This offseason for the Baltimore Ravens, it started off really, really slow. And it had us thinking like, man, like, hey, wake up, do something, please. But then when it hit that turning point, it really never, ever stopped. And we went from being sad down in the dumps to, oh yeah, let's go, let's get it. And now the Ravens have given us so much to look forward to this upcoming season. But what should we be looking forward to? What should we be thinking about when it comes to these Baltimore Ravens this upcoming season? Well, I could tell you some things, but it'd be best if you heard it from somebody else. So in this episode, I brought on a very, very special guest to help us talk about all the things that we're looking forward to with our beloved Baltimore Ravens. And we doing this one for the flock, baby. Yeah, this feels like a dream. You too, team, keep it clean. You see my boy, he like, automated, automated. Boy, that's my homie, ain't that right, engraving? Right, engraving. All right, so team, keep it clean. Very, very special guests in the building. Now I gotta know it from for the flock. First, before we get into things, introduce everybody to yourself, let them know who you are and exactly what it is that you do. Yeah, so as engraving said, the OG Ravens legend, YouTuber, man, they're watching, man, I gotta tell you, man, I've been watching you for years and I got a lot of respect for what you do. And I appreciate you having me on the channel. It's a huge honor. My name is Noah. Have a channel called for the flock. Try to do daily content as much as I can, all things Baltimore Ravens. And I just love football, love the Baltimore Ravens and love talking ball. And what made you get started with the channel? So I actually, years ago, probably six, seven years ago when I joined the Marine Corps, I started like a military channel doing like videos for how to get through boot camp, what boot camp is like and stuff like that. And just always wanted to start a YouTube channel. And then years later, I transitioned the channel to a Ravens channel. I was like super passionate about the Ravens, love talking about football. So I just started, just started going with it. Was really bad at it at first, man, the videos were terrible. And then I just slowly started to pick up some traction and here we are. All right, that's how it goes. We gotta get the cringe out the way early, man. Now me, I still got a lot of cringe that I put in there now, but it's all good. I don't even care no more. I just accepted like, wow, I don't care what people think anymore, man. I was just gonna, yeah. Yeah, especially if you're putting together videos that are especially football, because you know football fans, they're crazy. They're super, super crazy.    It is what it is. So if they like it, they can watch it, they don't have to. They can keep it moving, man. But hopefully they don't keep it moving. Hopefully they keep on watching it. But anyway, this off season for these Baltimore Ravens, it started off real, real slow, but then it picked up speed like that. And it really, I mean, I guess it technically kind of slowed down over the past week or so, but it's still been moving. But what was your favorite part of this Baltimore Ravens off season? Man, that's a good question. I gotta go with the low hanging fruit. I thought I'd think of something a little bit more non-typical, but the Lamar Jackson extension has to be my favorite just because it's like, bro, I remember there were so many times where I was like, Lamar's gone. Like he's not coming back. And then there were times where I'd be like, oh no, I think he's coming back and it was going back and forth.  Even teams that like, you know, had a terrible record. They have hope, you know, looking forward to like, draft pick, a new quarterback, they're gonna draft to whoever. But for a while, it felt like the Ravens like, there was just nothing to look forward to because it was like, are we drafting a quarterback? Are we, you know, gonna tag Lamar? Is he even happy? Does he even wanna be here?  You want someone who wants to be here. So there was all that questions. And then all of a sudden, whenever I saw Lamar Jackson, you know, when the Ravens posted that video where he was like, you know, the next couple of years, it's gonna be a lot of flop. Oh man, yeah. Dude, that hit different. And like it, all things in the world were good. And it was like, okay, he wants to be here. So yeah, that was probably my favorite. And especially like the moment, like right there before the draft. So it was like, boom, boom. Like, and then it was Zay flowers. And yeah, just got me fired up all in a hurry. Yeah, yeah, that's true. And like stuff just kept happening back to back to back to back to back. And like you mentioned, when they signed Lamar Jackson, after they signed Lamar Jackson, it gave fans something to look forward to. Well, what are you looking forward to the most from these Baltimore Ravens this upcoming season? It's gotta be Tom Munkin. It's gotta be the revamped scheme. I, you know, I'm obviously excited for the new weapons, the new weaponry, Zay flowers, OBJ, these young tight ends, Nelson Aguilar, Rashad Bateman, like these weapons could be something special. But to me, it's more just a fresh scheme. I mean, sometimes like you get a new leader and a new energy in the room. And all of a sudden it's like, boom, like electricity in the room, everyone's fired up again, everyone's excited again. So that's what I'm looking forward to. And we're getting all these reports that Todd Munkin is like peppy during practices that he's involved, that he's, you know, like running things with passion. And that's what gets me fired up. It's just, you know, a new offensive scheme because it felt like, is it just me or did like each year that we watched Greg Roman, did the offense start to feel like more and more predictable? More and more stale, like, you know, as fans, it's almost like, if you know, when you see the Ravens line up in a formation and you have a good idea of what the play is going to be, do you not think that NFL defensive coordinators and players that do this for a living is not even known to? So like, that's my biggest thing. It's just a fresh injection of the scheme change. Yeah, that's true. And I'm looking forward to that as well because I feel like with Greg Roman, he was solid, but I feel like it had been time for a change for a little while now, probably like a couple of years and whatnot. And the Ravens, I felt like they were almost loyal to a fault to Giro, but it is what it is at this point. And now, yeah, like you mentioned, they got Todd Munkin. So fresh start for everybody. Now, with fresh starts, it's not always smooth sailing right from the jump. And with Todd Munkin, he got to install his offense, this new Ravens offense. So how do you feel about the possible growing pains? And do you think that the growing pains could take a little while to get through? How do you think that's gonna go as far as this new Ravens offense? You know, that's a really good question, something I hadn't really thought about with there being a new system, new terminology and everything. But as soon as you started mentioning that question, I instantly thought of, with Lamar Jackson, there's a certain floor that the offense is gonna be. Like, even if things aren't going perfectly in a game, you know, the Ravens offense is struggling. Lamar Jackson is still gonna be Lamar Jackson. And if everything's covered downfield, there's gonna be a certain level that the Ravens offense I just don't think is gonna go below. I mean, the talent is just, if all else fails, start at the 89. You know what I'm saying? Like, Lamar Jackson and Mark Andrews have that connection. JK Dobbins is a great running back. So to me, like the floor of the offense is pretty high because you got a strong offensive line and stuff starts in the trenches.  And there's some guys that are serviceable. At least you know Patrick McCory could go in there and start if he needed to. He's done it before and not be like a liability on the offensive line. So I think whenever you have a strong offensive line and then you have some players with chemistry like Lamar, Dobbins and Andrews, even with the other new players around them and the new scheme, I still think there's a certain level of like success that the Ravens offense will have. I like that. And when in doubt, throw it to 89. Now, something that you just talked about. And I didn't think about that, especially when thinking about this new offense that the Ravens are installing. There are some guys that already have some chemistry. That being Lamar Jackson and Mark Andrews, Lamar with J.K. Dobbins too. Even Lamar Jackson and Rashad Bateman as well. So that should make things easier when it comes to installing a new offense with those guys. And then of course building up that chemistry with everybody else as well. Now, they did sign Odell Beckham Jr. You just mentioned Nelson Aguilore. He also mentioned Zay Flowers a bit earlier. It's still Gus Edwards, Isaiah Likley, Charlie Kolor. A lot of different guys. Devin DuVernay, for now James Pro Shae Tyler while it's supposed to be our thing shake out there. But the Ravens have a lot of different options. They do. And that's a good thing. But do you think that it could be an issue with there being too many mouths to feed him?  I do. I've thought about this. And when it comes to it, when you have this many talented pass catchers, there's gonna be some guys that may be frustrated. But one thing that you've talked about in your videos before that I wholeheartedly agree with is that winning covers a lot. Winning solves a lot of problems. So I believe if the Ravens are winning a lot of all games and maybe guys aren't getting the targets that they feel that they should get rightfully so, you know, if there's a game where Zay Flowers has five catches where Shod Bateman has six and Mark Andrews has nine and then you have OBJ with like one or two, I wouldn't surprise me if I saw a game like that, right? Because of the talent that you have, you know, there's only one ball like Todd Munkin made sure he clarified when it comes to getting the ball to these weapons. But I think if the Ravens are winning, it's gonna create a lot of band-aids on those maybe hurt feelings when it comes to a lack of a target share or whatever. Yeah, that's a good point. Yeah, winning does cover up a lot. And still some emotions involved on the side but if you win, if you be like, ah, you know what? I get over it. I do wanna contribute, but I get over it. Now, flipping to the defensive side of the ball. How you feeling about that Ravens secondary post draft? Obviously, Marlon Humphrey's still there. And then they signed Rocky's scene, they drafted a Caillou and they still got some guys returning like Pepe Williams, Jalen Armand Davis, Keevon Seymour, Daryl Warley, I feel like I'm familiar, Ardarius Washington, Brandon Stevens. How you feeling about this secondary as a whole? I love this, I love this secondary under one condition. That's Marlon Humphrey's health. If Marlon Humphrey is healthy, I feel great about the entire secondary.  He's really talented. He's got all the tools. He's a Bama guy. He just had some mental lapses and struggles early on in the season last year and some injuries. But I mean, between Jalen Armand Davis, Caillou, Blue Kelly, Rocky Sen, even Trayvon Mullen, Lamar's cousin, and some of the Brandon Stevens, like, the Ravens are going to be, like, they have enough talent in the room. The only thing that concerns me is if Marlon were to go down, that's like, Marlon's the guy that you can trust to erase or at least limit top wide receivers. We know, we play in the division that has Jamar, Chase, and T. Higgins. So my thing is, it's like, if you can put Marlon on Chase and say, bro, just don't give up five-touch now. Like, just keep him in check. You know what I'm saying? Like, just do your thing, keep him in check. You know, he'll have his catches here and there, but keep him in check. And then you can put safety help over the other guys that maybe, you know, you could put Rocky Sen, who's a real physical guy, on a bigger receiver like T. Higgins, and then put some safety help over the top. And then speaking of these safeties, man, maybe I'm being a homer here. Maybe I got the purple shades on. But I believe the Ravens have the best duo of safeties and linebackers in the NFL. Oh, man. I thought you were just going to say, like, AFC North or maybe AFC, but in it, oh. No, I cannot find. I've looked on all the safety duos. There's some close ones. Kyle Hamilton was one of the top-graded safeties last year. And he's going into year two. Marcus Williams had the most interceptions in the NFL before he went down with the injury, that wrist injury, and whenever they were playing Cincinnati. And you got really good depth behind them, too, or Darius Washington, Geno Stone, Brandon Stevens. And then the Ravens linebackers, man. Like, I'm looking around. And I know the Bengals have a pretty nice duo there, which you made Pratt and Logan Wilson. And there's some other teams that have good duos, but like, Queen and Roquon's a nasty duo. So I'm feeling great about the secondary and the defense as a whole. Now, before we talk about these linebackers, I want to stick with the safeties for a quick second. Were you able to hear Chuck Clark's comments? I saw a glimpse of it on Twitter earlier. Something about he felt disrespected by some of the comments that were made. Yeah, he said he felt disrespected by the Ravens. And he said part of it was when they drafted Kyle Hamilton, but he said it also had to do with, like, money and contracts and stuff like that. And he said he felt disrespected from the position that they put him in versus what he was told. So real quick, do you feel like Chuck Clark was put in a sort of tricky position last year at the safety? Yeah, I do. I mean, that's a tough spot to be in, because he recently was signed to the extension, had two years left on his contract. And the Ravens were just in a spot where they couldn't simply turn down Kyle Hamilton in the draft. I don't think they went into the draft thinking, we're going to take Hamilton or a safety for that matter early. But when they saw Kyle Hamilton, who was a top five, top 10 prospect, fall to them at 14, they were like, I'm sorry, Chuck. Like, I cannot let this type of talent go. But that's the NFL, man. I mean, this happens year after year. A young influx of talent comes in. But I will say Chuck handled it so well, so professionally. He was like, I am not going to let this kid take my job. And he didn't.  And he could have kept away and been frustrated or whatever. He's like, I'm just not letting this kid take my job. And week one wrote around, and Chuck Clark was a starting strong safety. And Kyle Hamilton didn't start until later in the year. And that wasn't even in Chuck's role. That was more of a nickel guy. So Chuck handled it really well. But it's the NFL. Players come in, and you've got to compete. You've got to keep your relevance. That's true. And somebody else who's in sort of a similar position will be Patrick Queen. Because the Baltimore Ravens, of course, last year, right before the trade deadline, they traded for Roquan Smith. This off-season, they drafted Trent Simpson. I know a lot of people are feeling like, oh, man, that's really the end for Patrick Queen. Now, me, I've been pleasantly surprised that Patrick Queen right now is still on the team. Because as soon as they traded for Roquan Smith last year, I thought that, oh, yeah, Patrick Queen this off-season, he's going to be going for the Ravens. Yeah, I think so. Yeah, my preference was always that they keep him. Because I'm like, hey, the more talent you have, the better. But I didn't see it happening with them keeping him. But for him to be there, it's been great. And you mentioned with Chuck Clark with how he handled everything that went on. And he requested to be traded last year. But it obviously didn't happen. He stuck around. You didn't hear anything from him. He didn't make a public scene or anything like that, which showed a lot of maturity on his part. But yeah, somebody else who's going through a lot of the same is Patrick Queen. Now, with him, and getting you talked about, you feel like they, the Baltimore Ravens have one of the, or the top lineback and duo, not an AFC nor, not an AFC, but in the NFL. I put my stamp on it right there. OK, irrespective. So with Patrick Queen, how do you feel about him being on this team? How do you feel about the future of Patrick Queen this year? Well, similar to what you were mentioning, I thought that the Ravens were going to trade Patrick Queen either before the draft, during the draft, or shortly after. But hearing the recent comments from Eric Tecasa saying that it would, him not picking up the fifth year option on Queen, at first I was like, oh, he's gone, like the Ravens. But then he was like, no, like we just, that was a more of a financial, you know, contractual move than it was, we don't want Patrick Queen. Like they said they wanted to work on an extension with them. So if the Ravens and Patrick Queen can find the right number, you know, if Queen wants to be here and he's wants to remain next to Roquan Smith and the rest of this defense, I think that they can make something work as far as an extension. But if his goal is just to go out and ball out this year and then get the biggest payday he possibly can, I respect him for it. But maybe in that case, the Ravens and him won't be, because I think some other team would offer him more money than the Ravens would be willing to match after paying Roquan, Lamar. But I do think Patrick Queen has handled it well. He's already been, he was shown at the OTAs yesterday, and I believe the football school as well. So he's also in the same boat like, hey, I'm here. Like he ain't letting no young kid, you know, take a spot. So I think if the Ravens can keep that line backer duo together, that would be something special.  I know sometimes he'll miss a tackle here or there, have a cover's lapse. But like the big splash plays that he makes are impactful.  You can feel the energy on the defense whenever he like bursts into the backfield and blows up a play, or he comes in and rocks a quarterback on a blitz. Like when he shoots that agap, I mean, he comes in fast and he hits hard. You know, some players, like just the sheer energy they can bring, I think Queen is one of those guys that when he makes a play, like his teammates are happy, his teammates are fired up, and I would love to see them keep that linebacker duo intact. Yeah, I would love to as well. That would be nice. But like you mentioned, Queen is an excellent, excellent, excellent blitzer. And getting to the quarterback is of the essence. It's very important, especially in today's NFL, because it is a passing league. But if you can stop the passer from passing, yeah, that'll put you in some good shape. But the Ravens, right now, going into this season, where we are right now, Justin Houston, not back yet, at least. Kaleas Campbell went over to Atlanta. They just recently released Daylan Hayes. And I know he wasn't an impact player for the Ravens yet, but they just released him. So now, we're looking at David Ajabo, Madafe away, Tyus Bowser. How do you feel about Ravens pass rush at this point of the offseason? I think it'll make or break their defense. I think the Ravens, OK, I'll say it this way. The Ravens defense will be good regardless. I think if these pass rushers just are average, the Ravens defense will still be good, because they have great linebackers, great secondary players, and a nice scheme. I still think they'll have a solid defense. But the biggest difference in them having an elite defense, a top five, a top three defense, is that these guys can get consistent pressure. And I really do, I feel like Ajabo is that guy. I mean, I do, he was a top 15 talent. And I saw him mocked before his Achilles' tear in the top 15 on several occasions. He has elite athleticism, ran in the four fives. He's got natural bend, natural spin, pass rushing moves, a feel for how to hit quarterbacks. And one of the biggest underrated things was his ability to get that ball out. Whenever he hits a quarterback, he just had a natural swipe to punch the ball out. And you saw in college, he led, he set one of the records for the most force fumbles, most force sack fumbles. And then his first sack in the NFL was, hello, Joe Burrow. Thank you very much. I'm going to go ahead and take that ball from you. And that was beautiful. I mean, and that was in a game where, wasn't that one of the games where we had like Anthony Brown starting or something? It was, I think it was Josh Johnson. No, not Josh Johnson. Maybe it was Anthony Brown. Yeah, you might be right. Yeah, but I mean, he's got some talent. And then Owe, even if we saw like the rookie year version of Owe, where he makes some big splash plays. And he has between five and eight sacks. I still think Ojabo is going to leave the team in sacks this year. I just, that's my prediction. And I also believe that Bowser, let's not forget that like, before his Achilles' tear, I think the season that he was fully healthy had eight sacks. So he was starting to kind of ascend as a consistent rusher as well. I like Bowser. But I still think there's a, it's like, for me, it's hit or miss. I go back and forth because I believe there's room for a veteran in the past rush room. And I kind of want the Ravens to add a proven guy, like maybe a Leonard Floyd, Justin Houston, Frank Clark, one of those veteran guys out there. But then part of me is like, well, I just want to see what these young guys got. Because if you get a veteran, it's like almost kind of assumed that they're going to get a certain amount of snaps. Like they're going to want their playing time. They're going to want to on third down, go out and get the quarterback. And I almost feel like it's like an insurance policy. If you add a vet, it's like if the young guys aren't working out early in the season, they can kind of pull that leash in a little bit, let the veteran have some more snaps. But part of me just wants to see the young guys go. But then part of me, on the other hand, is like, yeah, we could use another veteran in the room. What are your thoughts on that?  Better to be safe than sorry. And it's like one of those things where, OK, well, if you get a veteran, worst case scenario, which would actually be a good case scenario, is if the young guys, they out there doing their thing. And it's like, oh, man, we don't even need this veteran. OK, great. Well, you got somebody that you, whether you can put them on a sign them to the practice squad or you just release them straight up or whatever.  So that's that's what I would hope for. Because with a doubt, fail away. It's been it's been tricky with a doubt, fail away. And it's like, I know us as fans, we can feel frustrated for him because we see him get so close so many times. And he mentioned it in a presser about a week ago about just how he's he's been getting close, but just hasn't been able to finish yet. So it's there. It's right there. It's just a matter of him just making that jump. So hopefully with his boy, a job opposite him, they can make a lot of noise. Happy. Yeah. Yeah. And those interior guys too. I mean, I think it was like, Matt BK had five sacks last year. And I could see him with the uptick in snaps. You know, with Kileas Campbell going. Right. If I could see him in the eight sack range and really emerge as one of, you know, the top 10 interior rushers in the NFL, I think he has that potential. He's worked with, he's worked with Aaron Donald. Aaron Donald, right? Yeah. And the tools are there.   But Matt BK has got all the tools. And then another guy that I really like is Brody, Project Washington man. Like he has really shown some good stuff as well. And I think with some more snaps for him, he'll do some good things. And then I was actually listening to Mike McDonald's interview today. And he mentioned that he thinks Michael Pierce is an underrated past rusher. I'm tripping. I'm tripping because every time we talk about the defensive line, I always remember Travis Jones, Broderick Washington, Matt BK. I always forget about Michael Pierce every single time. And yeah, he's there too. So yeah. And like, yeah, last year he, we got hurt. And I think the first game of the season, I think. Yeah, it was early. Yeah. And he, but I will say that he's already showed up in the Ravens facility. I saw a picture of him. He looks pretty good. He's working on his body. And he's there. He's in the building. So I'm excited about the defensive line. And the past rush could look like. But I think it's just, if it's elite, if the past rush is able to get there with four guys consistently, especially, yeah. And it's like in our division, man, we got to deal with Deshaun Watson and Maury Cooper. They just traded for a who Elijah Moore. They got in Joku. They got weapons over there. Let's not act like they don't. And you know, the bangles, you already know. Yeah. So it's like you want as many guys in the secondary to drop into coverage as possible to make, because it takes one guy to get a hand on a ball and you get a lucky bounce. You get a turnover or whatever. So if you can get that consistently, where those four guys can get pressure on the quarterback, I think we'll have a top five defensive unit. Oh, yeah, for sure. That'd be nice.  What do you feel the Ravens floor and ceiling is this year? Are we just we're assuming health, right? Yeah, yeah. OK, so if we're relatively healthy, I don't see. Man, I'm going to sound like a Homer again, man. It's all good. I don't see the Ravens losing or I'm sorry. I don't see the Ravens winning less than 11 games. Oh, OK. Yeah, I think that sounds too homery. And I think their ceiling is. Fifteen. Oh, I mean, it's a good team, man. I mean, yeah, it is. I think I really think they're the Ravens. I'm I know I talk about the Ravens and the Ravens is my team and my channel. But I just looking at the roster top to bottom and it's not just the rock. It's like you got so many players now that are healthy. Like, can we not forget that, like, Ronnie Stanley, you're starting left tackle, who is one of like when you're building a roster, you're looking at quarterback left tackle, you know, edge rush like that's one of the spots that is set. And Ronnie Stanley didn't even get out there until like week five last year. And then he was working on working off from injury. And so, I mean, in a J.K. Dobbins, I think he's about to explode. Bowser healthy, like a lot of guys that were coming and recovering off major injuries, you know, and a new exciting scheme that's going to I think going to catch some teams off guard, especially earlier in the year, you know, because we have not really seen a Lamar Jackson offense without Greg Roman. Like we saw a couple of games Lamar's rookie year with who was it? Morning. Yeah, Marty, one away. Yeah. Yeah. We saw a couple of games of it. And then we got Greg Roman for years. So we don't really don't know what it's going to look like. And I think it's going to catch a lot of teams off guard. That's a really, really good point. Didn't think about that. It's true. Yeah, we never seen Lamar without Jiro, really. So, yeah, that makes me that much more excited for this upcoming season, just to think about that alone. But Noah, I appreciate you very, very, very, very much for coming on and especially again, coming through on such a short notice, too. My honor, for one more time for everybody. Let them know where they can find you at. I'll have everything down below in the description, too, just to make it easier. But let everybody know where they can find you at before we get out of here. I appreciate it, man. So just for the flock on YouTube, F-O-R-T-H-E flock. And then I am on Twitter as well for the flock, but with a four, the number instead of spelled out. So, yeah, man, we'd love to see you guys on here. And, and Graven, I really appreciate you having me on. For sure. Really appreciate everything you've done in the Ravens community, man. You've been awesome. That's all good, man. I appreciate you coming on, man. And again, for those that just to get y'all backstory, I asked him today to come on and he was able to come on today. So shout out to him for that. So that's super, super late notice. But anyway, appreciate it. Thank you, Team Keep It Clean. Appreciate y'all watching. Make sure you subscribe to his channel, follow him on Twitter as well. Everything is down below in the description. And on that note, we out. You know, just what I mean, you see, my boy, he like, I made it, I made it more. He's a fan and he like the Ravens, like the boys of Savage and open challenge. You matter, let's go, making rage quit. Exit out the door.


The relative degree is defined so that it tells you in which derivative of the output you get the input, ok. H is the output function, right. So, you keep taking successive derivatives and these are the terms that appear in the connected to the control in the successive derivatives, successive derivatives, yeah. This is what will happen. You will get H, the derivative will contain lgh multiplying the control. In the second derivative you will have lglfh multiplying the control and if you keep going on and on, the r minus 1th derivative will have lglfr minus 2 multiplying the control. You can see the pattern, right. It is pretty easy, right. lglf, lglf square, lglf cubed, lglfr minus 2, right. So, until r minus 2 this is 0, yeah. You take one more derivative, the term multiplying the control will be lglfr minus 1. That is not 0. So, in the rth derivative of y you see that the control appears, ok. So, this entire business is to codify in what derivative control appears, yeah. That is what I have written here. y is H, y1 is lfh, yr minus 1. Because of this property, your dynamics in terms of this new variable, this is the state transformation. The state transformation is coming from your output that you chose. So, the y you chose, ok. I choose the y as H. Its first derivative is lfh because the control term is 0 by virtue of this assumption. Second derivative so on has 0 control. Similarly, all the way to r minus 1th derivative no control, right. No control because of this assumption. But then when I take the rth derivative, the control appears because this term is now not 0, ok. Now taking any subsequent derivatives is useless as well as feedback liberation is concerned. And he has a very relevant question is this the order of the system? No, r is not necessarily n, ok. r is not n. So, you can see in this new state transformation, how many variables did I get? New variables? r, right. I just have r, r or r, r plus 1, right. If I take y, y1, y0, y1, yeah, it is r plus 1 variables, right, yeah. So, this is invariably going to be less than n, less than or equal to n and definitely cannot be more than n, yeah. Because in the nth derivative anyway of the control appearing, otherwise you have no control. The control does not appear in any derivative then means that you have no control, yeah. So, the point is that you have only r minus 1 variables that you could design, alright. Now what is the whole purpose here? I took this output y just like in the pendulum case I took the output as the x1 state or the q1 state which is the angle, right. I took some output. I got this r plus 1 state equations and in this equation I have the control, right. And this term is non-zero. So, I can use this guy, ok. I can use this guy to cancel this. You can see that, right, that I can use this control to cancel this guy and introduce a linear term that makes this system linear, ok. But then the question is what happens to the rest of this? Are these linear or not? Yeah, are these linear or not? That is not yet clear, ok. But what we can say is this piece becomes linear, ok. At least that much you can say for sure, alright. Alright, let us see. Let us see what happens further. Now in order to sort of assess the properties of Lie derivatives, we have to prove a couple of lemmas, yeah. Slightly difficult looking. So, please do not get scared. We will introduce one more new notation which is the add bracket that is the add notation, ok, which is basically the notation for successive Lie brackets, yeah. So, add f kg is basically k brackets. So, basically if you think of it simply, add of 0g is just g itself, add f to the power 1g is f Lie bracket with g, add f to the power 2g is f Lie bracket with fg Lie bracket, ok. It is a successive Lie bracket notation, yeah. Again, why are these important? From a controllability perspective, you can move along successive Lie brackets also. So, it is pretty cool actually. If you think about the geometric implication of this, it is saying that you can move along f and g and you can move along Lie bracket of fg, you can move along successive Lie brackets of fg. So, these are the directions in which you can move. So, again, we will look at that later or we may not look at it. So, let us not worry about it, but we will use this in the proof of when we can do feedback linearization. So, we need this result which says that if you have these quantities to be 0, all these quantities to be 0 and notice these quantities are 0 for up to k equal to r minus 2, right. This first result is equivalent to the second result is what we have said, ok. The first one we already have by this, by the relative degree assumption, right. So, what we are saying is if the first one holds true then so does the second one, ok. Again, we will use this in the proof. So, bear with me, it is a bit technical, but look at the expressions. Here you had lg, lg, lf1 all the way to lg, lfk, yeah. And this being 0 is equivalent to we are saying lgh, lfgh, l add fkgh, ok. So, here if you remember the Lie brackets is also giving another vector field. So, we are saying you are taking this Lie bracket with respect to g, then g and f subsequently and so on is same as saying that these being 0 is same as saying that you take Lie bracket with respect to g, add fg and so on and so on, add fg, add f square g, add f cube g and so on, yeah. So, that turns out to be 0. How do we prove this? We prove one key result and that proves all of this. What is that key result? The claim is that lfg is equal to actually I have written it here. The claim is this Lie bracket sorry the Lie derivative with respect to fg is the same as lflg minus lglf times h, ok. So, we are saying that this holds always, ok. So, this is all a play of derivatives, yeah. It is playing a lot with derivatives. It is notationally seems very complicated and may be difficult to follow for the first time, but just look at it. It is just derivatives reordering derivatives, ok. So, all I am saying is if I take the Lie derivative with respect to this fg bracket is the same as taking lflg minus lglf. There is always this commutativity type of you will see in all of Lie derivative ideas. Even the linear system you know context you have this the matrix ab minus ba has a very a lot of value, ok. So, it is almost like that it is like ab minus ba, right lglf minus lflg or sorry lflg minus lglf. How do I prove they are equal? I evaluate both of them and show that they are equal, alright. So, I do not do anything very complicated. What is Lie derivative with respect to the bracket? I expand the bracket, yeah. We already know this formula, alright. And now I expand the Lie derivative, which is what del h del x multiplied by this guy. That is it because this thing inside this is actually the Lie bracket between f and g. I just defined it, right, yeah, ok. Now I evaluate both pieces here, ok, lflgh. So, this is essentially lf of lgh, right. What is lgh? This guy. Similarly, lglf is lg of this guy, ok. After that I mean again this is doing successive derivatives like I said, yeah. What is lf of this? Notice that this is a scalar valued function, right because del h del x is a row vector, gx is a column vector, product is a scalar, same here, ok. So, I am trying to do Lie derivative of a scalar, yeah. What do I get? Take partial with respect to x, yeah, multiply by fx. That is it. Only thing is how to take partial with respect to x for this? I just take product rule, take partial of this guy first and then take partial of this guy, ok. There is two pieces here, yeah. You just have to make sure that you are consistent with the dimensions because now there are matrices involved. This became a matrix. This is a matrix, yeah. This is a vector. This is a row vector, ok. So, that is it. You just have to be consistent with the dimensions otherwise it is just using the product rule, yeah, ok. So, all I did was because I have to take another derivative, right. It is like taking second, like a Hessian, like you have Jacobian Hessian, right. You take first derivative with respect to state, then second derivative with respect to c. It is almost like that. Similarly, I took the second derivative now of this guy, that is whole this guy, just using the product rule and then I multiply by gx, alright. Now what? If you look at these guys, this term and this term will cancel. Just look at this, del square h, del x square, gx times fx, del square h, del x square, fx gx, ok. This will cancel, yeah, believe me. There is matrices and vectors involved, yeah, but this guy will cancel with this guy, ok. Once you have that cancellation, you can see what is left if I subtract the two, only this much and that is this, yeah. That is it. So, in order to prove that these two are the same, I have done nothing but write the two formula, yeah. Very painful looking, bookkeeping, but that is all it is, it is bookkeeping and I cancel, ok. So, but this is very cool, right. Looks like some new language we are writing, yeah. It is like, I mean, if somebody does not follow this area, what have you written? Looks like some Morse code, yeah. So, it is like, you know, Lfga is Lfg minus Lglf, yeah, looks simple, right, nice, ok, good. But remember, we were trying to prove that equality, that you know, Lglf, Lglf square and all these being 0 means that Lgladfg, Ladfsquareg, those are also 0, yeah, that they are equivalent. But what is the nice thing? We can, using this simple idea, we can iteratively prove this, ok. The first thing that we have is that Lgh is 0, ok. We also have Lglfh is 0, right, by the first 2, right. I know that Lgadf, Ladfgh is what? Is this guy, what I just wrote here? And that is what? Lflg minus Lglf times h, ok. So, I expand it Lflgh minus Lglfh. What do I know? I know that Lgh is 0, right. I also know that Lglfh is 0, yeah, because that is what I assumed, right, yeah. So, I have already proved that Lfgh is 0, done, ok. So, once I have this nice formula, this entire proof goes through very smoothly, ok. Now, if I want to do the second level, yes, we are not going to show too many levels, I think, until second level. What is the Adfsquareg? It is Lffghx, ok. Again, just painful looking, but math is not complicated, yeah. This is actually Liebracket. So, this is Lflfg minus Lfglfhx, again by using the same formula, yeah. Because you can take, do this with any 2 vector fields, right. I have f and I can think of this thing as g now, the new vector field, right. So, I can keep doing this with any vector, Lflfg minus Lfglf, ok. I can keep doing this again and again, right. Now what, now I can expand this, this is Ladfg, this is basically the same as Ladfg, right. Similarly, this is Ladfg and Lfhx. Now, notice that Lfh is already 0 by the first step itself, right. We already have Lfh is 0, we already assumed Lfh is 0, yeah. Now, what we are left with is Ladfg, Lfhx, this guy, yeah. No, did I get that right? No, no, no, no, sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry, I did not get that right. I apologize, I apologize. We know that Ladfg hx is 0, we have already proved that, yeah. I am wondering, why do I need the next step? Because I already have Lfh also to be 0, right. So, this term is actually 0, I should be done anyway. Yeah, I do not think I need this additional step, this additional step is not needed. See, because Ladfg hx is already 0 by this guy and Lfh is already 0 from here. What did I miss? Oh, thank you, Lgh is 0. Thank you, folks. Thank you very much. See, one tends to make mistakes like this. So, all I have proved is Ladfg hx is 0. So, this guy goes away. This does not go. Of course, Lfh is not 0, Lg Lfh is 0. Okay, okay. Thank you, thank you. All right. So, all I am left with is this guy. Okay. What do I do with this guy? I expand this again. Ladfg, I expand again. Ladfg is what? Lf Lg minus Lglf, right, by this same formula. Yeah. So, Lf Lg minus Lglf multiplied by Lfhx. Now I am back to where I want things. This is Lglf squared h. This is 0 by this whole thing. Yeah. So, Lglf square h is 0. Similarly, Lglfh is also 0. Again, by this guy. So, now it's good. Now we are good. Now this is 0. Okay. So, I hope you are able to follow this fun math. Yeah. Just practice it a little bit. What I would recommend is you try to do this, write out this proof by hand on your own. Yeah. Write out a few more terms. Yeah. Go to addfqg. Yeah. Since you do addfqg, I think you will learn because it's painful enough to write this much. Yeah. So, but what have we shown essentially now that we have until now we have used that Lgh is 0, Lglfh is 0 and Lglf square h is 0, right. We used it here. So, we have used these three are 0 and what have we obtained? We have obtained that Ladf0gh is 0 because Ladf0 is just Ladfg0h is just, I did not say this is actually just Lgh because that's what we defined this notation. So, that is already 0. We will also prove that Ladfg is 0. We also prove that Ladf square g is 0. So, we use three qualities from the first one to prove three qualities in the second one. So, this should be evident to you that if I go further, I will be able to prove that Ladf kgh Lf Lh is 0 if and only if Lglf k plus Lh is 0, okay. This is just pattern. We are using just the pattern. You are just matching the indices. Yeah. Until now we used what? Like I said Lgh0, Lglfh0 and Lglf square h0. We use three things. So, 2 plus 1, 3 and we proved what? Lgh is 0 again. We proved Ladfh is 0 and we proved Ladf2h is 0, right. So, that is essentially what I am generalizing here, okay. That is what I am generalizing here. We have proved Ladf here k is 2 until now. Until now what we proved? We have shown with k equal to 2, right and L equal to 0 I guess. Yeah. Yeah. We used k equal to 2 and L equal to 0 and so similar. So, we used Lglf square h is equal to 0 until this point we have used, okay. Does that make sense? Yeah. Again, what I will strongly recommend is please go back and write out these terms yourself in a notebook. If you write it out, it will be clear to you. If you just look at it, it will not be clear to you. Yeah. But I am not doing anything complicated. This is the only thing that we needed to prove. Yeah. Once we prove this, we keep using this successively again and again to do all this entire proof go through, okay. But anyway, this is enough for the proof. For this lemma, this is enough. So, basically we can, so basically using this idea, we can actually prove that Lgh is 0, Ladfh, Ladfgh is 0 and all the way to Ladfk gh equal to 0, okay.  You can do the same thing again and again. You can take another derivative, take Adf cube g, Adf to the power 4g. You can do this all the way, all right. That is essentially what I am saying. Yeah. All right. Fine. Then we have another lemma which is sort of based on this lemma which is essentially saying that if I have a relative degree R for the system, okay. By the way, in these nodes, we have been rather specific. It says the relative degree R at some state x0. Yeah. Usually it is better if you have a relative degree R in a set. Yeah. Because otherwise doing feedback linearization only at one point is not going to help you in terms of control, right. Because you are not going to operate only at one point. So, you typically want to have some at least partial feedback linearization in a set, okay, some set at least. So, that if you operate in that set, you can apply this feedback so that the system looks linear, all right. All right. So, what are we saying? We are saying that if you have a relative degree R system, then these row vectors are linearly independent. What are these vectors? DH is simply partial H with respect to x, okay. This is just the small d notation because this is H is a scalar valued function. When I had the matrix G, sorry, when I vector value vector fields G and F, then I use the capital D notation for the Jacobian, okay. So, again, these vectors should look familiar to you. This DH, DLFH and so on and so forth. Because we have been taking partials of the, we have been taking these partials, right. This comes up in the first derivative of H, right. This will come up in the second derivative and so on and so forth, yeah. You keep going on and on. This will show up in all the derivatives. That is essentially what these vectors are, okay. It will show up in successive derivatives of the output, yeah. What we are saying is that these successive derivatives until the R minus 1th, again R being the relative degree, these are linearly independent, yeah. If you say that your system is relative degree R, okay. How? Okay, how? How do we claim that? We claim that by doing a matrix multiplication, okay. I will just go to the sort of the end. We use this. We want to use this, yeah. That is rank of product of matrices is equal to the minimum of the two ranks of each of the matrices. This is what we want to use to prove that these are linearly independent vectors. So what we do is we construct a matrix out of this, right. Because these are all row vectors. So I construct this matrix, right, out of this, right. So this matrix, yeah. And I multiply it with another matrix, okay. And I look at the rank of the product, okay. So let us see. What we are seeing is this product is at, this inner product is actually equal to this. This is not difficult. Just look at this, this D L F I H is basically this guy, yeah. Just whatever is this D, D is just replace D by the del del x, right. So I am just doing del del x of this guy. And that is sort of multiplied by this inner product in the R case is just vector multiplication or matrix multiplication, right. So if you multiply these two, this is just the lead derivative, right. Yeah, this is how we have defined lead derivative, okay. Why? Because this is a scalar valued function, right. Any lead derivative of a scalar value function gives you a scalar valued function, okay. So this is a scalar valued function. I took partial of that function and I multiplied it with a vector field. That is the lead derivative, right with respect to this vector field. So that is what it is, L add F G multiplied by L F, yeah. The only difference is there are some indices here. Here there is I add F I and here there is J. That is all. Just to account for the fact that you could have L F square or you could have add F 3 and think like that. That is it, yeah. But other than that, this notation is the equivalent notation of taking the lead derivative with respect to a vector field, okay. If I put I and J equal to 0, what will I get? Just to see if you are following. If I and J are 0 in this expression, what will be the left hand side and right hand side? What will this term be for J equal to 0? If J equal to 0, what is this? What is L F 0 H is H? L F 0 H is just H, okay. When I put the power is 0, it is just H. No derivative. Zero derivative, yeah. So L F 0 H is just H and D of H is just del H del X, okay. Similarly, if I is 0, what happens? What is add F 0 G? G. Nothing happens, yeah. So that will be basically inner product between del H del X and G. What is that giving you? What is the inner product between del H del X and G or product of del H del X times G X. What is that? L G H. Okay. That is what this is. You can do it for different parts. That is what this expression is. Nothing too complicated. It is just saying that again, unfortunately, notationally so complicated that you have to wrap your mind around it. That is why I am saying, please go and write it out. Yeah, please make sure you write this one out by hand in a piece of paper. If you do that, you will follow it. All right. All right. So what do we know? Now, by relative degree argument, we know that this guy L add F K G L F L H is going to be non-zero for K plus L equal to R minus 1 and it is going to be equal to 0 for K plus L less than R minus 1. Here, we have used the previous lemma, the lemma 0.1, yeah. Because the lemma 0.1 says that if you have this happening, you have this happening. Yeah. And what is this? This is what I have written just now. I am just saying that it is using this what I wrote here. Yeah. It is just using this. Yeah. Basically, just by using that successive L G L F L G L F square is 0. I will be able to prove that as many L add F G H are also 0. Okay. That is essentially what. Therefore, we know that L G L F L G L F square is 0 until R minus 2. R minus 2th power. And so therefore, I will get similarly 0 here. Yeah. Until R minus 2. And then for R minus 1, I will get non-zero. Okay. That is exactly what I have written. Okay. Until R minus 2, it is 0.  Yeah. Yeah. And this is non-zero at R minus 1. Okay.


Well, every five years, a group of fur trade era reenactors comes to Minnesota to camp and participate in time period activities. As Mount Myer reports from Bemidji, the High Plains Regional Rendezvous brings in history lovers from all over. About 500 people have moved into the temporary camping site for the pre-1840 festivities. We've got us a couple of Texans, we've got Montana. They get into character performing skills like knife throwing, which was used while hunting if you didn't get a kill shot. My first one, I stuck the knife right in and it was not a practice one. I actually split the log over there. Not only do the reenactors learn how to do these activities, but they live them too. It's one of the best parts of the event, says Todd Wells. As a history buff, Wells never gets tired of wearing period accurate clothing and learning from others. After 40 years, I've learned stuff this year that, you know, and I look forward to that continuing on. The week-long event not only gives participants a chance to live out the life, but to do so with friends and family. John Adams used to bring his boys when they were growing up. In the early days, it was basically just a bunch of men going out and having fun. Over time, more women and children have joined in. Kim Qua started coming with her aunt and uncle. We just got into it, me and my husband and now little Reed. If attendees don't come with others, they'll surely pick them up along the way. We got together, these two guys, and said, hey, you want to go down? Sure, so we got together and came down. It's this close-knit community that keeps many coming back for more. You might not see each other for five years. We're still family. In Bemidji, I'm Mel Meyer, Lakeland News. Next year, the High Plains Regional Rendezvous will be held in the Flint Hills of northeast Kansas. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


We basically brought this panel together to provide, first of all, an overview of the state of humanitarian action in 2015, also to identify some of the challenges faced in responding to these multiple simultaneous concurrent crises, which are fairly unprecedented in my memory. And thirdly, to look a little bit at the manner in which we as a humanitarian community are adjusting our operations to this current very fluctuating humanitarian environment. Now this discussion is taking place in a context that we've mentioned several times here, but I'll repeat again, marked by unprecedented levels of forced displacement across the world, 20 million refugees and counting, and 40 million internally displaced persons and counting in a period when there seems to be very little in the area of negotiations and political work to resolve any of these, to offer us any hope. So this is happening on, it's a global crisis, not just the Mediterranean. In fact, I'm going to Bangkok next week in order to take part in a similar crisis resolution session of the Andaman Sea in the Bay of Bengal. We're all expected, of course, to respond to this global reality with a multi-dimensional approach, and this will require short, medium and long-term interventions that don't necessarily fit within traditional humanitarian frameworks. So in this context, we're very interested in exchanging views, having the views of the panel, exchanging views with you, taking on board your perspectives, so that we are approaching these adverse circumstances more or less in the same fashion. This means we're going to have to mobilize new resources, whether financial or human. We're going to have to consider probably structural adjustments to the way in which we've been conducting humanitarian assistance, and some of the areas to be considered will involve reflections on humanitarian financing itself, humanitarian principles, and the role of the Interagency Standing Committee in steering the international community's approach to humanitarian aid. In some ways, I hope that the panel itself will be at least a modest contribution to the World Humanitarian Summit coming up next year. We recognize at IOM that this humanitarian action to be effective means that we have to have partnerships, innovative partnerships. We have to look beyond the traditional aid approach. We need to be discussing the whole issue of nontraditional actors that will be of particular interest, and help us to engage with those stakeholders much more effectively, whether they're governments or charity organizations. So best practices, lessons learned, et cetera. So we've engaged in discussion, including the ISC and member states, on the delivery of humanitarian assistance to vulnerable and stranded migrants. Last of all, the whole question of partnership, renewed efforts to deepen our own engagement with key partners, particularly UN agencies, European Union, African Union, funds and programs, and with humanitarian donors, including such agencies as the OFDA at USAID, DFID, the EU Humanitarian Aid, Civil Protection Department, et cetera. So I'm very happy then to introduce to you our panel. I'm very happy to have Ambassador Hisham Yousef, the Assistant Secretary General for Humanitarian Assistance of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, OIC. Good to see you again, sir. In July 2014, Ambassador Yousef joined the OIC as an Assistant Secretary of General for Humanitarian Affairs. Prior to that, he was a senior advisor to the Secretary General of the Arab League, Dr. Nabil El-Arabi, on issues pertaining to crisis management, as well as the reform of the Arab League. Ambassador Yousef first joined the League in 2001 as official spokesman, and then as the Chief of Staff of former Secretary General, Amamusa. On my left, I have also a good friend, a new arrival here, Ms. Kelly Clements, the Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, who was appointed last June. And prior to that, we remember her very well as holding the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration in the U.S. She has been Deputy Assistant Secretary of State since 2010, with responsibility for humanitarian issues in Asia and the Middle East, but she has a long career with the State Department and the PRM's Office of Policy and Resource Planning, where she was responsible for the Bureau's strategic planning, policy development, and financial resources to protect and assist refugees, conflict victims, and vulnerable migrants worldwide. She was also Acting Deputy Chief of Mission at our U.S. Embassy in Lebanon during 2014. The Deputy High Commissioner has been closely involved with refugee and displacement issues for some considerable period, about 25 years, so brings a lot of experience to UNHCR and to Spain. Another good friend on my right is Mr. Jean-Louis de Brouwer, who currently is the Director of Humanitarian and Civil Protection Operations at ECHO in Brussels. We're happy that we could snare him away from other obligations at the last minute. He could join us. He's been with ECHO since November 2012. We knew him previously, of course, as the Director in charge of the Coordination of Employment Politics in the Department for Employment and Social Affairs and 18 years in the Justice and Home Affairs Department, where we work particularly closely with him on migration and asylum questions, laterally as he was also Director in Charge of Border and Visa Issues. And before joining the European Commission, Mr. de Brouwer worked in the Belgian Civil Service in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Home Affairs. I see you're done. OK, and Jeremy Konendike, the Director of the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance in the US. Jerry, good morning. Nice to see you. He's joining the discussion via video link. Jeremy Konendike has been Director of USAID's Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance since September of 2013. As Director of this lead federal office responsible for coordinating US government's responses to international disasters, he oversees OFDA's global program and the office's responses to an average of 70 disasters in 50 countries every year. Since assuming his position, Mr. Konendike has led the US government's humanitarian response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in the Mount of River Union area. The 2015 Nepal earthquake, the Iraq crisis, Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, and the resurgent conflict in South Sudan, and of course the ongoing five-year war in Syria, among other crises. Finally, another good friend, John. You're down at the, John Gengit on my left, Director of Coordination and Response Division of OCHA. John was appointed as Director of the Operational Division at OCHA in February of 2011. He's one of those people with whom IOM has worked the very closest in these disasters over the last four years. He is overseeing the day-to-day management of all OCHA field offices worldwide and on behalf of the Emergency Relief Coordinator. And he is the Emergency Relief Coordinator's day-to-day focal point for supporting humanitarian coordinators. Mr. Geng is also the lead advisor to the Undersecretary General for Humanitarian Affairs on operational decision-making. So with that, I think we should start. Perhaps I'll start by two quotes to describe the humanitarian situation in 2015. The first is a quote from a colleague who was in Yemen. And he said, the situation is beyond despair. And the second quote is from one of the affected communities in Somalia, who said that as long as there is no famine, the world doesn't care. I think this is a summary of the situation, of the humanitarian situation in the world today. And I also think that it is probably the worst that it has been since World War II. Half the population of Syria have been forced to leave their homes, either inside Syria or beyond its borders. And these are around 12 million people. And 21 out of 26 million Yemenis are in need of humanitarian assistance of one form or another. And we have a number of countries that are suffering and may break down as a result of the problems in their neighborhood and not problems of their own. Lebanon is hosting 1.5 million Syrians. Jordan is hosting a similar number. Turkey is hosting over 2.3 million Syrians and Iraqis. Chad is hosting refugees from Nigeria, Central African Republic, and Sudan, making it one of the top 10 countries hosting refugees in the world. And we have a devastating humanitarian situation in Iraq, in South Sudan, Central African Republic, Myanmar, and the list is long. As you mentioned, Director General, tens of thousands have been forced to resort to death boats, not only in the Mediterranean, but also in Southeast Asia. And the humanitarian system is continuing to pay the price of failure in resolving conflicts politically. 80% of the humanitarian assistance is in conflict areas. And the vast majority of this assistance is for protracted conflicts. In facing this gloomy picture, we at OIC decided that we will join hands with partners in almost everything that we do. We've been going on joint missions with Ocha to Iraq, to Chad, where we were also joined in Chad by the African Union, and the number of member states, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, and members of the international community, the United States, Germany, and the number of NGOs. We went to Gaza with the Islamic Development Bank. We're working with the Arab League on assistance to Syrian refugees, and on a plan to visit Pakistan and Afghanistan in the not too distant future with Ocha as well. We're also working on getting our house in order through establishing a mechanism for coordination of humanitarian assistance in the organization of Islamic cooperation because of our unique membership that has some of the most generous donors in the world, and also failed state, vulnerable states, and those who are most in need of humanitarian assistance. We're also working on establishing the Council for Humanitarian NGOs who enjoy a consultative status with our OIC and the network with those that go beyond this group. We're forging our partnership with Ocha, UNHCR, ICRC, World Food Program, UNESCO, and other organizations, and also with a number of countries, including the United States, European Union, Australia, and many others. We worked with ICRC and published a book about the compatibility between international humanitarian law and Islamic Sharia. Similarly with UNHCR, we worked on a similar book on international refugee law and Islamic Sharia. We also worked with UNRWA to avoid an imminent crisis that threatened 500,000 kids of not being able to go to school because of lack of funds. So the list of challenges is huge and we hope that we can work in the World Humanitarian Summit in order to be able to solve some of these issues. We have a number of clear objectives in relation to where we want to go in the future and what would constitute success for the World Humanitarian Summit. The first issue is reform. How we can reform the system? Because we think that the system can no longer cope. Only a decade ago, we had to deal with 30 million refugee and displaced persons. Now we have to deal with 60. Our ability to reform the system is crucial in order for us to be able to face future challenges, whether they are resulting from conflicts, natural disasters, climate change, or many other challenges. The second challenge is localization. We have to ensure that first responders, those who are underground, are more capable, they are involved in decision making, and not only subcontractors. And this is not a fight or a power struggle between local and international NGOs. Absolutely not. It is how to take advantages of the best of both worlds. Somalia has been in trouble since 1991. We don't have strong civil society organizations in Somalia until today, and this is something that we have to change. The third area is protection and access. I think we have to do much better in reaching those who are in hard-to-reach places and provide more effective protection to those who need it, including humanitarian workers. And we also need to ensure that the humanitarian principles are upheld. And at the same time, that counter-terrorism legislation does not put undue obstacles to a legitimate humanitarian effort. The fourth point is resources. As long as we're failing to resolve conflicts politically, then we have to make resources available for those who are in need. Too many people died last year in winter as a result of severe weather conditions. And the lack of necessary funds. This happened in Iraq and also in Syria, and this should not be allowed to happen again. The last area is building resilience. And we've made progress on resilience in Hyogo and Sandai, but more needs to be done, including on the nexus between humanitarian work, development, and climate change. We hope that the coming World Humanitarian Summit would be able to make a difference. To the three million Syrian children who did not go to school in the last five years. To the tens of thousands who had to face death in boats that are unfit. All for the millions who are living in areas under the control of Daesh, Boko Haram, without any protection, and with little access to humanitarian assistance. Thank you very much, Mr. Assistant Secretary. Jen, you've given us a lot of food for thought to start this off on terms of partnership. In terms of resources, the need for systemic reform, which we all know we have to do, the whole question of trying to deal, make sure that we allow those who are locally capable of also being the first responders and the first participants in this. And a number of other important points. I want to use that then as a platform to move forward. And if I may now ask our Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, Ms. Kelly Clements, to take the floor. Thank you very much, Director General, fellow panelists and distinguished representatives here. I'm gonna focus very much on the partnership, actually, that UNHCR enjoys with IOM, which it's deep, it's lasting, and it's grounded on mutual respect. And it's been forged over decades of operational collaboration. It's truly important to us. Ambassador Swing and his keynote, actually at the last IASC working group and many other public events over the last few months has highlighted the challenges stemming from the multiplicity of crises with no foreseeable political solutions and the consequences of an overstretched and underfunded humanitarian system. We share these concerns greatly. In his remarks to UNHCR's Executive Committee meeting last month, the High Commissioner presented an unflinching picture of the magnitude of the problem, which both the Ambassador and the Director General have echoed this morning, which currently affects 60 million refugees and internally displaced persons as a result of conflict alone. Obviously, these numbers are far greater if we include natural disasters. Last year on average, 42,500 individuals every day were displaced by conflict alone. It's quite a staggering reality and one that we are seized with. Many of today's conflicts are highly complex and carry with them a regional dimension. The obvious example is the interconnected mega crises in Syria and Iraq, which have been discussed this morning, which has already displaced 15 million people. But there are other examples, notably South Sudan, Yemen, the Bay of Bengal and the Adamansi to name a few. Further compounding these problems is the growing number of protracted emergencies that also require attention and sustained assistance. And at the same time, humanitarians are increasingly feeling the strain of a global funding shortfall. All of these factors make it imperative for humanitarians to engage fully with development partners in an effort to address these problems holistically. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides this kind of an opportunity through the combined efforts of IOM and OCHA and OHCHR, UNHCR and the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons sent a joint letter to the Secretary General. The 2030 Agenda now speaks of inclusion, equality, leaving no one behind, and considers displacement to be a development issue as well. This is a real turning point and one in which an opportunity that we should seize. The High Commissioner underscored this point at the Global Forum on Migration and Development last month, stating that for development policies to be soundly formulated, those must take into account the humanitarian dimension, which is why we think this is an important subject for this event here. On the issue of migration, the current movement of people, which is the highest on record, UNHCR aligns with IOM's call to governments to recognize migration historically has been a positive force that has helped to build nations and contribute to human progress. International cooperation among countries of origin, transit and destination is important, not just for border management, but also to focus on development cooperation policies on conditions for people to have a future in their own countries and for them to use migration as a choice rather than a desperate option. We consider IOM the preeminent experts on international migration in the world today and commend IOM for highlighting the operational gaps in the humanitarian system, particularly but not exclusively as it relates to migrants. Indeed, recent experience has shown that the humanitarian response to the needs of migrants is inadequate and ad hoc. There was broad recognition of the shortcoming at the last IASC working group, as well as support for IOM's proposal to integrate the needs of migrants in humanitarian response plans, which we support fully. For our part, UNHCR is pleased to be working closely with IOM on the regional refugee and migrant response plan for the crisis in Europe, aimed at delivering a comprehensive response to this enormous challenge. This marks a continuation of our joint efforts, most notably the 2013 Western Balkan Initiative on Refugee Protection and International Migration Management and the crisis in the Bay of Bengal and Adaman Sea earlier this year. UNHCR also supports IOM's Migrants in Countries in Crisis, MICIC initiative. We are pleased to be able to contribute to the development of a policy for this initiative and have worked closely with IOM on it since its conceptualization. Our interest emanates from our joint experiences in several crisis situations. Migrants may lack adequate means to ensure their own safety when caught in a country in crisis, and they can fall through the cracks because no protection frameworks exist that delineates the responsibilities of state and other actors, as is the case with refugees. We believe the MICIC initiative will complement UNHCR's work and will support the creation and strengthening of referral measures for migrants. Turning to other areas of our partnership, we enjoy a strong relationship with IOM in our co-leadership of the Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management Cluster, where both agency strengths contribute to increased capacity and resources devoted to the cluster. At the same time, such capacity requires continuous commitment so that the responsibilities at the global level and more importantly, the implementation of leadership at the national and local levels in conflict situations and in the natural disaster context is well understood by all partners. And importantly, that it leads to a predictable and efficient delivery of protection and assistance to affected populations. IOM has long been a partner in protection and reintegration, working in sectors that support the durable return of internally displaced persons and refugees. Our recent collaboration on housing, land, property issues is helping to draw attention to and address an important root cause of displacement. And last but not least, IOM is an essential actor in global refugee resettlement. Without IOM, we could not advance the goal of finding solutions for some 1.2 million refugees that we estimate to be in need of this form of protection in 2016. We're grateful for your leadership in so many areas and our deep partnership in addressing unprecedented humanitarian challenges in the world today. Thank you. You say I'm very grateful to you for that reaffirmation of our longstanding partnership and friendship. We were sort of joined at the hip in 1951. High Commissioner always likes to say that we were joined at the hip but they lost our birth certificate. And that's partly what's being discussed now in the IOMU and relationship but we value very greatly the partnership and you've underlined a number of areas in which we have to continue to do our best to work together. I'm just thinking of the increasing demands we've got now for the resettlement of Syrian refugees. We have the Canadian announcement one by President Obama and several others who would mean that we will be surging our response capacity. We should now perhaps go to Washington if we want to. I think Kelly working on displacement tracking in Iraq and Nigeria, disaster risk reduction in Asia to be amazing because IOMS an organization that we know we can consistently turn to to help solve problems and thinking about new and creative solutions we need to be thinking about new ways of working together as them as under. So I was asked to, we have found IOMS because of IOMS focus on displacement which aligns closely with the tool in ensuring we have good visibility on informed major roles in the Ebola containment effort. Really critical. You'll remember that a number of countries were closing their borders and putting new controls on their borders and there was a great fear that the disease to be exported. So it was a new partnerships and new ability. We also work closely with IOMS. What we're moving towards is the default response should be and support from the international supporting the two and reduce the burden on the international system, increase local ownership where possible of, so I want to just say a few more words about that as well. The summit is an important opportunity. It's hugely, hugely important. We can't really continue to just look at displacements respond to reactively. We need to look at it also as a development issue to be responded to proactively and that's a major priority for the U.S. heading into the summit. We are also very focused on some reforms of the humanitarian. We feel there's been great progress made over the last, no wonder means we need to go even further. And I think we've also seen in the past partially and neutrally and objectively is crucially, crucially important and too often is eroded or disrespected in the environments we see today. We're also very focused on resources and financing and in that vein it will be particularly important to bring, think about how we broaden the ownership of the international, particular protection needs of women and girls in crisis. And this is going to lead us to a huge distance we still need to go. What we want to do with all of this and a major U.S. overarching priority of all these things is we need a humanitarian system that can really respond in a cohesive collective way. One could say that at this point we have a team but not a system. We have a lot of different agencies pursuing different agendas, sometimes in close coordination and sometimes going their own way. What we need to move towards is a system that will still be made of a lot of different constituent parts is able to act in a, it can take an approach that's driven by problem solving. Thank you very much, Mr. Director. We greatly appreciate your joining us at this hour, early hour of the day for you. You're a key player for us all and we want to continue developing that partnership. Along the lines that you mentioned particularly, trying to make sure that we are using that local response adequately and helping develop it further, the whole relationship between humanitarian development, the resources and financing question. I think the reform, I think we're all hitting more or less the same themes. Now I think we need to make sure that we have an action program to put that in force. Let me move right along here now and ask our next speaker, if I may, Director Jean-Louis de Brouwer, if you would please take the floor. Thank you, sir. Thank you very much, Mr. Director General. And by the way also, thank you very much in your introduction for having reminded me of my long history of cooperation with IOM in different capacity. I would not have liked to miss this opportunity, which is a bit of a turning point by any means. I even managed to get out of the besieged area this morning, to get out of Brussels, I mean, to join you today. With your permission and in a rather exceptional way because I know that in this kind of international gathering of English is now becoming the working language of all of us and I would normally have delivered my presentation in English. But for the sake of paying tribute to one of our member states, which has been badly hit by a tourist tragedy two weeks ago, after and following Russia, Tunisia and Turkey, many others, and before again, Tunisia and Mali, I would say a few words in French, as I understand that there are some translation facilities and interpretation facilities to all of us. Louis M. Arwen has become, in the humanitarian field, one of Eko's main partners at the moment. In funding terms, you are among the top five of our partners. We work with you, not only in mega crises that have been referred to by previous speakers, but also quite remarkably on far smaller operations that are of a very specialized nature. By the way, IOM's expertise has been highly appreciated and effective in Vanuatu, Thailand, the assistance for Rohingya and the people, and Laoui, the flooding. In these very or fairly small crises compared to many of the crises we've been talking about, we've been delighted with the way which cooperation with IOM has taken place. So it's very important for us today. To see IOM adopting a humanitarian strategy which we can fully subscribe to. It's based on common principles, principles that we also subscribe to. Focusing on the most vulnerable people putting needs at the very heart of its strategy, rather than status, which is a vital aspect when you're talking about different populations who may have been displaced for a number of different reasons. And I think one of the IOM's essential characteristics is its capacity to draw from its operational experience and come up with some general guidelines as a result of that, based on its field knowledge. It also has a capacity for identifying the relevant sectors where it can bring more added value. So that IOM can target its expertise to where it's most needed and most effective. So we welcome the adoption of this strategy and we congratulate you on that. What's already been said is that IOM's objectives are very much consistent with the IOSC. Humanitarian objectives. And we are talking about a number of different partners with the Red Cross, the GEOs. We should also set up a new category for the IOM. But quite apart from institutional matters, which are not all talking about it, you're involved in activities of major humanitarian activities will facilitate intervention and coordination rather than make things more complex from the point of view of coordination. Now, I will also add that we see IOM as having a very specific aspect and that is that you work very closely with your field staff and its IOM field staff who are involved in implementation in the field. And that gives you a key advantage for both donors. I'm sorry to have to remind you of that and in terms of monitoring and accountability because we know that IOM is responsible for each link in the chain and that's very reassuring for donors and it's also a very good thing for accountability terms. I would not dwell on consideration about the size and magnitudes of the challenges that we are all confronted with. Needless to say, and I will not further elaborate on that at least in this initial intervention but we can come back on that during the discussion afterwards, that the European Union feels pretty much at the centre of everything which is happening for the time being. All these crises are unfolding at our doorsteps and they are translating into what for the Union is also an unprecedented crise existentielle, I would say. I was referring earlier to the terrorist attacks which hit Paris after so many other cities. Some people in the audience might say it has nothing to do with what we are dealing with today. Of course it has to do with what we are dealing with today. Kelly said it very eloquently. We are confronted with very complex man-made crisis and this interconnectedness is part of the complexity of the situation we are dealing with. Last but not least, expectations with regard to the World Humanitarian Summit. World Humanitarian Summit for us, if it's successful will be the beginning of a process. It will not be the end of a process. We expect the WHS to launch a process that might indeed lead us to the dramatic changes that were advocated by my predecessor and that we advocate ourselves. But it's quite unpredictable and I do not think that the humanitarian world will be radically different after the closing session of the WHS in Istanbul from what it was before. This being said, we have also, as Jeremy did, as Ambassador Youssef did, we have to identify our priorities and what we think that should be on the agenda of this adjornamento of the humanitarian aid that we are all advocating for. We are somewhat more modest. Ambassador Youssef called five priorities. We would have three, but they are quite similar. First, reaffirmation of the basics. Principle humanitarian aid, aiming at supporting and shouldering the situation, improving the situation of the most vulnerable, needs-based, principled and protection-oriented. These are old grand words and I could not agree more with what Ambassador Youssef said in this conclusion. No slogans, action. And therefore, we have now to think in terms of OK, how, for instance, are we collectively, locally and internationally ensuring that basic principles in terms of protection, which are grossly violated today in Syria, Iraq or someplace else, are met. It's not about drawing a new agenda. It's not about inventing new things. It's about delivering on this and making sure that people are protected where they need and that we put to an end this kind of constant violation, this blatant ignorance. We are even dealing with entities which main aim, you would say, which main strategy is to violate these principles or are we dealing with that and now we're doing that in a very operational way. Humanitarian finance and resources, of course. It's key, it was quoted by everybody. There we have some expectations. I would say also because one of the co-chair of the high-level panel is my former boss. He is now the Vice-President of the Commission, Kristallnage Ogeva. There have been a presentation yesterday, I think, or the day before yesterday, of the anticipated contribution of this high-level panel in New York. We might have there, we might have there one of the operational short-term deliverables of the WHS and we are supporting and we are looking very carefully as a donor at the conclusion of this panel and the way they are going to be possibly taken over in whatever comes out of the WHS. And as part of this agenda, broader than this agenda, the Humanitarian Development Nexus. It's all over the place, including inside the Union, by the way, and we try to do our best, but we have to achieve this. I mean, again, no slogan, action. For instance, one of the first test case for us when we take place before the WHS, I understand that a few states, including EU member states, United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Kuwait are planning a funding event in London on the 4th of February as a consequence of the publication of the appeals on the 7th of December, if my memory is correct, by the UN. I understand, but we'll see that they want to take a completely new approach, move one gear up, go beyond what can be delivered or what cannot be delivered by humanitarian donors and making actually real connections, actual connections between different funding streams, funding instruments. It's not only about donors, it's about also funding streams and instruments. This could be a test case. We are going to follow that very closely. We are going to try to support that and maybe we could draw lessons from this for further development. So, to have the IOM on board of all this discussion is in a way reassuring because, I mean, many of our colleagues have used quotes. I would use also one in my conclusion this time, quoting you, Mr. Swing. When you say that migration is not only inevitable but also necessary and highly desirable provided that it is properly managed, how could we ignore this in a globalized world? How could we think one second that in a world where goods, services, information are traveling, are moving at the speed of light, all of a sudden, the one and single entity which would become stuck would be human beings? Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Mr. Der Rauer. It's always very stimulating and delighted that you missed the other crisis you were going to join us here today. A lot of very important lessons there. We're running a little short on time and we still have a lot to hear from John Ging so I will not even attempt to summarize your remarks. Everybody has taken them on board because you gave it in such a very animated way and I appreciate that. John Ging, if you would now, by no means to last but are basically our coordinator. Please, John. Mr. Director General, fellow panelists, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, being the last to go, I'm in danger of only being able to repeat what my distinguished colleagues have already said, but that's good because it means I can be brief. Let me just bring a few additional perspectives and absolutely join everything that has already been said without repeating it. First thing I'd like to highlight to this forum today is the exemplary role that IOM plays in humanitarian action. Over 20 million people benefit directly from IOM last year, this year and in a way that, as I say, when we talk about the expectations of reform and new innovative ways of working, I think IOM sets us a very clear standard to emulate. IOM is fast, IOM is responsive, IOM is adaptive and IOM is effective. I've seen that myself in my travels globally. Just a couple of weeks ago, I was in South Sudan and I saw the IOM staff there in Malakal. They were in charge of the protection of civilian site inside the UN mission compound and they were dealing with it in such an effective way. I was just so inspired. The dignity of people was central to their consideration and the results were very impressive in the way that they were able to operationalize in the face of what would otherwise have been an overwhelming circumstance. I remember very clearly when we declared level 3 crisis in the Central African Republic, IOM was first up. A lot of organizations struggled to become operational quickly in that particular crisis. But IOM stood out and they were there in the airport doing a heroic job in facilitating the repatriation of those who were in a very vulnerable situation and they again were doing it at speed but again also in the way that they were conducting their action again dignity and humanity was at the center of their considerations. I also remember when the UN Security Council passed a resolution to authorize cross-border operations into Syria. Again within a matter of days IOM was out in front for our community with delivery of vital humanitarian assistance across the borders into Syria. I just want to again make sure that people realize that they're not just platitudes, there are very real examples on a daily basis of IOM setting the, what I would say is the gold standard for response in speed, efficiency and effectiveness on a daily basis throughout the world. I'd also like to join my fellow panelists in highlighting of course the importance of the World Humanitarian Summit and recall for us all that this is not a summit by choice, this is a summit of necessity. The world today is most definitely on a very devastating and negative trajectory and there is a real necessity to refocus to reflect on the direction that we're going and then hopefully to set a new course. In the first instance we would hope that there will be more humanity in political decision making at the global level. You know there's no deficit of humanity in this world among civil society and that's why we started with the summit consultations with consulting 20,000 plus people but we didn't even have to do those consultations. Go to the poorest country on the Human Development Insects Niger and go to the poorest part of that country, Diffa and see there the humanity of the local population in embracing the refugees who are fleeing for their lives from the neighboring countries and again those people having very little themselves but they have again exemplary generosity they've exemplary humanity and again that's what we need to remind ourselves of is that we need to have that humanity central to how we act and how we decide and when we look at the at the global political landscape with all these man made conflicts and they are man made I cannot think of a single conflict that is woman led we need to take that on board because we also make big commitments in terms of the inclusion of women and we fall very far short in terms of implementing those commitments particularly in conflict resolution so again we have a lot to do at the global level at the political level to bring humanity back into its central place as the foundation for decision making and again we would hope that this will translate into action that people will feel at the grassroots level and as I say there's a lot of humanity out there but unfortunately the brutality of conflict is resulting in what my colleague Jean-Louis de Bruyre was highlighting as the first priority of our focus is the protection of the innocent so how can we really do much better to protect the innocent across the globe and tap into the humanity that does exist across global civil society to ensure that the decisions that we make are much more humane and that leads into prioritization making the decisions that prioritize people and their interests and it leads us very quickly into the whole issue of financing for humanitarian action we don't want financing for humanitarian action to be in competition with financing for development and that's why we have this sequence where we now have the SDGs and financing for development and we move on then to the complimentary endeavor which is humanitarian because it has to be humanitarian and development but we would say that there is of course a competition out there for resources there's no doubt about that decisions have to be made as to where resources go and we would like again to see some reflection on the entirety of the international spend I was just in preparation for this meeting having a look at the spend of the three biggest member states in terms of their contribution to humanitarian action a combined total of 7.7 billion US dollars we thank them most sincerely for that but then if you look at their spend on military action it's 97 times higher so that's 746 billion dollars and the historical question is is the positive impact of that military spending in terms of global and national stability and security and economic well-being is that 97 times more than the humanitarian impact and the spending on the humanitarian side or the development side for that matter so we really have choices to make one example I agree with my fellow panelists that the World Humanitarian Summit must be the beginning of a new direction and that will give hope to people around the world that the world is on a different trajectory we are in the business of creating hope so we don't despair we shouldn't be naive but the world is enormous but we do have the coming together at the global level positively this year in the 70th anniversary of the United Nations 154 heads of state came to New York we also saw the adoption of the SDGs we are looking forward to the climate summit in Paris and then with that positive outlook we hope that the World Humanitarian Summit next year will indeed put us on a new trajectory and fulfill the ambition that we all have and most importantly the hope that so many tens of millions of people depend on the success of this upcoming summit thank you very much


Hey, what's going on everyone is be over here again for another trailer reaction This one is for Star Wars episode 8 the last Jedi this trailer dropped during the halftime of Monday Night football I can't wait for this movie very very excited about it one of my most anticipated of the year But like real quick so like I'm a Star Wars fan, but I'm not like a die-hard super duper You know die-hard fan like nothing wrong with that. It's just like I've seen all the movies I've seen of course the original trilogy, you know, which I have her own blu-ray Right here. I've seen that back like in junior high like one in the 90s and I you know, I loved it Seeing Looper got there right here director Ryan Johnson You know, he did this which was great and he's doing episode 8 and out of episode 7 the Force Awakens and Rogue one I like Rogue one better So I just want to tell you about that real quick, but I am a Star Wars fan. I've seen all the movies I haven't seen like the Clone Wars or Star Wars rebels that show I do want to see Rebels if that's the name of the show if not, I'll excuse me But I am looking forward to this movie. So You probably just want to hear me react. So let me stop wasting your time put on these headphones And you guys can stop listening me talk and watch me watch this trailer Really hoping we get to see Luke with a lightsaber or something, but here we go I Go into the dark side I'm sure they at least have the conversation December 15th was that a little over two months from now because what's today October the 9th So a little bit more than two months just right there It was a good trailer Great trailer. I wasn't like blown away as you can see From my reaction.  I'm a fan. I'm excited about it You know, I really want to see Luke go off with a lightsaber because What has it been doing this whole time? I want to know and looks like we're gonna get a lot of that looks like we'll get a lot of Ray training as well look like Finn or I don't know. I can't remember nobody named look like he is gonna get a remix with with phasma or whatever and Yeah, I mean it looks good wasn't blown away by the trailer, but that's good because at the same time You know, that just means that everything is gonna be saved for the movie And you know, that's always a good thing because trailers these days, you know Give away too much and this one. I don't feel gave away much at all I mean, we got a brief glimpse in the first trailer and we got just a little bit more in this trailer right here I don't feel spoiled at all. What are we did see right here? Looks good But I feel like there's just so much and I you know, and now what I think about I'm very excited because You know, this trailer didn't show much or at least I just feel that it didn't, you know And what was his name JJ Abrams was saying that his little jealous because you know He feels that the script that read Ryan Johnson put together is a possibly superior to his Please excuse me if I misquoted that I'm extremely paraphrasing here, but you know, um, I don't know I feel like this trailer did not spoil anything at all that we're just getting a brief brief glimpse You know looking this he didn't even look powerful You know, it looked like he was struggling a little bit and that's fine Because you're not ruining anything in the trailer like I've said a thousand times, you know, so I'm excited not blown away, but I am still excited and I cannot wait for a Star Wars episode 8 the last Jedi My guys that is just my opinion What did you think of the trailer that you like it that you hated it? It turned you on did it turn you off? Do you agree with me or do you disagree with me? Let me know in the comment section below Let's get this conversation going and keep it flowing if you liked this video Go ahead and give me a thumbs up and if you don't like the video That's fine Just leave me a comment below why and still give me the thumbs up since you're watching some YouTube Go ahead and subscribe to my YouTube channel to get all the content that I have to provide you can click the bell So you'll be notified when I make uploads Also guys, you can go to my website check me out there bookmark And I do have written reviews and you can also look me up on social media Facebook Instagram and Twitter it's right at the bottom of the screen and I made it very easy for you guys By providing a link for all of that in the description box down below and guys I just want to thank you again for tuning in to my Opinion slash reaction for the latest Star Wars the last Jedi episode 8 trailer drop rent dropping December 15th and before you go. Don't forget that my name is Brandon Keith avery and that's just my opinion peace