi. Also the meaning of the sutra when known will provide the student better understanding of the process of Sandhi and also the process of the derivation of the unit in terms of pada as well as vakya. So in this lecture, we shall take a look at the sutras that we shall be studying in this particular course. These sutras are taken from the grammar composed by Panini called Ashtadhyayi and various types of sutras we shall study in the course of this particular course. Let us look at those sutras one by one. The first one is the Saudhnya Sutra type. These sutras enlist various Saudhnya, various technical terms that are used by Panini in his description of what is known as Sandhi. The very first and foremost technical term that we need to understand is Savaradha, homogeneity, homogeneous sound. This is defined by Panini in the sutra 119, Tulyasyaprayapnam Savaradham. Then we should also know the use of the technique of Pratyahara which enables Panini to describe the process of Sandhi that happens on a vast data in a very brief manner possible. This technique of Pratyahara is explained in the sutra 1171 namely Adirantyana Saheta. We shall study this sutra also in detail. This sutra teaches how to form the technical term Pratyahara like Ik, Yen etc. Other important technical terms are in terms of the features of the sounds. So rasva, dirhah and plutha are commonly occurring terms when the Sandhi is described. So the sutra ukaloj rasva dirhah platah which is 1227 defines what is rasva, what is dirhah and what is plutha. And these are the terms, these are the features which apply to a vowel which is defined as ukalo. So we shall look into this definition in detail. Great terms are laghu and guru which we shall also study in the course. Then comes a very important term namely samhita and this term is defined by the sutra 14109 by saying that and there is a good relationship between samhita and sandhi which we shall explain later on. The commentators have commented on this sutra and what exactly this means and we shall take a closer look at this. Similarly, there is a concept of avasanam which is defined as viramo vasanam by 14110. Apart from these sutras which define technical terms related to sandhi, there are some more technical terms that we shall study. The sutras that are presented on the slide are some of the sutras and there may be some more that we will be able to study as the course progresses. Although panini does not define and also does not even mention the word sandhi, we will have to define what sandhi is and we will take help of the sources and we shall define what sandhi is in relation with obviously what samhita is and so on and so forth. Then we move on to certain materials that are required in order to understand what sandhi is and we shall study them also. These are called the paribhashasutras and the concept of sandhi requires the understanding of these paribhashas better. Shastisthanayoga 1149, this paribhasha defines the metalinguistic meaning of the sixth case in the ashtadhyayi which lays down a fundamental principle on which the metalinguic of panini functions and that is the methodology of substitution and this methodology presupposes an element which is substituted by another element in a given environment. Also the element which gets substituted is called substituent and the element which substitutes is called a substitute and this precise relationship between those two elements that gets stated by the sutra 1149 which says that a genitive case shashti which is which is attached to a particular element denotes that that element is the substituent and in place of that element then there will be the substitute that is stated in a particular sutra. Similarly tasminiti nirrishite purvasya and tasmadityutrasya these two sutras they lay down the meaning of the seventh case and the fifth case respectively saptami and panchami as far as the meta language of panini is concerned tasminiti nirrishite purvasya states that the meaning of the saptami or the seventh case in the meta language of panini is immediately before and the fifth case means immediately after. These two sutras lay down the principles of the environment as far as the process of substitution is concerned. These we shall study in this particular course. These are very important paribhashasutras. Then we also have achastra which is a padopasthaapaka paribhasha. This sutra states a meta rule saying that whenever the words raswadirga and plita are mentioned in a sutra and the substitutions raswadirga and plita are stated the word achaha is supplied. What this means and how this comes into being and what are the examples etc that we shall study in the later part of this particular course. These are some of the paribhashasutras that are very much relevant in order to understand the sandhi better and we shall study them. Coming to the next type of sutras namely the vidhi sutras we shall study following very important sutras as the course progresses. Iko yana chi is the very first sutra 6177 which prescribes the yana sandhi. Hoya yavaha which is 6178 which prescribes the ayava yava sandhi. They will be studied and then there are some other details of these two which will be also studied. Then we have aadgunaha 6187 prescribing the guna sandhi and vradhirachi prescribing the vradhi sandhi. This is 6188 they will be also studied. Similarly the pararupa sandhi that is stated in the small subsection starting with 6194 engi pararupam will be studied. The other important sandhi is savarna dirghah sandhi which is stated by akash savarna dirghaha 61101 as well as the purvarupa sandhi stated by enga padanta dati will also be studied. Enga padanta dati is 6117. All the sutras that are mentioned on this slide they deal primarily with the svarna sandhi or vavel sandhi or ach sandhi as they are known in paninyan terminology. Sandhi in place of a svarna. Next we go to the set of sutras which talk about a very peculiar phenomenon called prakriti bhava where the sandhi does not occur even though the conditions for the occurrence of that particular sandhi do exist. This is called prakriti bhava. Although this is the absence of sandhi because it is related to the sandhi as a phenomenon we shall study these sutras as well. In fact this is studied also in the traditional curriculum and in fact it is regarded as one of the chapters of the sandhi collectively referred to as pancha sandhi prakarnam. Some of the sutras that we shall study in this particular subsection are platapragru iha achinitiam 61125 iko asabharane shakalyasya rasvashcha 61127 and the sutra 61125 prescribes the absence of the sandhi with respect to pluta and pragri here. And then we have sutras which describe what is a pluta and what is a pragri here. Sutras starting from 111 idude dvivachanam pragrihyam they define what is a pragri here and sutras beginning from vakyasya tehe pluta udattaha 8382 they define what is a pluta and where it all happens they will be dealt with in this particular section. Although pragriya is a technical term a saudhnya it is actually discussed under the vidhi sutra over here primarily because it is more relevant in this prakritibhava section. This is how it is discussed also in the texts belonging to the paninian grammatical tradition namely the vayakarna siddhanta kavmati etc. Then we go to the next set of sutras which primarily are known as the sutras dealing with the hal sandhi or the vijnjana sandhi or the consonant sandhi and some of them are nashchavya prasana 837 monasvara 8323 this sutra lays down conditions in which an anasvara comes into being. There is one more sutra which also deals with the same topic that we shall deal nashchapa dantasya jali. Then we have sutras like stohas chana shchuhu 8440 talking about the shchutva sandhi shtunashtuhu 8441 discussing the shchutva sandhi over here. Similarly, we have anusvarasya yai prasavarana a very important sutra 8458 talking about the prasavarana sandhi and the option also stated by the subsequent sutra va padantasya. These sutras we shall also discuss when we discuss the hal sandhi or the vijnjana sandhi and also the consonant sandhi. Along with them, there will be some other sutras that will also be discussed like the sutras which talk about the re-duplication of the sound acho rahabhyam the way or anachi chah and so on. Then we move to the next set of sutras which are also known to discuss what is known as visarga sandhi. Notably visarjani yasya sahah 8334. Visarga plays a very important part as far as the Sanskrit padas and the vakyas are concerned. And then this visarga is also seen replaced by various elements in the sentences of Sanskrit. So taking stock of all of them together will be the aim to deal with into this particular subsection also known as visarga sandhi. So visarjani yasya sahah 8334 is an important sutra in this regard. And then we have sharpare visarjani yaha 8335. Similarly vahshari 8336 and so padadau 8338 as well as inaha sahah 8339 will be studied in detail in this particular section. Then we come to the fifth subsection in the sandhi which is known as swadhi sandhi in which following sutras will be studied. Prathamayoh Purvasavarna 6102 prescribing the Purvasavarna dirgah in the prathama and ditya vibhaktis very domain specific vibhakti specific sutra an important sutra. Then we have atororapluta daplute 61113 which is also very very crucial important and hashicha 61114. Together with them we can explain quite a lot of data that is visible in the Sanskrit language. Similarly we have bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi 8317 and halli sarvesham 8322 and there will be some more sutras which we shall also study when we look at the swadhi sandhi. So now amongst the vidhi sutras we have so far seen the sutras dealing with swara sandhi or vowel sandhi or ach sandhi. Then we looked at the sutras which deal with prakriti bhava absence of the sandhi where sounds remain in their own form without getting any modification. Then we saw the sutras dealing with hal sandhi or vyanjana sandhi or consonant sandhi. Then we took note of the sutras which deal with visarga sandhi. Then we saw the sutras that we shall study which describe the swadi sandhi. So these are the pancha sandhis that we shall cover in this particular course with the help of these sutras. So we shall explain how the meanings of these sutras are made and how they affect a particular sandhi and we shall take concrete examples to illustrate the sandhi that is prescribed by these sutras. These are stated to be vidhi sutras primarily because they prescribe the modification the sandhi that happens in respective environments to respective sounds. These sutras are aided by the saudhya sutras as well as the paribhashasutras and they eventually bring about the phenomenon called sandhi into being in sentence. Apart from these pancha sandhis there are two more types of vidhi sutras which we shall study when we will study the sandhi phenomena in this particular course. The sutras mentioned on this particular slide they refer to the agamas or the augments that are inserted in the derivation process with respect to sandhis. They are chhe cha stated by 6173, guno kuk tuk shari by 8328, dashi dhut by 8329, she took by 8331, gamo raspada chingamon nityam, 8332. Chhe cha describes the augment t mentioned as took in 6173, guno kuk tuk shari describes the augments cook and took mentioned in this sutra, 8328. The augment dhut is mentioned in dashi dhut 8329. The augment tuk is mentioned in the sutra, she took 8331 and the augment ngamut is mentioned in the sutra, gamo raspada chingamon nityam, 8332. We shall study them also in detail. Then we have a set of sutras which deal with the accents which are related to the sandhis that are mentioned earlier. They are also part of the curriculum of this particular course and they are anudhattas chhe yatrodhattalopah 61161. We also have udhattasparitayor yana, svarito anudhattasya 824, ekadesha udhattena udhattah 825, svarito vanudhatte padadau 826. These are the sutras and there will be some more sutras which deal with the svarar, with deal with the sandhi that is related with the svarar or accent. Apart from the vidhi sutras, the next set and type of sutras that we shall study are the atidesha sutras. And one of the important, most important atidesha sutras is sthanivata adesha analvithau, stated by 1156. Sthanivata adesha analvithau is the backbone of the entire systemic process, stated by Panini. This also states down the relation between the substituent and the substitute. And it says that an adesha or a substitute is to be considered like a substituent which it replaces. This needs to be carefully studied in order to understand the sandhi better.  Similarly, 6185 is antadi vachcha which is a very peculiar sutra, peculiar kind of atidesha sutra which we shall study. And then the adhikara sutras which are important which govern the sandhi, they will also be studied. Samhitayam 6172 which governs the svarasandhi and also the prakritibhava sandhi. Ekapurva parayoho which is part of the Samhitayam adhikara. Then Purvatrasiddham a very important sutra which divides the text of ashtadhyayi into two sapadasaptadhyayi and tripadi. And then says that the tripadi is non-existent for the sapadasaptadhyayi and parts of the vyanjana sandhi and the visarga sandhi and also the svadi sandhi are stated in the tripadi which affects in absence of double sandhi so to speak. And such sandhi and sandhi absences can be explained with the help of this particular sutra. Similarly, we have Samhitayam mentioned once again in 8218 which is an adhikara which continues up to the end of the ashtadhyayi and this adhikara governs the vyanjana sandhi as well as the visarga sandhi which is very very important and we shall study this in detail. Apart from these sutras, there are some other texts which are important in order to understand the sandhi better. Here is a verse which is quoted in the tradition which talks about the Samhita and lays down some conditions where Samhita is done, where it is optional and where it is to be done always. We shall study this verse, this source in detail and try to understand how sandhi is placed in accordance with the meaning of this particular verse and some other verses as well. Some of the other basic texts that will become part of our study are Matruka which is the basic alphabet which is also taught in the current curriculum. Apart from that, we shall also study the Pratyahara Sutras where the basic alphabet is rearranged and then the Paniniya Shiksha stating the process of speech production wherein the properties of sounds are stated in terms of the place of articulation and the effort of articulation. We shall study them in detail as well. These sutras will be explained together with the source examples and these examples will be taken primarily from these texts, the vayakarana siddhanta kavmudi which was composed around 17th century CE by a great scholar called Bhattuji Bikshita. Going backwards in history then comes Kashi Ka Vratthi, another very, very crucial, very important text. The only available complete commentary on the sutras of Ashtadhyayi which is the oldest complete commentary on Ashtadhyayi available today composed in around 7th century CE by Jayaditya and Vamana and going back Vyakarana Mahabhashya composed by the great Patanjali in and around 150 BCE will be our source for discussions as well as examples. Together with these we shall study the phenomenon called Sandhi in Sanskrit as described in Paninian grammar. Thank you very much.


One trick for pipetting the accurate amount is when you put, I mean especially, this is especially important for smaller volumes such as anything from one microliter to ten microliters, but it's also, you can use this trick for all of the micro-pipettes as well. So for Albi micropipetting five microliters of liquid. In the proper way to do it, so it's very accurate that you do have exactly five microliters. You go to that full stop like I, that first stop that I explained earlier, go right to the below to your liquid. Don't go all the way down or go all the way, or you need to be in the liquid, of course, and don't try to go to the side, but be straight right in the middle.  So now you have five microliters. And when, and this is such a small amount that the best way to try to make sure that you're actually getting everything out in your Eppendorf tube, or any other tube really, I would go to the side, go to that first stop, and then to that second stop, and there you go, you have your five microliters in your Eppendorf tube.


Welcome to Stand the Energy Man on Statehood Day here in Hawaii. The 18th of August is the date that Hawaii in 1959 became a state. So happy Statehood Day and I hope everybody's out there at the beach and not working. If you have to work, sorry about that. But I'm off today. I'm going to go to the beach after this, I think. Anyway, this week we have got Ryan Wubbins from Burns and McDonald again. I'm going to have him as a regular guest because he's my favorite electrical engineer. And we get to talk more technical stuff about things that may impact you. What I'd like to do is start off today's show by talking about an event that I went to yesterday with Rachel James from our office. And it was sponsored by Hawaii Electric and it's been going on for several years and I don't remember the exact name of the event, so I'm sorry I should have brought this stuff with me. But it was a sustainable housing and event that brought in stakeholders. There were architects there. There were builders. There were folks who put up solar, state entities. The new director of the state energy office was there with a lot of her staff. Eugene from D-Bed, our main economist in D-Bed was there to talk about the economic implications of housing in the state across the board, all kinds, apartments and everything. And we basically just talked a lot about the impact of renewable energy as we move forward towards more and more renewable energy on the grid and also some of the projects that have been going on in energy efficiency and also in what we kind of termed now tiny homes, which it's not like where you put leprechauns and stuff for Mennahoney. It's actually an architectural trend across the continental United States where folks that want to have a home but don't have the capital, maybe they're paying off their school loans or whatever, they get into these three and four hundred square foot homes. Some are on wheels. Some are temporarily on wheels and they can be put on a slab. But they're basically three or four hundred square feet and that's the whole house. Kitchen, bathroom, shower, bedroom and it's almost like living on a boat except you're on land. In fact, that's a pretty good analogy. It's a lot like living on a boat. Every square inch of space is used under the stairs of storage or shelves or drawers or something so everything is accounted for every square inch that you've got. But they make these things very efficient, energy efficient and they're really kind of a neat model. So we spent a lot of time yesterday talking about not only the tiny homes and the implications of saving energy, but we had one presenter from the big island who was helping the low income folks that live, say around Milolei, around South of Kona on the big island who are already so far off the county system that they're on catchment of water and quite often off the grid. And there were cases where some of those folks were so far off the grid they basically had to drive somewhere every two days to get enough ice to throw in their coolers to keep their food cool and their water catchment systems were so old that they had to go and buy bottled water to have drinking water. And so she was explaining how she got some USDA grants to help these folks get some PV on the roof and establish some portable solar and some fixed solar on the roof to get them freezers or to get them enough of a water purification system that they can at least have drinking water coming out of the tap, which is something they never had before. So today's discussion, we're going to kind of start there. And with the premise being, you know, electric grids are pretty complicated things and Ryan understands all about those. But when you start to roll that back and get to a simpler and simpler mode, is there like a sweet spot that certain communities can take advantage of where being off the grid maybe isn't such a bad thing? I think some people want to be off the grid. Other folks have to be off the grid and a lot of folks could be off the grid, but they're lazy. They don't want to, they don't want to have to understand anything. They just want to flip a switch on and pay Pico for the power. But there's probably technically a really good range in there where people could come off the grid and that's what we're going to talk about. So, Ryan, welcome today. Thank you. See you again. Yeah, see, I, I thought I climbed my way up the electrical engineer list to the stands, favorite electrical engineers. That's, I've been trying on those. You're at the pinnacle. Yes, congratulations. You could go home and crack a bottle of champagne over that one or something. All right. But thanks.  And can, when we have these little tiny homes, they're, they're pretty basic and they're pretty simple. Is that something that's beyond the reach of the average person to set up their own off the grid kind of system in a, in a small home or even a medium sized home? Yeah, absolutely. So the best thing about a tiny home or a small home, let's kind of lump those two together because you might have the tiny home, which we kind of think maybe that's on wheels and that's RV like house. Great, RV size anyway. Yeah. And then sometimes let's just go to small homes and kind of lump them into other than less than 100,000 square feet. It's not that big, it's a few bedrooms in the living room. The best thing about these houses and getting yourself to possibly off grid is they're just simple and they, in being smaller, they're much more efficient because you're managing your living space to be less. You're going to need less light just to hit your floors and your ceilings. You're going to need less air flow. If you have a fan, you have one instead of three. Maybe you don't even have AC being here and you probably don't. You might not need it. Even if you do, it's going to be smaller. As you see, the air conditioners are sized for square footage. You're consuming less load.  That's the best part about them in that aspect. There'll be some other aspects are a little bit harder on how technically involved is it? Do I want to be in my system? How energy efficient do I want to be in my system? And there's some different ways to help manage that, whether it doesn't always have to be just you. We can start grouping some houses together and then either that community goes after a way to work on this together for the utility comes in and helps provide that service. So one of the things that you got to consider, especially if you're using solar, is you get sunlight.  You don't really get the morning light. And by the afternoon, the mountains block in the afternoon light. Like on a windward coast, maybe in Kahalua and stuff. It could be kind of tough. What are some of the things that you want to consider when you start thinking about solar first, I mean, besides the sun being there? Like how big is the system? Like say, for example, you knew that you used in a small house maybe 15 kilowatt hours a day. And what are some of the things you'd consider in sizing your system? How many PV panels and how much battery and things like that? Yeah, absolutely. The big numbers are going to be what's your peak load? What's your kilowatts? How much kilowatts do you end up using at a certain time? And then how many kilowatt hours are you using, let's say, over the course of the day or week a month? Let's stop there and explain something. So the peak kilowatts are like the worst case scenario appliance that you turn on, and it puts a big load on your system for a few seconds or a second. And that's the peak load. That's the peak load. And then the average load or the total load of the day is over the whole day how many kilowatt hours. Because when you get your bill for more electric, it bills you in kilowatt hours. But what most people don't see is their house is set up for 50 amps or their size for a certain load, and that's kind of transparent to most people. So the two big considerations are the max load you ever put on your system at one time and then the amount of energy you need all day long, correct? Yep, absolutely. And that it's not going to be an average of that bill that you receive from the utility that says, OK, I was an average of this many kilowatt hours. That's my kilowatts. When you turn on your washer, your dryer, your microwave, that's just going to drive up little peaks. So when you want to come off the grid, you've got to be ready to supply the energy for those peaks. If it's solar, you can't just ask the solar, hey, I need a little bit more. Just give it to me right now, because solar is just, I'm taking on the sound, and I'm going to give you what I got when I can. You can do a little things with the solar, but you're still limited. You've got to ask something else there to start managing. That's where we start talking about an energy storage device to really go off the grid. Or some loads are going to, I don't want to say suffer, but they might drop out for a little bit as you give a little bit of power to your dryer to start up, maybe, if you have something like that. So you've got two options there. You either build a little bit more energy storage or solar than you really need for future growth or for maybe heavier loads than the average person. Or you get real akamai, real smart about when you do your laundry. Like, on purpose, don't do your laundry while you're trying to cook something in an electric oven or electric stove and run your skill saw. And turn on all your lights and your fans. You basically have to be thinking more as an individual what you're doing to your grid. Is that pretty sure? Yep, that's exactly it. And sometimes you're already experiencing this. If you're in your garage and you're building a boat or something, you've got your power tools running and maybe the dishwasher or something's going at the same time and you just keep it in the trip because you're doing too much at once.  It's something we're already doing in some cases but not instinctively all the time. And that would change if you're going to build your system to be really efficient, really, really tight. You're going to be, you're already be built for that mentally to just, OK, let's turn my washing machine on. Right now I'm using the dryer. Instead of this, I'm using this. Yeah, you'll build that in. What are the advantages? I know as a general rule, we go for efficiency first. So we try and build an efficient system before we put PV on. You don't just throw PV on the roof and then decide to figure out whether you can save energy. You might as well put in the right amount of solar and batteries and things. But one of the big energy hogs I would call it in your house is a water heater, especially if you have electric water heater. So is putting a solar water heater on your house pretty simple or is it complex or is it, I mean, is it something that you would consider energy efficiency move before you go put PV on your roof for electricity? Yeah, the nice thing about a solar water heater, they work really well. I mean, they're capturing as much sunlight as they can, even in a little bit of a cloudy situation. But they're not affecting, let's say, the utility, like a solar wood. When you go to solar now, you're going to have to start asking the utility or you're going to have to start permitting that because you're tying into a bigger system. So the solar water heater, they're relatively simple in how they work. They're not as simple as an electric water heater, but they have great payback. And I would recommend installing them wherever you can. So you could do it in your own net metering. Yeah, exactly. How about those instant on kind of heaters, gas or electric? Would they do a similar trick? Would they actually help you out? Yep, they are going to help you out as far as energy efficiency because your electric water heater or even your solar, it's holding a tank of warm water on the side. And you're always keeping it warm in case you need to start using it. You can't just flip it on and say, I'm going to use it because it's going to take time to heat that water up, just like you boil tank water on yourself. So an instant water heater is basically just saying, hey, you want hot water now, I'm just going to heat it really hot. And you're only using what you need at that time. So they are a more efficient. That's a heat exchanger, right? So you've got a bunch of coils wrapped around a heat source, and it's got so much volume of water in it. And by the time it goes from start to out, it's heating up the whole way. So it's pretty much on-demand water heating. Yep. The thing to think about that, if you're going to go electric on those, they draw more current when they're heating the water up because they need to heat the water up really fast. As compared to a water heater, it's just keeping in mind. So that's one of those surge components that you talk about. OK, we're going to take a quick break here. And we'll be back with Ryan Wubin's in about 60 seconds. Talk more about not only designing these systems, but maybe some of the permitting issues that come into play when you start doing things like putting PV on your roof or, in Warren's case, he does a lot of industrial size or commercial size work and what the impacts are for him. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Ted Rawson here, folks, you're host on Where the Drone Leads, our weekly show at noon on Thursdays here on Think Tech. When we talk about drones, anything to do about drones, drones, remotely piloted aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems, whatever you want to call them, emerging into Hawaii's economy, educational framework, and our public life. We talk about things associated with the use, the misuse, technology, engineering, legislation with local experts, as well as people from across the country. Please join us noon on Thursdays and catch the latest on what's taking place in the world of drones that might affect you. Hey, welcome back to Stand to Energy Man, but not on my lunch hour today. We're on my day off, so I'm glad to be here on Think Tech. And it's always fun, especially fun talking to Ryan. He's, like I say, he's my favorite electrical engineer on the entire planet. And it's good chatting with him because I get so smart when I talk to him. And it makes me feel more comfortable when I do my job. So thanks for being here, Ryan. And we kind of left off talking about some solar and solar water heating and things like that. But I wanted to switch gears just a little bit and talk a little bit about permitting, too, because we work on projects together for the military. And it's no longer, a lot of times, just a building permit. And some of the issues we talked about yesterday with in that sustainable housing thing was how some of the, even the county permitting for these tiny homes was almost restrictive or prohibitive because it was designed for bigger dwellings or bigger facilities. And the permitting actually stopped people from doing some of the things that were fairly common sense and simple for a smaller home. And so some of the initiatives we talked about yesterday were getting the county and maybe some of the state agencies to change their policies or change their rules on permitting. But what are some of the things on your scale, on the commercial scale, industrial scale? Some of the kinds of permits that you always end up having to look at for environmental, for health, for building, things like that. Sure. So permitting on a larger scale, something much more industrial, will have some correlations to permitting a series of tiny homes or smaller houses. And the correlation comes with basically how much changes to the infrastructure you're making within an area. When a tiny home you think, I'm just dropping a little house, I'm not really causing any problem. Let's look at it on an industrial scale. Some common questions would be, how am I affecting the storm water system? What am I putting in place here that's going to redirect water when it rains? We get plenty of rain here. That is something that you need to be actively aware of all the time. It's not even what there is a storm, if it happens, you gotta be ready for it. Wastewater treatment, what water am I consuming? Is it ready for me to take? And what am I gonna do with it when I'm done with it? And electrically, I need X amount of load. Maybe I'm gonna, I want to have some solar. What am I going to do to that electrical utility? The permitting process will apply to all of those and a lot more, especially with environmental and carbon emission type on the industrial side. But let's just focus on like a wastewater. Wastewater I think is gonna be easy to explain. When we add a bunch of tiny homes within an area, you say, why can't I just put in my house and have everything work? Well, when you watch those shows on the tiny house things, that a lot of times they're gonna have a composting toilet. And people will look at the composting toilet and half of them are saying, ooh, the other half, yeah, yeah, I can do that. Let's say it's not a composting toilet and it's just like the traditional house, right?   When you add in tiny houses, you're going to have a tiny house here and next to it and next to it. And you start adding the amount of people that are adding to that system on a daily basis. Somebody has to come for that, yeah. Somebody has to come for that. And the system was built, the system, the wastewater piping and the wastewater treatment plant were all built upon an infrastructure long before we started talking tiny homes and getting everybody closer together. So you're already having to account for adding that harmony in the back of the lot. That is an increased burden on the system that needs to be permitted. That's the important part.  Because I'm going to add all this. You know, if it doesn't, it starts to back up and we have a lot bigger problem. It's very much correlated on the electrical side too. You can't just go to the utility and say, hey, I'm ready to drop this load.  You'll likely catch less from them as you will the wastewater side. It is very important to have loads. If everybody started adding these systems, fire protection is another one. On their own, without going through that process, you can create unsafe situations, not only for yourself, but for the community as a whole. And that's where it can become a little bit more of a bigger problem. So the permitting process is important. I'm not sure of all the regulations that some people have issues with or what they don't have issues with, but they are there for a reason. Some of them, some of great reasons, some maybe less, but they are there for a reason. So to basically try and simplify, the more impact your construction, your dwelling, your whatever you're building has on external infrastructure, the grid, the wastewater treatment, the storm drain system, whatever, that adds complexity to the overall urban planning or whatever. So when we go back to talking about tiny homes or small communities, and especially communities that are already on water catchment there, and maybe septic tanks or something rather than being attached to a sewer system or a county sewer line, you can start checking those off in the permitting phase and say, well, I'm not impacting the water from the county, because I don't use county water. And I'm not impacting the sewer system because I'm not on county sewer.  Maybe I am impacting the fire department. Can they get to my house because the road's not wide enough?  So basically though, I guess I'm getting at, is the simpler your structure and the simpler your community, and the more those things you take into account, we probably could customize some of the permitting where it could be fairly simple for a community, especially of tiny homes or off the grid homes to get permitted. And maybe be permitted as a group, but is that a fair assumption? Yeah, absolutely. If you were to go in and say, instead of I'm just gonna build one house here, I'm gonna make a system of tiny houses, but I'm going to build it and design it in a way that I'm gonna release the burden on the other utilities, it'll be easier to permit. I'm not gonna say it's going to be easy because now you added a level of engineering to that system. Now, electrically, we can make it go off the grid. We can grid tie it and add an energy storage device so that you could still receive power from the grid, but it's gonna be less of a burden on the utility. I think we'll get into that, not today, but maybe next time we talk about how that works. Wastewater, if you all want to in that community be on a composting toilet, that's going to shift the amount of permitting you have to do. You can't just add a cesspool anymore, that's why I just changed, I think it was last month that cesspools won't be allowed, I could be off on that, but... No, I remember there was like a grandfather piece about bringing in old septic systems and people had to upgrade. So you might want to say, and to kind of tie into that a little bit, why can't I just build a cesspool because I'm not burdening that system? Well, in a way, you are burdening the overall system that is out of Hawaii that a cesspool will basically just put everything into the ground and then the ground deals with it. Well, the ground is part of our overall system as well. The ground water is feeding back into that wastewater plant or we're using that to clean up and provide water for everybody else.  So you can make it easier and I don't know exactly how I think it's neat that the idea could be there for how can we build larger communities that are at a reduced impact on the overall system to ease the permitting of it, theoretically, yeah. So most of these considerations we've talked about so far are pretty much county building permit issues. But then we have state issues and even federal regulations, environmental protection regulations, maybe even like for some of the stuff we've done, FAA will have us do a glare study to make sure the PV array we're putting out doesn't blind pilots when they're trying to fly an approach or things like that. So what are some of the less typical ones that may impact a residential work that are kind of on that state and federal level? Can you think of any besides the glare study or? Well, for example, I know this isn't your expertise, but an environmental assessment versus an environmental study that timelines and things, I know you've probably worked on some projects, but we've gotten into some traps here in Hawaii where we think that an environmental assessment, which is a fairly short process can be done because there's already similar stuff going on around that they can go, yeah, well, they're doing it and they're doing it and it's okay, so we ought to be okay too because we're doing the same thing. And then find out that the EPA goes, no, you need to do a whole environmental assessment thing. Again, he did a whole study, cradle to grave, what you're doing, those can add a lot of money and a lot of time to your projects. In fact, one of the reasons I wanted to talk about permitting is I've done construction for 25 or 30 years here, mostly when I was younger. And we were at a point then where you could literally take a, if you're just like adding to your house, adding a few feet to your house or something, you just take in a piece of paper with a sketch on it to the building department in the county and sit down with a building inspector and he'd make some recommendation and changes and sometimes you can do them right there. Sometimes you had to go home and redraw the drawings and put things in and bring them back a couple of days later but we could get a permit to build something in a couple of days or a week. And it's like, seems like nowadays you just can't do that. Why is the permitting gotten so cumbersome? It becomes when it wasn't as big of an impact on the overall system, it was easier to handle. Now, as we start to throw in high rises, every few blocks, we start changing dramatically that system all the time. So there's a level of programming city-wide, county-wide, statewide that has to take into place but at the same time, the funding support that we typically give those is not relative. I would guess that those are probably related. Okay. Yeah, I think that that probably hit it right on the head because for example, right now we're kind of going through a building boom in Kakaako. We've got the state bird, the tower crane out there, you know, lifting concrete all over the place and it's getting kind of wild out there but we've got 2.7 unemployment rate in the state and that's mostly because of the construction going on. There's a lot going on and so getting a building permit from the county now can be a real challenge even for a small project because a lot of their inspectors and a lot of their folks are out busy working a lot of other projects but they don't fund more inspectors or, you know, because that's cost and you can't do that. Well, believe it or not, we're pretty much blown out of time and I'd like to thank Ryan Williams from Burns and McDonald from coming down again and we'll see him in about a month because I'm gonna have him on regularly and we'll talk some more about solar I think. We'll try and get more into the solar discussion on the next show. So thanks for joining us down in the energy man. Thanks to Cindy and to Ray here in the studio for putting us together on Think Tech Hawaii and we'll see you next week, aloha.


What's the most underrated Bob Dylan album? That's a great question I'm going to say the free wheel and Bob Dylan and it's a bit of a risky choice because People don't think it's bad. It's it's it's in the top seven probably and some people would put it in the five Top five. It has a terrible title the free wheel and Bob Dylan sure and the free wheel in anyone That would be a terrible title. There's no one the free wheel in Han Solo. That's awful. There's no one for whom That's a good title Bob Dylan. Whatever he is. He's not free wheeling. He's you know complicated or mischievous or something or Troubled but the title is wrong foots you but they are I think that's his greatest album actually and And and so it's underrated