Okay, so today we are going to discuss social choice and voting theory, okay, so this is some material that you will find in the book of Masquerel and Winston and Green in chapter 21 or in Easley and Kleinberg, so in Masquerel you will find a more mathematical, so what is the problem? So the problem is that we want to go from the individual to a society and to see whether we can define the preferences of a society from the preferences of the individuals. So we have S alternatives, you can think of them as different candidates for president and individuals, each of which has a rational preference over these individuals, so which means it's complete and transitive. So and we define a social choice rule as a rule that is a function of all the preferences of individuals and that gives us a preference for society as a whole, okay. And the main question we are going to discuss is whether there is any social choice rule that satisfies some minimum requirement, okay, so let me make some examples. So there are indeed many social choice rules and these are essentially used in elections and so for example you have one is plurality voting, so when we go and vote then we just cast one vote for our preferred candidate, our top candidate, okay. So for example in this example, which is taken from this paper of the French election in 2002, I mean this is just made up and the idea was that there were three candidates and essentially 30% of the people, if 30% of the French people, French voters had these preference 36 and these other preference and 34 and these other preference, then plurality voting would have ended up by choosing Shirak over Lepen over Jospen, because just you sum up and you see that well Shirak will get 36% of the votes, Lepen 34% of the votes and Jospen 30% of the votes. However you can think of the different social choice rule, which is called board accounts and in board accounts you just give two votes to the best and one vote to the second and no vote for the third, okay. So if you do the calculation is a little bit more complicated here, but you see that well again in this case Shirak will have 36 times two plus 30 and he will get more votes than Jospen and Lepen, but you see that already using this rule the order between Jospen and Lepen has changed between the previous one. Yet another rule that you can consider is the one of majority voting, you pick two candidates and you make an election on just this pair of candidates, okay, and if you do so then you will find that well with respect to Jospen and Shirak, well there are 30% plus 34% of the people who prefer Jospen to Shirak and only 36% that prefer Shirak to Jospen. So Jospen in a pair wise majority voting would win against Shirak and now you can see also that Shirak will also win against Lepen because essentially these people prefer Shirak to Lepen, but also these people prefer Shirak to Lepen. And so you end up with a different preference ordering for the majority, okay. So there is another, so depending on which which voting rule you choose you end up with a different decision, so which voting rule should one choose. But there are more serious problems because essentially if you take for example pair wise majority problem rule then this is the problem that the majority may not be transitive. So this is another example of an election and you may see that in this election we have 44% of the people that prefer Gore to Bush to Nader, 46% that prefer Bush to Nader to Gore and 10% that prefer Nader to Gore to Bush. Then by pair wise majority you will see that Gore is better than Bush because 54% of the people prefer Gore to Bush. Bush is better than Nader because there are 44 plus 46%, 86% of the people prefer Bush to Nader. But at the same time also Nader is better than Gore because there are 46 plus 10, 56% of the people prefer Nader to Gore. And then Gore is better than Bush. So you see that the majority rule pair wise majority is leads to a non-transitive, non-rational outcome. So okay, so but if you take another rule then you can see that this also has other problems. So another problem in social choice rules is the one that you do not like that your outcome, social outcome be manipulable. Okay, so let us take an example. Imagine that a society has to choose whether to invest in solar energy or in gas. Okay, so society has to choose what is the energy source that is going to use. And then if 58 of the people have this preference and 42% of the people have this other preference then the society will choose solar to gas. Okay, but then you can say well wait, I mean there is also wind energy, wind turbines that can be used. Then if you include also this other choice then now you will see that the 58% of the people that had this preference over solar and gas split and 48% have this preference where wind is stirred and 10% have this preference when wind is the best choice, is better than solar and gas. And then in this case you see that by adding one choice you end up in the same situation as before, but not only you see that now depending on how you make your decision you may end up in a different conclusion. So imagine that you use pairwise you compare, you let society compare these two options in pairs. Then imagine that you first consider whether to go for solar or to go for wind. And then by the same argument as before you will find out that wind is preferred. And then you can consider whether the society will go like to go for wind or for gas. And then by this table you will see that the majority will prefer gas to wind. But now if you reverse the order of the choices if you ask first whether the society will prefer solar to gas instead of solar to wind, then you will find that they prefer solar. And then if after this you ask whether they prefer solar to wind you will end up in wind. So you see the outcome of the choice of the society here depends on the order in which you pose the questions, the binary questions. Okay so are there any questions about this? Is everything clear what we are talking about? Professor I have a question. It's regarding the function of the different binary relations that we defined as preferences. How could we define such a function? So how we can define this function F here? Yes. Okay so I mean these are three particular ways of defining this function. So plurality voting. Plurality voting means that you just let every individual just express one vote for their top candidate and then you rank the votes. Okay so this is a social preference. Okay and this border count is another one and majority votes is another one. And there are many many different alternatives. Okay. Okay. Okay thank you. Okay so if there are no other questions so I see that. Professor. Professor. First slide yes. I have a question. Yes. It means that they organized the vote three times. In this example you mean no? In the previous one. In the previous one? Yes. Yeah for instance this one. Since we have three people it means that we organized the the vote three times to make the final choice. No well it means that say you could think like the following. So instead when you go and vote instead of expressing only what is your best preference best candidate you just submit the whole preference relation. And then the mechanism the social choice mechanism compares each of these each pair of different alternatives. Okay and what the Cronus paradox implies is that the problem with this is that you may end up with a preference relation that is not transitive. In this case it means that people have to fill the form of preference. In this case yes in this case I mean this is not usually used pair-wise majority is not a system that is typically used. But this could be a way of also running the elections. Okay. Thank you. Could you explain how this Excuse me. Yeah. Yeah so could you explain how this 44 46 and 10 came like let's say even I mean there are only three alternatives right. So how with these numbers with this table. Yeah in this table how did you come up with x-axis I understand the y-axis there is a like I mean when we vote we'll be voting between one two and three. Yeah. So how did you get like we get this x-axis in the sense 44 46 and 10. So these these I made it up. It's not does not reflect any real situation. I'm just saying let's imagine a society where 44 percent of the people have this preference relation so they prefer this gore to bush to another 46 percent have these other preference relation and 10 percent have these other preference relation. Okay. I made all these up. Okay. Okay. Okay. Thanks. Thanks. Professor I have another question. So does that mean that the function that we use as social choice should conserve rationality of the of the output preference relation? That would be yes. I'll come to that. This would be a very nice requirement. No. Yes. Okay. Okay. Thank you. Okay. So let me go to the main question that we are going to one of the main questions that we are going to discuss today is it how so is there a social choice rule that is that is the best one. Okay. And again we assume that we have an individual size each alternative and we ask whether there is a way to aggregate individual preferences into a social choice function that satisfies some reasonable requirement. What are these reasonable requirements? Well, these are these requirements. So the first is that we want that these prefer this social choice function works whatever are the preferences of the individuals. Okay. So this is called a restricted domain. Okay. So whatever preference individual have. So this we could be able to extract a social choice preference. So the second thing is rationality. So we want the society to be rational. So we want the social choice rule to be complete and to be transitive. Okay. This also looks like a minimum requirement. But another requirement that we want is what is called unanimity. And this means that if everybody prefers A to B, then the society should prefer A to B. Okay. So this is a minimal requirement that we should also ask. And the other requirement is what is called independence of irrelevant alternatives. Which means that the social choice between A and B should only depend on individual preferences between A and B. Okay. It cannot depend on what are the preferences between A and another choice C. Okay. Because if it is so, then the social choice can be manipulated. Okay. One can fictitiously introduce another option like a wind, as we saw, that will turn the choice between A and B the other way around. Okay. Okay. So the main result in this is what is called arrows in possibility theorem. And what arrows in possibility theorem is that if you look at, if you want a social choice that satisfies all these requirements, well, there is one. And it is essentially dictatorship. Dictatorship is a social choice rule such that you pick one individual and the preference of the society is equal to the preference of this individual. It is clearly a preference social choice rule that is artistic domain. It is, it has unanimity. It is rational and it's independent of irrelevant alternatives. Okay. Of course, this is not a very nice result because, well, we do not think this is a good choice for a democratic society. But essentially, so this is why this is called an impossibility theorem. And because if you want to rule out dictatorship, so if you want to impose also another requirement that is called anonymity, which means that the social choice rule should be invariant under any permutation of the individuals. Then arrows in possibility theorem tells you that there is no such a rule. And of course, if you have only two alternatives, then say pairwise majority works satisfies all these requirements. Okay. So the problem arises only when you have more than two alternatives. And this is indeed why many political systems have evolved into systems where essentially you have only two alternatives between, say, conservatives and liberals left and right, only two main parties. Of course, the other choice is to have just a strict alternative to just one choice, but that is not very democratic. Okay. So now, well, if you want to check your understanding you should be able to understand what is wrong, what of this desiderata or this requirement fails in plurality voting. And what is wrong with deciding on a complex issue by dividing into binary issues. Okay. So questions. So let me... I have a question. Please. Are you suggesting that in choosing a candidate you should use the binary choice over other kind of choices? No, no, no, no. What I'm saying, and this is a mathematical theorem. It is a theorem that there is no social choice rule that satisfies all these reasonable requirements. So what I'm saying is that if you want to design a society, a democratic society that takes a decision in a say optimal rational way, then this is just impossible. Okay. So you have to give up one of these reasonable requirements. Okay, thank you. Sorry. Yeah. Can I ask you what's the relation in between a social rule and a binary rule? So a binary rule. I don't know what you mean by a binary rule, but say you mean in this example here I was saying in this problem here, say, I mean, what I mean is you can think of a social choice rule that works like a tournament. In a tournament, what you do is you pick say one candidate, one alternative, and you compare it to another one, you take the winning of these two candidates, all these two alternatives, and you compare it to a third one, and you go on like this. Okay. Yes. So the social rule to which Arrows theorem refers to is a binary. Any social choice. Of any such choice. Okay, thank you. So Arrows theorem tells you that there is no way in which you can get a say a rational social choice out of the rational aggregating the preferences of individuals. Okay, again, let me stress that what I'm doing here is just to summarize what is explained in the lectures that are pre-recorded and you find on the website. Then I also give, you can also find an idea of how you prove this theorem. Okay, other questions. Okay, so if not, let me continue and say, well, this Arrow impossibility theorem is really a worst case result. So it tells you that say, however you find a social choice rule, I can find a set of preferences of individuals such that the social choice rule will violate at least one of these of these actions, of these desiderata, unanimity, rationality, etc. Okay, however, you can ask how bad is the situation typically? And you can ask, say, what is the social choice rule, which is least bad, essentially. And there is this result of this group that I'm asking that show that essentially majority rule is the least bad. And the idea is that whenever majority, let's say, whenever some other rule works, then also majority rule works. But let's say the majority rule in some sense is the one that has the largest domain of applicability. Okay, then you can also ask typically, so what is the probability if you imagine that you have a random society, so where essentially every individual has a preference between alternatives, which is just a random permutation of the possible alternatives. You can ask yourself, how bad is this? Okay, what is the probability that they pick a set of preferences of individuals, such that the majority rule is not transitive? And then you can see that, well, as the number of alternatives grows large, the probability that you end up in a non-transitive majority also becomes larger and larger. Okay, and if you ask a simpler question, so what is the probability that in the in pairwise majority, there is one alternative that is better than all the other alternatives, this is called a condorsae winner. Okay, then this probability, you can compute it in this limit of a large random society, and it falls off very, very slowly. So as a square root of log s divided by s. So essentially, this tells you that even if the majority rule is not perfect, well, in practical cases, it may be that there's a large chance that it works. Okay, then there is another argument which is suggested by Amartya Sen and says that what this result by Canetaro is not really a negative result. What this tells you is that if a society has to make a choice between a certain number of alternatives, then the individual preferences do not provide enough information to make this choice. Okay, and the idea is that, say, if it is really a choice for the society as a whole, then the individuals should maybe say interact and share ideas and come to a consensus on what is the best choice for society. And this is what politics is, I mean, is building a consensus, which is essentially means is equivalent to aligning preferences, making the preferences of different people closer to each other. And you can see that, well, this is a paper we did, say, 15 years ago, you can see that if indeed the preferences of individuals are not really independent, but they depend on each other, they are correlated, then also, in that case, the probability to have a pairwise majority is can be close to one. Okay, and well, and then as I told you, well, if you have just two candidates, if you stick the choice to just two alternatives, then there is no problem. Okay, there are other situations where the other impossibility theorem does not apply. Okay, so the idea is that we may give up the requirement of a restricted domain. Okay, and one idea is that, well, in many cases, say, the preferences of individuals are, say, can be ranked on a spectrum. Okay, so if you think about political opinion, then people will have a certain preferred location on the political spectrum between left and right, and their preferences will decrease from the maximum, both towards the left and towards the right. Okay, so in other words, if you restrict attention to a single-picked preference, what are called single-picked preferences such as these ones, so which are preferences where if you put the rank of the alternatives against the alternatives sorted in a particular way, each individual will have just a single pick, and then its preferences will decrease both on the left and on the right. So if all individuals have these type of preferences, then what you can show is a result called the median voter theorem that tells you in this case, otherwise majority voting will always be transited. And the main idea of this result is that, say, if you pick the median voter, so the one whose top choice is in the middle, then it is clear that his top preference, if you think a little bit about it, so his top preference will be preferred with respect to any other preference, because, say, if you take a preference which is on the right, then there will be more people that prefer this preference here, these alternatives here to these other alternatives, than people that prefer the other way around. Okay, so there are several other results of this type that tell you that, say, under some circumstances, you can figure out that some social choice rule may work. And in particular, if, in particular, the majority, fair-wise majority rule is the one that will work more often. Okay, so it is another good time to stop for questions, if there are. Are you completely lost? Hello? I have a question, sorry. In reality, how often is there an association of a single big preference system in social choices? Okay, so remember that we are talking about preferences of individuals which are not observable, which are preferences are not observable features of individuals. And so on one hand, you see a lot of, so you see two things. So one thing is, you see that in politics set in the agenda, what is the order? What is the priority in which you discuss issues is something that is very important. So this means that politicians know about these results very well. And the other thing, I mean, you also see that there is this tendency of, say, polarization of opinions, okay, so that everything is, say, projected on the same axis, okay, whether you are in favor of something, whether you are against something, whether you are somewhere in between, okay, on a political spectrum. So this is part of the dynamics of politics. I mean, I find it really interesting that, say, these mathematical results or these mathematical, say, theorems have a consequence in the working of our society and of politics. Okay, and if you think about it, they are really very deep results. I don't know if I can answer your question though. Yes, thank you. Okay, so, okay, can you explain our restricted domain again? So our restricted domain means that you want a social choice rule that works whatever are the preferences of individuals. Okay, what is wrong with Borda count? It's also to Borda, this seems the most logical choice. This is a very good question that you can, so you can see that in many situations, in some situations, Borda count may be manipulated. So imagine a situation where I imagine this situation here, okay, and I use Borda count, and the choice is Shirak, Jospen, Le Pen, okay. Now the people who voted for Jospen here, who prefer Jospen to Shirak to Le Pen, they may think, well, okay, so if I really give these votes according to Borda count, I will give one vote to Shirak, and this will mean that Shirak will win. So maybe it is better that we misrepresent our preferences and give two votes to Jospen, one vote to Le Pen, and zero to Shirak. In this case, if individuals, so if the individuals with this preference misrepresent their preferences, then Jospen will get more votes than Shirak, okay. So it is in the interest of these people here not to vote according to their preferences. And this is what is called incentive compatibility. So in a society, you want a mechanism for society to work that should not encourage people to cheat or to misrepresent their preferences. By the way, this is what happens all the time in voting. For example, in many cases, people do not vote the candidates they prefer, because they think the candidate they prefer has no chances of being elected, okay. And maybe they vote for the second best or for the third best, okay. But this distorts the preferences of society, okay. So did I explain you why board account does not work? Okay. Okay, so let me go to another set of problems, which is the one of the wisdom of the crowd, okay. So the wisdom of the crowd is a general So Professor, I have a question. Yes, it's about the single-pict preferences. So said that the preferences should have certain order. Yes, exactly. So is that order can be played by the utility function of the preferences that we have? Yes, it exists. Yes, yes, yes. So it can be, yes, it can be represented as in terms of utility functions. Yes, yes. Okay, thank you. Okay, let me go back to the wisdom of the crowd. So the idea is that this way of the social choice rules, these voting schemes, what they also allow to do is to aggregate information from different people. And so the aggregated information is wiser than the information that the individuals have. So imagine a situation where society has to make a decision and there is an objective truth. Okay, so think about whether say climate change is a serious threat or not. Okay, so this is an objective thing. And if it is a serious threat, then we should do something. If it is not, then we can continue business as usual. Okay, imagine a situation where the different individuals on this binary choice, whether climate change is true or not, may have different opinions or preferences because they have different information. Okay, now if you let them vote, then this voting will aggregate all this information. And what you can see is that if the information that each individual has is noisy but is informative in the sense that there are more people who are likely to have the right information, then if you look at the majority, how the majority will behave, then the majority will also reflect what the true information is. Okay, because by the law of large numbers. Okay. And so this is why this and we use it many times also when you go to on the internet or say if we see that something is popular, then it must also be good. Okay, so we associate popularity with the sort of truth of or good. Okay, now there are some situations in which this, the cloud may not be that wise just because individuals are rational. Okay, not just because I mean, of course, if individuals have say misbehaved or have different preferences, do not behave rationally, then you can have whatever happens. But even if they are rational, then you can get into irrational outcome. There are a couple of situations that are discussed. So this is one situation that is discussed in the book of Klember. So imagine that you have these three people and they have to, so the game is that each of them picks a bowl from an urn, which can be either this one or this one. And what they have to do is they get this bowl, they look at the color, they have this information, what is the color of the bowl that they picked. And on the basis of this, what they have to vote is whether the true urn is this one or this one. Okay. Now you would say, well, okay, if I pick a black bowl, then I should vote for a black bowl, I should vote for this urn. And if I pick a white bowl, then I should vote for this urn. Okay. But if you think a little bit more, then you can think, when is it that my vote will really be decisive? Because if the urn is really this one, then no matter what is the bowl that I put, I mean, what is the vote? What is my vote? Well, the others also will have white bowls. And so they will report a white, the true urn is this one. Okay. But the only situation in which my vote is decisive is when I pick a white bowl and the true urn is this one. And some other guy also picks the white bowl. Okay. So this is a very low probability, but only in this case is my vote decisive. Because if I misreport, then the society will take the wrong decision. Okay. So if you work a little bit about this, then you figure out that then, even if I pick the white bowl in this case, it is, and even in this case, if I pick a white bowl, I better report that it is a black bowl. And as a result of this, then society as a whole ends up taking the wrong decision. Okay. So, and there are a number of cases where these type of situations occur. So one interesting one is in court cases in the United States, where in order to plead guilty a person, you should have essentially the majority of the people that are convinced that he's guilty. But then if there is just a, it is just a sufficient that one person does not find that person guilty, and he will be discharged from everything. So then this in the end puts a pressure on people to, even if they think that that particular person is not guilty, then they better report he is guilty, because that is the only situation which they will be decisive. I mean, if all the others are convinced that he is guilty and he is not. Excuse me, Professor. Yeah. So this kind of reasoning seems a bit glitchy to me. I mean, it seems, I can understand why one would make such an argument. But I don't see how one can say that this is a rational argument. At least it sounds very arrogant. No, it's a rational argument from the individual point of view. Okay. So if you think, say, so imagine that, say, you think a person is not guilty. Okay. And you say he's not guilty. Then the only situation in which your vote is decisive is everybody else is convinced that he's guilty. And your vote that is not guilty. Okay. So because of you, this person will go to prison. Okay. Now, but if he's really guilty, and being guilty is an objective thing, then there will be someone else that sorry, Diago, it was a little bit different. Yeah. So if he's not guilty, then if I report that he's guilty, then it will not make any difference because there will be other people in the jury that will report that he is not guilty. Yeah, but it kind of puts an irrational, I mean, it puts, I think excessive faith in other people. Because even in the first case with the ball, what the person who's voting black, even though he picked white, is thinking is, well, probably other people will make the more straightforward choice because that's just what people are. But I myself, as the more intelligent and rational individual, will pick the opposite of what I should pick, because in the case my vote is decisive, it won't matter because the other people will make the the correct decision. Yes, exactly. So you should not have too many rational and smart people in a committee. And that's, that's, that's really the situation. Okay. Yeah, okay. I mean, but if you want, I mean, these cases discussed together with several other cases is discussing a very convincing manner in the book of Kleinberg and easily. So I really recommend you have a look at this. Okay, no, I mean, I can see why it is rational from a very subjective point of view. Your lecture is described as well. So, okay, so let me consider another situation where the wisdom, the crowd may not be so wise. And this is goes under the name of a rational herding. Okay, or yes, rational herding. So, so imagine that we have a situation where I have to choose between two restaurants. And one restaurant is better than the other. Okay. And I have some information. And this information is a noisy signal. Okay, it's a noisy signal with that with the probability larger than one half tells me that indeed, the A is better than B. And with one minus B tells me the wrong information. Okay. And then what should I do when I should behave according to my information? If, because I know that the probability of this information is right, is larger than one half, then I should follow the advice of my signal. Okay. And, but if I do so, if I follow the, this recommendation of this private signal, then what I do will reveal my private information. Then now imagine the situation where there are many people making the same choice. They have to decide whether they want to go in restaurant A or in restaurant B. Now, Mr. K, the gay number K may have his own personal information and he may decide to act upon this information, but he may also observe what other people have chosen. And if he observed that other people have chosen a particular restaurant, then he may consider that they did so that he can observe their private information. Okay. And this information may be of better quality with respect to his own private signal. So essentially, because of this, what this guy may do is just to follow the action of others inferring the signals they received. But if this guy does so, then his action will no longer reveal his own information. So is the information that he received gets lost. Okay, because he is not going to act according to his information, but he's going to act according to the information of the crowd. Okay. And essentially you can show that say it is enough that the first two guys get the wrong information, then everybody else will end up in the wrong restaurant, in the worst restaurant. Okay. So this is called an information cascade because it's like a avalanche where essentially all these people behave in a way that completely neglects their own information. Okay. And so this set of issues which are related to how we interact with information, as you can imagine, is a very interesting subject. And because as we know, there are a lot of reasons why all these information systems and social networks that we have are essentially failing and giving problems. And this is a subject that is really very much studied. And there is a lot of other, say, ideas in game theory and in economics of how you can describe situations where you have, say, this collapse of trust, this type of phenomena occurring. Okay. So with this, I think if there are some quick questions, we can take them. Otherwise, you have a lot of material on the website. So what if the individual recognizes that a collective view is rational? I don't understand this question very rich one. Can you please explain a little bit better this question? Maybe, let me, okay. So in the domain restriction, you can order the alternative, not along an oriented line, but in a circular space, where the extreme of the political spectrum are close to each other. Well, then in this case, again, I think that the result will work because essentially, you will have just one maximum on this circle. And then the same example will hold. Then there is a question on easy models. So yes. So there are many people who have worked with spin models who describe social choice and voting and opinion dynamics and the idea is that this temperature is something that is related to how rational people are. But you can also interpret it in a different way, temperature. So this is also explained on the website. So for each one, Mike is not working. What if the definition of an individual's optimal decision may not be as straightforward as in most simple cases? Factoring complexity of individual thought when subjected to a spoon. So yes. So the, in many cases, the social choice, so individual choice itself may be complex and individuals may not have a transitive rational preference themselves. This we discussed. And of course, all these problems will be even more, the problems of social choice will be even more serious when individual rationality is not there, is not assumed. But what we have shown is that even if you have rational individuals, then society may behave in a very irrational manner. Or the crowd may behave in a very irrational manner. Okay. So I think if there are no other questions, then I think we can stop here and maybe take 10 minutes of break and reconvene in half past four.


company culture plays a big role. This is one of the reasons why we want way more diversity in these companies. It's not just to have people in decision-making teams that are more diverse, but the whole culture of the company needs to change so that these sort of skills, communication, empathy, big ones, all communication skills, presentation skills, visualization skills, negotiation skills, that they really are developed everywhere in the company's area. One of the issues is just simply the idea that data science represents this sort of wave of change of how do I analyze data, how do I make a difference, and the conference itself celebrating the fact that women are taking the step is hugely important. I mean, when I was a graduate student at MIT, I was the first black woman to get a Ph.D. in computer science from MIT, and you know, sort of no women, he really just didn't see women in this area at all. So when I come to a conference where it's huge, it's just huge to see all these walls broken down. I think it's a good surprise to see so much advancement in woman development in data science, comparing where we are and where we were two years ago. It's great to see so many woman speakers and leaders talking about their work in the data science space, applying data science to solve real business problems, to solve transportation problems, to help to solve education, healthcare problems. From that theme as well, from Bill's saying, tell me I can't do something and I will prove you wrong in spades. And I think it's an important message. There's still such a gap in diversity. Not just in diversity in gender and ethnicity, there's a diversity, there's a thought diversity gap that every industry is missing. That was another kind of common theme. And I was kind of a new term for me, thought diversity. I thought, wow, it's, it's incredibly important to bring in different perspectives.


Okay. Good morning once again. Started the recording. Everybody doing okay? TK. Okay, okay. All right. But good to see you all. Hope you had a good Sunday and got some rest yesterday. My day was not that great, at least towards the end of it yesterday. My team lost the match. I'm very disappointed and very sad. Yeah. So I went to sleep very, very sad. But anyways. Anyways, good to see you all. Hi, Karen. Hello, Samuel. I think there's a little bit of boom. I just got the gains maybe. Okay. Hi, Nina once again. Hello, Shiv Kumar. Good to see you, Prabhu. Hello. Thanks for joining. Okay. All right. Let's just do a quick recap of everything that we covered last in the last class, last week. I hope you were able to download the PDF. Everybody got the PDF of the class notes. Yes. No. Famous Indian nod I'm getting. Okay. Okay. Great. So what are some of the things that we covered last week? We saw some of the biblical reasons as to why ministering healing and deliverance is important. First thing, it reveals the nature of God. Okay. Second, it reveals God's greatness. Third, it reveals God's compassion. Okay. It has a powerful effect on people. Miracles have a powerful effect on people and the importance Jesus gave to miracles. Right. That's another point. And the kingdom comes with power. Right. So we did a very brief word study on the kingdom. Kingdom is two words, isn't it? King and his dominion. Right. So whenever the king comes, he comes with his dominion. Right. Okay. And the gospel is to be preached with accompanying signs. Right. And we see that we saw a lot of examples and Apostle Paul did that and the disciples and the and the early church and in the book of Acts also did that. Right. And then miracles encourage people to believe for more of supernatural. Okay. So those were some of the eight biblical reasons we saw. Why are we not demonstrating more of God's power? We looked at some of those reasons as well. Isn't it? Why are we not demonstrating enough of more of God's power? Lack of knowledge, lack of knowledge, wrong teaching, leaving the miracle ministry to reserved few or special elite, replacing the supernatural with modern substitutes. Yeah. Unwilling to press in till we see more of his power and other roadblocks to the supernatural. Right. As in not stepping out in faith, not taking the risk, a discouragement of past failures, scared. Okay. It might not happen again. What if I pray and nothing happens to this person? If you go pray for Nikhil and then he's still coughing. Oh, so let me just, but all of those are some of the things that we covered in the last class. Right. So let's just go on today to the next chapter, chapter two and see what God's word has to say on healing. Right. What God's word says about healing. Okay. You guys ready? You want to learn more? Yes. Okay. So we look at, I mean, just touch the basic fundamental point of it all. Okay. The source of sickness, disease and ailments. Okay. The source of sickness and pain and disease. Okay. What do I mean by source? What is the source of sickness? The word? Where it comes from, right? Where it originates from, isn't it? It's like asking, okay. What is the source of Gangadru? You know where it comes from, isn't it? The point, the starting point. That's what the source is. So when we're talking about the source of sickness, disease and ailments, we have to look into it. Because this is a point where it's debated a lot in Christian community. But let's just go ahead. So when God created, right, Genesis one, Genesis two, when God created the creation, like, you know, the worlds and whatnot, he created it perfectly. Okay. Everybody say perfect. Right. There was no, like, say chaos or damage or flaws. Everything was absolutely perfect, spotless. Like there was no mistake. Nothing was wrong with it until fall happened. Right. So let's say someone read Romans chapter five verse 12. Right. So the effect of the fall, which is sin. Okay. Can someone define sin? Okay. Disobedience. All right. What else? Lawlessness. Okay. Sin is disobedience, lawlessness. What else? Nina says missing the mark. All right. Sorry. Sin is death. Okay. Wages of sin is death. Okay. What is sin? In Hindi, what do you say? Papa? I need someone to translate that now. You all asked me one question, no? When we last semester, it was a joke and then you came and asked me, okay, what, which fruit did Adam and Eve eat? And then very intelligently, you all said papaya. And then because papaya. And then I laughed so hard. Yeah. So, like, say, Nina says missing the mark, isn't it? It's falling short. So exactly. So I was one of the definitions of sin. I mean, there is no one proper definition of it. Okay. Is say missing the mark. Okay. So the Bible says all have sinned and fallen short of the glory. Okay. So let's say, imagine you're doing a high jump, right? You're doing a high jump and you don't clear, but your leg hits the bar and it falls off, right? So you've missed the mark, right? Falling short. So all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God, isn't it? And so another definition which I like is sin is basically, it's the, what do I say? It's a fault in design, so to speak, right? It becomes a fault in design. So when I said God created everything perfectly, sin came and did something to the design. Be with me. Okay. So that is, and so that is the beginning of everything that we're going to learn about, right? The source of sickness, disease and ailments. So because of the fall, the first reason, okay, is man's disobedience. Okay. The first point is man's disobedience. The natural process of decay and corruption set since the fall. So because of the fall that happened in Genesis chapter 3, as a consequence of all of that, sin, sickness came in, okay? Because of man's disobedience. Okay. Can someone read Romans chapter 8 verse 19 to 23, please? Okay. Thank you once again. Just for those online, I'll read it again. So Romans 8 19 to 23 says, for the earnest expectation of the creation eagerly waits for the revealing of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility. Okay. The creation was subjected to futility. Okay. That means for corruption, not willingly, but because of him who subjected it in hope. So what does that mean? But because of him who subjected it in hope. At the moment, yes, there is corruption. Yes, nothing looks perfect because of sin, but then there is hope. Verse 21, because the creation itself also will be delivered from the bondage of corruption. So this goes on to say, okay, there is a day coming, there is a time coming where creation will be delivered from this bondage of corruption. Okay. Into the glorious liberty of the children of God. Verse 22, pay attention guys. For we know that the whole creation groans and labors with birth pangs together until now. That means it's crying out. It's their language of prayer. Not only that, but we also have the first fruits of the spirit. Even we ourselves grown within ourselves eagerly waiting for the adoption and redemption of our body. Okay. Now very quickly, can someone read 1 Corinthians chapter 15? Let's go to 1 Corinthians chapter 15 verse 53 and 54. Thanks Vijay. Okay. So 1 Corinthians chapter 15 verse 53 and 54. Let me read it again. For the perishable must clothe itself with imperishable and the mortal with immortality. Okay. So perishable, our body is perishable, right? It's corrupt because of sin. Are you with me? Okay. Now the famous question we get asked when it comes to healing and deliverance is, okay, I'm a Christian, no. I believe in Jesus. Why do I get headaches? Why does my stomach pain? Why do I have to go through these things and whatnot? Yes. And rightly so, God has given us the authority to pray and minister healing and deliverance. Yes or no? But because we are still on earth, we're still living this life in this body which is made of flesh. It is perishable. It is corrupt. It is mortal and that's what the Corinthian Paul is writing in Corinthians in verse 53. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable the day is coming and the mortal with immortality verse 54. When the perishable has been clothed with the imperishable and the mortal with immortality, then the saying that is written will come true.  Okay. And so that's the first consequence of the source of sickness and disease is because of man's disobedience. Right. A natural process of decay and corruption. It all happened because of the fall because of one man's sin. Are you guys with me? Okay. So that's why you don't have to commit sin. We inherited sin. Every man after Adam inherited sin. I mean a child or a kid, I know for sure, at least my son, he doesn't have to go to a lying conference to learn about lying. Did you do that? The natural responses? No. Even if he did that, he didn't go to a conference or some college like this to learn five steps to lying. You know what I'm saying, isn't it? And so all of that is a nature, a fallen nature of man because of man's disobedience. We've inherited all of that. Second is Satan's activity and direct involvement of demonic spirits. Right. Satan's activity and direct involvement of demonic spirits. So someone read Acts chapter 10 verse 38. Thank you. Right. So how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power. Guys, this chapter and the verse Acts chapter 10 verse 38 is one of the key verses like John chapter 14 verse 12. Will be repeated time and time and time again. Right. So these are one of the key chapters of scriptures for this course. Okay. Acts chapter 10 verse 38. So how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power. Who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil for God was with him. So Jesus went about healing and delivering everyone who was oppressed by the devil. Okay. So now guys, we know all sicknesses. Right. He, you know, is due to demonic spirit. But then there are a few that we can recognize and say his decay. This is 100% you know, from the devil. So some of them are mentioned near notes. It is incurable diseases. There are quite a lot. Birth defect and deformities. Right. Unexplainable diseases. Symptoms that get worse after prayer and ministry. Symptoms that seem to move around to different regions of the body during prayer and ministry. So these are all the indications of clear oppression by the demonic spirit. Are you guys with me? Okay. So first one is man's disobedience. Yes. The fallen nature of the man because of the corruption. The second is the devil absolutely hates us. Okay. Like it or not. Okay. If he feels sad or happy, he doesn't care.  He doesn't want you to be happy. He doesn't want you to be whole.   And then third one is natural causes. Okay. Natural causes is we as human beings go out of our way to destroy our body. What do we mean by that? Okay. Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, too much of sugar, obesity. Right. No exercise, no workout, whatever it is. Okay.  Just going to live once, things like that. You get what I'm saying. Right. So again, this, we have to take care of this body. Right. So for example, so I'm, I was going to say I'm a singer, but I sing. Okay. I'm in worship ministry. I have to lead worship, isn't it? So if I, and I'm 35 years old. Right. You know, yes. Yeah. So you all know my age now. Okay. And I want to do this for, let's say another 35 years. That's how I've, that's how long I've covered my life insurance policy 70. Okay. So let's say I want to do it for another, say, you know, 35 years. I have to take care of my voice. Right. I have to do everything I can to protect it. That means not constantly say abusing it by say screaming, you know, which is not natural. If, if I am talking in this volume all the time, that's me abusing is my voice. Right. And say proper diet, like say, not, not too much oily foods and stuff like that. And not too much ice cream, not too much coke, et cetera, et cetera. I just take precautions. I eat ice cream, I drink coke. Okay.  And so that's how I'd have to take care of my vocal cords, isn't it? And so, because if I want to keep doing what I love doing for another 35 years or longer, you with me? And I've got us called us for ministry. Right. And then, you know, say he calls us, tells me to go to Himalayas or some mountain place, the regions and whatnot. So I have to be physically fit also to climb those mountains and whatnot. You get what I'm saying? So you need to take care of your body. If you want to do what God has called you to do and if you like doing what you're doing. Are you guys with me? Right. So three main reasons we touched upon regarding this, the source is because of man's disobedience, Satan's, you know, he oppresses us and then natural causes. Okay. So in all of this, right, the good news is that Jesus Christ came and paid the price for us all. Amen. Right. He came and he paid the price and we learn more about it as we go ahead. Right. He has redeemed us. He has brought you and me with the price. Right. He took our place on the cross so that you and I can be whole. Amen. Okay. So this classic question, does God send disease or sickness? Let me have my tea while you're thinking about it. Okay. The simple answer and a resounding answer is absolutely no. Okay. So what was the question? Does God send sickness? All of this questions, you will also be asked. Okay. When you step into like, you know, ministry leadership, the people that who follow you. Okay. We'll ask you this question. Does God send sickness? Tell me no. Right. So, I mean, a clear answer is absolutely no. It's not just, it's not the answer, which is, I'm not saying this because it's theologically just right. But that's the truth. It's not just a fact. Right. It's not just a fact. It's the truth. Right. The difference between a fact and truth is what? Fact can change. Right. Fact can change. But the truth is constant. It never changes. He is the way, the truth and the life. Amen. Right. So, but if God doesn't, we'll get to that. We'll get to that. So if God does not send sicknesses, there are certain difficult passages in the Bible. Right. How do we understand that? Okay. There are some difficult passages in the Bible. Let's say, for example, in 1 John 1 5 and James 1 17, I'll read it for as it says, God is light and there is no darkness in him. We know that scripture is right. It's from 1 John 1 5 and James 1 17. God is light and there is no darkness in him. And then there are scriptures that says, this is Psalm 18 verse 19 to 11. It says, he bowed the heavens also and came down with darkness under his feet and came down with darkness underneath his feet. He made darkness his secret place. His canopy around him was dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. Right. It's from the same Bible. Just one portion says, okay, there is no darkness in him. In him that is light, there is no darkness. And then there's the Psalmist is saying, he came down with darkness. He surrounded him. His canopy around him was dark waters. What is happening? Some of the difficult passages. Okay. Pay attention. Follow me. Another one. Titus chapter one verse two. Titus chapter one verse two, it says, God is truth and he cannot lie. God is truth and he cannot lie. Okay. And then we see passages like say a first Kings chapter 22 22.  Okay. Another passage. God is peace and he is not the author of confusion. What is it? First Corinthians chapter 14 verse 33. That's what it says. God is peace and he is not the author of confusion. And so what do the scriptures mean when God says, I will cause confusion. I will strike them down with confusion. God sent a spirit of ill will. The distressing spirit from God came upon Saul. What is happening God? You know, in all these questions you will be asked. Okay. I'm just scared what the questions my son will ask me. His generation is just going somewhere else guys. Okay. Let's pause for a second. God's word, God's will and God's actions, his deeds. Okay. Are they God's word? God's will. Okay. What is his will for your life? Say God's word, God's will and his actions, his deeds. Everything must be consistent with his nature. That's the first point we learned, isn't it? And the last class is miracles and healing and deliverance reveal the nature of God. Right. That means so when you go and say pray for a blind person and you heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, you are revealing a father who wants to see the person made whole. Yes or no? So God's word, his will and his deeds must be consistent with his nature. Okay. So and one of the first things that we see and we saw was that his covenant name is that he is Jehovah Rafa. That means he is our Healer. Right. That is who he is. He is our Healer. Amen. And so that means it has to be consistent with his nature and that is who he is. His nature is to heal us. Are you with me? Right. So that leads us to this beautiful first point, which I absolutely love. God's best. How do we interpret and how do we, what answer can we give to all these difficult passages that we just read? Right. Okay. He is this, but he's also says this, but is that it also this, what do we do? Right. God's best is seen in the person of Jesus Christ. Okay. This has to be a classic answer. It has to be your answer all the time. For it doesn't matter what the difficult passages. Are you with me? God's nature and his best is revealed in Jesus. Right. Because as a pastor called Bill Johnson from Bethel church in California, he says he is perfect theology. Jesus is perfect theology. That means if there is any theology that is teaching that, okay, Jesus doesn't heal. It stopped healing. Healing was only during early days and whatnot. Jesus is not wrong. The theology is wrong because Jesus is still alive. The same Jesus who healed as we read in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John is the same Jesus that heals today who also wants to heal now. Are you with me? Yes. So if you don't understand the difficult passages, listen to me very carefully. If you don't understand the difficult passages, but you understand who Jesus is, that is more than enough. Why? Because his God's best is revealed in the person of Jesus. Right. Because we will be looking at more questions as in frequently asked questions when it comes to healing and ministry. So in this chapter, we're going to look at that. I don't know if I should say this on camera on record. I get a little annoyed when people say, oh, but Job went through all of this.  Is Job the benchmark or is Jesus the benchmark? I don't follow the Gospel of Job. I'm a follower of Jesus Christ. So I follow the Gospel of Jesus. If Jesus healed, if Jesus raised the dead, if Jesus cleansed the lepers, if Jesus was filled with compassion and if Jesus is the God that I am following, that's my answer to everything and to the difficult passages that I just read. Right. I absolutely love this point, guys. It's in your notes. God's best is revealed in the person of Jesus Christ. He's so much more than enough. Amen. Right. So one of the passages or lines in the notes, it says, who God is, is perfectly revealed to us in the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus healed all who came to Him in faith. Amen. Another line it says, even the difficult passages in the rest of the Scripture have to be interpreted in the light of the person of Jesus. Amen. Okay. Second point in your notes, if you're following, God has for a time permitted. Everybody say permitted. Okay. Permit. Permit, right? Permitted. God has for a time permitted the consequences of sin and the works of Satan to continue on earth. He's permitted. Right. Okay. So Psalm 115 verse 16. Psalm 115 verse 16, it says, the heavens is God's and the earth is given to man. Right. The heavens, the earth was handed to man. Okay. One of the early commandments, if you remember, be fruitful and multiply. Right. And have dominion. Right. So God has given us the dominion of this realm. And that's why when Jesus, first of all, when he teaches the disciples to pray, he says, okay, pray like this. Let's say, our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, your kingdom come. Because if his kingdom doesn't come, there is someone else's kingdom in this realm. Are you with me? Right. So for, so God has permitted the consequences of sin and the works of Satan to continue on earth for a while. Okay. This is one of the consequences of the fall. So how do we explain this? Example is like a landlord and a tenant. I live in a rented apartment, house apartment. So I know I pay rent for my house. If I don't clean the house, if I just lay all the spider webs, all the food waste, everything.  Why are you living like this? Oh, no, this is not my house. It's, you know, he's the owner. It's his fault. Is the owner's fault or is it my fault? Who doesn't clean? The owner has given me the keys of the house, isn't it? Now, as a tenant, it is my responsibility to keep the house clean, to keep the house safe even, right?  And then thief comes, he steals everything, your money, whatever is there. And he goes, you can't blame the owner, isn't it? What will the owner ask? What do you think the owner will say? Get out. Imagine, I mean, you know where I'm going with this, isn't it? You know, okay, he said, okay, owner is like, what is this?  And the owner will be like, excuse me, do I live in that house or are you living in that house? Is it your responsibility to lock the door, keep your house clean or is it my responsibility? My responsibility is to take the rent from you, correct? No. I want the money, that's all. Everything else that happens within you, fight between husband and wife and all, I don't care. You guys are with me. And this is what, this is exactly what prayer does for us. It's because now God has given this realm to us. And because this realm is run by another principality, we need the kingdom of God to invade our realm, isn't it? That's what we do. We ask and we give him permission to come and invade our lives. Let his kingdom come, let his will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Are you with me? Okay. The third one is, third point is many suffer simply as a result of their own sinful or careless actions. This is one of the points that we've again spoken about is, hey, you need to take care of yourself. Are you with me? And the fourth point is in the exercise of divine judgment. In the exercise of divine judgment. Now, this is a very interesting point and an important one. Nevertheless, every time when God wanted to get people's attention, when He wanted to get the people's attention, Israelite's attention, He would cause something and then they would turn towards Him. Let's just take, for example, Saul. On the road to Damascus, he was, in this encounter, he goes blind. But God heals blind people, no? Are you with me? How can he cause Paul to go blind? But what was Paul doing? He was persecuting the church. He was persecuting the Christians, isn't it? And so he wanted to get his attention. And so God intervenes with, this is called divine judgment. When he does that and he's done that, you read that in the Scriptures quite a bit. You know, where he removes his hand of protection. And again, in the Old Testament, you read this time and time again, where he handed them over to the canonites. He handed the people of Israel over to the people of Moabites or the Amalekites. Are you with me? What does that mean? He handed them over. So he just takes his hand of divine protection of them. Why? To teach them something, isn't it? Why? Because they were living a sinful life, isn't it?  You are my people. I have called you by my name, isn't it? And if you don't live according to my commandments, I need your attention. And so for a moment, I'm going to take my divine hand of protection over you. And because of that, so the interpretation of that is God has handed them over to their enemies. Okay, so that is the exercise of divine judgment. So we've covered four points guys, very quickly. What was the first thing that we learned is God's best is revealed in the person of Jesus Christ. Okay, and then second, God has permitted for a time being for the works of Satan to continue on the earth. Okay, the third point is many suffer simply as a result of their own sinful or careless actions. Okay, and a lot of things can come under that. And finally, in exercise of divine judgment, God to get people's attention, God does what he does. Okay, so in conclusion, God is not the author of sickness and disease. This is not his intent or design for the people. God is not the author of sickness or and disease. And this is not his intent or design for people. His will, his word and his actions will always be consistent with his nature. Okay, so we'll pause here for this session. We will take a break and we'll resume our next one. All right, let me just stop the recording.


Now let's do a little questions and answers and go from there. Let's see Guilty says morning sir, can you stake salon on tango? No, you cannot stake Solana You can stake some other cryptos, but it's not native dependent so on your On my cars inside on your tangent card or your tangent map You can stake certain ones like polka dot, but you have to use wallet connect They are rolling that out in q1 of a 2024 from what they tell me and Then you'll be able to stake natively within the app Which I think is a way better option because it's cold storage and go from there, but as of right now no, you cannot and GT I just want to put this out there because I always puts this hello. How are you? All right, so let's see Alan says safe pal and Trustwall the trust wallet have a hack not too long ago Remind me in the comments as a u.s. Citizen where you're buying playable. Let's see Believe that's a uniswap Yes Let's find out actually you know Well first of all in Puerto Rico, even though that is a Commonwealth of the United States. There are certain Advantages that I have over here as far as buying crypto and and different exchanges. So let's do this Play a bowl You also understand that let's see how they're doing down almost seven percent. Of course it is because I bought it not just kidding 30 days 51% but last 14 6% yeah, yeah, yeah So when you go here if you go to markets, no, it's Trader Joe Yeah, so Trader Joe I stand corrected is it that is right. It's an avalanche. It's an avalanche native token So Trader Joe, let's go to Trader Joe That's why I like about coin gecko because you can go right to the actual like official website So you just connect your wallet like right now. I have my phantom wallet. I would just connect that roll an avalanche Or no, no, it was my metamask wallet because phantom didn't have at that point I don't believe and then I could buy my playable tokens. So if you need a A video on how to do that. Let me know and I'll throw one together J2 day. What's your favorite project on near? That's hilarious. It's called sweat coin I don't know if you guys have ever heard me talk about that on this channel Yeah sweat coin, which is a funny thing like it has massive amount of users price doesn't move That's it stepping Not not near as many users and guess what? Blows up. That's just how crypto goes. It's the same thing with like bonk You know people they do technical analysis the new fundamental analysis and tell you what's gonna grow What's gonna be the best thing of all time?  That's crypto I don't know either It's kind of if you just kick back and you gotta laugh because it's just funny Cosmos says good morning. Do you have a goal that if met you will jump in the pool? Yep It's Bitcoin 200k Bitcoin 100k. I'll jump in that pool or the one in Texas one of those Let's see Where do I see Bitcoin and all to the recession or stocks pull back will ETF Cuba from dropping much Depends on how heavy that landing is for the recession Some people say it's a soft landing some people say it's a no landing some people Say the next great depressions right around the corner but those people are the ones that also say that a recession is right around the corner every six months and They successfully called a recession Correctly three times out of the last 30 years. So, you know I'm not sure but To really look at it. This is one of the one of the things that always Kind of rains me in from going. You know what just go all in Rob, just go all in just take Just take all your money and dump it in the bank or whatever Because I've been here long enough to realize that When we think the market's gonna do something it does the exact opposite It's a funny deal If our time horizon is long enough, it's not it's not so much of an issue, but If you are one of those people who are like, you know what I overextended myself and and I bought too much and now we're down 20 percent 30 percent Now I'm gonna have to you know sell it a loss. That's what I want to try to avoid That's why I talk the way they I do about these things for you who are not so risk averse You can do whatever you want to so for me And all honesty like we talked about this a couple of days ago And we talked about lump sum and I compared lump summing from 2019 December into the 2021 compared to dollar cost averaging 2019 which is essentially the pre-having the end of the pre-having year into the having to the day and lump sum and some cases you were up a hundred percent Over dollar cost averaging in some cases you're up only like 20 or 30 percent. It just depend and Forever for some people they're like I can't lump sum, you know, I have to dollar cost average because I can't do that That's great. They mean if you have to that's it That's it But for me when I see like the lump sum I'm like, you know, even if I lump sum last week Which I did on a couple of projects and we go down 50 percent It'll be great to hit that 50 percent But I'm I'm just not that not that great at it. So I think if we're on the long-time horizon, I'm okay with it And who knows but then there's the opposite How many people do you know that you talk to do you watch on YouTube who are waiting for that? Bitcoin drop 50 percent for Bitcoin to go to 12k or 10k or stuff like that capo Is it gonna happen? I don't know you can sit and watch the prices go up or Maybe it doesn't That's why I hedge the bets do a little dollar cost averaging a little value cost averaging and a little lump sum here and there But the sell strategy stays the same. There's a link in the description. It's called when I'm selling 80% of my crypto when those Indicators hit I sell 80% and I'm gone And like I said before like this channel It I stopped posting videos on this channel And I won't come back and sell the the bear market because you know what needs me in the in the in the crazy bull market Nobody needs me I'm irrelevant the only time people really need somebody I think is when you're in a massive bear market And yeah, you remind people constantly like hey, these don't last forever. Hey, it's not a bad idea dollar-cross-average Hey follow these rules But I put up, you know Well invest more you can afford to lose everything's a scam take things off exchanges Unless they It's an exception every rule. I guess I got my Bitcoin stranded on on a coin base right now Don't use leverage and take profits along the way so Yeah, no one no one needs me in the blow-off top bull market You can just blindfold yourself and throw a dart and be up 200% Charlie says are you in NVIDIA as far as stocks? I'm not I really should but I'm not a big stock person I own some very boring stuff in stocks Alex is better than stacks. I don't know what Alex is Alan says oh my god, and realize you're right trust. Ah, remember trust wall It suffered a major hack a few months ago safe policy. Okay. There you go so like just because they had a hack doesn't mean it's awful, but I Kind of get a little nervous around those things so I won't be reviewing Trust wallet Trunks of the devil you don't need me You guys are smart enough to do everything by yourself And it's not it's not intelligence is every smart enough I think it's just like like the reminders, you know, like when we're inevitably we're gonna see a big pullback That's happens in all in all bull markets when we get that pulled back It would be nice for for someone to remind you like hey You know, this is normal But again like the indicators that I'm looking at the pie cycle top the MVR VZ score the time and risk bands You'll see some pullbacks before that actually happens when I sell, you know, we'll probably be a little bit higher Well, I hit the top. Nope. This will I'm just aiming for 60% Hey Ben's chair is here. Oh That reminds me and if a live is not tomorrow Everybody's got family in town. So like we're going to the beach today like we've been doing like the last three days and Which is great, right get to get out Puerto Rico is beautiful and it's just great and that's what I love being here. So we'll be on the beach this week Actually, I got like 20 minutes. I gotta get out of here. And so no one no NFA live This week or next week. Maybe the third week. We'll we'll see We need you to take riders take profits in the bull run The only thing I'm going to do. This is what I will do is that video the 80% when I'm selling I will probably play that on loop. Actually, just let me show you something There's two videos. I'm gonna play on loop. It's How did I put it? Now it's up here. Let's get the very top So again, there's the coin Bureau video excellent job by Jessica Here's the wallets that we talked about Benjamin as game. Please download We'll do the giveaway and here's the two videos. I'll play on loop this one Why I want I'm selling and this one don't make these crypto mistakes. It's a funny thing because like this Why and when I'm selling 8% of my crypto is probably like, I don't know 40 50,000 views This one's probably got like 8,000 views because no one cares It's funny because no one really cares about making mistakes But really that's the more important of the two because it doesn't matter how much you make It's how much you keep and that one's it's pretty important as well But where are we gonna not get financial advice there's plenty of people out there that They give you advice all day long man. Oh Next week Not this week, but next week another meetup here in Puerto Rico. This should be fun Yeah, so we'll do it at San Juan smokehouse inviting everybody I always pay for the first round Steven gets the second round and fun times and When we go there, I don't really talk about the things that I do I just I listen to everybody tell their stories and they You know educate me about uh things that they're doing So if you're in the Puerto Rico area, you just want to meet some like-minded people That's a good place to be And the briskets really good. So that's also what I like Ah, it's a good one Digital asset rob the next hot wall by far is the bit keep bit get walled. All right add that to the list But our own says you can't compare boggles gaming nobody goes in but I go to movies all the time I love movies. They pay and watch from home. I don't know about that I think if they're gonna pay like everybody watches netflix, all right So of course it goes down. How long has netflix been around? Come on. Let's be honest If there's a good movie coming out, I'll watch it. Unfortunately. It's all been trash lately That's the bigger indicator Red panda tim draper is absolutely right and earlier this week. There was also michaels sailor talking about the bitcoin tip They could bring seven-figured bitcoin fomo Could be I hope so look you understand like like for us like you guys I don't know if you really even You can look at it two ways one. It could you could really pump the portfolio And the flip side is does anybody ever really feel Like they bought enough crypto do you I never feel like I bought enough and I bought a lot Over the line. I've telecost averaged a ton since 2022 And it wasn't the recommended advice. I will tell I'll tell you But let's just say it doesn't get approved. You know, it's gonna be a massive dip if it gets shot down That's the time that's when cash is king and you can go, you know what this is it But if it doesn't get approved or it does get approved, great It'll probably it might be a buy-the-room or sell the news, but you know, it'll keep doing this So Either way, I'm pretty damn happy That's a sharp hat I for my own I guess we should start looking for charts again as the price action is getting interesting. Yeah exactly I think uh, if you're looking for someone to share charts with and really good with ta tom crown Good to know. Hello You can't be bullish enough Think about it this way though. Is there any place that you can invest into and make like 100 x in a 60 day 90 day period? legally It's very tough to find Marty's got a good point buy the rumor buy the news Buy the dip sell that by the by the top buy everything Daniel says why is your bitcoin locked up on coinbase? It's a great question. So, you know I dollar cost average every day and over the last two three Five days or so it just cost me so much to take out the take out bitcoin. Now you have to understand The vast majority 99 percent is in my either it's it's split between ledger Tangent and ellipel because I use three different cold storage devices and I have multiple ledgers and I have multiple Tangents and the reason for that is because if I'm going to diversify and make this much and gains I better make sure that I protect him I'm not going to you know lose lose out something like that. So I spread them around Uh, so 90 percent, but with bitcoin with the with the fees being so high. I'm just waiting for him to go down now If at some point I just feel like that's too much on there And again, if that's 0.05 percent of my bitcoin really gets to me I'll take it off But most of I take take out and I've been dollar cost averaging I gotta tell you I've been dollar cost average solana as well since 2022 and Hey, it doesn't cost near as much to take that off. I'm just saying I'm just saying Or a cardano. That's right Avalanche had a thing Avalanche had a thing because of ordinals But um, it looks like they're probably Doing better. I haven't used uh my at my abax accounts yet today Alan's got a good question. Do you have any cash in the sidelines in case the more it crashes? Yes You should always I think you should always not only that but you should also have cash in the sideline I'm gonna take a take a cue from Dave Ramsey Who hates bitcoin, but he's right. He says you should always have like an emergency fund I think everybody knows that right if something happens You have some kind of fun there to kind of get you over the hump at least six months six months of bills and Uh expenses that you would need in the bank just to make sure because you never know Yeah The ava descriptions, but she's talking about his ordinals or inscriptions on avax got ridiculous Quoted like four avax for a swap and avax Right now It's not top 10, isn't it? Yeah, it's 43 dollars so 16 So you're looking at 160 bucks for a swap. Yeah, it's pretty pretty crazy and that would made you it makes you think though If the inscriptions and this is the same thing with polygon polygon the same issue Their transaction fees went up exponentially now. It wasn't like 160 bucks. It was you know pennies But it was way more than what it used to be so take a look at those those chains and just say hey When all when there's daily transactions or transactions go through the roof What are the fees going to happen because can they actually scale for something like that millions of people makes you think? um Because i'm old and i've been living through this for quite some time so it's Not a big deal you know Yeah, it's a pretty boring answer, but i'm not that exciting And if you lie tomorrow, no Pedro We're taking a break because the family's in town ben ben's got a bunch of family. I think he's going skiing or something With the four kids That'd be a nightmare. I've been there Uh and guys uh in the uk Probably freezing I mean like look if you didn't know me when I was 20 You would have hated my guts. It was a real a hole Hard to think right? I'll tell you some stories if you ever come to the meetup Ah ben's chair is going to see you're not going anywhere ben's chair.  Didn't seem to bother too much, but I will say I've used um Mim mim swap sunday swap and the aggregator, which is uh X hunter for a cardano and everything every time I use it just to You know do a transaction that cost me two eta On top of the fee which the fee isn't that much, but I'm like two eta It's like a buck 20. I'm not gonna do that every single time That's what you got to do I'm not too happy with that This is good There's only one coin to the moon before christmas. It's called doge one mission of the moon 29th elan musk is going to pump it Ah, we'll see That sounds like a very pumpy pumpy comment I think that's it Destroyed my dreams and on this note. Let's let's wrap it up. So everybody so look I don't know what's gonna happen towards the end of the year Don't be surprised if you see some sell-offs because I don't know where you're at in the country, but For tax reasons people might be selling off to take profits so they can pay for their taxes You'll see it now And you'll also of course maybe some wash ready. You'll also see it before april 15th, but just be aware that I think we're in the right place at the right time This is the fun time We're going into the having gear having is usually extremely bullish if the etf happens it doesn't happen It's still extremely bullish because of the narrative itself And all the things that we talked about so look like today's video thumbs up subscribe all that great stuff again If you could leave me a comment about the wallets also check out those wallets I linked the description and download the game and come what you think that's it Thanks so much everybody and I'll see you guys on the next one. Have a great rest of the day. Adios


Well hello and good evening! It is almost nine o'clock at night. Haven't picked up the camera once today. I'm sorry. I accidentally left you guys at home today. I went to the office today. I feel like that is a big accomplishment for me for some reason. Anyway, I just feel like, I don't know, like every other day it's just like a bad migraine. And good news, I did get a refill on my migraine medication. I don't know if I said that, but I think I said that yesterday. I don't know, whatever. So, I went to Target today after work. Had to get some Halloween candy for the office, couple of other things, like boring stuff like Doyle's bones that he is currently gnawing on. I also had to get Doyle's allergy medication, which is just like over-the-counter allergy stuff. And then, oh, I got a couple things. I have it sitting here. Hold on. Let me put you guys right here. Hi! Okay, so I have been obsessed with the, like, stars above line from Target. Not sponsored, okay? These pants are so good. I wear them every night. But these ones are like fleecy. It's like hard to see, but they're like fleecy. They're kind of like a pale, grayish lavender. These are so soft. I'm so excited to wear these. They're hard to show, but they have like a tie front. And they do have pockets, which I love. I love me a good pocket, but they have ones that are like sweat pant material, which are super soft as well, which is awesome. And then I love the bottom because it's like cuffed, because I don't know about you guys, but I have like weird leg issues at night, especially when it's cold outside because like, I live in Minnesota and it's like freaking cold. So if I just wear like a regular pajama pant, which I'm a pajama pant kind of lady, I always feel like this just like scrunches like to my knee and then like my calf is like fully exposed.  But I like this because it kind of like holds on to like your ankle or like the bottom of your calf. So it like doesn't ride as much. So anyway, but I'm really excited. Obviously, I'm very excited about these. But yeah, they had another color of this one, which was like the really soft version. I think this is just like for maybe like the holidays or something. I don't know, but it was really awesome. And I'm like, oh, I might buy these tonight. Anyway, so got those, which was really pumped about. And then I have been wanting to get these sheets. But the target that I usually hit like on the way home didn't have King size. So my local target had King size. So I'm very, very excited to get these washed up and put them on my bed. And maybe you'll do that this weekend next weekend. I'm not sure, but love this. And they're so soft. I currently have flannel sheets from the Threshold brand from Target from last year on my bed. And I love them. I got two sets. They're like a gray and white stripe, not as wide as this. They're like really, really fine stripes, like little pinstripes. But this one is quite a bit bigger. And I like that. And that's very like, I like that it's very white and it's not a like ivory white because I feel like everything nowadays is like, oh, it's a white, but it's not. It's like more of a creamy color like ivory. So anyway, but I'm gonna get these washed up this weekend. So I'm very excited. And this did not fit in my reusable bag. So I just walked out like that. Yeah, that's it. I actually just announced the winner of these and it feels so bad. The person that won this, I'm sorry, if you're watching, it's still here. I'm sorry. I need to like get my life together. But clearly it's not together. And yeah, so I'm just hanging out. I like literally just announced this. So I don't think that they've messaged me back. But you know what, let's take a look. You never know. Some people are like really on it. You know what I'm saying? But everyone always has 24 hours to get back to me. And I said that they were gonna close out today. So she hasn't even seen it yet. That's okay. Anyway, but that's what's going on here. Not too much. Wish there was more to talk about, but there isn't. Tomorrow is Friday, which is awesome. I'm hoping I can go into the office. Fingers crossed. I think taking that migraine medication at the end of the night has really been helping a little bit on the days I do it. But then, I don't know, it's such a double eye start because like some days I do it and it like nothing happens. Or like nothing good happens the next morning. Yeah, I don't know.  So it's like I clearly am not awake. So I can't feel it coming on.   So bad. But I'm not gonna edit or anything tonight. I got home really late because I was at work hella late. Was it work to like, I don't know, like 5.30 or something? Yeah, just getting projects done. And then tomorrow, I think my like co-worker that does the same thing I do and then my boss, they're both thinking about leaving early tomorrow. So it'll be just me and I can wreak havoc on the office. Which is basically just like any other day, you know?  It's my day 20. And I'm like, hmm, all that stuff is still in my trunk. I probably need to get rid of that. So I should have actually done it tonight when I was at Target because there's like a donation center like really close to Target. Didn't do it. Didn't do it at all. I'll probably have to do that tomorrow. And Doyle is a wild child behind me. My goodness. He's having way too much fun. But anyway, I'm gonna go because it's time for me to start getting ready for bed. And I'm gonna wear my new pants. Love me a good Target haul. But anyways, I will just chat with you guys tomorrow. Tomorrow's Friday. Yeah, it's just hopefully it's gonna be a good day tomorrow. Let's just fingers crossed, good vibes out in the land and I will see y'all tomorrow. Bye.


Studying Macbeth, here's how you can analyse Banco's growing doubts about Macbeth in Act 3, Scene 1. Banco is alone and he reflects that Macbeth has to now. King Cordo Glamis. Shakespeare's use of Cesura here as well as the Rule of Three show that Banco is wondering whether Macbeth has done something to become powerful this quickly. He says, I fear thou placed most folly for it. In other words, he's worried that Macbeth is the one that actually did the killing and the litteration of F as well as the reference to Fowl echoes the witch as an Act 1, Scene 1, who said Fowl is fair and fair as Fowl. But he also remembers that the witch is prophesised about his children and we can see that Banco kind of hopes that his kids will also be kings. This rhetorical question further emphasises his hope that his children will be kings. Yet this exclamatory sentence shows he's going quiet because he sees Macbeth as approaching. What this is illustrating is that he can't trust Macbeth anymore.


Hello, and welcome back to The Craft Box. My name is Brenton. Today on episode 69, there was a one-on-one death walkthrough. Last episode, if you haven't checked it out already, we were in the Crystal Grove collecting things and stuff. Um, yeah. So, yeah. Today, we are in the Drake Hatchery once more, and we're about to talk to Kastmir again. It's good to see you again. I see that much has changed about you. You've got a dragon rider staff! I can hardly believe it. We must find you at Drake at once! The mother Drake still watches over the hatchery. Even after all this time, she'll know if there are any Drake eggs left. Okay. Um, so yeah. This time, instead of running around the streets, we actually get to go to the cool part of this place. We're going to go to the spirally downward slope thing. Um, I mean, I could use the teleporter, but also going round the school. And I love doing that for the first time just because it's kind of just an experience. You know, you've got to experience it, you know? Um, so yeah.  Hello. Welcome to the hatchery. I suspect I know why you're here. Many have come to this place, seeking my children. But you are the first in so long a time. I have secured my clutch of eggs within the house, further within the hatchery. I can sense that only a few remain, though I do not know where they rest. If you would become a dragon rider, go there and find one of the last few Drake eggs. Okay. Um, yeah. So basically, basically, yeah, she's in charge of the Drakes, and we need to get one to fly up to Melastir. So yeah, let us hit on him. Oh god. It's a dungeon. It's a gauntlet. It's a gauntlet. It's a gauntlet. Oh no, that's not fun. I don't like gauntlets. They're not cool, especially if they're kind of useless. Which this one could very much be. Uh, yeah, I'll be back in just a bit. Okay, I am back. I don't know if this is the last level or not. It could be. Who knows. Um, but we're gonna be doing this battle on camera just for fun. Um, so yeah, this is easy. We got double powerpip. Hopefully, if we get powerpip next round, we should be sweet to kill one of them with Wraith. Uh, yeah, so just hope really is the only thing we can do here. Um, we may not. And we did, so that's cool. Um, yeah, just try and kill them as quick as possible. It was always the best idea.  May not kill, but I hope. Hope I do. Hope I do. Dun, dun, dun. Dun, dun, dun. Dun, dun, dun. Dun, dun, dun. Wraith. Boop. And 1055. Yup, we did that. Perfect. Yay. He donned. He donned. He dead, man. He dead. He dead. He super dead. Okay. And all in all, I'll just kill the other guy. Dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun. Of course, we did not get the hit we wanted or a powerpup. Dun, dun, dun, dun, dun. Okay, at least we got a blade, which is good. Um, what's he gonna do? I think he's gonna get something new. And then just cut you just because we don't really need you. And we got a pass. And we're gonna hope we get two powerpups. And of course you would do that. Hopefully we get a thingy. No, we didn't. So we're gonna do this and hopefully trade one of our noob pups for a powerpup. That would be fantastic. Game, that would be fantastic. Game, that was your cue to give me a non-noob pup. Thanks, game. Thanks, game. Thanks, game. Ah! Boop, boop. Okay, just gonna go a bit. Ouch! I remember when that nearly killed me. That would be deadly. Um, you know what? I thought we're just gonna go. We're just gonna do this. We're just gonna do this and see what happens. See how much damage we do without weakness. Probably not too much, but we can always come back with another vampire. So, not too bad. Boop. Boop. Bloop. And pupe. And chup. Oh, they did. They did. That was good. Weakness didn't really matter in the end. That's good. Okay. Um, hopefully that was the last level. It may not have been. What was it? No, it may not have been. Is there another one? You have obviously come for the egg, but you will not get it from me. The time of the dragonriders is over. Never again will weing touch sky! Okay, then you will do that then. Um, let us do this. Let's do this. Um, so play to defend it as Ice is going to tower shield. I've already faced one, and he did tower shield. Yeah. Um, which was slightly annoying, but as long as he tower shields the boss, which he is going to, see. Thank you. Um, we will be fine. And as long as it doesn't weakness me, which it can, when the boss can as well, we should be fine. We, oh, finally we got a powerpup. That would have been fantastic. But of course we didn't. So what we're going to do is we are going to draw another one of these, just because we can. And we are going to deathblade again. Because I mean, we won't be, we'll need it sometime soon. Um, and next round we will hit the minion. Hopefully it doesn't tower shield again, because that would be bad. Um, yeah. Yeah, yeah. That's basically what we're going to do. No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Yeah. Yeah. Oh, this is going to do a bit. 500. 317. That was poor. Poor thing. Awaitness. Nah, you didn't. Nah, you didn't. Nah, you didn't do that. You didn't do that. You're dead. Please die. 1055. Nope, you're not dead. That is annoying. Why do you have the weakness?  This is if they're trying to make this game hard or something. Ugh, weakness is so obnoxious. Who uses weakness? Um, obviously them. Well, we'll do this. Now we'll look. A tower shield. What a surprise. How did I guess? 48? No, so that wasn't too bad. We're going to have to blade again. So we're going to have to use another blade. 400. Ouch. That did actually a bit. What do I want to discard? We'll discard a vampire to draw for a monstrous to enchant our vampire with. Um, and we will hit this fool with a vampire and hope he dies. Hopefully. He dies. Please die.  Thank you for not shielding once again. Boop, boop, boop, boop. It's a weird spell. So weird. Um, okay. And hopefully we kill. Do we kill? Please kill. Boop, boop, boop, boop. 418. Is that enough to kill? That may not be enough to kill. Oh, it did. Yay. We killed. Yas. Goals. Um, let's... Yeah, I mean she can't do much. She can weakness. But I'm going to deal with it. We're going to faint and then we're going to blade and then we're going to hit. Dun-dun-dun-dun-dun-dun-dun-dun-dun-dun. Ooh, Powerpup. Lovely. Lovely, lovely, lovely. And what's the chances we're going to lose this Powerpup? Um, probably quite high. Should have hit. Oh well. That's fine. Okay, um, yeah, let us race. And we should hopefully get at least a lot of damage on her if not many damages. damages. 2,500 I think we worked out. Yep, 2523. There we go. Perfect. Yes, then we go. Very nice, very nice. Nice. And we will try and do that one more time. Could be kind of hard, but we're going to try. I don't know if we have any more blades. I might get blades, we might. I think we have one more. But if we pull that, that would be a miracle. Both 207, not too much. Okay, that was a first blade. We have you, which we're going to just say screw you to. And this is a, okay, not what I thought it would be. Storm shot, okay. And weakness next round. Congrats, Brent. You're going to call it. Actually, can't hurt me extra time anyway, because we've only got one pip. Or two, if we're lucky. Yep, one pip. Thanks, game. You're so good to me. Love you so much, game. We're going to do that. Two-one-two-nine. Hopefully. Hopefully. Blade. I don't need you. Don't need you. Okay, what's this? Cyclops? No, that's good. No, no, no. Blade, thank you. Just need a powerpup. A singular powerpup. Oh, look at this weakness. Okay, good. It's not a weakness. Boop. Nice wee blade there. Cheeky. Why can we not get powerpups? Jesus Christ. Fizzle. Unlucky. Here we go. Boop, boop, boop, boop, boop. Bloop, bloop, bloop. And do five, two, three. She should be dead, hopefully. That rhymed so good. Yep, she's dead, I think. Yay, we found a Drake egg. Woohoo. So cool. We're so cool. We found a whole Drake egg. Amazing. Okay, let us head back over to the mother, which is not that way. We're going to go this way, and she's just up here. These juggernauts are annoying, I think. Oh god, it was close. We needed to feed them on one of the quests along here somewhere. Once, others would have dealt with hatching it, but now the duty has fallen to you alone. So listen to my counsel, and you will soon have a fine Drake to ride. First, the egg must be warmed in the purest fire, but dragon spires flames have all fallen cold, and now the only pure fire in the spiral is to be found in Wizard City. Go now to the cave near the Golem Tower. Oh, that's cute. Let us go and do that then. Not too hard at all. Um, actually very easy.  Okie dokie, hello. Wow, we went all there for that one line of dialogue. Yeah, boy. What a god. What a god. For this, we must aid the young Drake. To this end, those in the hatchery use a sacred crystal hammer to crack the Drake egg shell so the Drake then can break through. This hammer was taken by the gallium juggernaut. Go and find it and take from it the crystal hammer we require. Yep, this is the quest I remember. Ok, I will do this in between the next episodes. So thank you for watching remember to leave a like and subscribe. In the next episode we will continue on and I believe we will actually hatch the Drake. So thank you for watching remember to leave a like and subscribe and remember to subscribe. Press the little bell down below so you know exactly when I post another video. And remember craft, outside the box.