Ever since the end of the colonial era and the birth of many new nations around the world, the question of how economies develop has been of major interest to both policymakers and economists. Since that time we have seen many countries like Mali make little economic development while others such as South Korea have grown rapidly to become advanced economies. During such time we have also been through many different theories surrounding how economies grow and how best to manage their development. Today with the integration of our global economy this question of why some countries develop rapidly while others remain stagnant has moved to the forefront and it remains very much an open debate within economics. The first thing that we should recognize is that the question of economic development is of course a very complex one in that it involves many factors that are outside of the domain of economics, socio-political, environmental, historical, cultural and so on. This is even more so than in any other area of economics. As we've talked about in previous videos there is really just two fundamentally different paradigms to economic management, top-down centralized regulatory systems and distributed adaptive networks. Each of these two very different paradigms to economic management are going to give us a very different vision of what economic development is and how it should be conducted. We'll firstly talk about our standard approach to make it explicit before going on to talk about the evolutionary approach. Within the centrally regulated paradigm to economic development a model of the system and its future environment is created. We define a future desired state and directly coordinate the components within the system towards achieving this end. Typically through some set of incentive systems. The aim is to maximize throughput. Within a macroeconomy this growth throughput is captured by the metric of gross domestic product which is seen to be the primary metric to an economy's state of development and the key parameter that we're trying to optimize for. This paradigm to economic development found its most clear theoretical expression in the so-called linear stages to growth model which posits that there are a series of five successive stages of development which all countries must go through during the process of economic development and the primary objective of developing nations was to control and guide nations through these successive stages. This model has had both its successes and failures even within the same country. China's Great Leap Ford's project was one of its greatest disasters but China has also used the same centralized regulatory model over the past 20 or 30 years to what might be considered a great success. This centralized model is of course in its basic structure a simple linear model to economic development and linear models work best in simple environments meaning it may be relevant to the early stages of economic development that is to say when the economy is going through agrarianization and industrialization but whether it is an applicable model for the development of post-industrial information and knowledge economies is an open question. The end of industrialization within advanced economies is witnessing the rise of a new form of networked IT-enabled economy. People and small organizations now have powerful tools for information processing in their hands. They are connected like never before into global networks that often bypass centralized regulatory systems either partially or fully. And they increasingly have unfiltered access to the world's store of information and knowledge. It's only really within this context where we have an absence of top-down centralized regulation and agents with the capacity to interact and adapt locally that the process of evolution can play out. Without a centralized regulatory system the components are not held in some predefined configuration. There is no one overseeing the whole system. No predefined trajectory and most importantly there is no goal to the whole enterprise and that is a very radical idea because we're very much grounded in a linear conception of economic progress. Evolution is not like this at all though. It is very simply about adapting to the environment and with complex systems that are operating in volatile and uncertain environments this is the best that we can hope for. The idea that we can know and control the whole system. Know the environment know the future state to that environment and align the whole system towards achieving some optimal state is a virtual impossibility. It is a legacy of having previously operated within a much simpler environment. It does not really work in complex systems and evolution although far from optimal is the appropriate paradigm. Whereas adaptation is a micro level phenomena in that it describes how an individual agent can change in response to some change in its environment. Evolution is essentially the same process of adaptation but it plays out on the macro level describing how a whole population of agents manages to adapt to their environment. It is not an immediate process it plays out over the course of many life cycles to the system. These life cycles can be quickly iterated upon to get a rapid pace of development but it is more often associated with a long-term process of change within large complex adaptive systems such as ecosystems technology infrastructure cultures all kinds of social institutions and of course economies. The paradigm of economic evolution is focused on the non-equilibrium processes that transform the economy from within as an ongoing continuous process where information is being received continuously and strategies are being updated in a distributed fashion all the time. During this process of change we get co-evolution and novel niches emerge. These niches might be new markets, new technologies, new behaviors or new institutions. The very act of fulfilling a niche may provide new niches with the result being ongoing change and constant disequilibrium. Just as the process of adaptation requires a dynamic between order and chaos so does evolution. As Schumpenter would say it is a process of creative destruction. We're trying to maintain the function and pattern of the overall system but any component or set of components are equally composable and decomposable. There are a number of key elements that are required to be present before the process of evolution can act on a system. Firstly the system must be able to generate some form of variety between its constituent elements which is typically done through some form of cross mixing between elements. Secondly components must be exposed to the operating environment and capable of acting autonomously in order to express their distinct properties or functionality. Lastly there must be some form of a selection mechanism that is able to act objectively in evaluating the effectiveness of the different elements within that particular context. Retaining those that have been effective whilst disposing of those that have not. This process has to be iterated upon over the course of a number of life cycles before change will appear but through this process of evolution systems develop to become both more differentiated and integrated which allows them to operate in a broader more complex environment in a more sustainable fashion. By altering the mechanism through which this process of evolution operates on a system we can speed it up or slow it down perform it effectively or ineffectively. We'll go through each of these stages to the process of evolution within economic systems as it acts both on the real economy of products and services but also on the institutional level of businesses financial organizations etc. The initial stage in the process is about producing variety within biology this is achieved through the deformation of DNA and cross mixing of genes illustrating that the creation of new variants can be both random as well as intentional. Of course producing new products and services at random would give us a combinatorially large number that would be unfeasible through our capacity for imagination and design we're able to reduce this number down to a small subset and of course most novel innovations are not novel at all they are simply remixing pre-existing solutions as with natural evolution it is very difficult to make major leaps although whole paradigm shifts may occur they are rare we are typically drawing upon some pre-existing set of solutions and remixing them in new ways evolution is typically a slow step-by-step process. Enabling this process means developing open platforms that enable diverse variants to interact and cross mix for example the rise of the internet and youtube has put all our music on the same platform right next to each other the result being a great acceleration in the production of mash-up mixes between all types of very disparate music many of which don't work but some do. Coworking and business incubators are based on the same idea of having an open space for interaction between disparate activities ideas and expertise to enable cross-pollination for this reason it is important to maintain a stock of diversity within the system for the sake of innovation but this is not the only factor we also need to create and foster weak links between disparate domains so that we can get greater diversity of cross-mixed variants and the diversity between those variants will be less superficial. Inside the box innovation happens by getting lots of intelligent people to focus on a problem in a lab real outside the box innovation happens in the real world where there are lots of weak links between disparate domains this is less the source of innovation and more the source of inovability which refers to the system's ability to generate disruptive qualitative and fundamental improvements which enable it to undergo transformational change next these variants need to be put into their operating environment in order to adapt they need to be fully exposed to that environment but given sufficient time and space to develop and exhibit all of their capabilities this may take time it takes time to develop a new product in a market or a new industry within an economy if we think about evolution within ecosystems new creatures are typically fostered for a prolonged period before being exposed to the full requirements of survival a new agile approach to product development called MVP standing for minimum viable product is one approach to this process whereby new very basic solutions are rapidly developed and are deployed as soon as they have the minimum requirements to function within their operating environment in this way we can start to receive immediate feedback as to the system's viability and possible future trajectory without the need for significant investment or foresight but all of the variants ultimately must be exposed to the same environment in order to see how well they perform although the traditional narrative surrounding evolution is one of competition a vision of everyone against everyone else but this is only really true in very simple relatively isolated environments most products services businesses or individuals within advanced economies fail or succeed within that environment based not only on their own capabilities but also on their capacity to interoperate and coordinate with other systems within environments of heightened interconnectivity this capacity for interoperability is very important lastly selection has to be performed on the set of elements based on their functionality ultimately all products services and economic institutions have to serve some function for someone who is prepared to pay for it in that act of paying for it they make a vote within the process of selection and that process of selection really plays out on millions of different balance sheets across the economy every time we cast our vote for a product or service we are tipping the balance in favor of its continuing to exist while the balance of all the other products on the shelf that we did not select is very gradually tipping in the opposite direction in that simple act of choosing some products or businesses have lived on to become more prevalent within the next lifecycle of the system while others have come closer to being discontinued and thus becoming less prevalent in the future in such a way the whole system adapts to its environment without anyone saying that we should switch from typewriters to computers because they believe that an information age was around the corner the whole system has still managed to figure that out in a distributed fashion without anyone predicting the future or guiding the whole process although the evolutionary method of development may not have any fixed goal that is not to say that it does not result in long-term systemic transformations quite the contrary in fact it is through evolution that a system goes from being simple to becoming complex simple systems can just pop in and out of existence but complex systems like our global economy are built through a prolonged process of evolution during that process of evolution they became both more differentiated and more integrated and this is essentially what complexity is a system that is both differentiated and integrated this complexity then enables the system to operate in a more advanced broader environment this process within economic development is best illustrated with reference to the theory of economic complexity the theory of economic complexity postulates that the key to prosperity is in both accumulating individual capabilities and the capacity to aggregate those capabilities through networks to create complex products within a diversity of industries it starts with a recognition that underdeveloped economies know how to make only few things while developed economies know how to make many things know how is defined as an individual's capacity to perform a task collective know how is the capacity to perform tasks that cannot be performed by an individual no individual can play a symphony produce a laptop or make the trains run on time in pre-agrarian societies an individual knows almost as much as the whole organization knows but in advanced economies we're able to make more things that are more complex because we all have different knowledge and we're able to create networks for integrating them into coherent functioning organizations the more individual differentiated capabilities you have and the greater your institutional capacity to integrate them the more complex things you can make and thus the more advanced your economy is in this module we've been talking about evolutionary economics as an alternative paradigm to economic development that is focused on the internal dynamics through which the macroeconomy generates novel phenomena and changes over time without the guidance of some centralized regulatory mechanism we talked about this process as a product of a number of key stages including firstly the generation of variety through cross-mixing and invention secondly adaptation whereby products and services are exposed to their operating environment in order to reveal their functionality and finally selection whereby functional variants are selected to become more prevalent within the economy's future life cycle evolution is ultimately a search mechanism the means through which a complex adaptive system searches for the appropriate solution to the challenges of operating within a given environment but through this process the whole system develops to exhibit greater complexity and become capable of operating in a broader environment


So good afternoon. I'm Tristan Nito. I'm president and founder of a non-profit organization called Mozzarella Europe. You may have heard about our main product called Mozzarella Firefox. And I'm here with Anthony, Anthony Enrico, here on stage, who is a web developer and open source contributor. He has the history of contributing to what's the name of this browser again. It's a fruit company. Can't remember, anyway. So he used to contribute to Safari, but he's seen the light. And he came in contributing to Firefox now. But I like him, anyway. So apologies for this presentation, which is quite a mess. I was told yesterday, I think around 7, that there was a slot available. And it would be nice to have a Firefox presentation. And so I had literally no slides, nothing to show. And I would like to thank Anthony for joining me. We had room service lasagna in my room. And so we created this presentation yesterday evening instead of going to the beer event. And so it's kind of a big sacrifice. So I know, we did have a bottle of wine, anyway. So no beer, but wine instead. But it was not really a party. Well, I'm going to talk to you about mostly three things. The one is the cloud phenomenon and what's going on. How Firefox is changing in this regard with Firefox 4. And we'll also talk about the browser as a platform. And this will include demonstrations by Anthony. I was actually very pleasantly surprised this morning by Eben Moglin's talk. Who in this room has attended Eben Moglin's talk this morning? Raise your hand. Well, not enough people, let me tell you. Well, it's better than nothing. Eben, who's an amazing guy, actually had a very nice words for Firefox. That was cool. But also mostly he had a discussion about privacy and network centralization, which is very close to my heart. And so it was a pleasure to hear Eben discuss these, in my opinion, very important issues. So whether we want or not, the cloud paradigm is taking over information technology. Everything, it's the big trend these decades of moving to the cloud. And I don't think we can stop it. But if we cannot stop it, how can we make sure that we as users, as free software developers and citizens of the internet, how can we ensure that we have the maximum control over what's going on? So this is one thing I want you to keep in mind during this discussion today. The cloud is happening, but Firefox is the product that we, Mozilla, as an organization, are producing in order to remain in control as much as possible with our data and our future. So while the cloud is taking over IT, the browser needs to evolve. Like remember a decade ago, the browser basically was something to display a web page, a static web page like a Wikipedia web page. I'm not dismissing Wikipedia in any way, but it's a very static document that evolves maybe a couple of times a day or a month, but it's a very static document. Now we're talking about web applications. How many of you use a web mail with your hand? All right. So many of you know what a web application is firsthand. So a web application is not a document anymore. I mean, there is a lot of things going on, downloading new emails, writing, composing emails, and stuff like that. The page itself is evolving in real time. The browser has to evolve in this regard. An issue the browser had was it had limited capabilities as a development platform. I mean, it was meant to display static web pages. Now that we're moving to web apps, how does it work? Many things have to be changed. And this is what we're going to see today. Privacy and centralization, how we cope with this. And also as the world is going mobile, as many of us have now things like smartphones, cell phones, we carry around, which in turn fuels the interest for the cloud itself.  Basically, I want data to be in the cloud and I can access it from any device I want. This is what fuels the interest for cloud computing. So there is good to with cloud computing, but this means you also need a mobile web browser that you can trust. So I'll start by discussing Firefox 4 in terms of user interface and user-facing features. What we have, what we have done with Firefox 4, things that are new. One thing that we have is a tab on top. So the tabs now are here. These are a screenshot from a Windows version. I'll show you on Linux how we chose. With generally a new theme, new look and feel, the location bar, which makes sense, is now closer to the content because actually it relates to the content. You will see in Windows and soon on Linux, it's disabled by default, but we can fix that. You will see that there is no more menu bar. So overall, the idea is to limit the importance of the Chrome real estate on the screen. Chrome being not only a competing browser, but historically, the Chrome is the name of the user in the face of the browser. Now it's confusing that they took this as a product name, but in the browser vendor jargon, this is what you call the Chrome, and this too, is the piece of the browser that you see, which is not the content. So we wanted to reduce this to the maximum. So no menu bar and shaving a pixel here and there in order to have maximum space on the screen for the content or the web applications. And tabs on top is one way of achieving this. Another thing we have is a feature called Switch to Tab. As you have more and more tabs open, because I don't know if you're like me, but basically the browser is the piece of software that I run like 24-7. It's where my life is. And so I have many, many tabs open. And when I want to look for something, when I want to access some information, because the location bar in Firefox is smart, this is what we call the awesome bar, you start, you open a new tab, start typing what you're looking for. And the suggestions here, if you start typing wiki, it suggests wikipedia.com, which is .com, come on. Well, anyway. Or it could suggest, in this case, which is new in Firefox 4, you already have a Wikipedia tab open. So it suggests that you go to the existing tab, which has Wikipedia instead of opening yet another Wikipedia tab. So it prevents you, in the end, when you start cleaning up the mess in your tabs from closing like 20 Wikipedia tabs that were open at the same time, which doesn't make sense. So this is one nice feature, which is so Switch to Tab. We are suggesting to move to the tab, which is already open instead of reopening a new tab. And the Firefox button you see there on the top left corner is basically a menu, well, a list of options. If you're not displaying the menu, then you have that. Because we've been studying very thoroughly with our user experience people, what are the items that are actually used in the browser? And we've seen that many of them are not used. And so we decided to remove them and put them in this Firefox button so that they are not in the way and they save space for the content. App tabs is pretty neat. And actually, you know what? I'm going to demo it for you. I don't know where I stand. OK, it looks like the network is pretty limited. Anyway, Twitter is something I use pretty often. So what I'm going to do is right-click on it. Oh, it's sorry. That's the French version. Fail. I can click there. No, that's OK. Well, in English, you would read Pina's app tab. And look at my Twitter tab. It's going to switch to the left. There you go. And now it's here. But it's a tiny icon. Doesn't take a lot of space in a tab bar. And if I open new tabs here, you see that my Twitter is still here. So it stays there. So you can do that, for example, this is my blog. Maybe it's a place or maybe it's Gmail or whatever. Your webmail, you want to access it very often. And instead of having it lost in a sea of tabs, you right-click on it and you say Pina's app tab. And there it goes. It's here. So it takes tiny space. And it's very, very efficient to save space for the web apps you use often, as opposed to random tabs. What else did I want to show? Yes. Another one is Panorama. Panorama is a way to manage your tabs. I wish I could show it to you, but because I don't have a good internet connection, it's not going to be very interesting. But basically, Panorama is a button that you click on the top right corner of user interface. And it enables you to put together groups of tabs. So in this case, I was writing an article about Marshall McLuhan, a famous Canadian, on the communication theory. And so I've put all my tabs about him together in a group and all my work tabs on the left. And I can switch from one group to the other. So it makes organizing my tabs much easier. And also because it's visual and it's 2D, I have the notion of where I can find easily my tabs instead of having them listed on the tab bar. So it's pretty powerful and very useful. Something else we've been working on during the Firefox 4 cycle is performance. And performance, believe it or not, is actually extremely complex as a topic, including very different topics like startup time. We've made a lot of effort in streamlining the startup time, reducing the startup time so that the startup process is much faster. It doesn't matter much to advanced users because Firefox is always launched, like 24.7 for them. But for less advanced users that tend to watch one page and then close the program and go back to email and then relaunching Firefox like an hour later or so, this is important to them. So we've been working on this startup time quite a bit. The JavaScript engine, we have a new generation of a JavaScript engine which is called JagerMonkey. I'll detail more about the performance. We've been working on a very difficult topic, which is called hardware acceleration. So I mentioned here that your mileage may vary because hardware acceleration basically is using your GPU, basically your graphical processor on your graphics card, leveraging it so that it helps the browser do complex computation about page layouts, displaying text on the screen, or 3D, or decoding videos, and stuff like that. The GPU is an unused part of your computer that is extremely powerful. On the other hand, it is very complex and between Firefox and the GPU stands a very complex bit of software which is the device driver. So while hardware acceleration works pretty well in Windows and more precisely in recent version of Windows, it's not easy to make it work on the Mac. And it's even harder on Linux because there is such a difference of quality between certain drivers and other drivers on Linux, graphical drivers. I won't get into the mess of the NVIDIA proprietary drivers versus open drivers and stuff like that. But basically, we're dragged into this and it's complicated. So in some cases, if you're lucky enough, if your drivers are high quality, then we can leverage them. And you will see a boost in terms of performance. But if we are not sure that the drivers are bug-free enough, then with disabled hardware acceleration on Linux, and then you'll see a good Firefox 4, but not blazingly fast on the pieces of rendering that are impacted by hardware acceleration. So it's a very complicated topic. Just for the record, Microsoft is using hardware acceleration. We've been fighting on who had the first product to do that. I claim that Mozilla produced prototypes of Firefox builds earlier than Microsoft. We tried to do that on all platforms. And Microsoft say, yeah, we can do that only on Vista and 7. But XP, yeah, it's the last battle. Actually, if I'm right, we're able to do hardware acceleration also on XP. It's just they don't try hard enough. Well, of course there. The bottom line at Microsoft is about selling more version of Vista and mostly 7. So yeah, they don't care much about XP. Tons of optimizations have been going on in terms of performance. I won't get into details, but we call them compartments, retain layers, and many others. Basically, it's aggressive caching and better management of the code base. And one final thing is streamlining the experience. And this is kind of a tricky thing, but I'll save it for later. Let's start about the JavaScript Yagamonki engine. So these are graphs. These are benchmarks. This is the benchmark called V8Bench, produced by Google. So in red here, this is Safari. So basically, we take the Safari JavaScript engine called Nitro, and we run the test regularly. We take their nightly builds, isolate their JavaScript engine, and run test. We run the benchmark. And it gives this line. We do the same with the Google V8 JavaScript engine, which is getting slightly better sometimes, or worse. And we do that with a Firefox Yagamonki JavaScript engine. As we can see, we make a lot of progress. Mid-September, the smaller is better, lower is better. So we've been beating regularly Safari since then, and we're approaching Google's engine on Google's benchmark, which we can assume their benchmark is favorable for their own engine. That's how people build Benchmark. And it's last year. No, it's just December and January, and it's even better now. OK, so we're even better now. This is Yagamonki, our JavaScript engine, now running on SunSpider, which is Apple's benchmark. And so we're better than both Safari and Chrome in terms of JavaScript on Apple's benchmark. And we also have our own benchmark, where we beat everyone, of course, because it's our benchmark. And we pretend, and I think we are right, but yeah, who knows, that our benchmark is better than their benchmark. Right, I wouldn't get into that. So JavaScript, as you can see, we've made huge progress in terms of JavaScript over time. So we're highly competitive, even better than others, we're very close. So we've closed the gap with regards to JavaScript execution. A JavaScript execution is just part of the performance issue. But if you have very complex applications, it makes a difference. We've made already very significant progress between Firefox 3, 5, and 3.6, was it? Do you remember, Anthony, with a better JavaScript engine? And it made a big difference for users that were running Gmail. Like, basically, when you click on the link, it changes immediately as opposed to having to wait like half a second.  But if it's like under a tenth of a second for the software to react, then you have the impression it's instantaneous. And so we went under that tenth of a second threshold. And it really made a difference for using Gmail. Now, in a very, very different topic, I'm going to talk about performance, but mostly the impression of performance. Because let me go back there. When we go from here to there, frankly, users don't see a difference. We've been working really hard to go from here to there, really hard, and it's paying off. But people, they see nothing. It was fast before, and it's even faster after. But so little, and it was so fast before, they just cannot notice it. On the other hand, in the user interface, there are things, when you start making things differently, people see a lot of change. But actually, product is not faster, but it gives the impression to be faster. I've listed a few examples. Let's start for this last one. You add a new add-on in Firefox, and instead of saying you have to restart Firefox, it says that's OK. You can use the add-on now. So you've saved time by not exiting Firefox and re-entering Firefox. You can use it now. So it means a lot of work behind the scenes, but it really changes the way you use Firefox install and then install an add-on. Reloading old tabs, you have the choice of reloading or not the old tabs, and if you reload them, we're basically loading a couple of them that are visible. And all the others, they are ready, but when you hit the tab button, then they start reloading. That means that when you restart Firefox, for some reason, it restarts very, very quickly. And also, when you start it, that's number one item, it is not saying, OK, hold on. I've got to make sure that you have the latest add-ons for this version. So you do not see a pop-up that says, hold on, I'm going to check the add-ons. What we've done is we've checked the add-ons in the background during your last session. And if new add-ons are ready, then we install them then at startup, which is unnoticeable, and then you go. So it's changing the product so that you don't have added boxes, dialog boxes, and things that make you feel like it's painful to use it or it's not responding the way you want. And it's giving you the impression that it's actually much faster. It's actually really more pleasant to use than actually faster. On a very different topic, something we've done is raising the bar on privacy. We're very happy at Mozilla to see that privacy is actually becoming a topic of interest with the European Commission, with the government of the United States, and also browser vendor that start to feel the heat, because they are concerned there will be regulation from authorities. So this, we've been fighting for privacy for a while. There are extensions such as TACO and Better Privacy that have been available for a few years already. That basically puts cookies in Firefox. And these cookies that are set by advertising networks, when an advertising network sees that cookie on your computer, then they are not going to track you. That's their promise. Whether people obey their promises is a different story, and I won't get into that. But because the advertising industry is concerned that they will get regulated, they have put this mechanism into place, and they offer you to put these cookies so you're not tracked. Now, these cookies could actually disappear. And so these extensions make sure these cookies stay in place. So even if they're removed, they're put back into place, and these cookies say, no, I don't want to be tracked. For each and every advertising network, I think there are like 74 of these advertising networks that have that. Other extensions such as Adblock Plus and NoScript for the advanced users are also available for now seeing no advertising, no scripting. Personally, I tend to also use FlashBlock, that blocks Flash, which I highly recommend. Although we have to recognize that these two plus FlashBlock are really extensions that are for the advanced user, because, well, sometimes the website you're visiting doesn't work exactly like it should be because you're basically you've removed stuff from it through these extensions. So unfortunately, I would not recommend them for ordinary users that don't feel like debugging websites that don't work well because of these extensions, although they are very, very efficient. We're seeing companies such as Google and Microsoft have recently announced something similar to the extensions that we have for several years. It's good. In the case of Microsoft, they've built this into the product because their extension mechanism is very crappy. But by default, there is a kind of a blacklist of ad networks. And these blacklists are empty by default. So yeah, they have a do not track feature except that you may not use it. Right. Google has announced they are doing something similar there within Chrome. But they're still at level number one. What's new in Firefox 4 is a very simple feature called the do not track HTTP header. So yeah, I think I'm going to show it to you. It's not going to work. It's not going to be to 10. Oh, it's OK, right. So I'm not going to show it to you because that would mean I need to run another version of Firefox, which is a nightly build. But I've seen it on my other machine. So that's why I thought I would show it to you. It is in Firefox, though it's going to be in the next beta, not in the one that was just released. And one final thing we're doing on the privacy front is it's a service called Firefox Sync. Who has heard what Firefox Sync is? Raise your hand, please. All right, I still have to explain it. Sorry for bothering me with that. 15 minutes left. I need to hurry up because basically it's a service that backs up all your browser history on the server and your bookmarks and your passwords. Now, these are highly sensitive informations. So the way we do it at Mozilla is everything is encrypted by Firefox on the client side with a key that only you have. And it's sent on the Mozilla server. Means that Mozilla cannot decrypt it and read it and understand what is your history and what are your passwords. Other browser vendors offer similar services, although they do not offer encryption. Because for them, tracking where you've been is highly valuable. Data mining, like Eben Moglin explained this morning, is highly valuable for the bottom line of these organizations. But for us, being an on-profit organization, caring about you, we do encryption on the client side. And what we see in our servers is only encrypted and unusual data that we cannot data mine. That's one thing. And the second thing is that our server is open source. It's free software. You can download the source code for it and run it on your own server. So we're also addressing the issue of centralization of this. You can run your own server of sync. And so even if you know it's encrypted, even if we're good people, you may not trust us and you may want to run this on your own server and that will be fine. And we're totally OK with that. We'll still need to run a centralized service because it's more simple for users. And finally, Firefox 4 for mobile, Firefox Sync is very useful in order to synchronize your history so you can reuse it on your smartphone. Just typing a few letters on this because the keyboard is crappy. You will be able to revisit tabs that are open somewhere on your other computer. Firefox 4 on mobile is going to be really soon. It will be running on Memo Amigo and Android. I'm running Android. Yes? That's a small question. How much RAM is required for that? How much RAM is required? I don't have the specs on top of my head. But I run it on a pretty good Android 2.2 phone. It works well. But this is a good machine. So 760 may. How long is it going to take in so long? Yes. And what's important, it's the same engine as Firefox 4. So if you can run it on Firefox 4 desktop, you can run your application on these things. Switching over. He wants the microphone. What else? Hey, is it OK? Yeah. I have to say about Firefox sync. When I joined Mozilla, I was still running Safari. Yeah. I did it for three weeks because I had an iPhone. And I switched when I discovered Firefox Home, which is just a sync client for the iPhone. And when I'm in the subway or in a car, I can check my bookmarks. I can check all pages. And that's when I switch back to Firefox. So really cool. OK. OK, so I'm going to talk about web features available in Firefox 4, but most importantly, in other browsers and in their latest versions. So I guess you've seen the HTML5 logo that the W3C is promoting. So HTML5, it's an umbrella word to put everything that's web inside it. And so I'm not going to go into all the details because I don't have the time. Thank you, Tristan. But it's about new web features and new design features and having powerful JavaScript engines in the browser, having SVG as the first class technology. So SVG is about scalable graphics. So highly important on mobile. It's about having access to the desktop, having access to a web page when it's offline. And so there's really a lot of technology in there. So this little demo, I'm not sure you can see exactly, but there's a gradient, a radial gradient, like it's light orange in the center, and it's going red over there. So that's done with CSS3. There's no image used. On the bottom, all the images are, in fact, videos. So I don't know if I do that, if you can hear the sound. But so it's playing. And when I click that, it's opening with a transition, a rotation. It's scaling up. And so that's really not going to say easy to do, but that's something that's really easier than before to do. And by the way, I don't know if you've noticed, but I'm running a Firefox full screen. So on the Mac, it's really new. And that's cool. Just Tristan was talking about panorama. That's the way you use it. I have all my demos here. And OK, thanks. I have all my demos on the right. And I have some links on the left for FOS demo. And I can access, as you can see, access the app tab on Twitter, on Gmail, or whatever. Again, next one. So let me refresh this. So this one is to showcase how we can store data in the browser and we can store code in the browser.  If it's native or web, you want access to it if you have access to the network or not. So there's a feature in HTML5 where you can store the code inside the browser. So next time you launch it, it's not going to go on the network. And so you can do a to-do application really quickly and access it everywhere. And you can also store data. So this demo is storing a list of all the cities in the US and the zip code associated to that. And so even if I have a, I don't have a good Wi-Fi here, when I'm going to search for this one, it should work. And it's not. Oh, yeah. I've been in the street. No, I've been in, I've been in early days there and it's in Florida. OK, let me try another one. Yeah. And so as you can see, it listed everything. So you see Florida, FL. So you can store it. There's two kinds of storage, a really quick one and simple one with a key and values. And you get also, in this demo, it's using index DB, a more complex database system where you can do queries and really, really cool on mobile devices. But if you want to do a web mail, I know Gmail is already using some of this stuff to store the emails so that you get a list when you launch it real fast. And OK, this one. Yeah, it's also important to move the browser out of the web and access the desktop and some stuff like that. So if I take this picture over here, you see I can drop it like I don't need to go into a file picker and search for my file. And when I'm going to drop it with a powerful JavaScript engine, I can go into this image, take the data in it, extract the exit data because that's what you get in two images. And with that, I can see where the picture has been taken, what is the camera, what else, the data in time, stuff like that. And so when you're on the web, you can match this with a service called Google Maps. And I just dropped it. I never went to a server. I'm just doing this on my machine, computing the data into the image. And you can see all the exit data in there. And especially the GPS latitude. And then I'm using it to insert a Google Map on the place where the photo was taken. And I don't have a server. I just have a Wi-Fi connection. So that's really cool. This one is really cool also. The story behind it is very cool. I should have configured the screen before. Anyway, so there's an audio tag into HTML5. You just put the file in the markup. You can play it. You get the user interface that you're seeing over there. And it's really easy to insert audio files now. But some people said it's not enough. We want access to the sound that is playing. And we want to play with that. So I'm going to run it. And you don't need to read the music. That's not the point. What you can see here is the data from the sound that is playing in the background. So that's something we couldn't do before. It's not really useful. So this way makes more sense. And you can do a lot of violations. But you can also modify the sound. If I don't know if you ever did, but anyway. So you can modify the sound on real time. You can compute a four-year transformation on top of it. Anything. And you can even do 3D that goes with the sound. So the cool thing about that, and I'm going to switch to another one, because otherwise you're not going to listen to me. The cool story about that is that the guys who did that. So the names are on top of it. They said, we want this. The W3C was not going to put it into a specification. And so they decided to come to Mozilla and said, OK. We have an ID. We want access to the sound. And we're going to produce the patch and put that into Firefox. And so they did the code to make it available. They did the specification that now is going to be a standard. Of course, there's discussion with other groups, et cetera. They did the demo I just showed you. And they also did another one that I'm going to show you in a minute. And the really cool stuff is that except for making sure the code is secure and not performant enough, there was no Mozilla employee involved in the creation of this stuff. So that's something you're not going to find in other open source projects, like the one in the other one in Mountain View. And so this one, oh, you're not going to see anything. Nice. Yeah. That's bad. Do you have control over the? No? The sun. OK. The sun? Yeah, in Belgium. No, no, no, no, no, no, no. OK, anyway, I'm going to run it.  No, but it's not enough. Anyway, so this is using WebGL. So WebGL is like OpenGL accessed on the web. And so there's an audio file that's running the whole animation you're seeing. It's not a video. It's an animation. It's 3D computed on my laptop in real time. So the way to prove that to you, if the network wants to play with us, OK, OK, so it's going to go into a city. And you'll see in real time some flicker photos with the first dem tag in it. They should appear right now. Yeah, in the background. The Wi-Fi is not good enough to download the images on. Sorry. But trust me, it's really computing on getting the flicker photos. And another thing, about four minutes, 30. Now the, ah, you can't see it. The buildings over there, they are playing at the same, with the music. I don't know if you, it's really good on my screen. Audio API for visualization of the sound? Yeah. So the buildings are, lights are moving at the same pace than the music. And you can also insert videos inside this 3D animation. So this is a big bug bunny, I think. And so again, this was done by people who like music and wanted better audio access. And all this, computed with a really cool JavaScript engine, 3D with WebGL and all that stuff. Is it OK on time? I have a question. Yes? Also, I would like to have the same functionality. Sorry, I can't. I would like to have the same functionality, namely create audio on one time. And I saw something, it was mentioned, in the, it's the, you know, device specification, actually device, they introduce devices. What devices? I don't know, devices, but also audio devices. I know that the Marshella has created a bit of audio API, but it's also mentioned, Marshella is not implemented yet, but it's also mentioned in HTML5. So I'm not sure what you're asking exactly. But HTML5 is at the same time a specification and a bunch of other stuff that. I just have a question here. Marshella has already an audio API. Yes, that's what, this was, yeah. Also, so it has implemented matter. Chrome as an audio API too? It's possible, it would be possible to build the same functionality into the HTML5. How am I wrong? It's a device. But the device API is different. Yeah, there's a device API. There's a lot of work in the W3T and other standards body to get access to audio, like I've just shown, to get access to the webcam, to get access to the microphone, because that's not part of this. So microphone and webcam, this is part of the device API that's worked in the work group or something like that. We should probably take it offline, because we don't have time for many questions. Any other questions? I promise you can grab Anthony on the side. Yes? Yeah, not far from synced. There's been talks about creating add-ons, synced integration of add-ons, because that's the focus. Where is that synced with this guy? The question is, can we sync with Firefox Sync? Can we sync add-ons from one version of Firefox to the other? The answer is not yet right now. Although we're considering we're working on it. Now, what's keeping us busy is shipping Firefox 4. So all the energy right now is on Firefox 4. And we'll see once it's shipped. We'll see what we can do about extensions. And extensions, I think, can already sync their preferences using Sync if they choose to do it. So you still have to install the add-on on your new computer, but it will get the preferences of this extension if the extension is compatible with it. If you had to convince somebody who had left Firefox to use Chrome or Chromium to come back to Firefox, what would be your kind of short-killer argument if you have one? But beyond the ebb and model and its freedom and you're not evil, even in that context? Well, so if I have to, I think both Firefox and Chrome are very good browsers. And I should repeat the question. So yes, why should I use Firefox instead of Chrome? That's the question. And the answer is, well, you should use Firefox because it's made by us. We're a nonprofit organization. And our business is not coming from data mining user data.  Well, you know, I don't know. It's nicer. The logo is nicer.  I'm getting you. I'm not technical, but I mean. She's blonde. Thanks. Fank blonde. I work at Mozilla, but I'm non-technical. And the things that I like is a lot of work that they've done into the UI. So the features that were showed like panorama, I actually can visualize my tabs. I have many windows, many tabs open. I know it's clear. I have a clear visualization. I also have an iPhone. I got Firefox home on it. I got to play with an Android. And when I go back to the US next week, I'm switching to Android phone because I was able to play with sync and really get that same experience no matter what type of device I used. So there's a lot of different features. It's faster. It's cleaner. And also you can bring it with you no matter what you use. And just being able to have your Firefox on the go is so important. When I use another computer and it's not my Firefox, I'm really lost. I'm used to organize my tabs. Everything the way I like it. And you can do it now with Firefox 4 and the other options. Thank you. And I'd like to know if you have any limited hardware and serialization systems for future use? So is there any limitation about hardware acceleration, about the brand of the GPU you're all using? So if someone wants to answer that from Modina, so. I'm here with the code media. Yeah. So we're kind of working on this right now. You're asking about Linux, right? The question is exclusively about Linux. All right, so then we are right now, I think we only enabled NVIDIA proprietary driver because this is the only one that doesn't crash. But we are, so this is the sad note, right? Like that's not the story we'd like to hear. But the positive story is that when we started sending dumps of the crashes, we started getting responses from the XORC community much faster than from the vendors. So basically, ATI did not respond at all while the open source ATI driver started sending patches like two days later. So even if we're starting from a really bad position, we believe that pretty soon we'll be able to enable at least a Radeon driver. Probably not sure about Navoo. What's the full name? Navoo. They are also working on this, but they have kind of a complex issue that they're trying to resolve. I think the work is progressing and we'll be enabling things as we go once we see the drivers working. But it'll take some time to upstream to distributions as well, right? So it's not going to happen tomorrow. So that's the status. There's a full test suite coming with a WebGL so that's going to improve the whole situation on Linux, not only for Firefox. All right, time is up. Sorry, we couldn't take all the questions. Thank you very much.


Colorado Senator and presidential candidate Michael Bennett spoke to cannabis investors at the Arcview event in New York on October 3rd. The recently passed banking bill needs to pass the Senate next, so investors were anxious to hear what he had to say. I think that what you should do is get practice succeeding and that's something that we're not doing well as a country with our democracy. And this banking bill, I think is the perfect opportunity for you guys to organize an effort to see whether you can get it through the Senate. You shouldn't expect that you will get it through, but you should try and it might actually happen. And once you've got that through, then you can build on it. I think one of the things that we are victims of in our own country, in part because of how dominant social media and other things have become, is that we cannot be as strategic as the people that are trying to keep things the same. The people that are trying to keep things the same are very strategic about keeping the stuff the same. And Mitch McConnell really has mastered the art of creating constituents to keep stuff the way that it is. Not on this topic, but on many other issues ranging from guns to climate change. But here, you have an amazing opportunity to take the momentum. That was a surprising vote. It was a surprising number of people who supported the House. And so I would use this as an opportunity to learn how to succeed in the Senate as well and then figure out what's next on the agenda. And I have seen just a revolution happen in terms of the attitude of people on Capitol Hill. If you asked me three or four years ago whether that making bill would pass, Ed Perlman, who I've known for 20 years, who's a congressman from Colorado, has been carrying that bill. If you asked us three years ago whether that bill would pass, we would have said there's no way. And now it passed with one of the 300 votes. And I still can't frankly believe that. You know what? Nothing passes with 300 votes. Literally nothing. And almost nothing passes with basic unanimity on the Democratic side and almost half the Republicans. I mean you should be proud of that. You really should. And I think you should say after both at the state level and at the federal level because it's moving in your direction.


Let's go over to our men Mr. Teddy cakes that as you do each in every Wednesday at 40 past the hour You can reach Teddy every trading day at 4x dash trading dash unlocked calm and bottom line folks is that We're laying at these levels that have been laying at these levels man for a long time Teddy cakes that what's going on brother? Good morning guys. How you doing? Morning steady Pretty crazy. We got the dollar was pretty strong this morning Coming back a little bit since the stock market opened so but um the pound and the Canada and the Australian dollar are definitely Giving the dollar a surge today. Yeah, you know, I guess and I look at the pound like that's a normal pullback I guess we're you know, we've had a couple signs of strength, man But what I'd like you to do is get on the telephone man until some people stop buying that pound so the dollar will crash I Well the Swiss is doing the parody dance so the dollar right now seems to be holding its get its strength right now I don't think yeah, you know, no matter what we've been talking about this for weeks now It seems that the dollar no matter what it's holding strong with the news and with the interest rates are going Yes, and and I was actually down by the border trade yesterday talking to some guys And it seems like with the roll over now It's really tough to trade the interest rates and looking how the currencies are going I think we're gonna see a lot of neutral trading like the euro in the US the euro US dollar trades been in basically a $2 range now for months Okay, you know, so and nobody sees that even remotely Changing change especially with the Brexit thing and the way the EU who looks like right now with their economic numbers Now there is a silly thing catalyst that could change things and that is the Turkish lira With right now with what's going on with them with Syria and with our US potential military issues If we start to put on sanctions or make some kinds of moves the Turkish lira could take a dive and That could actually start to cause some instability and also affect the euro as well interesting. Yeah, so the You know this yen man. This yen just is I mean, oh, it's weak rather But it seems like it's loving this one 11 point man, you know, it is it just keeps on trying to butt up against it 112 even the area it doesn't seem to want to hold above it, which is a pretty key Psychological area. Yeah, because I'm actually surprised that the you know, the dollar is actually not up more I you know this one with that spike But because like once it starts with 111, it's like well, you want 114 again. What do you want here? Do you know me? Yeah, it's like, right? Well, that's the one thing that's interesting about the dollar strength right now, especially over the past couple days You're not I mean except for the pound you're not getting it from your major You know pieces of the pie you're getting your outline currency is like the Australian dollars is getting smashed Yes, you know the Canadian dollar is red just railing like they're the balloon under water, you know, so the pound Relatively this pullback is kind of I wouldn't say it's indicative of what's going on with the dollar It's more of just a little bit of a profit-taking break You know so and I think that one of the things like especially like I mentioned the Turkish lira You have this situation with Syria and now you also have the turnover of power in Mexico too to the that what is his name? I'll open door. I believe okay now that could be a threat to NAFTA and totally change the peso dollar trade Most people we don't talk about the peso usually very often, but up until this point We were looking at NAFTA being resolved between Canada Mexico and the United States Yeah in amical agreement that definitely is better than what was in place before And it was also something that was good to keep the peso relatively stable where it's been trading around Basically 17 to 22 pesos the dollar for years now in that kind of a range, which just seems to be pretty healthy It's good for American tourists. That's for sure. Yes, you know, you know How did you get in the foreign currency business? How did I get a foreign currency business? It really started as being a bond trader an interest rate trader and I Used to be I didn't trade that the futures because of the liquidity issues Especially with overnight trades and stuff Yes, and words you could trade the but night bonds and things like that at the time when I first started trading and then with The advent of the cash market once the broker because originally the cash market was all broker dealers Have a lot to participate. No, no even Reasonably sizable retail trader institutional trader could even touch that market. Yes once that opened up in 1998 And I saw that one you could trade them 24 hours a day. That was okay Now I didn't have that risk of one of the bonds were closed So I started using the currency cash with the interest rates and then that's how I got you know Nice because it's you know, folks What happens if you if you're interested in the currency market the way I would do it is it take one currency at a time? Because it took me a while to get acclimated to it You know what I mean, but it's so intriguing man because it's almost what I like about it is like it's like a commodity market You only can go so far down there are fundamentals in between that. Do you know what I mean? Yes, and no one the currencies are like wow, man, you know, that's the world we live in man And I can imagine, you know when before the euro came into being I'd say all those European traders They had to know currency up died down. It's like you're going from state to state, right? And you know, you got to know what's my money worth today, right? It's compared to what right? Yeah Sure Yeah, pretty man. You're trying to plan your travel when you're going from one country to the next on your vacation exactly No, I mean 15 different. Yeah When you're in France and then you're doing really bad when you're in Italy in the next week What's really cool about it you can see why people can have currency battles too because if you can have a nice week currency You're gonna get bigger volume Well, now you just hit the nail on the head there currency battle and I think that that is something that we're gonna see come this summertime Okay, I'll think about the trade war talks and how they've disengaged its tariffs for now and whatever and you know We know that this is gonna get hashed out eventually But one thing that is definitely done as you know as well as I do guys markets correct And they don't wait for governments and whoever else to make a decision on what they're gonna do, right? You know so and we've seen especially over the last six to eight months an explosion in growth and manufacturing outside of China Okay, we have an explosion of Manufacturing in the US where we're relying on things that do come out of Asia that we were gonna get that We were getting from China that now we're not getting from China And there's two it's a two with there's a double-edged thing happening here You have the one US dollar trade which nobody really talks about because the one is so fixed However, the fact is that it's the way the dollar has been moving in that relation with that It's actually hurting the Chinese right now. So their exports are getting more and more expensive. Okay? Everyone knows the quality is horrible and now you have people in this country that are in business that are now wait We're our loss leader and parts problems are no longer as big of an issue with our new suppliers So do you think that they're gonna go back now if they're getting parts from Vietnam or Taiwan or India and go back to their Chinese supplier, which was they were losing money on No matter what the trade deal is That's wild. Yeah. Yeah, so and if that's the case it doesn't matter how this trade deal works out China may act We may be seeing the beginning of where their economy is solely based in-house because the rest of the world has had pretty much Enough with the fixed currencies and the bad products and they know that they keep growing and buying stuff up Everywhere else and it's all on it's all on, you know, I'm based off of debt and what have you, you know I'll be while watching this to shake. Yeah, that's a big one because there's no doubt You never want to lose an auto I mean if you lose an order and someone else can commit and fill it and the person's happy with that Companies happen. It's a problem. Don't lose them all. That's for sure. See what happens, right guys, right? Teddy you have a great week safe weeks. Stay warm. We look forward to speaking the next Wednesday Thank you guys. Thanks daddy. Appreciate it folks. You're gonna check out Teddy every trading day Forex dash trading dash unlock calm down on 56 85 nasa got 44 sp down 13 Tommy and I come right back


Yes, please sit down. Nice to see you all. I hope to take a few minutes on this particular time. I understand we've got a chance to be each one of you individually and we'll get some pictures. I want to be able to identify you if you get in trouble down the road. I'm delighted to announce that we've partured today of this important investment mission to Grenada, led by Craig Malan, the president of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. I'm Shelly Winick, the chairman of the International Committee of our Advisory Council on Private Sector Initiatives. You executives here will explore ways that private American investment can provide economic opportunity in Grenada. In the recent past, many viewed government as the only way to make friends overseas, but government can never make as many friends for America as the American people themselves can. So we've taken every opportunity to encourage private sector initiatives aimed at helping out in Grenada. You may have heard of the support of American businesses already provided for Grenada. Many companies have shipped items from textbooks to first aid supplies for the Grenada people, and this mission represents another fine example of private sector initiatives to help Grenada. The firms taking part of the mission are experts in agriculture, construction, manufacturing, tourism, technology, areas where Grenada has the greatest meaning. I understand that Grenadian business people are eager to meet all of you when they help plan ways private investment can provide the training and create the jobs, generate the revenue so important as building free enterprise. And I know they'll give special attention to the ways that we can make speedy improvements in the transportation communications between our two countries. This investment mission reaffirms our commitment to helping the people of the Caribbean. It's time just as Grenadians have begun again to dream of a free and prosperous society. By working to turn that dream into reality, the members of the commission, the people of Grenada will be setting an example for nations throughout the Caribbean. And I can't resist now telling you a story that I think will make us do. Winston Churchill said back about the world war two times, and some people may frown on this today, but I asked him to take it some pride in it. He made a remark that we, Americans, seem to be the only people who do have to fight at the same time. Something like that. We're talking to the Marines who flies the coast that was in Grenada, and then went off with the continuance of that Beirut mission and said Beirut. And he wrote a little item back to the armed forces of Germany. And he said that he had noticed that every story dealing with the incident in Grenada, either open with or closed with the line that Grenada produced more nutmeg than any of the places in Grenada. And he decided that the frequency of that was such that it must be a code. And he had broken the code. Number one, Grenada produces more nutmeg than any other place in the world. Number two, Soviets and the Cubans are trying to take Grenada. Number three, you cannot make good eggnog without nutmeg. Number four, you cannot have Christmas without eggnog. Number five, the Soviets and the Cubans were trying to steal Christmas. Number six, we stopped them. The code twice. A couple of months back, John Adams, the Prime Minister of Barbados was being reviewed. And the questioner wanted to know how firmly committed the Democratic Caribbean nations were to free elections. So he asked if the Grenadian people should elect a Marxist government. Would that be all right with you? And Prime Minister Adams answered, yes, it would be all right with me. And I tell you this, I am absolutely sure that the American people will elect a Marxist government before any island in the eastern Mediterranean. So the people of Grenada, Grenada is the eastern Caribbean. First hand, the value of freedom. These things are one free people to another. I think it's our duty to help ourselves. So I thank you. I wish you a very success on your mission. God bless all of you for doing what you're doing. So now I understand I'm supposed to go and stand by the door there. I have no other chance to say it all the time. I don't want to say it. The President and I are going to comment that all of us Americans and I guess the whole world have greatly admired the difficult decisions made regarding the US division of Grenada. And we're undertaking this mission today to fulfill the dream of making Grenada a fashion democracy. I'm going to assure you we do our best. I'm going to try to assure you that. All of us, if I were not able to impress a lot on that commando operation, I'd square that with them. I'd talk to them. The next time anything like that happens, they will be in the very front. You. A long way, right? Yes. It's almost this. Why don't you get on the other side of the front? I wish we were slated last night. We'll see you later. Let me show you how the President's been. I almost ran. We were on December 27. I went to Lebanon. When we were arriving in California, the drafts in front of me called us out. If we were to arrive an hour earlier, they would have met us at the top. I'm sorry, but let me thank you. Mr. President, we need to do individual pictures. Oh, thank you, sir. I see a type in there. Thank you, sir. No, you noticed. I'm glad that you thought that. I saw that. No, it really, you know, it isn't intended to be California. Oh, it looks like that. It's a gold nugget. The skin diapers go up to a river at Columbia, California and dive on weekends. And then there are little jewelry shops set up along the shore there. And they take in the nuggets that they find out there in the river, the Tuolumne River. And it was when I was governor, one of them found this. It's that shape. That's the way it came out of the river. It's a gold nugget. I mean, it looked like California. That's it. That's the reason. Because it is really the shape of California. And for you to think it was, that's the first time that anyone's ever looked and actually seen that resemblance. But it was just out of the river, fresh nugget there. Well, these are just souvenir pins with the presidential crest on them, sir. Thank you. Don't forget that you were here. Well, congratulations to you both, Frances. Thank you for taking the time to sing it. May I say it's redundant. I know it may. I say it's my pleasure. Oh. Thank you. Thank you. You're welcome. Thank you. Oh, that's my pleasure. President, may I present the Ambassador of Gettings, Ambassador Yalla. How do you do? Madam Yalla, Madam President of the United States. Sir, the four dollars. Let's go. Ma'reta. Ma'reta? Ma'reta. Palmata. No.  Pure honor to give you I'm honored to give you my letters of credence from President Tsiputov. Well, thank you very much, and please return a greeting to the President a year and a half ago. He was here in this office with a nice visit and incidentally, our sympathy to all the victims of the recent earthquake. We hope we'll be able to be of help. Thank you very much, Mr. President. And on the beginning of this new year, I would like to express to you on behalf of President Tsiputov, his warmest special wishes for your good health and for your longevity, as well as his good wishes for the well-being of the people of the United States. And he's also asked me to tell you how very anxious he is to strengthen the ties of cooperation and friendship between the United States and Guinea. Well, we share that desire. That's it. Thank you very much, Mr. President. Now, I would like to recommend that we get the children there to see one of them. That's it. Okay. That was my best friend. Well, thank you very much, and welcome. President Tsiputov, thank you very much. President Tsiputov, thank you very much. I was there at the time, Mr. President, when you were a speaker at the Layman Festival in 1972, and you were President Tsiputov, Mr. President, I was there at the Layman Festival in the Layman Service, and the Vice President, he was also the speaker this year at the Layman Service, and he was also a good guy. They all come to the outside. They all come to the outside, because I'm so very very, very proud of the people that have survived. Well, we... I have my letter of confidence, my letter of confidence, and my letter of... Mr. President, I want you to come in now. Thank you. I want you to come in now. Thank you. Thank you. I'll change landmarks for you. These landmarks are very much appreciated. They are the U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. on Mark's strong stand on security matters. All right. Ambassador Mozambique, I'm going to take that out. Ambassador, I think Mike is over there in front of the fire. Thank you very much. And this is quite an occasion. You are the first ambassador from Mozambique who is testimony now to our improved relations. Please express my thanks to President Michelle. I appreciate his help on some of our dealing with Angola and maybe a retry to accomplish there. You're welcome, Mr. President. Hello, Mr. President. Please give him a message. Welcome. Mr. President, hello, Mr. President. I would like to meet you, and I'd like to meet you next time with this. Hello, there. How are you? How do you do?  The process and the results of this meeting right now are a step forward, and also in terms of what we are doing here. Perfect. Where are you? It's a good way. St. John's College. St. John's. St. John's. Washington. Mr. President, welcome. Thank you. Nice to meet you. This is Washington, Mr. President. This is Washington. Thank you. I would say it was a pleasure to meet you. Hope you'll find it plush. I want to present one of their material ideas. Thank you.


Welcome back to the fifth installment of TNT with myself Tyler Patner and Travis Patton from Airgun Depot We got together sat down talked about some hot topics in the industry back in June of 2019 Releasing the videos now for you guys to see today's video is all about airgun slugs and airguns only a mother could love check it out I I don't think they'll dominate the industry, but they'll move a lot more mainstream. I mean right now It's fringe is not the word, but it's a very small Percentage of the airgun and community that's shooting slugs. It's a really niche sort of aspect right now. It's a niche of a niche it is You know traditionally it's kind of been like well slugs are not as accurate, but for long distances They're they're more accurate Because they buck the wind better they've got better BC and so they're less affected by everything else But now they're getting to where you know, even at short ranges. They're they're nearly as accurate as pellets or can be For me I have mixed feelings about slugs Just because I think well what I what really got me to fall in love with airguns again was the fact that I could shoot him in my backyard I liked that Terrible BC because the pellet loses energy if I'm shooting one seven seven, you know in my backyard It's it's not going to go through anything because it's lost so much energy by the time it's gone 20 yards Whereas with a slug I mean it's retaining that energy and it's got a lot of punch your back stops have to be better and You know, you've got to be a lot more conscious about that. Sure. So right now being a kind of niche thing, right? Cost the cost is is somewhat high. I would say I mean from what I've seen at least so relatively speaking compared to pellets Yeah, exactly. Um, so for for me, I don't think I can embrace it I understand the benefits from a ballistics perspective absolutely and what they do in the right barrel at distance compared to what a pellet can do at that same distance is You just can't argue it and I wouldn't even try but because of where the cost is at They'll never dominate pellets and I don't think you'll be able to get that cost down that much a lot of this has to Do though, I think with two things number one is that right now it's a niche thing So yes, it's gonna gain popularity I agree with you a hundred percent as people want to start extending the distances and and looking for just the very best accuracy But this is all led by the manufacturers of guns so for pellet manufacturers JSP and H&N are a perfect example both have Said that they're pursuing slugs at this point in time. So that right there will bring the cost down just by having these major players get into it, but Right now we have one or two companies really in the industry gun-wise that are trying to push slugs And and I think you you have to see more manufacturers get on board with that before it's really gonna Have any sort of long lifespan because right now if it if you have to buy a $2,000 gun or $1,000 gun to get into that That's tough. You're talking about a small segment of the airgun market, you know And nobody's talking about making a slug for a spring gun Right or making a slug that works in a spring gun barrel. So, you know, some of those things could completely change this conversation But right now it's just a a niche. Yeah, that's the way I see it Yeah, I mean the constraints are on how the barrel is made, right? Right, I mean if it's got a really aggressive choke, then it's generally just not gonna shoot out So there's a couple for me. Yeah, but I think I've two in my head right now. Yeah, I mean the For me the Benjamin Bulldog Is in one of these guns that just I Understand where you're coming from. I don't necessarily agree like I'm not saying it's a great-looking gun, but it's also certainly not the worst Like for me like the avonix rainstorm 3d and then also like I think borrowing from that the crawl puncher armor Like just hideous.  There's a Chinese gun It's a QB and I think you have one because I believe it was a stranger guns thing at one point in time And you know you brought it lovely Do you agree?  It's it's kind of like it's it's it's kind of like that That ugly kid next door who really has kind of a good personality But it takes years for you to realize it because you can't look at him. That was really hidden You know this is this is one of those guns that I mean you just think No So doesn't this also take down Yeah, like I'm pretty sure it does like Who was on what kind of drugs when they came up with this idea, but I more people should take that stuff Yeah, I mean that that's just now. You know what? I don't even want to touch it actually Yeah, that definitely takes the cake for me though. That's a side liver take down That's the only good part about it though is that it's a side lover Springer, yeah Somebody put this $2 scope on top. That's the way it should be. Yeah, this is this is it Yeah, for me, that's absolutely. I mean if anyone has a better one. I want to see it. Yes, and it's actual production Of course, we don't care if it's when you made your backyard send pictures to yeah Unless it's all made out of PVC and wood then we don't care But like an actual air gun that'd be interesting to see yeah Thanks for joining us today for this episode of tnt. We appreciate you guys watching if you liked the video Go ahead hit us with a like down below Let us know what you thought about our take on the airgun slugs and where they're going in the industry as well as some of the Ugliest air guns do you agree with us? Do you disagree? Let us know down in the comments and don't forget to subscribe to both channels So you stay up to date on all the latest tnt footage. We'll see you guys next time


Wildfire risk prediction The city of Cape Town has been declared the most fire-prone city in South Africa. Mountainous topography coupled with strong winds gives rise to severe runway fires. Cape Town has a complex ecosystem with fire-prone and fire-dependent vegetation. Rising temperatures and increased dryness makes fires a common sight. Why should we care about wildfires? Wildfires are of concern because of the encroachment of urban areas in natural environments and the damage wildfires can cause to human settlements. Currently, fire services expend a substantial amount of resources on fighting wildfires. What can we do to prevent wildfires? The current approach to prevent wildfires is based on a fire danger rating system that treats entire cities as one homogenous area. We have followed an approach to fire risk assessment that is data-driven and focuses on specific fire prone areas. How will that help? We use historic fire, vegetation, weather and topological data within a neural network framework to predict the occurrence and severity of wildfires. This will enable preventative management of wildfires.


When determining through which channels to place or sell a product or a service, we talk about using distribution strategy. However, before we start let us just list the learning goals for this video. The goal is to understand what distribution strategy is, why we need to know about it and how we could go about using it. We will do this through establishing a general understanding of the actual purpose of distribution strategy and look at what might impact the success of our distribution channel choice. We will also provide an overview of some additional available tools and theories that we as marketers can use when determining the channel choice of a product or a service. So let's start. What is the purpose of distribution strategy? And what is the connection to the rest of the marketing mix? When you are asked to design the marketing mix, you need to make decisions on four or seven core elements, also known as the four or the seven Ps. First of all, any issues concerning the product, this would include packaging and all other elements in connection with the product. Secondly, a decision on price. Thirdly, you will need to decide on the place, which is what this video will address. We will also need to make a plan of which promotional activities we will carry out in order to tell our customers about our product and encourage them to buy. If we are dealing with an offering that is better described as a service or perhaps a product that includes large elements of service, we might also want to look at the additional three Ps, the people that are involved in delivering the service, the process that our customers will go through in order to receive our service and the physical evidence, any visible or tangible elements that the customer will see here or in other ways experience when receiving the service. None of the four or the seven Ps should be decided on in isolation. However, place is the P which we will focus on in this video. So why is it important to make sure we choose the right distribution channels? Let us use an example. This business produces French cakes and desserts. In these modern production facilities, well-educated confectioners develop recipes and create delicious cakes and desserts ready to be sold and distributed to cake-loving customers. What will impact the success of the chosen distribution channels? And subsequently, which considerations are relevant when making their choice of distribution setup? Let us imagine that they had the idea of selling their cakes and desserts in rural areas through roadside self-service booths where customers were expected to show up and purchase the products without any assistance. In this case, we could argue that they should first of all have considered some market factors. Firstly, what is the location and concentration of their customers? Is it likely that they will be able to sell to a suitable amount of customers with this kind of setup? Secondly, do their customers expect to buy these types of cakes and desserts at roadside booths? If not, it could be a challenge to convince them of the value in doing so. Thirdly, we would advise them to consider whether the customers would be able to get the information and service expected when using this type of setup. Our recommendation for French Cakes Corporation would, amongst other factors, depend on their answers to these questions about market factors. Let us imagine another scenario where French Cakes are considering establishing a chain of French Cakes cafes through which they will sell their cakes and desserts. In addition to the market factors which we have already discussed, we as marketers would also advise them to consider some factors about themselves. Firstly, do they have the required resources to undertake such an investment, regarding both time, money and people? Secondly, what level of control do they desire from their distribution channel? Owning the distribution channel gives ultimate control, but it comes at a price. Thirdly, we might discuss with them whether their product range is wide enough to meet customers' needs. So, our recommendations for this company would, amongst other factors, also depend on their answers to these questions about themselves. We could also imagine that the company were keen on creating an online web shop where their customers could order their cakes and desserts and get them delivered directly to their homes. In addition to the market and producer factors which we have already discussed, we would also advise them to consider some factors about the actual products. Firstly, does the perishability, the fairly short shelf life of a cake or dessert, suit this type of distribution? Would they be able to deliver the product while it's still edible? Would there be ways of overcoming this obstacle? Secondly, are cakes and desserts suitable for handling in this way? And thirdly, with other types of products, complexity could be an issue. So, our recommendation for this company would, in addition to the factors already discussed, also depend on the answers to the questions about the actual products. We might also imagine that the company is keen on distributing their products through supermarkets in order to reach a large number of people from their target group in this way. In addition to the previously discussed factors, we would also ask them to consider some facts about their competitors. Firstly, which channels are their competitors using? And secondly, is it possible to achieve differentiation through choice of channel? Let us imagine that in one particular supermarket chain, consumers are not exposed to the competitors' cakes or desserts. Distributing the products through this chain would therefore enable them to differentiate from the competition and ultimately have a better chance of selling their products to the end consumers. So, our recommendation for French Cakes Corporation would, in addition to the other already mentioned factors, also depend on the answers to these questions about the competitors. So, when advising the company on their choice of distribution channels, we would look at some market factors, some factors about the French Cakes Corporation itself, factors about the products and some factors in connection with the competitive situation. And finally, we would look at the rest of the marketing mix to ensure that the choice of place corresponds with how French Cakes Corporation wishes to be positioned in the minds of the customers. We have now established the purpose of distribution strategy, what it is and why we need to know about it. And we have established that there are many factors which we need to look at before we can decide on the best place to distribute our product or service. So, let's move on. In addition to the factors we have just discussed, we as marketers have some additional tools and theories we can use to guide us when determining which distribution channels to use. These will not be described in detail in this video, but let us just introduce an overview of some of the tools and theories we might want to use. We would determine whether we are dealing with consumer, B2B and or services distribution channels. Distribution intensity should be looked at, to what extent and in which context do we want our product or service to be available to the end consumers. Thirdly, we would consider whether to use independent intermediaries, setting up a franchise operation or perhaps go for channel ownership. We should also look at the physical distribution system which would include decisions on transportation of goods, inventory issues and order processing procedures. If we are dealing with retail, we could also look at the process of retail differentiation. Finally, we should also look at how we could manage the relationships with our chosen distribution channels so that it remains prosperous for both us and for the different parties within the channel. We have now established an understanding of the purpose of distribution strategy, the different factors that impacts our choice, and lastly we have presented an overview of some additional tools and theories available to us when determining a suitable place to distribute our product or service. To learn more about distribution strategy and how to use the different tools and theories introduced in this video, I recommend that you read Chapter 17 in David Jubber and Fiona Illes-Chadwick's Principle and Practice of Marketing Management 7th Edition. My name is Tina Wade. Thank you for watching.


Let us continue discussing the questions that guide us in designing our research. So far, we have determined our area of interest and its relevance to others. We have defined our research question and figured out that ethnography is the method for us. Next, we need to learn about the subject that we are going to research, from the knowledge that already exists about it. What do we already know and what knowledge already exists? Why do you think it's important to do this? To access existing knowledge about our subject? Can you think of one reason why is it important to look into existing knowledge? And is it possible that we may get biased by looking at existing material or maybe less likely to come up with something original? Take a minute and note down your answer. Let us consider some of the answers you may have come up with. Some of you might have guessed that looking at existing studies first can tell us if the research we want to do has already been done. Or you may say that it can help you see what about your research topic has been explored and what is not. And there might be some of you who feel that we should limit the time and energy spent on this task because it might lead us to repeating existing information in our studies. So what is the correct answer here? Well, there's a great emphasis placed on existing knowledge in ethnographic research. This is because, as some of you guessed, it helps us learn from the experiences of other researchers. We can identify what aspects of the subject have already been studied. Including what has already been done in the area. We can avoid reinventing the wheel and focus on new and unexplored aspects. And contrary to what some of you may have thought, existing work can play an important role in our study in helping us identify new directions to research. Existing studies offer insights and raise new questions which inform our way of looking at the subject. Some of these questions may drive us to further develop our existing research question, making it more nuanced and refined. Studies done by others can also help us come up with ideas on designing our research. What tools to use, what questions to focus, etc. For all these reasons, many researchers begin their research design with a study of existing knowledge. We begin, most often, by tapping into our own knowledge. We often have some latent and informal knowledge about the subject of our interests. It may have come from previous readings, encounters and experiences and it may be partial and subjective, even incorrect in places. In tapping into this, we are able to gather together what we know and do not know about the subject. And importantly, by noting down our existing knowledge, biases, gaps and all, we are able to articulate and acknowledge some of our assumptions before we begin. And we look at knowledge shared by others about our subject or related subjects. This process is called secondary research because it relies on secondary sources, that is on others' experiences and research. The most common way of doing secondary research is by doing a literature review or a review of existing literature on the subject we are interested in. A literature review is often defined as reading everything one can, everything that has been written and published related to the subject of one's research. That might sound daunting, but with the application of a little thought and a little process, research is not too gigantic a task. A simple way to go about a literature review is to think about themes or sub-themes that make up the research subject and start by looking for material related to those. Or we can list the smaller questions that constitute our research question and look for studies that have tried to answer questions similar to them. For instance, we may undertake a research that centers around the use of mobile phones for professional and livelihood purposes among women in small towns. The themes for this research may include employment opportunities for women, mobile phone usage in small towns, availability of mobile phones for women, usage of mobile phones for networking and livelihood and so on. We just said a minute ago that a literature review is often defined as reading everything about the given subject, but this is not entirely possible. It doesn't mean that we leave out subjects or studies, but that we define our selection. We can, for example, prioritize those studies which are situated in regions or cultures that are similar to our research context. So if our research is situated in small towns of India, we can look at studies located in South Asia and in developing countries and in other cultures where the social cultural structure may be similar to our study. In doing this, we gather context-specific knowledge about our chosen subject and also learn the intricacies of the cultures we are going to be immersing ourselves in. There are challenges that we can avoid if we are well-informed about our participants culture before entering fieldwork. By being better informed about our participants, their cultural beliefs and social norms, we are less likely to make incorrect inferences from our observation and less likely to upset them by unacceptable behavior. Reading ethnographic studies related to our subjects is a bit like reading a travel guide before we go on a trip. It helps us plan our time there, know the basic rules of the culture, learn the phrases we might need and gain some idea of what to expect. Can you think of any online research databases where you could access existing research papers and articles? Write down the ones you can think of and share them on the discussion forum with your peers. There are various authentic research databases you can search for papers on related work. Many of you may have mentioned Google Scholar. Then there are JSTOR, Project Muse and Scopers where some papers are open access and others which you can access through your institution. And academia.edu and research gate are two portals where you can access a wide range of papers after signing in. So having learned about our subject and the context through various sources and having refined our research questions, some more, we return to our list and the next question on it. What do we hope to find through this research? Based on our secondary research and our own prior knowledge, we may propose to arrive at some new knowledge through our research. For example, we find that there is a lot of work done in designing visual symbols for healthcare in rural India. However, there is little research about how people respond to these symbols or how they interpret them. Through our research, we could hope to find how these symbols are read by their intended audience and whether they have the desired impact. There is actually such an example. A team from the National Institute of Design collaborated with the government of Rajasthan to develop communication material to popularize contraception among the rural population. The team wanted to understand the prospective audience's understanding towards the existing communication material and their perceptions around contraception. They realized that the material that was being used was more often than not designed in urban centers like Ahmedabad or Jaipur. It was based on urban sensibilities and as urban understanding of signs and symbols. It was simply not understood in the very different contexts of the rural population. For instance, many of the signs showing what not to do use the cross mark over the image of a figure doing that activity. These signs were not interpreted in the same way by most users because the cross marks did not have any meaning for them. The designers realized that they needed to learn the visual language of their participants, the signs, symbols and markers that they used and understood. And so their research was designed towards accessing this particular knowledge.