Hello everyone welcome back to another session in the industry and more today's topic is bone formation or ossification. So we know the bone formation happens at the very early years of life. So bone formation happens in two ways basically one is intra cartilaginous way that is endocontrol and the second one is intra membranous way. So the pattern of ossification is different in these two methods. First let us learn about bone formation. So we will start with the endocontrol bone formation which is also known as intra cartilaginous one. So the basic difference between these two is in intra cartilaginous one there will be a template there will be a cartilage template or cartilaginous model which serves as a foundation for the future bonds. So we know Mackel's cartilage we have learned Mackel's cartilage in our embryology. Mackel's cartilage in pharyngeal pouches pharyngeal arches where this Mackel cartilage act as a template for many bonds such as malleus ingus. So this was nothing but endocontrol bone formation that is there will be a template for the future bone formation. That is the basic difference this intra membranous there is no such template or there is no such a foundation where the future bone develops it is only for endocontrol bone formation. So we will start the steps of endocontrol bone formation. So it starts with mesenchymal cells they become condensed at the site of bone formation. So imagine this as a area where the future bone develops. So in that area mesenchymal cells become condensed and some mesenchymal cells differentiate into controblast. So some of the mesenchymal cells become controblast and it lay down the hyaline cartilage. So this cartilage is surrounded by a membrane called pericontrium pericontrium is a membrane which surrounds the cartilage. So this pericontrium is very highly vascular and which contain the osteogenic cells from which the future bone develops and then the intercellular substance surrounding this cartilage. So this is a cartilage. So intercellular substance surrounding this cartilage becomes calcified due to the influence of enzyme that is alkaline phosphatase which is secreted by this cartilage cells. So these are the cartilage cells which secretes alkaline phosphatase. So alkaline phosphatase causing the calcification of intercellular substances that is the blue dots. So the nutrition to this cartilage cells is cut off leading to their death because all the areas surrounding this cartilage is calcified. So the nutritional supply to this cartilage cells is gone. Then there will be death of these cells which results in formation of empty spaces okay empty spaces which is known as primary areole. So this is the process. So pericontrium then the gondroblast then gondroblast secretes alkaline phosphatase there will be intercellular calcification then the nutritional supply will be cut off and these gondro sites or gondroblast area will become dead and it will be a empty space which is known as primary areole all are the primary areole spaces. Then the blood vessels and osteogenic cells from the pericontrium invade the calcified cartilaginous matrix that is now reduced to bars or walls due to the eating away of the calcified matrices. So then the calcified matrices so all these intercalcified matrices what happens these matrices now invaded by the pericontrium osteogenic cells okay. So this leaves a large empty spaces between the walls called as secondary areole. So all these intercellular substances are invaded and it becomes like this that is walls of empty spaces okay this is known as secondary areole and then what happens then the osteogenic cells from the pericontrium becomes osteoblast okay. So this is a osteoblast and they arrange along the surface of these bars of calcified matrices okay. So this portion is enlarged here okay. So this is lined by osteoblast okay. So after that what happens after that there will be osteoid formation okay. So then these osteoblasts will lay down osteoid that is the immature bone okay which later becomes calcified and becomes lamella of bone okay this is the future bone that is a calcified bone at the same time the next layer of osteoid is formed by the help of these osteoblasts and it goes on okay. This is how endocontrol bone formation happens. Controblast then the pericontrium the primary areole secondary areole then the osteoblast then the osteoid formation then the lamella bone and the new osteoid formation and it goes on okay. So primary areole is becoming secondary areole by the dissolution of intercellular calcified structure and it becomes like this and each one is surrounded by osteoblast. Now let us move on to the intramembranous one. So intramembranous one contradicting to the endocontrol formation there is no formation of cartilaginous model instead the bone is laid down directly in the fibrous membrane. So this is the fibrous membrane where the bone is laid down directly in the fibrous membrane. So it starts with again the mesonchym. So there will be mesonchym cells which will be aggregated at the site of bone formation that is the first step then what happens then some mesonchymal cells lay down the bundles of collagen fibers. So there will be bundles of collagen fibers after that some mesonchymal cells enlarge and acquire a basophilic cytoplasm basophilic cytoplasm and form osteoblast. So some of the cells becoming osteoblast. So these osteoblasts secrete gelatinous matrix called osteo. So we also seen osteoid here that is a mineralized bone. So osteoid formation happens and this conversion of osteoid into bone lamellae by deposition of calcium salt. There will be calcium salt deposition and it becomes the lamella bone and these osteoblast move away from the lamellae and the new layer of osteoid is secreted which also get calcified. So this was the first bone okay first bone formed then it starts again secreting osteoid this is a osteoid okay. So it will be continued. So the process is almost same osteoid becomes a new bone and the process continues. When this osteoid forms and it becomes a lamella bone the osteo sites or osteoblast move away from it and a new layer of bone will be laid down. So only difference between these two endocontrol and intramembrane is in endocontrol we have a template here we do not have it forms directly within the membrane okay. So what are the bones actually follows this pattern. So the intramembrane is one okay they are cranial vault mandible clavicle all follows this intramembrane is bone formation or ossification. So the endocontrol or cartilaginous are mostly the vertebrae and longer bones and also we have learned the Michael's cartilage bones that is myelosincus and all those head and neck bones. So that is all about the bone ossification or bone formation we have endocontrol and intramembrane is types. So that is all for now hope you understood the basic concept of these two types of bone ossification I will come up with a new topic in dentistry and more thank you. And lastly guys we have started channel membership in dentistry and more channel. So you can explore various exclusives for the channel members. So you can explore various options by clicking on the join button adjacent to subscribe button. So we have options of personal whatsapp help. So you can ask any doubts you will get answered through whatsapp text messages or voice messages and we have one more option that is the pdf notes will be available but as of now we have only the public health dentistry topic. 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What up?  This is part two if you didn't catch part one. You have to catch part one Man, that's where all the meat and potatoes are at part one You'll see that one come up at the end of this video. So wait for that video. That was part one That's the video I did yesterday. Okay? That was beginning of this one. This is part two and now that the file is up Okay, we were talking about in part one on how to capture leads on on on social media specifically paid advertising Specifically Facebook or Instagram advertising you have to catch part one for this to even make sense But here's here's part two you guys so Now that we have the follow-up now I have that URL now I could take this URL and I could put it anywhere And I'm gonna show you where the anywhere is On how you want to do it for sure. Don't just start sharing that long-ass link like don't do that But this is just the full-blown Amazon link, right? I don't like right here Amazon this this right here. This is where the majority of PDFs are being downloaded from now this cloud server, so This is our PDF man. We now have it hosted on Cartra. Okay, so people will provide it What I'm gonna show you how to do is I'm gonna show you how we could put a simple button on a page or a simple link in An email and so again when someone comes to your opt-in page and they opt-in for whatever you're giving them, right? Hopefully it's a free download of a digital file a PDF or it could be a video of again catch part one I talk about it all on that one but This is it right here. So this is what we're giving up That's where it sits and even and so in Cartra. Let me show you let me x this out in Cartra. It'll start Accumulating all of the downloads. So right here. I just in fact I just downloaded that one right now Let's see if I can refresh this and let's see if that even says number one yet might take a little long But yeah, it might take a few minutes But that right there will turn into one because I just I just downloaded the link. I just copied and pasted it, right? so um Now here's what we're gonna do. So here's what you want to do man again. They come to a page Let me go back. They're freaking inquiring about your property, right? You got a listing for sell And you're taking to a page like this where they're simply opting in right to get that information or you're taking them to some type of Free download you're giving them something for free in this case. That's a real estate agent. They're giving a buyer guide Right. That's what that whole file is is a PDF giving them a bunch of tips But now that we have the link here's where I'm gonna put it here's two places where I can put it I could have put it on the thank you page So when I come over here or when a person comes over here, they click the blue one name email send me your 10 tips They're taken to a thank you page. In fact, let me just show you They're taken to a thank you page. I Could put that link I could have easily Put a button on this page right here. Thank you for downloading. Look what this one says. Thank you for downloading my 10 tips This is my thank you page man. I'm not playing with you guys This is the thank you page Now this is a spot where I have where you would want to put your your video. So right here. Hey guys This is David. Thank you so much for inquiring or thank you so much for for opting in and getting a free download of my 10 tips To increase the value of your property before selling it I just wanted to personally introduce myself and let you know a little bit about my background and what I bring to the Table as far as helping our local community get the best price for their for their property when they do decide to sell I'd love to talk to you. In fact, I just emailed you you guys I can freestyle this man This is the stuff. I know like the back of my hand on I can I can twist that for any business It's simple like this is just a simple video that you can shoot on your cell phone And in the video you're telling them hey click the orange button. I'd love to chat with you it'll take you straight to my calendar where you can book your your your best time and I Can't wait to speak to you have a great day Like that could be a video that you had on your thank you page after they just downloaded This is someone that lives three miles away from you, right? So I could even either have that It could be a video and say hey guys click the orange button below That will allow you to download so I could I could I could put that link right here So this is on the thank you page the reason why I don't put it right here is because anyone can then share this link and People can just download Because it's a full-blown open download link. It's a download button, right? So I don't want people to download it if they didn't go through the first page. I need the email Right. I need their lead cap. I need a leak. I need to capture any everyone's lead, right? So don't share this page, right? So that's why I don't that's why I don't put the link on the thank you page where I put the link is in the email So for example When they opt in right? Let's go to my pages When they opt in their They're opting into let's just say this page right here They're opting it opting in and then right away. They're on an email list, okay? So that's that's gonna be this list right here In fact, you know what let me opt in let me opt in to Actually, no, I stopped to connect it. I'm not I'm not there just yet These ones already pre-built from the from my from my account, but this how it would be that person is automatically on that list, right? And then they're automatically in this email sequence Now I could put that email right here. I can come into the email sequence This is my my handful of emails that are already pre-written Ready to go out and I can set that time on whenever they go out. So through the sequence. I can have that initial email go out Instantly or and in that email is going to be a link for the download or I could have put that first Initial email I could have put it in the form. So for example the form when they come to the page Every page has a form. Okay, so you got the page you got the landing page And then you got the form the form is this right here? So in this form I can ask for phone number. I can ask for address. I can ask for Facebook page Like I can ask for whatever but on any page that you're opting into majority of the time It's just name and email That's all you need from people and that's all people are willing to give Especially when they don't even know you yet You're running ads to a cold traffic or you're running ads and you're retargeting a warm market. They still don't know you They're not your customer yet.  They don't know you yet name emails all you need, right? So right when that happens boom that purse this form So again, this right here is created in in in the form. So I could easily put that link for that download Over here as well because I can tell the system. Okay, I could tell the form To send that welcome email to send that eat that first initial email send it right away and in this welcome in the form The welcome email would do that now I can either opt to have it to have it sent or I can opt to have it To have it not sent so right here do not send a welcome message now I'm gonna change this to send because the the the welcome email is the initial email that goes out So as I come over here, okay? I want to make sure that this is her email This right here. You don't want it to be a Gmail or Yahoo this reply to and send from it's coming from now in this case. It's her cartridge email I'm gonna switch that out with their email, but I'll put that there for now and then just hit save and Then over here is where I write the initial email. Hey John and I can use their first name right here So I can use their first name. I can go I can go Hey John Here's your free download Here's your download and then I can just write up the email Thank you and then I can hyperlink this what I can do here's a couple ways I can hyperlink this and Simply put that link. So for example, let me open up that again So I just come to my memberships I hit files Right here at the top click on files and then I can come over here and copy that file I can even edit and call this something different, right? But I I don't need to I can even delete it if I need to right So this is just where all your files all your free downloads when people go somewhere They need to download a PDF. You can email it to them through through the system, right? And and and that PDF would be instantly emailed to them all through the system. So here's the link right here I could just copy that and then Right here I can easily hyperlink it so I can easily hyperlink it right there and now when this email goes out They're gonna be able to download it. So here's your download. Thank you You know what let me do this I could do this way I can go I can go click here to download I Could do it this way right and what I would normally do is I would bolt this Bolt it and then hyperlink it Okay, so that's one way I can do it I can easily do it that way and Let's send a test and let's send it to This is an email that I don't use so but let's just test it to test it Okay, so That is what you always want to do. Also, man You always want to test it open it up click on the link make sure you download it, right? So right here. Hey test Here's your download So boom I can click on that Click here to download and it opens up the PDF you guys. That's how you capture leads on Facebook That's how you capture leads on social media That's how you capture leads of people in your local backyard by running Facebook ads Instagram ads or even a freakin YouTube ad, but I would recommend starting with one right start with one first master one platform first And then move on Facebook Instagram. It's the same same Strategy pretty much it's just different sizes different size image different size video But it's all ran through your ads manager same way you're setting up Facebook ads So that person gets that email man. That's one form. I could have what I could have done I could have hyperlinked it and then what I can also do is I can even get fancy with it if I want and I can Go advanced and then I can go design templates and I can start doing My own stuff like if I open this up I can just drag over and I could just start building just like I would a page I can do the same thing for an email so I can just drop it down says right there drop your block So I'll drop my block right there And then I could just start building whatever the heck I want man, and then I can come to images I could put image in there. I could put a button in there Let me see if I don't think I have any images on My computer, but let me just see I could drop an image right there. I hit this edit I can link it to the actual download right so it can be it could be an image of the download Let's see if I Well, I have this image, but I don't keep anything on my computer you guys FY FY I so I Could easily put an image right there. Bam. How legit does that look man, right?  So I click out Now that's what I did. I could I can add an image or I can add a button Let's see. Let's let's scroll down and then I can add this button right here and this is where I can put that Link so watch this and what you want to do also is you want to Install this plug-in right here. This is your color pick eye dropper You could just go to Google and type that in color pick eye dropper. Okay, that's what you want for sure for sure for sure color pick Eyedropper and install that that's gonna sit right here in the top right and that's it that's right here So whenever I'm on a page, right? So you're gonna click on this one make sure it's the Google one and just brings you to the actual Chrome Web Store But it's free. It's free and just install it install that one Okay, so because here's the deal as you start to build these pages. You want to keep everything color coordinated You want to freaking keep everything looking looking legit, you know, same color pick your color, you know This dark blue is what I like So I'll try to put that color. I'll get the color pick eyedropper. I'll hover over the color and Then I'll grab that code Right there and then I'll bring it over here and I'll paste it Right there bam and then I can go click here To download now Click here to download now and then I can send a test and Let's check this one Let's send this send and then boom. Let's look for that one Bam and there is my email dude. There is my email. So I scroll down scroll down Boom, there's the image and that image looks pretty damn legit, right? I'm just joking and then dude look right here Click here to download now. They click that button. They can do it from their cell phone They can do it from a computer and boom you guys.  Can you imagine having hundreds of these people on a list? Can you imagine having thousands of people on a list that all came through a Facebook ad? Inquired on what you were doing. You offered something of value for free and now you're able to email that list up and coming offers That can go on forever like until they unsubscribe obviously, right? But the bait the bait is your your free download That was the bait. Okay. That was the bait and so This is how I do it man. This is how I do it. This is an email That's going to go out with the welcome email. So I'm going to hit save and so that's a welcome email That is that that email is separate from this over here from From it's separate from The sequence so if we go back to the actual sequence, okay? Right when they opt in they're on the list and then they're a part of the email sequence this email sequence Let's open this up This is my automated emails that are going to go out But the welcome email is what goes out instantly. That's what goes out first Now again, I can either choose to make it go out instantly or I can turn it off It was turned off a second ago, right? So I turned it on and I want it to go out I'll build the first welcome email I'll put the link for the download in the welcome email and then my sequence I'll start that where I have to now, you know, think of a few emails to put together And that's what I want to do over here. So in the sequence This right here day one day two day three day four So this is a handful of emails that are already designed to go out now this right here is I'm going to not Have go out immediately because the welcome email is going out immediately, right? So I'm gonna hit save and next They're subscribed to a specific list. I can even assign a tag I can subscribe to a sequence from here So I could subscribe them to that sequence from there But what I do is I put I don't do it there. I end up doing it over here Through the actual sequence itself and that right there will be the starting rule So the starting rule is what I'm saying. Hey anyone who lands on that form whoever fills out that form Make sure they're on this this sequence. Okay, make sure they get these emails So I set it up there in the starting rule rather than in the welcome Or in the form set up I should say so here this one is triggered to go out immediately Which I need to change. I don't want this one Going out immediately right because I have the welcome message going out immediately So I'm gonna wait one day on this one and then just hit edit. Okay, what the hell's going on? Let's well That right there should have it should update to one day later And then this one and this one's one day one day after as well So those can all stay the same, but this is this is for sure I don't know if it's my connection or what do but my internet's being a little whack right now Right after a previous step Let's go one Yeah, so these are all my internet, but that's all it was man. That's all it was I'll either put that email in The sequence right here or I'll put it in the welcome and that's what I do you guys So that's how to capture leads man. That's what you got to be doing. You're you're you're giving away something of value okay In return of someone's information man and and all you're gonna do is nurture that email list It's the email otter responder You got to be keeping you got to stay top of mind with these people that are coming in through the top of the funnel Okay, but again the whole purpose of this entire two-part series again If you didn't catch part one wait till the end you'll see it pop up but It's all about how do we get it the attention of our local area and it all starts with the Facebook ad running that targeted ad and Giving away something of value and I'm hosting the entire entire shebang all on cartra from the hosting of the PDF To the landing pages to the email otter responder to the form to the calendar Because there's gonna be a link in these emails in these follow-up emails that I'm gonna preset to go out automatically In these emails they'll be call to actions that get people to schedule a call So if you're in the type of business if you're in the client services business and you need to get people on the phone That's what that's all about get people to schedule appointments Imagine waking up every day and you have a full calendar of a bunch of people that scheduled an appointment while you were sleeping That's what this is all about man is automating the entire thing getting the attention of your local market and Capturing leads that's what this entire thing was all about so hopefully that made sense you guys I use cartridge a host at all So there's a link in the description prop it with card shred online Put all this to the test man keep me posted once you set up your account reach out to me I'll literally give you my time for free I'll help you get up to a fast start and just make sure that you're super successful and plugged in with the entire thing All right, so see you guys on the next video over now


Alvarez knocked on the open door and stepped into the office. -"You asked for me, sir?" Dr. Gears looked up from the files on his desk, fixing his gaze on the young security guard. -"Yes, I've been trying to contact Dr. Clef all evening, but he's not answering his phone. I'd like you to locate him and make sure he's all right, and tell him I have something urgent to discuss with him." -"But, sir, it's Friday night," Alvarez said, suddenly uncomfortable. -"If you'll recall... Oh, I see. It's his... yes... and he can't." He's left instructions that he's not to be disturbed under any circumstances. That's right, sir. -"Well, I suppose things can wait until tomorrow morning, then." -"Very well, sir." Alvarez left the office. Dr. Alto Clef sat in the dining room of his Site 19 suite. The place was lavish by any standards. Goldenbost wallpaper, ornate oak paneling, 18th century furniture, the table set with priceless china and the finest silver. An antique Ming vase sat on a pedestal nearby, gleaming in the warm glow of the crystal chandelier. An original Carvaggio hung on one wall, a Vermeer on the other. Berry White played softly in the background.  The fennel soup was exquisite. D-12130 really outdid himself tonight. He gestured to one of the several D-glass personnel in attendance. -"More wine, D-23897." Right away, Dr. Clef. The man in the orange jumpsuit said, nervously stepping up to the table and refilling his glass with a particularly crisp Chardonnay. Clef lifted the glass to his mouth, took a sip, and sighed with satisfaction. -"This is nice," he said, smiling at his guest. -"We should do this more often. Don't you agree?" Across the table, SCP-173 stared back at him, unmoving. Silent. Five D-class personnel were positioned around the living statue, their eyes fixed on it. Cold sweat dripping down their faces as they struggled not to blink, not to break eye contact, not even for a second. A sixth man stood directly next to 173, trembling with terror as he lifted spoonfuls of fennel soup up to its face, smearing the contents where its mouth should have been. -"May I just say how lovely you look tonight, darling?" Clef said, his eyes moving appreciatively over the black evening dress covering the statue's curves. The blonde, lustrous hair of the wig on its head, its rouge stone cheeks. -"I was going to wait until later, but seeing you like this, I just... Heh heh, look at me.  I don't know what it is about you. You've always had that effect on me." SCP-173 looked on. Its stone features blank, impassive. -"Anyway," Clef said. -"I got you a little something to show you how much I appreciate you being here, sharing this evening with me." Clef reached into his pocket and took out a small, flat box, handing it to D23897, who was standing nearby. The man took the box and went around to the other side of the table, his heart rate rising as he approached 173. -"Open it, darling," Clef said. D23897 opened the box, revealing a gold necklace inlaid with dozens of small diamonds. -"It shouldn't be the right size. I had it made especially for you." -"Go ahead. Put it on." Clef smiled. D23897 removed the necklace from the box and reluctantly tied it around 173's neck, wincing as his fingers brushed against the cold, hard cement surface. Clef was momentarily at a loss for words. -"It suits you to perfection," he said at last. -"God, you're beautiful. I feel like I never want to take my eyes off of you."  Clef felt his heart flutter. -"It's our song," he breathed. As Barry White's rumbling voice filled the air, Clef found himself staring into 173's alien, painted on eyes, losing himself in their depths. -"You know," he said after a moment, his voice now little more than a husky whisper. -"I'm suddenly not very hungry anymore." -"What do you say we retire for the night?" Clef was lying in his ample bed, 173 at his side, the lush satin sheets in disarray around them. The D-class personnel were standing in a circle around the bed, ten pairs of eyes that had not left the statue for the last two hours. -"I can't tell you how much these little Tristavars mean to me," Clef was murmuring in 173's ear. -"Running site 19, all that responsibility, all those lives depending on me. It gets so exhausting.  You really?" His train of thought was interrupted by a series of hushed whispers. Two of the D-class personnel seemed to be having an argument. Clef cleared his throat loudly. -"Do you mind?" D-23897 snapped to attention. -"I'm sorry, sir. It's D-45931. He hasn't slept in a couple of days and he was starting to nod off. I told him he had to keep his eyes open." -"Oh, I see. Well, actually, that's not necessary." D-23897 frowned, confused. -"But, sir, the statue..." -"I won't deny she could be a feisty one, what with those fiesta states of hers. But as long as I'm around, she won't try anything." -"So, there's no danger?" D-23897 asked. -"That's right. No need to worry." -"Now, if that's all," Clef said. -"I'd like to get back to it." -"Then why are we here?" D-23897 nearly shouted in disbelief. -"Why did you make a stay?" Clef gave the man a strange look. The hint of an unhinged smile playing on his features. -"I just like it when people watch."


Your coca-cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Franken Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself. Have a coke and now Claudia Yeah, lady. Oh wonderful your empty which way you're going lady uptown downtown east or west east to Grand Central station Well, I was heading uptown. I was gonna knock off for the night. Oh driver Please take me to Grand Central. I'm late for my train. Ladies is always late for their train But if I'm home late for my dinner, I sure catch it Oh, it's just a little way won't take you long if you're hurry the traffic is murder at this hour Everybody's rushing home, but me nobody seems to think that I want to go home We'll make up your mind. I can't stand your discussing it with you all day Well, I can't leave a lady in your condition standing on a corner during the rush hour I got three kids of my own at home. I know how the Mrs. used to feel when she was about like you I'm not asking for sympathy. Okay lady hop in Grand Central. It is. Oh, thank you. I'll never forget you for this Yeah, sure sure. That's what they all say the minute you step out of the cab I'm just another guy with a hat And uh, can you hurry can I hurry? Lady, I'll do my best But it ain't easy to hurry when you're going to cross town at four o'clock in the afternoon. Is it four o'clock already?  Well, of course there's a chance trains are always getting to places late So it's obvious they leave late too. Uh-huh. Maybe it'll be just my luck today that the train will be late and leave Look, lady trains leave punctual like husbands. They arrive late like wives my wife. She ain't never on time neither I figure it's got something to do with the fact that ladies are ladies when you ladies playing your time Why don't you give yourself an extra hour? Then you'll get their punctual. I appreciate your advice really I do but couldn't you drive a little faster lady. I don't want no tickets Driving a hack in this traffic is tough work. I'm doing my best I'll get you there just as quick as I can. Is that a deal? I guess it'll have to be Or in front of us why did stop red light traffic in a big metropolis like this is a very complicated thing They'd find a simpler way. Oh, yeah, but why don't you call up the mayor and give him a suggestion all I want to do Is get to the station? Well, it don't do you no good to get excited look just sit back in the car and relax all lady in your condition Shouldn't get excited. It ain't healthy if you knew my husband being late for my train is even less healthy Well, you got a good excuse all prepared my wife comes out with the most fascinating stories I don't need to prepare any excuses. Thank you I had an appointment to see somebody and he kept me waiting half an hour. Sure. Sure. I heard that one, too There's one that my wife especially likes work pretty good too until she used it a little too much Says her watch was slow. I finally took her to the jewelers one day and it's in perfect condition I don't have a watch. Hey That's not a bad excuse in itself Look, I don't like to be rude But maybe if we talk less and drove a little more we get there faster Yeah, sure And if I got up on the sidewalk or drove through a couple of buildings, I get there even faster Now look just down around the corner and we're at Grand Central Station. Oh, you've got your fare already Then you can hop right out without wasting one precious moment. What is it 45 cents? Oh This is wonderful If you pull right up to the sidewalk, don't bother driving and then we'll save more time. You're the boss Here you are and Here this is for you. Thank you very much, lady. I sure do hope your husband won't be too sore not a chance Thank you very much.  It ain't healthy We have been waiting here for you quite some time the traffic was terrible and it always is Well, aren't you glad to see me? Delighted especially to see you're in one piece. Where's David getting the car out of the parking lot Mama, is he furious? Fit me tight. Oh, I just just remembered. I need some toothpaste I'll step over to the drugstore across the scene. Mama. Don't leave me Tell me was David terribly worried and they searched the train at Grand Central three times I wasn't on it So we noticed David wanted to get off it and started to jump just as the train was pulling out Well, he could have broken a leg don't think he was thinking of himself at the time But I dragged him back onto the train. It was enough. I'd lost a daughter I didn't want to lose my son in law, too. You're leaving worse now knowing. He's been worried I tried so hard to get to the train on time, but mr. Varney kept me waiting in his office Not a sound curious, but what happened with mr. Varney well this summer theater is going to get along without me That's all I'm not to be an actress this season. I'm not surprised Said I look too much like a prospective mother a little too much too little like an angel new pot I thought as much That's the trouble with men mama. They can't see past their noses So you haven't told David. That's why I went to New York.  I think I'll go after my two mama Please stay this is one of those times a husband and wife must be alone together meet you You're a fine mother.  I took the next train so I see Your furious with me and I don't blame you not at all.  I'm not going to move a step until you ring my neck. What happened to you. Well, I I was Nothing happened to me. I was just late. That's all that's all There's no use discussing it. Oh darling. Don't be like that like what? Say something anything At least tell me you're worried about me But you thought I was hurt by a taxi or fell down a flight of stairs anything Well, what do you think I was thinking then you were worried of course I was with you running around New York all day alone. I wasn't alone. I was with mama mama made the train Well, at least I was with mama until I was late. You're feeling alright. You you didn't get faint or anything Of course not darling. I'm fine Except I'm miserable. This is this is the last time the last time I'm going to let you go to New York Crossing the streets and traffic and you never look at the light Pushing around in models from from now on you step at the farm. You're here. Of course. I hear you. You don't have to shout I'm not shouting because if I didn't have the brains to walk down the street by myself. Well, you haven't I Don't think you're happy to see me Are you? You look tired The minute you get home you get to bed whatever you say Now come along. I left the motor running in the car. Oh David if you ever missed a train, I'd never forgive you. I'd worry so now we won't discuss it anymore It's a closed book. I Should have had more sense in the first place not your fault. I who insisted on going into town. Well, I'm responsible for you You have a good day not bad And the funniest taxi driver he kept telling me not to hurry his wife's always late places, too That's a consolation. Huh? But I suppose that's something a husband has to get used to Learn to take it in his stride It's you just too bad that men have to marry women. Oh, I don't think it's too bad. I think it's nice I'm glad you were furious and angry and worried.  I do love you an awful lot No, get in slide over daughter We'll pick up mama at the drugstore and sit over. Oh It's nice to be back in Eastbrook. It's so green and cool here. I can't wait until we get to the farm. That's good And I'm glad I'm going to stay there from now on. I'm not going to budge I'm going to be a farmer's wife and nothing else nothing else When you're a trip to New York was It'll all work out for the best I know it will David you may not understand what I'm going to say, but Sometimes you want to do something you want something to happen and it doesn't you're disappointed And then you realize it's much better Of course I understand We're off What box where you're on the floor next to the starter Oh, I'd forgotten Go on open it. It's for me. Why don't you open it and see? Oh darling if you've gone and done something foolish open it I'm opening it. Let me enjoy it David it's a beautiful camellia There's a card in the box. Is it that's a surprise. What does it say? It says My favorite actress My greatest admirer. What do you know? my favorite Darling And you knew I went into New York to see about a job. No, I Didn't know about it not until this afternoon Jim Varney called your old apartment To ask if he could change your appointment They gave him my number, but I didn't know where to get ahold of you. It was going to be very disappointed in me. I Didn't get the job. Oh for my money.  I'd rather be your wife than the greatest actress in any world When you think of hospitality You think of a welcoming smile a look that says I'm so glad to have you here a Hostess has to feel easygoing and relaxed to convey such an impression and nothing turns on the welcome smile so easily As the knowledge that there's plenty of coke on ice Prepare to greet your guests with ease order a case of coca-cola from your grocer or pick up a case at your service station today They missed the what happened to the young lady who was going to miss her train. She missed it I thought so I thought so Trains was not designed for ladies. Oh was our husband so well Yes, but he got over it presented her with an orchid. You don't say I'll have to try that with my wife except then she'll she'll never get anywhere on time I see what you mean I should do hope if that young lady comes back in the town that you're riding my cab I don't think Claudia intends leaving the farm for quite a while. She's really gonna live on a farm That's what she says and I think that tomorrow is sort of going to clinch it How come well tomorrow, Claudia and David become members of the community they learn that as far as their neighbors are concerned They're no longer considered city folks. I should be quite a story. It is so listen in tomorrow I will I will I better get home to the Mrs. Now so long. Goodbye as I was about to say Every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time And now this is joking saying or a bar and remember Whoever you are whatever you do wherever you may be When you think of refreshment think of coca-cola or coca-cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and Ice-cold coca-cola is everywhere This broadcast of Claudia was supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola


Okay, well I realized, I just today changed my screen recording settings and I realized that the audio is just slightly off in my videos. The audio is actually slightly delayed by one second or so, maybe not even that. So I thought this would be a good opportunity to, right now I'm looking at the last video. So if you watch video number two, this is me editing it right here. And if I press play here, right here, and you can't really see in the preview here because it's so small, but when I'm editing videos, again, as I mentioned in the first video, I double click this and it's now being displayed on full screen on my second monitor. If you're doing video editing, a second monitor is great. So now I can see everything very clear. So it's easier for me to see where the audio is off a little bit. So I'm watching the video clip here. See right now I can see myself typing. Now I hear myself typing. So yeah, it's a little bit off. So what I can do here is I have this video clip here and the audio is built in. Well, let's say you want the audio separate for whatever reason, maybe you want to use that audio for a different clip, or you have a problem like this where you need to adjust it because it didn't record properly. I'm going to right click this and you can say split audio. And now the audio from that video is split into a separate clip and put on an audio track here. But they're still connected together. See they're still connected together because they're still grouped. And the other video I showed you how to group videos, well, if I select this video clip here, I can right click and I can go to ungroup clips. Now I can take the video and the audio and move them separately. So what I'm going to do here, I'm going to zoom in and like I said, I think the audio was just a little late.  And again, you can't see it because it's on my second screen because I need to watch it full screen because I need to be able to see when I start typing here. I actually timed that up very well. What I can do now is I can move this clip back over and trim the audio up this way, choose them both again and group them. Now they're moving together again and I don't have to worry about them getting out of sync. But let me jump to another part of the video. Let me actually zoom in here. Oh, I didn't line them up properly here. I'm going to say ungroup. I'm going to click the audio here and then group them again and then I'm going to move my little outro here. So that's how you can split audio. So the first thing I did was right click and I clicked split audio, which is already split so it's grayed out now. But they're still grouped together. So if you want to move them independently, you have to say ungroup. And at that point, you can delete the audio or delete the video and leave the other or just move them around separately. Let me just check another part of that video to see if I can figure out. Yeah, so that was me talking in the video. I don't know if it's confusing for you listening to me to talk in that video, but I thought it'd be a good example since you hopefully already watched this video. I now have those lined up fairly well. And yeah, like I said, I just changed how I'm recording my audio before I was using a different, I'm not going to get into it, but I'm using pulse audio now or before I was using JackD on top of pulse audio. So it's a little different, not that things were perfect before. Anyway, now that I have the clips, how I liked it, we talked about here going to render and you have your render options. Now, here we have an option that says full project or selected zone. What does selected zone mean? Well, I mentioned in the first video this little blue line here. So let's say I wanted to just see how this dissolve here renders out. I can move this blue line. I can make it bigger or smaller. And however much I want to render out. And then when I go to render, I can say selection zone and when I click render, it's only going to render what's inside that blue line. Full project, of course, will be your full project. And always make sure sometimes you'll have a lot of clips and you'll have a clip out here and you won't realize it.  So make sure you remove any extra clips. You can know by clicking this zoom to fit project. So that way you'll see the whole project and you'll realize that you forgot to delete some clips. Also, under the render options here, again, if you go to more options, you can have encoder speed threads. You can turn this up and it uses more threads on your processor. Don't set it too high because your machine will run real slow. I think default is too. That's a good number, but if you're going to dedicate your machine to just rendering this video, you can turn that number up or if you have a lot of processors in your machine, a lot of cores, you can turn that up. So by default, you have your project size. If for some reason you want to render out like a real quick version of it, you can always rescale it down in size for testing. Audio is on automatically. An overlay. So this will just add a little counter down in the bottom of your screen telling you how many seconds, minutes, and hours you are or frames. So if for some reason you want that, you can put that there. Play after rendering will automatically play it when it's done rendering. And export metadata I have actually not played with. Anyway. And then scanning when it comes to interlaced video, just leave that audio. I haven't really messed with that at all. Back in the day when I was converting non-digital video to digital, sometimes you would have scan line problems and then you needed to start change whether you're interlacing or not. And that was kind of a headache back in the day. It's not really an issue nowadays if you're working with digital video. So let's just assume you're working with digital video. Now another fun thing. So we can say render this out and it will render out. You can. And again, I can choose this and I can say render. And it will start rendering. Oh, no. This is video two. It's telling me that that file already exists because I forgot to rename it. Now I'm going to say render. And it will start rendering. And again, I can keep working on this project. It just finished rendering the first video while I was recording this one. And again, it has a lot of presets here. But generate script. So here what it will do, and this is really neat with Kaden Live. And let me go ahead and open this up. And I'm going to go to just to my temp directory. Temp, I'm going to create a new folder. I'll just call it KL for Kaden Live. This is just for an example. So now I can call this video two. I'll say open and realize just call it video two.sh. I don't know if it will append that. OK, yes. And what that's going to do, it should have put that there. Let's do generate script again and just let it generate inside that folder there. Yes, there we go. Maybe it has to go inside the folder when it creates it. So it was warning me that the file that this script will create already exists because we're rendering it out now. But what that did is if I open up my file browser here, and I go to that folder, which is right here, generate script, so hope I'm not losing you. So it's going to be in your home directory is the default where there's a Kaden Live folder that Kaden Live creates. And that's the default where it saves everything. And then within that, there's a scripts folder. So here we just generated two files. We generated a shell script file and an MLT file. And if I was to look at both of these, so let me open up the shell script file, you can see that it sets a variable for where your renderer is. MLT is the back end. I've done videos in MLT before or Melt. Melt uses MLT. And it tells you where all your files are and your parameters for what you're rendering out. Why am I showing you this? Most likely you're not going to use this, unless you're super geeky like me. Let's go ahead and also look at this file, which is this is an XML file with all the settings on where your clips are and everything. So basically, you can generate this. And then later on, you can run these scripts and it will render the video for you from the shell, which is really great if you want to automate a lot of editing. Let's say you kind of make a template and you have, you can point it at a directory. And basically, again, I'm probably getting off track here, a lot of you probably don't care about this. But it's really, really cool because I can basically, again, make a template and just write a script that can automatically generate 100 different videos based on that same template, rather than opening up the GUI and loading all that up each time. Anyway, just wanted to point that out. So rendering options, again, you have lots of rendering options, depending on what version of Kaden Live running, this may look a little bit different and your default options might be different. You might need to install certain libraries to render certain stuff because certain formats are proprietary and your system may not have them installed by default. But that's just different libraries you have to get installed, which all should be in repositories for most distributions. But yeah, you have your loss list down here, your high quality ones. You just want to render the audio out.  If you're going to do an older style, it says old TV here, so low definition, so DVDs and that sort of stuff, ultra high definition for K, you can render out to WebM or MP4 here. And then there's the generic MP4 and MP2. And again, you can tweak all the settings for those down here. So like if I was to choose this flash one, it shows me the quality settings out here. Basically, your settings are going to be your frame size, your quality, and your video and quality for audio. Anyway, I feel like I probably got off track, because a lot of you probably don't care about the script thing. I just think that's one of the coolest things about Kden Live is that you can generate scripts to render the videos at later time for bulk renderings. So yeah, that is it. And again, I close the rendering window, but I can open up the rendering window and go to open up the rendering window and go to Queue Jobs and see what's being rendered right there. And so let's say, just as an example, let's put this. Yeah, let's say I wanted to render out this. We'll just call it a I can say render file. And it's going to see it says waiting here. So it's rendering out this file. When this one's done, it will start on this one. But if I wanted to start both of them rendering at the same time, I can choose this one and click Start Job. And it will continue to render this one and start rendering this one at the same time. Be careful doing that. Depending on the speed of your computer, you might end up locking things up if you over-tax your processor. You're usually better off just letting them render one at a time.  So you're better off letting them finish before you start another one. And then let's say I click Render on this one and I decide I don't want to render that one. I can say, remove that job. And renderings that are finished are still up here with check marks. This one's been rendered. What you can do is you can also say, clean up and remove anything except for stuff that is rendering or is about to be rendered. And theoretically, I guess you can get shut down on your computer after rendering, but you probably need to give it permissions to do that. And that's outside of this application. I've never done that. And my computer runs 24-7 anyway.  But that's a system thing, not a Kaden Live thing, as far as the permissions you would need to add it to a group that has permissions to do the shutdown. And that is it for this video. I thank you for watching. As always, please visit my website, filmsbychrist.com. That's Chris Decay. There should be a link in the description to that. There you can search through all my videos. Also, link to my RSS feed there. Also, check out the other links in the description, such as my Patreon website, patreon.com. forward slash milx1000. If you want to become a supporter because you like my videos, a little bit as $1 a month is much appreciated, more is even more appreciated. But I thank you for watching. Please be sure to like, share, subscribe, and comment. As always, I hope that you have a great day.


What's up guys, Jay here. Welcome to Comic-Ed and TV. I have a special review for you today recently went out and bought the Dragon Stars Edition action figure hit Not gonna lie when I seen this I was like Yeah, gotta get them. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah So this is it The Dragon Ball Star series as you can see he looks pretty good I'm feeling him a lot. I kind of believe he looks a little better in the box and you pull him out You can really notice the These what you're kind of I don't know. They're a little bit bigger than most figures. I believe Uh But Another than that. He looks pretty good. I Put one of each hand in one's kind of an open blast hand others a fist He moves pretty easily As you can see The head Not so much But other than that, he looks pretty good He's About the size of a Marvel legend I Brought down Marvel legend Deadpool to compare So they're pretty good in size. I enjoy it. I give the figure about a Six out of a ten Just because of what's going on with the arms here Knees are a little bit bigger the knees. You can't really tell because The Cody has on But other than that I'd say he's a good figure If you liked this video hit the like down at the bottom and make sure you subscribe guys You guys have a good day See you soon Yeah


if you get strengthening prices as a result. Let's talk what's going on with bond prices and some more details. FIG Securities Managing Director now and CEO Mark Payton live from the FIG and City. Welcome into the program on a week on a session like this. It's kind of a step back in wonderment position. Have you seen this? When did you last see this? Let's put it that way in terms of the feel that is in markets to the minute. Just put them to deck. Yeah, hi, Carson. Yeah, I guess we are seeing continued sort of rise in yields and prices going up. A bit about seven basis points overnight across the board. I think what's interesting is that's consistent of both $8 and US dollars. So it probably underpins the longer view about a weaker economic growth outlook, softer commodity prices, softer oil prices, et cetera. And so capital looking for a safer haven, as you said, particularly sovereigns. Do you find it all the more surprising, given that there's not that distinction between the two markets, given we have that closer proximity to China, we're seeing is more vulnerable, more a proxy play. But on this price action, what is it telling you? I think it's certainly a tale of two economies. In Australia, the closer linkage into China and the knock-on effects of an opening outlook there in Australia and then in the US. I think the Fed has been talking about rates going up at some stage towards the end of this year. I think this probably takes a little bit of wind out of the sails of that and a lower interest rate outlook for longer, really reflecting weaker economic growth conditions, particularly in the US. It's interesting that, again, those government bonds in Germany were destination to assure, even though the story seems to be now questions around the spillover from VDAP, largest employer in the nation, and the dominoes that might drop beyond that. And still we then talk safe harbor in the same breath. Do you see that as slightly paradoxical? A little bit. I think the Volkswagen story you're referring to is obviously unique and specific to them as an organization. But if you look at their bonds, their bonds are off, I think it's about 6%. So they're trading around a 94 cents level. At the same time, their equities are off for about 35%. So the market is saying they don't expect a default. They're not saying that they expect a collapse or anything like that. They're certainly probably predicting weaker profits as the company endures what will probably a long drawn out saga and a whole lot of fines and all those sorts of issues as each country goes through that. Yes, it's a very large employer. I think it's a 240,000 employees at Volkswagen. But in the context of Germany's overall industrial sector, manufacturing sector, it's a relatively small percentage in its own right. OK, the industrial profit figure out of China was a key catalyst for overnight selling. Then again, the Fed made its expression on China quite well known at that set piece post-Fed meeting with the president himself, flagging that economy. What more has developed since to really kind of unsettle? I think if you look at employment growth or lack of employment growth, I think the story I'm referring to is more about US in its own right. There's a change of sentiment there coming. I think the Fed's keeping its options open about a potential raise before the end of the year, but more likely into next year. I think the more likely the next year is now emerging. So weaker employment growth outlook, no real inflation removes on wages. As a consequence, no increase in inflation in the US. And as a consequence, the argument for holding rates down, which has continued volatility in equity markets and low growth, I think that story continues to play out in the US. I don't think you'll see rate rises in the US until next year. And frankly speaking, you know, if this is the new normal, why not come out and be more explicit and why give false hope on even this side of Christmas, when clearly you could actually come matters a whole lot more by setting a longer course, a longer dated timetable? Yeah, possibly. I can't speak for Janet Yellen and the whole machinery that speaks to the US. Obviously, there's probably more interpretation comes out of what is said there than what is said. So I think the market definitely expects rates to go up eventually in the US. They expect the economy to rebound to some extent. Everybody's looking for those indicators. They're looking for consumer confidence to rise. They're looking for business investment confidence to play out. And I think everybody's hungry for it to happen. You know, we've been a very long protracted period of low growth. And there's a huge amount of capital in the world. There's a huge amount of energy looking for growth rates to return. And as the guest economy in the world, all eyes are on any sort of positive indicator that might come in the US to see some sort of rate right. As a consequence, the regulator wants to be able to manage inflation. And you'll know the difference between the US and Australia is they have a specific inflation target rather than a range. So I think they're keeping their hands on the levers, ready to act probably as soon as they can. Except the decoupling is now such a sort of a myth it was such a kind of questionable term to start with that now the idea that you can have the funds that have been funneled out of the United States run back into that economy at no disruptive cost is a complete fallacy and a huge concern alongside. Indeed. The thoughts as well just on your issuance when you reflect on having gone to the market where I was silver chef in 2012 and now with the benefit of all that hindsight to look back on it and make a determination on. Yeah, we've closed our 22nd bond issue transaction today which means figures arranged a billion dollars worth of issuance. So for corporates now there's a particularly for unrated corporates where there previously hasn't been a pathway to raise bond financing as a third pillar in your capital stack. There's now a very proven and reliable pathway to be able to do that. For investors looking for a safer return than being invested in equity and a better yield and a lower, longer interest rate environment these sorts of instruments have proven to be a very good opportunity to invest. So opening that market up we've now got a very stable and consistent pathway for the issuers and a great investment opportunity for quite a wide range of investors. And on that note with that opportunity before we want to thank you for your insights and thank you so much Mike Payton. FIG Securities and the Director and CEO they're live from our Sydney studio, their Sydney studio at the very least. Just watching what's going on in Hong Kong, the Hang Sengs falling.


statistics and excel height statistical inference data excel practice problem get ready taking a deep breath holding it in for 10 seconds looking forward to a smooth soothing excel here we are in excel if you don't have access to this workbook that's okay because we'll basically build this from a blank worksheet so you can just open a blank worksheet but if you do have access to this workbook three tabs down below example practice blank example in essence answer key practice tab having pre-formatted cells so you can focus on the heart of the practice problem the link tab only having the data so we can practice formatting the cells in excel as we work through the practice problem let's go to the example tab to see where we are headed noting that we have the data on the left hand side related to heights and inches pretty long data set that we will be working with we are imagining that this is the complete population of our data we'll take some stats on it like the average in the median we'll make a histogram from the entire data set and then we'll take samples of that data set so we kind of already know the answer of the entire population we are looking at and now we want to think about how close samples will get us to be able to make an inference about what the actual numbers are in the data set all right let's get into it let's get stuck in by going to the blank tab noting that if you don't have some of the data sets then you could try pulling data sets to practice with from coggle kaggle.com it's a good resource in my opinion so we have our information on the left hand side let's first sort our entire worksheet which is what I do typically every time noting that the data set is basically has multiple decimals so we have a question of how many decimals out do we want to take the data as we reference our cells I'm going to scroll in a bit and then I'm going to select the entire sheet put in my cursor on the triangle right clicking on the sheet and let's format the cells I usually go to currency negative numbers bracketed and red dollar sign gone and I'll keep the two decimals which will actually lower the amount of decimals so remember the data sets are a little bit longer than two but I think that will work for us two decimals there we have it I'm also before I unhighlight going to the home tab font group let's make the whole thing bold as well all right so the next thing I want to do is I would like to put this into a table but I also want to be able to kind of randomly mix up this data set so remember the goal here is to think of this as the entire data set and then we're going to imagine that we're going to be taking samples from that so let's first just get an idea of the entire data set itself so I'm going to put a table into this go into the to the home tab I'm sorry insert tab and then the tables group let's make a table out of it so that should select the entire data set because there's no missing cells in here this is a pretty extensively long data set whole lot of numbers if here if I go down to the bottom of this thing we're down to you know 25 000 numbers in it so let's was that right it's uh yeah so let's go ahead and say okay now we've got a table within it I could then sort the data I can see it from lowest to highest or highest to lowest in inches so if you want to convert this clearly to feet then you know you'd have to do a conversion divided by 12 and so on to get to feet but the general idea is there it is now if I imagine this as my entire data set then I would use our calculations we saw before I can make a histogram of this and I can do my calculations of the average and the median and so on let's let's first make a skinny b here I'm going to put my cursor and b and put it in between and make it skinny and let's do our normal statistical calculations let's take the average or mean and I can use my average function to do that equals the average brackets and I'm going to put my cursor on the drop down and select the entire data boom there's that this one by the way I might want to make this a little bit thinner and notice I might want to wrap the text up top so home tab alignment wrapping the text and then maybe I'll put a space I double click in here put a space so that it puts the space there I might want to center it home tab alignment and center okay so there's the average then we might take something like the median using my trusty median function we've seen in the past I'm going to do this fairly quick median double clicking on this and selecting the whole data set that's picking the one in the middle we might want the max let's do that one equals the max these are my standard give me the top value and then we might want the min give me the bottom value equals the min we can also take the core tiles but I'll stop here there's the min value all right I'm going to make this blue and bordered which is my typical kind of formatting for the data input areas home tab font group drop down on the bucket if you don't have this blue I find that by going to the more colors you can use a different blue by the way but I like to use this blue right there it's a nice pleasant blue and then I'm going to put some brackets around it home tab font group drop down borders we want all borders so there are our borders now we can take this and enter a histogram from it select in the entire data set and we're going to go to the insert and then charts and drop down on the histogram I'm just going to insert the histogram boom and it just does it for us and we get this nice bell shaped kind of looking histogram now when we're looking at different sets of data we're not always going to get you know a shape that looks like this but certain sets of data many sets of data's will so when we're talking about natural things oftentimes and we're trying to measure the midpoint and how dispersed things are from it such as height such as weight and those kind of things then oftentimes we do get like a distribution like this and we'll and then we'll get into remember that if I see a distribution where I can think of you know a curve related to it that could be useful if I can come up with a function of the curve because then you have a mathematical calculation of it we'll talk about that later but for right now the idea all we want to do is get the idea well this is the entire population we are imagining this is the entire population so now let's imagine that from this population of data this entire population we take samples of it let's imagine that we could not get the entire population but rather could only get samples and see how close those samples will get us to the actual number now clearly in real life we wouldn't have the entire population we wouldn't know the real number that's the point but obviously if we can test a situation where we know the actual number these are the actual numbers of the entire population and then we do our inference testing taking a sample and then see how close it gets us to the average then we're testing the process that we can then possibly use in other situations where we don't know the answer to the entire population but we can use our statistical tools to try to get an idea of where the middle might be and how confident we could be of it all right so what I'm going to do then is I'd like to be able to scramble this data so that I can come up with


So, one important feature to be aware of in the energy levels for a particle in a box, a 3D particle in a box, is the degeneracy of those energy levels. So to understand that, let's pay a little bit closer attention to this expression we have for what the energy levels are for any individual energy level for a particle in a box. If I choose an n sub x and sub y n sub z, some integer values, I can calculate the energy of that particle in that box, in that three-dimensional box. So, let's draw an energy ladder. So here are the energy levels for the states of that particle in a box. And like I said, for any integers n, x, n, y, n, z, I can calculate the energy and place that energy on this ladder. So the lowest possible energy, the ground state for that particle in a box, smallest I can make n squared with a positive integer is by making n equal to 1. So if I choose nx equal to 1 and y equal to 1 and z equal to 1, that'll be the lowest energy level. So e sub 1, 1, 1, I've chosen n sub x equal to 1 and sub y equal to 1 and sub z equal to 1. That's going to be equal to h squared over 8m 1 squared over a squared, 1 squared over b squared, and 1 squared over c squared. If I ask myself what the next step up on this energy ladder is, I can take one of these ones and make it into a two. And which one I make into a two, I can make any one of them into a two. Which one is higher in energy than the others depends on what the box sizes are. So if one box size is relatively large, then it doesn't cost me much energy to make that n larger. But in general, without knowing anything about which box sizes, box lengths are bigger than the others, somewhere above the 111 energy level, there's going to be a 112, a 121, a 211 energy level. Unless the box sizes happen to be equal to each other, there's no reason that the energy for the 112, there's no reason this ratio should be the same as this ratio or this ratio because the box links in general won't be the same as each other. I can continue and add more levels on this tree. I can increase some of the twos to threes or I can have more than one of them be two at the same time. But before we do that, let's think about what this energy level diagram looks like when I do have a cubic box. When A, the box length in X and B, the box length in Y and C and the box length in Z are all equal to each other. So in that case, the energies simplify a little bit. Because A squared and B squared and C squared are all the same number. I can factor them out of this expression. And I just compute the sums of these n squareds, nx squared, ny squared, and z squared, sum those together, multiply it by the constants that just include this one box length. So if I draw what the energy ladder looks like for that case, again, for the ground state, the lowest this energy can be is if I use ones for each of those constants, and then one squared plus one squared plus one squared is just three. So there's the one, one, one energy level. The next step up on the tree, I can either make n sub z equal to two, I can make n sub y equal to two, I can make n sub x equal to two. Doesn't matter which one I make equal to two, I get the same answer in any case, two squared plus one squared plus one squared is the same as one squared plus two squared plus one squared or one squared plus one squared plus two squared. So what that means is somewhere higher up on this energy ladder, there's three degenerate energy levels. We can call those E 112, E 121, E 211. They all have the same energy as each other. And that energy is gonna be two squared is four, one squared is one, one squared is one, four plus one plus one is six. That energy is going to be six times those constant, h squared over eight ma squared. So twice as high as the ground state, but triply degenerate. There's a degeneracy of three. Let me go ahead and label these states as having a degeneracy of three, because there's three states, the x, y, and z excitations, that all have the same energy as each other. So that's something that didn't occur in the case where the box lengths were unequal does occur where the box lengths are equal to each other. So if I do continue climbing this energy ladder and I ask myself, what's the next highest energy level? There's a couple of things I could do. I could either make two of the, I can make, let's go ahead and write down states like E 221. So I've made not just the x, n sub x equal to two, but I've also made n sub y equal to two, but I've left n sub z equal to one. That's gonna give me an energy, in this case, two squared plus two squared plus one squared is going to be four plus four plus one is nine. So my energy is gonna be nine times some constants, nine times h squared over eight ma squared. So that's the math I did to get that result. And this state is also triply degenerate because the 212 and the 122 states all have the same energy as each other. It doesn't matter what order I sum those ends, they give me the same result. Let me do one more of these. Let's say we bring the third of them to zero. So our three ends are gonna be two squared and two squared and two squared. Four plus four plus four is 12. So that energy is going to be 12 h squared over eight ma squared. And that's what I get for the 222 energy level. So notice this one is not degenerate. nx equal to ny equal to nz equal to there's no different permutation of those numbers there's only the single 222 state. There's three different ways I can permute these numbers 212, 221, 122 to get different energy levels, but there's only one 222 level. So that state is only singly degenerate. Some of the states are degenerate and some are not. So that's one interesting feature of the particle in a box energy levels. Some of the energy levels are not degenerate. Some of the energy levels are degenerate. Another interesting feature comes if I ask myself, what if I hadn't just used twos and ones? What if I had used let's say threes? Let's say one of the dimensions I lift the excitation up to the n equals three state. And I'll do the other two in the n equals one state. So if I have, for example, nx equals three and y equals one and z equals one. Three squared plus one squared plus one squared equals only 11. Nine plus one plus one. So there's an energy level down here at, so let's see that one is 12 h squared over 8ma squared. This one that I've drawn here is only 11 h squared over 8ma squared. That's a triply degenerate energy level. That's going to include not only the 311 but also the 131 and the 113 energy level. That's a triply degenerate state. So that points out a somewhat annoying thing about the energy levels for their particle in a box. And that it's a little bit difficult to figure out without going to the effort of doing these calculations, which energy level is going to be next? I want to know, is my next state going to be the 321 state? Or one of the other excitations? I can't know for sure without pointing the numbers and calculating and then placing them on this tree in whatever order they come out in. So it's a little bit hard to predict without calculating all the energies, what the order of these states is going to be. One last feature I'll point out, we've seen so far that we have singly degenerate states, we have triply degenerate states. If I end up with a state like let's say nx equals 1 and y equals 2 and z equals 3, so the energy of that state is going to be square those numbers and add them together, 1 plus 4 plus 9 is 14. So there's going to be an energy level slightly higher than this 12 energy level. Has an energy h squared over a ma squared times 14. So that's this energy level right there. Ask yourself, what is the degeneracy of this level? The one that I've just told you I calculated is the energy of the 1, 2, 3 and x equals 1 and y equals 2 and z equals 3 energy level. How many degenerate states are there? What's the degeneracy of this state? That's just the number of ways I can shuffle the numbers 1, 2 and 3. The number of permutations of that number because no matter what order I write them in or how I permute them, their sum of their squares is still going to be 14. So it turns out there's three factorial. There's six different ways of writing 1, 2 and 3 in different order. I could write 1, 2, 3 or 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3 or 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2 or 3, 2, 1. So maybe I won't bother to label all those but I need to write down degenerate six different states that all have the same energy when I have three different indices. So I can have degeneracy of 1, degeneracy of 3, or sometimes degeneracy of 6 for different states. So it turns out there's multiple different degeneracies that these states can have. So each of these features of the 3D particle in a box are features that will show up in other types of problems that we solve quantum mechanically. But this is the first time we've run across cases where we have both degenerate and non-degenerate states in a mix of different degeneracies and some difficulty predicting what order those states will show up in.