You're welcome back. We're glad to know that you're still there and this is the breakfast show on Plus TV Africa in case you're just joining us and we did promise you that we're going to do a little bit about health this morning even though every Thursday we talk business mostly but today they say health is wealth and so we're going to be concentrating on that aspect of your wealth which is health and our area of concern today is that the US based cardiology professors are helping Nigerian cardiologists and patients to bridge the gap. What that means is what you're going to get right now and how it's going to help us and what the program stands for. Everything we need to know we're going to talk about on the show this morning. We have to my fire right left rather. Okay I've forgotten my hands. Dr. Shaii Bolorun Duro in interventional cardiologist Nova Cadio vascular care. I know her I'm sure heart and vascular institute Virginia in the USA. Good morning and welcome to the program. Thank you very much. And we also have Dr. Obinaya Emerole in interventional cardiologist as well and president cardiovascular education foundation chairman cardiology division atrium health nevescent Georgia. I hope I got that right. Good morning. Welcome to the program. Thank you very much. Okay. Thanks for having us. Yeah when we hear cardio we're thinking our hearts we're thinking about people who slump we're thinking about some dangerous things and all that. Before we go into the program that you're doing you're having with our cardiologist in Nigeria and all that. Let's try to have an insight into what cardiovascular health is in first place. Where do I start from? I wish our democracy were like this you know take the other guy and not let we not take all. Okay let me begin with you. Yeah heart disease is one of the leading causes of death all over the country. You know the the most important risk factors for heart disease include high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, being overweight, lack of exercise and and also heredity you know some some of the genes that we have. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, you know getting tired easily, chest pain, chest discomfort, swelling of the legs or leg edema and sometimes passing out or blackout spells and for a few unfortunate people sudden cardiac death. What we try to do is to educate everyone, educate people to be aware of the symptoms so that they can seek medical attention early. In general we would encourage a heart healthy lifestyle which includes avoiding smoking, exercising regularly, eating a diet that is healthy fruits, whole grains, vegetables, maintaining a healthy weight, keeping an eye on your blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is 120 over 80 so avoiding hypertension, keeping an eye on your blood sugar, getting adequate treatment if you have diabetes, keeping an eye on the cholesterol, ensuring that you don't have high cholesterol and then if you do notice any symptoms chest pain, getting short of breath easily, having fluttering of the heart, palpitations, developing leg swelling, developing the dizzy spells or blackout spells to seek medical attention early. See your family physician or primary care provider. Sometimes they'll do a history and physical examination. They may want to do an EKG, an electrocardiogram which is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart and then depending on what they find you may need to be further evaluated by a heart disease specialist, a cardiologist. Oh well it sounds like we need to go back to school to find out because when you went reeling out the things that we need to do you know exercise, you have to eat healthy, you have to do that and I was like how many of us even know that? You know you talked about also visiting a family physician. Those are very un-Nigerian kind of things you know. How many families have physicians that take care of them? How many people even want to go to the hospital in the first place and all that? And he mentioned exercises. An average negotiator will say are we not having enough exercise by just trekking and by just jumping buses and all that? How deliberate should we be about for instance the exercise part of it? So I think the concept of exercise is very very underestimated and it's the biggest thing that you could do in terms of making yourself live longer and have a better quality of life. Now we're cardiologists we're focusing on healthy lifestyle but the heart is not just isolated it's not just oh my heart is good means that my brain can be bad so it actually affects the whole body. Okay so what we're talking about reduces the risk of impact on your heart, the brain, the kidneys, the lifestyle, your quality of life, your knees eventually if you get obese messes up your knees, your quality of life long term. So that impact of exercise is underestimated and that's what I want to emphasize from your question. So the American College of Cardiology recommends 150 minutes of exercise a week of moderate intensity exercise. So moderate intensity means getting your heart rate up means you know you're actually getting up and actually taking a walk at least 30 minutes you know walk or something like that and then increasing it. So yes we do go through stress yes we do try to you know get out of our houses, take the bus, take the train and everything like that to get to work and all of that or whatever it is that involves getting to work or going about your normal activities but being intentional about it so waking up early and taking an extra walk or one or do something or you know do some exercises press-ups pull-ups whatever it is but just being intentional about that 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise not which is different from what you're doing chasing the kids or doing out your regular stress that we deal with every day. Okay you've heard that I have to be deliberate about it. Okay now you're working with cardiologists in Nigeria and all that but before we go into what you're doing with them let's let's get to know you say you have a foundation and some other things give us a brief history about this foundation and how you got to connect with the Nigerian cardiologists before you started doing what you're doing now. Okay the the name of the foundation is Cardiovascular Education Foundation and basically our objective is to advance cardiovascular education, training, patient care and research in Sub-Saharan Africa. So about 10 years ago a group of us you know got together and looked at the challenges that really we are facing Sub-Saharan Africa in general but Nigeria in particular just because that's where most of us come from and we noticed there was an increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases especially cardiovascular disease but at the same time the one there wasn't enough specialists in the field of cardiovascular care and some of the few that we had that we had in the country we are we are emigrating and we decided to see how we could help you know build up capacity in the country to help with the training of the specialists in in the field that would take care of the patients and we also looked at the the training that was being given the education to identify where there were gaps that we could work with the people training the doctors here to to bridge the gaps so so we came together and formed a nonprofit called cardiovascular education foundation that's registered both in the US and here and and we partnered with the Nigerian cardiac society we also developed collaborations with some of the local teaching hospitals and and what we do in in terms of programming we have a virtual didactic lectures over zoom and then we've established relationships where we discuss patients that that you know they have difficulties with and we'll see if we can come up with solutions and then we have a hands-on training missions where we rotate people they come they work with the physicians here especially in some of the more advanced subspecialties within cardiology where we have a cardiac catheterization laboratories for people who need cardiac catheterization which is a procedure where a small tube is inserted through one of the arteries to the heart and we take x-ray pictures to see if they have blockages that are causing chest pain or causing a heart attack and we can open up those blockages by the insertion of stents so we've we've been involved in training some of our local physicians to to provide these services so that you know people who have a heart attack here can get you know world-class care and our goal essentially is to train the manpower within the country and bring the standard of cardiovascular care in the country to what would be expected anywhere in the world and of course there are resource limitations and we have to work with our local collaborators to develop what we would consider best practices for the limited resources that we have in our environment yeah it's funny that he ended with limited resources because I was thinking about a wider scope because when you train the cardiologists in Nigeria the training of the people is one thing getting the people to even access what they what kind of knowledge we're imparting on them is another thing I don't know your level of interaction with the people the patients or would be patients or the society that needs to get information about this cardiovascular health is there any form of interaction or is there anything in the offering that you want to begin to do to bring it to the conscience of the people thank you very much that's a great point and that's exactly why we are here we want to focus on so where interventional cardiologists we train and practice in the U.S. but just giving some background I went to medical school here in Nigeria in University of Laurin he also trained in Nigeria also so we understand our unique limitations in Nigeria and so given those unique limitations in Nigeria the goal is to ensure that we not only affect the physicians we want to make it to three phases it was to affect the physicians we want to affect the patients individually and they want to affect the community because it's multi-fisted so what happens in an environment that succeeds in getting reducing life you know reducing mortality from cardiovascular disease is you build a systemic structure that actually helps this get better so when my family member you know has chest pain you know they should know that okay look it's not oh you lie down take time and pan at all but actually okay well this is something concerning do we need to communicate at that point to get you to the hospital and then what kind of hospital do we want to get you to you know when my family member tells me oh look one side of my face is getting getting weak or I can't speak or I can't hear them very well like is that a stroke and then and that's not going to come directly from just training the physicians we're training the community and that's why we're here want to make sure the community understands what those risk factors are we've talked about treatment we've talked about what we're doing in terms of training to be able to get a stance a coronary stance to be able to get a pacemaker if you're a pacemaker to be able to get a defibrillator if you need a defibrillator which is what we're developing in the local institutions in the hospital in the country we've gone to quite a few institutions in the country developing that system and not just doing these things for patients and then the patients leave but actually training the people on ground to do it because we want to like not just give you a fish but teach you to fish so create a system where these hospitals can walk independently and then also we bring resources from the U.S. and then and then you know we have partners we bring stuff and you know to donate them to these sites but the idea is speaking to the public speaking to everybody right now it's like when you we want to know these risk factors we want to know okay what happens when you when somebody has chest pain when your family member is having complications or loses consciousness you know what are the things to look out for and then where do you take them to and when you take them there you know what would happen and that's that part where that's that process we want to try to implement and then just making sure that everyone is aware and then just being more heart healthy so one passes out in front of you it's not the time to find the person and say oh yeah let's pour water on him or let's find him you know yes we want to figure out why he's passing out but now we know on the news we see that everywhere we're seeing in sports we're seeing that people having sudden cardiac death where they fall down they die or they pass out yes you might be able to some system resuscitate them quickly with cpr which is the most important thing to do in that kind of situation but for some people they might pass out and they may not even go into the minority cpr then we've had cases where those people eventually get to get to be to do procedures here in Nigeria locally because part of our training also involves us sharing cases so we have cases that we know where those kind of patients are not coming into the hospital locally and then we do do for the walk-up I find out that they had life threatening issues that would have been very preventable and very easily treated if they're diagnosed um a number of cases come to mind where locally we find that out they get a defibrillator they become completely okay or I'll give one story which is very which really touches me um and I give this story because um I'm I'm relatively newer too I joined this group a few years ago so I haven't been here 10 years um but um but you know since I've been here um you know we started off in in the U.S. where you know we do the zoom conferences and we have hundreds of cardiologists on the zoom platform across the world mostly from Nigeria where we're discussing the up-to-date standards of care things that we do in the American College of Cardiology conferences and the you know our interventional conferences we're discussing what should be done how you think of a patient how to manage a patient and so we've been doing that and we do that um every year and we have a few sessions um over a few months about um where we do like eight hour sessions with cardiologists all about brainstorming and all that one of the things that one of the benefits of that is that local cardiologists present their cases and then they've seen to show the things that they've done the changes that they've made over this time frame um so the case I'm going to bring up is a very important one that I learned from last year was my um you know the team of our team came in and there was a patient whose heart rate was 40 for many for over a year she basically was in the house not doing anything and um you know it's what we call complete heart block which means that the upper chamber of the heart and the lower chamber of the heart do not communicate effectively so the lower chamber of the heart is doing its own thing the upper chamber of the heart is doing its own thing normally there should be a communication there should be a similar transition that makes them in synchrony but that wasn't happening now in the U.S. when that happens it's quickly detected we patient gets a pacemaker quickly and then they're back to you know at least in a few months and they're back to their life and then they feel open about but this lady was basically bed bound was just within our house couldn't do anything for over a year definitely over a year no much longer I can't give you the specifics right now and then until we came and we started like wow she complete heart block for over a year and then they did the procedure and then the team did the procedure the pacemaker was inserted she feels better she's back to a great life so these are things that you know we don't know and the community would not know unless they seek to blame it on village people well yes why things that happen is not my portion you know that kind of stuff so that was that was really for me was really important because it's showed that difference of suffering for over a year and and then of course you know you have the heart attacks you have a chest pain you come in you have a heart attack we have facilities here in Lagos even over in some places in the country also where you go in immediately and you get revascularized you don't have to drop dead at home but you have to know what the symptoms are we have to know what the signs are we have to know where to take these patients to and get these resources done okay while we're talking about this we need to also know the peculiar challenges that you face in Nigeria in trying to do this whether to educate the people or to um empower the cardiologists in Nigeria and all that we're hoping that policymakers are also watching this program to see what needs to be put in place a lot of people a lot of doctors complain that in Nigeria the facilities are not there so working in Nigeria is a very very difficult task and some of them want to just go to where everything is ready you know everything is there they can do that so what are some of the particular challenges you find in Nigeria that you think good policy can make better um from from a policy perspective i would say that the in the greatest challenge really is health care financing i mean uh modern health care especially modern cardiovascular care is expensive is an expensive commodity somebody has to pay and most people are not able to afford the the care so so if we are talking about pacemakers we are talking about cardiac surgery we are talking about stents we are talking about catheters all of this would the procedures will cost millions of naira the equipment is expensive the consumables are expensive even if the providers are donating you know their their services free of charge just paying for the consumables and the equipment costs a lot so in in terms of uh you know the the broadest policy challenge i think that um the policy makers should really look at developing an effective national health insurance program not just what we have now that pays for the minimal preventive care you know but but a health insurance plan that would you know pay for the care for people who are having heart failure who are having heart attack who are having advanced illnesses and that way the people can access the care that they need and that way the younger health care providers are not frustrated and disappointed and are not seeking to to leave the country now from from our point of view though i think one of the things we also do is to focus on prevention focus on early detection focus on treatment of risk factors um you know trying to basically uh get people before they get to the advanced stage of the illness where we are they need a a lot more of the expensive invasive and interventional procedures and and to that end we'll work with the Nigerian cardiac society to increase awareness in the in the community basically educate members of the public about how to reduce risk factors how to recognize symptoms how to seek care early at the same time we have to um build an advocacy arm and reach out to the policymakers people in government people in academia people in private industry people in the nonprofit sector it will take everybody working together to build a healthcare system that would work for the citizens of the country you have something to add yeah i think um like um Dr. Marilia said and here's well put um yeah this is an issue that involves a lot so um you know we um started off here and then like you said you know there's this whole talk of the brain drain you know physicians um medical everybody you know trying to get out of the country and then do all that and so which obviously doesn't help the system but what we're trying to do is to transform that brain drain to a brain gain so the people who are coming here who are doing this procedures who are training from abroad and all of that are mostly people who did part of our training in Nigeria but mostly Nigerians the people that are there are people who have no link to Nigeria at all who are participating in this and giving talks and actually coming in person also but mostly people who actually are from here and then trained here and so over the time we've done that and then we've you know um tried to make an impact in that perspective so the goal is trying to like you know you bring back and then try to reinforce what we have back here and then try to develop that obviously you need the help of um and to partner with the the government to partner with you know the ministers of health my matter of whoever is um in the capacity to develop that um so and maybe even uh the the national orientation agency because you know information sensitization and all that maybe they will handle that yes yes so that's definitely what we're trying to do we're working really well with the Nigerian kind of society um the teaching hospitals across the country are really really invested in this we have um in in working together in developing what we have because we have the same vision we want to change um the healthcare delivery in Nigeria we want to make things better for our people I have a master's degree in public health because when I left here that was my focus like how do we improve the health of the public you know global health um and so this is part of the idea like getting people individually as a community as a system all together improving our health I think a lot needs to be done like uh Dr. Merrill said on working on the people to get to know the signs the symptoms how to prevent it and all that like I was joking um earlier on that it's like you need to go back to school and all but at this point let's assess the success story of this program that you're doing you've been here maybe not in Nigeria but you've been around for 10 years how would you um evaluate your success but um for that let's be partial let's come to Nigeria how would you evaluate your success your level of success in Nigeria I think um the the word that was used to to describe the program at the the ongoing Nigerian cardiac society meeting has been that it's it's been very impactful it's been very impactful um when we first started um the the cardiology trainees in the country the senior registrars did not really have um access to training in interventional cardiology in arrhythmia electrophysiology and in advanced imaging so so these are uh subspecialties within the field of cardiology that that the the training was um a little um deficient so so what we did was to work with the people here with the professors in the teaching hospitals and medical schools here to to develop a curriculum that has filled that gap and and so since we started what we have now is that there are several um Nigerian trained cardiologists who are able to do these procedures uh in different parts of of the country and so we've we've helped to start an interventional cardiology program at Lasut here in Lagos we've we've helped to start one at Cardio Care which is a private hospital in in Abuja that serves the north and we've also helped to support a program in Port Harcourt and a program in in Enugu so so i think it's really made an impact for a lot of the the young cardiologists and we can say that a lot of the people who are completing their training in Nigeria now are quite conversant with a lot of the procedures that are done all over the world and we've we've kind of demystified the field for them now a lot of patients also benefit from the training program just because we have you know consumables and devices that are donated so they can get these procedures at a heavily subsidized costs which otherwise um you know they might not be be able to afford so so while we are focused on education and training it also ends up being a charitable mission that that a lot of patients benefit from and then at the same time we work with the Nigerian cardiac society to to develop public awareness campaigns education and advocacy for the field of cardiovascular health i i see the level of success with the professionals has been great because like you said impactful but we need these impactful to also translate to what the ordinary man on the street will will also see about the kind of information they have about this so if you were to advise maybe media houses or NGOs and all that because a lot of people might be interested in making sure that their people are healthy they just want to carry out that information to the people what do you think this kind of people media houses NGOs those people involved in advocacy can do to make sure that this message gets to the grass through more okay great question thank you very much so addressing media houses and addressing you all stakeholders yeah i think it's uh it's important to to get the message out there now and getting the message out there involves bringing specialists like what you're doing right now to communicate the importance of preventive care which we don't really have as a culture you know that idea of okay look i want to get my baseline blood pressure measurement i want to get and then know that and keep an eye on it so i get a blood pressure cuff and i want to keep that at home i want to get know what my blood sugar looks like i can get blood i could actually wear one of these watches people carry phones around now that are expensive and they get watches that monitors my heart rates and all that and then actually gets me so much information about my health but having a vermin of anywhere we could communicate from platforms like this to everybody and say look um it's i know you have stress i know there are stressors in life and those stressors increase your risk of high blood pressure diabetes having a stroke shorting your life expectancy reduces the medium life expensive in Nigeria to be barely 50 whereas in other parts of the world it's 80 something so why is that happening why is there a 30 year difference in life expectancy there is a role that the community medical community has to play there's a role that the government has to play but like you mentioned media houses communication sectors should communicate this to everybody so that way when you're in your house and you're tuning the tv and yes you hear about things happening but you also want to say look no matter what happens in the world right now in the country right now what's most important to my kids is that i'm here to take care of them you know so that's what happened that's why that's that's how we need to process it we need to process it looking like look i have these children i'm stressing out to take care of them but to do that i need to take care of me which means i need to take care of my blood pressure which means i need to take my medications which means i need to eat healthy which means i need to drink more water which means i need to do all that and then we pass that out from this kind of platform so everybody on the streets hears that and everybody in the street starts thinking about that and now says okay look i need to periodically once a year go to a doctor and then do a checkup and then not just do it once and wait for but do it periodically so you know what exactly you have to work on and then keep working on that and then if that becomes our mantra if that becomes what we do on the street or become more health conscious and become more health aware that eventually affects our community that affects our useful life i mean think about this most people go to university and they finish university and then you know in their 20s okay and then they don't in their 20s and then how much time do you have of useful life if you're going to die your baby by 50 you know so how much useful life is that what happens to the next generation they haven't even had enough time to you know get that support grandparents actually help a lot in raising kids you know and then if they if they're successful and they still have income coming in because they have a good health that financially affects the community and then the next generation so yes we're talking wealth like you said health is wealth that's the definition of health is world right we being alive to live longer and then are having children and having grandkids and being able to contribute to them because you're healthy and you're not you know lying in a bed somewhere we're able to communicate and then help that next generation so i think that's the philosophical change that we as communicators need to pass across to everybody like let's change the way we think about our health when we talk next to generation let me just as a final question what are your hopes for the future regarding this program and the kind of intervention you do in in the various countries that you go to you must have learned lessons in the course of 10 years how do you intend to improve on this and make sure you even succeed more it's more impactful that let me use your word so just talk about before we wrap up yes i i think the the most important person the most important lesson i have learned is that collaboration is is going to be it's important for success so so it will improving the health care of our citizens and improving the health care delivery system will require collaboration from the health care collaboration between the health care providers the policy makers and and the citizens will continue with education will continue with training will will continue with helping to bring in supplies and buying equipment and we'll all learn from each other ultimately lifestyle changes that the patients make will probably have the greatest impact you know and just because of our resource limitations it's still going to be important to develop a heart healthy lifestyle avoid cigarette smoking that's probably the single most important thing that people can do to prevent heart disease lose weight if you are overweight try to exercise regularly develop a system for managing stress it's a very stressful environment control high blood pressure control diabetes control high cholesterol from our own point of view we will build a stronger relationships with the Nigerian cardiac society with the local medical schools and teaching hospitals and then we'll continue to work in building up the capacity here but ultimately the the policy makers have to develop an effective health care financing mechanism because if we don't have that and patients are unable to access care and the doctors the younger doctors are not satisfied they will continue to emigrate thank god you didn't say stop eating a bar but it healthy okay ladies and gentlemen um i do hope that you were there when while we're doing this and we've been talking with dr. shei and also dr. obinaya thank you so much gentlemen for coming on the program this morning thank you thank you very much for having us we've enjoyed it okay so tomorrow we shouldn't see somebody just slumming and what we know that we have to do is learn more about the signs and symptoms how to prevent these cardiovascular mishaps that we find every day it's not everything that you blame on village people sometimes you have to take the responsibility yourself so as we thank the gentlemen and as we try to wrap up we're going to just drop this quote for you and you have to see failure as the beginning and the middle but never entertain it as an end that is according to jessica herrin founder and CEO of stella and dot well this is how we wrap it up on the show this morning let's do it again tomorrow on behalf of the entire team of the breakfast here on plus tv my name is nyam gul agadji have a wonderful day


Ray Allen has been in the league, I don't know, 14-15 years. He's a multi-time All-Star. He has an NBA championship ring. And recently, he became the all-time three-point leader in the NBA. Even though he's been in the league for 15 years, still to this day, Ray Allen gets to the arena three hours before tip-off. He gets to the arena to go through a structured workout slash shooting routine that gets him prepared to play. And this is somebody that has already made it. And these are now going to be rhetorical questions, but how many of you do something to the equivalent of that? How many of you do something as far as a preparation standpoint to the equivalent of that? Some of you may, and that's great. But I'm talking about someone that's already made it. He's a millionaire. He's an NBA champion. He's an All-Star. He's three-pointed. He's already accomplished just about everything you can accomplish, yet he still does that. He says, that's how I wanted to pat my game. And I'm just so happy for him because this is one of the best guys.


When all is said and done The narcissist fears you will realize this You've had enough of the narcissist You're sick and tired of their arguments You're unhappy with the situation and you wanted to stop So now you're ready to stand up for yourself You're ready to defend yourself against their attack and this is something that the narcissist greatly fears Because they invested so much time and energy into keeping you under their control When a narcissist comes around someone who is positive in attitude and full of energy and new ideas There is something they must do. They are attracted to people who display power and strength They are attracted to people who have the ability to direct and influence people's behavior at the course of events people who display positivity People who are full of life and energy This is what attracts them to you.  They will always be resistant There will always be a lack of agreement or a difference of opinion They will always be opposed to whatever you are trying to do or whatever you believe in Everything that makes you who you are They will become oppositional to everything you stand for Everything you're about Which causes you to lose control of yourself It causes you to collapse in emotion and lose willpower They become perversely inclined to disagree Or do the opposite of what is expected or desired They become oppositional to everything you stand for Everything you're confident in Because then it makes you doubt yourself It makes you feel insecure And a person who feels insecure Is going to be looking for some type of certainty They're going to be looking for confidence in something And that's when the narcissist comes along with all of their answers They have to do this Because it gives them the ability to control you They want you to lose confidence in your own worth and abilities And it's like they just know how to affect you They know how to get to you By targeting the things that you are confident in Things that you do feel strongly about Whatever you feel most confident about Is where they have to strike first Because that's going to be the greatest opposition To them having control over you The narcissist cannot break you down when you feel confident in yourself When you stand strong in the firm belief of who you are It's difficult for them to control someone like that They can't control someone who has control over themselves Which is why they have to go around And try to cause your idea or account to seem false or unreliable They have to try to harm your good reputation They have to try to get you to doubt yourself You might have a certain way of doing something Or maybe you value a certain belief or principle But they always have to be in opposition to you Even if it's something like a sports team They always have to like the opposite to you They can never agree with you They can never share the same opinion about something But when it comes to things you don't really care about They will compliment you on them in a way that seems friendly But it always betrays a feeling of superiority As though they are looking down on you They will only support you in things that you're not really interested in So that it creates a person who is contrary to what is usually expected or logical It creates a person who is out of order or reversed Because then you lack confidence in everything that makes you who you are It just makes you wonder why did they even target you in the first place If they dislike everything about you Why did they even come around you And that's how you know that they are trying to trick you They are trying to pressurize you into adopting radically different beliefs By using systematic and often forceful means So that they can make you their next source of supply They are trying to indoctrinate you They are teaching you to accept they set of beliefs uncritically They want to keep you in a state where you are still able to supply them with everything they need While thinking you're not good enough Because it just keeps you wanting to do more Instead of looking at them and realizing they're not bringing anything to the table Because even if you do try to confront them on what they're trying to do to you They will deny it or minimize it Or they will bring up something about you Whatever it takes to divert your attention Whatever it takes to take the heat off of them So that you can't continue with the course of direction Of telling them what you don't approve of Because they don't like it when you display intelligence They don't like it when you express your thoughts and ideas It has a strong emotional effect on them Because they lack the power to perform physically demanding tasks They have little physical strength and energy And the more positive, powerful and intelligent you are It intimidates them It makes them feel inferior to you It makes them feel like they are beneath you They just want to receive this amazing person Without expressing their respect and gratitude towards you Without appreciating everything that you are Because if they do that You're going to realize that they don't have anything to offer you They're lacking the power to perform physically demanding tasks They don't have any strength or positive energy of their own You would realize that you're giving all of your power to them Which is why they have to reduce the emphasis on your importance, value and strength They have to act as though it isn't very important Because they're jealous They can't stand to see your achievements, possessions or perceived advantages They hate it They love power They love the idea of having the ability to influence or direct people's behavior At the course of events But they don't like the idea of you using your power on them Because you would just completely destroy them And that is why they have to cause you to lose control of your emotions They have to cause you to lose your ability to function efficiently They have to cause you to lose willpower They have to tame you They have to domesticate you They have to make you less powerful and easier to control They have to keep you in a stable condition Where you are unable to carry out accomplish or fulfill an action task or function To prevent you from existing in your power To prevent you from existing in everything that you have worked so hard to achieve They don't want you to do that Because then you would be in the position of authority And they want to have authority over you Because that is how they are going to keep you as their source of supply The narcissist doesn't want you to be able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions They don't want you to bounce back They don't want you to exist in your power They don't want you to use reasonable thinking or good judgment They hate it when you do that They hate it when you have the power or right to give orders, make decisions and enforce obedience They hate any kind of authority They hate anything that has power over them They see it as a threat They see it as something that might cause danger or harm Which is why when you've had enough of the narcissist When you finally stand up for yourself They will fall back in fear They will disappear You will probably never see them again Because they realize that you have realized your own power Which is what they try to take from you They try to keep you as their puppet They try to keep you asleep But when you wake up and you see them for what they really are When you realize that they don't even have any power And that they just use tactics and tricks To make you think you're less than who you really are They fall back They disappear Because all they've got Is brainwashing techniques To make you feel like you're not as good as you really are To keep you under their spell When you know all of the work you put in To become the person you are today You know everything you did to become this positive energetic person And they know it But they cannot give you the praise and compliments that you deserve Because if they did that It would give you the authority It would give you the power And that wouldn't be good for them Because they don't have anything to bring to the table They lack the power to perform physically demanded tasks And there would be no reason for you to keep them around When you know that they don't have anything to offer you They're not about anything for real And that is why they have to break you down to their level To make you think you're equal to them But you're not equal to them You are so much greater than them And they are fully aware of this Which is why they try to break you down Which is why they're always in opposition to you But this is the game they play It's something they engage in for amusement and fun And what makes it so fun Is the fact that you don't even realize just how great you are You don't even realize your own worth You don't even realize your own worth You don't realize how you deserve to be treated Which lets them get away with everything they're doing to you And that is what makes it so fun for them To take this powerful person who is so full of life and energy Which is everything they want to be And bring that person down to their level It makes them feel like you're equal You're on the same level And in their minds that's level in the playing field That's making the situation fair for everyone involved In their minds that's justice Because you had all of this power and perceived advantages Which they wanted to make full use of and right benefit from But they didn't want you to use that on them Which is why they had to make you doubt yourself They had to make you think you're not as great as you actually are So that they were able to control you And use everything that you had to offer for themselves While making you think you don't have anything to offer And while they're not giving anything to you They don't have anything to bring to the table Which is why they come around you In their minds they are the table But they don't want you to know the worth of what you're giving to them Because they want to have power over you And they do this with the identification of long term aims and interests And the means of achieving them Everything they do is designed and planned to serve a particular purpose It's done according to systematic and established procedure They are deliberately resistant from praising or complimenting you They are trying to reduce emphasis on your importance, value and strength They are trying to make you doubt yourself And they will even compare you to other people Instead of just giving you the praise that you deserve They can only give you their negativity They can only give you criticism or pessimism about something They can only focus on the absence Rather than the presence of your distinguishing features Because they feel like they are lacking the quality or quantity required They feel like they are insufficient for a purpose They feel like they are unable to deal with a situation with life They feel inferior to you Which compels them to want to bring you down to their level They can't just let you be who you are They can't just let you exist at the level where you are at They can't let things be natural or organic They've got to have an effect in it Because they feel overpowered by it They feel like it reduces their power or strength So they cannot allow you to be the person that you are When if someone has worked hard to be the person you see today You should show approval or praise You should allow them to feel pride and satisfaction For what they have achieved Instead of trying to take it away from them You don't need to tear someone down for feeling inferior to them But narcissists will tear you down They have to bring you down to their level So that they can keep you as their source of supply Don't depend on the narcissist's validation They're never going to genuinely acknowledge your worth Because whenever they're around you They don't see any value in themselves They feel inferior to you You need to validate yourself And realise that you are great You are special You deserve to be who you are today You deserve to have what you want Because you endured the trials and tribulations You worked hard to become the person that you are today So you deserve the benefits and advantages I come along with that You need to realise your worth You need to remember everything you did to become who you are Don't let the narcissist bring you down They will always try to divert your attention From everything that you have achieved or obtained They will always try to make you depart from your established course Because they're envious and jealous They feel resentment of you And your achievements, possessions and perceived advantages So they will only ever be oppositional to you And people like that are not going to be any good to you They're only going to cause problems for you It's like having two people rowing a boat in opposite directions It's not going to go anywhere Unless they both row in the same direction Unless they're on the same path on purpose And the narcissist will never be on the same course as you Because they don't want to see your success They have to make you doubt yourself They have to make you lose confidence in yourself So that they are more able to control you And keep you as their source of supply And that is why it is not good for you to be around these types of people They're never going to support you in anything They're only going to harm your good reputation They have a hidden agenda They can make it seem like they have your best interest in mind They can make it seem like they're doing the right thing And that's why they want to have the control over you But everything they're doing is in their interest They're only doing what serves them To keep you asleep And to keep you doubting yourself So that they can keep you down at their level But when you wake up And you realise what they're trying to do to you You can finally rise up and be free Thank you for watching I hope this video wears in with you Please like, comment, share and subscribe Click the bell icon to receive notifications For my future videos Check out the new Narc Survival website At www.narcsurvival.uk Where you can read my blog posts, book coaching sessions And join a support forum I would like to donate My paypal link is in the video description Coaching inquiries You can email me at coaching.narcsurvival.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


So, we now have the numbers, I have brought them here, so just take a look at this number, so what we have is suppose we are using a 802.11b system which is 11 Mbps, so that implies that approximately in 1 microsecond you are going to transfer 11 bits, and we are using a G711 voice codec which samples at the rate of 64 kbps every 20 milliseconds, so now 64 kbps every 20 milliseconds translates to 160 bytes per packet, so what this basically means is that the voice codec is going to generate a 160 byte packet every 20 milliseconds in order to establish the voice call. And now, so in 1 second how many such packets are going to be generated, 50 packets in each direction, so there are going to be 50 packets in going from the client to the other end and 50 packets coming in the reverse direction as well, so this is the total number of packets that have to be fitted in in 1 second of the 11 Mbps channel, so I have also found out the numbers for the various headers, RTP header is 12 bytes, UDP header is 8 bytes, IP header is 20 bytes, MAC header is 34 bytes, PHY header is typically not calculated in bytes, but in microseconds, so the PHY header for 11 Mbps is 96 microseconds, the act size is 14 bytes. So, now we need to calculate how many calls can be supported, so the way you want to do this is you want to find out how much how many bits does one call correspond to, so try to go back and forth between bits and microseconds because SFS time is 20 microseconds, 20 microseconds again now corresponds to certain number of bits, so if you keep going back and forth you will be able to find out. So, you have a void packet which is coming in, it is going to wait for DIFS amount of time, then there may be a back off, then the data has to go, ignoring RTSCTS overhead, if we add the RTSCTS it is going to become worse, but generally for voice you will not do RTSCTS because you are never going to do retransmission on this, so ignoring the RTSCTS, so you will have the data that it goes out again another SFS, then an act that has to come. So, then we will see how big does that packet become and how many such things can fit in a 11 Mbps system, so let us go stepwise, I have actually lost the sheet on which I had the answers, so just to be alert to see if I am making any errors here. So, first you want to see the number of bits per void packet. So, we want to find out what is the total, what is the number of bits that go for each void packet, how much is that, that will be DIFS plus back off, because you are always going to have packets in the queue. So, you cannot assume that there is no back off, like we were talking before lunch that the access point is always going to have to do some back off, DIFS plus back off plus data plus SIFS plus AC, this is what is going to be the number of bits, now DIFS is 50 microseconds plus back off you will have to now assume a certain number of slots. So, the total value that we come to depends upon what is the value of back off that we are going to assume. So, let us say we are assuming a back off value of 7, is that okay? 7 sounds reasonable, so 7 has the back off value, 7 into 20, slot time is 20 microseconds, so 7 into 20 microseconds. So, this is in microseconds, so just we have to be a bit careful since we are going back and forth between bits and seconds, so what is the data now? Data was we had 1 to 8 0 bits per packet, so we had 1 to 8 0 bits plus SIFS was 10 microseconds plus AC is 112 bits, so now if we convert this thing entirely into bits what we will get is for how much is 1 microsecond, 1 microsecond kind of corresponds to 11 bits, so this will be 550 bits plus 1, what is this 140 into 11 correct, 1 5 4 0, okay, plus 1 2 8 0 plus headers right, how much is that 1 2 8 0 plus 592 1 0 5 6 right plus 10 right 110 plus 112 correct, so this turns out to be 6 5 2 0, now how many such packets have to fit in a second? Yeah, number of wipe packets, number of wipe packets per second is 50 into 2 right, 50 into 2 packets is what we are going to be having per second which is 100 packets okay, so correct per second per call, so what does that mean? That means number of bits per wipe call 6 5 2 0 0 0, so this is 0.65 megabits right, so what is the number of calls that we can do okay, in a 11 Mbps system you have 11 megabits is what you have, each guy is going to occupy 0.65 correct, so what does this turn out to be roughly around 18 okay, so what is the key here? How can this increase? This can increase if this slots that we are assuming for the back off increases correct, if you are going to assume one slot back off then you can have higher number of calls but that is not a realistic assumption, typically you have to assume some average, we have a large number of calls in your system, you have to take some average and if you are taking a window of 0 to 15 then 7 would be about the average number of slots that you have to back off, so this is what you get for a 11 Mbps system okay, so if it is a 54 Mbps system automatically this number changes right and if it is a 822.11e system then this number changes but most of the other numbers are going to remain the same okay, if you are using a different codec then again the data number of bits that you have for the data is going to change, so basically 1208 0 bits is useful data and what we are actually being forced to spend is 6520 bits that is the real killer in your Wi-Fi system okay, so what are the things that we have not taken into account here, so if you had a way of compressing all these headers and making it very efficient then you could decrease it but if you keep on doing it then you will reach a GSM like system where you will give a identification number, you will give a connection ID, so when we talk about Ymax later on today we will find that we do away with all these headers okay, because Ymax is was invented after people learnt about 822.11e and all that okay, so Ymax is that okay let me not have all these headers, let me have a connection identifier, the moment I have a connection identifier I just use the connection identifier in my MAC header itself straight away okay, so all these RTP headers UDP headers can be gotten rid of, so that is the summary of 822.11 which is kind of the most important standard or technology to be studied since the past few years and for the next few years okay, so now let us go on to other topics okay, is everybody woken up alright, so let us go on to other topics where we talk about how does the routing happen, now that there is mobility we want to now try to figure out how to do routing okay, so the key motivation is that the traditional routing is based on IP addresses okay, but that is not useful for me because if I want to change IP address each time a mobile node moves from here to there I do not want to go through the trouble of having to change the IP address every time right, things are going to break and so on, so that is not a good solution basically that is what this slide is summarizing okay, so what other ways are there in which I could attempt, so one attempt is you know I could change entries in the routing table, in the router itself I can say that okay such and such IP address which was here as part of your subnet has now moved into another router subnet right, I could change routing table entries that again is not a good solution because it will not scale right, I have to keep going into the router and keeping on changing the number of entries okay, so our requirement now is that we want a solution which retains the same IP address as far as the host is concerned okay and it has to be able to work in a transparent manner okay, so this is, so the problem is like this, I have a source which is sending data through a router to a mobile node okay, now the mobile node is going to move to another network and I want this communication to continue okay, so that is the requirement, how do we solve this, yeah I have to redirect but let's do it step by step, if we jump ahead then we will skip some steps and our solution won't work okay, so what is the first thing that I need okay, so let me just click one more time, this is basically what we want to show happening right, we have a mobile node which moves from one network into the other network and we want to make such a thing happen okay, so what are the key things that we need in our solution, so again let's ask questions okay okay, how does mobile node right, mobile node IP, mobile IP uses MN as the terminology, how does mobile node get access in the new network, this is the first question that you want to ask okay, let's not try to answer any questions, let's list down the questions first, what is the next question you want to ask, let's say we figure this out, then so the second question that you want to ask is how does mobile node inform the old network okay, which is called its home of its new location, then third question is how do I forward the packets okay, how do the networks and the mobile node forward the packets in each direction, once you ask the correct question the answer is obvious right, so you ask the questions now, are there any more questions to ask, these are the three main ones that we need to ask okay, now let's figure out the answers, how does the mobile node get access in the new network, so basically in order to get access, so if you break this down into further steps, how does it get access to the new network is basically how does it know, what we are saying is how does mobile node know about what is called the foreign agent okay, foreign agent is the router which is going to help it to do all these things correct, how does the mobile node know about the foreign agent that guy has to do some advertisement, so the first step is any router which is mobile IP capable has to keep sending out advertisements, it's just like Beacons that we talked about in JSM right, it has to keep sending out advertisements saying that I am a mobile IP capable router, then it has to do what is called registration okay, so the next question is how does the mobile node talk to the foreign agent, I have heard about the foreign agent as through the advertisement, I have heard about the foreign agent through the advertisement and now I need to figure out how to talk to the foreign agent okay, so in that case I am going to be able to I am going to have to send some packet to the foreign agent in order to get access okay, then what happens, the next question is how does it get, how does it inform its home network about the new location correct, there has to be a link between the, so this is again called registration, so I am going to do a registration through the foreign agent with home agent through the foreign agent, so what will I inform now, I am going to say that I was such and such IP address registered in the home network, now I have moved to this foreign network and this is the new IP address which has been assigned to me correct, that's basically what I am going to say as my registration message and then how do the networks forward packets in each direction, this is a process called tunneling okay, sometimes there are two L's in it, sometimes there is one L in it depending on which system you are following right, what is tunneling basically, yeah, it's encapsulation, it's like taking a envelope, putting it into another envelope and putting it back out into the postal system okay, so you write a different address on the envelope but primarily you are using the same system, same postal mechanism you are using, you take one envelope, you received it, you took a new one, put this into that, write a new address and send it out into the same system, once it reaches the other end, you remove the first envelope to get back the original envelope okay, so the question is that why is it the reverse of what happens in boot P where the responsibility is that of the person who comes into the network to look for a somebody who is going to assign a dynamic address right, so actually mobile IP has a lot of variants, so I am just trying to do one basic variant here, there is a variant of mobile IP in which the router will not send out the advertisement but it is the responsibility of the mobile node which upon getting into a new network has to send a query okay, so it will send a query into the network saying is there a mobile IP enabled router here and then the router has to reply to that, so there are like umpteen variations of mobile IP, so what I am trying to get across here is that it's all very straightforward if you know what are the steps that we need to follow okay, so if you look at the terminology you have mobile node and you have a home agent correct, mobile node is a node that moves across networks, home agent is the host in the home network typically router it registers the location of the mobile node tunnels packets to the care of agent, care of agent is also the foreign agent okay, foreign agent is the host in the foreign network, forwards the tunnel packets to the mobile node, care of address is the current address of the mobile node okay, let us look at a figure, so this is basically what is happening okay, so CN stands for correspondent node, CN is going to send data to the mobile node, does the correspondent node need to know that this guy has moved and all? No right, the correspondent node does not need to know that he has moved, so he sends data to the original network itself, this home agent captures this packet puts it in another envelope which is this red thing that you see here okay, puts it in another envelope tunnels that packet to the foreign agent, now the foreign agent is going to remove the encapsulation and get back the original packet which is then sent on to the mobile node okay, so it's a very straightforward system if we look at it at this abstract level, we go down one more level deeper then we will start seeing some intricacies okay, so sender sends to the IP address of the mobile node, the home agent intercepts the packet, home agent tunnels the packet to the care of agent okay, in this case the care of agent is the foreign agent and then the foreign agent forwards the packet to the mobile node okay, who is doing proxy ARP? What is proxy ARP? See now if we start asking some more deeper questions here then we will find all the answers right, so what is what I what do I need to know? Suppose somebody is trying to connect to this mobile node for the first time okay, think of what happens in this network okay, now there may be a node in this network which is also trying to connect to your same mobile node okay, what happens to that guy right, so think of it like this, there is a node here, there is another node here, this guy is trying to connect to that guy right, one node is trying to connect to the other node, it doesn't know that the other node has moved away okay, so what is the first step that this node is going to take? It's going to send a R request to get the MAC ID correct, so it's going to make an R request to get the MAC ID as a result of which but that IP address is not there and this network anymore right, so the home agent has to keep track of all the fellows who have gone out and it has to give its own MAC address as the corresponding IP address that is what is called proxy ARP okay, so the home agent has to fool other people in the network as though it is the mobile node, it has to give the proxy ARP reply to the mobile node that thereby capturing the packets and then it will tunnel the packets correct okay, what else, so how does data transfer happen from the mobile node is that the mobile node can now send the packet directly to the corresponding node, so this is the basic operation first you have an agent advertisement, so I am just going to do the simple part and then I will ask a question okay, so first you have the agent advertisement where the home agent, foreign agents periodically send advertisement messages into their physical subnets right, mobile node listens to these messages and detects if it is in the home or the foreign network correct, then the mobile node reads a care of address, what is the care of address, it is a temporary IP address okay, it is a temporary IP address which you are given in the new network, so it reads the care of address from the foreign agent advertisement message okay, then the mobile node registers, it sends the care of address to the home agent, home agent does an acknowledgement okay, okay let us not worry about security at this point and then you have the home agent advertises the IP address and it does a proxy, finally the home agent tunnels the packets to the mobile node okay, so that is the question, that is the next question that you have to ask right, so suppose the firewalls are going to permit only topologically correct addresses, then what do I do okay, then I have to send it back to the home agent and let the home agent send it to the correspondent node okay, then there are other optimizations which are called triangular routing, you know informing the correspondent node and all that okay, so let us do an example like this, now suppose there are two mobile nodes okay, let us say two mobile hosts mh1 and mh2 okay and therefore home agents okay, HA1 and HA2 okay, let us say this is given, we have two networks, two mobile nodes and they are home agents okay, so now mh1 is in its home network, mh2 is in a foreign network, now suppose mh1 initiates data transfer with mh2, what is the path of the packets okay, just talk to each other, make each other up and just try to determine this answer, mh2 being in a foreign network does not necessarily mean it is in HA1, it could be in any network okay, let us see if we can get this okay, so what do you have, you have network 1 okay, this is network 1, let us say this is mobile host mh1 and then let us say there is HA1 in my network 1 okay, let us say this network is connected to okay network 2 where you have HA2 correct and let us say this guy has moved off to a third network okay and here is where the mh2 has moved correct, mh1 is in a, in its home network with HA1 right and mh2 has moved into a foreign network, so let us say this guy is called FA2 okay, let us not complicate things by making the same HA and FA okay, so this is called FA2 right, so FA2 may turn out to be the same as HA1 it does not matter okay, so we can consider them as different as far as we are concerned okay, so what is the path of the packets, so mh1 what are we doing mh1 is initiating the data transfer right, so mh1 will it go to HA1 or not, depends if HA1 is the router then it will go to HA1, if HA1 is not the router then it need not go to HA1 right, it has to go through the router for that network okay, so if HA1 is the router it will go to HA1 right and then it will go to HA2 okay, HA2 is going to tunnel it, tunnel it to FA2 right, is that making sense, FA2 will decapsulate it and send it on to mh2 okay, so this is tunnel and this is decapsulation, so HA2 will do the encapsulation and FA2 will do the decapsulation okay, is that fine fairly straightforward action that is happening okay, so question is how often should mobile node keep on updating the home network about its changing position, whenever it changes the same thing happens right, it is always a tradeoff you have to play the tradeoff, so two options are there I can update it every time I move to a new network or I can leave what is called the forwarding pointer right, I do not update the new network suppose I move from FA2 to let us say another FA3 instead of updating the home network I can just leave a forwarding pointer and let the packets come chasing behind me okay, that is a possibility but typically what will happen in a typical mobile IP implementation is that this registration has a lifetime, see when you are updating the home network that is called registration, so there is a registration lifetime associated with it, so before the expiry of the registration lifetime a new registration request has to come that is the basic principle okay, so what is the kind of information the home agent is maintaining can we try to draw okay, so let us say mobile MH1 has an IP address okay, so let us try to do this with IP address let us say this is 10, 129, 1.1 okay and let us say this guy was this guy is 10, 105.2 okay, this was MH2's original IP address okay and this network is 10 let us say 10.8 dot it is a 10.8 network okay, so what will happen now, so the MH2's original IP address is <IP_ADDRESS> correct, now when it arrives in a 10.8 network this foreign agent has got to do a mapping or it has to assign an IP address to the mobile host okay, so this guy will assign an IP address like of the form <IP_ADDRESS> something right, so this is my IP address this is what is your care of address okay, so often the foreign agent will just assign its own IP address as a care of address it does not matter because it is going to do the decapsulation okay, so what is the table the foreign agent is maintaining foreign agent has to maintain this table saying for a visitor called <IP_ADDRESS> I have assigned the IP address <IP_ADDRESS> correct, so there is a table which is to be maintained by the foreign agent, now once the MH2 is doing the registration with the home agent the home agent is also going to maintain a similar table right, with the entries reversed it is going to say that actually the same entries <IP_ADDRESS> is going to map it to <IP_ADDRESS> okay, so now what is going to happen when I am doing the encapsulation, so the packet that I am getting this is the source IP right and this is the destination IP okay in the packet that I am receiving the source IP is that of MH1 the destination IP is that of MH2 original IP address of MH2 correct, so the first thing that the home agent is going to do is it is going to look up this table it is going to see that this node has moved to this area new IP address, so it is going to create another packet, so what is going to be the IP address that goes across the tunnel it is going to be the home agent as the source and the foreign agent as the destination okay, so the home agent at the as the source and the foreign agent as the destination, so that is how the tunnel is going to happen and then at the foreign agent it is again going to look it up saying that okay I have received a packet for this guy <IP_ADDRESS> and that actually maps to <IP_ADDRESS> and it will just deliver it to the mobile host, so okay in this case I have not given it a proper router looking address okay 13.1 if we give okay it would be a routers address, the care of address could be a routers address and the router can just keep a mapping at the socket level right it can just say that you know this address on this port number I am giving it to that particular machine okay so that is possible okay let us do one more step of this exercise before we go on to the next topic, so the next question is okay what is the path taken by MH1 now moves to a foreign network okay what happens when MH1 now moves to a foreign network okay, so this is the data transfer that is going on now MH1 also moves to some other foreign network okay let us see how that works you had MH1 HA1 right this was connected through HA2 okay and this guy had moved off to FA2 and you had MH2 right now we are saying that MH2 MH1 is moving off to some other network with FA1 okay so let us say this guy has moved off to a new network here okay so what is the path that it will take to go from MH1 to FA1 to HA1 or HA2 okay so let me just leave it as HA1 or HA2 here okay that we need to figure that out and then once it reaches HA2 things are straightforward right HA2 to FA2 to MH2 correct so now the question is does it go to HA1 or does it go to HA2 why okay let us say it goes to HA1 okay in what case will it go to HA1 if it is a router then correct so if it is a router see what happens is now this guy has got a new address here right so if the so if there is a firewall let us say you know where would I draw a firewall now okay so let us say here we have a firewall after this FA1 okay this says that okay I need to send I cannot have any arbitrary looking address that comes out of here okay so this has a what was the address that we gave to that guy <IP_ADDRESS> okay so let us say so this has a <IP_ADDRESS> okay this is its original address and here under the foreign network let us say it gets some other IP address <IP_ADDRESS> okay so suppose this foreign network has a firewall here which says that only 10.5 packets can go out okay what is this 10.129 packet doing here and it drops the packet then you cannot go directly to HA2 okay so then what you have to do is you have to do a tunnel here you have to tunnel from FA1 to FA2 to HA1 okay and then HA1 will have to decapsulate it and forward it forward it on to HA2 is it making sense what I am saying if on the other hand you do not have a firewall here then you can just let this packet go directly to HA2 see remember the important thing is the socket is already established the socket is already established between 10.129 and <IP_ADDRESS> right so this is <IP_ADDRESS> okay so if either of these machines at the socket level see any other IP address they are going to break the connection the connection is going to break right so neither MH1 nor MH2 should really see at the IP level below IP you have to be able to do that below the socket level so below TCP or below UDP before you have the socket that is where you have to ensure that this is the IP address that the node has got right so if you send a packet with <IP_ADDRESS> going out of a 10.5 network sometimes the firewall will be configured to say that this is an invalid packet okay so it may drop the packet so in which case what you have to do is you have to take a 10.5.5 address as your source and send the packet so that it goes out of the firewall is that being sense now if I send it directly with a 10.5.5 address to this guy this chap is going to get confused who is this new guy who's talking to me right so that's why I may sometimes have to send the packet home and send it from the home so that the other node does not get confused as to where the packet is coming from all right any other questions on mobile IP now there are a lot of intricacies on you know how the advertisement happens how the registration happens what we do in case of security and all that so I am just going to happily skip all of it okay the internet provided using mobile IP now no okay mobile IP is used in very specific instances when you have let's say a building combined with wireless it is sometimes used no when you have a building in which wireless is deployed you know I start a download on my laptop I carry it from here I go to some other place okay so at that time the packets have to be forwarded to me so sometimes you can use it for that otherwise you know you never use it on an internet scale see whenever you are going to shut down your machine and restart it you don't need mobile IP because you can re-establish all your sockets it's only when there is any ongoing so okay communication that you need something like mobile IP okay as far as hardware configuration is concerned of a normal router versus a mobile IP router okay what is the difference the router has to be able to send out advertisements okay so a normal router also sends out router advertisements same router advertisement message if you can add something to it that becomes a mobile IP advertisement okay so very little change is required to the router okay instead of tunneling can I not change the source address so let's see what we are trying to do is we are trying to send this as a tunnel I could change the source address but then again if the home agent is not the same as the router then the router will block it the firewall will block it correct and secondly in order to change the it kind of breaks the encapsulation philosophy right I mean I am going into a packet changing it so it's it's preferred to just put it into another packet so technically yes it is possible but it's not done right okay so we'll take a break before the break let me just tell you what is left okay so what we have left to do is TCP how many of you are familiar with TCP okay few of you okay so we have to do a little bit of how TCP works how TCP works over wireless okay we'll do a little bit of how ad hoc networks work and then Ymax okay so that's kind of what I've planned for the rest of the time okay it's a bit early to take the break but then I'll still let you off okay


Let's take a look at how I troubleshoot non-converting models. So what is my workflow? A model can fail to converge in multiple different ways and it is useful to understand different techniques for troubleshooting. But when you start troubleshooting you have to start with one technique followed by another technique. So which one of these techniques that I've covered here or in this set of errors I would go for first then which ones are the kind of like last resort techniques. It really boils down to two different factors. One is how easy the diagnostic is to implement and the second is how likely the diagnostic is to give me some useful information about a particular problem. We also need to understand that the workflow differs between different contexts and the most important context is this is this something that I've been working on my model or is it perhaps a graduate student who's just starting doing structurally some modeling or some other kind of statistical modeling and comes to me with a model that doesn't work. I do different kinds of models than students and I also do different kinds of errors than students. For example I rarely specify models that are not identified because I've seen so many models that I know in the specification stage that some models can be estimated whereas others can. Someone with less experience might have an identification issue so quite often these problematic models from beginners are actually models that can be estimated because they're not identified and these are my problems tend to be more about data and estimation compared to models and that kind of background information tells me what to take a look at first. Another context is what information is already there is there some kind of warning does the warning relate to identification or does it relate to computational problem and then is there any output if there's output are the standard errors are the estimates so what is already available what is the background of the model these affect the workflow but let's just take a look at the general workflow that I might apply when there is a student that comes to me with a model that doesn't work. The first thing that I would do is to read and understand the warning and there's if I don't haven't seen the warning before I would take a look at my statistical softwares user manual that explains the problem I would put it to Google and see what I find sometimes there are the warning is something that even if someone explains it to me it might be more difficult it might be difficult to understand so there's a trade off do you want to spend a week trying to understand what a warning means or do you want to proceed with the diagnostics this of course depends on your mileage if you have lots of experience then warnings are more useful than if you have very little experience like if you have no idea what Hessian matrix is then a warning like Hessian is not positively definite is not a very useful thing for you to start looking at so the next thing is that I would check the standard errors if there is a missing standard error or standard errors that is very large that is an indication of an identification problem and identification problems are more severe than computational problems because if a model is not identified then it cannot be estimated no matter what or it can be with some qualifications and you really need to understand if you are what are the consequences if you decide to go with the model where some parameters are not identified but others are then I would do eyeballing I would grow a path diagram of the model and eyeball for identification are do all latent variables have scales are there any do all are correlated errors or bi-directional paths do they have proper number of instrumental variables are all factors do they have at least two loadings is it possible that two indicator factors are not identified because of not having sufficiently close association with other factors are all single indicator factors error variances picks to certain values that kind of thing so that that I know must be true for the model to be identified then I would do starting values I would print out the starting values and if there are any very large values or any values that look unreasonable I would adjust them and then just try if that gets the model to work then I would print the Hessian and gradient if the model does not converge if it does the converse then I would print the variance covariance matrix of the estimates to look if two parameter estimates are very highly correlated either positively or negatively and that indicates that there is a potential identification issue concerning those two parameters competing for the same variance or covariance in the data then I would try different optimizer so if an optimizer fails maybe some other optimizer can help this is something that is that often does not help but it is very easy to do so it's in my toolbox then there is the strategy the strategies that require a bit more work so if I can't get the model to work then I would start looking at okay so I have a there is there a simpler model that I can get to work if I have a model with let's say 10 factors I would split it into two or five factor models and then analyze estimate both separately can I get those to work if so then I can get those estimates to be starting values or I can do this model building strategy I might use a five indicators five factors if that works then I add six factor if that works I add seven factor and I try to understand the problem by looking at at which point does the model converge start to fail when I move from simple model to more complex model and finally this requires the most work it is not a lot like rocket science but requires some effort I would do empirical identification checks where I analyze the estimate the model using randomly set starting values and that will tell me which parameters are not identified and which might be identified so this is my workflow of these various tools and I adjust the workflow quite a bit depending on the background of the problem


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