One of the first things I'd like to do is thank all our sponsors that helped us put together and provide input and money for today's event. I'm going to just read through the list. South Dakota Wheat Commission, Farm Credit Services of America, Wheat Growers, Mustang Seed, Monsanto, Prairie State Seeds, Next Level Ag, LLC, Millboard Seeds, La Crosse Seeds, Dakota Best Seed, Agronomy Plus, Farmers Eliacs, Mitchell, First Dakota National Bank, C&D Operations, Davis and County Amplement, Scott Supply, Crop Tech, Ducks Unlimited, Aurora County Conservation District, Davis and County Conservation District, Hanson County Conservation District, South Dakota Noctil Association, SDSU Extension, USDA and NRCS, and Pioneer Hybrids of Dupont, so let's give them all a welcome and round of applause. Hi everybody. Well, started out with one of them kind of a deal that had went and mowed some cane down, raked it up, was going to have it bailed. Well, made two big winrows, the guy come to bail it and he said, can't bail it. Well, it'll just lay there, you know, and whatever happens, happens. Well, put some cattle in there and, you know, they ate it all up. Well, wow, that's kind of neat, but anyway, went to, I don't know how many you've heard of bootstraps. Anyway, I think Laura was there. People from Canada was talking about it. So, got this idea, well, we got to give this a try. Went and planted, started out with plant and millet, and it worked real well. We like pearl millet to swath grays. And, but it got to doing that, and the problem I run into was not having, what I say, enough land. I'm all basically all grass, I had just about 120 acres that I was using for this millet. And I was planting a year after year. That worked pretty good about three years. This is like probably close to 20 years ago, and we didn't have all the good cover crop mixes and knew anything about cover crops at the time. So that was kind of fizzling out and said, well, I'm going to have to try something different. So I decided, well, I'm just going to, was always putting up intermediate for to bail. I thought, well, I'm just going to do, try, win an own intermediate and leaving it. Everybody says, well, I don't ever work. So then I knew right away it would work if everybody said it wouldn't. And did that and it works real well. You know, it was like Ken was talking earlier, the big thing, and you're back to the pearl millet or anything you're going to swath grays, cut it at the normal time so you retain your most nutrients. And that's probably the key. I don't know, I really liked, had good results with doing the intermediate. And I guess probably the biggest thing, you know, Ken really hit on it was on the cost of it. And the one thing that he didn't mention that probably to me is the most important, is you don't have to hominer. It's already there and it's spread over the entire field. It does a very good job for getting nutrients back on the field. And one thing about a cow, they return 90 to 98% of the nutrients of the crop raised to feed them. And that to me is a big thing. So you really cut down on your inputs. And doing my intermediate, I had three different fields that I would swath grays. I rotated through them. Two years I would bale it. One year I would swath grays it. Probably the biggest key to that. You will see probably a little problem of killing out under the windrow. But it ain't real bad in the next year. It's already coming back and you give it another year and you never notice it. And then the next thing when you are going back to them fields, you know, you start by the fence always, or whatever on the edge of it. Don't do that. Move over so that that windrow, even though it's three years later, is, say you're using a 16-foot cut, move over eight feet so you're still putting it at a different spot. I think it's really important on that. Another thing is placing your windrows. I found that it works way better in our area, like here in South Dakota, east-west windrows for the snow deal. Always, you know, how much snow? Well, you talk to the people in Canada and you get far enough north and they'll talk four feet of snow. I would say here probably 18 inches, whether they're blowing or wet or snow packing. But if you have a spot in which most of our land is rolling enough, you get a bare windrow on a hill or something where them cows can get started. They'll just plow down through it. Like I say about 18 inches. One thing I never worried about getting it used up. I don't start calving until 1st of May. By then, it's gone and I can get the windrows all used up. One thing, and Ken was talking about the nutrition, one thing I've added to all my intermediate, I started planting ciceramilk vetch in it. And I really like that it adds to your protein. Ciceramilk vetch will run 3-4% higher in protein than alfalfa. The big thing I like about it is it'll stay green until 20 degrees. It won't freeze until about 20. It's got 40% more leaves than alfalfa does. So that's where they pick up the protein. Yes. I did that once on a field. It was like, I don't know, 10 to 15 years old.  And it's turned it into a wonderful field of forage and without having to go at the expense of receding or that, and increase the quality of the feed. Another thing when you're doing swath grazing on intermediate, you've got to take into consideration, you should probably clip it and check. And of course this depends a lot on the year, how much new growth you get between your windrows. You'll pick up a lot of feed there. Besides, one thing I always did on my swath grazing, or when you start out swath grazing, is go bail two windrows or something. So you've got a production idea of what you've got out there, how much you're going to have to feed. And now just bailing was, a couple of windrows was an idea of what you got there. Like I said, it works better with the east and west for our snow. Another thing about the snow, moving fence, one thing that happens is that there's nothing like snow to insulate an electric fence. Sometimes you've got to run two wires to make that work. I always moved every day. I just found it easier to move every day because it made it easier to do than trying to move over several windrows. When I'm moving my fence, the longer and the narrower the field is, the better it works. Because usually your cows are at one end. Go to the other end, start moving your fence. I was using the rod posts. Would take them out to about where the cows were getting there. And there was enough given the string that you could make your angle fence, get the two more windrows. It would be a big enough area that the cows would start eating and it would be satisfied. Then go the other way and take out posts and work towards the cows, put it in going back and just work that. Good dog helps, but it really is not that hard. And to get your posts out in the wintertime, you either take and hit them. It's like you're going to drive them in some more. And that's probably another thing, Dennis, on doing that. Your posts don't freeze in as tight if you move them every day. And if all else fails, a pair of vice grips, give them a twist. They're out. So then you let them expose. They're not locked away from what they've already been on. Right. I don't back fence because it's basically everything is gone. A rebar post, yeah. On it. Yes, I do. Yeah, I do grind them sharp so they're pointed. And so you get them in three, four inches. Good enough. What's that? Oh, it probably would, Rick. Yeah, I think hard snow would work. Too warm. Yes. I'm south of Chamber, 20 miles. Yeah. Yeah. Cicermilk vetch. Intermediate. I planted in the intermediate in the spring after I had swath grazed it. So there wasn't a, vegetation was real short because cattle had grazed there in the winter. And then I just went in and interceded five pounds. That milk vetch has quite a bit of hard seed. It's not going to be real fast. Or my luck wasn't real fast, but it just keeps coming. And then it's also rhizomial.  If you've got a fairly good size bear spot or any, I shouldn't say good. It just fills in the bear spots is what I'm seeing with it. Have had guys come and look at it and went home and planted it. People that are in the pheasant business, they said that's best pheasant cover there is. Don't know anything about that. And I suppose it is good for pheasants because it probably has bugs and that kind of thing in there. But they said the cover and it's kind of what it reminds me of. Kind of like Creep and Jenny. It stays pretty flat to the ground.  You know, it'll get this tall, but it's just kind of laying flat on the ground. So you really have good ground cover. So you're not getting sun, wind, stuff drying your ground with it. I'm going to say, I put in five pounds of probably five years. I just kept on my same thing Dennis. I just kept, well, so I planted it the spring after I had grazed. And I thought that would be the good, better deal with there wasn't as much vegetation, competition thing. More sunlight to it. And so then it was, so then I hailed for two years before I went back and grazed. Talked about the, oh, another thing on moving fence. So you, somebody has complained about the warm weather. So you get these days and it gets really warm, especially if you're doing something like the pearl millet. And there's mud out there. What I found, you know, if you give them the two wind, I was, I was set up so that my length of my fields that I'd moved two windrows. Well, what happened to two windrows and first thing, they're all of them. Overall, the windrows, they're all mud and they got not deep. So I would move twice a day and either set the fence either right in the windrow or just on the edge of it. So they had to reach under, under the wire so they couldn't, couldn't walk on the, walk on the windrow. Had to move it twice a day, but no big deal to go do that. At least you weren't ruining your feed. It just looked like, when you do that, it looks like cattle at a fence line feed bunk. They're just lined up there. I guess probably my advice would be if you're going to do it, I would try a small, smaller patch rather than go out here and do like a quarter section or something. Try it on a smaller basis to kind of get familiar to it. I don't know. I never worried about my water because I, I didn't, in the situation, there's really nothing growing, nothing you really got to worry about. So I wasn't doing any back fencing and so I'd have my water wherever. One thing that Ken talked about, about corn stocks, there was a, read an article from Iowa State about fencing corn stocks. They say you'll increase your efficiency of your corn stocks 40% by stripping them off, giving them just what they need every day on that. And another thing about if you're doing the swath grazing, I guess it's, it's really handy. If you want to be, you know, doing it every day, but if you want to be gone the next day, if you go out there last thing at night, you could move your fence last thing at night and you'd have it done for the next day. If you hit some reason you're going to be gone. I guess that's about all I got on it. Yeah Kelly, how much I was giving them? Oh, I had different fields. I had one was like 60, I had two of them that was 60 and I had one that was 120. What happens Kelly, they eat, they clean up everything. So there's really, the amount available feed is basically the same every day. Oh, as far as coming back, I didn't really see any difference. Yeah, different. It probably would. I guess I was, one reason I was doing it basically one way was I had water on one side. So I kind of had to start so I'd have water all the time. Yeah, I worked out every third year on it. How do you feel about if you had, say you have two foot of snow, would there be such a thing you could drive a tractor over the window with that help? It probably would depends how hard it is. Yeah, I've never really done it. I had read of deals is taking a V plow and running. I actually seen this done.  And he went out there and he just peeled it off and turned it up on top of the snow. We lift it up on top of the snow. Paw. Yeah, the way they go. If you get, like I say, you're rolling ground on the hills where it's bare, get them started. In most cases, I think that in snow, that's perfect. Because then they all find a slot and they can see the end of that slot from yesterday. From the day before, yeah. And they all find that and they spread out better and they don't step on it. Because you're only moving 20, 30 feet. Yeah, it ain't like where you're giving them. A half a mile wind wrote down. And they get running up and down that windrow looking for the good spot.  Six or eight of them will find a windrow. And the other ones run by them. They'll go look for their own windrow. Yeah, but that's what the Canadians say. In deep snow, you want to run perpendicular so they can always find it. Like Danny said, they will drive a tractor on top of that. They'll drive a tractor on it with one of those little blades, three point blades behind just to scrape the top of this big, hard snow. I don't know if Ken was saying it was as deep as a fight for the coast. Well... Special tractor. I've had them people from Canada say, you know, you get really way up northern Canada, four feet, but then you get up there and four feet of snow up there that's kind of like feathers. But we would call feathers. Yeah, then cows will probably plow through that much. Well, some of those videos, I haven't linked them to any of them. But I have in Canada, with a friend of mine, who moved wire with snow boots. Yeah. And that was hard snow, but you just... both were just sticking to the snow. That's all you needed to do. You just stick them up and move them to the snow. Thank you. Any other questions?


I welcome everyone to this, the 16th meeting of the Standards, Procedure and Public Appointments Committee in 2023. Unfortunately today the committee is without Evelyn Tweed who is feeling unwell. So can I welcome Alasdor Allyn to the committee as substitute and invite Mr Allyn to register any registered interests that he may have that might affect decisions of this committee? I can't see anything that's relevant, although I would refer people to my register of interests. Excellent, thank you. Unfortunately, but welcome this morning. Our first item on the agenda is a decision to take matters in private, and that is agenda item 5, which is consideration of the committee's work programme. Are people in agreement to take that in private? Excellent, thank you. Our second item for the committee today is to consider an application for the recognition of a proposed cross-party group on Ukraine. I would like to welcome to the meeting Colin Beattie MSP, Miles Briggs MSP and Alex Cole-Hamilton MSP, who represent potential convener and deputy conveners. Colin, can I come to you first and ask for an explanation for the need and the reason for this proposed cross-party group? Good morning, convener. I'm grateful for the opportunity to say just a few words in support of the formation of the cross-party group on Ukraine. I don't believe there's ever been a cross-party group formed against such a somber background where the subject state has been the victim of aggression and invasion by a foreign agent. In this case, Russia. For me, this has provided both the impetus and the drive behind the formation of the cross-party group. There is little that this Parliament can do in real terms to assist Ukraine in its struggle to retain its independence and to regain its occupied territories. But what we can do is to offer comfort and support to the Ukrainian refugees who have sought sanctuary in Scotland. Many of the initial members of this CPG represent refugee groups across the country. More are contacting us all the time seeking to reach out to other groups and to become part of a larger gathering such as the CPG would represent. The purposes of the CPG are similar to that of other CPGs on nation states. We seek to strengthen political, economic and cultural ties. In regard to the political ties, contact has been made by members of the Ukrainian Parliament which seeks to establish a Ukrainian-Scottish friendship group and to create a closer relationship with the Scottish Parliament through the CPG, and I very much welcome that development. I know that all MSPs will wish Ukraine well in its fight to retain its freedom and way of life. I will say again that this is an unprecedented situation. If we are through the establishment of this CPG, we have an opportunity to contribute in some small way to support Ukraine and its people in their hour of need. Ukraine needs friends and now is the time to step up. I'll just keep it brief, convener, and then there, and I'll be happy to answer any questions you or the committee members may have. Many thanks, Mr Beattie. Unusual, but I'm going to turn and invite the potential deputy convener, Miles Briggs. Is there anything you would like to add to that? Thank you, convener. Good morning, colleagues. I think for me especially, and I think probably Alex, as well as Edinburgh MSPs, when we had the ship here in Edinburgh, we welcomed them, warmly welcomed them into Edinburgh as a society, our schools especially, stepped up. One of the key things I, during that period, felt was the need for our Parliament to have something established to be able to discuss their concerns and issues, and we didn't have that, so we can invite people into this Parliament for meetings, but to formally be able to work with that community was something I felt needs to be improved. As Colin has outlined, I think for most of us, our support for Ukraine at this moment needs to be fully taken forward, and I think that this gives us an opportunity as a Parliament to do just that, so I hope you'll consider this application and we can hopefully build that formal opportunity for Parliament to take forward long-lasting relationships with Ukraine. Thank you for that contribution and Alex Cole-Hamilton MSP, can I turn to you? Is there anything you would like to add? There is, but before I do, I am required to draw members' attention to my register of interests. Firstly, I was a host for Ukraine for nine months with a Ukrainian refugee living with our family. I am also under sanctioned by the Russian Federation for my work with the Ukrainian diaspora here. On the 22nd of February last year, our world turned on into success and Russia brought war to continental Europe for the first time in a century. The fighting men and women of Ukraine are not just fighting in the trenches of their homeland for their freedom and their sovereignty, but I would argue for the freedom and the sovereignty of all the free democracies of this world. We owe them a debt of gratitude that we will never repay and I think that it is important in the formation of this cross-party group that we recognise that as a struggle, but not only for the people who are still fighting in Ukraine but also for the Ukrainian diaspora who are choosing to make Scotland their home. We know that much time in the chamber has been taken up with a recognition of their needs and interests and the fact that we still have some way to go in terms of settling them in this country. For both of those reasons, the cross-party group deserves the support of this committee and its recognition in this Parliament. I hope that it will be long-standing that the war that we see fighting when the Ukrainians win their freedom and victory over the Russian Federation. Thank you very much. Can I turn to the committee? Do any members have questions? Well, content. Can I just ask, not to much ask, but just inquire? I mean that clearly is very strong cross-party support in the documents that you filed. When I look at the non-MSP members of the group that have expressed an interest, almost unusually we have 23 individuals who have expressed an interest in being associated with it, along with 5 organisations. Would you like to explain or can you explain the range of the individuals that are interested in this? Because obviously cross-party groups are for those outside this Parliament to meet and talk with MSPs so that MSPs can better understand the situation. The names of the individuals here, most of them represent refugee organisations locally. One or two of them are academics and people who will contribute in their own right to the strength of the cross-party group, but the vast majority are representing very local refugee groups that we welcome in. Some of them are the ones that I mentioned that are trying to reach out to other refugee groups to get support and help, and the cross-party group is a good forum to be able to accommodate that and to facilitate that. So I welcome them coming forward. Thank you very much, convener. I would echo what the convener said about the welcomeness of this group. You mentioned that there might be Parliament to Parliament and that is part of the remit that you would like to see the group develop. If so, how? It is certainly part of what the group should be developing, given its remit to look at the political relationships. We have one Ukrainian MP who is prepared to put together a friendship group within the Ukrainian Parliament to develop that relationship further by participating in CPG meetings remotely, obviously, and doing the best that they can to continue to develop the relationship between Scotland and Ukraine. I think that is a really positive thing. I am aware of a number of relationships that have organically sprung up between parliamentarians both in this place and in Ukraine in the Rada. I think that this group will have a great opportunity to formalise that and, as Colin says, establish a standing friendship committee that will further those sides. Thank you. If there are no further questions, thank you gentlemen for attending the committee this morning. The committee will formally consider whether to approve the application for recognition at agenda item 3 and the clerks will inform you of the committee's decision in due course. If we move to agenda item 3 which is consideration of approval of a proposed cross-party group on Ukraine would anyone like to have the opportunity to make a comment to ask a question or can I... Stephen Kerr? I am just going to say that what was said by you and Dr Alwyn when they were in the room. Clearly this is a good idea and it's a way of expressing our collective solidarity with the people of Ukraine in their darkest hour. I think it was a very powerful contribution by all the three MSPs and I think Colin Beattie's explanation of 22 individuals who actually represent far more of the diaspora for Ukraine was very powerfully made. Can I put it to the committee as this proposed cross-party group and we are in agreement? Can I thank you for that? Our next item the committee will consider a paper on the cross-party group's compliance with the code of conduct. We've received the paper at paper 2. Would any members like to make a comment on it or indeed a question about it? It's... The appropriate actions are being taken in order to encourage the compliance that is required under the code of conduct. Obviously I would remind those watching that the committee have committed to consider a full report on compliance with the code in early 2024. So am I content to put it that the committee is happy for me to write with regard to the CPG on China, the CPG on Japan and the CPG on the future of football in Scotland as proposed in the papers. Excellent. Thank you for that. Well just before closing the public session of the committee I would like to put on record on behalf of both the committee and myself the sterling work of our senior clerk Dr Katie Orr who for over five years she's brought her quiet wisdom and expertise and patience I think to all areas of the committee's work I would like to place on record my special thanks to Dr Orr for her patience towards me in a very steep learning curve in this session as convener Dr Orr will be missed but we all wish you very well and the best for what's coming along and I will now close this meeting and move it into private.


I'm a senior in high school just outside of Rochester, New York, and I'm speaking to you while in quarantine. Dear New York State legislators, it is time to sponsor the Fossil Fuel Divestment Act. Because it will save you lots and lots of money. The fossil fuel industry for the last decade has been a way to lose money, and New York State has lost a lot already. I'm a mother and a grandmother and a retiree from the state of New York. I'm a proud union member, and we don't want to see our hard-earned pension money go to investments in fossil fuels. If New York State's plan is to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels, why is the retirement fund betting against us? My name is Elena, and I'm a high school student in New York City. I'm currently in quarantine in my apartment in Brooklyn, and I'm filming this to remind you that it is time to invest in a green future that all of us can live with. It is time for you to step up and be the climate leaders that we all need you to be. It's time to stop financing the world's destruction by investing in the world's biggest polluters. It is time for us to start risking our pensions by investing in a fossil fuel industry that has cost this pension fund billions of dollars. It's time to act for frontline communities like mine who have been devastated by climate disasters like Hurricane Sandy because of investments in oil and gas. It is time to stop putting the future of my generation and generations to come at risk. It's time to invest in a safe and livable future for people across the Empire State. It's time to be the climate leaders that we desperately need you to be. Thank you.


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I believe for recon Jane Ivy future legends Malcolm Brogdon rookie auto Christian Coloco eight of ten Raptors Tyrese Martin Vector Anthony Edwards Norm Powell to 49 for the Clippers Aaron Gordon rookie Coloco to 299 for the Raptors Palo Bancaro rookie World Traveler is Bogdanovic for the Pistons Trey Mann a Palo Bancaro there Lonzo to 199 for Chicago Jeremy Sohan base Future legends Josh Giddy Zion the 299 for the Pelicans Vector Kauai Leonard Clippers Damian Lillard there and a Kevon Looney auto to 49 this time for the Warriors Had one last break to and mark Williams rookie to 99 for the Hornets Marjahn Bochamp got McAlbridge to 299 for the Nets Future legends Edwards shake Milton on the hollow that'll do it Recap time you had a Coloco to 10 for the Raptors Josh Hartnick's Udonnas Haslam Rudy Gobert And Uzman Tiang Jeremy Sohan Malachi Brannum Kevon Looney Doug McDermott Redemption Thunder Jalen Williams Cavs Isaiah Mobley and Pajas Toyakovic to five That will do it. Thanks again everybody on to half case number six


So I figured I was on here trying to get my online general biology students this semester to drop the class before we get started in a couple weeks and I thought, ah, this is a great opportunity to give a shout out to my YouTube homies. So, hi, shout out. It's the beginning of the spring semester soon. Time flies when you're having fun. I hope you guys are enjoying your educational pursuits. I have grand plans to rerecord all my physio lectures this semester. I don't know how many semesters it's been since I've been saying that, but we'll see if I can actually pull it off this semester. But I just thought I had all the video recording stuff out, so I would tell you that I love you a lot, like as much as I love donuts. Okay, I hope y'all are doing something fun right now. Bye, bye.


We mainly want to talk about consistency. You've done the research on consistency and subtitling that you presented recently, our languages in the media in Berlin. And we're looking forward to dive into this topic. So consistency, could we start by describing the importance of consistency in terms of the viewer experience? Does consistency impact how we as viewers experience films? Well, I think it definitely does, I think. Well, a text that is consistent is just in itself a better text, be it a translation or a text in the original. There are a lot of devices script writers use to make that make use of consistency, that make the texts just better text more interesting to watch. There's foreshadowing, for instance, where a movie foreshadows. So hints what is going to happen later on. And these hints are usually very subtle. But then once you realize what the ending is and rewatch the material, then you can see, for instance, let's say it's a crime story.  And I just couldn't see it. And this makes watching and rewatching a material very, very pleasurable. There is also a device called flashbacks. So we all understand how these works on the viewer is reminded of something that happened previously. All the crime stories need to be consistent because they lead the viewer in a very logical manner through the process of the investigation. So sometimes something that a character said at the very beginning, and it seemed unimportant from the point of the plot. At the end, it turns out to be crucial in revealing the identity of the killer. So there are a lot of ways consistency can be used. And script writers, I think, think about consistency when writing their own scripts. There are arcs, for instance, character arcs that a character has to evolve throughout the story in a way when all of this needs to be consistent. So this is also an issue in translation that we need to bear in mind that consistency in our work.


The T2 Tile project is building an indefinitely scalable computational stack. Follow our progress here on T Tuesday updates. Hey folks, what did you think? I can't stop watching that. I think that's the closest approach, at least lately, that gets both the flavor of living and the flavor of computation right together. Okay, so here we go. The top story is this time. Let's get in here. Oh yeah, so Strider is working on the T2 Tiles, trying to update some of the internal software, the graphic stuff to a more recent thing, and he's blown out the incredibly tiny little internal disk that it's got. So he's got a video up of actually opening up the T2 Tile to get at the slot to put in a new SD card. So that's up. I'll have a link to it in the description below. Last week, two weeks ago, the previous update progress in plate tectonics has not done very well. I mean, it's seven out of the last 10 T Tuesday update videos. Now, in the grand scheme of things, in a sense, I really don't care because all 10 of them are between like 120 and 220 for this amount of time out for like two weeks out. So the people who know, the few, the proud people that are getting it, this is actually getting pretty exciting. And what we just saw at the opener would make a whole lot more sense if you had seen what was going on in plate tectonics. Now, of course, part of the problem with that is that still, I cannot make good titles and I cannot make good thumbnails. You know, I keep thinking, I can't help it, that people will be interested in the same things I'm interested in.  And that is what it is. But this, what we have this week, both that opening thing and what's coming up is the entirely building on the plate tectonics stuff. Now, of course, the other problem with the plate tectonics one. So there was a half hour video that scares everybody off. So I'm going to really try to keep this shorter. Even though I want to do a live demo, we'll see how it goes. On the other hand, the second lecture in the Hyperspace Academy series passed the number of the beast after only three weeks. And now it's up to 700 odd views, which isn't bad for the Dave Ackley channel. I mean, of course, it's been a month. Two out of seven, it's beaten only by the flat in the curve, the coronavirus, the COVID-19-ish simulation from last year. So that's pretty good. Also, oh, yeah, and of course, as we all know, anybody who's using YouTube at all and you must be using YouTube if you're here at the moment, they are bombarding the entire universe of non-monetized channels with ads. I've got ads all over my videos.  Which seems like a good idea. I am not that close on the Dave Ackley channel. I've got way more subscribers than I need. I've got four times as many subscribers as I need, but I need twice as many public watch hours just in the last year. So unless we can get 2,000 more people to take a look at the We Are Coders video and actually watch the whole thing, I don't think we're going to make it. It is what it is. Well, one last thing about YouTube. I've checked this a bunch of times now and the Demon Horde Sword video, as far as I can tell, never gets ads. Why? I bet you 100 bucks, the word demon. You know, in the grand scheme of things, I keep not being sure whether I should want to have ads on it because, you know, that puts me, it gives me more shared fate with YouTube. If they're making money off of my videos, it would be in their interest to push them a little harder, you know. They claim they don't really do that. Ha, you know, so that's the top stories. The goal from last week was to use these plates that we have the plate tectonics to do some kind of computing. And I worked on that quite a bit. And partly what we saw at the opener was related to that. But there's a fundamental issue that comes up first. And that is so, you know, when I show a video like that, which is time lapse, or you see something like this, where it was just this is before I had the plates that give me the ability for the outer plate to pop when it reaches a certain size and release the inside to grow, which is what made the opening video so much fun.  And eventually there's gets grandchildren plates inside it. And, you know, it just keeps going.  This number here, this is a timestamp, 2001, May 21st at 1 a.m. So this, what we just watched went from what did it do? It went from May 14th to May 21st, something like that, just to inflate that one box. And fundamentally, as I said in last week's video, last week's last last update, by making the clock, making the synchronization go between the root and the max back and forth, that automatically adjusts for the tiles that once, that as the plates get bigger. But on the other hand, it means they can't do anything else until that clock ticks. So we see something like this, where we've got, you know, all of these yellow sites here and then all these, these are sites that are waiting for a tick and these are the sites that are waiting for a talk. At the moment, I think the yellow is overtaking the brown, heading back up into the upper left corner, not sure. But the main point of it is, is that any event that happens to land in the middle of these yellow fields is just wasted.  The only people that can actually do any work, the only beings are the ones that are along the interface, between the yellow and the brown, or between the lighter blue and the darker blue, or between the black and white or the other ones like that. And the bigger you get, I mean, so these plates are growing quadratically. They're two-dimensional, length times width. These have hundreds, this says over, you know, 1500 sites or something in this thing now. I mean, we can actually check 1900, 1918 sites in this thing. And by far and away, most of them are just sitting there blocking. They're just saying, no, I can't do anything. I can't do anything. And events that happen to hit those sites are effectively wasted. Now, that is, on the one hand, exactly the price of doing larger scale synchronization. If you think of what your RAM, what your memory is doing in your computer, the entire zillions of gigabytes are all just sitting there doing nothing. Saying, I'm a one, I'm a one, I'm a zero, I'm a zero. Until that, hello, an amazing day when the CPU comes and fetches them or changes them like that. So it's not an unusual thing to do. But this architecture is so general that, you know, it's throwing events all over the place. And those are significant, those have a fair amount of cost to them. So when we have a sort of low, here comes the word, I hate to say it, if we have a low event efficiency, then eventually this is going to start to hurt a lot. And that's what I've been facing. So, you know, that was five days to get to that thing. And, you know, this is the irony, right? So the whole title of the chapter in the last update was it's not about speed. Well, you know, it's not about speed until it is about speed, which brings us to the computing team creed. I haven't mentioned this lately. It's on the back of every T2 tile. The creed is very simple. First, be robust, then as correct as possible. And then finally, as efficient as necessary. And the question is, are we arriving at an efficiency as necessary situation? It makes a lot of sense from a program design point of view to hog all the space that you want to do. I mean, I talked two updates ago about how we're deliberately trying to initiate a space war. Have, you know, everybody trying to grab the space that they can to do what they're going to do and butt up against their neighbors. Have good fences and all that. But if they're doing that, then at some point they're going to be a tremendous, tremendous waste of event efficiency is going to go way down. And yes, it makes those sites extremely robust. If something goes wrong with them, then they will discover it very quickly. But on the other hand, I had a similar, you know, so the video we saw at the beginning, that's running in the simulator, MFMS. I have a version that's been running on the tiles. It's been running for two days, two and a half days now. And it hasn't even gotten to the first pop like that. It hasn't gotten off of one tile. It's incredibly, incredibly slow. And even if the goal of this whole project is to say, yeah, yeah, yeah, that's OK. If we can figure out what kind of computation we really want and demonstrate it, no matter how slow, then if all we can say is all we need now is to speed this up, then we're in a great position because we're really good at speeding things up. And to me, the harder question is what do we want to speed up? And the entire history of computing that we've seen so far is essentially this symphony of premature optimization. CPU and RAM was the wrong thing to optimize. It was great for the first two years, but we've done it for 80 years. That's my high horse. On the other hand, if it takes two days to find one bug, then we're going to be facing Zeno's Paradox trying to figure out what we want. We will not get to the point where we can say this is a thing worth speeding up because the development task will be so slow. So I have a two-pronged approach to this. Number one, well, three, I guess. So number one is, you know, part of it is just fundamental that if you don't want to have incredibly big plates taking incredibly long to cycle, don't have incredibly big plates. Pop them, figure out how to have smaller plates that can operate more in parallel and do some sort of message passing between them or whatever. Second, you know, if we there last time just trying to get the plate tectonics working in general, I always am trying to keep the code clean and get as much generality and flexibility as I can and not worry about speed. But there's a bunch of simple things, maybe that could be done that would sacrifice some robustness that maybe we could afford to sacrifice and we can look into some of those. And then finally, there's the question of is it worth thinking about doing something structural to help out the engine for example, if there was a way that a site, an Adam and a site, we could ask it, you know, or do you want to, I would give it an event. And instead of just saying I'm done, it would say I'm done and don't need to call me again until something in my event window changes, something like that. Now, that makes it more fragile, but it would allow the surrounding engine if it's in the style of MFMS and the T2 tiles. But this wouldn't be true in, say, a graphics process or GPU, something like that, to remove it and not throw events at it until the neighboring some change came in nearby and then it would wake all of them up and so forth. Engines that do traditional deterministic accelerators, how am I like Conway's Game of Life, use these kind of tricks all the time. We'll see, I'm not sure. But I want to explore some of the other routes first. And now in particular, the goal this week was the goal for this update was to get the plates computing something. And what I ended up deciding to do is make a stack. Now, a stack has an awful lot of meanings.  You know, well, that's one sense of stack, popular stacks, Linux and Apache, Limp, mean, you know, a whole bunch of software of lower level stuff and higher level stuff. And that's a stack. Now, when I use the term that the T2 tile project is about building a whole new stack, I'm going a little bit farther than just web development. This is heading in the direction of the Carl Sagan quote. If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must invent the universe where from scratch means I want to do the whole stack. I don't want to take Linux for granted. I don't want to take x86 for granted. I don't want to take silicon logic for granted. I don't want to take the earth for granted and so forth. If you want to make it from scratch.  So when I say we're making a whole new stack, I'm saying starting it silicon logic, the stuff that we know how to manufacture. But that's the level of some more whole stack that we're trying to do in the T2 tile project, which means that basic things like stacks by the other meaning, we need to reinvent them as well. And so in computer science and traditional computer science, a stack is a data type. It's a it's a structure that you can push things. You can push stuff onto like a stack of plates where you can oh, you put plates on the top and you can take them off. You can push plates on top and you can pop them off. It's very useful for lots of things. So here's the operations. You know, we've got one on the stack. We push two and then we push three, four, five and we've got them on. And once we start popping them off, the last one that we pop pushed on is the first one that comes off last in first out, push and pop stack, very basic operation. Now among many other things, it can be used for function calling and programming languages and so forth. So a very useful thing to have when you decide to make a stack, you give it a certain amount of space. And what happens if you try to push more things in it than you can do it? Well, something crashes, something doesn't work. Exactly what it is depends on the circumstances. So that's the stack that I wanted to compute with plates this time. All right, so let's do a demo. All right, so here we've got MFMS running. I've got a seed test stack. I'm just going to run this a little bit. This is a seed that when we put it out there, it decays into the beginning of a stack called S5. And there it is. So the stack just grew itself. How do we know it's a stack? Well, we don't really, but we can do operations on it. Like we take a push at them. And if we drop a push at them here, it creates and it put an item into a stack. How do we know it's an item? Because it's a color, each thing that we push on the stack in this demo just has a random color and we push another one, it moves down. It's like it's got us, it's spring loaded and we can push in like that. It's kind of cool. Let's get rid of these labels actually. All right. And we have pop operations as well. We can take the top thing off and we can push and pop. Okay. So what I like about this is that it's very physical, right? In a traditional computer science CPU and RAM model, the top of the stack isn't in the same place. It's just an address that moves around up and down. Whereas here it's very much like a spring loaded thing and you're always pushing plates on and off of the same location right here at the left end. And we can even do things that are often a little harder. Whereas GS, we can do a grow operation. And now our stack is bigger. So that's using the plate tectonics from last week. This is a slightly variant of it where if you look. There, that flowing over and flowing back. That's the distributed clock, the tic-tac, but it's only going on the border. So in fact, we can actually do stack operations while, if I could, did I do it? I think I did. All right. So we pop the stack until it's empty or we can push and look at this. So they automatically spread out like they're spring loaded, but if we hit the bottom, they just start piling up. And once we get it absolutely completely full, we can't pop. We can't push anymore. It just fails. So our little operator just keeps trying to do it. If we pop instead, we can do it. Now we actually, where is it? Stack operator. Okay. We can, I've got a guy, the stack operator that just issues random pushes and pops to the stack. And it's kind of fun to watch. And every so often it'll issue a grow operation to make the stack bigger as well. So this is a very basic, very simple element of a larger computational thing. We could make maybe, well, all kinds of things you could do with stacks. But I felt okay about this because, you know, at first I was thinking, well, if I'm going to compute something, I should compute two plus two equals four or I should print out a low world. I should prove the generality of the framework. And that just ended up, kept feeling wrong, kept feeling like it's not what I wanted to do. And then it was much more like, no, actually what I want to do is build more complex, more capable virtual machines on top of the simple, simple machine. And, you know, eventually if we had it, if we took, made two of these stacks and had an operator in between them that could push back and forth between them, we could use that as a basis for programming. And we'll look into that maybe, we'll see. But this is very nice. This is, look at it. It's so obviously a stack. And it doesn't seem to be really growing very much, or we could grow it our own. And I wiped out my little stack operator. At least it cleaned up after itself because, see, here's the trick. The stack operator, I put it up here. I could also put it here or here like that, and it can also operate. But it has to be able to reach in to these two sites because it may need to pop from as deep as here. And it also needs to reach the root because that's where it sends commands to do growth. So there's some generality here, here, here, and here are the sites where we can plant a stack operator. In fact, we can even plant more than one if we want to have sort of a parallel operations and they'll just compete with who gets to push and pop next, it'd be up to them to synchronize it, and so forth. So a basic, basic, basic stack in the traditional computing sense of a push down stack. All right. And this was an example. Here are the four locations where a stack operator can go. This one cannot go here because although it can reach the pop range, one, two, three, four, it can't actually reach the origin. One, two, three, four, five. It doesn't make it. You can only go four squares, Manhattan distance from where you're at. All right. So that's it for now. Um, the next update is the 100th T Tuesday update. My goal is twofold. Number one, take care of living computation foundation business. I've been shameful about it. I haven't sent out, sent out a living computation foundation nerd numbers to new donors. I will do that. There's a bunch of work that's been pending that Andrew had been helping me with and then I dropped the ball on getting the website better. I'm going to push that through and so forth, take care of business for the foundation next time and make a full T two tile project review and prospectus. That's the goal for two weeks from now for the 150, the club of 150 who come, thank you for coming to check out these videos. I hope things are going all right with you. Let's see in two weeks.


I acknowledge, along with you, the fact that we're on the Ngunnawal and Ngambri peoples lands, and as always in the parliament we acknowledge that as well, so I have very fond memories of many of those people, so I'm glad that we're acknowledging them. I want to acknowledge my brother Meek, who's the, I should say Professor Dodson, director of the National Centre for Indigenous Studies here at the ANU, Professor Richard Baker. Richard is doing some wonderful work with the young students we get from time to time to come and work in the parliament with us, so I want to, and he does many other good things from my memory of his field of activity as Pro-Vice Chancellor, but certainly those young people who have the opportunity to work in the parliament, it's a great contribution to us, but also I hope to them. Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, and thank you for coming out tonight, and I want to thank the Vice-Chancellor again for this opportunity to make this address in honour of one of the great Australians of our time at EQuirky Marble, and it's a great honour for me to be here at the university to make this speech. Mr Marble was a man of history. He celebrated his Mer and Torres Strait Islander history, and he made Australian history, so it's the history that I'll turn to start my remarks. On the 26th of January 1788 the British flag was raised at Botany Bay. The land now part of the city of Sydney was the territorial property of the Gadigal and the Bidigal people of the Aurora Nation. It is held and looked after by them for countless generations. With a cheer and a toad of rum, the sound of the fife and drum, the colony of New South Wales was proclaimed. Over time other colonies were established in other parts of Australia, or by separation of their territories from New South Wales. Queensland was one of those. Over time the boundaries of the Queensland colony were stretched to include offshore northern islands at around 1859. The lines on the map between Papua New Guinea and Australia included the Murray Islands, the largest of which is Murray or Mer. In 1912 the island of Mer was declared a reserve under the Land Act 1910 of Queensland. In 1936 Eddie Marbeau was born on Mer. In 1982 Eddie Marbeau and four other Murray Islanders commenced the proceedings against the State of Queensland. They claimed ownership of passers-of-land on Mer as the holders of native title under their customary law. The litigation bearing the names of the men we commemorate tonight transformed modern Australian common law. They changed our history and they changed it for the good. On the first floor of the parliament I walked past the display of foundation documents of Australian law and society. This week I watched a group of young school children walking through this area on their tour of the parliament house. Under the banner there's a special part of the parliament set aside and under this banner there's this note that says the parliament is the law making body which determines the rules of the society by which people live. A couple of young boys were looking at a case where a page out of an old notebook from school was on display. In a careful hand with coloured pencils Eddie Marbeau had drawn the shape of the island of Mer noting the family names associated with tracks of land including his own family's name. On the same floor there are other documents and paintings on display. The Urukala Bark painting, the petition, the Barunga petition and Kevin Rudd's apology. Each of these artefacts talk to our most significant national historical challenge. How can we recognise and acknowledge the fact of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as prior owners of this land we now call Australia. Mr Marbeau's map and the petition and the petitions call for all of us to recognise and acknowledge the fact of occupation. To rethink the received colonial settler narrative. The reminders of the exertion of force by and on behalf of the British authorities. The fact is the British did not ask permission to settle. The fact is no one conceded and no one consented. The fact is the judiciary and the legislature have become less generous since the Marbeau judgement. The fact is we need an agreement or a treaty to settle not only the ongoing legacy of Terranolius but also the legacy of its existence. The first peoples were in this land as owners and governors of their own respective countries before and when the first colonists arrived and began to gradually settle and occupy their territories and rule over them. Today those native title holders under the Native Title Act are evidence of their descent from their ancestors and are the living testimony of their prior occupation of these lands and waters. They and their people proclaim continuing occupation. This land is not and has never been Terranolius. The only thing that threatens this is the application of extinguishment written into the Native Title Act. It's a more sinister concept than its existence as a legal mechanism because in most cases it requires the consent of the very people that hold the Native Title. This is neither honourable or generous. It belittles the vision and motives of Mr Marbeau and the other families who fought and won a seminal victory in the High Court. The Chief Justice of Australia who heard the Marbeau case, Gerard Brennan, made this determination on the 3rd of June 1992. The common law of Australia rejects the notion that when the Crown acquired sovereignty over territory, which is now part of Australia, it thereby accepted the absolute beneficial ownership of the land therein and accepts that the antecedent writes an interest in land possessed by the indigenous inhabitants of the territory survived the change in sovereignty. Those antecedent writes an interest thus constitute a burden on the radical title of the Crown. His decision in the Marbeau case ruled that the Miriam people are entitled as against the whole world to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the island of Mir. Rejecting the notion of Terranolius, the Native Title was found to have survived the acquisition of sovereignty. Of course the High Court as an instrument of our constitution cannot rule on the issue of sovereignty. And it took ten long years to resolve the Marbeau decision for the claim and it's a poignant, tragic tragedy that Quake in Marbeau did not live long enough to see the decision of the High Court to celebrate and recognise what he knew in his heart and in his mind to be the truth. His country was in Mir. From our viewpoint in history we see the case that bears his name as a major landmark and a signpost for our future. But the road is long and at times the travelling is hard going. The Marbeau decision led to an interruption of controversy and alarm in much of mainstream Australia. Marbeau was an affront to the security provided by the lie of Terranolius. The Commonwealth Parliament in 1993 under the Labor Government of Paul Keating enacted the Marbeau Act. The Act sought to build on the common law as defined in the Marbeau case. The integrity around this today raises serious questions. In my own state of Western Australia, in which more than half of the land was legally unalienated and mineral rich, the government of the day objected to the Marbeau judgment and to the legislation. The State Parliament in Perth passed a law to extinguish native title from the moment of colonisation and challenged the Commonwealth Act. The High Court upheld the validity of the Native Title Act and found the Western Australian law to be invalid. On a personal note, that decision enabled the Aru people to pursue our own native title interest and reclaim our country. My brother Meek and I have a great good reason to forever be grateful to Quirky Marbeau and his pioneering vision and courage. Another milestone along this road to reconciliation took place in 1996. The High Court in the Wick case found that native title and pastoral leases could co-exist. The pastoral leases were a feature of the colonial period, trying to rein in the peacocking of the best lands by the squatters. There was at least some consideration by the colonial authorities of the rights of Aboriginal people to travel across those leases. Such rights themselves became caveats on the pastoral leases until gradually being modified. The Wick case was in some regards a simpler matter of concurrent and co-existing rights but with native title rights yielding if there is to be a conflict with the leaseholder. Immediately at the time, there were sections of our community that were absolutely ill-informed and the reaction was disgraceful to that notion of concurrence and coexistence. And we've seen as an indicator that the generosity of the court was already starting to harden against the spirit that we'd hope would flow on in some regards in the judiciary towards the existence of native title. And of course Prime Minister Howard could have used the Wick judgement in a positive way as an opportunity to advance reconciliation. The Howard ten point plan led to the 1996 amendments to the native title act and in the words of his deputy of the time, Tim Fisher, delivered bucket loads of extinguishment. This legislation was in my view intended to reinstate Terranolius or to remove what Justice Brennan called the burden on the radical title of the crown. As a sweetener however, the amending act provided and delivered opportunities previously denied except under some statutory land rights act. They opened up the opportunity for agreement making which unfortunately is too often structurally tied to extinguishment. This land use agreements could be negotiated under the act whereby native title holders and other parties could agree on the issue of native title lands to their mutual benefit and for economic development. Far too often the price of that opportunity has been too high in my view because it has involved as I said previously the requirement on the native title holder to agree to the extinguishment of the land that they've just had returned to them under native title. So this leaves a lingering burden on the shoulders of the native title holders going forward. Nevertheless there's been hundreds of agreements and they've been negotiated across Australia and especially in Queensland but also in my home state of Western Australia where nearly agreement particularly with the Noongar people at the time had been hailed as a major landmark, a treaty in all but name for the people of the South West. In the Senate this week the validation of indigenous land use agreements has been under debate. There's a tension between lawmaking in the parliament, the decisions of the courts and the aspirations of Aboriginal people to negotiate agreements that retain their rights. The concept of the separation of powers is not always empathetic to the sense of justice held by Aboriginal peoples. The Noongar agreement came unstuck with the Maglade decision. With the recent amendments in the parliament this agreement will go back to the process of registration for the Noongar people to settle. At every step the Labor Party has pushed for consultation on these bills through a Senate committee, through submissions, through consultations with representatives of the native title holders as well as the native title representative bodies. At every step we've remembered the legacy of Quirky Marbow and understood the fact that native title rights now recognised in the common law should not be changed, extinguished or modified at the whim of governments. They do not exist as a gift to the parliament as an act of largesse by the government of the day. I understand that the common law gets translated into legislation but this is a unique decision that the High Court came to that native title is in our common law and is held by the native title holders. So native title rights are ongoing rights with deep roots in our common law held exclusively by native title holders. Amendmenting legislation as I've said should always require the free, prior and informed consent of native title holders. The native title act much amended over time has evolved in complexity and function. Quirky Marbow would probably have some difficulty understanding how his vision has become so brutalised by the parliament. The Australian Law Commission in its 2015 review Connecting to Country has identified key areas of reform that are yet to be implemented by the government. Indeed we still await a formal response from the government to its recommendations. From my own perspective as a native title holder and as a legislator these days I see five key areas where the functioning of the act requires rework, not least to better align to the vision of Eddie Marbow and these are in summary the need to rethink the presumption that an agreement for alternative use of native title lands requires extinguishment of native title rights. The need to rethink the decision making process required under the act. The need to improve the fungibility of the native title that is held without extinguishing that title or that title being lost to the community. The need to address the rights of compensation for the loss of enjoyment, access and use of native title lands and the need to change the owners of proof and the burden from native title applicants to the crown. The native title act can be refashioned to shift the point of balance towards the ongoing rights, interests, needs and concerns of Indigenous Australians. Doing so would restore the act to its fundamental purpose and that is to recognise and protect native title in the interests of the Indigenous Australians and our shared national future. In the past month we have seen another expression of the will of Indigenous people to be recognised and acknowledged as the original owners of our land. Last month at Uluru, in the spirit of constitutional conventions from which we had been previously excluded, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples gathered. They set out to deliberate and report back to the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition through the Referendum Council on Constitutional Recognition. Their one-page document, Uluru Statement from the Heart, issues a series of challenges to the Parliament and to the people of Australia. It calls for constitutional reform to empower our people and to take a rightful place in our own country. It calls for the establishment of a First Nations voice entrenched in the Constitution. It calls for a Macarata Commission to supervise a process of agreement-making between government and the First Nations and truth-telling about our history. From a parliamentary perspective, we look forward to the report on those consultations from the Referendum Council at the end of the month. Hopefully working through these issues in the Parliament, in the time ahead, will take place in the spirit of constructive optimism. To formulate a successful referendum, as most of you know, a referendum outcome, especially in the next year, requires a bipartisanship. Indeed, it requires cross-party consensus will be needed and will have to be carefully shaped and crafted. In my personal view, constitutional reform, a treaty and a strong Indigenous voice have never been mutually exclusive. One does not come at the expense of the other. Of course I support agreement-making. A treaty or agreements, whether one or many, would be acknowledging, would be acknowledgement following the Marbeau decision that Terranullius is a discredited, outmoded legal fiction and that this land was taken from Aboriginal peoples and would provide some justice to those Indigenous peoples. We would also pick up on the opportunity that was lost when the native title negotiations focused solely on land tenure at the time. I never held the view that Marbeau was only about land tenure. In fact, when my views clash with some of my colleagues at the time who were negotiating these matters, I was asked to discontinue my involvement in the process and, due to which, I left it to those who settled the issue with the Prime Minister at the time, Mr Keating. There was no treaty when this land was colonised and in the future a treaty will be a strong step for a mature and harmonious nation. The work of Labor governments in the states of Victoria and South Australia show us that it can be done. Of course we need a strong Indigenous voice. For too long Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been denied a voice excluded from decision making processes about our own lives. Indigenous people want to reset our relationship with government and we want to be heard. We have been calling for this for a long time. Working to make a voice effective within the processes of parliament and capable of support from the whole Australian population in a referendum is a key challenge. A challenge Labor will consider carefully when we get the recommendations. We look forward to more information on how the idea of an entrenched voice can become a systemic, secure and successful legislative reality. We need to address the systemic racism that exists in our nation's founding document the Australian Constitution. We want our past to be acknowledged and we want to be involved in decisions about our future. The Uluru Statement called for a First Nations voice enshrined in the Constitution and a Macorata Commission to supervise a process of agreement making between governments and First Nations and truth telling about our history. Many rejected the idea of any symbolic acknowledgement in what they saw as a racist document, our Constitution. This may well be a statement from the heart. It is time to acknowledge that Indigenous people were not included in the Constitution conventions that were held all over Australia in the lead up to Federation. The Australian Constitution was written by people who thought Indigenous people were lesser beings or a dying race with no sense of land use or development. The dynamics of racism in Australia is institutional and structural. The foundations of racism are entrenched, persistent in our nation's founding document. The question we need to work through is not about choosing between treaty, a voice or constitutional recognition. The question is whether Australia is able to move forward towards reconciliation. Be that in the form of a treaty or an Indigenous voice enshrined in the Constitution while the nation's foundation document remains in its DNA, a flawed and racist document. I understand this because I was a member of the expert panel on constitutional recognition of Indigenous peoples, which was tasked to report to the government on possible options for constitutional change to give effect to Indigenous constitutional recognition and to assess any legal consequences that might flow. In 2012, the expert panel delivered our report, which made a series of recommendations, including a statement of acknowledgement in the Constitution relevant to the lawmaking power in Indigenous affairs that proposed near 51.8, a modification to the wording of the Commonwealth lawmaking power in Indigenous affairs, amending what exists under 51.26, taking race out of it and putting people in there whilst you obviously remove 51.26 in its current form, a constitutional prohibition on racial discrimination, a new proposed 116A, the removal of a provision that contemplates states denying people from voting because of their race, section 25 of our Constitution. These recommendations recognise that the government has the power to make laws about Indigenous people, but the laws must be beneficial and give Parliament guidance. It would be a mistake to consider the Constitutional reform as merely symbolic. Nothing about our Constitution is symbolic. There's not even a preamble that could point us to something symbolic. The words in the Constitution, the reference powers that the Parliament uses to make laws, they are words with real power. They are words that guide the Parliament in making laws and the courts when they judge the validity of those laws. Changing powers in the Constitution and giving clarification around how such powers can be used is not mere symbolism, nor is it mere words. Having an Indigenous voice enshrined in the Constitution without amending the Constitution to remove racially entrenched ideologies is puzzling. It seems to be assumed that an Indigenous voice in the Constitution would be strong enough to challenge the entrenched structural racism which shapes the policies and laws that affects the lives of Aboriginal people without removing these racist elements of the Constitution that exist there now. We know these policies and laws. They are policies of assimilation, of forced social and cultural change. They are policies that continue to remove children from their families and country and culture. They are policies that cause Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to make of approximately a quarter of Australia's prison population despite making up 3% of the total population. These are the policies that have led to Indigenous Australians dying a decade earlier than non-Indigenous Australians. Policies that repeatedly fail Australian people, Aboriginal people. Policies that Quirky Marble challenged with his life and would do so today if he were alive. There is no coincidence that these policies exist alongside a Constitution that is the legacy of the colonial settler state narrative, a narrative that sought Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as lesser beings and Australia as a land belonging to no one. If we are going to clean up the mess that racism has made in Australia in the hope that we might one day achieve reconciliation we have to do it properly and honourably. The report of the referendum council at the end of the month deserves and requires weighty consideration. If the referendum council, if its recommendations do not gather broad parliamentary support then it will fail and there will be no referendum. If there is broad support across the parliamentary spectrum then that will require careful consideration of a bill and explanatory memoranda that can pass through the challenging and complicated process of parliament. It requires then that the question then can be put to the Australian people that will pass the high bar of a referendum. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, whichever way this goes will continue to call for a treaty and a strong voice for Indigenous peoples, particularly say if nothing is done. These calls only highlight in my view the need for constitutional reform. Australia cannot move forward while our founding document, our birth certificate embodies our racist past. The stubborn stains of our racist constitution must be raised. Eddie Quirky Marlboro would have expected nothing less. Eddie Quirky Marlboro was a great Australia. We can find the Marlboro spirit within each of us and work together to build a great Australia free from racism, one that's honourable and one that treats its citizens fairly and justly. Thank you.


This is stock number 9968 we are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin You're new and used ram headquarters today. We are checking out this super clean 2017 ram 1500 crew cab short box sport This is also the night edition which will go over a little bit of the options on that But from this HD video you will be able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out Has the projected lamp headlamps LED running lights the co-induction hood you get the black Ram badge on the front there part of the night edition also you get the 20 inch painted alloy rims The Goodyear Wrangler SRA 275 60R 20 tires these tires have probably about 60 to 70% of the tread left we shoot all of our videos in 1080p So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or a smartphone device turn them on right now because it's like you're right here Looking at the truck with me Driver's side front fender is in excellent shape no dents or dings on that front bumpers in pretty nice condition factory fog lights I didn't see any dents or dings on the hood Passenger's side fender is in really nice condition as well and the passenger side rim No scuffs or scrapes on that As you go down this side of the truck you can see just how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down You can still see the truck hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at Before you even get here Didn't see one single dent or ding down this side of the truck has the nice black painted Step bars this back rim is an excellent condition as well and the back tires have just as much tread as the front You can see it has the plastic wheel well liner, which keeps your frame and under body Nice and clean We want to make sure you get the most accurate representation of the vehicle is possible So when you get here, there's absolutely No surprises you get the blacked out four by four On the back of the tailgate there rear bumpers in excellent shape No denser dings on that full towing package which includes a receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring And that tailgate is in really nice shape as well. You get the RAM stamp lettering on the back Has a very nice spraying bed liner Kind of looks like a factory one to me and it has the LED bed lighting as well You really see that metal flake in the paint there by the way brilliant black crystal is the color on this one Down this side of the truck just as clean as that passenger side No dense no dings very very clean and For full disclosure this back rim Is in excellent shape as well didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on that so all the rims look like they're in Really nice condition down this side didn't see any denser dings on these doors Has the heated power mirrors with the built-in directional signals inside the sport package gives you the black cloth and leather interior Both of these seats are heated you get a power driver seat with lumbar and we have factory floor mats throughout Power pedals auto headlamps power windows power locks power mirrors that do power fold-in as well Like so And as we hop inside the truck here, you can see that this one has 19,093 miles you get the seven inch TFT display instrument cluster is very nice and clean You get the heated leather wrap steering wheel very nice condition Cruise controls on the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left This one does have the 8.4 touchscreen radio This is the 3c radio, which is nice because you if you wanted to add navigation to this radio You definitely could for $595 just see your sales professional for more information has Obviously Bluetooth controls AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities has the heated seats heated steering wheel buttons right there And you can check out your backup camera right here as well Don't even have to put it in reverse This one does have the alpine sound system So you get the factory subwoofer and the upgraded speakers to a climate control factory brake controller You can also do your heated seats and heated steering wheel button their stability control and of course your tow-haul mode 115 volt 150 watt plug-in Passenger seat is very clean as well. No rips or tears on that This truck smells very clean inside has side current airbags and the headliner is in really nice shape Up here you get the map lights power sliding rear window and then your home link buttons You also get the 911 and assist buttons, which are features of the vehicle that you never have to pay a subscription for Let's take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood Back seats are just as clean as the front seats No rips no tears back here does have the latch child safety system Power sliding rear window these seats do fold up. There is a load floor here, which is Really nice feature just put that down like so if you got pets or muddy boots or tools You put it down your pets got a nice flat place to lay and you're not going to get your seats all dirty if you got muddy boots or tools Has the in-floor storage one on each side factory floor mats and then we do have this bag right here I'm not really sure what's in the bag It might be like part of a towing kit or something see if I can get it open figure out what's inside Well looks like a whole jumper kit and Off-road Type deal so pretty cool little air compressor I believe and That's included in the truck. So you get it anyways Very clean inside and out a really nice truck Body wise condition wise tires are in great shape. The interior is super clean And under the hood we have the 5.7 liter v8 hemi motor engine base very clean runs very smooth This truck has been fully safety dead inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off Truck has been gone through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go See more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs minivans Wranglers Half-tons three-quarter tons one tons you name it. We got it go to our website www.SummitAuto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle on our lot Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summit auto.com And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second You will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more used Half-ton truck videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website Click those check us out and we really look forward to help you with this super clean 2017 Ram 1500 crew cab shortbacks night edition sport. Thanks again


The response by the government, particularly by civil society organizations, is really heartwarming and it's impressive and what you see when you walk in is a very organized arrangement that's welcoming. I think what concerns me a bit more is what you can't see. It's a key area of focus for us to ensure that all of these great services and the warm welcome that's being provided is safe for all. And another key role that we as IOM can play with our international experience in dealing with particularly vulnerable groups, we've heard about the Roma who are here, we've also heard about ethnic Hungarians who've come back from Ukraine. We've also heard about the case of third country nationals who some are passing through, some are hoping to stay and continue their studies. We had hopes like nobody planned for this. I know right now with the current situation like everybody saying, hey, there's no one in your country, you guys can go back, but I don't think it's really fair for our students, because right now what are you going back to? You have not completed your studies, nothing to show you're going back, I don't know how long it's going to take for you for the world to get finished. So we're hoping for the best, but I think a lot of students would just want that opportunity to continue our studies.