Hello friends, welcome to arpatakarwa.com India's finest online coaching for English Literature. Friends, today we'll talk about a famous novel by Victorian novelist Charles Dickens titled Great Expectations. Before we discuss the story, let me just introduce the novel to you. The novel was first published as a serial in 1860 and 61. Then in 1601, it was released as a novel. This novel was released after Dickens other novels such as Bleak House, Hard Times, The Tale of Two Cities had already gained popularity. This novel revolves around the life of an orphan boy named Pip and some of the recurring themes in this novel are social class, wealth, poverty, love, rejection and the victory of Kudu Abad. So mostly in his novels you will see that people can relate to him because he talks about the general things that happen in most people's life. You know, poverty, wealth, love, betrayal, victory, these are what the themes are. You have discussed all the lessons and his works. That's the common thing. He is not into nature, nature, he is not into God. He is into people and their problems. And definitely the good and bad, not only the problems. So moving on, this novel by Dickens was read all over the world and received praise as well as criticism. Thomas Carlisle called it that Pip Nonsense whereas it was greatly praised by George Bernard Shaw. Peter Carey's novel Jack Mags is inspired by this novel. Now that's all the brief that I had to give you about this novel. Now let's get into the summary. The story is narrated by Philip Pipp or Pip from the future as he recounts his past. The story starts when Pip is seven years. He lives in Kent with his hot-tempered sister Georgiana Gargory or simply Mrs. Joe and her kind husband Joe Gargory who works as a blacksmith. One day Pip is visiting his family members grave in the churchyard when suddenly a runaway criminal Abel Magwitch comes to him and orders him to bring food and something to open the chain on his ankle. Pip obliges. However, Magwitch and his former partner and now enemy, Compi's son get caught. A few years pass and one day a relative of the Gargory's sends Pip to visit a woman named Miss Havisham at Satis House. She has been a bitter woman since the day she was left alone at the altar by her fiance many years ago. She still wears her old wedding dress. Along with Mrs. Joe, Miss Havisham is another mother figure in the story. She has an adopted daughter named Estella who she is training to be cruel-hearted and torture men with her beauty. Pip immediately falls for Estella but she does not feel the same way. So a lot of characters, a lot of stories, just pay attention to the storyboard as I always tell you. Try to you know soak it in who is who, kiska kya major feature hai and with that you will know.  Now moving ahead Pip hopes to become a gentleman and winner over Estella. However he starts resenting his brother-in-law due to their low social status. As the story progresses Mrs. Joe has a stroke which leaves her immobile and mute. A young girl named Biddy comes to the house to take care of her. Now several years later a lawyer comes and informs Pip that an unknown person is sponsoring Pip to go to study in London. Now Pip thinks that the sponsor is Mrs. Havisham as she wants Estella to marry Pip. She too does not deny it. So once in London Pip learns how to be a gentleman and becomes a little arrogant. He starts behaving rudely towards Joe who has always been kind to him. It is later that Pip learns that the actual sponsor of his education in London was Abel Magwitch. Pip is horrified to discover that as being sponsored by a former criminal might ruin his social standing and reputation. The rinse as the story progresses Pip grows close to Magwitch and comes to respect him. This is followed by other surprising discoveries. Magwitch turns out to be Estella's father and his enemy Kompishan is Ms. Havisham's ex-fiancé who left her on the wedding day. So you see how the dots are connecting. The person who sponsored his education could be his future father-in-law. Moving further Pip gets to know that Kompishan is helping the police find Magwitch so he decides to save him by helping him escape from London by sea route. However they are caught and Magwitch and Kompishan fight and Magwitch kills him. So this leads to him receiving a death penalty. Meanwhile Pip too is arrested because of his heavy debts. However he falls seriously in and is eventually not jailed. So during this time Joe takes great care of Pip and also pays off his debts. Pip realises how kind and good Joe is. Pip also learns that Ms. Havisham has died and 10 years pass and Pip is living a simple but happy life. He has a respectable job as well and one day he comes back to London hoping to marry Biddy. But learns that she has married Joe after the death of Pip's sister. Biddy and Joe have a son and they also named him Pip. So then he visits the status house there he meets Estella who had married a businessman but is a widow now. The two reconcile and Pip takes her hand not to part from her again and that my friends how the story ends. So this is not Dickens originally planned to end the story. His close friend Wilkie Collins objected to the original ending of Great Expectations. Originally Estella remarries and Pip remains single but on Collins advice Dickens revised to a more conventional ending which suggests that Pip and Estella marry. As I told you he was popular among people and general tendency of you know most people is to see happy endings in movies. So which is why they changed it and his friends Wilkie Collins advised him to do so. Now some facts and quotes friends Bernard Shaw praised the novel describing it as all of one piece and consistency truthful. Now this novel contains some moving quotes which I have compiled for you. They read as suffering has been stronger than all other teaching and has taught me to understand what your heart used to be. I have been bent and broken but I hope into a better shape. The next one goes as in a word I was too cowardly to do what I knew to be right as I had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong. So that's how the chapter ends and we'll meet soon in the next one till the time we meet next happy learning keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitaakarva.com


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question which says that show that the vectors i is equal to minus 4i cap plus 6j cap plus 10k cap, b is equal to 2i cap plus 4j cap plus 6k cap and c is equal to 14i cap plus 0j cap minus 2k cap are coplanar. We know that 3 vectors a, b, c are coplanar if and only if their scalar triple product is 0 that is scalar triple product of a, b, c is 0. So with this key idea we shall proceed with the solution. Here vector a is given by minus 4i cap plus 6j cap plus 10k cap, vector b is given by 2i cap plus 4j cap plus 6k cap and vector c is given by 14i cap plus 0j cap minus 2k cap and from the key idea we know that 3 vectors a, b, c are coplanar if and only if their scalar triple product is 0. Now scalar triple product of vector a, b, c is given by the determinant of vector a, b and c which is equal to minus 4 into 4 into minus 2 that is minus 8 minus of 0 into 6 that is minus 4 minus of 14 into 6 that is 84 plus 10 into 2 into 0 that is 0 minus of 14 into 4 that is 56 which is equal to minus 4 into minus 8 minus 6 into minus of 28 plus 10 into minus of 56 which is equal to 32 plus 528 minus 560 that is 560 minus 560 which is equal to 0. Therefore, scalar triple product of vector a, b, c is equal to 0 hence the given vectors are coplanar. Complete our session. Hope you will enjoy this session.


Patriot Prime Reviews is a channel for adult collectors and may not be suitable for children under 13 years of age. Viewer discretion is advised. Hey, what's going on guys? Patriot Prime here once again with another toyhacks.com sponsored review. But before I get started, I need you guys to do me a favor. If you're watching this video right here and are not a subscriber of Patriot Prime Reviews, please consider hitting that subscribe button right now. It won't cost you a thing, will help me and my channel out tremendously. Now, on to the decals. And the set we're looking at in this video is for War for Cybertron Kingdom, Huffer. And this decal set includes two decal sheets on foil backing. So now, without further ado, let's take a look at Huffer, both before and after toyhacks decals. And welcome to Patriot Prime Reviews. In robot mode, straight out of the packaging, Huffer looks great. And in my opinion, he's one of the best kingdom figures that we've gotten so far in the whole line. And that's surprising since, well, it's Huffer. Now taking a closer look at the figure, he's got some amazing paint applications starting up here with the head sculpt. He's got nice shiny blue eyes, a silver face, light blue paint right here on the outside area of the chest, and a red Autobot logo dead center on white background. Moving on down to the stomach area, we do have silver paint there for the abs and silver paint there on the crotch. Legs, no paint applications whatsoever until you look at the wheels, which have silver paint on the hubcaps. But we'll take a look at that more in vehicle mode. I love the arms that is paint right there on the shoulders and forearms. It really adds some nice shine to his arms, which is a throwback to his Generation 1 toy. His gun right here is actually molded orange plastic, but has been painted a dark gray, almost black. The same can be said for his shield. It's orange plastic with that dark gray or black paint there on the back and silver paint right there for the claws. So there you go, guys. There is one final look at Huffer in robot mode before. And after. Huffer gets a few new decals to help enhance his robot mode thanks to toy hacks, including a couple of G1 toy nods. Now taking a closer look at the figure, the first decal you're probably noticing is this new turquoise decal right there in the middle of his chest with a new Autobot logo. Right below that he gets a new yellow and red decal and down on the crotch a blue decal.  Now Huffer's arms get some new decals as well up here on top of the shoulders. You have chrome decals that are not shown on the toyhacks.com sticker map at all. It took me a while to figure out where those go, but if you see these little strips on the decal sheet, you're not sure. Right up there on top of the shoulders. He also gets new chrome decals for the biceps, new black decals there inside the wrists. On the other side of the wrist is a kind of a light silver decal that makes his wrist blend in more with the rest of the forearm where that used to be all black. And he also gets chrome that wraps completely around the wrist. Moving on down to the legs you get new gold decals right there for the knees and shins and new blue decals for the feet. Huffer's weapon gets decals as well. You got hazard striping on both sides. And the shield gets new silver decals right there. So there you go guys, there is Huffer in robot mode after. In vehicle mode, straight out of the packaging, Huffer still looks really really good with very impressive paint applications. Taking a closer look at the vehicle, he has silver paint applications right here for the bumper. For the front grille, for the lights. The side mirrors right there are also painted silver along with these lights here on top. Now he does have translucent plastic windows all the way around that unlike most vehicles don't look too bad because you cannot see a lot of robot junk on the inside. It actually cleans up really well. Now this translucent plastic piece pretty much encircles the entire inside of the cab which is why you also have translucent plastic up there for those top lights. Of course he does have nice painted rims that I showed you earlier in robot mode and there is his arms that are now the vehicle exhaust painted silver as well. The back of the vehicle, of course there's his robot hands, the back of the vehicle is his weapons. You've got the gun which is now split in half on either side and the shield which is this middle section. Of course you see the nice painted silver there on the rear and he has painted brake lights. Now I for one am not a fan of this look right here with the weapon reattached because he looks more like a pickup truck than a tow truck which is what he's supposed to be. But that's easily remedied. You just pop the gun pieces off, pop the shield off and now you have Huffer looking like he's supposed to and those weapon pieces are hiding this really well molded tow area. I'm not sure what that's called but that looks great with the molded diamond plating and I love it. That's the look of Huffer for me. There you go guys one final look at Huffer in vehicle mode before and after. Huffer's vehicle mode gets quite the upgrade thanks to toy hacks and the first decals you're probably noticing are the new window decals that look great.  I think that looks awesome and really makes this vehicle pop now. He also gets new decals there on the side that have this M design which is a throwback to the original generation one toy. See the M design right there on the side, I love it. There's also new decals right there that cover up those unsightly pins. On the front of the vehicle he gets lots of nice new chrome, chrome here on the grill and on the bumpers. And toy hacks was gracious enough to send extras of these bumper decals because those are a challenge to put on as you can see they do wrap around. He also gets new decals there for the lights and right here he gets a vanity license plate. I picked the one that says Huffer. You do have options and I love the options. See if I can get this to focus in. You've got whiny and no dinos. The whiny one just cracked me up. I loved it. Okay, here continuing on the smokestacks or exhaust now have new decals here on the inside that kind of give it more depth. Chrome decal right here along the middle and chrome decal here on the bottom rear of the vehicle here in tow truck mode. He gets hazard striping right there and gold decaling along the back. There's also new light decals for the taillights and a second vanity plate. I picked Huffer. Now if you choose to attach the weaponry to the rear of Huffer in vehicle mode they get new decals as well. There's a white stripe that goes all along the outside of the gun halves along with new hazard striping there on the inside and a nice silver decal or two nice silver decals on the inside of the truck bed. So there you go guys. There is Huffer in vehicle mode after. Toyhacks.com once again knocks it out of the park with this decal set for Kingdom Huffer and I absolutely love the Generation 1 throwbacks. Though I do feel that Huffer's vehicle mode benefits a lot more from this decal set than his robot mode but still all in all a fantastic upgrade to a fantastic figure. Now guys if you enjoyed the video don't forget to like, don't forget to subscribe and don't forget to click that bell icon to get notified when I upload new reviews. Once again this is Patriot Prime signing out. Hoorah!


Hi, this is Professor Gerald Friedman, Department of Economics at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. And today we're going to talk about the European settlement of the New World, at quotation blocks. Of course it was new only for the Europeans. And they spent several hundred years trying to deny that there was really anybody else here. Native peoples were here for thousands of years. And there were lots and lots of them. The native peoples constructed huge cities. Nowadays, we pretty well agree that they had a population greater than that of Europe. Over a hundred million people. There are empires, the size of the Roman Empire or the Chinese Empire. The Incas empires covered an area stretching, that would stretch from Britain down to Iran if we're superimposed on Europe. The city of Cusco at the center drew water supplies from thousands of square kilometers of land with huge engineering systems transporting the water to the city. You don't need to do that unless you have a lot of people. You can't do that unless you have a large population. Just keep in mind for every person working and digging a ditch in a city or handling government affairs, there have to be five, ten people in the countryside working grown crops for them and transporting those crops. Cities on the scale that we understand the Incas, the Aztecs and some of the other native peoples had cities of 10, 20, 30,000 people in the middle of what is now Missouri or 100,000, 150,000 people in the Andes Mountains and in the Inca Empire. These cities required a hint of land of millions for their sustenance. That said, and the Europeans knew it at the time. They knew that there were major civilizations there, but they very quickly forgot it. And European historians have spent centuries understating the accomplishments of native peoples. Now, I'm not here to defend the native peoples or anything like that. That's not my interest. My interest is in how the historiography was shaped and what we can understand from it and how that affected the development of what became European America. Now the Europeans understated because they wanted to rationalize stealing the land and killing and enslaving the native peoples. No problem with that. It's a lot easier to justify stealing people's lands if you say, oh, they weren't really here. They didn't really exist. And they didn't use the land for anything anyway. They were just walking around on it, killing deer occasionally. And to be sure, the old European story made sense because, after all, in one of the great mysteries of human history, a few dozen, no more than a few hundred Spaniards were able to conquer these huge empires. It's a lot easier to explain how Pizarro with 168 men could conquer the Incas if you think the Incas weren't very much. Or Cortes with a few dozen men on a few horses could conquer the Aztecs if you think the Aztecs, they're only a few thousand Aztecs, not 40 or 50 million. So if the native peoples had a huge population and the Europeans were able to conquer them so easily, how do we put these together? Well the answer is that something very, very bad happened to the native peoples. The Europeans would have done it if they knew how, but they didn't. It was an accident. It was the worst catastrophe in human history. Background, 25,000 years ago, not sure exactly when, but quite a while ago, a small group of Asians from northeast Siberia took a walk. They walked across what was then a little narrow land bridge that connected what is now Alaska with Siberia over what is now the Bering Straits. The land bridge disappeared and there was very, very little contact, not no contact, but very little contact between the peoples in what we now call the Americas and the larger population of humans in Eurasia, Africa. For all that period, for 20,000 years plus, the peoples in what we call the Americas were separated. They were separated in terms of the diseases that they did not get. So there was a whole disease environment in Europe, Europe, Asia, Africa. All these diseases that were developed, smallpox, the bubonic plague, tuberculosis, various other respiratory diseases, various other plagues, all these diseases developed and they didn't come to the New World until Columbus. Columbus brought them because the Europeans, having been exposed to these things since birth, just breathed germs. Germs didn't kill the Europeans because the Europeans had evolved to survive these germs or they had gotten them when they were children and there were a lot of diseases like measles and chickenpox that are no big deal if you get them as kids, but if you get them as adults, they can be deadly. So the Europeans just kind of walked around with giant breeding grounds of bacteriological weapons without meaning to. On top of that, remember, it was a small group, maybe only a few thousand who crossed over from Siberia, very narrow gene pool, lots of inbreeding. We have a population of 150 million or so that grew from a thousand people. There's a lot of inbreeding that people didn't even realize after thousands of years that they were sleeping with their cousins. Everybody was a cousin. Everybody had the same genes. Everybody was susceptible to the same diseases and they had no experience, no antibodies. So the Europeans walked in. The story is that the Arawak Indians of the Caribbean, 500,000 or a million people living in the Caribbean islands, when Columbus arrived, by his second voyage, they're just a few hundred left. They'd all died of smallpox and the other diseases he brought with them. All these diseases, 20,000 years of diseases, hit the native peoples at once and it spread like wildfire. Worse, it spread like pigs. The Europeans had pigs on their boats.   Some of the pigs you don't eat. Some of them got away. They get on the island or they get on mainland. Hernando de Soto, while he was looking for the fountain of youth, had pigs with him. Some of them got loose. Pigs carry disease. Europeans don't think about it. They didn't do it deliberately. It's not like a century or two later when Lord Jeffrey Amherst deliberately gave blankets infected with smallpox to the native peoples in New England to try to do some genocidal ethnic cleansing. That was deliberate, but that was small potatoes. De Soto killed millions and millions with his pigs without meaning to. He didn't think about them as disease vectors, but oh, they were. He walked through what is now the Southeast United States, seeing cities populated with thousands and thousands of peoples, with walls, with roads. The next European who went there, it was deserted. They had all died, partly because of a few dozen pigs. The native people said the breath of the white man kills, they were right, but it was also the breath of their horses, their pigs, and their dogs that killed. Chronicles would report mountains of dead bodies, something like going to Auschwitz after the liberation, except Auschwitz was intended. This was not. The natives gave something back. Syphilis. The Germans called it the French disease, the British called it the German disease, the French called it the Spanish disease. Well, it probably was the Spanish disease. It seems to have come back on Columbus' first voyage. As I said, the French called it the Spanish disease, the Germans called it the French disease. The native peoples would call it revenge. There's another irony here. The Europeans could never have conquered America except for the diseases that they did not understand, and the diseases they didn't mean to transmit. But having conquered America, they couldn't use their conquest because there's nobody to work for them. And there weren't enough Europeans willing to cross the Atlantic to work. So who would work for them now that the native populations were dead? The answer, which we'll talk about next time, is Africans. And that's where we'll go next, to Africa. Thank you. Have a good day.


Alright, there we go. Well, we don't have a few more folks to be able to come on in. Hooray! Dimms, I was hoping you were going to be able to help today. As Dimms comes off a mute, or maybe not. Hi. Oh, perfect. That is your mic check. Brilliant. Okay, so are we missing this today? I don't think so. I'm going to give it a minute or so. I don't have anything direct as I check all of my various things about like where people might be. We'll give it a minute because I'm not sure we're going to use the entire time this morning. We'll see. Hey, sorry I'm late. Excellent. Super. I was not sure if like the, you know, I was giving it a minute or so. Yeah, my fault. Sorry everyone. All good. All good. We have actually got, um, uh, frankly, most of the people I expected today. So, um, I have already informed Dimms that he gets to be able to lead a lot of discussion around, uh, what we're going to lay out in here. But, uh, Liz Dimms, I'll let you all kind of. Yeah, yeah, pretty much. Let's just welcome everyone. Hi everyone. Let's go through the usual logistics and antitrust and things. And, uh, then I think we only have that one topic, which is about the proposal to make graduation smoother and easier and lovelier. So Dimms, do you want to take it away? Sure. Thanks, Liz. So I'm sure a few of you here, if not all of you have gone through the graduation process. And it's kind of nerve wrecking, right? And part of the issue that is nerve wrecking is having to find the TOC sponsors. And, you know, how do you do that? So that's part of the bootstrapping issue that we have. Like, yes, sometimes some of the TOC members might be part of your project, then it makes it easier to, you know, just hit them up to become a sponsor for your project. But most often than not, you know, you don't know the people and you don't know who to approach, you know, so there's a bootstrapping problem here. So we were trying to, as a TOC, we were trying to think about this problem where we want to kind of like avoid people having to go hit up all the TOC members and, oh, hey, would you like to sponsor us? And also, you know, the CNC of staff and like, so having to go through that process of, you know, one on one, trying to advocate for your project and not knowing who might end up being your sponsor. So that's the setup here. Did anybody agree, disagree with this kind of setup that we have right now? Yes, Mukilika. In our case, obviously one of the TOC members was working on the project, so it helped to find the sponsor. Okay, thank you. Yeah, so, so what we ended up doing was, you know, when a project is ready to do this, you know, they want to get into the process of like, okay, we want to tell, hit up the TOC members and say that we already, what can they do, right? So we said that they could give us a one page, one pager, we'll go through a template later. And then the one pager would be like a PR template that they would add to the TOC repository. And the TOC would review in private and hopefully one of the TOC, you know, steps up as a sponsor. And if not, if then the least that the TOC as a body can do is get back to the project and say, hey, this is the feedback as the whole of TOC. And, you know, if we can't find somebody who wants to do this, or we feel that the project is not ready, you know, anything of that sort, give them feedback and say, you know, we can come back to us later or give them enough guidance to say, here are some of the things that you can do and you can come back to us. So we don't want to do this. The PR is going to be public. The review is going to be in private. And we are not trying to, like, remove the tags from the equation either in on the PR that's public, the tags can obviously give their feedback also. And if the feedback is going to be sensitive, then they can use private channels to get the feedback back to the TOC as well. The other thing that we were trying to think about was, like, if most of the process is in private, then it's probably not a good thing either. So, and we want to provide some time and space to the projects to advocate for themselves. So, you know, we want to set up some project reviews in a public setting where we can go through the template. You know, the TOC can ask some questions and the project team members can answer those questions and ask follow up questions to the TOC advocating for the project. So that is the tweak that we are proposing. And this will be right at the beginning when one of the projects wants to, this doesn't change any of the existing stuff. This just gives a streamlined way of getting some feedback, concrete feedback without having to hit up individual TOC members. Does this make sense as a concept? I think there's one little detail that I thought we had changed, which was the idea of the public meetings being scheduled because I think we actually decided that if they, this only comes up if there's a project where the TOC has decided, well, we've looked at the one pager and nobody wanted to volunteer and we had some feedback for the project. We give them the feedback and then maybe the project disagrees, which is completely fair. And in that case, we want to have a public discussion about it. But I think we decided that should just happen as soon as possible. We shouldn't just be trying to schedule on because obviously we don't want this to be a blocker. Right. Yeah, and best case scenario, you shouldn't have to wait for the, you know, a scheduled public meeting. Yeah, it could happen out of the box.  Right. So it's not trying to, this is not even trying to add more barriers. This is more structured towards giving you concrete feedback. Okay. So this is a one more page, Amy. So, some of the things. I don't know how do you want to do this list. Do you want to go through this. I don't think we've this was really just here to be able to show what the current criteria is and then talk about like how we're changing it as well, because I know that that was something that people had questions about. I think this might be a good segue to add to the go to the other point, which is, there are some things that are objective and there are some things that are subjective. Right. So the one pager when we get to the draft will cover both. You know, the also the idea here is like we don't want to keep repeating the same information in multiple places. So the one pager will not cover, you know, the things that you already know, and you you're already, you know, on the hook for during the process. So it sounds like you're ready to be able to move on to the one pager. Yes, please. I mean, after the call today, maybe we should open up a PR with this template to write. Um, yeah there's an issue currently open as far as like being able to link to this but if we think we're ready to go then yes being able to drop in like PR saying this is but like the new one pager is likely to be. Right. So, the questions here are kind of like free form, but we do want to limit how how much text that you would, and we don't want you to copy paste text from elsewhere and drop it in here too. So it's structured to like elicit a response. Like, why do you feel the project is ready to graduate. Like, and what are the kind of things that has changed after you joined the intubation. So we want you to like spend some time thinking about these things and like giving us an answer, rather than, you know, a canned answer, or, you know, a copy paste from somewhere else. We want you to like, think about it and give us something exactly what you would say to our face. Right. So that's the way we were thinking about it. So some of these questions, and it's, it's not, if you take the third question, it's, it's not like we are trying to, you know, put a barrier for graduation and say, if you can't answer this question right will will not graduate you. It's not meant to be that way. It's more about like, how are you thinking about this. How do you think we should do this in the long term how can you set yourself up the project as well as the users. You know, thinking about them as well. So, can you scroll down a little bit. Yes, the last one is definitely something that I really like which is like, who is going to be the best advocate for your project. Who should we go talk to, to get real information about like, you know, how useful it is to them, or how good their experience has been and things like that. So, any questions here about, you know, the questions themselves or what they are trying to make you think about. Are these questions instead of the previous. No, criteria or these are just a way for the project to answer those criteria. This, this is just part of the one pager. The project summits when they are when they want to see sponsor. Right. Josh, should that answer your question or should we use more words. No, no, no less words is good. The point of these questions is that it's the kind of subjective things that we're trying to evaluate as the TOC when we look at a project that's up for graduation. And it's not a, because it isn't a checkbox thing and because there is some subjective evaluation here, why not ask the project, their view. You know, if you are a project you should hopefully be thinking about these things already. You should have a view on these things. You know your project best you know, you know how the, what the plans and visions for the project are. So, why not ask for your view upfront about these things that we'd be trying to consider anyway. Right. And if when you're going to do a one on one pitch with a TOC sponsor you would end up talking about these things. And here we are trying to get you to put it in a form where it's readable by all the TOC members in one spot. Ricardo, did you have a question. Yeah, question so how often will the TOC review is one pagers as they come in the. They come in Ricardo, we have a private session going on, you know, every few weeks. So we'll, as soon as the PR for the, for this comes in, we'll review it immediately. This some question in the chat about a table is spreadsheet that maps like members projects are sponsoring this is currently available up on the public to see Doc and I see a bunch of people clicking on and so perfect. I'm hoping that answers the question Bob, but happy to take more. Thanks Bob. So this is just to make your life easier. And ours to in the process. So we don't get it up from multiple people at the same time, and you have a way to get what you need. So, if there are no other questions, then we can continue the conversation in the PR for the template and, again, we are trying this out. We'll see if this works. If this works will continue. If not, we'll tweak it. We like the fact that this makes clear kind of the top concerns of the TLC when they're reviewing the project. The PR that you fill out, it's obviously a bunch of information that should be provided, but it's not clear like what level of focus or importance each of those items. Thanks. And also thanks. Thanks everyone for really taking a look at this. You know, and many people have gone through this process and there's been a lot of, I think, variants in the process. So I think it's really timely to reexamine this. Thank you. Thank you. Yes, thank you. I think we we appreciated particularly that we don't have a great format for not exactly saying no to a project but giving the feedback to a project that we don't think it's quite ready yet. And it makes it difficult for TLC members as an individual to sort of say, well, I personally think actually we are individual opinions are not really so much what's important it's more our collective opinion. So I think this gives us a nice format for the TOC to have that discussion and figure out what feedback we want to give to projects. Yes. It would also be really useful if projects have more guidance in preparing for the graduation process. I guess today it's left up to a lot to the SIGs, but of course each SIG kind of handles this process differently. And the preparation and expectations going into the process. There's also kind of high variance in depth. So I would probably, I think that the projects would be in both a better shape when it actually comes up for review as well as make the graduation process smoother if we can make kind of clear, you know, what exactly what should be done. The process all kind of, you know, some slides in this deck, saying, you know, making clear what is required versus, you know, what are things that are evaluated, but the process may be a little subjective. But of course, like the criteria, as much as possible, we should try to make objective if we can. Whether they value it is objective or not. I think it's important to uniformly apply them to. I agree somewhat yet. But the trick here is, if we make it all objective, then it's easy to. No, that's what I was saying. It can't be made all objective. It's good to clarify what is, you know, like a check off item like Liz was saying. Right. Yeah, and, you know, in the end, we have to think about like how we, we are going to ensure we as a community are going to ensure that the end users of our projects. You know, can rely on them for the long term right and how valuable it is going to be to them. And that is going to be subjective at some point. And it would also be good to get official consensus opinion or write up of the to see from each evaluation. Not just a collection of the opinions of individual members, but what is the consensus. Exactly, that that's what we are trying to do here when you have that PR you will get feedback in the form of either p o c sponsor or some feedback from the to see as a whole saying this is what we would like to see from you, or an invitation to the next meeting and say let's let's go talk about it in a public meeting. Right. The process should be going forward. So obviously this is not it's just not an easy problem or process. And so I'm really glad that the, you know, the to see is taking a look at this issue. Thank you so much. You're welcome. I have. Sorry. I wanted to ask one question about the proceeding page or slide and it made one note of the independent security audit is now a good time for that or should I show that. So go ahead. Thank you. Good day. My name is Matthew and helping out a sick security. One of the previous slides just noted that it, there's a need for a independent security audit and I was just curious if that should necessarily be a one provided by sick security you should there be like a landing page or a collection of all the high level pieces of the audit or can it be pretty much any entity from some list or meets that some sort of sign off criteria. So actually, the audits that get paid for by the CNCF that the kind of professional, you know, somebody should be paid, you know, proper money to do a full security audit.  So we definitely, you know, see that as a very valuable way of helping projects earlier on in their life cycle. But at the point where we get to graduation, I think in terms of actually telling the end user audience. You know, this is safe to use. It behooves us to have a, you know, paid for third party independent audit. And that's what this is referring to. The proposal was to make the tag security assessment something that happens before the first security audit eventually so that it lays down the groundwork for, you know, what the project sees its threat model and responsibilities as and then that would help the security audit when they're doing pen testing and deciding which bits to focus on. But that's not a strict requirement yet but probably will be eventually. My only follow up question is, is there a specific criteria for those agencies or those businesses do they require specific certification or is there a recommended list or do they actually get sourced by by CNCF stuff I don't have Chris's on the call, but it's been organizations like trailer bits in the past. Right. Yeah, that was my comment it was going to be like in the past we've used your 53 views trailer bits. And if there's other ones that we should know about happening now. Okay, and there is, I don't know if you, if you're aware, there is a RFP process, we took it put together a RFP and we send it out and vendors respond to it. And this is actually really familiar with this. Thank you. Great questions. Anyone else, any comments on this proposal that they'd like to raise now or questions. I think the one pager and the PR, you know, available for for comment and people have any changes they want to propose will make that correction to remove, remove the scheduled public meetings. I think we've got some notes on that somewhere. But otherwise, I think we had one more question which is, is it only two meetings in a year. We want to remove that that shouldn't be there. So we have public meetings twice a month and private meetings twice a month. You know, give or take some some breaks around Qcon. So we should be able to I think the, the goal should be that we should always be able to get through a one pager within a month, because we'll have two meetings should should be no reason why we can't get to them within a month. So if there is feedback that then needs discussion, we should just be trying to schedule that in the next available public meeting. Okay, okay. I think these, these public meetings don't normally have a hugely packed agenda so it should be completely possible to, you know, if there is a project that needs public discussion, we should be able to schedule it within one or two meetings I'm sure. Okay. I think that's pretty much it. We've got no other slides in here. I'm happy to be able to have the floor open for any other questions or things that people wanted to bring up. Just want to say thanks to Dins for presenting that and working on the, the one pager and so on. Yes. I had something brief. I think we have on last meeting. We have, we have a couple of tech leads that we intend to nominate for tagging their ability. And we're assuming that the email processes, the still the right one it starts with an email to the TLC is that the preferred process for nominating techniques. So I think, and other six feel free to sort of shout in with the way that they've done this, I think typically within the six themselves they might have had a process or an election or a call for nominees. And we just saw a good example of this come through from, I think it was sick at delivery wasn't it. Tag. Tag, sorry. I'll let you go for a little bit on it. Come through and we'll be doing something similar. As we head into the next meeting for the tag work will surface these two nominees that have come up already wanted to make sure that we were just in alignment on process. Yeah. Yeah. And if you have questions, talk to your tag liaisons. Historically, the nomination of tech leads or the assignment of tech leads has been, I think to how Liz had described it. Sort of left to the tags themselves and so they're not necessarily being an outstanding requirement for such formality, but, but to you know, teach their own correct me if. Yeah, they do need to be elected that there is, I can't quite remember what the phrasing is, but there is a kind of election process. And just to make sure that the, the to see a sort of getting oversight that the, you know, the qualified individuals. And then the tag comes together between chairs. I mean, I don't think we've ever yet seen a situation where it's been controversial but it's it's just a pie it's to keep us all in the loop so we know who. That's exactly what I was asking just trying to make sure I follow the right process. I guess the best practices, get some nominations and, and, you know, keep it transparent and, you know, no, and finally send us an email. One more quirk here I think we were not supposed to vote on the PR itself right. We need to figure that out on our end. I know what happened in here we did a trial run of being able to actually have GitHub we've never actually formalized moving things to GitHub. We can, but the canonical thing right now is please vote on an email, and I will remind all of you where the emails are. Yeah. Thank you. Doesn't sound broken. Great. Is that an open item? Speaking of that is that an open item like voting on GitHub or voting on. It could be but I want us to get through graduation first. Okay. So put it in the backlog. I think you know we did an experiment. Conclusions from that experiment. Any other questions or points anyone would like to discuss today. Okay, I think we are good thank you very much everyone and hopefully steps forward to a more efficient graduation process. Thanks very much dims. Thanks all. Okay, thank you.


Sam here with late in sports cards ripping 22 Pidini Phoenix football hobby 4 box break number 11 random team style Here's a look again at your random results. As always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link in chat Good luck everybody, let's do it. Good luck guys. I'm for some Phoenix. There's a Consores of Derek Henry to 150 Green and silver Tom Brie flamethrowers for the bucks our first hit in here It is gonna be Calvin Austin to 249 rookie Jersey Auto going to the Steelers nice one there Pittsburgh Evan Jay with the Steelers Congrats Evan Nice one there for you, buddy And Dallas Goddard silver. There's a Deshaun Watson 75 and Christian Watson hot routes rookie for the Packers nice one there pack go pack go In Hutchinson Allen Robinson for the Rams to 150 Silver Desmond River rookie rising. You don't really miss anything. So you're chillin Um It's Han taking a couple of spots in a dynasty break drop you guys the link to WWE we've got 15 spots to go random hit style 15 to go Random hit Everybody is guaranteed a hit in that one 15 to go Two goals two minutes into the second period McDavid.  He's so good James Winston to 175 and silver contours Pat Tillman. He's so good. It's unfair. I'll give that guy is dude There's an archetype case hit Derek Henry Congrats Edward P in the Titans nice one there, buddy, and that is not numbered archetype Little bit of a soft back corner as you can see down in the bottom right We'll send an empty box and wrapper just in case with the Titans very nice archetype case hit You can make that work. I think it's really allergic to chicken. Yeah You tell them to grow up So I'll go Titans right there lava is to 175 Nico Collins and Silver Aaron Rodgers flamethrowers Joey Bart That was the first name you came up with one That is Jonathan Taylor to 175 for the course and Silver flamethrowers Trey Lance. I mean there's no better comparison than McDavid Giannis Mahomes Joey Bart. I mean they're all on the same level for sure Pick it rookie. We've got Drake London star sign It's got London on the track, baby. Congrats Falcons going to Vaughn Vaughn's got London on the track Nice one there first star signs we've seen today. These are like a shorter printed auto, which is kind of cool Silver Tyrion Davis Price filler Try Paul Amalou contours to 125 and Silver is diva Bailey zappy the 149 nice little Jersey card for you there Carl Side it There you go Carl nice zappy coming your way. You can recappy that zappy. There's James Winston color burst. Oh man. We were just getting all the schticks with your guys's hits now. Oh boy pink deck To 199 Silver is Joe name it. It's pretty cool color burst of James though DJ more to 250 and Silver Joe burrow on the contours All right guys on to box number two Got one more of these four boxers after them We got a couple of mixers with Phoenix and impeccable. That'll be pretty fun Those are always a good time any impeccable mixers always a lot of fun There be Don Russ Phoenix Zenith, which all of them outside. They're all a good time. Bless you Chrome dust man. It's just whoo Wow, I mean Pierce paint Traylon Burke's rookie rising to 175 Silver is Malik Willis flamethrowers Got Jalen Tolbert to 149 three colored RPA nice one there for the Cowboys Congrats Dallas and Silver Carson Wentz It's snag you in a lot of it. Oh, that'd be pretty cool there's say one to 250 and Silver breeze all rookie rising. There's red Kirk cousins for the Vikings to 199 Silver contours Garrett Wilson We've got wow Phoenician Josh Allen two case hits are super short prints. There you go bills Go to Gary W. Congrats Phoenician looks great this year. Holy cow, man. That's awesome First Phoenician we pulled today That's so cool, man. That is a fantastic design Wow The this is this is gonna be up in one of my favorite like Case hit like super short prints ever I think that Phoenician looks absolutely gorgeous fire nice K dot and 250 and Silver Justin Fields That's awesome. Dude. That's that's fit. They killed that design killed it Pink is Traylon Burke's to 199 Hot routes turn corn That is that's unbelievable There's red Alec Pierce for the Colts to 250 21 of 250 silver Russ blame throwers true true true John Pick it rookie There's a Kenny pick it auto now six of 15 Wow going to Evan J. And the Steelers Congrats, buddy holy moly What a box right there? Talk about a God box Dylan We'll get that mag as well Silver David a job. Oh Stop bricks. Yeah Phoenix looking great dude. There's a hot routes Kyle Pitts to 150 Silver DK Metcalf Yes, Grizzly all spots are taken except WWE tonight. Yeah, the only group break with spots left is WWE God Garrett Wilson 82 of 99 on the two-color patch What's um for the pet pick it they're scratched by the rookie Logan Brandon cooks color bears Yeah, there is a little bit of a surface thing up on the top could call on that one Brian Impossible force we'll send an empty box and wrapper with the the Steelers as well. Sorry about that Evan Tour sound came out tonight. Oh, yeah, they're firing 43 to 13 So that'll go with the Steelers Get down to talk challenge Level impossible Jermaine Johnson purple nice one there to 35 for the Jets Silver Steve young Fireforged went from Riddler to this. Yeah, we went from Donnie to Dylan Good God Sam Williams for the Cowboys to 150 and silver Contours per cup. There's no any questions. He asked All right, I've got a question Chat, let me know if you can help me out with this. That's exactly what I do. That's my Donnie impression Is there a reason that like The true blue is more sought after than like the blue wave or the blue shimmer out of Bowman That is that that is my Donnie impression right there. That's how Donnie asked questions right there I know we have Donnie is the Riddler Sean's the trash man Bryson's mumbles There's Kyle pits hot routes again teal to 150 Silver Kenneth Walker that is Isaiah Spiller to 75 on the two-color patch auto for the Chargers nice one there L.A. Silver Marcus Marriota Nacobie Dean red for the Eagles to 250 Silver contours James Cook is a there you go. That is Jalen Hertz to 75 Let's go Evan congrats man. No, that wasn't Evan. That was Gary congrats Gary silver flamethrowers James This Brett far pink to 175 Silver DJ more that is Danny Gray to 125 Silver is Fire Forge Peyton Manning Pink sauce Gardner nice auto there for the Jets 14 out of 30 or no 99 Congrats on that one at New York. That's going to Jeremy T. There you go. Jeremy. Nice one there buddy. Silver Jake Ferguson rookie much better Well, there's an argument to be made purple Garrett Wilson to 125 Silver contours Derek Henry, I just know that neither of them are nearly as good as Jalen Armour Davis Ravens fourth round a legend or fifth round or sixth round legend like Willis There's another Kenny pick it this time to 149 nice Jersey there for the steelers. Congrats again on that one Evan I've been doing well with some tickets and David Mills color burst for the Texans fix off Aaron Rodgers three times There's a lava Mike Evans that is to 175 Silver Matt Corral a mon Ross ain't done There's purple tea Higgins to 199 rendon cooks Hot Routes Yeah, I kind of agree with that actually Brian. They do look pretty pretty clean that way There's no way and Flago three super short prints and three boxes Najee Harris going to Evan. What a break dude That's awesome that design. I'm sorry Ozzy. I apologize man to 150 is Devin McCordy Silver Traylence It's up Scott. He's man Tony taking a spot Got a 14 to go in WWE get Yes, come in consistent right now you're right you hundred percent right on that force There's a cool strange nice one there to 250 that Najee's nice Silver Mike Williams and purple Jamar Chase to 125 for the bangles That is Terry Bradshaw Still no sprinkles For us did you pull any sprinkles this morning? I do imagine there's probably a couple There's Jair Alexander to 199 Two in one box geez contours teal all eyes when they're gone that is hot routes mr. Brandon cooks It's a 50 Silver Justin Herbert. I have not pulled the sprinkles yet. Now Trevor Lawrence orange to 99 nice one there Silver Joe burrow for the bangles Drake London. There's a Matt Corral To at 175 that is Tyra kill That's a five John Ferguson John Dotson to 149 nice one there rising rookie ball auto Congrats commanders their tea There you go, buddy. Nice John Dotson silver James Damian Pierce for the Texans to 150 Silver Christian Watson rising rookie. There's Jalen Tolbert lava to 175 for the Cowboys Silver hutch contours I would say go by somebody who's relatively similar in value John if there's like another big quarterback to five Got a Derek Stingley jr. 24 of 25 on the teal auto nice one there Texans Grats on that and silver Malik Willis rookie Kurt Warner for the Rams to 150 fire forged silver teal off lame throwers Yeah, that's probably your best bet. I would say Got some air white that is a breeze all to 149 on the Jersey Guard For the Jets and a Ryan Tannehill colors I'll do it for the break guys do a quick recap here Really crazy crazy break dude three of the four K sets game that are super short friends Resolve kind of pick it Garrett Wilson Bailey Zappi sauce Gardner Derek Stingley Drake London Isaiah Spiller Johan Dotson Jalen Tolbert Calvin Austin I have a go one Charles. Thank you, buddy. There's Kenny pick it to 15 on the auto We had an Fuego Najee Harris Super short print archetype Derek Henry Super short print and Venetian Josh Allen super short print on real break there guys That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill next up. We have one more


Let me ask you a simple question. From the time the UPND took office up until now, is there any positive thing you've seen from them to date? The positive thing about UPND, about shifting them kwae, katwishi nomba pahundoa manashan. Bantu nga na ya kufiabunga, yo kuen na katwishi. Nga na ya kuma hospitals imitita kudi. Wa ya kumiko, dibadi filu fianya o KCM kwae, fibadi kufika kasabani. Nga wanyan kuisa tunne wuki shenemi. Kwa agrikautja mkwa efetraiza, fewa fe chimbi chimbi, wantu wari aka na fe mutu ma menda, jibishi enkukuisa kanshiku, nga kutumgae. Ku transporti. Kufi fimbi fimbi. Wa president weni. Wa president babe, pa fechirabu shiku. Nga wabuka, wa pupu wufi. Wa pupu wufi, wa pupu wufi. Wubu shiku bale na ndokutina, na ta kwa kaveshido, ta kwa operu shedding. Next thing, road shedding is all over because bad is Tisha manai te aretuwa chile generating our patrotic front. As patrotic front, tira twa ishile mkwa utengan 2011 pariwa anda lasat. If we, fwa wami turefumuna kwe imemili. During that time, to wa jiboku tira, the generation of electricity was only about 1.6 to 1.7 megawatts. By the time patrotic front was leaving office, it was over 3,400, 3,500, 3.5 megawatts of power that was being generated. Meaning that in terms of domestic conception, there was no deficit. We actually reached the point where we could also export. But mkwa na ndokutina, na ishile mkwa utengan, na ta kwa kaveshido, na ta kwa wami turefumuna kwe imemili. E ichibam boku shisha as we are contributing to a poo, mkwa. We never went into contracts that would deprive the Zambian people because we saw the anguish of road shedding when PF got into government. Some of us were privileged to be ministers in this government. The anguish the people of Zambia were going through road shedding. We were determined to end it by 2020-2021 road shedding in Zambia we had said goodbye. And therefore we didn't expect that a new government that had even been promising and criticizing the issues of road shedding will come and sell power, requisite to other countries at the expense of economic activities in your own country. Look at the concessions. Amma concessions bapere kuhabana kuhuma mines for example in North West and others. Instead of cutting through the sender kuhu in undara through taxes abama wuteku bwanyu wali bapere kutuna mule senda mule chita mine nukusendo mukuba without paying the expected rate for electricity. Amma taxes itware fwa kwa turepokanga bapatotiku front mule chita we attempted to introduce sales tax later on we said okay let's go towards the mineral royalty just from the mineral royalties these people are supposed to pay we have lost close to five billion dollars now five six billion dollars but Vaka in Deichilema he said has chosen that he would rather go and borrow or get beg from IMF 1.3 1.4 billion dollars atx other than generating that money on your own why would you render yourself surrender all your rights to your resources and then go to the same people that you have surrendered your rights and whatever to your resources and start begging eifutu randuku atingaba patotiku front ifu we are determined kubutu muru shuwa kwa wa edi galungu barandu rukuti datu ala kubika muna zambia pan times ababa sumuna ababa ambibani ingreba dekon kamunuma itisha kutila kwambira mu independence kwa isa fika leilo turesanga kutila tureruisha kumusungu kuatata afilishe tisha tini kechapua you know nshitana tui wa supposed to generate our only resource solutions that's why even our negotiations z2a reanda IMF we insisted that we will not go in any deal unless IMF wasumuna to accept the locally generated solutions and economic packages for recovery because of the effects of COVID-19 effects of climate change the floods and so on that affected us at that particular state during waluungu toa lisa posa kusana manu kugulime fetraizda toa re toa rapaime me junu nishii umu provinces fetraizda naifika trafika kuma augas september nishii ama farmers nama mboku pokirira padoste umufundo na seed eichu toa re kuwata bamba havest after bamba havest nangura toa re kuwata fiyo wua wua wina wua fiyawa drought na amaflans batitia kuli amuzan betracha resho time nambatu nga fiyo fiyo tutracha randa kuli fiamalite toa lisa leshia ishtaneshita kutira awe wunga nangura matabat twira toa la kufia rofimbi first umu no kutira desh food security muza mga eichu mamu no kutira regileisho ni amutengu inana fodebo atana fodebo lebo was done abanesu roba ishi re wafiki refe musamo basangama sheds nai surana mataba wa alo lekesha before they can produce their own wa ambire festi wa ishtisha ama sheds umu namu kopa belutumu na kushama po insto re kuwata ma sheds ni amataba namu ya komu kasa naka kuli umu ewe dani kuna kundora umu e nga namuki itue umu e kuchambeshi pa rengamu na mola pa muso pa la pari tisha eti chika namba itja mataba tapaba panto mataba basi ishtisha eichu musa muza kutira nomboku unga wamboku sesani wamboku shota matavana wamboku shota eichu nombore itutumu kutira yo wamboku kula ishtisha wamboku kula ria lola miyo not breakfast mukwa e uu teko gulingiru kwa frisha vena zambia kulengu kutire fintu fiana komu tengu wamboku isadira vene kwa dinena lalia lola kona lalaya breakfast nanda kutimu tengu na unaga ifibada iti taba ipndi fia kufia musa lula fia kwa zi wambu wambu wambu wambu bafilu fiana fintu nombom wamboku tutumu fia yo tefilingu rukubai yo mu tube mwa nanda kutira jibinda mo aiche aria imo aishika no buti imina a hanta who's not experience they will go and catch one animal and forget that they need that same trap to catch another they go and destroy it ifibada iti taba ipndi kona na ula nanguru kushika wuchinga pantu bariwi na maileksion 2021 amena zambia wubada itum pika nuku kusa lula 1 dewa kwa fia mu 20 mu 20, 20, 26 fida fini wana nanda mu tube mba kutira wubu changeshi waka kwa kuru bumbi kutumpa ino kuture iti tefintu kule mwa kutu na wuchinga lakansi kutumpa nekutu tan cha kusesan traps you so all what we are saying is that there are a lot of concerns of the people of kopa belt people of mundora are supposed to apply themselves before you cut me you know that baruba mine has been crossed it's a loss of jobs why because people don't care about the local people I want to multiply you have a number near 3515 so once I'm up in that they are going into more poverty because even just a simple thing to elevate them into civilization by them having access to electricity it has been made even more difficult who in our communities oz kutu api ano kuma kumbon mwa sumawanga how many can afford to pay 3500 just for connections before we talk about you know issues of buying electricity and so on but actually you know sorry to cut you short the defense has always been that you know zesko is trying to arrive at cost reflective tariffs that hence the increase in those charges zambia kutu ila cost reflective tariff what it means by you know cost reflective tariff in zambia israeti walefua kumia kusafsi you know what kuchi ingiro kuchi tika cha kutu ila kubu teiko and eukotu wale itchale ingiro kutu ila maa mining companies and so on wamboku support by your position mu nando kutu ila to walefua kumia inda nama kuba nongi bale yaba nongka kutu wale kuba pinna mu nangu wushabakawain amma mines dionse yei in yei out they are seeking for concessions wubu teiko muwutu fumishaiko tu iradi pina umutengu amara itipao at the value of that directisy to a generating but these are people making huge profits though they keep on declaring losses if you are declaring losses it is expected of you to close the business because you are not making any money but we know they were making money and every time you change the tax regime they protest and next thing when it is towards an election they then say okuanshi would rather support the opposition yaba ediganungu ba adi corrupt fulafua okuba pinna yaba ediganungu ba adi tele compromise the lives of the Zambian people by accepting some of the offers who have been offered from the mines in some of the mining entities but we know they are not able to do that each of them is able to go up and into the opposition that's a reality but these countries where these mining entities are coming from some of them they subsidize their farmers do you know that in america they actually pay farmers daily farmers even for milk that they will not be able to sell just because they have to balance the economy by making sure that that sector is not destabilized why is it that they are insisting that we shouldn't assist our poor people who are infarming by giving them physics what has not just possibly worked effectively is a system of graduation maybe this year to next year after that they graduate and begin to sustain themselves and go on the open market that system of graduation is what has not been implemented because both opposition sometimes those who are friends were in opposition at the time us would try and be a bit responsible in opposition maybe answering the question that Mr voice of the voice list was talking about will not engage into inciting people towards irresponsible actions no that will not do but we want that the disaster in the agriculture sector is resolved so that the people can produce where we are going this year watch this month of February we are going to be queuing up for minimum in kawahitastated in usaka it has started kwa liwa maqsiyopu kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa usaka shishibi bunumundara ako atina umo bunga boafika alantu baledu de rapansi nga maingirata badea kuli badea badea estisha pati wiyo kwa yam kuli pili indara mukwa tatsendo wunga kua yatsendo bunga fest era nombayan for abadea abade estisha abadei pili that is what is happening kwa syarafi panu no nomba tukambo tukambuku munefia kusama pasamba we need to stop that so that we can preserve the peace and the tranquility that Zambia has enjoyed for all these years from independence the biggest problem tukua etemu liwa UPND akutira by UPND naba estisha naba ipe lesya ingechi bumbe rocha if yalofia were turned from the west led by the americans if we erotwani mugu teiko wa amerika variants nisha na nisha na naba naba kufuwa akutira ba lungu nga bade fukuwa tukwa furisha ba piti di se mugu teiko wasuminu ukulete fufia gei nama lesbians ii tichintu globally na ikoseria shiri dasa wukamu na monokutira wa amerika naba pasimana lo yakunando kutira any afrikan kantiri irekana ukulete fia these abominable practices of gays and lesbian rights amerika ika moku kanika monandu akutira most of the afrikan countries have rejected those erin practices including zambia, right? unfortunately it was including zambia when we were in government so you're saying it's been allowed now? I'm not saying it's been allowed but I can tell you that there are maneuvers to try and please the masters of this government the masters of misaka in the itzema around those issues that's how come they are workshops that are being undertaken in this country they are programs of wanting to start educating our children around that yarema buku wa ba tuare sambi nama yari jelita na mulaenga fadi afumi amu nama kwa di mama buku yakutira wa re ranga umu omenu mua na kashi yari hati umu omenu mua omenu at husband and wife with their adopted child without realizing our children are being brainwashed at a tender age with a pope that Kuntan Shibakambuksa advocate that it's a human right umu omenu mua na kashi wukupan ihichu munandu akutira wa UPND vadi vadi sa hi kuminkanyako as a party kuri wa Libro Network no kusumi nama konditions hecho the western countries have supported the UPND and even to push them into government the details of that we can discuss in another day but itchabi pachakutira wa haka hindi itchile manaba towe funde yobatushiri reba kawunda wa kawunda erutua pokirubuntu umum 1964 wa alisa sarapoku tumgirira mua zambu afrika ifindu fiweli one zambia was among the front line countries nifufu wa tua dikuntanshu kubu isha untungabanesu wa zimbabue wasa afrika wa namibia wa mozambik nabambia wa shara wa shapokirubuntu umabai that time wa kawunda ba dikuntanshu na suwa izambia yaa dikindi kuichiwa chonse gawafika kwa amerika wa yakuuropu gawamunanda tizambia wa ishibu kutira urie intu umrushi aripupaku wa la kawunda was one of the heroes akutabi filia wa sefia wa neonson mandela kutira he is a great hero the greater hero is akutabi kawunda because mandela nga difili in prison wama fili shokutira mandela afumena kusunga famili yaa kuna kusunga wa Nc kuna wa tabomba kiwene zuma bonsebari karamun stetas kuna kusuna nama kawunda otherwise aparta izi regime would have wiped out all those freedom fighters that's why in Dwaakusa afrika they celebrate zambia the more than we celebrate ourselves ba kawunda chivi icho ba sadirepo was to become the leader of the nana nani movement pamanavan nerere waran bire kucharo kutira ifuenga wa afrika wa zambia wa tazana nabambia ma countries tatrefoio munturu onse kwa mbukura sadira ama nesu tukasana ama nesu according to our interests so kwa mbira muriba kawunda we have always been nana nani nana nani means that ine ifuenga zambia amerika utuwa ama nesu pangkomo ine bachainababa ma nesu but ifuenga titi kakuribaba UPND nansu terminal dokat they were sponsored like that they are beginning to take sides with amerika on everything when in fact they know that the right thing is not even to take that particular position ma ni ma nufutu ofo terepari rashana utren ifuenga wa zambia kwa mbira muriba kawunda muriba chiruba muriba monawasa muriba rupia banda muriba sadira tana monuwa lungu we will not take sides with anybody because those are internal issues we will only contribute through diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict between Ukraine and China and never take a side why? because we are not aligned we are friends of Russia friends of Ukraine we are friends of America friends of China today you are getting sentiments from the UPND that suggested they have don't want to have anything to do with Russia they don't want to have anything to do with China batuwa fyebade terepari kakuribaba wakutira inun shita mucha no globally the super power that has been made in this world is not America it is China because they have been able to surpass America in terms of economic development they have surpassed America in terms of technological development and so on even I am electric cars do you know the companies that are already manufacturing electric cars they are in China so African countries are supposed to properly position themselves and not be cheated by America who is desperately trying to continue to maintain its stance if we are to ring kupusangwa mumu-muluwi trade war between America and China that's why to ringro kanyabaka in the hrema in instance we are sending the reakwati now we begin to align ourselves that's not what our forefathers left us with that's not what other presidents have taken as a stance would rather be friends with everybody after all we are just a developing country and in rating with these countries to ringro kukutangisha interest here is Zambia not interest here is Sungu not interest here is Kufi aloyo it's the interest of the Zambian people that's why in Tungurushi nomba shutua relandat shibinga mugabe in Tungurushi shutua relandat awinashikari shen nabam museve nabambi baremonu kukutela kanshibari kwaite amano kuchiraba ama itjabare isa mu nandu akuati ababare kwa compromise kwa deka rupia na kalu kusanguna Tungu utubare va pera warufia na filosofia chalo wambu kula estrafifiabutu ufutu untungu which is bringing poverty in the country


postdoc in mass biology here. So at IGS, we do have a mass biology group, although most of them are mathematicians. Our group works on different subjects. For example, the theoretical models to explain morphogenesis. And for example, the analysis in developmental biology. And also we define metrics on the space of trees. And we also design the corresponding algorithms. We also work on the inference on tissue transplantation, which is today's topic. So let's consider an experiment that we take one piece of the tissue, and then we graft it to another tissue. And then we observe how the grafted tissue behaves. So to simplify the problem, we only consider two possibilities. One is that the grafted tissue develops normally. And the other case is that it develops abnormally. For example, we consider the Xanopus lavix, a kind of frog. If we take a piece of upper lateral lip, the donor, and transplanted to the host, she's the lower lip. Then the result is normal, meaning that the transplanted tissue will develop normally as if it was a host. So here is the table for the results from the 2010 paper. Here we have seven donors and seven hosts. And here each entry means an experiment with this donor and this host. Here un means normal. A means abnormal. And the question marks here are the experiments that we don't know the results. So the question is, with these known results, how do we infer the unknown ones? So the core idea here is that similar experiments should have similar results. Here similar experiments means they have similar donors and similar hosts. With this idea, we can use the known results to infer the unknown ones. And here we assume that we have known the similarities between experiments. So let's consider this experiment similarity chart. This red term is an experiment with the donor and host here, and the result is unknown. It is similar to four different experiments with known results. Here the double line means high similarity. Single line means medium similarity. And if there's no line, it means low similarity. You can see that this experiment with unknown result is similar to three experiments with results normal. And one is abnormal. So we could expect the result is more possible to be normal. Here's the second part of the similarity chart. We have five experiments with unknown results and they are similar to these experiments with known results. And here's the last part. So we want to design a penalty function that evaluates the guesses of those unknown experimental results. And there's a penalty if two similar experiments have different results. For the concrete form of this function, we can get some inspirations from the IC model. The IC model describes ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. So here we consider a set of lattice sites. Here for each site, it has a variable which takes plus or minus one. Here is described by the up or down arrow. And for each configuration of this plus or minus one, the energy is defined like this. Here we consider those neighboring sites. And if their values are the same, the energy is smaller. Here we assume there's no external field. And with this energy function, we can define the corresponding probability of this configuration, which has an exponential form. And we can see that one configuration with high energy means high penalty has small probability. Therefore, the neighboring sites tend to have the same value. Now we can see the analogies between T2 transplantation experiments and the IC model. For T2 transplantation, we have an experiment similarity chart where there are many experiments and some are similar, which are linked. And for each experiment, we have a binary result, either normal or abnormal. For the IC model, we have a lattice of many sites. And some sites are neighboring. And for each site, it has a variable plus or minus one. And for T2 transplantation, we have a penalty if similar experiments have different results. The same for IC model, that if neighboring sites have different values, we also have a penalty. Therefore, we can see the last analogy. For the IC model, we have an energy function to describe the configuration. And for T2 transplantation, what should be the penalty function? The answer is we can directly use the energy function here. We need to warn that this is just a pure analogy. It doesn't mean any physical correspondence between T2 transplantation and ferromagneticism. So we regard normal as plus one and abnormal as minus one. And if two experiments are similar, then we set the coefficient to be positive. And here's the penalty function, which has the same form with the IC model. And the same, we have the probability of each configuration. So, for example, consider this experiment, similar to chart, where we have an experiment with unknown results. And it is similar to four other experiments with known results. So, if we set the result of this experiment to be normal, then we can calculate the penalty function, which is minus three. And if we set the result to be abnormal, then the penalty is three. So abnormal has a higher penalty. Then we can calculate the corresponding probabilities. The probability of normal is 0.665. So, normal is the most probable guess of these experiments with unknown results. So, for each configuration of the unknown results, we can calculate the penalty. And then we can get the probability of this guess. So, here's the final result that we consider each guess for the unknown experiment, which is in red. And then we calculate the probability of each one. And we choose the one with the largest probability. So, here we presented the most probable guesses. And also, we can calculate the expectation of all guesses, namely the probability for each experiment with unknown results to be normal. Here you can see that most experiments tend to be normal. Now, let's consider another situation that knows that for this experiment, all the known results are deterministic, either normal or abnormal. And the next situation is that the results are not deterministic, but so so stochastic. So, for this experiment, we have five donors and three hosts. And for each experiment, here we have a percentage of normal results. So, the solution here is simple, that we have some stochastic results. And we can decompose them into several deterministic results with different probabilities. For example, we consider this part of the table. These stochastic results can be decomposed into four different deterministic results. And their probabilities are determined by the initial probabilities here. And with this decomposition, for each deterministic configuration, we can use the method we just described and calculate the expectation of all the guesses. And then we take the expectation over all these deterministic configurations. So, here is the final result. For each experiment with unknown results, we can infer a percentage of the result to be normal. The last part of my talk is about experimental design. So, assume there are many tissue transplantation experiments, and so far we don't know any results. And the goal is to know all the results. And here, since we have the inference method, we don't need to conduct all of them, but just to conduct some of them and use these results to infer others. And the question here is, how should we choose which experiments to conduct? On one side, we need enough experimental data to conduct the inference. And on the other side, we want to minimize the experimental cost, which means we don't want to conduct too many experiments. So, remember that the results of non-conducted experiments are inferred by those similar conducted experiments. Therefore, to guarantee the inference quality, one non-conducted experiment should be similar to at least K conducted experiments. If, for example, K plus 2 or K plus 1. And the most efficient design means with minimal cost is that we don't have any similar conducted experiments. And for each non-conducted experiment, it is similar to exactly K conducted experiments. So, consider this figure that each unit is an experiment. And neighboring units are similar experiments. Each black unit is a conducted experiment. And each white unit is a non-conducted experiment. Now, the question is, given this figure, how should we color it so that two black units are not neighboring? And each white unit is neighboring to exactly K black units. So, for K plus 4, this is the current method. You can see that two black units are not neighboring. And for each white unit, if it is not on the boundary, then it is neighboring to exactly K plus 4 black units. And this is for K plus 2. You can see that black units are not neighboring. And for each white unit not on the boundary, it is neighboring to two black units. And for K plus 4, we can see that we have half white and half black. For K plus 2, we have one third of black. For K plus 1, we can see that black units are not neighboring. And each white unit is neighboring to exactly one black unit. And here we have one fifth of the black units. And in practice, the experiment similarity chart is not a two-dimensional figure like this, but four-dimensional. The problem is that we cannot really draw a four-dimensional figure here. So, we need some abstract methods. For example, on K equals 8, for each unit, we use a four-dimensional coordinate, x, y, z, w. We color it to be black if the coordinate satisfies this equation. It means the sum of these four numbers is given. And for this case, we conduct that one-half of total experiments. Similarly, we can define the methods for K plus 4, where we need to conduct one-third of total experiments for K equals 2 and K equals 1. In practice, K plus 2 or K plus 1 is enough to conduct satisfactory inference. Therefore, for the two-dimensional case, we only need to conduct one-fifth to one-third of total experiments. For the four-dimensional case, we only need to conduct one-ninth to one-fifth of total experiments. And then we use the results of these conducted experiments to infer all the other non-conducted experiments. We can see that the more experiments similarities we have, the fewer experiments we need to conduct. Okay, that's all. Thank you.


So, molarity problem, it says hydrochloric acid is sold commercially as 12.0 molar aqueous solution. How many moles of HCl are in 300 mils of the 12 molar solution? Okay, so it says the concentration, so the molarity against us, right, is 12.0 molar. If you want to put C for concentration, that's okay, but for ranian, remember 12.0 molar, right, that's a derived unit, 12.0, if you like to do this, it's good for you to do, okay, moles per one liter. And it also told us that we have a volume of HCl, this is the molarity of HCl, the volume of HCl was 300 milliliters, so we have 300 milliliters of HCl, and for every 12 moles of HCl, we have one liter of solution of the HCl solution. So, notice these are in milliliters, right, so these are in liters, so we want to convert milliliters to liters, so I wanted to know how many moles were in that many liters, well, we've got this conversion factor, HCl canceled, so let's just do it, 800 divided by 1000 times 12, the three sig figs, 3.6. And this is moles, so that's how many moles of HCl are in, 300 mils of a 12 molar HCl solution. Everybody okay with that? Questions on doing something like that? Again, this is just another conversion factor that you guys know, and molarity equals moles per liter.


I was invited to present a paper at the genocide conference in Memorial and to commemorate the massacre at Srebrenica. And in 1995, in Srebrenica, in a United Nations safe haven, 8,000 Bosnian men and boys were massacred by Serb soldiers. And it was the largest massacre in Europe since World War II. And the 10-year anniversary of the mass deaths was also going to be the time in which Zarajevo would host a conference on genocide. And I was invited to give a paper based upon my work at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Form of Yugoslavia. And I happened to be teaching the War on Human Rights class at the time. And I mentioned it to the class and said I was going, I was absolutely going. And if they wanted to come to, they were invited. It was up to them. And a group of them decided that they would go with me. And one student said she left the classroom and she went and got a passport that day so that she could go her first passport. They were an exceptional group of students, but it was also an overwhelming opportunity to be there, to participate, to remember in person and to be changed by the experience. There were 50,000 people at this memorial and it was intense, of course. The students participated in the excavation of a mass grave. They were witnesses. We went to the reburial of 600 bodies of Bosnian Muslim men that had been excavated from mass graves around the area, a collection of Muslim imams, of teachers, people who were burying the dead from the area, people who came to bear witness, to bury the dead, and world leaders were all in attendance. It was a Muslim funeral. There were people praying. One of the students said to me, what is that sound? And I said, it sounds like rolling thunder, but it's the sound of people praying. It was phenomenal to be there. There is nothing like being in attendance, to witness, to be there in person. And from there we went to the genocide conference and the students listened to papers on genocide for a week. The Bosnian hosts in Sarajevo were so kind and so generous and it was an experience to be in Sarajevo, which is a living cemetery in part, but it's also a testimony to human resilience and not looking away and not trying to repress what had occurred, but to bear witness and to go on living, to go on tending and mending. And from there we went to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia where the students were in attendance at the Milosevic trial. So they got to see that today there is no impunity for these crimes on such a mass scale that are crimes against humanity. It was in that way, I think, encouraging and also somewhat, it gives a kind of an energy to know that there are good people all over the world working to stop this. And it makes a difference. We went to the International Criminal Court and were able to interview and to meet with one of the judges of the International Criminal Court. This is the first time that there is a permanent solution to crimes against humanity that are ongoing, to make sure that leaders know that in the future they will be held accountable. That was inspiring to students as well.