Thank you very much everybody. So as I said, I'm going to talk about Railway signaling in the UK and I'm going to talk about this from the perspective of learning from accidents It's often said that safety regulations in in most industries are written in blood Because they're all based on the accidents that have happened that have caused injuries or deaths And we're going to look a little bit about how that's influenced the development of UK railway signaling So just a whiz through a few little bits to begin with This is the inside of a train Cab where the driver sits you'll notice there's no steering wheel So for those of you who hadn't realized railways run on rails. So I Said but in this audience most people know that be be surprised how many people in the general public don't realize that So signalers Do multiple things of getting trains where they should go and getting them there safely and To control where trains go they use points which are bits of movable rail So here you can see that you can go off to the left or you can go straight ahead and the way this works You can see in this little animation here You've got those two bits moving in the middle of the track and you can either go straight ahead or to the right or Straight ahead or to the right So as I said the purpose of signaling is getting trains where they should be going There's no point if the train going to London actually ends up in Birmingham instead But also getting them there safely in one piece at the right time With no accidents and no no safety incidents But I guess the first question is do we really need a signal or at all and early railways didn't have signals They were very simple railways. They were very small railways. They were very slow railways So if you don't have many trains, they're not really likely to very likely to hit each other And if they're going really slowly then if they do hit each other, they're not going to cause any damage So maybe you don't need a signaler and if you're going to choose where to go The driver just slows down when he gets to a set of points gets out and pulls a lever that looks a bit like this And then gets back in the cab and carries on his journey But when we started having into city railways that started carrying more people at faster speeds We really started to need signaling and the first of these railways in the world was the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Which opened in 1830 and in those days They had people who took dual roles of doing security on the railway and doing signaling And they were policemen basically and they were known as Bobbies and you'll still hear signalmen on the railways today referred to as Bobbies And they were spaced every mile along the track And they gave simple signals to the trains with their arms or later on with red and green flags And they had simple levers by the track They could pull for the points just to stop the driver having to get out and do it themselves And these were some of the early sort of signals that were then used when they moved from Flags and arm signals to actually fix signals These are early forms of semaphore signals which look just like a flag stuck out or an arm stuck out And you can see here on the left. We've got the danger position is it sticking out horizontally? Caution so warning you you might need to stop soon is Diagonally down and all clear is where it's hidden inside the post of the signal And this is kind of what these things looked like you'd have a signal box with the signals mounted directly Above the signal box and a little man in the signal box pulling levers to control those signals Now this takes us on to our first accident now at this stage in railway history I could have picked any number of accidents because there were loads of accidents in those days and loads and loads of people Got seriously injured or died But this one is what I picked Abbott's ripped and on the east coast mainline 1876 13 people died about 50 people were injured and Basically, the problem was that you were using the absence of something to say that it was safe to continue So you were saying here if you can't see the signal because it's hidden inside the post Then that's great carry on drive at full speed That's fine until the signal fails in some way like in this case it froze inside the post and couldn't come out So the signal froze at proceed and the and the drivers carried on and there was a crash So after this they moved into different types of semaphore signalling Keeping the signals at danger all the time and only clearing them when they needed to for a train And also various other things like like better breaks But I mentioned about how they use these signals But how did they know how did the signal and know whether to set the signal to stop or go? Well in these days they use time interval work Which is exactly what it sounds like count how long it was since the last train And if it's been less than 10 minutes stop the next train if it's been kind of less than 20 minutes Proceed at caution if it's been more than 20 minutes off you go full speed That's fine until a train breaks down somewhere and the train behind is at least 20 minutes behind it But catches it up and goes straight into the back of it and there were lots and lots of accidents with this It was not fail safe in the slightest And I think that really moved this on to the next stage of railway signalling was better communication The electric telegraph was developed in the early 1800s It sent pulses down a wire of electricity which is used to move a needle This could be done in various ways it could make a little bell go ding or it could point to different Letters on a display you could send messages that way Famously in 1845 it was used to catch a murderer by sending a message from London Paddington station saying The murderers just got on to this carriage of this train Down to the next station and then the police got on at the next station and arrested them And this could also be used for signalling. So here you've got a Set of railway tracks on the bottom there with four different signal boxes one two three and four When the train the orange train comes up to the second signal box It's going to be given a red signal because the blue train is still in between Signal box two and signal box three But as soon as it goes past signal box three Signal box three can send a message back to signal box two saying the train's gone past me now The section between you and me is now empty of trains. You can let your train go And that's what these areas were known as the sections between signal boxes are called block sections and they developed a method called Absolute block where the rule was there was absolutely only one train in each block section at a time And they did this by signal boxes sending messages to each other on the telegraph system Saying hello, I want a train to come into this section. Is it clear? Oh, yes, it is clear I'll accept it and then when the train actually went into the section There'll be a message saying the train has entered the section and then a little one later on saying the train has now left the section And along with this they had a set of of new style semaphore signals and Distant signals and home signals or stop signals stop signals are what they sound like it tells you whether you can stop or go Distant signals give you a caution They warn you that the next signal is going to be a stop signal and that's because Trains can take a long time to slow down They go very fast and they're steel way wheels on a steel track their stopping distance is quite significant So they have to slow down in advance to be able to stop at a stop signal a Minor issue Which is still not fully been resolved with the semaphore signals was that everyone agreed that the signal sticking straight out meant stop But no one could agree on whether sticking it down or up meant go And so you have lower quadrant and upper quadrant semaphore signals and you still have those in the UK sometimes even in the same area different ways of saying go and So around this time you've developed a better signal box These are just a few examples of different sorts of signal boxes from different eras But you know you'll all have seen these that sort of heritage railways and on the mainline railway as well Inside the signal box you'd have a big lever frame We controlled all the signals and here you can see the levers are all painted in different colors And there's a standard set of colors So the red signals are these stop signals you'll almost certainly find those are most of the levers in the frame The yellow signals are these distant levers that give you a warning that the next signal is going to be red Black is for points blue is for point locks You really don't want your points to move when a train's going over them because that would derail the train So you have an extra little lever that puts a special locking bar into the points and then any white ones a spare And you can also see this shelf above the levers with various indicators on it and Various other instruments on which I'll come back to in a moment But if we just first of all look at a signaling diagram For one of these mechanical signal boxes. This is Yarmouth South Town You can see there's lots of different tracks at the station You can see just about we can zoom in a bit more You can see the individual signals and the individual points and every signal and every point on this diagram has a number Like there's a signal 60 and a shunting disc 17 and a point 34 That's the number of the lever that you pull to operate that particular bit of equipment Well, how did they operate them? Well, it was entirely mechanical. They used rods and wires So for signals there was a wire that went around lots of pulleys and eventually pulled down on the arm on the signal and moved it to a different location and For points because they needed to move in both directions in a slightly different way They had rods, but again, they had lots of couplings on the rods to make this work That meant that you couldn't operate things very far away So the rule was that a mile away you could operate for signals, but only 350 yards away for points So that meant you had to have loads and loads of signal boxes because every time you had a set of points If it was more than 350 yards from another set of points, you needed another signal box to control it So this is a map of Digcot Near Oxford near Oxford just south of Oxford If any of you came to the train came by train to emf from London You'd have gone past Digcot on the train before you got up to Worcester and then led me to come here and This map shows about five miles Across and you can see there are seven signal boxes within those five miles There's a couple of ones at the end Milton and Morton cutting and then you've got about four signal boxes all around the junctions and the stations the station in the middle of Digcot and This was very expensive because these signal boxes had to be manned by qualified trained competent signalmen And they had to be monitored had to be manned some of them 24-7 some of them slightly less time And we'll come to that in a moment as to how the railway tried to get around that later on There's also a lot of interlocking of these levers. So this means that you can't set up Bad routes you can't set up a train to come one direction and a train to come the other direction straight into it Or you can't Put your stop signal to stop without putting your distance signal to caution to warn the driver that your stop signal is going to be Stop and so on and this was all done entirely mechanically again lots of levers underneath the levers lots of rods that interlocked With each other had little notches cut out of them. It's basically a Victorian style mechanical computer Further communication they used block Bell. So this was using the telegraph But it just rang a little bell whenever there was a pulse on the wire They'd have different shaped bells for different communications to different signal boxes So you could tell immediately from the bell Which signal box was calling you and they'd have these bell codes. So ding would be call attention. Come on I'm trying to talk to you listen up Ding ding ding ding three one would be is the line clear for a train and lots of other things like six bells in a row was Obstruction danger, which you never wanted to hear And also linked to the telegraph system. They would have block instruments Which were used to set up a display on in both signal boxes showing whether there was a train on the line or not and This combination of lock-and-block the idea of absolute block signaling and this interlocking was Mandated by the regulation of railways act in 1889 and I've got a very quick video that hopefully you're going to hear Just to show you what this is like. This is from Exeter West, which is a preserved signal box up in their crew So you can see here pulling the lever so you Unlock the lever at the back by putting the little trigger and then pull it He's then putting some of these back That's called attention so he responds with one bell That's a particular code He then sets his block instrument sends a code back and then goes back and pulls more levers And this is what a signalman would do all day Now the bit that some of you won't be aware of and will probably be quite surprised about is that this exact system that was regulated in 1889 is still in use today on mainline railways in the UK not all of them But in some places this is an example of semaphore signals at Worcestershire uphill station again if you came through Worcester came up from London through Worcester to Leadbury to get here by train you would have gone past that This is the the local area of railways In fact, you can see where you are near Leadbury here going up to Worcester and up towards droid Which all of the signals in this whole local area here are controlled by semaphore signal What signals from mechanical signal boxes using absolute block signaling all the same sort of things that were done in the 1800s just for a bit of local flavor if you did come by train and get off at Leadbury You'll have seen the Leadbury signal box there at the end of the platform This is what it looks like inside Leadbury used to have lots of sidings and an extra junction So there's lots of white levers that would have been used for those but are now not in use So they're painted white, but you can see the red levers black levers for some points a yellow lever in the in the end for a distance And one nice little thing about Leadbury signal box One of the things you have to do as a signal man is check that your signals are showing the right display And at Leadbury they couldn't see the signals because the footbridge got in the way So they just cut a little hole in the footbridge And so they've got a window in the footbridge lined up perfectly So the signal man standing in his signal box can check the signal at the other end of the platform to make sure it's showing the right thing Just for a slightly more impressive view. This is Worcester shrub hill station signal box Again, if you came to Worcester your train would have been controlled by this signal box This has 80 levers and very few of them are marked as spare now There's a lot of a lot of junctions and things in the shrub hill area and these are all Used very very regularly So we've got a way of controlling the signals But we also need to know a bit about where the train is because at the moment We know it's somewhere in the section between the last signal box and our signal box But we don't know exactly where and maybe we need to know maybe it might be sitting at a signal waiting for us to make It green or it's broken down somewhere or it's sitting on some points and we can't move those points because if we derail the train So we want to know where it is Well one way we can do that is just to look out at the window And that's why if signal boxes are built up on the first floor and they have big windows So you can see the trains of course that gets a bit difficult at night time in fog in falling snow and so on So there's another thing which is a rule rule 55 of the original rule book of the railways saying basically if your train stopped And you've been stopped for a few minutes. You have to send your fireman out of your train Up to the signal box to say hello signalman. I am standing at such and such a signal. Don't forget me and they would actually have to sign the train register a book in the in the signal box to say they'd come and The signal would have to put something in place to make sure he remembered that train was there And that could be something like this a lever collar You can see just circled in blue on the left picture a bit of wood on the back of one of the levers That makes it impossible to pull the lever or to pull the lever You just take the wood off again But the logic there is that by taking the wood off again, you're thinking huh? Why did I put this wood here? Is this reminding me of something important? Oh, yeah I probably shouldn't pull this lever because there's a train in the way or whatever Unfortunately accidents can still happen and the worst railway accident in the UK was at Quintin's Hill Negretna Green in Scotland. This was during the First World War And one of the trains involved contains a lot of troops going down to Liverpool To ship out for the for the First World War and it killed over 200 people And this was what the railway looked like at Quintin's Hill The little pink box at the top is the signal box and they had a double track railway going to Glasgow and Carlisle And they had loops on either side sort of sidings to put slower trains in So first of all, you've got the local train comes up on the main line Now what's he gonna do with it at this point the train the local train needs to stop somewhere for a while But there's no space in the loop on that side because another train is already there because there were loads of extra trains because of the war So he reverses it on to the other line now That's you know, not maybe what you would do every day, but it's perfectly safe And he then has another train come down and puts that in the loop. That's that that black train at the top That's cold and empty coal wagons But then unfortunately he then clears the signals for a troop train to come down the main line straight into that and Then unfortunately what then happens is what happens in lots of railway accidents Which is that the accident on one line causes debris to spread across the other line And a train comes down the other line and crashes into the debris Now why did this happen? Well, basically the signal when forgot about that orange train Now just to make this even more ironic that orange train was the train that he had travelled to the signal box on That morning and it got out when it was stopped outside the signal box, but he still forgot about it And the driver did do rule 55, but the signal man hadn't used a lever collar and the driver didn't check that There were a lot of other things going on. There was shift change irregularities Someone was covering for someone when they shouldn't have been someone didn't sign the register properly Other people were in the box who shouldn't have beaten but in the end There was no way for the signal man to know that the train was there and he forgot it was So after Quintin still a little bit before but also particularly afterwards there was a development in train detection technologies principally track circuits so the way this works is you take some kind of power source a battery or some other power source and you Feed electricity into the two rails of the track And then at the other end you get the electricity coming out of the track and you put it into a relay a signaling relay And so when there's no train on the track The electricity goes all the way through the track out the other end to the relay and you mark the signal as green Or you say there's no train there however, if you put a Set of wheels on the train these wheels are metal They've got a metal axle on them connecting them So they short circuit the electricity going through the track and rather than going right to the other end of the Track it gets short-circuited and goes back to the battery So in that case the relay doesn't get any power and that means that a train must be on that section of track Now the brilliant thing about this is it's fail safe It's if the track if the signal if the relay doesn't get any power then there's a train there So if the battery fails you just think there's a train there when there isn't which is far better than thinking There isn't a train there when there actually is So this was used in various ways It could be interlocked with the points and signals by doing some very basic Electromagnet work with the with the levers and do things like stop a set of points being moved while the train is is going over them And other things like you can't clear a set of signals If there's a train in the way that all that kind of stuff that would have solved Quintin cell And you can see here what the diagram would look like above a signal box these little black lozenges there are little lights that light up Red when the track circuit is occupied and this was installed mostly in the 1900s really This also is a slight diversion is why it leaves on the line are a great problem for railways Because leaves on the line insulates The wheels from the track so if your wheels are insulated from the track They won't short circuit the track and it will look like there isn't a train there when there actually is and They also reduce the grip and make it harder to stop So you've got two problems with that Which is why network rail spend a lot of money on things like railhead treatment trains We go around blasting sand and water at the track to get this leaf residue off Because it can cause major problems for the signaling system And just as also a quicker side one the other way of dealing with this is using axle counters instead So these are little things that are mounted to the track and they count the number of axles that go past Their sensor and they count it in at the beginning of a section and out at the end of a section And if one you counted it up you count up for in you count down again for out And if the answer is zero then there's no axles left in the section and that section is clear If you want to talk to me later, you can think about why The Swiss railway system has a regulation that no train may run with exactly 256 axles. I Am not joking you can run a train with 257 but not 256 and so anyway, I'm moving on them and The railways as we got into the 1900s started to introduce color light signals And there were two reasons for that one was that you can show more than just stop and go on a color light signal And the other thing is that you can control them from a long way away because it's just electricity You're not having to physically pull the levers for the mechanical lever thing Sometimes you really have to put your back into pulling it if it's a signal That's a mile away where it's a signal that's 20 miles away can be controlled easily as a color light And and they introduce something called multi aspect signaling where a signal could show one of maybe four different Aspects for different different views One would be stop which is a red light Another would be preliminary caution. So this is warning you that the next signal is going to be Caution and caution is warning you that the next signal is going to be red So you get double the amount of warning so as trains got faster They took even longer to stop and you needed more warning and you've also got a force clear So what would happen here is you've got a train in the distance there Just behind the train would be a red signal So you don't go into the back of the train before that would be a single yellow Before that would be a double yellow and before that would be a green And because they were using electricity now to control the signal So they didn't need these big levers to actually get mechanical effort. They could use tiny little levers So these were used in the in the early 1900s Livable lime food actually had them until a few years ago and they were used on the London Underground a lot until a few years ago But more widespread than this was something called nx panels which stands for entrance exit panels and These are designed in such a way That you don't have to press a lever or button for every individual signal or every individual point You have a long panel like this that shows a diagram of the railways on it So the all these black lines are tracks and you've got these little buttons And buttons and twisty knobs here and what you'll do is you'll say you want a train to go from here To here so you press the button at the beginning at the entrance the button at the exit at the exit And it sets up all of the points and all of the signals along the route for you So sometimes before you might have had to pull 20 levers for a single train to do a single movement Now you just press start stop and it does everything for you The way it does this is with a load of relays. It's got entirely electromechanical Interlocking so the relays set what you can and can't do so again It won't let you do something stupid like set conflicting routes or set routes into a section that's occupied with a track circuit And they also use the interlock the relays to do this entrance exit route setting part of it And you have a massive relay room underneath the signaling panel With maybe tens of thousands of relays in it and when you're in there when it's operating as I have been You hear all the relays clicking all the time So when a signal and sets a route it will go click click click click click click click I'm gonna train it enters the second or go click click click as they change the track circuits and so on. Some of you may remember this next accident, particularly if you lived in the south of England at the time. This was 1988 at Clapham Junction Station, which killed 35 people but injured almost 500. And this was an interesting one, because you had the line going from Southampton to London, and a train came along from Southampton towards London. And did you see what happened there? The signal was green, and as the train came along, it suddenly went red directly in front of it. Now that shouldn't happen. You should get a warning of yellow first. So the train driver stopped at the next signal, even though it was green, and phoned the signalman to go, you know, what's going on? This signal just went back to red in front of me. Unfortunately, while he was doing that, the signal behind him went from red to yellow, and another train came along from behind and crashed into it. And then, of course, as I said before, what happens next? A train comes on the other track and crashes into the wreckage. Now this was all stuff that should not happen, but signalling upgrades were taking place in the area, and there was what's called a false feed in the relay room. Basically, one of the relays was powered by a stray wire which touched the terminal. Now, all the wires should have been tied up out of the way when they weren't being used. They should have had insulation tape put on the bare ends of the wires, but they weren't. The signalling technician had been massively overworked with this re-signalling project, and there hadn't been good enough checking or wire counting, and that meant that this wire could be connected to the relay, giving it power all the time, and giving this what's called wrong side failure. After that, there was a lot of things changed to do with working hour limits, mandatory testing, different interlocking methods and so on. Also, radio communications with trains was a big thing so that you can send an emergency stop message to a train. But actually, there was a similar accident at Waterloo in 2017. Very similar causes, I mean, but very dissimilar outcomes. This didn't injure anybody or kill anybody. The train was going very slowly, and it went into the side of an engineering train. But it was caused by unauthorized wiring modifications in the relay room, and there hadn't been proper checking and wire counting again. So maybe we haven't learned the lessons from that. So just moving on to a few other things. One other problem you can have is driver ever. A driver can see a red signal but not notice it or forget it or not be paying attention or whatever, and pass the signal at danger, and we call that a SPAD, a signal passed at danger. And one of the worst SPADs was the Harrow and Wildstone crash in 1952, which was the second worst accident in the UK. And here you had a train sitting in Harrow and Wildstone station in North London, and you had a yellow distance signal, and two semaphore signals both at stop, and a train came sailing right past all three of those and crashed into it. And yes, yet again, a train came on the other direction and crashed into it as well. No one knows why this happened because the driver and fireman were both killed in the collision. It was a bit foggy, but not massively foggy, and all the other drivers had seen those signals. So whether the driver got confused or not seen them or forgotten about them, who knows? But he passed the signals at danger and went straight back into the other train. So to deal with this, they introduced something called automatic warning system. Now this is a set of permanent magnets and electric magnets that are located between the track, and the electromagnetic is energised or not depending on the state of the signal. And this is picked up by a magnetic receiver on the train, which means that if you go past a signal at anything other than green, so if it's at any of the cautions or danger aspects, then you'll get a little buzzer in your cab. The little display will turn out to look like that. It's called the sunflower display, that sort of sort of black and yellow pattern. And if you don't press a button in the cab to molly that within about two seconds of the bell going off, then the brakes will automatically be applied. Unfortunately, this doesn't still didn't work all the time. There was an accident at Labrack Grove, which none of you probably will remember. It was one of the spate of three or four big accidents that happened in the late 90s, early 2000s, near Paddington. And here you had a train that was coming out of London and a train going into London. And there was a red signal to wait while train two got out of the way before train one went across that crossover to where train two is, but train one went straight past the signal and crashed into it at quite high speed.  Because if you're running on a congested railway near London, you're never going to have green signals because this train's too close to you. You're just going to have yellow ones. So the drivers get used to just cancelling it. It was a signal that was frequently spattered. It couldn't be seen very well. The driver had poor training. There was nothing called something called flank protection. They didn't have what should have meant that the points were changed to stop any kind of accidents like that, even if the driver had gone past the signal. And so since then, they've introduced train protection and warning system, TPWS, which does the same kind of thing as AWS, but a bit more cleverly. It has little transmitter grids between the tracks. And it deals with overspeed as well. So if a train is coming up to a signal too fast to stop at the signal, then the idea is this will notice in advance of the signal, apply the emergency brake, and the train will still stop at the signal.  And this was introduced. It was installed in all high-risk locations by 2004. It's still only at some signals. It's not at every single signal, but it does the right kind of thing. And it definitely has helped reduce spats. So just to finish off really in talking about what the most modern form of signalling is, the most modern is what are known as integrated electronic control centres and the more modern version of rail operating centres, which are basically the same as the big panels, but they're all on computer screens. And the signaler uses a mouse or in fact a track ball to click signals on the screen. And again, set routes in this entrance exit way. So clicking a signal here, clicking a signal there, and it sets the route between them. Also, some of these systems have what's called automatic route setting. So in that case, he doesn't have to set the route for each individual train, but the computer system does that for him, assuming things are running to the timetable. Of course, when things aren't running to the timetable, which is quite often, the signaler has to do a lot more manual intervention. But the final example of where we can move to with this is in cab signalling. So this is moving from signals outside on the track to signals that are actually displayed inside the cab. And this is the cab of a train here. You can see that little display in the middle. It's got a fairly prominent speedometer on the screen. That shows you exactly what speed you should be doing to then be able to stop at the next signal. It shows you where you have movement authorities, as they're called, and how far you can go all electronically on that. And those are all done by these belazes, which are between the track, which are sort of passive radio transmitters that communicate where the train is, combined with mobile phone-based data, something called GSMR, which is basically the same as GSMR that you use for your mobile phone, but a railway version that's got good coverage of nearly all the UK railway network now to send information to the train. The benefit of this is you can move from fixed block signalling to moving block signalling. So earlier, you'd have these block sections that were between different signals or between different signal boxes. And they were static in size. You couldn't change them at all. With moving block, you can adjust the distance between trains based on how fast they're going. If your train's going at 120 miles an hour, it needs a longer stopping distance, so it needs to be further back from the previous train. If it's crawling along at 10 miles an hour to get into your terminus station in London, then it can be far closer to the previous train because it can stop. So you can move from the sort of high-speed indication at the bottom there to a lower-speed moving block. And then the final frontier, really, is automatic train operation. This has actually been running in the UK for quite a long time. The Victoria Line, when it was first introduced in 1968 in London, was automatic train operation. There's a button on the cab display, which says ATO Start. And the driver presses that and it drives itself automatically to the next station. The driver is still there to open and close the doors, monitor the systems and so on, but he doesn't actually do any driving in normal situation. The Docklands Lights Railway, you may also know, is driverless. You can sit at the front and enjoy playing with the pretending to be a driver, as I used to do when I was a child and still an adult, I think. And this had moving block. And this was since the early 90s. This had a moving block system to get better throughput on this kind of metro railway. So modern signalling in the UK is a real mixture. On one journey, you can come, say, from London to here, as a number of you may have done. You may have travelled on the Victoria Line, or even nowadays Crossrail in London, which has automatic train operation. You then come up through some modern rail operation centres that cover, there's one called Tennis Valley Signalling Centre, which covers London Paddington up to Diggcourt and Oxford on computer-based signalling. You'll then come up through some panel signal boxes around Oxford. You'll then come into a mechanically signalled area at Worcester and Malvern and Leadbury. So you've had all of this on one modern train doing a modern train journey in the UK, which I think is quite amazing, really, just the breadth of signalling practice that is around in the UK. So that's really all I've got to say here, so thank you very much. And feel free to come and talk to me afterwards.


Alright man, following up last week's gonna be tough, but I'm really excited to get into this. Welcome back to this channel My name is Sector Buster. I should know me. I'm on 38 of JJK today called fluctuations last episode being an absolute Banger main event fight with Yuji vs. Choso, and I've watched it several times since I last recorded and man Just the choreography the angles just the cinematography Everything was just a boost perfect one of the best anime fights I've ever watched so like I said Hi bar. Let's hop right into this if you need this channel. Don't forget to drop a sub and let's find out what's gonna happen You're boy, Yuji. Oh Back to me. She already did break that rock though I really want to know what would have happened if he had counted down from three and this she just instant. I oh Wait, she called for him. Oh What he can just keep making containers another rock Okay, so what he reads the story and she's permanent instant Ed Oh did you see oh that makes sense why he's named that okay? What if it trapped the kid what would happen to him? I guess he'd she'd have to break him out We we want her to talk to me like that Oh, that's why it's not targeting the kid, okay I Use energy into the cruel very smart dude. It's so wicked how stuff just appears.   What's happening? What would just hit it.  Is that an eel dragon dude?   I have to know what happened to Yuji man Oh my gosh, are you sure is that what you want? Is he gonna tell her to leave Okay, dude most important night pie of all time Oh shoot, okay, maybe we're not doing the may-may versus a ghetto. What is it? Who is it could be? Jogo could be a my hit. Oh, oh, we're just oh wait.  That's why it was so large He's looking for them. Oh No, it knows Hanami's gone. Oh, was that like sensing their energy, but it couldn't fight Hanami. Oh Okay, it's just awakened Water is it a fish the soundtrack's kind of haunting you just spawned water blocks Second of animation wait, I should know this 60 Raise resolutions up what? 60 fps frame in turbo. What is he saying? He's fading into the background They're having two separate conversations here. Oh No, oh, that sounds like it's about a break. Oh He turns them into like a 2d frame He's invulnerable.  I don't think What? What where were you going bud? Yeah for real I mean she got smaller pride she knows that they're way stronger though. She's still a student Guy love that blade. Is he saying this while they're dashing? Oh my god, bro Dude Okay, did that We might can deactivate it. Well, this whole man ain't messing around.  I mean, I believe it after seeing this honestly. Oh We can explanation What's one second 24 from his Oh They have to adapt to his ability That is so gas. Oh my god, bro Yeah, if they adapt to it Not be edited so they act against the encounter it.  So how does it not damage him though? That's the sorcerer.  Oh my wait What it blocked it? What? What's happening? What just happened? What did you just get sit somewhere? Is that the beach that like all them like the not him like the curses were like chilling on back in season one. Oh Wait, oh, it's just domain. I probably should just assume that to be honest. That's a very cozy looking domain. Oh No, oh, no This is we're on us Anti-domain technique. Oh shoot I was gonna say like simple domain He knew 70% of it needs to go to have dog I've never heard not of me sound like this what the Bro, he sounds genuinely like afraid gosh. Oh my gosh He didn't send any percent to her. I thought that was more like fish.   Oh my god.  Oh That's what I'm saying not to be that's what I'm saying Okay, I like that mentality It looks like we're just having a conversation with him. He's like trying to figure it out No He realized That's the opening do that horse tiny. Oh my gosh What? Who is that? Oh My gosh, this is going to be the most awkward father-son reunion of all time Like how do you explain anything Megabees? I'm gonna like understand dude. I can't man I can't these episodes fly by to also finding out like the old man's ability and trying to decipher that with a Glass the domain expansion tug of war like bro like I said first time I've ever heard non of me sound like that It is genuinely scared. I thought he was dying right there like actually I think the fact that neither he nor the old man did really shocked the octopus a dude Just like every fight is a banger just firing on all cylinders the animation the pacing of it I'm on the edge of my seat for 20 minutes trade dude guys That's when it from episode 38 of my JJK watch through be sure to drop a like if you haven't already because that was insane And I'll catch you next week for episode 39. Peace. Peace


Guys, we finally have that Ethereum breakout earlier this week. We mentioned how Ethereum was lagging behind Bitcoin's recent movement and how eventually it would catch up. Guys, the catch up started happening in the last couple of days. Let's dive into what to expect from Ethereum for the rest of this week and the weekend and what are the next levels? Let's dive right in. Hey, what's up? Today here and welcome to Bitcoin Daily bringing you guys the best tips, tutorials and ideas to help you guys become profitable and successful investors. The goal of this channel is to empower you with the knowledge and resources to take your wealth up to that next level. So if you guys are new to the channel, don't forget to subscribe, turn on the notifications. Let's dive into today's video. All right, so at the start of this month, we got the breakout from this resistance right here that we were facing in Ethereum. We also had that same resistance in Bitcoin, which broke out of there as well. But Bitcoin's move has continued up while Ethereum was just kind of over here consolidating after that big move here. So we spoke about what was going on and what was holding Ethereum's price from taking off as usually when Bitcoin moves, Ethereum moves with it and it exaggerates the move of Ethereum. But in the last week or so, Bitcoin was moving up while Ethereum was just kind of consolidating here. So a lot of people were confused about what was going on. And the main thing there was the Bitcoin dominance. As you can see over since October 4th, Bitcoin dominance has been going up very rapidly here. And over the last few days, you can see that it has been dropping down. So now with this drop in Bitcoin dominance, it helps Ethereum finally start to move up and catch up with the movement that Bitcoin has been making over the last week or so. So as you guys can see, 3500 was that main level where we were telling you guys to buy. That was a good entry there. And now that we have cleared it and cleared above all this mess here that we were consolidating in. Clear shot to head back over to $4,000. Remember this is actually the head of the head and shoulders pattern that popped up in Ethereum. But I told you guys since Bitcoin broke out and invalidated that head and shoulders pattern, it's not it's not going to matter on Ethereum. So that's not a big deal. But now that we're above 3500, $4,000 is that next area of interest. If we pull up the volume shelves here, you can see that right here, which is pretty much where we were stuck. There was a lot of volume there, a lot of buying and selling, which is why there was a lot of consolidation there. But now that we've broken out of that, look at the drop off in interest here. So with this drop off, I could expect a run up to pretty much $4,000. You can see that the next peak in volume comes around that $3,900 to $4,000 range. And once we get past that, then you will see another drop off in open interest here at these levels, which is basically it's all-time high. So I am definitely expecting to once we get above $4,000 to break that all-time high, probably heads up towards $5,000 and beyond at that point. Now of course, prices don't just go up. So we have to kind of think about any pullbacks, which pullbacks always happen. And where would those pullbacks go to? So currently, if we have any pullback, the main level again would be back to $3,500. Beyond that, then it would be $3,200 and $3,000. Now unless there's something that goes terribly wrong, I don't think we would get back to $3,000. But $3,500 is definitely a level that we could potentially go back and retest before continuing higher. But again, I'm not too concerned about it. You can see that we are continuously setting up new highs here, new lows and all of that. So very bullish on this price action, very bullish on the rest of this month and next month and the rest of the fourth quarter really to set new all-time highs in each year. So some trades that we will be watching for now that are $3,500 entry triggered here. And as you guys can see here, you can see that we entered at that $3,500 entry that we've been speaking about for the last week or so, and we've already taken profits. And even with the profits that we've already taken, we're still up currently around $6,465 on this trade. You can see that today only we already realized another $1,000. So basically that's about $7,500 that we've made on this trade in the last day or two. I think in the last two days it was that we entered that trade. And currently we're still in our Bitcoin long as well. We've taken majority of profits here at this point. We're still up about $1,000. You can see that on the day we've taken about $1,500 in profit there. We have about 24,000 contracts left open. And this was a $55,000 entry that we, again, we spoke about these entries in our video on Monday. So our next entry that we will be looking for in Ethereum is of course above $4,000 is going to be that main level. Now you do have to be careful because of course there is a possible rejection that we could face there. There is definitely resistance at that $4,000 level. But if we break above that, I can see us going all the way to our previous all time high, which was around that $4,400 level. If there's any type of pullbacks, then we will continue to play this $3,500 area. I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Hopefully you guys can make some profits with these trades. Hopefully you guys took the trades that we gave you guys before. If you didn't, don't forget to turn on the notifications and make sure you're subscribed so that you guys know every time that we post these new videos with some trade setups. Make sure to smash the like button on this video guys. If you enjoyed it and if you have any questions, don't forget to drop it in the comments. Thank you guys so much for watching and I will see you guys on the next one. As always, peace and love.


SESSA was a perfect fit on the throne and if you wonder who else might be listen to some of his teammates talk about the show I Think part of the reason why I'm so addicted to game of Thrones is the fact that it's different every episode You know, there's always a surprise and and I need to know who's gonna be sitting on the throne And they've given no indication of who that's gonna be in this final episode So I guess it's just the the fear of the unknown every episode that keeps me coming back the teammate I think that would Best suit sitting on the iron throne would be CC just because he has the most experience And I feel like he would make the right decision in any kind of circumstance probably judge, you know leadership I think him and Garde he'd probably be fighting for it. I think those two probably fit pretty well I think I identify the most with Tormund. You know, I guess What stands out the most is the red hair? You know, obviously I like the nickname wildling, but I'm still wondering where he was in that last fight I mean, I think I think if they need to someone to be by their side, I could have been the guy So I'm still wondering where you're at Tormund. I think the character I identify most with would be John snow You know, he's from the north. I'm from the north He's a trustworthy guy. I'm loyal feel pretty loyal John snow probably I was probably say CC's pride more like John snow I mean, if you ask him a question, you better want the answer Because he's gonna tell you the truth whether you're gonna like it or not the character I identified most with would be Tormund Giants paint Just because I think he's kind of out there. He's a wildling. So he's just kind of random It does whatever he wants and I think it's pretty awesome. I feel like I'd be a part of the Targaryens Just so I could ride a dragon


And welcome everybody to FizzBuzzSolution. And this is a common interview question that you're beginning programmers or beginning job seeking for programmers. Get this one a lot for some reason. It seems kind of simple on the surface, but has a few gotchas you have to be careful of. So before I get started, I want to give a quick shout out to my channel members. Kevin and Paul are still leading the pack. And in this video, we welcome super solvers. Thanks so much to them and everybody here for supporting the channel. Much appreciated. So let's get it started with our challenge here today. FizzBuzz. FizzBuzz is basically a child's game. I've never really heard of it, but apparently I guess people play it. And what the concept is, is that you are counting from one to 100. And if the number is divisible or evenly divisible by three, instead of saying three, you say Fizz. Okay, so that'd be three, six, nine, 12, and let's see what we have 15 out of there. If it's divisible by five, you say Buzz. But if it's divisible by both, like 15, you say FizzBuzz. You can do the same thing all the way up to 100 and we'll include 100 in this particular example. So it'd be one, two, Fizz, four, Buzz, Fizz, seven, eight, Fizz, Buzz, 11, Fizz, 13, 14, Fizz, Buzz, et cetera, et cetera up to 100. So let's go ahead and think about that. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do four I in range. Again, if you're at the point where you're looking to do a job interview, this should be pretty straightforward. We're starting at one. We wanna end at 100, but we want it to be inclusive. So we need to do 101 here. And I could test it. I could say print I just to make sure it does start at zero and end at 100 or does start at one and end at 100. But again, if you're at the point where you're interviewing, hopefully you got this part down. So we gotta think about this. We've got basically four conditions. We've got FizzBuzz. We've got Fizz and we've got Buzz. And then of course we have none of the above. Okay. So FizzBuzz requires divisibility by three and divisibility by five. So I'm gonna just go ahead and code that. So if I percent three equals zero and I percent five equals zero print Fizz, oops, need some quotation marks there, FizzBuzz. That's one condition. L if, and we'll do Fizz, which is divisible by three. And I'm doing this one first just because it's the most common. Actually, I should probably reverse these because the five is less common than the three. So I percent three equals zero because of short circuit evaluation. And if that is, look it up, I guess. So I percent three, let's see, equals. Again, equals zero. We're going to print Fizz. And then we're gonna do our buzz. So L if, I percent five equals zero, print Buzz. Now if it's none of these, we would do else, print Fizz, print the number. So in this case. And let's go ahead and test it and see if it's working. Okay, so now again, I haven't memorized all the numbers, but let's say one, two, Fizz, because that's divisible by three. Buzz is divisible by five. Six is divisible by three. Nine's divisible by three. Buzz is divisible by five, 11. And then we got Fizz, and then we do have a FizzBuzz. So we should see FizzBuzz like 15, 30, 45, etc, etc. Okay, and if I go all the way to the end, just to kind of test the last few here, I got a buzz for 100, which is good. I got a Fizz for 99. And you can see how basically it is working as expected. Now again, I did a little bit of an optimization here right away is I checked for divisibility by five first, just because it's rare. Because what happens, and this is what I said earlier about short circuit evaluation, because I have an and here, if this is false, it doesn't matter if this is true or false. There's no point in checking it. And the computer will not check that statement. It'll just check this if it's false. It knows better than to go ahead and check this because it'd be a waste of time. So then we go and we do check for three. And again, I chose three because actually three is more common. And since three is more common, I basically wanted to, then it doesn't check for five because five is rare. So hopefully that kind of makes a little bit of sense and why I chose to do it that way. Now just out of curiosity, if we counted how many comparisons we had to do for each of these. So in this case, we have to do two comparisons. Actually, I guess you could argue it's 1.5 because part of the time it's a five, it's this is done and this isn't. Let's just go ahead and count this as one if statement. And how many if comparisons we'll do? We'll just ignore the fact that's an and. Now if we do fizz, count is gonna be plus equal to because we had to do this and this. And if we get the buzz, we've had two failed accounts, two failed, and we end up with three altogether. And then else is just what's left over. So that's not really a comparison. So let's print the count of this particular approach. Now this isn't maybe the best way of calculating it, but it'll give us a rough idea of how many comparisons it took us to get this. You can see here the answer is 102. So we have a certain number of these, we have a certain number of these and we have a certain number of these. And then of course this is the default, we're not counting the else because the comparison has already been done. So just out of curiosity, it's 102 comparisons to get to this. And again, I'm ignoring the fact that this is really two, but sometimes it's only one, sometimes it's two. So we could put it 1.5, but you get the idea. But I don't think it's gonna be a huge change there. So just kind of remember that number. Now there's another, I mean, there's plenty of different ways to do this. So I'm gonna go ahead and get rid of this and try to come up with a different way of doing it. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna use an auxiliary kind of variable here to help. So I'm gonna call it found and that's gonna be false. So what I do here is I'm gonna say if I percent three equals zero, then I'm gonna go ahead and print fizz, no space, end equals single quotes. I think I can use double quotes there too. And this is Python three and what this does, this is like print in Java versus print line. So what this does is it prints across and it doesn't go to the next line. Because what I wanna do here is if I percent three equals, or I percent five equals zero, I'm going to print buzz and end equals quote, quote. So now notice I still have to do this. So for every three, I'm still doing this one. Now if it's not a fizz and not a buzz, I wanna do if not found, I know I didn't add that yet, print i and then print, I'm gonna say print i, print i, else print, just put a space. And what I gotta do here is I also have to put, I have to put found equals true. So it's a little bit more complicated, but I think it's gonna be fewer comparisons. I'm not sure, let's find out. So found equals true. Now I could also at this point just do, actually, I don't need to do end here, I could do print. Well, I'll leave it like this. I'll say found equals true and then we'll kind of go ahead and kind of play with the numbers a little bit and see what happens. Again, it's a seemingly simple problem, but yeah, it's kind of interesting. So let's go ahead and run this and see if we get the correct results. And I think we did, yeah. So look, it looks very similar. So we got one, yeah, so fizz, we got buzz, fizz, fizz, buzz, fizz and fizz, buzz, okay. So let's go ahead and do a quick count here. So count plus equals one. And if I got to this one, I've done two. So count plus equals two. And then here I got count plus equals three. So that's the only way it would get there. I think this is gonna be a lot more in the counts. Yeah, so that's 232 different comparisons. So that's kind of interesting. Now I can cut this one down a little bit by doing the following. I can do, let's see. Actually, I should have added count plus equals three here because I didn't count this. Because even if it's not found, I'm still doing a count. So that's kind of interesting. Actually, that should be plus equals one. I guess they should all be plus equals one because I'm still counting these. The other example, I wasn't. So let's try that again. That's 120. So that's just a little bit more than the other one. Oh, we got a little bit of an error here. Okay, because I forgot to put found equals true. So it's kind of an interesting problem. Oh, that was 106. So it's only four more comparisons than the original method that I did. But again, I didn't really account for the fact that in that first comparison, there were actually two comparisons. So I think this is probably a slightly more efficient method. Now the other thing I can do here, I realized is I could get rid of this and I could just print buzz and then continue. Because if I find a buzz, I've maybe found a fizz, maybe haven't, but I don't need to do not found. And then because I don't need to worry about this because I'm using print here. So let's see what result is we get here. Still 106, okay. So that didn't really help as much. I really thought it would help a bit but I guess I was wrong on that one. Probably because I wasn't counting in here. So count plus equals one. I still have to, I guess I still have to count this one. So maybe I did that wrong. So this is 133 and let's do found equals true. Let's go ahead 153. So actually, okay. So this is 153. If I change this to continue, it avoids a few down here, a few comparisons. Because it was 133. But the original method that I did actually gave us fewer comparisons because of the use of if, L, if, et cetera. But again, I'm not sure if I correctly kind of accounted for the fact that there was an and here. So yeah, it's kind of interesting. So those are a couple different ways to, to solve this particular problem. This one looks a bit more complex. But, and it also relies on the fact that you can print without doing a line return. And so yeah, so that's kind of interesting. It's really a fascinating problem. I should probably try this again and do it like with a proper timer and maybe just do it up to a million and see which is fastest, which would be kind of an interesting exercise. But maybe I'll save that for you, the viewer. So that is fizzbuzz. That's two ways of solving it. Again, this is a common interview question or, so I hear, because I haven't actually done this type of interview myself, but it's pretty straightforward. So this is something, if you're going to be going for a programming job, you probably want to know how to do this in whatever language it is that you are focusing on. All right, good luck. Thanks to everyone for watching and, you know, keep on coding. Take care.


So first I want to welcome everybody to my home. This is not something I usually do, but somehow this year it seemed like the good and appropriate thing to do. You will occasionally hear my solid world dog in the background. I am a lover of dogs and have dogs in Second Life and in RL. When I said I would do a presentation on urban gardening, urban farming, sustainable farming on a small scale, I didn't think about it being wintertime and then I thought, you know, this is absolutely perfect because winter is the time that we plan our gardens. So welcome to my home in the confederation of Democratic simulators, the CDS. And I have lived here in the Neufristat Valley for 14 years now. So I've had a while to get my garden established. And we have today here people from the Science Circle. We also have some of my friends and neighbors in the CDS around here. So if you have questions about this land, it is a residential community. We are self-governing. We elect our government officials. And we've been doing that even longer than I've been a resident. So of the people who are here, Rosie Gray, I know would be perfectly willing to answer questions. Laurie, Samara, Kiyoko would be glad to answer any questions that you would have about this whole area. So back to what I was saying about winter and the garden. Yeah, yeah. Yes. It is a free city, yes, with the Constitution, the whole area. This is the oldest of the regions. So I guess it is an appropriate place for me to be living all these years. And before we start on the garden that is right here in front of us, you'll notice that there is a poster on the side of the barn here. And the poster is of a keyhole garden. And that was one of my first gardens in the second life. It was on the cozy, excuse me, cozy shire, which is no longer in existence. And I started that one in 2006 before I came here, but still had it there in 2008. So if you click that poster, you will find a little bit, a note card with a little bit about keyhole gardens. And they're wonderful for people with small spaces, because they're circular and the compost and the, the, that feeds the garden is right there in the center of the garden. So it's a very compact little thing. I also put on that particular garden, a rain catcher because it was inspired by some of the keyhole gardens in the drier parts of Africa where they don't get a lot of rain. And so the rain catcher collects the, the moisture, very simple thing to make, but it connects, it collects the moisture out of the air and drips onto the, the garden so that the, the plants grow. So let's get back to here and why I wanted to do this in the first place. A couple of months ago, I did a presentation on systems thinking and critical thinking and the importance of systems thinking to sustainability for a regional UN conference. And I used the sustainable development goal number two, zero hunger as one of my examples. And it got me thinking that if we are to have zero hunger, there's a lot of work that we need to do not only from a community standpoint, from a national standpoint, from a world standpoint, but from an individual standpoint in understanding why this is so very important and what each of us can do so far as actions, but also so far as mindset and questioning the decisions that we make and the, the way we go about living our daily lives. So as I said, I've had the gardens here in Second Life vegetable gardens for 14 years, but much, much, much longer in our solid life. I have been working on community gardens wherever I have lived for 35 years. So that was starting in the downtown areas in Boston and every place else that I have lived and including where I am now in Western Massachusetts. And we are just about to start here on a pretty ambitious community garden, community farm on an unused land space close to where I live and engaging people who don't normally garden or who haven't garden. So a lot of things have gotten me interested in doing this as a farm project in, in RL and not the least of which is that I was one of the founders of the local farmers market here about eight years ago now. And I have a front yard vegetable garden because that's the south side of my RL property. And because I have a front yard garden, I have children walking by on the way to school and the children would see me working in the garden and they didn't know what I was doing. So in the summertime or in the late, late, early summer, late spring, when we began to get tomatoes, I would hand them a cherry tomato and their eyes would wide go wide like they had no idea that that is where food, their food came from, a garden. So I've, I've left every year some tomatoes where kids could pick them. And I have raspberry bushes that grow over the fence to the sidewalk and I make sure that I leave some of the, the good raspberries there so kids can walk along the sidewalk and pick those two. So if we are raising children in our developed world who don't know where food comes from, it seems to me we are kind of missing the boat if we are going to get to the sustainability goal of zero hunger. So moving back here for a minute, as I said in the beginning, that winter is really a very important part of the gardening cycle. And you'll notice the garden in front of me. So if people would really take a minute and look at it and look underneath and see what do you see there? What do you notice? What is it that you see first about the garden here? Because this very much reflects what my RL garden looks like at the moment. Yeah, it's straw. It's not hay. So the difference between hay and straw is that hay has the seeds in it. So there is hay in a troth inside the barn. If you click the barn door, you'll see some in there. These are pretty hardy sheep, but they do on occasion go into the barn if it is very, very chilly. Yeah, so there's straw and then the snow over top. But what else is there? Onions, yes. So you'll see here some root vegetables and some really cold weather vegetables that are still there. So for instance, if you look over in front of Scott, right where Scott's standing, and you'll see some kale and a little bit of spinach, and they're buried in the straw. Kale doesn't mind the cold weather. It's in a spot. I don't have a good, I have a better west facing sun than south facing sun. So the kale in the winter is in the corner there where it gets the best of both. Because if it freezes a little bit, so what? It may get even frozen and then unfreeze and be usable. Most of the kale is that hardy. A lot of the cabbage is some of the collards. The other thing here that is right in front of me that is very hardy is parsley. And so parsley actually, to me, tastes better after it freezes. After the weather goes below zero centigrade or 32 Fahrenheit, the parsley gets sweeter. The beets, the beet greens are not freeze hardy. But if it's all covered with the straw, so long as you don't get a hard freeze all the way down into the ground, you can still use the beets. So if you look hard, you'll find beets and carrots and potatoes, radishes, they're still in the ground. So kale will also come back. So if I leave it there, it'll be one of the very first to come back in the spring. The parsley is, you have parsley for two years and it will reseed itself. Kale will reseed itself also. The other unlikely plant that seems to reseed itself here in the northeast where I am, I'm in the Taconic Mountains in western Massachusetts, so it gets pretty cold here. But the cherry tomatoes seem to have gotten themselves to be freeze hardy as well. And cherry tomatoes keep coming back, reseeding and coming back every year. So that's one of the other things that I want to make sure to mention here. And that is to pay attention when we're growing food to pay attention to what is the nature-based way to do this. So that, as I said, I am in the northwest part of Massachusetts in the northeast of the United States in the Taconic Mountains. And this is right on the edge of the Appalachian and the New England Piedmont regions. So that it is soil that overlies marble limestone, a lot of limestone. It's not thick soil, but it's good soil. And knowing your soil is the very first important piece of gardening. So if you have a garden and you haven't had your soil tested, it's a good idea to do this. Most of the universities that were originally land grant universities will do this for either free or a very small cost. Now, Shiloh, it's not that one is better than the other. It is knowing the soil that you have so that you begin to plant things that will be, will like where you put them. One of the reasons that we have depleted the soil around the world is not only because we want to get higher yields for the soil and over fertilize, but also because we're not paying attention to what would grow well, what would like living in this particular soil. And yeah, I plant garlic in September, but I also have some clothes in the house in a little bit of water and then in a pot so that I can cut the greens. So when I was talking tagline about testing the soil, you want to know what the soil is in regard to what the plant likes. So the leafy greens like the soil that is a little bit more alkaline and the tomatoes like the soil that is a little bit more acid.  So don't plant something, two plants next to each other that don't like the same kind of soil. And that's the other advantage of doing the no-till or the, which I've done always, or planting into the straw. The nitrogen fixing bacteria, it's not just that, Maragon, you have, and I should mention, and I didn't mention this before, over by the other side of the barn, right in front of the barn. Right behind Nexus there is a little box and it has some of the, a list of resources. It's certainly not all of the resources, but there's a note card in there with some resources. But there are not only bacteria, there are fungi and different microbes here in the soil that plants need in order to be healthy. And I'm skipping around a little bit, but it brings up another piece here, and that is, it's not only the, yeah, all of those, plus animals that dig in. But starting with healthy soil is critical for sustainable food. It means not only that the food that you grow initially is better quality and more nutritious, but it's also that the seeds are going to be better seeds for germinating. So that if you want to have a sustainable garden, the things, take care of your soil, plant things that you like to eat. Don't plant, don't bother plant something that is maybe looking good, but you don't eat. That really is a waste of the resources. And then make sure that you rejuvenate the soil. So I'm not a big believer in fertilizer or certainly not heavy fertilizer by any means. Biochar added to the soil will make it a little bit more acid. And if you need to do that, that's a good thing. And composting. If you look behind Edgar, there, there is a compost pile. My RL compost pile looks different than that, but it is still something that I use all the time. And that's because if you're going to put, have healthy soil, you want to put the nutrients back into the soil. We eat, but then they never, what never gets replenished is the soil in the areas where the food was grown that we eat. So if I am eating strawberries from Mexico, for instance, I am virtually using the Mexican water and all of the soil nutrients, because that nutrients, whatever is left over is going to get deposited in western Massachusetts and not in Mexico. This on the long term of sustainability doesn't make a whole lot of sense on a broad scale. So soil first, then plants, and I do organic gardening. And on that list is the seed company that I use, but that is for the northeast of the United States, that a high mowing organic seeds is in Vermont. So if you're looking for seeds, look for seeds that are grown, produced in the area where you live. So if you're in California, you want to look for seeds. Not all organic seeds are heritage seeds. Some are, some aren't. That's as much a matter of preference. Sometimes heritage seeds are better suited to the land, but not always. I'm sorry that the seed did not get the voice. But anyway, so soil, then plants, and then care. I also don't use pesticides or very, very little of the pesticides. And if that is so, only ones that are natural and decompose. So that if you've done the planting well, and I do some companion planting, not only for the pests, but for the adapting to the seasons. And then you think of pests like slugs and stuff. But I also have a woodchuck that lives in the area. And so I have had to plant mint around the kale because the woodchuck doesn't like the mint. So yeah, marigolds, some tomatoes, if you plant the marigolds around the tomatoes, that will discourage. So to a limited way, I do the companion planting. Yeah, chickens absolutely help. Now in RL, I don't have chickens. Here I do have chickens. You notice I have a chicken coop over there and chickens that wander around here. And Geo, the very active friendly dog, makes sure that the chickens stay alive and that no foxes or raccoons or come and eat the chickens. So I guess the most important thing here from a gardening and a scientific perspective is to figure out for your area what would be nature's way. And I'm not a purist on what might be an invasive species. Because we're all migrants. Every single one of us and every single plant around over time has migrated somewhere from somewhere. So, but I am very much concerned with the balance and how nature would balance things out. And that, as I said, for instance, I don't use the pesticides, but I do take care to make sure that things don't get eaten by everyone but me. So that, for instance, with tomatoes, if you have an area where you have cut worms, plant the tomato seed or the plant. With a cup or a cuff below the ground and then about two inches above so that the cut worms can't get in there. Yeah, probably the best, one of the most effective things for deer is not only put things around the plant that they don't like, but also if you can get coyote urine, for instance. They tend not to want to be there. So I do have a problem with snails and slugs. And one of the things that I do for that is to put out a very shallow bowl and put it in the ground to the point where the lip of the bowl is about level with the ground and put beer in it. You could use milk, I've used beer. Like humans, the slugs and the sails are attracted to the beer and so they will go for that instead of the pale and the collards. The slugs seem to like the beer. Yeah, they actually drown in the beer, but yes, it attracts them. Yeah, they do drown. So the things that I have that I grow, because it's what works in my area, because we have the very cold and then relatively hot summers, not brutally hot summers, but hot summers. So I grow a lot of the brassicas. I grow kales and cabbage and collards and musters and bok choy and radishes. And those are probably good three and a half season plants for me. In the very hot weather, I will put down either a shade cover for the kale or make sure that they are shaded in some way because they kale and spinach do not like very hot weather. The kale, the spinach will bolt, you know, it will go to flower almost immediately. Lettices don't like really hot weather either. So those are early planting for me as soon as I can put them in the ground. Yeah, the Swiss chard is also a good three season plant for me. And then I do a very a variety of tomatoes. Some are hybrids, some are heirloom peppers, tomatillos, peas and beans, peas I also put in the ground just as early as I can stick my finger in the ground. They also do not mind cold and they hate hot. They will, they will wilt in the hot weather. My area seems to be really good for peas. Beans come after peas on the same, I do steak them. I have onions, garlics, chives of various kinds. And then I do squashes and cucumbers. I also plant for a little bit of color, I plant the nasturtium and nasturtium is edible. So I use the flowers in in salads makes a lovely salad with a little bit of garlic chive and lettuce and a couple of tomatoes and some nasturtiums, beautiful salad. And then I have a lot of different herbs because I use them a lot too I have oregano and oregano doesn't mind the cold weather. I can right now I have snow on the ground, I can reach under the snow and pick a little bit of the oregano and it's perfectly good to use. So I have oregano, basil is very temperature sensitive so that comes in the house. I have sage, rosemary, I have regular peppermint and I have chocolate mint. I have lemon balm, thyme, tarragon, tarragon in my area grows like a weed, parsley, summer savory and lavender. Now some of those can be used for medicinal purposes as well. So rosemary where I am has to come in the house. Right now my rosemary plant is right next to my desk in the office so that it does get some sunlight still. It won't grow much over the winter and it doesn't like a lot of water in the winter but it should be just fine to go out in the late spring again. What I didn't mention and if you'll look around you'll see are berries. So you notice I have bushes here and trees. Because this particular region here where we are in second life is a alpine, European inspired region. It's not by any means a role play region but it is inspired by alpine areas. In RL I have blueberries, here I have the slow berries and they're right along the side there. We tried to keep some of this close to what it would be in feel as you would in an alpine region in RL. I don't have gooseberries, I have currants in RL. I also have, I do have the blueberries, I have currants, I have a number of different kinds of raspberries. And then if you look down closer to my house here I have elderberry. I have elderberry in RL as well. Now you only see one plant there but if you down further behind the house there is a second elderberry. That's because to pollinate there needs to be two of them at least. So many of the plants don't care but elderberries do, apples do also. So you'll notice that there are two apple trees here in the yard but up on the hill not on my property here there are more apple trees. So apple trees need to be cross pollinated. On my RL land I have four different kinds of apples. And we were asking about heritage plants. Two of them, two of my apple trees are heritage trees. My Baldwin is first came to the United States or was made grafted in the United States in the early 1800s. And the one in the backyard is a Roxbury Russet and that was put or developed in the United States in the 1600s. So the Roxbury Russet looks a lot like a pear actually. And it's got that rough Russet skin, very sweet, very tasty. And then I have one ancient tree that was this behind the garage here and very, I don't even know what version it is, but it helps for the pollination. And then in the front yard, I have a very new variety and it is in the front yard vegetable garden and that is a northern pole apple. And so it is vertical, it has branches that do not go out very far and all of the apples are clustered right near the trunk of the tree. So that's kind of an experiment for me. But again, I grow what I like to eat. And so in the mornings in the summer, you'll find me and I get two crops of raspberries off the bushes that I have. So I get raspberries most of the summer and I get the apples starting in mid to late August. Yeah, most of the apples are trees in the United States are splinting or grafting or but yes. What kinds of squash do I do? I do a number of kinds of cucumbers. I do the summer squash, the zucchini, and I do some of the some winter squash, but not a lot. I do a little bit of a corn squash and a little bit of delicata. And I have a small plot. I don't have that winter squash. Yes. So my elderberries are, I have bought the two elderberries that I have from a farmer that I know well, who does also organic farming, and she has grown them from stock. So they're not, they're not natural here. They weren't wild. But I do want to get a little bit to the wild here. And because I was talking about, in fact, a lot of people are talking about rewilding. And while that's important to give land back to whatever non cultivated land that we can and let nature do the design. I also don't have grass like other people have grass. So we decided that we would let that go pretty natural. And even though we cut it some, we have things that have volunteered themselves. So and you'll see that here in the summertime. I have dandelions and dandelions are native to my area. We do eat the dandelion greens. They're wonderful early in the season. The young dandelion leaves are excellent. We also eat the flowers. I do not make dandelion wine. But yeah, that's the thing that I was going to say tagline. They are the first source of nectar for bees in my area. And I don't have beehives in RL. My, my grandfather did have beehives. I do have a beehive here, but it's too cold to have the beehive out. So bees don't want to be out in the snow. If you come by here in the summer, you will see the dandelions in the grass and you will see the bees floating around, flying around. So, so I do have dandelions. I do have curly dock. Curly dock is a native of Europe, but it has naturalized here in the US and it is spread spread all around. I use those leaves too. I let those go to seed, share the seed with the, the birds, but I also use some of the seeds and, and I have taken the roots of the curly dock and cooked those and made a really excellent Asian dish that I learned from a Korean friend. And I have goldenrod, which the birds love, but dog likes the bird, the goldenrod too. He eats the leaves. Ramps are native to my area. So ramps are in the onion family, but they are a endangered. So I just cut the leaves and use the leaves and not all of the leaves out of the plant. Just some of the leaves on every plant, but they do grow wild in the, in the woods and on in the woods inside of my land and use that to make pesto. Purse Lane is in my yard. Also, I use that sparingly. Some people love Purse Lane. I'm not wild about it. And violence. The, the blue violets are native to my area and they are all over my yard. They're also edible. And I use the, the leaves and I put the flowers into salads. Again, I was going to say that the nasturtiums taste quite a bit like cucumbers, but the, the violets have, I don't know, more of a savory flavor to me. And if you look around here, you'll see on the sides in the woods ferns. I have ferns in RL2. Yeah, you can eat the violets. I don't know about the roots of the violets, but the leaves and the flowers you can eat. But here you'll see ferns that are either dead or dying. I have ferns in my RL yard. Also, you can cut the fiddleheads. Again, do not cut all of it or you will kill the plant, but take some of the fiddleheads and they, you know, steam them like you would green beans and they have a lot of taste like that. You know, tagline, if you ate a lot of anything, you'd probably get overwhelmed. But if I put violets as the, the garnish in a salad, it's fine. It's fine. So there's a lot more to say here, but I'm watching the time and I want to get to the, the back to the little greenhouse area in the back. But before we leave this area, does it do anybody, people have any other questions about this? And I do invite people to come back over the, the year because this is a seasonal region, and it will change in the spring and the summer and the fall. And I changed the garden along with that. I have started growing a little bit of, of tomatoes and potatoes, but not a lot where I am now. This is not, the purpose of this sim is not to educate, but that is certainly my purpose. So it is part of what I do in Second Life and in the solid world. Yeah. And we certainly do have educational programs here, but we also have just one programs too as well. So let's take a walk into the next parcel. It may be that the, the voice will take a minute to get itself settled in. But if you walk, pay attention to what else is around here. Oh, somebody mentioned the medicinals. If you look to my left here, you'll see which easel, which is definitely used as a medicinal and rose hips also. So the ice should be solid enough to stand on. We're not, this is a very small, all tight place. So this is the south side of my house. This is the area that gets the most sun. And so this is where I put the attached greenhouse to my house. You'll notice that there are two trees here.  Oh, and I might mention that now to my left on the other side of the stream is a willow and willows are used to some degree, medicinally to buy different peoples, but take a look inside the greenhouse. See, I've moved all, yeah, you can have willow tea. There's a little bit of similar to aspirin in the willows as well. I've moved all of my herbs inside. In RL, I have them scattered around my house here. I have them all in one place. I also have here in my greenhouse a pot of violets so that I can use those for my salads. I have a hanging nasturtium plant, so I will use those too. I've started some lettuces in, my animals don't eat the, well, that's not entirely true. Micah, my dog would eat some of them if they were down where he could reach them. But he would take a little bit of the basil, but it's hanging up so he can't. Here, and I am trying this now in RL as well, and it's not something I've done before, but notice in the planter next to the lettuce, which Micah absolutely would eat. I have a semi-vegetarian dog by his choice, and he loves lettuce. He loves cabbage, so he would definitely eat that. But I have the chard growing inside, and now, I must say in RL, I don't have this kind of a greenhouse, but I have a long, thin front vestibule where I put shells along the windows, and that's south-facing and east-facing, and I have the window boxes with lettuce and chard and kale in that area to grow for the winter. But I'm going to say here, and I'm starting to try this in, yeah, I add eggshells to the soil, definitely. Crumble them and add them to the soil. That makes it so that the slugs and snails don't want to walk over it, but it also adds the nutrition back into the soil. And the ones I don't put in the soil directly, I do compost, yes, tagline. I put those in my compost. But here, I'm going to try planting some little seedlings in the eggshell cups and see how that works, and that's going to be an interesting experiment for me this winter. Now, if you look on the other side here, right in front of the shells with the herbs, you'll see sitting in water, the bottom, the top parts of carrots. I don't have as many of these in RL, but I do have them, and they are on my kitchen table. And so I am growing the tops from the carrots that I cooked and used in soup, and when I have enough of the tops, I will make pesto again with the carrot tops. So I have a good goat cheese, and the carrot tops makes a wonderful pesto. Yeah, yeah, I do. I make pesto out of the tops, Max. So I have a goat cheese that is, I don't know, it's sort of, it's not a cheddar, of course, but it's sort of that kind of a flavor, and it mixes very well with the flavor of the carrot tops. Yeah, so I use, I may try also because I'm growing the radish leaves from the bottom, the tops of the radishes, so I'm doing that as well. And I'll use the leaves, I'll try that in pesto, and maybe put a few walnuts or something in that as well. Yeah, I'm so lucky in the area where I live, it's a tiny city and lots of small farms around, so I can go to the farm that makes the goat cheese, I can go to the farm that makes the sheep cheese, and I can go to the farm, the dairy, the cow farm to get my half and half, and I'm really lucky. I do not have chickens in RL, but I know I have some very good friends who do have chickens, and so I get eggs, fresh eggs from them. I'm just really lucky in what I can do where I live. I don't know if it will work, I'm trying it here, but I'm also going to try it in RL to start tomatoes earlier and start them inside in one of the window boxes. Yeah, and see if I can start my tomatoes early, because where I live, I can't put tomato plants in the ground until the beginning of June, it gets too cold. I do that too, I put coffee grounds, I really am an organic gardener, and I put my organic coffee grounds into the compost. Yes, yeah, so yes, and here, and I'm trying this in RL as well. If you notice, I have a grow light on the ceiling here, and I put a grow light now into my front vestibule because I don't get eight hours of sun in there in the wintertime. And I know I can't grow the tomatoes unless I have that, so I will probably try starting the tomatoes inside in March and see if that works because I'm going to have more sun, and I'll let you know whether I can live if this is a working thing. The last thing that I want to point out here as well, if you notice right by the inside door here, you'll see a little plant in a test tube hanging on the wall. So that is regrowing, and I can do mint and oregano that way inside. And then you'll notice on my little gardening table, there is an avocado starting to grow, but it's not just avocados that you can do that way. And there are some resources in the note card that I provided on other things that can be grown like that little avocado seed is being grown here. Yeah, back to what we're asking about that chickens and horses and all. I get my straw from a farmer who is also a good friend, and she has chickens and horses so that it is, yes, it is in the straw. Tomatoes like manure. They really like manure, so yes, so that's a good thing. You're welcome to go inside and look around. I also, as I said, yeah, I don't use it. It will burn the roots of the plants, Sumo, if you use it when it's new, the manure, yeah, yeah. So you do want it to age a little bit. Inside here on the stove, you will see soup cooking. In RL, I make soup all winter. And so this very much mimics, though it's not identical, but it mimics what I do in RL, yes. Ursa, I have not had that as a problem. I get the straw, where I get the straw, they are also organic gardeners. So I have not had to deal with that, yes. I have used a rooting compound, yes. I couldn't tell you the name of it right now because I can't reach it. It's in the back vestibule, yes. Let's see, other thing, speaking about some of the toxicity in some of the compost and all, you want to be careful. And that's the other reason to get your soil tested ahead of time and know the farmers. One of the goals in setting up our local farmers market was that we wanted a farmer producer market so that people could get to know the farmers themselves and ask those particular questions of the farmers, how things were grown and express their desires to the farmers. So that the people who are eating the food and the farmers who are growing the food are all on the same page. So I guess what I want to leave people with here is we are not going to grow all of our food. I'm not going to grow all of the food I eat. But in growing the food, some of the food that I eat, I am much better at asking questions and recognizing how food is grown, what are the pluses and minuses, and to encourage people all around to take a scientific, nature-based perspective on growing and eating food. So that is one of the things that I absolutely want to spread around. Yes. Yeah, Mike, notice that I have an aloe plant on the table. Not too far from the stove, yes. Yeah, so the aloe plant that I have in my RL home was grown by girls in a private school near me in their gardening and nature class. Yes. So I'll be glad to answer questions. And also, I know that I or anybody else would be glad to answer questions about these six regions. Rosie would for sure as well, but we'll be and explore the whole area. And this is, as I said, it's six residential regions and a very, very nice friendly community. And Kyoko Samara, who just popped back in, is our chancellor for this six-month term. And Rosie was chancellor for our last six-month term. We are now on our 34th term of government. So, yes. I'm glad everybody enjoyed this. So each term of government here in the CDS is six months. It goes from December 1st to and then the next one starts June 1st, year after year. No faceless electors, no. No. I'm really glad and really glad people enjoyed it. And now you have a landmark. You're welcome to come back and check it out anytime. Do make sure, though, that you stop and say hello to the dogs. They'll get very offended if they don't get the tension. And when somebody asked about horses, there are usually two horses that live here in this, in the pasture. I farmed them out to a friend's lot for today because they would have gotten in the way of people standing.  Yeah. Well, this is good. This has been fun. This has been fun. And you're very welcome. And I wish everybody a wonderful holiday season.