Hi there all, welcome to my little talk I'm going to give today, thank you very much for Stuart and his team for organising these during these difficult times, it really is a privilege to be involved in this and I'm glad to share with you some of the ideas that we've gained over the years in our laboratory with myself and colleagues from around the world that hopefully try to unpack this very very complex skill of soccer kicking.  So where are we going to go? I think it's fair to say that the game of soccer is extremely popular a global game and to many people this actually even seems a little bit more than this it's almost a religion in the way that they follow this so it can affect many people's lives in a long in a lot of ways. Now as you can see from the images these type of kicks accurate powerful kicks for goal have created some tremendous sporting memories for many others and you can pick out your own just a couple for me here Beckham against Greece there was a Ronaldo knuckleball kick or straight non-spinning kick against Portsmouth in the Premier League many years ago again two great memories in terms of technical proficiency but they're very very useful in terms of maximum powerful kicks in terms of scoring a shot in terms of taking a penalty or in terms of really being able to kick the ball hard switching play trying to take the time away from the opposition hopefully this means that we can give ourselves a great chance of scoring a goal if we give ourselves a great chance of scoring a goal hopefully we're going to have more chances of actually winning the game so really important for us to be able to understand the fundamentals of this skill and exactly what is going on now the several ways in which researchers have approached this a lot of different facets to it so what I'm going to do today really is try to cover a little bit about what we know from the research both inside and outside of our own laboratories here in Chichester and we'll look at things such as approach we'll look at some bits on foot placement and we shall concentrate on the main body of research in terms of the kicking leg and but we shall also look at other aspects of the kick as well so hopefully we'll understand by the end of the presentation that what we've got is a whole body action rather than just this focus on the one leg that strikes the ball we'll deal with some aspects of the mathematics and the biomechanics behind it as well so some considerations you will need to have if you're going to research in this area namely that be whenever we collect some data we end up with certain errors in that so we'll talk about smoothing and hopefully then we can start to unpack how we would use this information these biomechanical techniques all these mechanisms are a player to try and design an intervention to help people improve their performance so we're trying to talk through this in terms of an intervention study and the type of things that we might want to think about when we're devising those and finally we shall talk about usability so what happens when we try to work with players what is the best way to do that what is the best way to affect performance in terms of your day-to-day practice so just an example here of a pretty typical motion analysis setup this is a some data collection we were involved with many years ago we're lucky enough to be involved but it gives a very very good example of what might happen when we try to collect 3D motion capture data you can see the small reflective dots that are placed anatomical landmarks all over the player these are then collected by these cameras in the background they'll collect data usually up to 500 times per second sometimes now I'll have now some of the data we'll contact on later is up to a thousand times a second but as I mentioned these data will be collected direct to the computer but they will have certain amounts of errors in there there's going to be certain ways in which the skin wobbles in which the muscle wobbles over the skeleton and especially when we're dealing with impact situations like kicking and this becomes even more important so we'll try and cover a little bit of that too so I said we're going to start really with some of the notions of of what might happen in terms of the the data that we already know we start to think of our approach towards the ball this is the first thing that we do when we're kicking a ball and the certain aspects of that approach we need to consider so what is going to be the speed in the approach what is going to be at the angle of the approach very many different options for this mostly dependent on player preference but also dependent on the situation that arises within the game there might well be opponents in the way there may be maybe a defensive wall we may have certain angles and wins to deal with so there's many different facets to this what we do know is that typically players tend to have short curved runs and these somewhere list between two and five steps just before we get to that that impact with the ball we can see the footprints there that come towards that that standing support leg that's placed beside the ball ready to impact studies have found that a range between a zero angle of approach right through to a 90 degree angle of approach that the optimum tends to be between 30 and 45 degrees now of course we can alter that approach angle and this basically will end up with a very very similar outcome in terms of the ball velocity however it's going to change the way in which the individual body segments contribute to to that overall ball velocity so if we come from wider angles approaches so I'm saying here towards the 90 degree angle approach so maybe we're talking 75 degrees the wider angles giving us a much greater movement outside of that sagittal plane so we're looking at things like adduction abduction of the hip we're looking at internal rotation of the femur and we're looking at that transverse rotation around the vertical axis then of the pelvis itself so in other words we've got much more frontal and transverse plane motion when we're coming from a steeper angle if we're coming from a straighter angle what we tend to find is that it's more sagittal plane movements that probably so we've got more flexion extension that's occurring in the hip and also in the knee area towards ball contact in terms of approach speed we don't have playoff here so the quicker we can approach the ball the more momentum in theory and if we take momentum as being mass multiplied by velocity our body mass is going to be standard so the quicker we can approach the ball hopefully the more momentum we can impart to that ball and therefore the ball travels faster seems pretty logical however there is going to be a playoff here if we go too quickly we're going to lose that intersegmental control that we get in the timing aspect between the flexion extension abduction adduction rotations of those body parts towards that ball impact so the optimum approach is going to be individualized and probably going to be a little bit less than their maximum approach speed right so the main body of focus tends to have looked at the kicking leg during um during high velocity maximal in-step kicks it's an example from an old Brazilian hero Roberto Carlos he's got some fantastic free kick goals um from his his left foot um this all happens really really quickly so what we hope will we can do here in the grand scheme of things is to try and break down this this kicking skill into discrete phases it's so fast we can't necessarily absorb all this information with the naked eye so we need to use our high speed video we need to use optoelectronic systems to try and break it down into its constituent parts mainly what we tend to find in this kicking action and we're talking here predominantly about the kicking leg is going to be the main bit that occurs to contribute to foot speed is going to be hip flexion so that forward action of the thigh is going to be an extremely important um movement for us and those thigh flexors um the hip flexor move muscles are going to be the key for us in terms of generating um and generating ball speed and foot speed when we're on that initial stages the take back and the initiation the great examples of some mechanical principles here we look at principles of inertia and then as we come down towards a downswing a lot of energetics come into playing we'll look a little bit more about how that can happen a good example here if i break this down into the individual phases of the kick what we'll see we tend to start from the top left hand side of the screen here we'll start as the striking foot just leaves the ground this first phase will come down to the point where um support foot touch down occurs as we can see at this phase here the the kicking leg is being taken back um the knee is flexed the hip is slightly extended but what then happens from that point onwards is that the knee becomes even more flexed in that next phase okay so this phase phase going from the middle picture at the top towards the picture at the right hand side at the top the knee becomes a little bit more flexed as the hip begins to move forward or that thigh is brought forwards what is happening there is we're trying to reduce the amount of inertia within that leg and for those of you again that remember that phrase inertia inertia is going to be our resistance to angular change so the smaller the amount of inertia we can create there the quicker we're going to be able to accelerate that limb forwards so that's why that knee is then flexed quite tightly at that position as we move down to the bottom rung of pictures on the bottom left we then see the downswing um taking taking control we reach at that position of 90 degrees at the knee which we'll talk about a little bit more detail in the coming slides and then down to ball impact and follow through so the muscular activity that we talk about here in terms of the thigh is going to be extremely important the top part of this downswing so we talk about strong quadricep muscles being required to kick a long way yes they are required but they're not going to be the main muscles as we've spoken about the hip flexors are going to be more key with that but the quadriceps are definitely involved in the initiation that movement and we see the images here on the left hand side just around that first image on the top left is where those quadriceps are going to start to fire the leg is then swinging downwards and in images two three and four the lower leg is traveling so fast that it then needs to be controlled around and about that point of impact if we're talking about what speeds here really the leg can reach somewhere over 1500 degrees per second i guess if we put somebody in a measuring device wouldn't get them to to extend their knees quick as they possibly can there's no way we can get anywhere near 1500 degrees per second in terms of isolated knee extension it just cannot happen this quickly from muscle contraction alone so the knee extensors actually do little from that point onwards so anywhere from that 90 degrees downwards they do little to enhance the speed of the foot they just really place for that initial firing they place that lower leg in a position so that energy transfer can then occur so in the initiation of the downswing what occurs as i say we've got quadricep activity this is this red arrow that's pointing up the thigh that causes that initial rotation of the leg from there we've got also some that's the active part and we've also got some passive energy transfer that occurs there we can see the guy indiana johns here down at the bottom right using his whip it's a very similar action that occurs here with our soccer players as we bring the whip forward we stop the hand and the whip carries on faster same here we bring the thigh forward the thigh then stops and we whip the lower leg through down towards ball contact the way that is done amongst many other different contributing mechanisms within there some of that is actually through the contacting ligaments that hold the thigh and the um and the shank together we can see the star here is representing the center of mass of that uh lower leg segment and what happens from this 90 degree point here which we said was key before we can see here and i'll perform is keeping a similar point we then got these these contact forces within the within the knee as the pelvis moves upwards we're going to get this force lifting the thigh upwards as the thigh slows down we're going to get this force pushing backwards again on this lower leg segment both of these forces together will act eccentrically so they'll act to the side of this center of mass of the shank and will serve to accelerate it down through towards ball contact if we try and put some numbers on that um looking at the hip first of all we realize that that um what we're talking about here is hip velocities and joint moments for those of you again just the refresher that the joint moment is actually the turning force so when we're talking about forces usually those work in a linear or a straight line way if we're talking about forces that cause turning which all do at joints we're talking about those being called moments so the moment is that turning force um around a joint that's mainly coming from from the muscles we see here that the hip flexor moment which is this uh which is this which is the green line that we come across here um basically the hip flexors are going to be dominant until just prior to the point of impact but these hip flexors are nearly always positive right the way through the swing phase so the hip flexors are going to be the main power generators if you like for our kick that energy is then transferred down to what then happens at the knee and the shin comes forward quite quickly as we mentioned um the knee extends the moment so this one where we initiate the forward swing of that thigh can be seen in the second image here and will correlate really with this knee moment that we get here this little this positive aspect of this which basically is your um extension moment then just as we come down towards impact what we see is a very very large extension velocity around about 1500 degrees per second as i've already mentioned and then the impact point occurring here where the dotted line is now interesting point to note here with that impact point um because what we are getting around that point of impact is an awful lot of of wobble in terms of our little spherical reflective markers those markers will vibrate as the foot hits the ball the muscle will wobble the skin will wobble and we find ourselves in a difficult situation where we're trying to unpick the real signal out of these movements of these markers and any sort of impact in any sport causes this problem but we must make sure that mathematically we deal with that that signal quite correctly um Simon Augustus is a researcher here at our university here in Chichester just published some of his data regarding this of how to treat this particular type of data set we realize that these ball contacts are basically occurring for around about 10 milliseconds so if we're sampling um at quick enough speeds we will have a number of frames to deal with over this ball contact period but this impact will generate a high frequency movement and our typical conventional filters which will will have a cutoff frequency and they'll try and get rid of any um frequency component that is above that cutoff frequency um will basically get rid of a lot of that high frequency component that is inherently within that signal from the impact our new fractional Fourier filter that we look at here actually takes into account the length of that impact time but also the amount of high frequency uh content that was with within that um within that particular signal itself without going into too many details of that it then enables us to keep the main frequency content of the signal within our measurements without throwing it out the window and absorbing it through the use of a traditional filter this means hopefully that as practitioners we can interpret that data a little bit more correctly around those points of impact and this can be in much use as well in um in other different sporting scenarios we also have a problem here in football and soccer where we do have that ball impact force so again those peaks that we're seeing generate what what we might look at as false muscle moments around those points of impact what we can see here we took to the the laboratory and tried to recreate this looking at the turning forces around the ankle and the knee and the hip when we kicked a ball of normal mass we then tried to take away that ball impact force by using a foam ball so the foam ball was uh in the red lines whereas the uh the standard regular ball was in the blue the blue lines we can see around that impact force around the impact time between the two dotted lines there that we're drastically reducing the amount of um muscle moment that is measured due to that false impact force um that is it being inherent within our calculations our calculations that we use are called inverse dynamics so this is the process that we use to to estimate the internal forces of the of the joints and relies on the the kind of the mass and the inertia of the leg but for that 10 milliseconds not only we've got the mass of the leg but we've also got uh the muscle the ball attached to that as well so we can see inherently we have a problem when we're trying to interpret this data around about impact an extra 450 grams is hitting the foot and this is going to cause that reaction force um and this is we can affect those calculations as we see from the graphs so as a as a very uh swift guide for that if we're trying to use any sort of energetic calculations or any calculations of joint force what we really need to do is try to reflect and extrapolate that data through the impact along with using these new uh more complex filters to try and help us maintain some of the high frequency content of that signal okay so that's enough on the kicking leg i want to move along a little bit more now towards um what might happen in the rest of the body mainly towards the torso on the pelvis and i think that um it's pointless it's point very good point to note what might happen here with relation to the upper body and a possible generation of a tension arc within the upper body will notice the arm movement within kicking usually goes in this type of pattern where the non-kicking arm will both abduct and will extend throughout that preparatory phase toward the kick and it creates a tension arc which is designated around why this bone arrow is concerned here just before impacting that downswing there's a tension across the torso um in addition to that we get the pelvis that is tilting forward in that final downswing and also has a transverse rotation so that's the the rotation around the vertical axis now the chances are these two things are not happening by chance at the same time they're happening in sequence that torso and then the pelvis rotation um are more likely to give us some stored energy and we'll release and pass on that energy um to optimize the function of that kicking leg during the downswing brings us on to the one part of the system we haven't really looked at i guess which is the support leg so the support leg is the leg that we stand on during the kick as we can imagine from the approach we have pretty large breaking forces occurring here so we stop the body from moving forwards we slow the motion of the body we have to stabilize the movement and hopefully then during that period of contact of the support leg we can transfer all of that energy we've just been speaking about the tension arc the movement of the pelvis and the movement of the kicking link through into the ball if we look at some of the work that's done by um some of our colleagues over in Japan this is Kachiro Nui's work back from 2014 who um tried to model what might happen during the support leg during this contact phase um it's very very important um that we see that there is a joint reaction force here during that position of body contact and if you notice that the kicking leg is reaching around about that 90 degree point again so if we can get this this reaction force at the joint bear in mind the ground the ground will be given a ground reaction force at the foot from our impact this will pass up the limb and hopefully then this will cause this support side of the pelvis to raise up in the air with the pelvis being a solid entity it's not only going to cause the the support leg pelvis to raise it's going to cause the pelvis at the kicking leg to raise too and if we can do this round about we can extend this support leg at round about the time when the kicking leg is reaching the 90 degree mark it can further aid those motion dependent energy transfers this kind of mechanism where we'll hopefully transfer an energy from the support leg through the pelvis to the kicking leg is not necessarily clear from the coaching literature so really we thought in our laboratory thought it'd be a very very useful thing to try to um to try and improve people's kicking performance um perhaps through that mechanism of um of extending our supporting leg now if anybody's ever tried to alter somebody's technique um through um biomechanics it's a very very difficult thing to do our natural uh I guess our natural instinct is to talk very much in terms of flexions extensions raising lowering stretching these type of things whereas if we start to talk very particular about body parts um some of the research that's been that's been conducted in this area and I'll give an example here of uh Carsten and Collins at times at UCLan looking at a 5a model for um refining and regaining skills there is a motor control motor learning strategy to try to alter players technique and without breaking that technique down and the major point of that is not to talk specifically about body parts during that process so we try to um we try to look at what that process might entail and the five a's give five distinct um five distinct phases for us to go through there the analysis the analysis is going to be where we use our our three-dimensional motion capture to try and understand what exactly is going on in the skill and how it compares to elite performers the awareness is going to be to get to show the players where they are currently and hopefully then where they want to be their adjustment phase is going to be when we get them to actually alter the skill and we'll show you how we did this in a second and the final two phases are re-automation where we try to introduce them back to a game-like scenario hopefully even with some more challenging pressure drills uh an opposition in there and finally we return to measure with our 3d kit again maybe three or four months down the line to make sure that that changing technique um has been made permanent so we looked in our laboratory again this is some of Simon's early work um the support leg that can contribute to maximal in-step soccer kick performance we use this intervention and looking at top players the example of Steve and Gerard here was a fine exponent of this from that point there in the downswing he had a very forceful extension of his supporting knee and supporting hip which would raise that pelvis and hopefully produce what anecdotally has been told the most said to be the most powerful kick in the Premier League at the time so we're going to use those type of anecdotes and try to increase the players prowess in terms of that maximum performance or that maximum power soccer kick so what did we do it's easy to say that we're going to follow the five a's but how did we translate that exactly to um to the way these people were performing their skill so we um we looked at that we're going to give them a brief overview we're going to show them clips of elite performers these were the current professionals who that the players would be looking at on the tv day in day out and we were trying to focus on that final approach stride so our real idea here was to get the players to come in low and end up high so we're rather than talk about that we talk about a long final kicking stride and very similar to long jump performance this would tend to lower the center of mass and then we're talking about a lot of high transition of your of your body frame you're sending your belly button as you move throughout the kicking stride and the follow-through the rate that the coaching point that we give in here if we can get both feet to leave the ground after contact that would definitely mean that they're raising their body center of mass and then moving upwards so using those skeleton reconstructions i showed you earlier we gave um those that animation of a previous performer using this desired technique and further highlight these points um endurance slow motion example so they can see exactly what it is that we wanted and what we were aspiring to the cues that we presented so again we're trying not to talk about individual body parts but we're saying we want you to approach the ball with increasing step length move your body weight from low to high striking the ball as forcefully as possible and follow through fully leaving the ground and landing again on the kicking leg so that was our coaching cue to hopefully get the change in technique that we were we were hoping for during this adjustment phase how we get them to do that the participant tries to practice and discover the refined techniques for themselves so we give them verbal feedback by the researcher in relation to those cues we've just we've just spoken about also we used instant video feedback so as soon as a kick had been performed we let them see that that performance and allow them to further refine their tip their kick and get them also to self rate those kicks so one being the poorest ten being the most perfect the three questions that we gave them all the time throughout their adjustment phase well how well do you think you produce the best possible ball contact how well do you think you perform the coordinated kicking motion and how well do you think you perform the kick in relation to those cues that we've given you beforehand and the idea being as the participant improves if you consist consistently scoring over eight in all of those for five consecutive consecutive kicks then we were happy that that that transition has then occurred so hopefully you can see the method that we try to employ to to help that that translation of new skill coming in coming in as you can see here we just ran a few statistics on this and we can see we had an increase in ball velocity after the intervention and we also as our key variable to see how that increase in ball velocity that occurred we see that the vertical displacement of the kicking hip and also increased significantly so what might we do then if we're going to work with players on a day-to-day basis I think it's very very important to stick and adhere to these technique change guidelines as I said not going gung-ho like we might expect us as biomechanists to talk very technically about individual body parts we need those global cues and we need to give the participants chance to self-rate to understand and feel that kind aesthetic understanding of what it is they're doing in this new technique we also must make sure that we're not taking this away from the coach we're going to do these kind of technique changes in conjunction with the coach we're here as a sports science service to try and help we're not here to take over somebody's job in terms of a coaching scenario so try to do this in conjunction with the coach if you're going to work with players in this sport or in others try to adhere to the scientific evidence as well so how do we maintain that technique alteration we only really monitored within our intervention study those first three phases what we needed to really do for that is to increase a introduce a pressure drill scenario and also to go back to those players three four months later just to make sure that our 3d kit that they are genuinely doing the action in a new and improved way and that has stuck with them throughout their training procedures it's very very expensive and complex to have 3d analysis so not everybody has access to that most people will however have access to literature so hopefully they can get the basic understanding of the mechanics of the action that they need and perhaps use video analysis for instant feedback to try and help the players could it be that simpler measures maybe give us an indication the quality of the ball contact for example so if we have the speed of the of the ball after it leaves the foot we know the mass of the ball we can work out then the quality or the ratio of the the foot to ball ratio from our high speed video and that'll give us an idea roughly of the quality of the impact can we also combine that perhaps with high speed video focusing in on the impact point so we can see the quality of that impact point and where the foot is contacting with the ball I'll give you some examples here again this was a this was another slow motion impact of Ronaldo's free kick we see this in situ on the top right here when he scored that the knuckleball against against Portsmouth and we see here on the bottom left when we stop the frame just on his impact in the laboratory and what they're trying to do really then is is to focus if we're hitting some of these type of kicks powerful kicks with no spin we're trying to align the center of mass of the foot with the center of mass of the ball now Pete Cocker ball some colleagues over in Australia have done some very complex analysis in trying to model the actual shape of the foot and give a very very precise impact location of that foot in relation to the to the ball center that they did in Aussie rules kicking we can do a similar thing in soccer but quite often we don't have the time to do that in situ with a player so perhaps this high speed imaging can give us a chance to look kick after kick with the player give them feedback compared with what it is that they're looking for whether they're looking at doing a knuckleball whether they're looking at doing a curling free kick and whether they're doing an in-swing or an out-swinger these impact points can change we can alter alter our feedback in relation to that with the coach themselves so in summary I think I've gone on long enough for you guys hopefully this has been a whistle-stop journey there's loads of information out there but just in summary there is a good solid literature base for describing good kicking skill so there's plenty of data out there for you to look at when you're comparing your your own particular players to those of the elite level most of that focus as we've seen is on the kicking leg but hopefully our little journey here has helped us realize that it should be a whole body skill especially when we're in we're using pelvis we're using torso we're using our support leg as well and they're all extremely important contributors if we are getting involved with athletes and we're hopefully trying to improve their technique make sure we use the correct methods for trying to alter those athletes technique and remember there's not always those very very high technical components of 3D analysis that are going to be the best obviously there will be a gold standard from that but we can have quick and effective feedback to the athlete that is independent by biomechanical principles just from the use of high-speed video with those guys as well so thank you very much for listening also thank you to Simon for some of his access to some of his data during this particular talk I'm just going to leave you with some text there as well and that will give you a little bit further insight into what might happen in football biomechanics not just in soccer but in the other football codes once again I'd also like to thank Stuart very much for inviting me to come and do the talk and I'd like to thank all you guys for for listening and thank you


horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a ha-ha-ha-yo silver! The Lone Ranger! General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the ready-to-eat oat cereal that gives you go-power, and Wheaties, the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, The Lone Ranger!  But here's the news. There's a blackboard on the back of the special Wheaties blackboard package at your grocers right now. All you need to use on this blackboard is ordinary chalk, and you can wipe it off with cloth or a regular blackboard eraser and use it again and again. In fact, I think you're going to want several of these Wheaties blackboard packages. You know, so you can let your friends join in with the fun, playing tic-tac-toe or having drawing contests. Or maybe you'll want extra blackboards so you can save your own best drawings. You see, there's no extra charge for the blackboard. Nothing to do, nothing to send in. You just pay the regular Wheaties price. So look for the Wheaties package with the sign on the front that says blackboard. That means there's one of these wonderful blackboards on the back ready to use. Be sure to pick up several. They're at your grocers right now. Ask for the special Wheaties blackboard package. With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver. The lone ranger rides again. Come on, I'm still there. What's going on? I'm still there. In the early days of the western railroads, track walkers kept a constant watch over the rails. Living in isolated shacks and patrolling sections between wood yards where locomotives refueled. They worked seven days a week regardless of the weather. Old Mike Moran was one of these track walkers. He was about to leave his shack one Sunday morning. He had a rolled red flag under one arm and was about to take his gun from the wall rack. When the door flew open and a man said, Heist your hands, you old goat, reach. My hands are up. Don't shoot. Take his gun, Lundy. Right. Grisco, you take his flag and the keys to the switches. We might need them. What do you want with those things? They're railroad property. So are trains, Mike. We aim to steal a train. What? Keep your hands up. I remember you. You're slim north-hot. You work for the Union Pacific until you turn train robber and went to prison. You've got a good memory, Mike. I suppose you broke out of the penitentiary. No, Frisco Lefty and I served our term. We were released on a Bluefield pen last week. You'll go back to prison. Oh, we plan to go back. But not the way you think. What do you mean? We're going to rip that pen wide open and free a lot of the convicts. Including some lifers who ain't going to join my gang. What's the train schedule today? I'm not telling you anything. Maybe this'll loosen your tongue. You'll pay for this? Talk her out clippy again. Say you're not going to slim. It's a slate that tells what trains are running today. Ah, good. What's it say? Uh, 10 this morning, a fast freight is due to pass here going west. At 11 east, bound freight is due. At 1145, an engine and tender running without cars. That's the one we want. Right. Time gag, Mike, while we go over our plans to make sure we haven't slipped up on anything. With a track walker, we'll hear our planes. That's all right. You'll have no chance to interfere. Somebody might find them here, Slim. No one's likely to. No one ever comes this way. Except trains have passed. I think we ought to put a bullet to his head. All right. For old times' sake, I'm leaving Mike alive. We'll probably stop the death. Well, that's different than shooting them. Not time gag. I'm good and tight. All right, Slim, if you say so. Lie down on that bunk. You'll never get away with it, Slim.  All right, boys, listen. We'll stop that locomotive just this side of where the spur attract to the Bluefield Pen branches off the main line. That's where we board the locomotive. And switch it off the main line and under the spur. Right. Is that the spur attract that runs through the prison gate? Yeah, Latine. That gate's never opened except when a train comes through to bring supplies or pick up goods that have been made in the prison shop. That's right. And those trains never arrive except when the convicts are at work or in their cells. But this afternoon it'll be different. Being Sunday, all the boys will be in the prison yard when the locomotive busts through the gate. Slim, you sure it'll smash the gate? Yeah. No gate's strong enough to stand up against the locomotive. The guards on the wall will notice something wrong when they see the engine coming. They'll probably fire at us. The engine cab will protect us till we're inside the wall. After that, when the gate's down, every convict in the yard will make a break. And the guards will be shooting at everyone. That's right.  Yep. They'll rush to the locomotive where we'll have guns for them. We'll help them shoot the way to where we have the horses hidden. Are you through tying and gagging, Mike? Yep. He's all tied. All right, let's go. Leaving old Mike tied and gagged, Slim Northcott and his two companions rode east to await the eastbound locomotive and tender at a point near the branching spur track to the Bluefield prison. Later that morning, the Lone Ranger and Tato also riding east grew rain in front of the Trackwalkers' cabin. Who's down there? Why we stop? He's just a big fella. Trackwalkers are generally good sources of information, Tato. We see at this one's at home. He may know something about all the horses that have been stolen recently. He may not answer a rap. He may be walking the track. He may be sleeping. Yeah, we look inside. The Lone Ranger and Tato found old Mike tied and gagged. After releasing him, they learned of Northcott's plan to smash the prison gate. Tato and I jail Northcott once. We'll try to do it again. Mike, do you have some old clothes here?   What do you do then? I'll stop the locomotive and warn the two men in the cab. Are you ready for Northcott and his partners? Me go with you. Now, Tato, I want you to go to the Bluefield Penitentiary. Take Silver and Mike with you. Use the trail through the hills. It's much shorter than the railroad route. Why do you want me to go to the prison? To report Northcott's plan to the warden. Ask him to be ready for the locomotive. I have a plan. Please listen carefully. After listening to the Lone Ranger, Tato loaned his horse to the trackwalker and mounted Silver. When it started for the prison, the Lone Ranger pulled Mike's shabby overalls and jacket over his own clothes, then removed his mask and disguised his face with stain and soot. He found a pair of goggles in the shack and put them over his eyes. A pocket of the overalls yielded several of the railroad torpedoes Mike used to stop trains when he discovered a defective piece of track. By that time, it was nearly noon. The Lone Ranger heard the engines whistle in the distance and placed three of the torpedoes at intervals along one rail. The big engine approached rapidly, maintaining a steady speed until one of the wheels exploded the torpedoes. After danger signaled, the engineer closed the throttle and applied the brakes. With the locomotive halted, the engineer and fireman looked through the window of the cab. I don't see old Mike around. There's a man in overalls coming toward us. He's waving. He's a new trackwalker. Hey, you! Did you put torpedoes on the track? Yes. What's wrong? Nothing wrong with the track, but I have something important to tell you. I'll join you in that cab. Who are you? I'm the man who's taken over Mike Moran's responsibility for the safety of this locomotive. All right. Three monowetting for you near the blue fuel spur. Intend to steal this engine and use it to smash through the penitentiary gate. Yeah? You sure? Yes. One of the man is Slim Northcott. That crook. I thought he was in prison. I don't want to bust back in. He wants to release other convicts who will join his gang. You must be a railroad detective. That's a logical conclusion. What's your name? Well, I used several names to suit my convenience. Just call me Smith. Suits me? Where's Mike Moran? I sent him away. He's too old to be involved in gunfire. Gunfire? Yes. You're both wearing guns. Can you use them? Of course. I'll ride with you. If you stop the engine and Northcott flag you, we'll take him and his parties by surprise. I'll get in the way. You want to watch the track ahead? Yes, I'd like to. That's why I wore goggles. Then stick your head through the window on the fireman's side of the cab. Right. We'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment. G-man Jimmy is eight years old. He is strong and he is bold. He can capture outlaws cause he knows. He's got gold power from Cheerios. Yes, he's got gold power from Cheerios. Yes, he's got gold power. There he goes. He's feeling his Cheerios. Cheerios. Cheerios. That's Cheerios, all right. The nourishing old cereal that shaped like little letter-os. The ready-to-eat cereal with a wonderful toasted old flavor. What's more, every delicious spoonful of Cheerios and milk is real muscle-building food. That's right. Each spoonful contains vitamins, minerals and proteins your body needs. These good things in a Cheerios breakfast do good things for your body. Help you have healthy nerves, good red blood, strong bones and muscles. Yes, Cheerios is made to give you real gold power. So try Cheerios. The famous old cereal that needs no cooking. And soon you'll hear people say... He's feeling his Cheerios. Now to continue. With his head outside the window, the disguised lone ranger appeared through the goggles at the track ahead. And presently saw three men standing beside their horses near the blue field spur. One of the men waved a signal flag. Hello. Yeah, they're alongside the switch. As the engineer closed the throttle and applied the brakes, the lone ranger recognized the man who signaled. That's what I thought. When the locomotive halted about 10 yards from the conspirators, the fireman behind the lone ranger's back spoke sharply. Don't touch your guns. Hands high, Mr. Smith. What does this mean?  You should be able to figure it out. Come up here, Slim. We got a surprise for you. Who's that critic? A railroad detective.  Come on, boys. You better take that critter's guns. Yeah. These look like good shooting lines. I think I'll keep them. Where'd you pick up this critter? He stopped us at Mike Moran's shack. That's why we're a little late.   That's a good one. He didn't suspect we were in on the plans. He didn't want to take any chances so we kid them along until we knew you'd be here to meet us.  You heard what the fireman said.   Why, you hold it. I got his arms.  Northcott, you'll pay for that slap. Yeah. I'll give you something else to repay. How's this? Prisco, help me hold it. Come on. To make room in the cab for Northcott's swinging fists, the engineer and fireman moved back for the fuel supply and the tender. The lone ranger whose arms were held by Prisco and Letty had no chance to defend himself. The cruel blows to his chin and body were more than human endurance to tolerate and he soon lost consciousness. That does it. I'll let go of him, boys. The lone rangers slumped to the floor of the cab and laid there motionless. I sure gave him a beating, Slim. He's out cold.  What do we do with him, Slim? Throw him out of the engine cab? I'm thinking. He's putting a bullet through his head. He can't let him stay alive. Boys, I've got an idea. What is it? We'll tie the detective to the front of the engine. Then when we run the engine against the prison gate, we'll... Think you're not for yourself. Slim, the guards on the prison wall are sure to see him and know something's wrong. They'll know it anyway. As soon as the engine swings around the bend and the view of the guards, they'll know I reckon you're right. Before they figure things out, the gate will be smashed. After that, there'll be plenty of confusion. And gunplay. Oh, that reminds me.  Yeah, they're in the tool box. Good. Now find some ropes so we can tie this detective in front. I've got some spare bell rope right here. Good. Grisco, you're left to lug that critter to the front of the engine, tie him there. All right. Come on, lefty. Right. Want help? Your horses really are, Slim? Yeah, they're tied to trees. They'll be all right. A few minutes later, the long ranger regained consciousness and found himself in front of the locomotive, held there by ropes around his chest and hips. His hands were lashed to the headlight and his feet rested on the cowcatcher. He heard Slim Northcott saying... If you set the switch to take us out of the bluefield first. Yeah, Slim, we're set to roll. Climb aboard. Let's go. We've moved ahead. Turned onto the spur track and gathered speed. Meanwhile, at the bluefield penitentiary, Toto and Mike Moran, the track walker, stood near guards on top of the prison wall overlooking the gate and the railroad tracks that led to it. The warden approached saying... Mike, you didn't tell me the identity of the man who sent you and Toto here with suggestions. I told you he wore a mask, warden, but I couldn't tell you who he is because I don't know. I checked the prison records and found that a mask man and Toto here were instrumental in sending Northcott to prison for the term he just completed. Yeah. And that mask man's on our side of the law. Right, Toto? That's right. You do what I'm saying? Yes, I've had all the convicts taken from the prison yard and locked in their cells. Not good. And all available guards have been stationed inside the gate and along the section of track within the prison wall. Warden. I don't see smoke. It looks like the engine's coming. You're right. I'll alert the guards below. You men at the gate, get ready. When I give the signal, you know what to do. At that moment, the big locomotive headed toward the prison with its crew of desperadoes in the cab and a lone ranger tied to the front.  Almost there. Hang on, sir. I don't want to be told when we hit the gate. I'd hate to be the critter on the front. As soon as we're inside the wall, the boys will rush towards us. Have the gun ready to toss to them. They're ready, Slim. I see the guards on top of the wall. Do they got a shoot? They don't act like it. I see the warden. He's standing beside an engine. Now he's waving his hand. Waving to us? To me like he's waving to someone inside the gate. Yeah. Now he and the engine are leaving the wall. Hey, the gates are going to open. Hey, let me see. I'm looking out this side to get you wide open. And the yard's full of guards. They got rifles and shotguns. This is a trap. Set the brakes. We're not stopping. We're sliding right through the gate. Stop them back out. Getting over the rails with smoking break shoes the big engine and tender slid past the wide open gates and well within the prison yard. We're trapped. Surrounded. We got a shoot. We came to a stop near the end of the track. The outlaws leap from the cab with guns in hand and open fire. The gates fight to the gates. They shot it behind us. Shoot it out boys. While guns bark, Tunnel ran to the front of the locomotive with his knife in hand. Cutting the strong cords that held the lone ranger. I'm all right Tunnel. I make out of these overalls. I work soon. I quit. I don't want to die. Oh my leg. I was like the fights about over. I've had enough.  Search him in. In time. I never should have listened to you Northcott. You got me on the prime and in the list.  Well Northcott, looks like you're back in prison for a long time. We were ready for him. Thanks in the information sent by the man you had tied to the front of the engine. I'm just sorry I didn't put a bullet through the head of that railroad detective. You want to know Mike? He said he took your place. Don't tell me. Northcott, see for yourself. Here he comes without the overalls and jackets. Why? Why is it a mess? That man. Let's use white steel in the tunnels. Well Northcott, you weren't long out of prison. I owe you a beating. I think the law will take care of your punishment. All I want from you is a pair of guns. Right there on the ground where he dropped them. Oh thanks, Warden. Northcott. I was firing your guns. Firing silver bullets, Northcott. You didn't know that. Still for ready, Kimusami. All right, Tutto. Well, Warden, that seems to settle this affair. Yes, all but one thing. Why were you tied to the front of a locomotive? Northcott thought that would be a unique way to kill a detective. If I'd known who you really are, what I'll get you. There'll be another day. Northcott, I'll be waiting for you. You'll not get out. Neither will anyone else. Mike told me his old gang was counting on escape. So from now on, we'll be more careful than ever. Good. Adios, Warden. Goodbye and thank you. Goodbye, Mike. Open the gate for the mass man and Tutto. Warden, you know who that mass man is. But you didn't tell me. I'll tell you this, Mike. If everyone believed and behaved as that mass man does, there'd be no criminals, convicts, no prisons. He's the Lone Ranger. A copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated is produced by Kendall Cambell Mure Incorporated. A part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer, your announcer, Fred Boy. Listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by Special Recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time.


Okay, hello everyone, I'm Julio and today I will talk to you a bit about the use of Blender in general of 3d modeling in the world of health care and the work we did with wasp. I'm I'm talking about Wasp a bit during the presentation and now let's see a video just to start crazy Sorry, I know this is nothing to do with that care, but it was something I needed to explain you Who we are with wasp? this is the house you saw in the video and Basically, we are 3d printing company based here in Italy between Bologna Ravenna and We are working with 3d technologies since six years Our main goal is to get all the Best technologies in the world all the possibilities that we have around in the world now and Bring them at At the human needs so like creating this connection that can use technology in order to really help Basic needing you saw this is one of our main projects about the housing. So the idea is creating a system for Sustainable housing all around the world, but there are a lot of themes that in our world need Innovation and research and our goal is to bring these technologies in the fields So food energy and health care of course is one of these We like to say we're not that fool. Do you think we can save the world? But we're for not to try to work for it. So like Innovation is also a responsibility. No how do we do this with 3d printers and We are developing 3d printers in Sears. We have developed the various kind of machines for working with different materials in different fields of application and What I think is the best of this is that our work as a team Gathered so much collaboration that we had the possibility to work in so many different fields So starting from traditional 3d printing with prototypes and models Then we went to printing different materials like porcelain ceramics and creating complex geometries growing bigger in scale. This is a ceramic vase, but also developing bigger machines for creating furniture and Objects that could be really used in real life and then Increasing up to the scale. This is one of the projects we made in which we created like a scenography for a theater One of the applications of our printers since the beginning has been the one in the medical field so this example you see is a Is the printing of Active medical material that could be used that during some researches So Medical field why 3d printing is good in medical field for one main thing Producing a single piece or a unique piece with 3d printing is very convenient. You don't need molds, casts and 3d printing as a cost of production, which is the same for a single model or for various Shapes of production for the printer. It doesn't change anything. So this makes possible to realize Pieces and objects for each patient at a very low cost compared to traditional technologies Also, we can include all the possibilities of digital design, of course inside these workflow in 2018 we developed this which is Abundant of stuff we designed for making all the workflow inside in this case orthopedic laboratory suitable for the use so Starting from the scanner the one you see on the left and then with 3d printers certified materials A workstation for designing it was possible to complete all the process from scanning the body of the patient To the final device 3d printed with certified material and this was a main goal for us to bring the technology inside the the world of orthotics the world of orthotics as a Traditional technique which is really It's really about crafts it's really about Handmade processing and bringing digital manufacturing there is not that easy. So now we're going to see What this means? this is a Video for the promotion of the system Basically the important thing is Understanding how this can happen. So how do we switch from traditional technique to the new one? consider that the first thing in both methods is Gathering the shape of the body. So in the traditional technique We used to cast something on the body so usually the cast is made with a Material that needs to dry and when it's hard it It's used as a mold for all the work and after this process You have to throw it away because each patient has a different cast and this has to be thrown away and Cannot be stored on the other hand with digital technologies. We have the possibility of Using 3d scanning so minimizing the time of scanning and improving a lot the quality of the acquisition Also, we have the possibility to operate with different softwares and technology To modify this data in a way that just cannot be done with a physical cast Also, we are talk about it later by using this approach you have the possibility of Creating libraries and storing all the data of the patient. So not only the 3d scanning but also the The actual device so if a patient comes to you two years later needing the same kind of Device you can actually produce it with the data you stored and actually use the Years before so here you see we are We are working with the different kind of devices. We are working in 3d braces corsets but also insoles but also Aphos and any kind of thing that actually needs to be surrounding the body and Working like pulling and pushing in some way Here is very interesting how with 3d printing we can create shapes that are actually impossible or very very complicated to create with the traditional technique and this is a reason for which Importing all the knowledge of the digital manufacturing in the world of health care is very important and crucial So we are trying to develop this kind of new way of thinking The other interesting thing about this is that we can actually Work work together with traditional technique and new digital technologies So they can work together in order to get the best result as possible But the main question and the other thing is why we already said something But why introducing 3d technology and orthotics if I have to convince someone who's working in the field and maybe is already using all his workflows and Traditional application of the technology. Why should we switch to a digital? A digital way. I decided to do a SWOT analysis after all the experience and the cases of people we know Coming into our Reality and trying to figure it out how to use the these technologies I created like this analysis of strength versus weaknesses and opportunities versus threats So now let's see the main points no costs. So you have a great saving time and resources with a cast which is also quite a problem for the for the dismantling and After the use they need to be thrown away with costs and clearly environmental the environmental implications the create the possibility of creating long terms and accurate libraries with a patient so this is improving a lot the service you give to the patient and also the possibility of Saving data that couldn't be stored just physically You have endless possibility of design due to the wide range of Shapes you can create with additive manufacturing and of course the wide even wider possibilities with 3d design and As we say reduce of waste and labor on the single piece.  We only depose the material we need Last but not least working together with traditional techniques. So a lot of our customers actually put together Traditional technique with maybe some printed parts that use as a mold or use as accessories and this is for me is very interesting What's the weakness? What's the problem in this? Mainly this that's bringing the technology to an orthopedic laboratory is actually something very difficult to do And and appreciate for someone who is not used just use a computer every day and this is a main problem What are the opportunities of the technologies a smarter workflow? So we're saving time resources working more accurately innovative products with new technologies We have the possibility of creating a wider range of products maybe even exploring fields of the of the Rehabilitation of the cure that now hasn't been explored for technological limits and Also, not less important low budget devices for example exploring the uses of additive manufacturing in contexts and in countries where Healthcare must be really low budget in order to be suitable for all the people and this is the case for example of a project we developed in Damascus in Syria with laboratory we are we're developing with the Syrian guys and Exactly bringing the open source projects like enable I don't know if anyone of you knows it and creating them with printers. So the opportunities are a lot and again, what's the threat? Probably and that you will have to face a new way of seeing your work So what we're doing basically with what's mad is trying to remove this separation between three technologies and that care-word It does exist the separation a lot of proprietary softwares exist in order to give People these tools but actually the offer sometimes It's very expensive and not really at the use of the people because maybe it's complicated because maybe it's not It's not spreading that much. So we thought of doing something a bit different something easy to use so for someone who has not 3d modeling background or as knowledge about computers Something that could be open source to reach actually everyone and to spread it all all around Also in order to really have this technology to work in the field of healthcare and then integrated So that could be part of a software that gives you a real and professional Possibilities who could work work it out with this We need the help of someone knowing very well software and this one is Alexander Zamparelli who is here I don't know if in the morning you saw his presentation in the theater if you didn't check it out on YouTube because he was amazing and Why Alexander Zamparelli because in his experience He had me working especially in the project mocks in 3d shapes modeled on human scannings and that then needed to be 3d printed This was like I see it as an exorcise and exorcise and a research But it has a lot to do with healthcare because basically we're talking about human body we're talking about Managing these digital data and getting out with the final input With a final output that could be actually wearable on the body. So This made him the best person to do the add on with and we went straight on last year in 2018 with the developing of what's met add on for blender 2.8 and As I told we wanted it to be easy to use Which with the interface of blender was not that easy to achieve Open source so for this there was no choice and blender was the program for his powerful possibility and the great community around it and Integrated Giving the possibility to the users too if they wanted to actually use all the tools and all the powerful solutions inside blender Even if they were not actually inside the add-on, but we wanted to leave them free to use them so Let's have a quick overview inside the inside the add-on Everything starts with the importing of a scan Doesn't matter which scanner you are using sometimes in proprietary programs. You need to use a specific Descended scan with all permissions and everything here You can actually scan as you want and import your STL or any kind of file you have here Fixer based on remesh modifier that actually gives you the Makes you certain that everything is manifold and then you can switch to sculpting tools In order to fix some scan problems, but also starting as you see now making some corrections and modifications that can go into the Into the medical medical side of the thing so you can push you can pull you can actually smooth This is another tool we were asked from the professionals Which is based on lattice modifier and it gives you the possibility to work with a grid and Modifying everything for points Or even directly with a pre-made set Twisting some sections as you're seeing now. So for example now I gave 15 degrees of twisting on a side after these modifications You should be done with the with the corrections and you can go and And cut what you are not needing. So usually we don't need arms. We don't need the head So no problems. We're just going to remove it After this we are done and we have basically we call it the positive of the of the bust and We are now switching to the most important part of the add-on and Why did we decide to? Create the the model like this because for someone approaching for the first time 3d. It's not that easy to model It's not easy to think of vertex vertices and to move them to extrude for them It's absolutely not easy. So we thought of weight painting as a really intuitive way of Creating the shape so just painting in red what you want as the actual brace the final brace You have the possibility to to shape it and it's really really easy even for someone using it for the first time Also, you can use it actually with with a tablet so with a pen you can make it even easier and And just sketch it as if you were doing it on the paper So after this What the software is doing is divide them divide in the blue and the red part into different Into different components the red one as a certain thickness Which is the actual thickness of the final device and the blue one is something that can work as a support in 3d printing Or can actually be removed So you see now we are setting the minimum thickness for the gray part and the actual thickness of the Orthesis in the max also we have a specific control on the falloff of the border So I can choose to have it linear I can choose to smooth it I can choose to create it custom as I want it and This is very important because this gray part has to be removed after the printing So it's very useful to be printed working as a support and something that keeps everything together But later when I have to remove it if the falloff is created properly It's very easy to cut it for example with a small blade and without needing of Complex tools or something that maybe danger is also for who's working on that Also, you see we have two utilities one for smoothing the support and one for cropping the top and the bottom If we don't need it. So we have everything super optimized for 3d printing with this Kind of easy workflow Here we have a phase in which the object has been baked You see and I can work here with other blender tools if I want to create some more complexity So I want to create accessories holes something Created more complexly I can work there or else I can go to the exporting and I have the model exported Ready for the 3d printing. So you see this is the slicing software where we prepare the model for the 3d printing effort. Give it Give it shape So so you see this is the preview of the of the work that will be done from by the printer You see printer is increasing in eight and this is just a preview But what comes out of the printer is actually this and all the other workflow is very controlled We also tried and this was very important and difficult to avoid and remove all the stuff that could create the problems that could create maybe Misunderstanding so it was very important to set the values of the units It was very important everything if it's not enough and you're looking for more complexity as I told you There is the possibility to work with the other tools in blender and for this the education is crucial So what we decided to do is creating and organizing a specific course for the use of blender in orthotics and this took place in September in Bologna and it was very interesting. It was a four-day course For people that didn't know anything of blender and we started from the basics the first two days And then we had the possibility to go deep inside the topics and at the end of the workshop They were able to actually model on their own from the scanning and everything Something like this like an AFO or something like a protective mask This is for sport use even if it seems kind of superhero It's actually for sport use or for example, this is a socket that can be put on amputations and This for us as a great meaning because giving the possibility to the ones really working on the field to have access to the technologies for us is crucial and We found out that the main the main problem in all the workflow was actually this one of 3d modeling. So we found out That we have had the possibility with blender to create a very professional and the very suitable tool for this and We are very happy now to have the possibility to spread it You can download it on github and it's free for the user for everyone Because our purpose it's really to share this culture of open source knowledge also in in the field of health care So I imagine in my in my vision. I imagine That maybe one day in another country Maybe in some country where you have problems or you don't have all these resources You have the possibility with a small 3d printer and your computer To download this plug-in and start creating useful stuff for people so this is our concept and we will work will work and keep on working for make it real and Thank you everyone. Then if you have any questions, I'm available for any kind of specification even now if you add some curiosity, I don't know Yeah The ones you saw here is not it is not it's but we are also using a very good one which is open source and it's called the slicer and written with the three in in DE and this is a very good one and It's a it's also improving a lot in the years and now it features basically any kind of Any kind of feature you need for printing your model. So yeah, there is the possibility of a complete workflow with the free softwares Other questions Creosities, okay


I'm in the laboratory science technician program. My favorite class was biology. Even in seventh grade, when we got to do dissections, everybody's like, ew, I'm like, I'm all up in there. I love to learn. I went through the GED program, decided to get my HSDD, and two weeks later, I started my first college class. You go through the program, and as you get towards the end, it's like, okay, this wasn't so bad. I just turned 40. I'm not too old for this. If you didn't finish school, have that accomplishment. Very nothing wrong with making a change in your life. I like to be outside. I'm an outside type of person. The program was called Construction and Remodeling. We did decks, we did footings. We built tiny houses out here. It gave me a chance to see how everything comes together from scratch. You know, I'm getting older, my kids getting older, and I just got tired of getting rejected. I wanted a career. I graduated on a Friday, and I snagged a job. I started working that Monday, that following Monday. And I just felt like there ain't nothing to it, but to do it. You know, I wanted it bad enough, and I just got to go get it.  Why settle for less? My family, I think they're all pretty proud of me and what I've accomplished. I'm currently in the administrative professionalism program. It's really cool, because I've learned everything about computers and HTML coding and graphic design. For me, it was like I'm getting my GED. There's no other option. I'm going to college. I'm getting my associate degree. The teachers there are just so caring and so motivating. They have financial advisors. They have so many scholarships you can apply for. I've actually been awarded four different scholarships. Truly, like, the people there are outstanding. I'm actually trying to set an example for anyone I know. Things are different now. I mean, there's more assistance with getting funding. Signing up is not that hard. Just put your mind to it and do it, you know? There's plenty of people out here that will help you, and there's plenty of people that I know that's in my shoes. It just opens up so many opportunities for you, and it really lets you flourish into your own person.