Happy holidays and welcome to the Dairy Runlet show It's quite fitting that we would be doing a show on gay rights at this holiday season because in November of this year they had a special celebration and that was was called Transgender Day of Remembrance and as a result of that day Joe Biden went on national television and said I am going to bring back and Enhance gay rights and transgender rights, and that's what this show is about ladies and gentlemen During this Christmas season. I have two very important guests with me today One of them is one of the most important people of my life has been for the last 55 years when she was born to me at Bowdoin College Ladies and gentlemen meet my daughter Nicole Runlet Nicky. How are things in Florida? A lot better than they are in Seattle right now I'm sure weather wise beautiful the manatee here are out and swimming around and Having great time and yep the the fish are jumping and we're right in right into the frying pan too So we're definitely enjoying it You're down in Crystal River, which is pretty much the manatee capital of the world so to speak Watching amenities come to the very spot where Chuck and Malice have their property and the manatees come in there And all the tourist folks come in there along with the manatees, right? Oh Absolutely, they're her and they all have their little noodles swimming around and goggles and they sound they sound like the manatee when they're blown out There's snorkel so Well, that's one of my favorite things down in Nicky is not the lead stone crab But watch the manatees ladies and gentlemen my second guest is someone who was also very important to me because she's a fellow attorney Our sister attorney I should say and she's also president of P flag in Portland Sarah. Welcome to my show Hi, Derry. So thanks so much for having me on here today And my first question to you Sarah would be what what do the initials P flag me? so P flag is a We are a chapter of the national group Which is the parents and friends of lesbians and gays and it doesn't have the letter t in there But we are an ally group supportive of everyone in the LGBTQ plus community and the national group was started back in 1972 and Now there are over 400 chapters across the country Our chapter here in Portland, Maine There's another one in Maine the Waterville chapter is pretty active and we are Trying to do supports and education and advocacy so that the groups of friends and families Around the LGBTQ community Have the resources that they need to learn what they need to do to be good friends good family members and supportive of their LGBTQ loved ones Sarah right out of the blocks In the last four years that you have been serving on that board with my dear friend my dear friend and neighbor was going to Pay today Beth Tyler in those four years.  So those are terrifying numbers It's that fear that is one of the reasons that that family of LGBTQ people Sometimes have a hard time accepting that their loved one is a member of this community mostly because we don't want people to be susceptible to those sorts of Of attacks and you obviously want your people to be protected Here in Maine, we have some pretty good strong protections. But of course nationally Again, at least through the regulatory process. There have been Reductions in rights across the board. I think one of the biggest ones of course is in the military Transgender people who have served our country so well And and vocally and with the military's own support Nevertheless, we're we're denied the right to enroll and I think that that hopefully is going to be changing again Sarah, I wish to tell you as I preface my question to nicky That I was in Portland at Derry Oaks and was the first person to see Lady Gaga get off her boss With entourage of 30 people my god, and she got up and gave one of the best speeches I've ever heard I didn't actually know who she was and she got up and spoke directly to Susan Collins and Olympia snow and said You're going to be the swing vote on this to uh to stop discrimination against gays in the military I was very uh Very pleased to listen to her and then very pleased that Susan Collins and Olympia snow both did vote that way But nicky the question I want to ask you is this You're watching the campaign Of 2016 and you're watching the president of united states point to a sign behind him that says lb gtq for Donald Trump and he goes oh look at this Look at this sign And look at this look at the support I've got and then within days within minutes Of being in that administration the first thing he did was what sarah said was to go after trans in the military Then he's going out to health benefits, and I've never even gotten into pence yet and that's that's later Nicky, how did that make you feel to see the president suddenly turn after getting elected? Well, I certainly think that one of the most surprising Statement you made was that you didn't know who lady gaga was or didn't know much about her But no, I actually to think um to see We have donald trump up on stage Talking about his support and how he had support of the lgbtq community Once again, it's typical Typical donald trump you don't you don't listen to what he says, but you you watch what he does his actions And his actions spoke way louder than his words ever ever did and he rolled back so many of the All the the rights and the other guidance that the obama administration had put forth And he put I guess he went on a rampage of turning those back around So, um, yep, certainly wasn't a I wasn't a big fan of his if you can tell Well, uh, the other thing I wanted to say to both nicky and sarah Uh, it is that What concerned me the most was that I think uh, a lot of people perhaps got faked out I have to say that when I heard him say that I thought to myself.  He writes the a scathing dissent in the opinion we're going to discuss Which is now considered one of the best cases in in the country on gay rights And so sarah when the gorsuch opinion came down Were you as faked out as many of us quote legal scholars were when the opinion came down Four gay rights and gorsuch was the runner wrote the opinion I I was completely shocked. Um, you know when I saw that that case was was coming up before the court And just as things have changed over the last four years I was worried about how things were going to come down and um Again, that was you know, it's as you know, there were three cases there to with with uh, People who were gay getting discriminated against and one with the woman who was transgender Amy stevens who unfortunately died before seeing that good news Um, but it was such a thrill to see that that they did actually interpret sex Discrimination to include the gender identity and the sexual identity of people So it was it was a thrill to see that Well, uh, uh getting back to the trans issue Uh in 2020, uh, it's 37 37 people were reported killed as trans And they also indicate that many of these crimes go unreported so violence increased And this decision doesn't come until june of 2020 the gorsuch decision But nicky during that time The last seven years did you ever? Feel threatened or or is it such that you are so obviously seem Maybe not so obviously trans as some people do going the transition period We know folks that when the when the person who was trans goes through the process They change from male to female or female to male and until they reach the end point They they're really in transition. Have you noticed yourself any sort of? Uncomfortable behavior When I came out, uh, I was in florida at the time, uh, and You know, certainly, you know, parts of the country can be a little bit You know more or trans friendly or trans unfriendly and and certainly there were some very awkward times for me As a as a woman or a trans woman in her mid thirties who was transitioning Certainly very awkward times in my parents the way I carried myself and you can tell in just the way People either conduct themselves around you or how your friends may react, of course to your your outward appearance Uh, it certainly it certainly is something that was obvious and apparent to me Um, fortunately, I didn't have any, uh extreme negative or any type of physical type of retaliation or reactions But it certainly it can be much worse for many many other in the trans community And I I really I really feel fortunate that I did not but feel just so bad for those that they do experience the discrimination and and the uh, you know the physical harm And sarah, um, one of the reasons why you are a member of this organization is that you Are yourself have a child who is uh transgender. Am I correct? Yes? So my son, uh, who's in college now, but he came out to me when he was 14 first as gender fluid and then He did just realize he was transgender male And so coming out in a you know public school system here in maine one thing that I think is important to recognize You know for the transgender people as well as as uh gay people is that the harassment in schools is still Very prevalent, of course homophobia is a common sort of middle school Slur that people people use all the time and so Again, we were pretty fortunate with my son's experience. He was he's very he's a very out child very out and proud Which not everyone feels comfortable being But they have some good civil rights activities days in school and Good gsa's the folks at one of our partner organizations glisten I helped the school systems with their gay straight alliances so that the youth in schools can Get some support and hopefully help minimize the bullying in schools Um, so that is certainly happening a lot as well As well too and so we're we're working to try to decrease that negative atmosphere And now sarah, I wish to move to um the more vocal person uh in the um administration And that was uh vice president michael pence And one of my biggest concerns Was this was a vice president Who not only leaned towards being anti-gay, but vocalized it on national television He and his wife indicated a tremendous amount of pride In the fact that she refused to teach at any school that would allow either gay students Or gay faculty I'm going to ask you a question as an attorney Uh sarah How does the school enforce that if two girls are holding arm and arm walking through the corridor a guy Pat's buddy uh On the back side after he scores a point in the soccer match or our two friends are Talking intimately with each other Do they get reported how how does the school enforce that you know? I Is a rhetorical question. I'm not sure obviously. I don't think they should be enforcing it at all and uh the the The Decisions are coming down in our favor, but I think that you know the atmosphere of homophobia the hallway discrimination that students face Again, what you really have is is teachers and administration turning a blind eye to it and allowing that sort of bullying and discrimination to happen I think that is is a big prevalent problem that we that we're working to overcome Uh, you know, I'm not sure about uh Pence's wife's school there what they what they try to do I think they have a religious exemption and I think that's one of the difficulties And you know, I think gorsuch even in that good opinion Left to crack in the door um on the issue of religious exemption So that's something we need to be be mindful of moving forward. Uh, you know the efforts here are not done Right and and sarah one of the things that I noticed about that decision was just what you mentioned Uh, those of us that praised the decision like myself because I now see my daughter protected and My friends protected and folks I didn't begin the episode by just mentioning my daughter But also I have many friends who are gay judges who are gay lawyers who are gay And many friends who have children who are gay or trans I'm not talking about seven or eight folks. I'm talking about dozens Dozens of people that in my life that this is their way of life and I want them protected But gorsuch did leave the door open sarah. Do you believe that uh in in further decisions? We're going to see that lean toward okay religious. Okay, we're going to give you a pass on the religious thing Just like with the covet thing in church saying okay, I'm sorry Do you think that's going to occur again? I wish I didn't think that was going to occur, but uh with the newest justice replacing uh, ruth ginsburg, uh, amy Amy barrett, uh, obviously she's got uh I don't know if saying strong religious credentials is the right phrase or not here But i'm sure that was a lot of the reason why she's on there So I think that that's going to be an area that is going to be litigated quite a bit and um and I think we're going to have have our work cut out for us in in Really understanding where those lines are drawn between religious freedom and and protecting the basic human rights Of humans. Um, again, I don't remember what the case, uh name was but you know the um the wedding cake case that came down Again Um, so so there's some some fine lines to be working there A one thing just to throw some numbers out at you though just as you mentioned there Just uh, you know reviewing some of the portland, uh the p flag information that we have Nationally eight out of ten people know somebody who is in the lgbtq community nowadays And so you know that figure, you know, that means so many people are allies And I think that's part of the cultural shift as we realize that people are just people Um, that's what's allowed the cultural shift to have everything be more accepted Uh that I think some of the more fundamental religions are are fighting against And so I think that um, we've got demography in our in our corner But a lot of work to keep doing one of the things that I was how I was going to retort with that Is so 80% Say that they are aware where are the other 20% living under a rock? Are they not are they not watching television? Are they not watching movies? I'm not reading magazines Uh, I remember once I was doing Elvis Presley at boarding college and I was putting on my outfit this 14 year old boy came by and he goes, who are you supposed to be? I said Elvis He goes, who's Elvis and I said to myself where you've been under a rock But so what you're saying is certainly in certain areas of the country will remain unnamed Those would be people that would say not not only do I not know any gay people I wouldn't hang around with any gay people By the way folks those days are coming to an end and I want to get back to the school situation I want to ask this question of Mickey Mickey you You and I have I've got three grandchildren Twins Kyler and Turner now 20 and in college and Evan Gifted and talented also in college and they turn them and Kyler graduated with honest Do you think that they have have changed in their attitudes? About gays either because of you or because of having friends Who are gay or twins? No, that's a great question And and I certainly do think that it it made them more aware to be certain And and as I guess we pointed out the prevalence of of you know children Coming out to their friends their peers their their family to let them know that You know, I'm gay or I'm transgender Or gender fluid whatever that happens to me I think that it's becoming more and more prevalent in the schools and therefore they're exposed to it They realize that these are are people just like us so I I think that My my coming out certainly made them more aware, but I think just in general everyday living They're seeing more and more of it and are becoming more and more accepting at an earlier age Which is just wonderful And nicky is it not true that as you were going through your transition Kyler and turner had a friend who was going through the same exact thing And they recognized the need to take this person under their wing so to speak to become friends And they actually embraced that child that was going through that that occurred while they were in high school. Was it not? Yep, correct. And and you're right. It was a trans male and became friends with both of them in fact and And I certainly think once again, they were sensitive to what this young man was going through And perhaps some of the bullying that was occurring And I think that they were a strong influence in trying to help the others accept except the young man Well, would you please tell them I love them and I I appreciated that when they did it folks when Nicky's in my book first came out Full circle of father's journey with the trans gender child written by both myself and my daughter nicky Um, we went on a cruise with the grandchildren. I threw the book in the middle of the corner on the table I said here take a look at this book Look at the pictures skim through it because you need to know about it And then they said why popper I said because you need to figure out who's going to play you if they make a book A movie out of this book One of the things I wanted to ask you sarah Getting back to the the Bostic opinion bostic versus clayton county. And by the way folks, this was a lot of man Who was playing on a Baseball team or softball team?  He was a county employee They said they fired him for I don't know other reasons, but they proved lawyers proved That it was obviously that he was gay and that's the case that is now Going to be constitutional law till the end of time sarah. Do you think At law school where you and I went do you think that they're the constitutional law professors are making a big deal about that decision? I certainly I certainly hope so. Uh, you know again how the constitution's read how the statute uh, Civil rights statute is read is is going to have an impact You know down the line I'll get my titles wrong, but the whatever title that was I think was title seven that governs Level seven. Yeah, and then the next question is the title nine where there's a lot of action that governs sports again Women and transgender people in sports is obviously going to be a big a big area I hope you don't mind me going backwards a little bit though, dairy Please do please do just because we were talking about the support and eight out of 10 people knowing lgbtq people And uh, you know you generally you know made a small comment about geography And again here in main. We have such a rural state and it's so big. I just want to put a shout out P flags headquarters is here in portland at the equality center, which houses four different Groups that support the lgbtq community equa main a main trans net glisten and the portland pride group And main trans net particularly has done very well Over this pandemic and even before the pandemic actually reaching out into the rural areas of the state So of course portland is a hot spot of people and population where people can meet for support groups But there are gay and transgender people statewide and they're living in these rural areas And a lot of them are staying closeted because they are Fear that they lack the support in their friends and families to come out And so they are everywhere and they need support everywhere Main trans net's been good doing resources out there and then the benefit here for portland p flag We do of course monthly support meetings for friends and family to come And it's peer-to-peer support where we talk through what we're going through and help us process our feelings so that we can best support people And we have had to take a pause during the pandemic because our volunteer board members as wonderful as we are Had a little learning curve on the technology And so in december we started our first online zoom support meetings and the first meeting went well We're very pleased with it and that's happening again In january and the nice thing about this pandemic the silver lining is that people can join a zoom meeting from anywhere in the state So even though we're portland p flag Folks from the rural areas even from up in the county can join in if they need that support So I do want to do a little shout out make sure people check It's our website of course is P flag portland main dot org and that's where you can get information about our support meetings and get invited because of course we keep it We do have some confidentiality and protections in there So just wanted to get back to that that it does hit the rural areas as well Thank you, sarah and nicky with respect to you pick it up on sarah's point And by the way, I feel good that we're not hurrying because we have a this could be a two-part show I feel I want to ask you nicky. Have you Recently joined any groups like this p flag thing Are you a member of any organization either on the internet or facebook? Whatever that support each other with with concerns that are going on in the country Yes, as a matter of fact on the on facebook have a couple of groups that i'm a member of And and linkedin as well, there are some support groups out there that you know support The employment ranks of the lgbtq community. So i've certainly participated in those Probably not as much time as i'd like to be able to spend with it but Certainly a member and and read the the posts and the articles and such Well, i'm going to get back to this bastard decision, which i'm so fond of And i'm going to talk some lawyer talk here One of the dissents from clarence thomas What he said was there is no way That the civil rights act of 1964 was meant to include Gays and transgender because they weren't even thought of back then i forget his thing was he said the concept of sex orientation Was unknown in 1964 and therefore Uh, there's no way that they would have been considered or thought about and you know something I better agree with him Sarah and nicky because i submit to you From watching all the shows about linden johnson getting that act fast That if he had said to any of those say southern senators or conservative senators Oh, by the way, uh, we want you to consider the the gays and the transgenders And uh people that want to change the sex i know for a fact that many of those senators want to say hey hold on president johnson I don't mind helping the uh the african-americans and the blacks, but no i'm not gonna No, i'm not gonna extend these rights to homosexuals No way or people that want to change their section so they can go use another bathroom so in in effect sarah can we agree that thomas is probably Somewhat correct saying that those senators never were voted back He sort of corrected me Well, you know, I mean, you know what what the people who voted for it had in mind is one thing And I think I actually wrote down this quote and preparing for this uh from the gorsuch opinion Where he said the limits of the drafters imagination supply no reason to ignore the law's demands And that really gets to you know when I think about transphobia and uh the excessive numbers of murders of Especially uh black and people of color transgender women especially You know that feeds in from the homophobia because someone who finds themselves attracted to that person Is so internally upset about themselves because they think homophobia is a bad thing and homophobia is a bad thing And it gets back to the patriarchy. So the use of the word sex Back in 1964 when we were talking about just women's rights Um, you know that really is why homophobia and transphobia is such a problem So I don't think it's problematic To identify that that is what what needs protected Uh sarah, I had did not read those exact words That you talked about with gorsuch pretty saying I don't it's not what they thought about it's what it's what the concept is of uh, and and and what he talked about It's what I love about the decision is we're talking about human rights And that's exactly what joe biden said when joe biden said trans rights are human rights Uh, and we are going to advance the rights of these people One of the things that I also wanted to discuss with you nicky is as This decision has now come down And absolutely and unequivocally protects gays transgender sexual orientation in the workplace Uh, the the religious thing is not going to work at that level So nicky, have you experienced in the in the last four years any sort of employment situations where you felt That uh, there was absolute discrimination going on Uh, I would say, uh, definitely to that to that question Uh, as you know, I'm working into my maybe third decade of my career So, uh, yeah, I've certainly experienced, uh, you know my career as as both a male as nick and as as nicole a female and there was a period where I would Uh, you know, I was trying to interview for positions to return back to florida So I could be closer to my children your grandchildren And there were certainly periods of time there where I would interview and would go through the interview process and get You know into the late stages where the the offer was pending of a background check and I would you know, they would Conduct the background check learn that my previous name was ellsworth turner runlet the fourth And and I in all of a sudden I'd get a phone call back saying that either the job had Uh, been been cancelled or postponed or that they were deciding to give it to someone else Or that I needed to jump through several more hoops in the process and So deep down inside I I knew that there was some discrimination going on Though nobody would come out and actually tell me that I was being discriminated against for obvious reasons Uh, but I I certainly had that experience and and uh, I'm sure others Can can point out to very similar experiences as well And nicky what you're reporting to me is something that I recall hearing from you at least a couple times When you said oh my goodness, you won't believe this like they love me They don't she stayed there all over me like a cheap suit of clothes And uh, it's just a matter of uh, you know signing with the daughter of Ryan and the next thing you know Oh, no, oh my god. No, we we we never implied that and and and that's why you said to me earlier That well, I can't prove it and sarah. That's uh, what I'm going to come to you in part two But right now we're coming up on 30 minutes of our first show. Uh, that's how fast it's going Ladies and gentlemen, uh, I want to wish all of you a very happy holiday season Behind me on the wall is uh, Brenda Lee's gold racket rocking around the Christmas tree She just had her 76th birthday and her song was number four on the top 100 this week Rocking around the Christmas tree, but I'm going to play for you as we sign off silent night for my time We'll see you next month for part two Oh


Let me start this video off by saying that I absolutely love co-op games. Sometimes you get that perfect game that's so good that you and your friend just talk about it forever and honestly it might even make you better friends. Like, it's actually kind of beautiful. This game that we're playing today is not one of those games. This is a challenge-intensive platformer where the only thing you and your friend can do to each other is knock each other around with the jumping physics. It doesn't help at all and honestly, if you play it with the wrong person, you might end up hating them. What are you doing? Ah! Ah! Rhyme, you're gonna drown us! Stop! What is your welcome? No! So anyway, that's exactly why I invited my friend, Rhyme, to join me today as we attempt to clear through some of the final and most intense levels that this game has to offer. I'm almost sure that this isn't going to go well. But at least we're not alone.  Hold on. Let me load into the co-op story and go to the final map because we actually ain't gonna lie. We played this game quite a lot. Wait, we're playing as the Dion? No, bro, I'm playing it with you, but you haven't heard it yet.   I will literally do math right now.  Oh my god. I guess I have to accept And there he is looks like you proved it yourself, but yeah, we're on the last world sandy beach We're kind of wait. Did we just skip level 33? Why do we why don't we skip level 33? We need 100 coins to get to the last world Yeah, I this world if this even is a real world They must have just added it because I've never seen this world before and we only have 66 coins So let's why'd we skip 33? Was it too hard for us? I don't know, but we got this one that we haven't unlocked yet No, we're doing 33 bro. Oh, I remember we skip this one because it Rive It's so like and bro, don't why would you restart? Why do you get to restart? Hey, you better come to heaven if you're looking for me, bro I just have to make sure it works still you you don't think they patched it out All right, so we're not going to use this but this is our strongest formation It does work. No, we're not doing that. That is a forbidden technique jump over it. Nice. Also, we got a warm up Sorry Did you see my dead body? I did it. I lived Let's go. What universe does that work? I'm a bunny in the water Is there do you think the carrot's up there? Do you think the carrot's up there mate?   No, but let's do this. That was a practice run. It's cool. What did you practice?  What are you doing? Where did I go?  Do you?   You got to do it You got to do it. How do you get it? What do you mean? You go up up to the left and then up to the Something tells me we gotta go down here. I mean for the map. Yeah, it doesn't matter which way we go But if we go, let's check let's check formation b. I grabbed my toes Ah, ha, I'm a toesie. There you go pretty strong hold There we go. Oh, no. No. Oh, did you see that masterful control? Did you see that bet you're going to drown me again?  It's a bit. It's a bit until we drown and then it's not a bit. It's practice wait Dotto, how does this video have four million likes yet because it's super bunny man Like five people are watching this if you're watching this right now what come please comment. I'm watching this Anyway, uh, get over here. I remember the next part being hard because I do remember us getting the carrot But then oh, that's why Dotto, please we can't formation b. I'm already on the tree get up here, bro And don't mess this jump up because I did it with the carrot. You make me nervous.  I'm alive. It killed me Why do I die for your miss? All right here. Give me your feet. Give me your feet. Give me your feet No, no, no, I'm not taking get off of me. Get off me. Get off me.  We we we're barely warmed up.  Because we discovered a speedrun technique. This is what they used They taught this in schools dotto because of us fly fly us dotto. I'm trying to control but the grip is loose there Oh, I see I dunked you in there. Are you confident you can do this with the carrot? I can I can because I have Are you sure? I want. Yes. You don't trust me dotto literally. I have never failed you ever have I You did on the very next last time we did this well that doesn't count See I'm kind of nervous. I'm gonna lie. Just get a little closer. You're you're not as close as you could Anyways, oh Okay, okay, okay, we're trading. What is this Yoshi's island? Anybody get that reference bro. What are you doing? Just jump man. Should we uh use the technique? We might use a technique here. No, no, we're not I refuse on a pride up base Just stay you remember it is water. You're fine as long as you just keep swimming man It's water man. It's water man. It's why it literally there's no way we can mess this up prime. You're getting squished prime you're getting squished What are you doing?  I'll tell you what come on, bro I know it must be done. I want to be done. All right, this is actually so risky for no, what are you doing? Oh Remember we got here a lot we got here a lot I dodged it. Let's go. I use the carrot as a blockade. I gotta get what? No, you did hold on. I got data. I got data. There's nothing down here the end of the level and I went back No, and I went back for air. Give me a feet. Give me a feet. What speed run does now?  I can't believe you you did that to us bro I was panicking. I thought I needed air, which I did It's a loose hold on the carrot.  Why did you shove me down into death?   Good times. I get the carrot. Let's get down here first. Oh Up and up and I grab my toes Hey, this is starting to look familiar All right, all right, go over there go over there go over there so I can get your toes give me them toes Oh nice. Wait, wait, wait. Whoa. Whoa. Whoa. The wrong way. I'm even kicking. What?  No, I'm not losing the grip we have You're having a grip We should have gotten a stronger grip. There you go. There you go. That's easy. Perfect. Perfect there. You get the thing There you go. Hey, oh Hey, oh Yeah, I say, so you knew I was gonna mess up. Go on. Don't be shy.  There you beautiful. That's beautiful. All right. We got to let go. We got to let go Let go man We're alive. We're alive. We're alive. We're alive All right, should I go first? No, I have the carrot and the carrot might shield me I died I'm going back. I'm going to heaven. Bye-bye Damn, she just sat there in trash. Grab my toes. All right. We're meeting this level this attempt. This attempt. This is the one This is the Dino, this is the attempt. This is the attempt. Dramatic music. What every sailor knows what this song means It means that rime and dota. We're gonna solve this What's happening? Is my game crashing? You broke the game We died so bad. You broke the game What happened there? Dattle. Grab my toes. You gonna get up here any time this week? We'd like to have a carrot duty. Uh, if you want me to, yeah Perfect. Perfect. This is the universe telling us that we got this. All right. Go careful. Careful. Careful rime Why didn't even touch it? All right. Let me do some reconnaissance. It's for sure right there, right? That would have been game. That would have been game. Yeah, it's always gonna spawn there All right, here we go. This is the one. This is the one. Got that gorilla grip That is a good grip right there. Reminds me of home. There you go. There you go. What do you mean home? Oh No, no, no There you go. There you go. There you go.  I'm gonna have to grab my legs.  Delit. Delit my legs. My legs. There we go. Okay. Maybe use a maximum speed Use a shield. Use a shield. Use a shield. Ah Yeah, thanks, man. All right my legs.  I'm a dolphin dattle I'm a what is going on? I'm a what is going on? Get some air.  Even dolphins got to breathe air. Oh, I got snort Breathe breathe right breathe I got I got I got I got I got maybe I gotta be the hero of the story dattle Go ahead. Look at that. Look at that. Look at us. Look at us. Do I? Do I? Do I? Do I? No No, there's not enough oxygen up there for us. You can be the hero again Literally, I have never seen this field us not one. Yeah, this is our first try first try Oh god, dammit. No, no, no. Why did you give up? Because I give up rather quickly now because this is our first try All right, right, right, right, right. I'll go over you.  Hold on one second.   I'm back Just grab my toes. Nice. We're out of here. Nice Some um speed. Oh too low too low too low too low. All right. Now you're gonna have to clutch it What nice dodge nice dodge. All right. I can clutch. I can clutch Yes clutch it's clutch. It's good. Just get some air get some air get down here. Go go go go go go Let's go easy bum bum two that's two now We can go back to the menu because we already did 34 now We can pick up at 35 new level new experience. All right whole new world, you know Ha ha ha let go of me. Let go of me.   Oh, we have to do like we have to do dolphin hop. You good, bro You are struggling. I got back up back up. No Bro, you're oh nice. What what nothing nothing? I was gonna say anything. Do you have dolphin hop?  No If you live like that again, just let me jump over and save you bro All right, all right, all right, all right, all right, all right, all right, all right Come get me. I can't I can't save you. You have to get me. You have to get me dottel. Oh wait. No, no I can do this Look no I lean back lean back lean back lean back.  Well, then don't drop your my feet my feet my feet my feet.  You just went splashes. No Where the hell are we man? We're at victory. Oh careful. Oh, we have to go down It's saying down get off of me trust that I'm gonna drown. I'm dead out. Why are there so many springs? Oh We don't need to do that. Oh, hey victory What about the carrot the carrots probably back at that other contraption that we flew behind please go faster You're going to drown. Please go faster.  Ah, that's my head. Oh, you're good man. All right, what's this? All right, what killed you? The fact that happen with the fact that I got like a lemon data data collection, sorry about this Sorry, my corpse is kind of in your way. Oh All right, so we just got a dodge stuff. That's not too hard. Hold on. We can go over this tree Because I'm I'm good at the game. I'm gonna drown. Oh He's got Give me a feetsies bro. Why you're giving up on every level so fast. It's called being technical Donald fire Let's do this. I'm a speedrun. I want to speedrun this right now right now speedrun speedrun Are you are you serious?   Oh all we have to do is go down This is a this is a direct response from God about me ripping those leaves off the tree All right. All right. All right. Relax. Relax. Relax.  You're going way too fast. There you go. All right. Hopefully that leaf doesn't come back to kill it Oh, don't worry. There's a flesh. All right, careful. No, no, no, maybe this is like where we start No, take me Let's go You see No Why did you kick that oh because I thought we've made it to our distance give me the toe Sorry, what It's separated. No, I can't get up because of the leaf What happened Yeah, the greatest buddy man plans on earth. All right, wait, how many levels do we have left? Oh? All right, well, we'll finish on this one 37 This will be the final level of the video right now that we have to do this without the technique Of course, are you capable of doing that because you kind of seem to be I'm a dolphin bro, bro.  I don't need your help. Okay You always killed me man Nice we got a good at the game and stuff careful easy does it roll roll roll No, but no, I am not even holding on you have to roll you were holding on to me If our ticket at scabbard Do we go up? I don't know I'm doing it. I'm scaling. Oh my god. Do you see this carrot? It's literally with gold. This is gonna be the most dangerous highest. I've ever pulled off Can you do that? Watch this watch this and then ask if I can do that.  Here's right there. Here's right there. Okay, we're missing the carrot No, no, no, no, no, you're gonna finish the level Hopefully you guys enjoy time trial. Hopefully you guys enjoyed this bunny man video We definitely did not cheat once throughout the entire video if you enjoyed it and want to see more bunny man Wow, what's up? Nice to meet you. I did not think you'd make it to the end of this video But leave a like comment down below and check out some of the other videos It should be on your screen now other than that I've been Donna do it rhymes links down below check his videos out. Bye


Do you like frogs? Yeah, frogs are cool. I love frogs. We don't get enough frogs here. Yeah. Although, they're also very different and this may be related to that study that this is like one of the most sinful cities in America. I actually saw a frog last night and it was what it said. Instead of saying ribbit, it said, rub it. Stupid. Juice!  I'm perverted. And you can follow us on Instagram, Twitter, for more juicy content. Thanks for paying attention to our followers, Twitter accounts, grab a deal, like button. One of these has more championships than the other. I'll let you guess who. I'm glad you said that. And Aaron Judge will be a Yankee for life. It's a large contract. He deserves it. Today, we got a Best Ever Food Review Show. Yay! And this one is not actually Indian, it's Sri Lankan. But why are we doing it? Extreme Sri Lankan, read this. I don't even need to read it. I know how many Indians are in Sri Lanka. Jaffna food and the neck bulge tamils. Neck bulge. The neck bulge tamils. So I was anticipating it to be Damillion, because I know about that connection with Sri Lanka, obviously. But neck bulge, babe. Do you know about the neck bulge Damillions? In Sri Lanka? Does Sri Lanka and neck bulge Damillions? I guess we'll ring a bell. I guess we'll learn in this video. Any Indians you know of that are the neck bulge fill in the blank? No. I have no clue. I'm guessing we'll figure out what that is. If not, that would be the random thing to put on the title. That would be... Here we go. Okay, mysterious Tamil cuisine. I don't mean either. But while you're sitting to have this meal, you're really going to feel like it's a miss. And the shocking ceremonies that take place right before the big meal. I can't help but notice there's so many people here who have a lump on the back of their neck. What is the lump? First, let's back up. Our cross country... I was not expecting it to be legitimate. ...to the northernmost region. That is a bulge on your neck. I'm super interested. You'll see the greatest concentration of Tamil people in the country. A community that takes up 11% of Sri Lanka. What is going on here?  And lunges, I heard. Today, I'm on a mission to discover the unique food Tamil traditions have brought to this country. Is that a bad idea? And it all starts here. From the Navar Marka. It's the busiest and most prominent fish market on the Jaffna Peninsula. Smells a bit fishy here. Of course, it's a fish market. Dumbass. It was a breakfast. And maybe even made friends with some exotic creatures like this. It looks like a puffer fish. That's a blowfish, yeah. Oh, be careful, bro. Infamous for their tetradotoxin. Yeah.  Is that your name? My name is Renan, I'm from Russia. Oh, come on. We don't need a place to live, because Sri Lankan don't know how to pay properly. My guide for all things Sri Lankan cuisine, Ruzena. Joining us, Jaffna local, Joseph. When is the last time you are here? Two weeks before. I assume that with all the seafood here, you have more than enough for the people here. Yes, they are exporting to Seoul. Besides being a key seafood supplier to much of Sri Lanka, Jaffna stands alone as the cradle of Sri Lankan Tommels. So it seems the majority of Tamil people here are Hindu, right? 90% are Hindus. Separate from the Indian Tommels, who were brought to this country during British rule, the Sri Lankan Tommels have resided here since the 2nd century B.C. There's also a big Christian population here too. The Portuguese first and the Dutch came in and then they converted most of the Hindus. Are you yourself Christian? That doesn't exist. So we're going to go to your house shortly and we're going to be cooking up some different dishes. Is this food that you grew up with? Yes. Oh, wow. Oh, wow. That goes perfectly with anything on the table. I've never seen that. Cool. That is the coconut sambal. That's one heck of a mortar and pestle. It's a mashed onions, curry leaves, chili powder, and loads of scraped coconut. There's like a coconut crepe that's soft center and then this is just really spicy. That looks amazing. It does. It looks like a shredded coconut, but it's absorbed all the spice. Coconut overload. Sri Lankan Tommel cuisine is a melting pot of Indian cuisine, colonial influence, and foreign traders taste. In Jaffna, for those who eat protein, seafood, squid. go-to choice. The cuttlefish from the market is cut into rings. The layers of flavor begin with fennel seed, fennel grape, and garlic in coconut oil. That's a lot of garlic. Then curry leaves, onion, and green chilies. Finally, the cuttlefish. It cooks in combined with even more flavors before finally hitting the table. Wow. Let me try this cuttlefish. Looks like onion rings. It looks just like squid, but it looks more crunchy. It looks like a calamari. What's this wrong here? That's Jaffna curry powder. And how is Jaffna curry powder different from other curry powders? In the South, they don't use the cloves specifically in their curry powder. But that's cinnamon. Here, everything is there, but there's a little bit of extract now. Oh, that's interesting. That's our chili powder. Yeah, he's the chili powder. It's really spicy. With a rich Tamil culture of food, temples, and festivals, Jaffna is worth the visit to travelers who are willing to make the long journey here by car or train. This building behind you, was that your inn before? Yes. When did you build an inn here? After the peace storm in 2002. For over two decades, Sri Lanka suffered through a civil war that killed over 100,000 people. With the war finally ending in 2009, tourism started to thrive. So I thought of renovating my house with the minimum facilities. We only put in a big game and it's picked up everywhere. It was Jaffna, why it was selected as top choice. As Sri Lanka gained its spot on the world tourism map, so did its cuisine. I thought this was just a plate of noodles, but they're kind of like individual and cake portions. Oh, wow. String hopper. Looks like spaghetti. Yeah, but I think that's like in a patty. Oh, wow. That's cool. That's really awesome.  What do you do with this? We stack about two, three together. That's right. All right, so let's get it soaked with all this coconut broth. This is a shrimp curry. Nice. Namely coconut milk. Green chilies, onions, liquid salt. Turmeric powder. Squeeze today. Did he say liquid salt? I think he did. That's good. Do you have a chili pancake inside? I have a shrimp wrapped up. I have some of that. Sun ball. And the people, you know, it's already down your throat. It's good. You're really good at soaking up the sauce. That's really incredible. Not too hot. I think the cuttlefish is the hottest pineapple. What's your favorite thing here? Crab. I get a handle of it. It makes me feel like I'm cleansing my insides, my impurities. Blue crabs are clean, portioned and immersed in coconut milk. And hopefully cooked fully through. Chopped in a curry powder. Oh, duh. I told you about that experience in Papua New Guinea. Oh, it was really rough. The crab.  Yeah, nope. He kind of squeezes out the meat. When you do this, do you get some of the cartilage? Can you eat like crab legs? Because that's a big-time finger food that you get to dip in butter. I have. I don't like. I like the taste. But breaking over the leg. I love everything about it. Breaking it open, dripping down your... And it's very nice with the noodles. It just helps it go down. Can you feel the difference of the robust flavors in this curry? Yeah. Jopna is where the crab curry was initially born. So Jopna has just been up and down and up and down more than anywhere else in Sri Lanka, right? When it comes to tourism? Yes. In 2019, Sri Lanka earned 12% of its GDP through tourism. But after a civil war, domestic terrorism, a pandemic, and now an economic collapse, those tourism numbers have been decimated. And perhaps no place is feeling the pinch more than this remote city of Jopna. What is the state of tourism now in Jopna? Almost no. Minus. No figure. So they can't come. Whether outsiders come to see it or not, holy festivals continue without pause as they have for generations. And with enormous events, always comes impressive feasts. Welcome to the kitchen. This morning, we got our dose of protein and now it's time for the veggies. Tonight is because right now we are in an in-view restaurant. People are going to be coming to this restaurant soon after the event that is coming up shortly. This is the 25-day Nam Nalore Festival. Without the usual tourist crowd, Jopna streets are still flooded with thousands of Hindu tomos from all over the country. After the ceremony, they'll be flowing in the tomo restaurants in search of this. We've got two foods right here. This is a kuruma. Here we've got spices, potatoes, peas, lots of vegetables. We've got sambar. We're going to have dosa. We're going to have rice, lots of feasting. 20-day, the Nalore Festival has begun. In July to September, this festival honors Kornuruga, the Hindu god of war, and the god of the tomo people. Have you been going to this festival since you were a kid? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Leland, whose restaurant we'll be trying soon, is taking a break. I thought it said Leland. Oh wow. Each evening before sunset, a different unique altar is strenuously carried around the Nalore Kovil temple. I can't help but notice there's so many people here who have a lump on the back of their neck. What is the lump? So it's like a form of thing that the god is sitting on your arm. The bigger the lump, that means you carry it for longer. And then they keep it like that in a way to show that you're proud of what they've done. But how do you make a lump like that? I have no idea. Dying to learn more about these mysterious neck lumps, I try approaching some of the men. Trying to shake her out? Well, just like girls in my high school. Can you come here? They all refuse my advance. Nielen has managed to persuade one of the devotees. But there's a catch. But I don't know where to put my mic. Turns out, as a sign of respect, any male from the age of three cannot dress above the waist. And doing so could cause great offense. Where do I put this? Right here. Wow! How are you doing? You're good? Can I ask you, how did you get this? The big of me? Pulling the weight. They had a big bamboo pull on the leg. The accepted lore here is that these curious neck lumps develop over time and are the result of carrying heavy loads during this festival. I happen to think they're more likely the result of synthol or oil injections. I can't prove this, but I do know whenever a physical attribute becomes a symbol of status, some folks will take a shortcut to obtaining it. That's very true. That's super interesting. Around its third corner, I take off to the restaurant to beat the post ritual rush. Are you behind this venue? Yeah. Yeah, I think we should try the dosa because it can lose its crunch. Yes. Dosa. You don't want the dosa to lose its crunch. No. Battered batter of lentils, rice, salt, and sugar all spread thinly over a hot flat top. Slathered with a complex paste of mashed potato, chili powder, curry powder, onions, garlic, cumin seeds, and curry leaves. Ah. You know, paya's quite good. Then I can dip it in your sauce. Ah. A really crispy dosa which has its own yummy masala. The chutney is full of coconut flavor and super spicy. It's just a combination that you just don't really get where I come from. This is a koruma. Koruma. No koruruma. A symphony of flavor. Cinnamon, nutmeg, star anise, onions, lemongrass, green chilies, tomatoes, garlic, pedal seeds. And the spices come together in hot oil. Then pandan and curry leaves. Then chickpeas, potatoes, carrots, and green beans. I don't know that there's a cuisine that incorporates more seasonings and flavors than Indian cuisines. Oh, no. The spices are different. I like that it's not mushy so it has some good texture. And you know, some places you have to also just taste the same distinctly different from what's inside the dosa and from the chutney as well. For you, what spice comes out the most? I'm getting a lot of like cinnamon, cumin, and star anise and nutmeg. So you're vegetarian. How old were you when you started being vegetarian? You never had meat ever in your life. Like both religions, the Hindu tomos and Christian tomos beliefs are reflected in their diets. Oh, wow. Christians pretty much anything is fair game for the Hindus. This means no meat. Why is it important to you to not eat meat? His family is very involved with the temple so they don't eat meat, you know? It's a form of respect to the animal. Is it more like a high respect or like actual worship? Bless you, ma'am. Bless you, ma'am. Bless you, ma'am. So we've tried the Kurama. What is this one called again? Chilli paratha. Chilli paratha. It's an advance worship of our familiar roti paratha. I was like, what is he doing? Parathas are delicious. Oh, that looks amazing. And cut into squares. Oh, my goodness. On the griddle. Toss on chopped onions. Green chilies and tomatoes. Let the roti finish with a handful of chili powder and some heat from the chili sauce. Yeah, wow. No, chili sauce. This is just one portion of the old-fashioned roti. Wow. That's interesting. It almost looks like a sweet and sour like Chinese dish. Yeah. Sure, it tastes nothing like that. They got to say, I love meat but this is very satisfying. It feels full of flavor. It is sweet, sour, and spicy all at the same time. India vegetarian is the most filling vegetarian. The most filling and flavorful. Yes. Nothing comes close. You don't miss the meat if you're just eating a vegetarian. Totally agree. So filling. Absolutely agree. Which is not normal. Absolutely agree. The vegetarian diet, they either picture a loaf of bread or a salad and it sounds boring. What? It's when you come to places like this where you go, maybe I can do this.  Oh, yeah. It would seem that an event like this it is such a spectacle. It's so fascinating. So interesting. I would think tourists would want to come to see this, right? Usually not a lot of people came here at the mall. That's your time. But last four years, many people did not come because of the bomb blasts and corona effect. This year also, economical collapse. I want to ask you this one time. In 2019, Lonely Planet named Sri Lanka like the number one tourist destination. And then now it's like, I mean, Sri Lanka has fallen so far from that point. Can it ever get back there? Sri Lanka is a magical island. I always kept saying this because it is. We've got beautiful beaches. We've got beautiful landscape. We've got beautiful estates. And if you want the beach and hot weather, you come here. If you want really nice cool weather, you go to the central province. And we have resilient people. We've been through the years of civil war. We've been through bomb blasts. We've been through an economic crisis. We've been through the rut. But we still keep, you know, coming back again and again and again. So we've got everything here. All we need is a simple plan from the leadership and we'll get back to it in no time. Is it true? Yes, it is. So what? Oh, wow. Geez. That's magical. That was cool. Oh, that was a really cool video. The next review show is a small team of independent creators. And everything we do here works because of you guys. Click the link in our description and join our Patreon and receive exclusive benefits. Okay. Go support them, obviously. Yeah. One of our favorite channels. Love the best ever food review show. Yeah, that was super interesting.  Yeah. Like it's obviously... Does Sri Lanka actually have its own film industry? Wouldn't surprise me. Let me know that, obviously. But I do know like there's a bunch of Sri Lankans and also Indians that have transferred to Sri Lanka. Yes. That do follow the channel.  Thank you so much. But yeah, that was super interesting. A lot of super interesting dishes in there. Really? Chopped up the paratha, put it in the meal. That neck ball just super interesting. It is. It's like a self almost... I don't think self mutilation is the probably wrong word. But like it's like... It's super, super interesting. There's certain religious practices throughout the world that do certain things like that. Yes. That always fascinate me. Me too. And that one's like no different.  I've never seen that before. That is insane. Yeah, I've never seen that before. But yeah, super great video. Love his videos as always. I do too. And it's sad that most of the time what happens in places with tourism is the people get injured in their hospitality attempts because of things that are going on, typically governmentally. Like for example, we were just mentioning how Indonesia just passed the law of the fact that now any sex outside of marriage is criminalized. And I was reading a follow-up article on that and how everybody in tourism there is now freaking out because that law is going to apply to tourists.  That's going to be a bit of a turn off to people who want to go there for any kind of a trip. Yeah, a literal turn off to anybody who's going there who isn't legally married. Yeah. It's a shame. Yeah. Yeah. But it looked absolutely beautiful. It looked absolutely beautiful. The food looked absolutely delicious. He's such a good channel. Yeah, he is. He should have, he has 9.45 million. He should have way more. Yeah. He should have upwards of 20 million. I was going to say he deserves like a 25 million. Yeah, his content is consistently good. And we've remarked over the years the improvement in his production quality has become top notch. He has an entire small team of editors and all that kind of, and they do a great job. I would love to do something like this, is just travel the world and eat different foods and see different cultures. And he does a great job at it. Great job. And great title. Jeff, really. Extreme Sri Lanka Jaffna food and the neck bulge demos. Yeah, I don't think I could eat that crab one though. Oh, I absolutely. Could, it's for you. It's the whole drippy finger thing. That and I don't, I've never liked food that looks like it's living self, or that I have to touch the bone. Like at a restaurant I went to the other day, they actually had mutton briyani. And it was delicious. But the mutton was still on the bone. And so I had a hard time. Well, I know that, but you said something I maybe I didn't know. So for example, if you went and you ordered like a half chicken. I don't do that. Or if you were served a fish that had the head attached. I don't know. I don't know. I don't eat fish very much anyway, because if it's fishy at all. So that's the thing with the bone is it's too closely approximate to the living animal. And then I also don't like the texture of biting into something and having a bone there as well. I don't like that. It's so interesting. Yeah, it's, I'm weird. I'm sorry. I've been that way since I was a kid though. Like I'd never really liked eating a drumstick of a chicken because I had to touch the bone and it would get all my hands. But in Hawaii, did you guys get a lot of fresh seafood in Hawaii? Yeah. And see it cleaned and everything? Yeah. And it didn't bother you as long as it was fully right. You just were fine with it prepared. And they could do it all they want. I ain't doing it. Yeah, no, my dad's obviously coast guard.  And they would clean it on the back of the boat. Would you clean it? No. No. Well, and I was like eight. So you don't want an eight-year-old touching a big knife like that. Sure you do. But also, no. I took, I took, I mean, they never shot, they never shot a rifle, but man, Ashley Alexis and Michael were exposed to hunting from the age of like two. Oh, no. So they were, they were learning how they were, they were learning how to field dress a deer before they were 10. Definitely not a hunter. I shot a bunch of guns because my dad, once again, was in military for 30 years. And so after a certain time, he also got a job that he taught people how to shoot guns. Right. And he had probably 27 guns in the house, but they're all locked up. Of course, they were locked up. Like he was the most responsible gun owners should. He's a very safe, but like I've shot a bunch, but I'm hunting is not. So you've never done it, never hunted anything. I've been hunting. No, no, no. You yourself pulled the trigger on it, on an animal. I haven't killed it, but I've shot the gun. I missed. But I have been there when people did it, but I don't like it. Interesting. It's not, it's not for me. But I do love Indian vegetarian, probably the best. It's the best in the world.  Not a lot of vegan options in Indian food though. No, that's very true. Because of they like the ghee and they like butter and egg. And, and yes, there's not a lot of vegan options anywhere in the world. Yeah. But it's extremely specialized. It's a very vegan, vegetarian friendly cuisine, but not a very vegan friendly cuisine. Yeah. But it is, we had mentioned, of all the foods I've ever tasted that fall into the category of vegetarian, it's the only one I've ever eaten where I don't miss the animal proteins. To me, yeah. Because it's already so filling. Yep. Anyways, if you have other videos we can react to, please let us know what they are.


Thank you very much Chip and Mark and Joanne and congratulations to George Gilder on winning an award that bears the name of our founder Leonard E. Reed. His famous essay, Eye Pencil, was referred to and I'm happy to say that at the fee booth we have lots of copies if you haven't read that classic essay first published in 1958. Well I know that Mark was understandably disappointed that the conference had to be moved from Caesars Palace to planet Hollywood how fitting it would have been to discuss parallels with Rome in a place named for an ancient Roman who helped to bring down the Republic. But the more I thought about it the more apparent it was that the change in venue couldn't have been planned better. In many ways Rome in its latter days looked a lot like Hollywood today.  So here we are at planet Hollywood I think it's perfect. Please take note of this incisive quote from the Roman historian Levi 2000 years ago around the time of the birth of Christ. It was just a generation or so after the centuries old Roman Republic had crumbled and given way to dictatorship. Here are Levi's words. There is an exceptionally beneficial and fruitful advantage to be derived from the study of the past. There you see set in the clear light of historical truth examples of every possible type. From these you can select for yourself and for your country what to imitate and also what as being mischievous in its inception and disastrous in its consequences you should avoid. The history of ancient Rome spans a thousand years, roughly 500 as a republic and 500 as an imperial autocracy with the birth of Christ occurring almost precisely in the middle. The closest parallels between Roman and American civilizations are to be found in Rome's first half millennia as a republic. We in our day can derive the most instructive lessons from that period. The tyranny of the empire came after the republic was destroyed and that's the truly awful consequence of decay that America can yet avoid. Both Rome and America were born in revolt against monarchy. Americans against the British and Romans against the Etruscans. Worry of concentrated authority both established republics with checks and balances, separation of powers and protection of certain rights of at least many people if not all. Despite shortcomings the establishment of the Roman Republic in the 6th century BC and the American Republic in the 18th century AD represented the greatest advances for individual liberty in the history of the world. Unparalleled prosperity and influence resulted in both cases. Upon winning their freedom, Romans split the top positions of power between two men, the consuls. One was to be a check upon the other and neither except in emergency situations was to serve more than one year. Legislative bodies, the Senate and assemblies of elected representatives were established and incidentally the Senate was retained in name though not in power for the entire thousand years of Roman history even as freedom vanished the later tyrants couldn't quite bring themselves to abolish the ancient symbols of republicanism. So if America ever loses its Republic it wouldn't be surprising to me if it kept its house and Senate. As in the case of Rome our legislative bodies may even formally ratify the final extinction of the freedom they've been voting against for decades. Now in 10 or 15 minutes how can one condense and explain a thousand years of history let alone offer observations about where our own history may be headed. Only Mark Scalcin would expect me to do that. If you stop by our fee booth in the exhibit area you can pick up this little pamphlet, Are We Rome, which will give you a lot more dates and details than I have time to talk about here. But I've decided to organize what I want to share with you around what I call the three most stubborn lessons of history. The three most stubborn lessons of history. Let me tell you what they are then I'll go back and briefly relate each to the Roman Republic. Number one, no people who lost their character kept their liberties. No people who lost their character kept their liberties. Number two, power that is shackled and dispersed is preferable to power that is unrestrained and centralized. Power that is shackled and dispersed is preferable to power that is unrestrained and centralized. And number three, the here and now is rarely as important as tomorrow, plan accordingly. Now to the first of the three, no people who lost their character kept their liberties. Character, as I'm using the term, embodies the trait of virtue which is from the Latin vertus, meaning courageous honesty. Above all, it was esteemed by the early Romans of the Republic. It was routinely taught in the home by mothers and fathers. Indeed, all formal education took place in the home in the first two and a half centuries of the Republic. Schools didn't even appear until the third century BC. And even then, they did not receive government funding until well after the Republic had faded. I guess the lesson there is that government schools aren't necessary for civilizational decline, but they sure help. Other traits of character stressed in early Rome were gravitas or dignity, continentia, self discipline, industria, diligence, benevolentia, goodwill, pietas, loyalty and a sense of duty and simplicitas, candor. The connection between character and liberty is extraordinarily powerful. Liberty by which I mean rule of law, respect for and protection of the lives, property rights and contracts of others is the only social arrangement that requires character.  The absence of character produces chaos and tyranny. Its presence makes liberty possible. Rome rose from nothing and sustained itself as a great entity for centuries because of its strong character. When Romans allowed the temptations of the welfare state to erode their character, when they abandoned responsibility, self discipline, self reliance, respect for the property of others and began to use government to rob Peter to pay Paul, they turned down a fateful and destructive path. In the waiting years of the Republic, a rogue by the name of Claudius ran for the office of Tribune. He bribed the electorate with promises of free grain at taxpayer expense and he won. Thereafter, Romans in growing numbers embraced the notion that voting for a living could be more lucrative than working for one. Candidates for Roman office spent huge sums to win public favor, then plundered the population afterwards to make good on their promises to the greedy mob that had elected them. As the Republic gave way to dictatorship, a succession of emperors built their power on the handouts they controlled. Nearly a third of the city of Rome received public relief payments by the time of Christ. The historian H. J. Haskell describes this tragic turn of ideas and events in these words. Less than a century after the Republic had faded into the autocracy of the empire, the people had lost all taste for democratic institutions. On the death of an emperor, the Senate debated the question of restoring the Republic. But the commons preferred the rule of an extravagant despot who would continue the dole and furnish them free shows. The mob outside clamored for one ruler of the world. It's frightening, isn't it? It's frightening to consider how easily a sturdy people, when they lift their guard and their character down, can be bought and paid for by the welfare state. And once they sell themselves for that mess of potage from politicians, it's not impossible to turn back, but it's not easy either. Now to the second lesson. Power that has shackled and dispersed is preferable to power that has unrestrained and centralized. Just like Americans 2,500 years later, Romans got it right when they determined at their nation's birth that concentrated power was the main problem of governance and the source of endless other problems. They and we once understood the wisdom of Lord Acton's famous admonition. Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. I always like to add my own corollary to that. Power attracts the already corrupted. Power concentrates because that's what power does if the people are not vigilant. In Rome, cities and provinces spent their, spent their, or lost their independence to the central government after demanding funds from that government to bail them out of financial difficulty. The greatest of all Roman historians, Tacitus, noted how freedom was undermined when the focus of Roman legislation changed from the security and good of all to the satisfaction of particular individuals and interest groups. Here are the words of Tacitus on this point. And now bills were passed not only for national objects but for individual cases and the laws were most numerous when the commonwealth was most corrupt. In 33 AD, a financial panic gripped Rome. The government responded by a massive issuance of zero interest credit. Sound familiar? Businesses that happily took the bait found themselves later thoroughly ensnared. After all, he who pays the piper calls the tune. Roman leaders increasingly sought power not only against their own people but over others as well. They embarked upon one foreign adventure after another. At first for the security of Rome, later often for the sake of domination and plunder. Add the costs of empire to the costs of a welfare state and eventually bills come due that even the most power mad tax collector cannot pay without cheating the people of a sound currency. The emperor Nero who once rubbed his hands together and declared let us tax let us tax again let us tax until no one owns anything was also the first emperor to debase the Roman coin by reducing its silver content. Power is an exceedingly dangerous thing in the hands of any government. Now to the third lesson. The here and now is rarely as important as tomorrow planned accordingly. Early Romans as with early Americans built and planned and lived for the future. They sacrificed present gratification so the future would be better. Then there came a time in both societies when living for the moment ruled the day. The feeling was get what you can now regardless of the cost or who pays for it or how untenable a situation it may cause for you or for others tomorrow. If problems arise some future generation will figure it out after we're gone. We've heard a lot of talk in recent years that certain companies that are that are too big to fail but in dealing with that imaginary short-term problem we've handed huge chunks of our lives and economy over to a government that is arguably too big to succeed. Rome did precisely the same thing live for the moment damn the future appremois le deluge. Now you might ask was there a reason why I spent more time on that first lesson that I did than I did on the second and the third and yes there is. Character is the key. It's everything. Little of value is possible without it including liberty. By almost any measure the standards that we as citizens keep and expect of those we elect have slipped badly in recent years haven't they? Though everybody complains about politicians who pander perhaps they do it because we are at increasingly panderable people. Too many are willing to look the other way when politicians misbehave as long as they are of the right party or deliver the goods we personally want. Our celebrity drenched focus in our culture is incessantly on the vapid and the irresponsible. Our role models would make our grandparents cringe. We cut corners and sacrifice character all the time for power money attention or other ephemeral gratifications. Bad character leads to bad policy and bad economics which is bad for liberty and without character a free society is just not unlikely it's impossible. I will close by asking and then answering an important question. To avoid the fate of the dead and buried Roman Republic what does America need today? America needs more men and women who do not have a price at which they can be bought who do not borrow from integrity to pay for expediency who have their priorities straight and in proper order whose handshake is an ironclad contract who are not afraid of taking risks to advance what is right. Who are honest in small matters as well as in large ones who treat the rights and property of others as they expect others should regard theirs. America needs more men and women whose ambitions are big enough to include others who know how to win with grace and lose with dignity who do not believe that shrewdness and cunning and ruthlessness are the three keys to success. Who still have friends they made 20 years ago who put principle and consistency above politics or personal advancement. Who are not afraid to go against the grain of popular opinion and who regard their own self-reliance and responsibility as infinitely more sacred than a handout from the government. America needs more men and women who do not forsake what is right just to get consensus because it makes them look good. Who know how important it is to lead by example not by barking orders. Who would not have you do something they would not do themselves. Who work to turn even the most adverse circumstances into opportunities to learn and improve. Who truly love liberty and are eager to give more much more than lip service to it and who love even those who have done some injustice or unfairness to them. In other words America if it is to survive the fate of the Roman Republic desperately needs more men and women of character. Thank you very much.


Quantity that is used to characterize a distribution and compare a beam with another, this is known as the RMS emittance. So, we have studied so far the total emittance which is the area of the outermost ellipse divided by pi, then 50%, 90% or 99% emittance. Now we will define an RMS emittance, so this is a quantity that can be used to compare one beam with another beam. So what do you mean by one beam? So one beam could be uniform distribution and another beam could be Gaussian distribution. Now Luegel's theorem is satisfied when there are no dissipative forces, no particles are lost or created and no small impact parameter binary coulomb collisions between particles are present. So when these conditions hold, the volume of the 6-dimensional phase space defined by any fixed density contour of the beam is invariant. So according to Luegel's theorem, the volume of the hyper ellipsoid in 6-dimensional phase space is conserved. Now RMS emittance is defined as function of the second moments of the distribution. The horizontal and vertical RMS emittance can be statistically defined from these relations. So the RMS emittance in the x direction can be defined in terms of the second moments. So we have x square average multiplied by x prime square average minus xx prime average square and then we take the under root. Similarly, the y RMS emittance can also be defined. The ratio between the full emittance, the full emittance is the area of the ellipse containing all the particles. The full emittance and the RMS emittance, it depends upon what is the distribution. So let us see the importance of RMS emittance here. Now let us consider a particle distribution in phase space representing a beam that lies on some line that passes through the origin. So let us assume for any x, the divergence, the divergence x prime of the particle is given as x prime is equal to some constant C x to the power of n, where n is a positive number. So C is a constant. The second moments of this distribution can easily be calculated as we have seen here because the distribution is given and the squared RMS emittance is given by, so you can calculate the squared RMS emittance using this formula so we get this expression. Now when n is equal to 1, let us put n is equal to 1 here. Now when n is equal to 1, the line is straight and so when n is equal to 1 here, we see that it is a straight line and the RMS emittance here, the RMS emittance value these two terms are equal and this becomes equal to 0. Now when n is not equal to 1, the relationship is non-linear. So you see that this relationship is non-linear. The line in phase space is curved and the RMS emittance in general is not 0. So we see that this is for n not equal to 1, you could have a distribution or a relationship between x prime and x which is like this. Now if you see the RMS emittance, you put n is not equal to 1 here, the RMS emittance is in general not equal to 0. But if you see the area of both the distributions for n is equal to 1 and n is not equal to 1, the area inside this is 0. So the total emittance is 0 whereas the RMS emittance is 0 here, the RMS emittance is not 0 in the second case. So thus even when this phase space area is 0, if the distribution lies on the curved line, its RMS emittance is not 0. So RMS emittance depends only on the true area occupied by the beam in phase space but so it depends not only on the area occupied by the beam, it also depends upon the distortions produced by non-linear forces. So it is a very useful quantity for describing the beam or it is a good figure of merit for describing the beam. Now let us discuss some beam distributions. The simplest distribution is the KV distribution. The KV distribution is defined, it is defined for a DC beam in 4-dimension phase space. So whenever we talk of DC beams, we talk of only the 4-dimensional phase space which is x, x prime, y, y prime. So all the 2-dimensional projections of the KV distribution are uniform. So you take any 2-dimensional projections that means you take the x, x prime, y, y prime, x, y, x prime, y prime, x, y prime or x prime, y all the 2-dimensional projections are uniform. So therefore this distribution has a property that the charge density across the beam is constant. So since the 2-dimension projections are constant, so charge density is constant in any 2-dimensional phase space and transverse phase charge associated with the cell fields are linear. So if you have already calculated, if you have a uniform charge distribution in 2-dimensional phase then the force due to that is linear. So the forces associated with the cell fields are linear functions of the particle's position in the beam that is they vary linearly with the radius. Now where the axis of the hyper ellipsoid are parallel to the coordinate axis, the KV distribution has a simple form of delta function of the transverse emittences epsilon x and epsilon y. So it has a form of the delta function. So you can write the KV distribution like this, it is a delta function of x square by Ax square where Ax is the beam size in x, y square by Ay square where Ay is the beam size and y, Ax square x prime square by epsilon x square plus Ay square by prime square by epsilon y square minus 1. So the particles fill uniformly only the surface of the hyper ellipsoid in 4-dimensional phase space. So therefore the 4-dimensional volume is 0.   So the particles, the charged particles, the particles of the beam they lie only on the surface of the ellipsoid. So the 4D ellipsoid shell projects into the xy plane as a 2D uniform ellipse. Such a distribution is actually physically unrealistic. However, it is useful because the force due to this distribution is linear. So it helps to calculate the space charge and handle it in a simplified manner. You can analytically calculate the space charge forces and try to understand the effect of the space charge forces. Other types of distribution are the water bag distribution. You could have a 2D water bag, a 4D water bag or a 6D water bag. A 2D water bag distribution is uniform in two dimensions. So you take any two-dimension xx prime, yy prime, xy. So two-dimension projections are uniform. The 4D water bag, again here, the 4-dimensional hyper ellipsoid volume, xx prime, yy prime is uniform like an elastic bag filled with water.  So the entire volume, charge is distributed uniformly in the entire volume. And if you take any 2D projections, they are parabolic. So we will derive this in a moment. You can also have a 60 water bag distribution. Here the 6-dimensional hyper ellipsoid volume is uniform. So the charge is distributed uniformly in the 6-dimensional hyper ellipsoid volume. So in this case, the 2D projections are cubic. We can also have a Gaussian distribution. The 4-dimensional hyper ellipsoid volume is populated with a Gaussian density and therefore particle density is also Gaussian in the two-dimensional projections. So this is true for two-dimensional longitudinal distribution also. So you could have a distribution in which the 4-dimensional hyper ellipsoid volume is populated with Gaussian density and the 2D longitudinal phase space is again distributed, particles are distributed in a Gaussian fashion. Now in both the above non-KV distributions, so whether it is a water bag or it is the Gaussian, the transverse space charge forces associated with the cell fields are non-linear functions of the particle's position. So only when you have a uniform distribution, the space charge forces are linear otherwise the cell fields are non-linear. So this shows the projection of various distributions in the XY space. So this is a KV distribution where the charge density is uniformly distributed. This is a 4D water bag distribution where the two-dimensional projections are parabolic. So here the beam density is parabolic and this is a Gaussian distribution where the charge particles are distributed in a Gaussian manner. So let us consider the 4D water bag distribution. So let us consider the beam to be specified by a four-dimensional hyper ellipsoid. So x square by a square plus x prime square by b square plus y square by c square and y prime square by d square is equal to 1. Now in a four-dimensional water bag the particles are uniform in the 4D space xx prime yy prime. So we can write the charge density in xx prime yy prime is equal to some constant k. Okay so let us normalize this. So we take the integral over dx dx prime dy dy prime and equate it equal to 1. So the charge density is equal to k and from here we can calculate the value of k. This comes out to be 2 upon pi square by abcd. So the charge density is equal to 2 upon pi square abcd. So we see that in the four-dimensional volume it is a constant. Now we want to find out its projection in two-dimensional space okay so rho xx prime. So rho xx prime we can find this out by integrating it with respect to dy and dy prime and applying the appropriate limits. So when we do this we get so we can put in the value of the distribution here and if you calculate this, this will come out to be rho xx prime is equal to 2 by pi ab1 minus x square by a square minus x prime square by b square. So thus we see that the two-dimensional projection is parabolic. So the particles occupy they are uniformly distributed in the 4D volume but in the two-dimensional the distribution is parabolic for the case of 4D water bag. So similarly we can find out the projection of all the distributions in two-dimensional phase phase. So just summarizing here the now ratio of the full emittance and the rms emittance. This is equal to 4 for a four-dimensional kv distribution while it is equal to m plus 2 for a m-dimensional water bag distribution. So just summarizing here we have a kv distribution this is defined in four-dimensions. The space charge here is linear and the ratio of the full emittance that is the area occupied by all the beam all the particles of the beam to the rms emittance is 4 and the in real space the distribution is a constant. Similarly a 2D water bag it is defined in two-dimensions. So any two-dimensional projections are uniform the space charge again is linear here and the ratio of the full emittance to the rms emittance is 4 here. Again the charge density is constant or uniform in real space. The 4D water bag distribution is defined for four-dimension space the space charge is non-linear the distribution in two-dimensional phase space is parabolic and the ratio of the full emittance to the rms emittance is 6. The six-dimension water bag in which the charge density is uniformly distributed in a six-dimension hyper ellipsoid. So here the space charge is again non-linear the ratio of the full emittance to the rms emittance is 8 and the two-dimensional projections are cubic which can be calculated or derived in a similar manner as we derived for the 4D water bag. For the Gaussian distribution whether it is a two-dimension or four-dimension the space charge is non-linear the emittance the ratio of the full emittance to the rms emittance can be calculated it is greater than n square and the projection in two-dimension phase space is Gaussian. Now let us just again come back to the envelope equation. So we had derived the envelope equation for from the single particle equation. So this is a single particle equation without space charge. So here ks is the external force acting on the beam due to the quadrupole. So this is a single particle equation and this is this is a Hilse equation this periodic with so l is the length of the period and we saw that the solution of this equation can be written in this manner and from and if we substitute this solution in the Hilse equation we can derive the envelope equation. So this equation can be simplified and we put under root epsilon beta is equal to x where x denotes the beam envelope or beam size. So we get the envelope equation this is without space charge and this is the single particle equation without space charge. Now equation of motion for beam size is similar to the single particle equation of motion except for the presence of an additional emittance term which is defocusing. So this is the envelope equation and this is a single particle equation they are similar except for an additional term in the envelope equation which includes the emittance and this is a defocusing term. Now let us try to calculate the envelope equation and the single particle equation with space charge. So let us consider a beam moving in the S direction where the individual particle satisfy the equation of transverse motion. So this is the equation of transverse motion now we have an additional force here. So this is the force due to the quadrupole now this is the external force due to the this is the force due to the space charge of the beam itself. The linear external force is given by minus KSX and FS is the space charge force term which in general is non-linear and it includes both the self-electric and self magnetic forces which we have seen. The quantity FS is related to the space charge electric field ES by this expression. Now we are interested in finding the equation of motion of the RMS beam size. So basically the envelope equation in presence of space charge. So we write the equations of motion for the second movements of the distribution. So thus we take x square average and we find out the d by ds of that so that is equal to 2xx prime average and d by ds of xx prime average is given by this expression. So here we can substitute the value of x double prime from this equation. So we get and again we can find out dx prime square average by ds so it is this expression. So again we can put in the value of x double prime from the equation of motion and we get this. So where the averages are taken over the particle distribution. Now the first two equations lead to the equation of motion for the RMS beam size. So let us call A as the RMS beam size which is square root of x square average. So now using the x square average by ds is equal to 2xx prime average we have a a prime is equal to xx prime average. So differentiating this equation and using equation 2 so equation 2 using this equation we get an expression in terms of now the RMS beam size A. So A second derivative of A minus this term and minus this term is equal to 0. Now this term is the RMS emittance. So numerator of the second term is the square of the RMS emittance. So substituting equation 1 we get this. So now we have an expression in A which is the RMS beam size. So this is now the new envelope equation. So this is the RMS envelope equation and it expresses the equation of motion of the RMS beam size in the presence of space charge.  So this is similar to the equation without space charge. The emittance term is negative and is analogous to a repulsive force acting on the RMS beam size as before. The last term is now due to the repulsive space charge term. So because now the beam has space charge. So we have an additional term here in the envelope equation which is similar to this term. Now let us talk of continuous elliptical beam. So this is derived for the earlier equation is derived for a round beam. Now we have generally the beams in phase space are elliptical. So envelope equations for continuous beams with arbitrary density profiles that have elliptical symmetry in XY space. So electric field components for the uniform density distributions are. So we can derive as before the electric field components for uniform density distributions now with elliptical boundaries. So we get in the electric field in the x direction as this and in the y direction as this. So notice that they are linear in x and y. So rx and ry are the semi-axis of the ellipse related to the RMS beam size y, rx is equal to 2ax and ry is equal to 2ay. Now substituting this equation in equation 6 which is the envelope equation. So substituting it here we get the RMS envelope equation for uniform density beam which are given by this. So now we have 2 equations in x and y because the beam is now elliptical. So in this the quantity k is called the generalized perviance of the beam. So k is the generalized perviance and it is given by this expression. It depends upon the beam current and it depends upon the beam velocity. So higher the beam current, higher the perviance, higher the beam velocity, smaller the perviance. So it is a measure of the space charge of the beam. So higher the current, higher is the space charge and higher the velocity, lower is the space charge. So we know that at higher velocities the magnetic field component cancels out some part of the electric field component of the space charge. So here i is equal to q into n into v. This is the current expressed in terms of number of particles per unit length. So n is number of particles per unit length. These equations were first derived by Kapschensky and Ladermisky for a stationary uniform beam in a quadrupole focusing channel and these are known as KV envelope equations. So it was later shown by Lappostel and Sackerel that these equations are valid not only for uniform density beams but for all density distributions with elliptical symmetry. So even though they have been derived for uniform beams, they are valid for all density distributions. So thus the form of envelope equation is independent of the density profile of the beam. To calculate the RMS beam trajectories, even in the presence of space charge forces, we can replace the actual beam distribution which may not be known in advance with an equivalent uniform beam. So whether it is the Gaussian distribution or a 4D water bag or a KV distribution, you can replace this by an equivalent uniform beam. In the same current and the same second moments as the real beam. So an equivalent uniform beam is so it could have a different distribution but the same current and same second moments as that of the real beam. And then this equation is still valid. So it is convenient to work with an equivalent uniform beam because as we have seen the space charge field for a uniform beam with elliptical or ellipsoidal symmetry is easily calculated and it is linear. So this is where the advantage is that the space charge force is linear. And if you replace the beam with an equivalent beam, whatever the distribution the equations are still valid. So this is a very useful result. The ratio of the space charge to the emittance term. So this is the space charge term and this is the emittance term. In this equation this can be used to determine when space charge is important compared with the emittance in determining the RMS beam size. So both these forces are defocusing but so we can try to find out which is more dominating whether it is the space charge term or the emittance term. Now for a round beam you can take A is equal to AX is equal to AY. So the beam is emittance dominated. So this term dominates when KA square by 4 epsilon square is much much less than 1 and the beam is space charge dominated. So this term dominates when KA square by 4 epsilon square is much much greater than 1. Now a space charge dominated beam can be compared with coal plasma where collective effects are more dominant. So the effect of the distribution as a whole are more dominant. Whereas an emittance dominated beam is dominated by random or thermal effects. Accelerators that are characterized as high current machines can be designed to avoid the space charge dominated regime by increasing the focusing force to reduce the RMS beam size. So you can increase the focusing force here to reduce the RMS beam size. So if this is very high in order to compensate for this the focusing forces can be increased so that your RMS beam size comes down. So let us summarize what we have learned today. The force due to beam self-charge this is known as space charge force. The coulomb effects in Lenard they are usually most important in the non-relativistic beam at low velocities because for relativistic beams the self-magnetic forces increase and produce a partial cancellation of the electric coulomb forces. So we see that we have seen that the force due to the electric field of the beam is repulsive whereas the force due to the magnetic field of the beam is attractive and force due to the magnetic field increases as velocity increases. So this cancels out some part of the repulsion due to the electric field and so at higher velocities the space charge effects are not so important they are more important at lower velocities. The most mostly used quantity to characterize a distribution and to compare a beam with another one is known as the RMS emittance. In the presence of space charge the envelope equations are modified to include a space charge de-focusing term. These equations were first derived by Kapcinski and Ladermisky and for a stationary beam in a quadrupole focusing channel and these are known as the KV envelope equations. So these are these KV equations are very useful because they are valid not only for the uniform density distribution for all but for all density distributions with elliptical symmetry. Only thing is you need to now replace the replace it with an equivalent beam. To calculate the RMS beam trajectories even in the presence of space charge forces we can replace the actual beam distribution which may not be known in advance with an equivalent uniform beam having the same current and same second moments as the real beam. So with this we complete the transverse dynamics of particles in the Linnak and in the next lecture we will study about the longitudinal dynamics of the beams in the Linnak.