This is a technique I learned from my father when I was about four years old. He said, son, just move the pencil. Actually, he didn't say that, but that's the principle. Just move the pencil around in random shapes, try not to repeat the same patterns again and again, and see if you find something. And then, when you finally find something, just hone in on it and start developing it. Start softly and then go harder and harder as you define the shapes. Eventually, I actually swapped my pencil out for a thicker and softer one for those harder, deeper lines. Then it's all about adding to it with the pencil, taking away with a kneaded eraser and softening with a paper tissue and doing it again and again until you refine the look. Just remember to keep the wild lines in there because you want it rough.


Here's the key, right? Here's the key from more downside. You see the bottom channel here, right? You see the candles low from July the 24th. If it loses that July 24th candle low, there's another 12 points. Welcome to Access a Trader, the number one community for those who are committed to taking control of their trading in order to achieve success, profitability and longevity. Thank you for joining us. Here's Dan Shapiro to help you find your edge, master your process and own your future. Hey, guys. Good evening, everybody. Welcome to another edition of the AccessaTrader.com nightly wrap up show. Hope everybody is doing well. Crazy day.  We'll get to that in a second. If you are brand new to the channel, thank you very much for tuning in. Like, subscribe, share all that good stuff to support the unbiased cause of technical analysis. That's all we do here. We don't guess. We don't forecast. We don't have a bias. We don't love a stock. Hate a stock. We just like channels, right? Whether it's long, short or indifferent. We like channels. So let's talk about today, right? The last time we spoke was on Tuesday. Wednesday, yesterday, I had to do something for my mom. I had to drive into Brooklyn. So I didn't have a chance to draw. I didn't have a chance to record the video. You guys remember yesterday, the day before, the big number was coming out last night was Metta. If you guys remember, they were coming in for the 320s, 325 calls. A buyer came in. Let me just show you guys. A buyer came in right before the close, right before the close, right here. A buyer stepped in with the $600,000 premium of the 327.50 calls. And here are the pivots. Here are the pivots that was yesterday. Again, congratulations for you guys. Not only who had Metta overnight, but for those of you guys who traded after hours, 306, obviously you saw the stock went to 326. 320, so just a big, big move. So everything started spiking today. As you can imagine, what we talked about, the queues reclaiming back 380.50s. You guys remember from Tuesday's video, 380.50s on the queues? So everything started spiking, right? Everything, way over their numbers. And the hardest day you're ever going to ever trade is a day that the market is spiking well outside of their average range to their top of their channel. And that's what we saw with a lot of stocks today. But everything was all good, like really, really all good. And if you see here like the early pivots, the early pivots in the morning, just to give you an idea, I just want to kind of segue to exactly what happened after, right? You have Tesla, you have, excuse me, you had Google, 131.20 needs to build, right? Google absolutely, absolutely exploded, right? Here was Google, absolutely exploded, took out 31.20, went to 33, right? Everything was going one by one. Tesla never got to 273. We'll get to Tesla in a second.  Is this a big move? Stock went about almost 20 cents. Is it a big move on its $4 stock? I don't know.  NVIDIA, big move on NVIDIA, right? Big, big move. Again, they were coming for the 520s, 525s, 466 needs to confirm, reject the twice. So here is the pivot on, here is the whole pivot on, you see this whole 466, right? 466, 466, 466, finally got above 466, went to 473. Just an absolutely huge move there. Riot didn't do anything. It went up like 15 cents before it died. Actually like Maher as a short tomorrow. We'll get the individual names in a second. Letter U, 45.20 needs to build, right? Here was Letter U. So it took out the 45.20, went to 47. So like, wow, everything's just absolutely exploding. Huge moves. One after another. Even AI.  I bought this thing on the 43.20s break, went into the 70s, was ready up like two and change.  And then things started to change, right? Things started to change. You see this guys, right? Let's revert to attention of what happened after. So, so a lot of big moves, right? A lot of really, really big moves. Everything was going well. Close your eyes for a second. I want to make a dramatic effect here. Right? Close your eyes for a second. So everything was good. Right? Everything was good. We're gapping.  The air feels crisper. The food tastes better. You're better looking.  Everything's all right in the world. And then slowly, but surely, you started getting a little bit of news coming out out of Japan. I don't know what the news was. Didn't sound crazy. Didn't sound like it was anything really, really important. The day before the FOMC meeting was a complete dud. That's a good thing. So he's taking this up. All right. You know, a little pullback in the cues, right? A little pullback in the cues. First red bar we've seen the whole day. Right? Not even a big deal. Got stopped here into supply. Not a big deal whatsoever. Not at all. We're about to take out highs. One little dip here, but it's still holding the bottom of the range here. Right? What can go wrong? We're starting to rally again. Right? Held the bottom of the range here really, really nicely. Got rejected at the Bollinger Band. Follow me here. Right? Nothing's going on. Nothing poor is going on. This market is strong. We're definitely gapping up to tomorrow's PCE number. Bear's never learned. Bear's never learned. Bear's never learned. Uh-oh. We're starting to get the bottom of the range here. What's happening here? Nothing. We're going back higher. And the next thing you know, right? Next thing you know, we'd start taking out highs, start taking out highs. Everything is rallying. Everything is all good. And then the world just ends. It's literally the world just ends here. It just absolutely ends. And the craziest part about the market is, and always remember that, you could be prepared 100%. Right? The good part about it is where at least we were in the webinar after, you know, after the morning session, we were pretty much in cash. Like literally we were in cash because there was nothing left to buy. Everything was so over exaggerated to the outside. Then we started, you know, we started seeing, you know, the cues give back to 81, give back to 80. That 80 was a big number we talked about in the last couple of days. Everything was, you know, starting to look heavy. And then next thing you know, the earth, literally the earth just opened up and just swallowed the bull's hole. And at the end result was just an absolute nasty, nasty reversal. You're talking about the cues going from nearly 385 to going to 375 within an hour, hour and a half, just an absolute, just incredible, just absolutely incredible. And in the process, it lost a five day moving average, the 10 day moving average. And now we closed at the bottom of the range here. And when you look at, when you look at tonight, right? You look at tonight and you see the earnings, right? You have Intel, okay? You have Intel gapping up on some pretty good numbers. You got Roku gapping up on some pretty good numbers. You have Ford, right? I think Ford now they're giving back a little bit, a little bit as well. ENPH getting, you know, ENPH getting a little bit hit here. ENPH getting hit here after the close. ENPH it's getting hit here after the close. But the key right now, if you're looking, right, if you're looking at the market tomorrow and you're seeing that the futures tick up a little bit just because of Intel and clock had good numbers also, right? So you see some of the semiconductors, you see some of this semiconductor spiking up the cues. But guys, let me just, let me just put it to you this way. The best way I can say it. Do you guys remember a couple of weeks ago we had a 2%, we had a 2% move down in the cues, right? And the next day the market gapped up. Under no circumstances do you ever buy a gap up after a huge reversal in the cues, especially if they close at the bottom of the range. So tomorrow a lot of people are going to, if the cues gap up tomorrow, there's going to be a lot of people buying this gap again. Listen to the data we have. We sold the gap up 10 point reversal to the highs to the lows within an hour and a half. In the process, we lost a five in the 10 day moving average. If you're buying, if you're buying a gap and go tomorrow, at least in the initial candle, again, nobody knows what's happening towards the end of the day. But if you're buying literally that first candle, you're buying it, there's a good probability you're buying stocks into supply. And if you remember what happened, right, if you guys remember what happened the day after, right, there was a massive reversal and we had an additional two days sell off. So you got to be very, very careful. The big number, right, the big number for tomorrow on the cues is going to be the 20 day moving average, right? You see this 374 level folks, any close, the bulls, again, this is not any interpretation here. This is not room for discussion. If the bulls give up the 20 day moving average, you can see here exactly how many times they held, right? They held the 20 bounce, held the 20 bounce, right? Held the 20 bounce. So we've seen so many evidence that the bulls holding that 20 day moving average.  Okay, there's going to be an absolute problem. And the last thing you want to do is pretend that it's not happening because technical analysis is real, gravity is real. And if we, if the cues lose the 374 level, especially on the close going into, going into next week, there's going to be a different narrative for the weekend update. So again, if you are a permable, just watch out for the level. If you are a permable, watch out for the level.  Everybody loves the bull market. I love the bull market. But again, as they all know, stocks take the what stairs up and the elevator down and that 374 becomes a major line in the sand. So let's continue, right? Let's continue the pivots. So everything is all good. And then things start getting hit, right? So Microsoft, Microsoft got beat up on earnings. They held the 333 level, right? So once we started seeing the market get hit, certain big levels started coming to play. Microsoft 333, if it builds below, can flush. But more important, not only the flush, it can confirm the 50 day moving average. Guys, look at Microsoft, right? Look what happened to Microsoft here. It took out the 333 that was yesterday's low, confirmed the 50 day moving average. And this is the first close underneath the 50 day moving average from Microsoft. If this thing starts confirming the channel all the way back down to the July lows, this thing is going lower. Watch Microsoft for tomorrow. Tesla, what are we going to say about Tesla hasn't been said already? The greatest stock ever. I think I said the word 261 in the webinar today, over the last couple of days, probably 800 times easily 800 times. If you didn't know by now what the pivot was on Tesla, I don't know what you were looking at, but 261 was a major, major deal. So Tesla loses the 261 level, right? And look at this wash, right? Look at this wash, guys. So it loses this whole 261 level, just gets absolutely slammed, closes pretty much at the low of the day. Here's the key, right? Here's the key from more downside. You see the bottom channel here, right? You see the candles low from July the 24th. If it loses that July 24th candle low, there's another 12 points in the trade, right? There's definitely another 12 points in the trade. You have room all the way to the 50-day moving average of 243, 245. Watch Tesla tomorrow, guys. For all you guys who are not short, watch Tesla. This thing starts losing this bottom channel here. This thing can have room to the 50-day moving average. Don't believe a stock can get to the 50-day moving average? Just ask Mr. Softly what happened when it loses 50-day moving average. Very, very important level. Tesla definitely won't watch tomorrow. They started coming for the 250 weeklies expired tomorrow. To 40s, they started rolling in for next week's expiration. So definitely, definitely watch Tesla as well for tomorrow. Coinbase. Congratulations for all you guys who court Coinbase. 95.70 if it builds below can flush. Here was Coinbase, right? It took out the 95.70. Just got absolutely wrecked right into the 20-day moving average of 91.80s. Guys, watch the 20-day tomorrow on Coin. If Coin starts losing the 20-day after today's initial punch to the ribs, if this thing loses the 20-day kind of a mirror image with the NASDAQ 100, this thing could get hit as well. So keep an eye on that as well. So Tesla got hit, Microsoft, everything got hit. But again, you can't watch everything. But boy, oh boy, some phenomenal washes into the clothes. Congratulations for all you guys who are still short, whether they're runners, half size, whatever the case may be, hopefully we'll get an extension of today's action. I don't want to say I messed up Meta. From the outside looking in, it feels like I messed up Meta. I shorted Meta the first time below 318. It only went down 50 cents, right? It went down 50 cents. I didn't obviously take any off. So I got stopped out breakeven and made a cup of coffee on it. And unfortunately, later in the day, when everything got pulled, I wasn't in the trade anymore, which sucks. But here it is. So here is the 318 pivot. And unfortunately, it just, I don't want to say fake me out. It just wasn't ready. But when the cues got pulled, obviously Meta got pulled and damn thing, went only down $7. But it is what it is. Let this be my worst problem. Other than that, that's it. Other than that, that's it. So we're watching tomorrow, we're watching tomorrow Microsoft below today's channel, Tesla below last week's lows. Let me give you guys a couple of more names. Look at Mara, right? Look at Mara. Mara's sitting on the 20-day moving average. If Mara starts losing the 20-day tomorrow, man, this thing could get hit. Look at Disney, right? We've been talking about Disney for what, about three, four days? The flag just continues to build. If this thing just loses the bottom channel of Disney, this thing could get hit as well. So again, guys, be careful of the gap up into supply. Again, when you're a brand new trader, you don't know the difference between day one or day two. Everything's the same to you.  Most of the time, you get stuck into supply. And what happens when stocks hit supply? It means emotional buyers are meeting technical sellers. Yada, yada, yada. Here we are. Guys, have a great night, everybody. God bless. Stay safe. We have a very specific plan for tomorrow. And if it plays out, like I think it could, we could get an aggressive day two continuation. Let's hope, right? Let's hope we can only be prepared. Guys, have a great night, everybody. God bless. And I'll see you on the field tomorrow. Take care.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says, find the value of n so that a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 upon a to the power n plus b to the power n, with the geometric mean between a and b. Before solving this question, we should know that geometric mean positive numbers a and b, the number square root of a b. Let's now begin with the solution. In this question, we have to find the value of n so that a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 upon a to the power n plus b to the power n is a geometric mean between a and b. We know that geometric mean that is g m between a and b is square root of a b since we have to find n so that a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 upon a to the power n plus b to the power n is a geometric mean between a and b therefore a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 upon a to the power n plus b to the power n is equal to square root of a b. Now this implies a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 upon a to the power n plus b to the power n is equal to a to the power 1 by 2 into b to the power 1 by 2. On cross multiplying, we get a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 is equal to a to the power 1 by 2 into b to the power 1 by 2 into a to the power n plus b to the power n. And this implies a to the power n plus 1 plus b to the power n plus 1 is equal to a to the power n plus 1 by 2 into b to the power 1 by 2 plus a to the power 1 by 2 into b to the power n plus 1 by 2. And this implies a to the power n plus 1 minus a to the power n plus 1 by 2 into b to the power 1 by 2 is equal to a to the power 1 by 2 into b to the power n plus 1 by 2 minus b to the power n plus 1. And this implies by taking a to the power n plus 1 by 2 common from this we get a to the power n plus 1 by 2 into a to the power 1 by 2 minus b to the power 1 by 2 is equal to by taking b to the power n plus 1 by 2 common from this we get b to the power n plus 1 by 2 into a to the power 1 by 2 minus b to the power 1 by 2. Now since a and b are different numbers on cancelling a to the power 1 by 2 minus b to the power 1 by 2 from both sides to the power n plus 1 by 2 is equal to b to the power n plus 1 by 2. Now this implies a to the power n plus 1 by 2 upon b to the power n plus 1 by 2 is equal to 1. And this implies a by b to the power n plus 1 by 2 is equal to now 1 can be written as a by b to the power 0 since base is same therefore we can compare powers so this implies n plus 1 by 2 is equal to 0 and this implies n is equal to minus 1 by 2. Hence the required value of n is minus 1 by 2. This is our required answer so this completes the session. Bye and take care.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here? So I just got done watching the night house just left the theater seeing the night house This will be my spoiler free review for the night house This is a psychological horror film directed by David Bruckner and it stars Rebecca Hall Sarah Goldberg Evan junk Joni kicked Stacy Martin and Vondie Curtis Hall now I would just say right off the bat that I loved this movie and the reason why I loved this movie is because I have developed like a Passion for horror movies or love stories rather that are disguised as horror movies And that's exactly the best thing I could use to describe the night house It's got its flaws, but for the most part it is very effective in what it's doing. It's very immersive. It's got this It's very atmospheric Rebecca Hall carries the film very well. She is This recently whittled Individual she's still like reeling from the unexpected death of her husband Her character name is Beth. She's been left alone in the lakeside home that her husband had built her She tries as best as she can to keep it together But then the dreams come disturbing visions of a presence in the house called her beckoning with a ghostly allure But the harsh light of day washes away any proof of a haunting Against the advice of her friends She begins digging into his belongings yearning for answers what she finds her secrets both strange and terrible and a mystery She's determined to resolve now like I said before this is honestly a Love story disguised as a horror film at the end of the day. That's what it's rooted in It's rooted in this couple that has been torn apart by something else that as You see in the trailers if you're watching the trailers the movie does a very good job at keeping you guessing what's going on Honestly the way that everything plays out You you're starting to think okay her husband was doing one thing, but no he was actually doing this No, he wasn't doing one or two. He was actually doing Something completely different. It's it's just the way that it comes together in the end the way this movie is pinned is it's just like riddled with the dialogue is riddled with clues from start to finish and The dream sequences that that go on in the film Then the way they are blurring the lines between this read this ghostly reality of interactions that beth has when she's sleepwalking and when she's actually awake in the way they kind of just coincide with one another as the movies unfolding and you're not really too sure as you're watching is she really insane is she really all That well or is this woman actually right in what she's saying? She doesn't want to believe that her husband was hiding all of these dark secrets from her and You know her her sanity is being questioned the entire time and you the audience are right there along with her because you're You're you're questioning her own sanity, too And you do that of course of course get your answers in the end Rebecca Hall again is knocking it out of the park She she does a fantastic job as this grief-stricken woman who is just battling inside her the she's yearning for her husband who While finding out all these terrible things that it seems she's doing She's kind of throwing them to the wayside and saying there has to be a reason for this there has to be a reason for this and of course there is a reason and you find out a lot of Terrible things that it seems he he was doing and of course everything is justified in the very end like I already made mention of But again the the biggest thing with me is this is one of those movies This is gonna be one of those movies where I can see audiences having a issue with it more so than more more of the critics that are Watching taking everything in observing all these little bits of dialogue This is a movie that requires multiple viewings It does the bits of dialogue that are foreshadowing the things that are to come the symbolism in the film all of this stuff That is kind of working together to come into this final puzzle that you get at the end with what you get isn't exactly I'll say it wasn't the most satisfying But as you rewatch the film and if you're paying attention and listening I implore you to just listen to what is being said the dialogue is telling you what is going on But it's not like being bashed over your head with it It's just the whole movie is being told right as you're watching it and Little moments of dialogue that you heard earlier in the film will make sense on a second viewing and you're like oh, okay I love when movies do that.  I I love the way this movie was put together. I loved it It's not perfect. It isn't without its flaws They do have a lot of throwaway characters such as her friends Honestly, like who cares about her friends when you see the movie see what I'm talking about Just one of those things where your main character is so focused on that everyone else around her feels irrelevant But you know, it's got a lot to say about grief It's like a very good examination of going through the grief process. I would say Again, I just can't say it enough. It's it's very atmospheric. I the atmosphere in this movie. It's it's amazing I have never been one to say this but the jump scares in this movie. They are well placed They are well executed. I I would argue that there's a masterfully done like one long jump scare sequence of of things that Maybe just some people might be like overkill, but it's just the way it's done It doesn't feel like these jump scares are there for nothing. They are of course there to get you to jump But they all serve their purpose in the way that they're done one after the other and then you know You think you're done and then boom There's another one. It's just the way it's done the way I'm describing it I sound like it's being bashed over your head with nothing but jump scares and they're all cheap, but they're not trust me I say they're not and The dialogue again, I can't talk about the dialogue enough The dialogue is your best friend in this movie. Please just listen to what is being said I cannot wait to watch this movie again because of how the dialogue it just is your best friend It's your best friend Rebecca Hall is not crazy. You'll find it out at the end of the film she is Leaning in the right direction and then you'll get your answers and I think a lot of us will like what the overall message of the movie was as it pertains to life after death and Living life while you're alive. I would argue, but I think that the night house was a very Well-made psychological film. I would give it a 7 out of 10 Let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below if you haven't already, of course Make sure first of all you go see this when it's not the years on Friday But subscribe turn on post notification so that you never miss video in the description I link some of social media accounts on Facebook Twitter Instagram You can message me there to let me know there's any movies news reviews I'm gonna cover in the future but I don't mind guys. I will see you in the next video


Hey, what's good y'all? It's your boy Don from the Don Show in France and today we're back for another K-pop reaction Now, I know usually you used to seeing the one of the bros here, but they're busy right now And also James is not feeling well So if you got his Instagram, I'll put it in the description Sim is so love and the DM just you know wishing him well and stuff like that He's not feeling good right now But I will let him when he comes back let y'all know what's going on and Alani is busy with dancing right now But I still got to give you all some videos to watch and check out So I want to make sure I drop a reaction today for y'all now as you can see Things to look at different we got a little color in here So I'm still learning how to do lighting and trying to get everything learned so I'm working on it y'all So let me know how y'all like it. Yeah, I love it You know I'm saying I'm gonna try to play with a little more things but trust and believe me We still gonna have some hair product stuff hooked up here We'll have some shoes, but this might not be the main shot We might have another one so we're gonna see but I'm working on some things so be patient now Today we're gonna do BTS Choreography run dance practice. So BTS run dance practice. So it's going down So if you enjoyed this, please let me know make sure you hit that like button like my bro would say ring that bell And make sure you share and subscribe. All right, so let's go and get into this. All right All right in three two one. Oh, yeah, it's definitely like they look younger They look much much younger Okay, uh-huh. I like that. I Like that like that nice setup Let's go Let's go Let's get it. Okay. Okay Like the posing really like the posing she Yo So check this out even that little first move in what they was doing when they step step step step up Like you could if you watch and go back watch how hard they hit that they was like dot dot dot boom You can see the whole floor moving. Let's keep going. Okay Say they was already crazy with transitions back then. This is five years ago Let's see what y'all got right here Touch and run. I Like that a lot of cross steps BTS got a lot of good footwork. I like this track too. Hey right back at it. Keep it clean this chart Yes Okay, I got something to say after this y'all. So let's talk about oh Okay, hold on so you know how most of time when you watch these bands and you watch these groups around the world I mean you talk about from you know groups here back in the day like b2k and mature now You got the straight kids the BTS all these groups Every time you will see choreography you always see them run the chorus of choreography repeatedly But sometimes you should watch people and it was used to get lazier The one thing I got to give respect to when it comes to BTS straight kids and all the groups is that they're very Consistent even if they have a part of the choreography that they want to do again It stayed clean and I think that's really really dope. I like that a lot. Let's go back in this This music video part it was crazy where to trigger that the answer is triggering the okay Simple and clean came get mad at that Let's go. You can see the character in them. Let's go. I Like that We taking it back watch this combo That whole setup was crazy. Let's go back. We had one minute 48 seconds. Check this out y'all look at this Look at this This spot to get really crazy is coming up here Right here. Yikes Come on. Oh my goodness. Oh My goodness Let's go see you know Sam still clean Yeah with the jacket chains Let's go. I Like that Come on He got the blazer one. I noticed that do both of them got blazers. Okay Come on. I still like that footwork in that piece that part of the movement. I really bang with that, you know We're going back hold on Miss I think I missed something hold on. I need to see this again. Look at that. Ah Pat just right there. I like that stand to character Yeah, it's a dance practice, but you gotta go all out even the dance practice. Yeah You know, it's coming. They're about to go off They got BTS got footwork y'all better stop playing with them Between BTS and NCT Let's go. Yep. Like I said before choreography still clean Even if you gotta do it five times keep doing that part but make sure you clean cuz people can tell Come on. Hey, I see what the footwork look like usher. Hey, I like that. I like stat. I like stat Yes, yes to the end and seen I Like that. That was crazy So About five years ago, I'm actually gonna keep going back. So I want to go back like eight years ago I want to see how far I can go back in BTS But I want to see they work like I know me and the bros we kind of do the the most recent stuff But I'm gonna try to do is go far this back go to the throwbacks of BTS straight kids NCT black pink all of them The boys I saw that I was talking about the boys We got y'all on that and I gotta tell you man coming up and I hope I'm saying his name right But I'm gonna find out to pronounce it correctly But we have those on the way But I'm gonna start going back like back in the day work and then me and the bros we're gonna try to hit the other stuff Okay, but listen, let me know y'all thoughts. Did y'all enjoy that choreography and you could tell I was back in the day That studio no look like these studios they work with now They put in more work in those studios looking like some 19 million dollars worth of their studios But uh look y'all y'all have a great night. I hope y'all like the new look trying to try something different We're gonna see what I add to this blood and that may y'all have a great day Make sure y'all hit the subscribe button Make sure you hit the like button and yeah, I see y'all soon. Oh, yeah By the way, I have a second page and it's still building. It's still young in the game It's a lot of stuff going in there if you like dance battles like just dancing general check this out I'm gonna be actually reacting and give my reviews on certain dance battles That you've seen around the world. So if you do see dance battles You've been watching out here. You want to kind of see my thoughts on that check this out Please go in the comments now. All right, put the link of the battle and I'll watch it for it But always put the stuff y'all want to watch for the music videos because me or Lonnie and James are doing those together We'll give y'all some real reaction to that. But other than that. I'll see y'all soon. Peace


Yo, thank you. I'm Martin Schein, and I'm working in a genome labs in the U.S. for the next few years. And today I want to support users of the network in genome to say everything that you can do between the micro-colonel and your web applications. So, generally, genome is like a building block system. You have a lot of building blocks, and you put them together to your individual solution. And so there are some building blocks that are for network. You will know today. The first chapter will be a big picture of all the components, and then we will orient them there in this picture through the other chapters. The first is about the drivers that we have, and then about the controlling tools. So, say, tools that are used as interception tools for the networking session that we have on top of the drives. And then we speak a little bit about what front ends exist and how this is implemented.  So, first, I have separated them as set in four layers. You have these drivers. We have the main drivers that now exist. And they support, they use the device IO that is provided by the core of genome and all generic interface, the next session interface. And with this next session interface, you can do all the controlling stuff. You can do routing, you can do encryption, and other things that you want to do, bump in the wire between two new sessions. And then, at the top of that, you have this front-end layer where you adapt to your application, what the application needs for specifications. Let's start. I will also go a little bit into the history of the components. First, the wired NIC driver. In general, we had the first place of the Linux NIC driver, especially for the PC net parts of R&D in the year of 2009. But this was mainly for the community and compatibility. And later, the rise that we need some support for actual hardware that is built into laptops that we use. So the laptops that we use had almost all these new 1,000 series of Intel built-ins, so we needed some more support. And at this point, it was a good option to go to the GPXE project to look at this code. GPXE is like a network bootloader project that is the successor of Apple. And it is a pretty small, slim framework. It is easy to port. And so we switched to this and had them support for the internet network codes. In the year 2011, we discovered that the GPXE sources were a little bit inactive. So there was not much activity by the developers. And so there was the official successor of the GPXE project, the IPXE. And we took a new project to this and we switched to these new sources. So we are more up-to-date and can support for new codes. And we will see. Okay. There's also a new support over USB. You can use. This is supported from the Linux sources. We use it especially for the eSports here, the XMS5 source, the eMap 4 source and the Broadcom source. Because we use things like the motherboard, the Android board, and Broadcom's Raspberry Pi. So there you need a network of USB. Okay. We go on with the Wi-Fi driver. The Wi-Fi driver was initially the port of the MedWi-Fi port of Linux and enabled us the FRS chip sets, especially this one. These ones that are listed here. Yeah. Over the years, we came to the place that we wanted more of these Internet Wi-Fi cards supported. And this was enabled with the port of IBM Wi-Fi. And we took this as an opportunity to report also the whole Wi-Fi state of Linux and the VPA is hard to get because with the MedWi-Fi we had no protection, for instance. So, yeah, only unprotected Wi-Fi. And yeah, this was quite some work. I think it took about six months also to get this one store of a code base ported and regulated. And, yeah, what came out is this Wi-Fi driver component that works as follows. We have a short overview. The Wi-Fi driver component takes an active PCIe session before the device, of course. And then you have some wrong module that you get in. And this wrong module contains at the beginning, it contains the red line that you want to connect to or it contains nothing, I mean empty too. So, the Wi-Fi driver then scans, of course, the red lines that are available and it provides to you a report. This is like a file but it's not really the same but it gives you in this report a list of all available Wi-Fi's so you can connect and you can choose from these ones and these ones. And it also gives you information about signal quality, protection types and so on. And if you have not configured yet this Wi-Fi inside the VLAN configuration, you can now put it in and it tries to connect. So, this VLAN configuration, the Wi-Fi driver always, all the time, listens to this VLAN configuration and all the changes tries to reconnect to the Wi-Fi you configured in here. And the end product of that is the report VLAN state. In this VLAN state, you can see if you are connected and to which Wi-Fi you connected. And, yeah, I can, hopefully, yeah, I can show this to you, of course. In my scenario, this is a run-on link. There we have these access points. The access points listen for the wires. The state shows that we are successfully connected with the cross-email of the two ICs. And here we also, the next thing is the signal. It's a link loopback. I have not much to explain about this. It takes a next session and provides a link session where you can put something in because it's not highly sophisticated. Okay. We go into the controlling tools. Maybe the first thing that was in the queue was the lift bridge. The lift bridge implements some flavor of the proxy art protocol. It monitors the output on the ARP and the DHT that goes on in the next sessions and tries to get the mapping about the clients that are connected to this. And that is this, like, an OZ layer of research. So what you have is it has one uplink at the downside at the bottom. Multiple clients that can connect at the other side and you can, I have a link to the lift bridge to collect this information. These relations between IP addresses and MAC addresses. Or you can also configure it so you can say this one, Nickline one has IP address and so and so. And the MAC addresses are allocated for each client. So it creates some virtual virtual MAC addresses for each client. And then the forward packets can come from the uplink or from our clients according to their destination IP addresses. Okay. Now for the Nick Rauter. Nick Rauter is a little bit started with a pretty small, a small set of features that we wanted to achieve in this project. We wanted to create that. And it ended up implementing a whole level three, level four routing component that now knows routing for IP for four, can also do a night, of course, for IP for four. And we have all four routing for IP for four protocols. Yeah. In the past we had also the problem that we wanted to do DHCP. We wanted to have DHCP for the single domains of the Nick Rauter. And originally the plan was to do DHCP outside of the Nick Rauter and to do an extra component and then re-contact on the Nick Rauter. But for the first step we thought it was nice to have this DHCP inside the Nick Rauter because it's not much code, actually. But yeah. This is where maybe get outside the Nick Rauter to an extra component. But there we would have to do an extra component that manages the re-configuration of the Nick Rauter. Yeah. Then the Nick Rauter can also show you a quite big log of all the packets that go through DHCP and have a really good insight into what's going on in your virtual networks and who is communicating with whom. But of course this is also a little bit bloated not all the time you want to see all the packets. But it's cool for the bugging. And also it can report statistics to the outer world. So it provides a report file and this report file and such things like how many packets go through one domain, how many were sent, how many were received and so on and so on. How many fakes there are. And yeah. And this is over the function of Nick Rauter. So you have several domains. Each domain is like a set of rules. To each domain there are these rules and the DHCP will all connect it. So in general you could say that the domain is like a virtual network and a virtual subnet. And to each domain there can connect multiple Nick sets. And the update of the Nick Rauter is not special in this. It's also only a domain. And what we have here, the only difference what we have here by now, the update is the only domain that creates a session. That is the server for a session and the client for a session for Nick's session. It creates normally a Nick's session to the driver or to whatever the network of physical subnet. Yeah. So far. Okay. I can show a short example of this. Because in the scenario I'm using there is also a Nick Rauter and it manages the different applications that I have now running and you can see here this is the configuration of the Nick Rauter. We have several domains, and there are several rules like here we have for TCP or UDP, we permit any for in this case or we want to fit all for a specific subnet to reroute to socket at best and so on. And we have here the DHCP server configuration of one domain so we have the DNS server, I can use them and so on. Yeah. And you can also see here that you can I will go with a static configuration of the Nick Rauter's IP configuration for the domain. Or you can tell the Nick Rauter its own configuration over DHCP so it will play at the uplink DHCP client and get its own configuration as well. Yeah. The Nick dump, this is a simple component that is abandoned wire component for we put it between two Nick sessions and it shows us all the traffic that goes through so it puts out a lock for the packet headers of these protocols that are listed here by now and you can configure the detail of the lock and you can also switch on timestamps. Okay. Three, four. I think everybody knows four. It's a project that aims for anonymize DHCP connections of our so-called onion routing so it uses several four nodes in the network to reroute a connection into an anonymize and I think three years ago or so of the version it was an earlier version first like zero to four or so and yeah, we are not so far away from the latest version but this is an experimenter. We don't test it that much. It works as far as I can tell I tested it yesterday and it comes up and it can connect to the network and it gets a great deal but there's one demo scenario you can try. It's an eigencore run in the word repository and this would try to fetch over the talk so what we do in here is essentially we take the nicoldom again and we have the fetchaway and the other domain there is the Tor and we configure the fetchaway domain in such a way that it can only connect to the Tor domain and to the Tor for the 1950 and so all the traffic of the fetchaway must go over the Tor and the Tor then has access to all the free internet over the uplink so you can ensure that you won't go unsecured with applications that you don't trust Next, OpenEVN With OpenEVN you can turn it into a virtual app and it networks and this goes again bummed in a while so you have one link section at the one side one link section at the other side and it works transparently so yeah I don't think I have to explain this much we have ported version 234 and this is 244 I don't know there is some focus in work but it's experimental so we don't test it that much but I know that there are guys that work with this and it's not abandoned in this way but you have only the bridging mode so you can only do FNM okay the font and tools first I will go into the stack stack we have and how many we have dspipstakes initially the initial stack we have for dspip was the library IP stack it was ported as look so you can link it against each component it is accompanied by an xc plugin so we have in geno this concept of the libc like empty in the initial stack and you put some plugins behind it that fulfill your needs your environments and the lightweight IP stack libc plugin is such a plugin that you can put behind your libc and then you have the lightweight IP that is functionality so this way you won't have to incorporate the whole libc in every component just because you need one functionality in 2013 we started experimenting a little bit with pigabit network and then we discovered the lightweight IP stack is not so cool when it comes to performance on pigabit network so there was the approach to go to the dspip IP stack of linux 2 so the dspip stack of linux has the advantage that it focuses much on optimization but the drawback of this is of course it is a pretty big and it needs a lot of interfaces so you have a lot of porting work, a lot of internet work but there is better performance so we have now there is both of these stacks weighted as libraries and you can choose if you want to have a slim stack or if you want to have a stack that is good in high performance this is the rival old picture of our boards with the stacks you have unique sessions and on top of that you set this lightweight IP plugin for the lightweight IP live and then you can have of course here the dsp atop of this and then your application ok let's go a little bit into the history of vfs without this x because just to understand why we did this the thing here is vfs is of course tightly for one of the main features of linux 3 that everything is a pilot you can put everything into a virtual pilot system and then provide it as pilots and the other side the other side we have this genoad world where we don't want to have such being like a global namespace and all the rights that come with it all the privileges we want to tailor the privileges of each component according to their requirements and to forget about the best of both worlds together we have something like nukes one time one of his main features is the vfs implementation we implemented the vfs in this and it plays like its role is a little bit like the clue code between all the sessions that we have in the genoad and the fire API for the linux programs for Linux applications so at some point we discovered that it would be nice to have this vfs extracted from nukes to use it also in other applications to have a nice generic interface we talked to regardless of which session you want which resource you want to speak to on genoad so we had this vfslet and we created the libc backend to combine the vfslet and then we put we put in each application especially pilot vfs instance so what you can do with this is you have like normally showed in the demo in the other presentation that you have the root tree vfs somewhere in this basic setup and then you can give parts of this to other applications and they only see these parts of the vfs in their environment and can call it with the libc on then this is what we do when we go to linux there was the need also for this so you could provide one vfs to multiple applications at the same time and you can see how this works here we have one server component that has the vfs library linked to it and then we have multiple plugins connected to it at the backend the log plugin at this point for example enables you to write to the log like it is done this right side and the round plugin for example can access images of geno so you can put them as strong modules in this file and all this goes to the front end it's always the same file session now there was a new question at this point years ago we wanted to use this text that we had we wanted to use such text with multiple applications so you have one mistake only and you have multiple applications that access it for instance when you have not so much API address as something like that you don't want to redo all the IP context so phcp like that then how would we do this and of course the simple approach would be at this point to introduce a new geno session and socket API session implement a dedicated multiplexer component but this would be pretty specialized and not so reusable so we thought about an annoying system and this was why don't we integrate this whole stack into the vfs server and so the functionality of these stacks would be provided over files to multiple clients so the clients would have to speak only with the file session interface and at the back end it would be translated to network packets this is the concept of course we have something like the Linux IP plug-in for the vfs library and then you have your vfs server again and the file system session at the top of it and yeah how to get this like you have the Linux IP plug-in for the vfs creates a directory structure where you have this socket directory and in there you have this information provided through files that comes from your vfcp so you can read all your data and you can also create new sockets by going into this pcp directory for example and write your a read from new socket and what you get there is then the name of the socket and when you do this the Linux IP plug-in creates a directory with the name of the socket and then in this directory you have new files that are in principle the controller commands that you normally need to interact with the Linux IP stack and you can write for example to bind or connect with the informations that you want to write you want to connect and then the Linux IP stack would in the Linux IP plug-in would translate this to a re-connect in the Linux IP stack ok and then when you have accomplished the connection of course you can interact with local and remote and send data over ok and of course the top of this you can have then and type session plug-in for the Linux IP and so you can talk you can use in the US case unmodified unmodified applications that talk with the Linux IP that are built upon the Linux IP short overview of applications that run on top of this so we have seen already virtual gox that runs on top of it that runs directly on the next session to create a virtual device for its guest and we have our components like those books for games or stuff like that or the edge server-like that run read with the socket API from phillipsy and then we have these disciplines that this is brought to the S plug-in file system session to do the best power server and so on ok and of course we have the Skype scenario that was already presented today where we have this runtime in it where I can start an arbitrary runtime that I want to use for my daily work and in this runtime I can have for example Exibundo virtual box Exibundo guest in a virtual box or Tiny4 in a virtual box to connect directly to the next session of the micro-outer or then I initially wanted to present here to HTTP servers that I can talk to only over the Tiny4 so I can do connection only in the Tiny4 to these two through the VSO but unfortunately I had some problems with HTTP servers so yeah this doesn't work that well but in general you see here this was this micro-outer I have showed the configuration some time ago and you can have now live here this one virtual box it goes like a micro-outer connect some websites why we have the other virtual box with my Exibundo and here I can also bring two websites so it's it's multi-plexed over the micro-outer in the scenario that I'm using so that's for my part now there are any questions in this one you said Linux is there is there one reason for this or may the question was is there a reason to what I said that the LXIP as far as I understand the way that the LXIP has more possibilities more opportunity and more opportunities to tune performance to adapt to the device so when you come here to check if it's working close the door just get more out of the device so excuse me wait a little bit the question as we could also add this stake of course but we don't mind this solution so far and the other side is of course if you would add these opportunities to the LXIP I don't know we haven't took this approach we have brought the LXIP stake to get this performance I guess I do I think people need that performance so they will have to but we don't do it this way maybe maybe some the other guys are more familiar one thing is certainly the performance because I'm not entirely sure but I think the LWIP stake doesn't implement any secret new scaling just attached for the sentiment or the other way around so that it doesn't adapt the window sizes dynamically to the performance but in case of LWIP it was LXIP LXIP features more options so you can there were some use cases where we needed some functionality that wasn't implemented in LWIP and that's one of the other reason why we choose to put a stake that is more more sophisticated features LWIP has seemed to have less latency than Linux than LXIP but of course it's a trope so there's sort of trade-offs of different characteristics I think that's what you said Joseph we just didn't do the implementation for our features into the LWIP stake but instead and during LWIP stake we know a lot of things and had a lot of experience in the chest that won't have the resource and the time to do it and that's why we choose because inside LWIP LWIP doesn't have we choose to go this way and have two states with some customers planning plans and wants we can choose with them but there's no preference for us so maybe it ends up for you that you are not so much the expert in this I just wanted to repeat it for the microphone so the question is are we able to pass data through these different layers without the copy and the answer is no for more security reasons if you are imagine you are in a cloud and you have these different packet streams that are going on in different domains you don't want to trust the guys that use these shared memory and essentially it's shared memory between the client and me and even if I'm in an untrusted domain and would say okay I take the shared memory and forward it to the other domain that is trusted in some way would be unsafe because I can take away the shared memory from the first time in a different way so it comes with the principle of security but you can't do it without the copy I hope this answers your question I wonder when I got that right in the nick bridge you virtualize on a layer 3 why you choose that instead of layer 2 virtualization when you call it a bridge and then also have the rooter do layer 3 the question is why do we call it a nick bridge why it is virtualizing on layer 3 I don't know if this answers the question but I'm referring here to the OZ layer 3 so it's in IP the reason is why you have two ways to virtualize on an IP level I don't know what the name at this point is maybe a little bit misleading I don't know it's essentially a switch and you the functionality is the out proxy for the bridge in general so don't let yourself be misleading by the name that much yeah so


I'm here with Ron McCord in San Diego, California, and he's going to show us how he turned his neglected patch of desert into a thriving food forest. So six years ago, the land was bare, scraped with a bulldozer, very little life in the soil, no worms, and almost no food being produced on site. After six years of working the earth, we have an abundance of food, we're sharing with our community, and we're creating habitat for local wildlife.  And I'm curious, how old is this patch, how old is this plant we're in? It's about four years old, and it's probably created ten times this amount of food that we see here. So this is a four-year-old collard plant. That's pretty cool. So I lived in San Diego for about five years, and I know that San Diego is a desert, and I see bananas growing here. So do these actually produce bananas? Yeah, we get about three to five racks of bananas a year just off of this stand of bananas here. Bananas in the desert. Five years ago, we planted this mulberry. It was in a one-gallon pot, maybe two feet tall, and now it's over 20 feet. And mulberry is one of my favorites because both the mulberries and the leaves are edible, so it's a super productive tree. So this is the African walnut. It's also called weeping bower bean, and one of its benefits is that it provides canopy for the food forest. This was one of the original trees on the property when we got here. And in a food forest and in permaculture, every plant has multiple purposes, and this one has a pretty unique one. Ron's going to help me out. So this produces an incredible amount of nectar, which is enjoyable for us, but it's great for the bees as well. So I'm all sticky from the last plant still, the African walnut. And there's over 100 species of plants that are edible, medicinal, and beneficial to the other species that we share the earth with. And what do we have here? Here we have popcorn cassia, which is a nitrogen fixer. It's chopped, we use for chop and drop for bringing fertility to the soil. And it's the hose plant for the cloutless sulfur butterfly.  Here we have bouillon blush. It gets its name because it literally smells and tastes like bouillon cubes. That's a first for me. This here is Mexican honeysuckle, and the leaves can be boiled down to make an indigo blue dye.  Here we have the macadamia nut tree. It was one of the only trees on the property when we moved here. It produces about 600 pounds of macadamia a year, and it always has fruit or flowers year round. So here we have a foirte avocado. When we moved on to the property, it wasn't producing at all. It took about three years. But now we're getting up to 200 pounds of avocado a year from this tree alone. So all of this abundance that you see that's been created over the last six years, all of the food, all of the medicine, all of the plants that are beneficial to other insects and animals, all of the plants here are made possible through food waste, mulch, and harvesting rainwater. We've used no additional fertilizer for any of the plants on the property. It's all made using bokashi food waste and local arborist waste. 100% of the food waste produced on site goes back into our soil. We also get food waste from the local community that goes back into the site here. So that's keeping all of this food waste out of the landfill, emitting methane, and instead turning it into soil. Which turns into food for us to eat. And the other ingredient is mulch. Tell us a little bit about that. So there's multiple sources of mulch that we get here in the city. One is the local arborist. They produce all of the waste from the tree systems. And that would otherwise go to methane digesters or local compost producers.  Today, most houses are designed to actually flow the water away from the land. But here on Ron's property, his job is to keep all of the water on the property. Yeah, so first we use the roof and the downspouts to draw water into the grow zones. We also use terraces and swells to direct water into the key planting areas. So virtually every drop of water that falls on this property stays on this property, right? Yes. But you've also come up with a really creative way to get more water onto this land, right? Yes. Our house is strategically placed where the run-on from the street can be directed onto the property. So we get almost double the water that we would normally get in some areas where we grow our plants. So that's how Ron worked with this neglected plot of land and turned it into the abundant food forest that you see today. So Ron, when you got started with this, did you know that you could do this? Not at all. I had a little garden. We moved here and watching videos like this inspired me to try some things and learn as I went and now look where I am today. So Ron is proof that with some hard work and dedication, the power is in our hands to regenerate our soil and our earth. Thanks, Ron. Thank you.


Now that we've had a chance to get our heads around the fact that not all acids are strong acids Some of them are weak and do not fully dissociate. We need to start looking at how we can quantify that we can work out unknown concentrations using the technique of Titration but in order for us to get a bit of more of a handle on exactly what's happening Mathematically for different types of acids. We need this mathematical relationship in order to identify it the fact that Weak acids do not fully dissociate Creates an equilibrium and we know how to deal with equilibrium situations if you want to Write this in perhaps a little bit more Precise detail then we should actually include water in our Equation and therefore the h3o plus which is aqueous and the anion which is Left in the solution as well So this is the dissociation that occur or the ionization that occurs when the proton from the acid is donated to the at the water molecules in order to form the hydronium ion and the anion now as with our previous calculations of the equilibrium constant which was products over reactants if we were to look at the products here which go on the numerator and The reactants down the bottom if I was to put the water in there, which I added in the last In the second of these equations the problem with water is that the value of the concentration of water in liquid is Irrelevant and it we just treat it as a constant and therefore it disappears And that's often why you find the first of these Often written in order to help us understand the value of the equilibrium constant as it applies to acid ionization Just because we remove that water from the equation Obviously when we're doing the calculations, whether we're thinking about the hydronium ion or the hydrogen ion Concentration these two things are interchangeable and therefore can both be used Irrespective of how we represent them in the equation The important thing about this type of an equilibrium constant is this is called the acid ionization constant Now obviously because it is products over reactants the stronger the acid the greater degree of of ionization and That's another way of saying the greater the number of products and therefore They're higher the value of k a said k is the equilibrium constant And we use the subscript a to indicate acid to k a is the acid ionization constant So what can we do with that? Well, one of the things that we can do with that is we can also draw a Relationship to what we call the p k a so we've we know that the concentration of Hydrogen ions can be related to the pH scale It's a log scale and and it gives us a way of measuring Differences in the values for each of these if we identify that the k a value is often a value That's related directly to that A hydrogen or hydronium ion concentration then we can also look at a scale which we call the p k a scale So this is another one of these little equations that is worth remembering and we'll have a look at a couple of examples for you in order to practice with it of course the problem with the the p k a value is like the value for the pH as the acid gets weaker the p k a increases so we know for example that pH of one is going to be a stronger acid solution than a pH of two and this scale works the same for the p k a's so a p k a view which is small or low Is going to be stronger Than a high p k a the alternate to that is as the acid gets weaker the p k a increases So have a look at the relationship between k a and p k a to give you an idea of how these things can actually be used to Determine the relative strength of an acid solution Of course there's a there's an equivalent for bases which we call the k b or the p k b And they are calculated in exactly the same way and we'll probably have a look at a couple of examples in class Just to mention it. So you've seen it in passing rather than spend too much time today


A couple of years ago, I had published an article and it was during the time of the New Zealand shootings, which was also a very difficult moment for the Muslim Ummah and terrible. And so many people were also glued to the news at that point because unfortunately there was footage of the entire carnage that happened. But also because many families had a hard time with how do you exactly talk to children about all of this. So the article at the time, which is upon Allah, we've pulled it out so many times since Fatah Plotok Allah, that was 2019. And the article is called on prophetic wisdom and speaking to children in times of distress. And for those of you who are on the Zoom, I'm going to put this in the chat box for you. And for those of you who are on our WhatsApp group, I'm going to also put it for you there in case you'd like to reference it later. I will start with that inshallah and then we have our experts here next to me who are going to talk both about Muslim children identity and also about how to cope and what to do and how to help inshallah ta'ala. I think though you'll find that a lot of what's being referenced today actually applies to all of us here too, not just our children, so upon Allah. So let's go ahead and talk a little bit about this article and what I wanted to share with you. For me, when I think about how the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam talked to everybody around him, there was this beautiful prophetic way in which he spoke and subhanAllah our halakha was meant to be a description of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam because we had started in Rabi'an Owl before everything, the most recent events had happened.  But back to the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, when you think about how it is that he spoke specifically to young people and especially to people in his family. You know, there are many people who are very, how do I say this and not get myself in trouble? They are known in their communities to be, oh mashallah, mashallah, mashallah, sisters or brothers. But at home, it's a completely different face and tone. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, what you saw is what you got inside and out. And whether it was his own child or whether it was his, any one of his family members or whether it was his closest companions and friends or whether it was the broader community, what you saw was what you got. And that's something very important and very special about him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and we take example from him, we take from his sunnah, even in times of distress and difficulty. And another thing that I wanted to share about him is he spoke, when we talk about children, to their level. And I think that's really important today and part of the conversation we're going to have a little bit with our therapist as well is, you know, he was very keen on making sure that the person in front of him understood what he was saying and that they were not overburdened unnecessarily. And this becomes really important about kind of age-appropriate milestones. Here at the Rahmah Foundation, those of you who have grown in our holocausts here, you'll know that one of the things that we really like pride ourselves on inshallah, I hope it's accurate and true, is that, and we've been doing this for years, is that the content that we teach in the different groups that you have your girls in, right, the frogs and bunnies and the rainbows and the busy bees and the rose buds, right, that they're age-appropriate content. That we're not talking to frogs and bunnies about very difficult things to understand. In fact, we're trying to break it down to their toddler level, right, the four and five and six-year-olds. And when we get all the way to your busy bees, your middle schoolers, now we start to get into kind of like some conversation indefinitely by the high school, right, we're starting to get into heavy, heavy conversations. But it's age-appropriate, because what we find is that there are, just like there are physical milestones, right, you know when your child starts walking and talking and eating, like there's different milestones that you look out for, right? And same thing, just like your physical milestones, there's cognitive milestones. What could be understood when? Because children, upon Allah, sometimes have very concrete thinking. They don't understand a lot of nuance. So when you try to read, I'll give you an example. We tend to start to reach, teach Quran from Juzamah, because the 30th part, right, is the small surahs. But it's also the surahs with a lot of heavy, heavy references and a lot of metaphorical references and also things related to heaven and hell, which are not metaphors, those are real, but it's hard for them to fully understand something they can't see directly in front of them. And there's reference to jinn and reference to angels and reference to other things that they can't, children can't quite see. So it's a time for a lot of confusion actually. And so interestingly enough, a lot of our teachers say they may memorize them, but when you come to explanation, you're careful in what you say, because otherwise you might actually teach them something that is not appropriate, age-wise, right then and there for them, but they absolutely should and will learn it a little bit later, right? Same concept here, same concept here. And so what I wanted to share with you, and I think Sister Wajma and Dr. Zahid are both going to kind of pick up here from where I start with you, whenever there is a really horrific tragedy that's unfolding, in this case it's still unfolding in front of us, it's very likely that at some point the young people around you are going to ask about this, if they haven't already. And when they do, there is a decision to be made about what to say and when and to who. I would say this, I'm going to go through part of what the article talks about and then Shalya will get to reference it, but the most important thing that you can do is know that it starts with you. It starts with us, us adults. It starts with us because it depends on how we're doing. Somebody shared with me that their young child said to them, why do you look so stressed out? And the mom said, because there's all these difficult things happening. And the daughter said, then you shouldn't be reading the news, mama. So cute, that's a lot of color. But also they pick up. It's amazing how much children pick up that they understand, even if you don't say anything, when you are stressed out, they understand that something is off, right? And then they start picking up snippets of conversations. If not full on, you've taken them to a protest with you. So they've seen everything with you, Subhanallah. And every family is a little bit different, but it starts with us and how much we engage with our children and what's happening with us in real time. So if we're glued constantly to the phone and not engaging with them, there are a lot of questions that they're having. And it's very confusing, actually, for them. So what do you do? Part of it is preparing. And this is why we're having this Holocaust today. Part of it is preparing as best as you can. It's not always perfect. And with the preparing, which we're doing tonight in shalom, the next step from that comes inquiring, actually asking them what they know or allowing them to come up to you and waiting for that. And this depends on their age. So let's kind of break this down a little bit. One of the things that have that frogs and muddy age group I was talking about, the three, four, five, six year olds, avoid sharing anything unnecessarily with this age group. They're kind of in their la la land. And they need to stay there as best as much as we can. And only if we suspect that they know something or they say that they know something because maybe they have an older sibling that has said something to them or maybe they have heard something that you've said. So at that point you can ask them what they've heard that's upsetting them and help them understand it a bit better, which I'm going to leave to Sister Wajima to explain to us a bit more. When we get to the age group that's after that, so let's talk about your like your seven to 12 year olds. This is where you want to wait and see. Wait and see. If they come to you and want to ask these questions and I say this because every child is different. You even might have several children yourself, same parents, same household, but every child is different. Every child is very in tune. Like I could be saying something in the other room. And like how did you even hear that? And I have another child who's totally aloof. La, la, la, la, la, like totally aloof. And so I'm like, how did you not see that? It's upon a lot. And so same household, same family. And so this is where you would wait and see if they ask us. And in this age group of seven to 12, if they actually come up and ask you or initiate the conversation, you may choose to just sort of let it be the way it is. It could be that they are not fully plugged into what's going on or it could be that they're not willing to yet fully tell you how heavy this is for them. And this is where if it's not in words, because sometimes young children don't have words to explain, instead they show their distress in other ways. Well, how do they show their distress? Well, it could be forms of regression where they're kind of going backwards. And things that you're kind of like, what's going on here? You usually don't wake up in the middle of the night scared.  Things like that where they're kind of going backwards from the milestones they've already came up through. And so you might want to ask them at that point, kind of sit with them and figure out what is it that they have seen or heard or understood and then process that with them, which we'll talk about a little later. How do you process your teenagers? This is where you just assume that they know. Of course they have to have known, right? In fact, if you've given them one of these things, they absolutely have known and seen and maybe very active, maybe even more than you expect. Masha'Allah. And it's really important that even at that point that you help fill in the blanks. Because there could be confusion and there could be also questions where there could be bullying that's been happening or harassment of different sorts.  It might require you to ask and kind of pull as much as you're able to. And I also like to make sure that we do touch on it anybody who has children with disabilities. I think this is important too to touch base on. This is where it really depends on what level of ability they have and their comprehension and level of understanding. And it may not match necessarily physical age, as you can imagine. And so you will know your child best. Nobody knows the better than you do. But I think it's also important that we don't just assume that they don't necessarily know what's happening or tapped in. So I just want to make sure that you are kind of aware of some of these, the breakdown of some of this. And I'll just share two more things before I hand this over. The importance of listening and the importance of validating. The listening becomes really important because so often as parents, we do this thing called problem-solving. We go immediately into problem-solving mode. Who said that to you? What did they do? And while you may need to take some steps to rectify what's happened, the reality is you need to kind of pull the reins just a little bit and just hear them out. Because maybe it's something that they've dealt with or maybe they don't like you to deal with or whatever it may be, but what they really want from you is to be heard. To be seen, to be heard. And the validating has a lot to do with whatever their emotions are, including your own by the way, validating your own emotions. I've heard so many people in this week, this past week say, I feel so terrible. But that doesn't matter because this is beyond worse than what's going on to me. My response to that is your emotions are what Allah gave you.  And their reality is what Allah gave them and it is very difficult to witness. The reality is though, Allah didn't ask you to erase your emotions. Does that make sense? Allah has put us in a place where we have the running water and the electricity and the safety and prosperity and all the rest of it. And there are sisters and brothers across the Ummah that don't have any of the above. And it's hard. Allah knows what he's doing and knows where he put each person and will ask each person accordingly. And that's probably what scares me the most. More than whether we have big emotions or small emotions what worries me the most is having all of this and then being asked by Allah, because those who are in those situations the really horrific things that we're seeing they're not going to have the kind of hasab we're going to have. Do you know what I'm trying to say here? And that's where we ask ourselves what can we do? What should we be doing? Which will be part of our conversations inshallah to Allah. But I just wanted to say to validate, don't shut down your emotions or their emotions whatever they may be even if you don't fully agree with them.