I will proceed further. So, d omega therefore, I will define differential area d a n is normal to theta phi direction as shown in the figure d a n is normal to the direction of viewing since d a n is viewed from the center of the sphere. So, I draw a line which is going to intersect the center of the sphere point center of the earth to the center of the area outward normal we understand this concept of outward normal where in which direction is this normal if I go to a surface if this is the surface if this is the surface outward normal we do not draw like this this is not an outward normal this is not an outward outward normal is this intuitively we know what an outward normal is that is what we are going to use here the line this is the outward normal in this direction. Now, let us do a little bit of geometry this is a radius r for the sphere this zenith angle is theta. So, this is also r because this is the radius of the sphere. So, this arc is I mean sorry this line here is sub 10 is having a length r sin theta. So, this right angle triangle I will why am I struggling here I will draw it here separately this right angle triangle is going to this is a right angle triangle this is on a sphere of radius r. So, this is my theta imagine in three dimensions. So, this length is r sin theta. So, this length is let me call it a b c whatever. So, length a b is r sin theta. Now, this angle what is that let us go back to the diagram this angle is nothing, but d phi why these are similar triangles here the one on top is similar to this triangle at the bottom what is that this represents roughly the this angle d phi gives you the width of this area here. So, this angle is d phi. So, this sorry sorry sorry wide board. So, this is d phi central angle. So, what is this arc length b c. So, arc length b c is what when d phi is small r times theta is the arc length. So, I will write this as r sin theta which is the radius of this circle for which b c is a part b c is a part of this circle whose radius is r sin theta and the central angle is now d phi. So, I have come from third dimensional to the two dimensional figure which is here. So, r sin theta d phi this is one length also this length is also the same. So, length b e is also the same b e is also the same now I have to get length b c equal to c b. So, length b c is what for that I go to this figure correct this angle is d theta this radius is r. So, this arc length b arc length b e is going to be r correct let me see if I made a mistake. So, r d theta is this arc length r sin theta d phi is the other arc length correct. So, this is r b e is equal to c d equal to r d theta b c is equal to d e is equal to r sin theta d theta what is the area now length into breadth. So, it is going to be product of these two area d a n is r square sin theta d theta this is how I get and solid angle by definition d omega is equal to d a n by r square. So, this divided by r square will give me a solid angle d omega is nothing, but sin theta d theta d phi r square will cancel with r square in the denominator sin sin theta d theta d phi that is what. So, this is the definition of solid angle please keep this in mind and we are just doing a simple match here solid angle of a sphere what should it represent if I am standing what is the solid angle solid angle physically or forget physics common sensically represents the angle subtended by me sitting at the center of the earth to a small area which I am seeing. Now, if for a sphere if I am looking in all directions what am I doing I am going to get the surface area of the sphere. So, answer I should get is 4 pi r square which is what I will get solid angle of a sphere is this d a n full area which I am going to do full sorry what is the total area for the sphere I am going to calculate total area is nothing, but theta going from 0 to 2 pi what is theta again let us remember theta is this what angle zenith angle and phi is going from phi is going from 0 to 2 pi theta is going from 0 to pi why because if I have I will go like this if I go like this I will go to one half and then going from this way up I will get the second half. So, it is hard to show it here let me just draw it how is a sphere obtained let us first understand that how is a sphere obtained sphere is obtained by rotation of what if I take a quadrant if I take a quadrant and I rotate if I take this if I take a strip like this and move it in a plane like this. So, move it in a plane I will get an a quadrant if I move it further I will get a semi circle if I move it all around I will get a circle circle in a two dimensional plane. So, an arc this one is going to give me a circle now if I rotate this circle about this axis I will get a sphere. So, this rotation is going to go complete this is going to be like this. So, what I have told here essentially is solid angle of a sphere theta going from 0 to pi. So, this part is going from 0 to pi. So, 0 to pi when this goes what does it give me this will this is going to give me a semi circle this semi circle if I rotate completely by 0 to 2 pi. So, I have a semi circle strip just a planar semi circle I rotate it in 0 to 2 pi all directions I am going to get a sphere that is what sphere I will get a sphere 0 to 2 pi I will get a sphere and that is what comes out here. So, 0 to minus pi to plus pi with a 2. So, this will give me for a hemisphere and then for a sphere it will be twice sorry I let me just recap this. So, this is a semi circular strip which I have if I rotate this like this how is this semi circular strip obtained when theta goes from 0 to pi. So, this I had I had a small strip here into dimension that strip was going from 0 to pi 0 to pi I got this flat semi circular strip this flat semi circular strip when I rotate about this axis that is phi going from 0 to 2 pi circular rotation. So, phi going from 0 to 2 pi I will get a hemisphere. So, a semi circle planar semi circle when rotated will give me a hemisphere that times 2 will give me a solid sphere. So, instead of going from 0 to 2 pi like this I can go from minus pi to plus pi and multiply by 2 because it is an even function. So, that is what is here. So, this 2 pi r square represents the surface area of a hemisphere that times 2 would give you the surface area of a solid sphere. So, told that in a professor Prabhu wants to emphasize why we take only hemisphere in heat transfer analysis. In real life sun if you take is going to be a sphere sun is going to be a sphere, but as I told you our situations involve what our situations involve practical problems where we are dealing with energy transfer from one side. If you take a furnace wall as I said what is going on the outside will be at a different value of temperature itself. So, I am dealing primarily with interaction between surfaces. So, I deal with the top portion or bottom portion alone therefore, I am it is for me to deal with only hemispherical quantities. So, even if I talk of a light I will talk as if there is a cardboard which is blocking the light which is going down and light is just butting out through a small hole and it is only going to cover a hemisphere that is all I am going to deal with in this course, but yes three dimensional only this is also we are just considering hemisphere. We now have a differential solid angle d omega subtended by area d a when viewed from a point is this is what is it is expressed as d a cos alpha by r square where r is the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of viewing. What is this? This is essentially we are saying we want to know what is this normal business. What is this normal? Why are we dealing so much with the normal? So, this normal business is nothing but the projected area. How is this coming differential solid angle d omega subtended by an area d a d when viewed from a point at a distance r from d a is expressed as d this is the solid angle definition, but this normal area d a n is nothing but what you see and cos alpha associated with the projected part. Let me just go back to this. We can take this example. This is a problem which we are going to solve. Let us take this area a 2 I want to explain this this way because it is already drawn for us. This one is directly perpendicular a 1 and a 3 are directly facing each other one above the other and a 3 is parallel. So, the normal is this line whereas, if I look at a 2 and a 1 the normal to a 2 is like this, but the line joining a 1 and a 2 is this. So, the area which is seen the part of area the portion of area a 2 seen by a 1 if I am sitting at a 1 and what I see I do not see full area a 2 I see the projected area. So, that projected area is given by this cos alpha business.  So, actual area seen is this one this is my area d a n if this angle is alpha then right angle triangle is formed like this this projected area is nothing but d a n cosine of alpha it is going to be a smaller area that I see this we know from drawing engineering drawing itself we know that projection. So, that we have to keep in mind because the surface does not see this it sees the normal. So, if I am if I have a surface and another surface directly above it that is the best because the it sees the area completely the moment I incline one of this I have to go into the normal business. Before we go here small surfaces when viewed from a relatively large distance can be approximately treated as differential area in solid angle calculation. For example, solid angle subtended by 6 centimeter square plane when viewed from a point the distance 90 centimeter normal to the surface is very it is a point that is why now let us go back why we do this in all these calculations that you did convection conduction where emissivity was given radiation was taken the ball is cooling even if radiation was there in lumped capacitance you did not take into account any of these solid angle business. It is cooling to the environment and the environment is the room is so large compared to the ball you do not have to worry about all these things about how much which direction nothing we worry we take the whole thing because the surface is very small compared to the ambience that is why we will come back to these problems slowly one by one. Now this intensity business I said intensity is related to the direction the same torch light the intensity I am going to the sun white orchard sun intensity of heat received by Malaysia is going to be higher than what you get in Greenland that refers to intensity. Now we are saying intensity we use this definition for all the three quantities which I have defined emission irradiation radiosity what is emission energy it is relating to the energy emitted by a surface by virtue of its finite temperature irradiation energy received by the surface by virtue of interaction with all other surfaces at various other temperatures I do not know what they are radiosity refers to emission plus reflected component of all incident radiation. Now we will go quickly since we have understood all this consider emission of radiation by differential area d a 1 of a surface we are looking at this area which is in pink radiation is emitted in all directions we know that in where into a hemispherical surface and the radiation streaming to the surface area d a n which is here d a n is proportional to the solid angle subtended by the surface. So what this these two lines are telling is the following it is a poorly drawn hemisphere thanks to this pen anyway if yeah this is my d a 1 this is my d a n this area a b c d if I expand this bigger this is a b c d this is d a n and this is subtending an angle solid omega at the surface d a 1 this solid angle is d omega I hope now it is clear. So you are sitting at the center of the earth you are looking at the area d a n. So small area 1 square centimeter will subtend a small solid angle 1 square inch is going to subtend a larger angle 1 square kilometer is going to subtend a larger angle. So essentially what this statement is saying solid angle dictates that is what radiation emitted in all directions and the radiation streaming through a surface area d a n is directly proportional to the solid angle obvious it is now radiation is also proportional to the radiating area of course that is true I have a tube light in your room that tube light is completely covered except for you know a small strip which is left open the amount of energy that is going to come out is less it is tube light is not stop giving out energy what it is coming is what is gotten reduced. So it is proportional to the area which as seen by an observer on d a 1. So what I see exposed which is giving out is what is important not what is not going to give energy out which varies from a maximum of d a 1 when d a n is at top directly we saw that I stand directly below a tube light I feel hotter as compared to when I move away from it you keep your hand directly above a pan when you are making those I you see it is very hot you take it away it is cold this is intuition common sense that is what we are doing now. So when the things are directly normal above 90 degree just parallel to it that is the best when I move away inclined position like this it is going to be different the effective area d a 1 for emission in the direction of theta is projection of d a 1 on a plane normal to theta which is d a 1 cos theta what does this then effective area for emission effective area means what in the direction of theta I want what is going in the direction of theta. So though I am talking of the area d a 1 the actual thing which is of interest because I am talking of normal c is this projected component of this area. So this area is flat does not matter to me because in this direction what is going out depends on the projection that is what is given by d a 1 cosine of theta. So d a 1 is this pink area which is horizontal now if I want to do the projection business this will become like this I can do one of two things I can make the receiving surface do the projection business for it or the sending surface. So when I am dealing with intensity associated with emission because it is based on the surface which is giving out energy I will manipulate the surface. So now we come to the most important set of definition here if we understand this we have understood I think a family of definitions. So I will go very slowly word by word this is just English interpretation only English interpretation there is nothing we have understood the physics we have understood the logic now we are putting it in words that is all radiation intensity what I am doing now I am going to define intensity for emission with relation to emission I can do the same definition relation with relation to radiosity I can do the same definition with relation to irradiation if I understand this those two I will understand in parallel automatically. So every symbol every subscript every bracket has a meaning let us understand there is no memorization here it is just logic. So radiation intensity for emitted radiation so that means what I am talking of intensity with related to emission that is what is this first thing radiation intensity for emitted radiation intensity is given by symbol I as we look at it it is I intensity related to emission is I subscript E this subscript E is for emission. So I will write now without wasting my further time I is for intensity symbol this subscript E refers to emission what is it defined as I subscript E is defined as this theta 5 we will come back to it is defined as the rate at which rate what does rate mean rate means it is energy transfer per unit time so it has to be some kind of watts. So rate at which some watts joules per second at which radiation energy dq so how much energy dq is emitted we are talking with relation to emission so this has to be emitted rate at which radiation energy dq is emitted in theta 5 direction remember we are dealing with intensity. So as I said amount of energy coming to India from the sun is going to be different because of the difference in the angle. So this theta 5 direction becomes very important so I subscript E refers to emission intensity associated with emission now what it is in which direction theta 5 this tells me the relative position of myself with respect to the point. Let us keep this hemisphere in mind always this point here subtends a different theta 5 as opposed to another point here which may be having the same area does not matter it subtends a different angle theta 5. So I subscript E is related to intensity associated with emission this parenthesis theta 5 refers to the angle what angle radiation energy dq emitted in theta 5 direction how much is emitted in that particular direction in that particular direction per unit area. So it is a flux kind of term rate is what watts units per unit area therefore it is a flux units normal to this direction this is very very important. If I have a surface it is going to if I have a surface it is going to emit like this like this like this there is a theta 5 direction point p I will call which is at r theta 5 this gives me the complete coordinates of it intensity at this point is related to what is coming out normally not what is coming out from here we have told normalcy is very important. So normal to the theta 5 direction what is coming so amount of energy per unit time therefore it is watts coming out in theta 5 direction we will put that in per unit area therefore it is meter square what area it is the normal area. So watt per meter square theta 5 direction this area is subtending an angle what d omega solid angle. So about that solid angle am I right so for that unit solid angle which has unit steradian s r. So watt per meter square steradian our definition has to be very general. So I will say if I have red light coming out it is at a particular wavelength blue color light it is at a different wavelength green light it is at a different wavelength there any any object can have a wavelength specific spectrum right. So if I have light of wavelength red light it will have a particular wavelength associated with it so per unit wavelength also has to come why that will come I will tell you in a minute. So radiation energy intensity or for emitted radiation I subscript e theta 5 because in that particular direction is defined as rate at which radiation energy dq is emitted in the theta 5 direction per unit area normal to this direction per unit solid angle about this direction. So this is the general thing I have used micrometer there I will come back to that in a minute. So this is the general definition of intensity what does it mean let us forget all technical words let us go to grandmother's language amount of energy leaving a surface amount of energy leaving a surface per unit time wattage in theta 5 direction. So if I place the computer if I place a paper like this flat I am going to have a very steep angle to be reading it but if I keep the paper like this it is easy for me to read it. So this is the normalcy business keeping the paper like this I will have difficulty reading keeping it like this I will read it better so that is the normal business. So if I have a surface which is emitting in all direction the surface is like this I am going to see from here this ray is going to be very very slant so the normal area of the surface becomes important. So amount of energy per unit area emitted per unit area in theta 5 direction so watts per meter square in the theta 5 direction where what is the infinitesimal angle that I am concerned with d omega solid angle so that is why this thing is there in the theta 5 direction per unit area normal to the direction per unit solid angle. If I have a larger solid angle the intensity is going to be more correct if I concentrate a laser what is the laser high intense beam of light why is it high intense because all the energy is concentrated at a point correct torch light on the other hand is probably brighter than a laser actually but the intensity is going out in all direction that is where the intensity comes in. So per unit solid angle if I take a larger solid angle then intensity is weakened correct I go far away far away from the source of light you do not feel the effect of the brightness or the heat I come closer to the source of light I feel the brightness and the heat more that refers to intensity. So this intensity therefore is d cube per unit area normal d a 1 cos theta is there because of the normal c d omega is there because of the unit solid angle associated now I will substitute for d omega which is nothing but sin theta d theta d 5 which we have derived long ago here sin theta d theta d 5. So that is how I will get intensity of emitted radiation is nothing but watts per meter square steradian comes because of this solid angle definition ok. So this is the general definition. So radiation flux for emitted radiation which we have used so often emissive power is the rate at which radiation energy is emitted per unit area of the emitting surface.  So this is your intensity associated with emissive power.  So hemisphere above the surface intercepts all direct all radiation emitted from the surface that means what I said the point source is going to form a hemisphere of radius r depending on where you are standing and observing. So this theta going from 0 to 2 pi and sorry phi going from 0 to 2 pi and theta going from please note this 0 to pi by 2 theta going from 0 to pi by 2 gives me a quadrant of a circle. This quadrant of a circle when it is rotated completely in 0 to 2 pi gives me a hemisphere. So that is why hemispherical emissive emissive power we will use this word very often is nothing but this quantity integrated between theta going from 0 to pi by 2 and phi going from 0 to 2 pi. So this is what we have already used all the time emissive power watt per meter square what is it it is obtained from this fundamental definition of intensity. So let us just go back and say intensity of radiation emitted by a surface in general varies with direction this is the most general thing especially with the zenith angle this angle. But many surfaces in practice can be assumed as diffused surfaces what do I mean by diffused surface is already told it is a surface where directional independence does not favor any particular direction. That means this intensity is independent of direction this i e which is a function of theta and phi is no longer a function of theta and phi when something is a function you put it inside the f of x and y means function of x and y when it is independent of x and y you can pull it out as a constant. So this can be pulled out of this integral as a constant it will only be integration of this cosine theta sin theta d theta d phi this can be substituted as sin 2 theta by 2 d theta d phi d phi integration is very straight forward you will go you will get 2 pi sin 2 theta by 2 you can do the integration cos 2 theta so on and so forth and that is going to give me e is equal to pi times i e what it means is for a diffuse emitter when the surface is a diffuse emitter it does not favor any particular direction for such a surface the total the emissive power what per meter square we have not brought in wavelength we have not brought in any wavelength dependency here I am strictly going by what is here wavelength we do not care only the direction we have taken when the intensity of emission is not in any particular preferred direction we call the surface as a diffuse emitter for a diffuse emitter i subscript e bracket theta phi i is intensity subscript e is for emission theta and phi refer to the directionality that comes out as a constant we will just call it as i subscript e the whole function what is there in the bracket gets integrated you would get it as pi so the emissive power associated with a diffuse emitter is going to be pi times i please remember this there is no need to buy had this it comes from fundamentals I am going to go couple of steps forward not do this problem purposely because I want to complete irradiation and radiosity if we have understood emission that means all this subscript brackets business I will be able to extrapolate this to irradiation what is irradiation just I am just going through this slide all surfaces emit radiation but they receive radiation which is emitted or reflected from other surface I do not care what it is but if I have another surface which is giving out energy at a particular temperature this energy that is coming out is not just the emission alone it is also the reflected part of energy received from all other surfaces which with it is interacting. So, for example, you have a bench in your room you are sitting there the bench is going to get energy from all sources of heat and light it is going to reflect some portion to you and also by virtue of it is finite temperature have an emission. So, all those things that is coming out is the irradiation that is what is given intensity of incident radiation.  So, this is the surface of interest and this is another surface to irradiation is because of this energy coming out from here which is nothing but emitted part plus reflected part of all energy that it has received. So, that is let us see this intensity again our word is intensity.  So, that is why it is incidence I subscript I theta phi that means in that particular direction intensity of energy coming in that particular theta phi direction. How do I get this? I am sitting in Bombay the angle subtended by this with respect to a source outside. So, sun's rays is intensity is changed because of the directionality that is what is given by this theta phi is defined as the rate at which radiation energy d g is incident coming in from the theta phi direction per unit area again we are talking of per unit area what per meter square per unit area now of which surface not the sending surface of receiving surface we are doing everything for us receiving surface. So, emission was with respect to this surface irradiation is also with respect to this surface how much is coming out all those things will be decided by the area associated with the sending surface temperature of the sending surface reflectivity of the sending I do not care about that as long as I know a number associated with it and the relative position of it. We are saying per unit area of the receiving surface in this direction in this direction is given by theta phi rate again. So, it is a what rate at which radiation energy d g incident from theta phi direction per unit area of the receiving surface larger this surface if I make this a size of a notebook page the larger the area it is going to get more energy common sense. So, this is per unit area that is why flux per unit solid angle about this direction again the solid angle business becomes very important larger the solid angle subtended the solid angle larger the solid angle subtended if it becomes a small ice cream cone it is going to bring in a small set of energy coming larger ice cream cone if I subtend here larger is the energy it is going to bring it is like a funnel the funnel is going to take in more and more energy and bring it to d a 1.  So, if the irradiation flux incident on the surface from all directions if I know this in this theta phi direction integrating it over all directions is going to give me the net irradiation the total energy coming in from all directions.  So, it is nothing but d q divided by d a 1 cos theta sin theta d theta d phi the same thing because we are referring this to the receiving surface. So, it is going to be d a 1 a 1 notice that this is what is referring here to irradiation. So, again the units are watt per meter square steradian and this quantity the total energy that is going to be incident coming in from all directions is going to be given by this I times theta I of theta phi cos theta sin theta d theta d phi area is made. So, this is the radiation flux what we get in problems radiation flux that is what this is if the incident irradiation is diffuse that means, if this I subscript I is not a function of any direction if this is not a function of any direction I can pull this out just as I did for emission I can pull this out here exactly the same way this I subscript e came out and it was just the integration of this same steps I will do I will get g is equal to pi times I I got let me remember e is equal to pi times I e for a diffuse emitter g is equal to pi times I I is it only a difference in the nomenclature it is not just a difference in the nomenclature it is essentially telling incident radiation is diffuse what is coming in is diffuse here in e for e I said what is going out of the surface is not showing any directional preference for g I am saying what is coming into the surface into the surface does not have any directional preference that intensity is not showing any directional preference only in this case I can I can get this g is equal to pi times I subscript I now let us just go and quickly finish radiosity radiosity accounts for all radiation leaving the surface rate at which radiation energy leaves per unit area of the surface. So, this is now just going to be very easy it is by nomenclature just e and r. So, let me go to the whiteboard intensity of emitted part plus reflected this is the emitted part this is the reflected part of all g that came in all energy that came in each of this would have some part would have been reflected. So, this is the intensity of total energy first we saw intensity of emitted energy then we saw intensity of incident irradiation now I am saying some new quantity which is this emitted part plus reflected part of all the incident radiation. So, this part I am just calling as r reflected component. So, exactly parallel definition dq I am not even looking I hope I am right dA 1 watts per unit area what direction normal to that theta phi direction per unit solid angle this came because of the solid angle d omega this came because of the normal to theta phi direction. So, this is again watt per meter square ster area whatever I understood for emission same concept except that this quantity is a new thing reflected part of all incident radiation when I say incident radiation that incident radiation depends on how far I am from that surface which is giving out energy what is the dimensions of the surface which is giving out energy what is the temperature of the surface which is giving out energy all these things are incorporated when I define g, but the thing is I am not concerned with all those things directly at this point I am concerned only with what is coming to this surface I of interest. So, if I go back and complete the definition radiosity rate at which radiation energy leaves completely in all directions. So, if I say this is in all directions I have to integrate with theta and phi. So, double integral going from theta to 0 to pi by 2 will give me a quadrant of a circle that quadrant when it is integrated from phi is equal to 0 to 2 pi will give me a hemisphere this quantity all these radiosity irradiation emissive power e g and j that we define e g and j which we define and which we had units watt per meter square we will call this not just as emissive power irradiation radiosity we will call them total hemispherical emissivity total hemispherical irradiation total hemispherical radiosity why we have lost what have we lost in this we have lost all wavelength dependency. So, there was no there was no lambda in our in our definition wavelength was not involved. So, I did not care about wavelength direction we throughout because we integrated completely in all direction correct. So, and what did we generate we generated a hemisphere. So, this is over all wavelengths all theta phi. So, that is why we will like to call it total and because it covers this hemisphere is something we reiterate only for ourselves we will call it total hemispherical. That means, what is the energy coming out in all directions which is now going to form a hemisphere that is emissive power all wavelength yes all directions all wavelengths all wavelengths that is going to be implied when I use this symbol e if I use this symbol e lambda that means it is at a particular wavelength this means at a given wavelength we will see that later and that we will call as spectral emissive power spectral means at a given wavelength spectral irradiation at a given wavelength. So, and then if I say e lambda theta or phi theta phi that will be sorry next. So, e was total I will do with e everything you can do with g and j again total hemispherical emissive power e subscript lambda will give me a spectral at a given wavelength. So, it will no longer be total, but we have integrated over all directions. So, it will be spectral hemispherical emissive power hemispherical because there is no theta and phi dependency. So, automatically this word has to come this is e therefore, it has to be emissive power and if it is e theta phi suppose just hypothetically sorry theta and phi it is directional emissive power meaning I have not put any wavelength over all wavelengths what is the energy coming out in this particular direction. So, this will become directional emissive power and the most general one e lambda theta phi this is spectral because there is a wavelength dependency directional because directional dependency is there emissive power and I will just finish sign off giving the units for these this came out to me very nicely as watt per meter square. We like this we have used it right from conduction probably even 12 standard we have used this emissive power this is per unit wavelength. So, this is watt per meter square micrometer this is directional. So, this is watt per meter squared only directional. So, it will only be steradian this most general quantity which is the most confusing is per unit wavelength that particular color of light think of a color of light red color light coming out from the sun reaching India that is the direction specific. So, watt per meter square steradian because of the directional dependency micrometer because of the wavelength dependence. So, with this we will sign off.


Mae cyfnodol yn yw unrhyw gysylltu'r 21 yma. Mae'r llyfr o'r ystod, ac yn eu cyfnod. Yn ymddangos i sofyni cyfnodol, yw eu cyfnodol, ac mae'n rai ei rai rai o'r rai o'r rai o'r cyfnodol. Yn y bydd y bydd, mae'n bydd y bydd yn yr hyn, y bydd y gyrdd, y bydd yn ymgyrchu, y bydd y rhesawdd, y lleol, y ffaith ychydig a'r llyfr â'r llyfrion. scenes through which it can start to experiment and prototype with new solutions and new forms of collaboration. At CSL, we are fortunate to be part of a world-leading university. This brings us access to, of course, cutting-edge expertise from academia. But also perhaps less well-known is that it gives us an excellent position to convene expertise from across industry and more widely. On our sustainability leadership program, it is a very diverse program from people a dyma y byddwch chi'n gwybod i'r fewn y ddiolch. Felly yna'r cyflwyno'r cydydd yma, a'r gyflwyno, ychydig, ymgyrch, ymddiolch, y gallu y llyfr, ychydig, yn phryd, yn ymgyrch, y byd... Mae yma'n meddwl sy'n meddwl eich mynd i'r cyfrif yma'n mynd i'r hyn. Mae'n mynd i'n meddwl i'r cyfrif yma i'r holl yma. ac mae'n un gennymol iawn am ychydig i wneud o ddod o'n meddwl feddwl i'r oed yn fwyllgor cyn rai gynnig ydych chi'n meddwl sut mae'n meddwl i'w eu hwn. Felly mae'n meddwl i'r oed yn meddwl i ddod o'r stendu ar bobl tua a'r holl teimlo i'r oed yn meddwl peirio. Ddiolch yn ymweld ei wneud hynny, ym mwyn yn ddwy oed yn unig yw yn gymeddoli. Ond ddych chi wedi bod yn gyfosib i ddweud yn gyfosib i ddweud yn gyfosib 기nogi. Pen fy hwn. we would like our students come from all sorts of different backgrounds and industries to be able to tackle the challenges they commonly face. Because one industry may see it from a different angle and another from a different angle as well. This is true with someone who has a sustainability experience as well as the one that doesn't. We try to provide that platform for them to exchange the ideas. So in terms of financial support, we're really dedicated to helping to provide access to students who need it, so on our website we have a whole page about different bursaries and scholarship. Some of them are dependent on different programs. Just go to our website, have a look at what's available and you'll see how to apply. Our website is amazing. There's so much information out there from what we're doing out in the world to the details of our specific courses. Something I love is our virtual Meet the Directors session where you can start to get a flavour of the personalities of the people who will guide you on your learning journey. But of course we also have our social media platforms and many testimonials and the brochures that you can download yourself. But you must never hesitate to reach out to any of our staff. We've got an amazing team of people and they absolutely love taking the questions and trying to help answer them in as full and open away as they can. Every business that is serious about its viability, its long term success and its long term value to society has got to put sustainability at the heart of its operations. And that means that for every business leader, every board member that is serious about their company, bringing somebody in your staff to the CISL programme is a brilliant investment. For vision, for talent, for skills, for passion and the ability to spread that more widely right across the operation and its supply chains globally.


Is out season officially here? Over the last week, altcoins have completely outperformed Bitcoin as Bitcoin dominance has hit a big resistance level. What does this mean for Bitcoin? If Bitcoin were to range here, as I'm expecting for the next week or two with no catalyst in sight, until the third of May when we get the Fed interest rate decision. So we may see Bitcoin dominance continue to fall as money flows from Bitcoin into altcoins. And you can see on this chart when Bitcoin dominance goes down and Bitcoin's price ranges, altcoins go up. This will lead to altcoins outperforming Bitcoin for the next couple of weeks. Don't forget to like and subscribe for more videos just like this.


Hi friends, I am Arvita Karwa and welcome to my channel. Today we are going to understand the benefits of cracking UGC-NET exam. Let's dig into it. First of all, after clearing the UGC-NET exam, you can become a professor in any college or university across India. Secondly, if you want to take admission in any university to do a PhD, you don't have to sit for any type of competitive exam. Phew, that's a huge relief, right? Plus, if you crack GRF, you get a monthly stipend from Government too. And thirdly, if you have prepared and cracked UGC-NET, then you can sit for various other teaching competitive exams like TGT, PGT, KBS, NBS. Clearing all these exams will be a cakewalk for you, as you have already studied everything while you were preparing for UGC-NET. So friends, keep these benefits in your mind and study hard for UGC-NET.


Last week I said I thought Amanda Nunez would knock out Juliana Pena in round one. Like many of you, I got that spectacularly wrong. First of all, apologies to the new UFC Ben and Wade champion. Secondly, I'm honestly not a hot take guy. I'm really not. But, I'm gonna call it. This is the most shocking sports upset of the 21st century. Nunez is the best female fighter in MMA history and one of the best ever regardless of gender. At the time of the opening bell, Pena was plus 660 on the money line and plus 1500 to win by submission, which she did around 2. From an MMA standpoint, it's more stunning than George St. Pierre losing to Matt Serra in 2007 and Holly Holm head-kicking Ronda Rousey in 2015. Ronda tried to out-box and box her. She asked for it. As far as all sports go, all the March Madnesses, Leicester City's DPL title, Superbowl 42, yeah, this is it for me. To Luta, Juliana Pena and those of you with winning bets, if there's a rematch, I may not bet against y'all. For more follow Fandua on YouTube, Twitter, Twitch, Instagram and TikTok.


Mr. President, Mrs. Reagan, as we say in the society, MS can strike just when you're starting to live. And Aniga and Jan here have learned their first hand, but they've got what we call the never-quit attitude and survivor spirit, and they're determined to live as normal as they possibly can.  And you yourself know a little bit about that. Matter of fact, you're a shining example of it, of someone who's been there and knows what it's like. So from the MS people, wherever you are, here's a little something that tells you how proud we all are of you, and how you make each of us proud to be an American. And this is the gift, Mr. President, it's a replica of a Remington, and it's the inscription reads, to the American and the White House, our president, who has straddled courage and rides it hard. An inspiration, an inspiration to all of us, and the motherhood of Syros and society and patience in 1981. Well, Frank, I'm delighted and very proud to have this. And I think it's kind of significant that Remington, the great artist, came to the West himself in search of health. So I'm delighted to have this, but delighted also to have the honor of presenting the father of the year, the mother of Syros society, and the mother of the year. And so I'm very proud to present to Coach, Jan Robert Smith, this award in recognition of his outstanding courage and leadership. And now to Anita Wagner, again for outstanding courage and leadership, the mother of the year. These two are an inspiration to the 500,000 who suffers from multiple sclerosis that they have in our country. This is a ceremony that I'm proud to say has taken place here at the White House every year that we've had these awards. Frank is the chairman of the hope chest drive that takes place at this time every year. Last year raised $29 million. There had been $57 million already spent in the research in this particular disease. And I hope that the custom will continue until one day, hopefully because of the efforts of people like these, there won't be any need for it anymore. Coach played some football myself, but lately I found a few problems here that you might teach me some additional things in tackling that I could use.


Save 10% with my code Bobby10. Just kidding guys, today's offer is much greater than a saving of 10%. I teamed up with my Muslim brothers and we created pure passage. Imaging sending the reward of Umrah, this Ramadan, to someone you really loved but had already departed from this dunya. For they're really sick and they cannot perform Umrah at all. Imaging the feeling of honoring his or her memory and expressing your love and devotion, while still ensuring that they receive this gift, the reward of performing Umrah. As a new revert I just learned about this but you know better than me, that performing Umrah is a profound spiritual journey that most Muslims aspire to undertake and you understand the rewards of it. However, for some this journey can be challenging, especially when their loved ones are sick or have already passed away. At pure passage we understand how important it is to fulfill this obligation for your loved ones. That's why we offer our professional and reliable service to perform Umrah on behalf of your sick or deceased parents, spouse or any other relatives. We believe that everyone should have the opportunity to fulfill this sacred act even if they are unable to do so themselves. And equally understand that the physical and financial challenges of performing Umrah yourself on behalf of your loved ones can be overwhelming. That's where pure passage comes in. We take care of everything and make sure that your loved ones Umrah is performed with the utmost care and attention to detail. So let us help you earn this immense reward for your loved ones by performing Umrah on their behalf. Contact us today and let's make it happen with Mila. All right guys, welcome back to the channel. If you're new, my name is Bobby. Guys, in the background you can see it, my journey to Islam. No, unfortunately we're not talking yet about my journey to Islam but stay tuned. I will make a separate video. Today we're going to watch a Scottish girl converted to Islam by the channel Logic and Islam. Before we jump into the video, as always guys, if you enjoy the content, leave the thumbs up and if you haven't subscribed already, guys, please do so. With no further ado, let's have a look. My name is Maya Wallace. I was born in 1988 in Glasgow. I grew up initially with my mother and father, who were both social workers and after a few years we moved to the west of the city with just my mom and my brother. Initially my childhood was quite lonely so I didn't have a wide social circle. It was very small so I would spend my days at school and after school I would come home. So then it would just be me, my mom and my brother and what I would do, we'd watch TV. That was a big feature in our childhood. We didn't do a lot of outdoor activities in the sense of things that you would go and pay to do. What we would do would be making jewelry, playing with my dolls. I was very active in lots of sports, gymnastics, athletics. I enjoyed a lot of outings with my mom, biking, home baking, things like this. In summer I became very active so I'd go and stay with my grandmother, my grandfather and air shire and it was activity after activity which I loved.  We would go into town, we would go shopping. We would do more baking, which I loved because my gran is an amazing cook. I didn't have any religious views as a child. We didn't grow up with a religion so there was no Bible in the house, no Quran, there was nothing like that. My family, my wider family, some aunts and uncles, they were their scientists so a lot of the views that I had maybe came from them. So there was no impact, do I believe in God? Is there a God? There was no such discussions. I found out when I was much, much older speaking to my mom about religion that I apparently used to go to Sunday school but I have no recollection of that whatsoever. So in high school I took religious education, much to the dismay of my teachers. I decided to... Looking at her I have to say it is very brave of course in such an environment, such a wide environment, European environment to accept Islam.  I didn't have to do anything when I reverted to Islam. I stayed exactly the same. I have my bold shaved head and a beard. This is it, I don't have to change much. Dress code wise I usually wear jogging pants and a T-shirt. So there's not much I have to change yet again. For the women however they have to be very very brave because they have to change everything about their outward appearance. So in high school I took religious education, much to the dismay of my teachers. I decided to switch subjects because I wanted to learn a little bit more about religion. At this age I had a desire to get some answers. Not to adopt a religion, not to become Christian or a Sikh or a Catholic. It was just to find the answers to these questions I had since I was a young girl. Now at school I didn't get those answers. The religions that they taught they didn't make any logical sense and I thought why would I have faith this is from God because surely God should be able to explain to me simply the answers. So my high school didn't teach Islam. Yeah this reminds me of the quote of Albert Einstein who said if you cannot explain it to a six year old you don't know the answer yourself. At the time it was quite superficial. They said that they couldn't teach Islam because they didn't have a religious education teacher who'd studied that religion either way I was happy. To me it wasn't a real religion it was barbaric.  They were just people that would terrorize innocent people. They would blow up buildings so for me I was glad. I didn't think that I would ever become Muslim. That I would ever entertain the idea of Islam. So it's quite ironic now I am a Muslim. So many revered stories have seen that patron myself of course included.  We look at it as a foreign entity something that wants to invade our countries. Bomb everything as she said terrorize people. But then once you start studying it your eyes start opening up and lastly your heart opens up and then you revert. I had no interaction with people of other ethnicities of other religions. There was perhaps two or three students in my school but they were very westernised. They had adopted our culture so I had no real ability to see what really is Islam what is a Muslim. So from there on in I thought well I've learned about the real religions that I load a rubbish I don't believe in them. So I just carried on I just became a normal Scottish teenager. I done what you would expect of any sort of British teenager. I went out clubbing I drank alcohol just had a laugh. Just there was there was no point looking back I just think at that time I thought that's what you did with your life but to me now it just seems it just seems it's unfortunate but she is correct. This is really what I would expect from any British teenager. It's true pointless and where my journey into Islam began was I in 2005 I started working in a call centre and in that call centre it was predominantly Pakistani people that were in there that were Muslims and they were not crazy. They were not anything that I had imagined that the media had portrayed and in actual fact they became my best friends and this is the first time I felt I had real true friendship where these people really cared for me I really cared for them and there was a group of us so it was Saima there was Shekela there was Talib Nabil and Atif and it was us us lot together and I would just initially it was just I was interacting with them and we would just do normal things go to the cinema we would go out for meals but one thing that stood out out to me was the fact that what they done was very respectful they had a lot of respect for themselves they wanted to have a good image there was a lot of things they wouldn't do so they wouldn't come out clubbing with me you know once I had a birthday I invited them and they declined and I couldn't understand why so slowly slowly it was just their behaviours their mannerisms that introduced me to Islam when I was working in the call centre with the other Muslims one of the most profound moments for me was actually during Ramadan and I remember the moment sort of very clearly we were in the Avon's office in Baird streets and my group of friends I'd mentioned earlier they were fasting and they were about to open their fast and Sam Saima she actually handed me a box of spring rolls that our mother had made and she offered them to me if I wanted some and to me that was just such a profound moment you know here I am having eaten all day probably not even realizing you know drinking in front of them having water or something and they're offering me food they're breaking their fast with me and that was a really profound moment for me so something happened in that moment I became curious it's very interesting to see of course this is now in the context of Ramadan but nevertheless many westerners are absolutely surprised and shocked when they see the hospitality of foreigners in general we come from the Balkan my family is from the Balkan from northern Macedonia it is absolutely normal for us to invite people to eat and especially when I was a child and I played with some German kids of course my parents would invite them in their kids they would give them food here eat eat eat of course and they would be so surprised their parents would be surprised as well oh they ate already but if I was in a German household and then it was time for lunch they would tell me and I was wondering back then as a kid man what's wrong with you guys you're living in such a big house you don't have a little bit of spare food I'm a six year old kid here how much will I eat a little bit of fries maybe one sausage at best you don't have a little bit of food left for a kid what is wrong with you guys but this is the culture clash of course therefore it's not surprising to me that this Scottish woman here was shocked when she was met with such a hospitality what are these Muslims doing they're starving themselves and giving their food away to me like who am I why are they doing this and then I started having questions you know what is Islam why are they Muslim you know are these kind attributes that they have they're upbringing is it just these specific people is it part of Islam what is it and so I started to ask them questions I started to inquire being inquisitive and something that really shook me is that they weren't proud well I think this or I feel this or I know that they said this is what the Quran says this is what the Sunnah says this is what the Hadith says they had proof for everything and never at any point did they say to me just believe just have faith we know this is the truth they didn't tell me that they gave me the answers and when they didn't know the answers they would go and find out and they would be humble enough to admit I don't know I can't answer that I can't tell you yep and this is one of the strongest points of Islam of course that there is an answer to almost everything you can always look it up however this is a talking point of the Islamophobes against Islam as well apparently ultimately they're just a bunch of liberals of course because they tell you oh you need a bunch of rules oh you need to pray five times per day you need to observe certain pasts some of them even go so far to say that Prophet Muhammad may peace be upon him had OCD and he was a control freak just giving people rules that were all man-made of course those people are truly sick in the heart and they're not looking for a religion they look something that will cater to their desires here I was standing Islam in the face and it was the truth I couldn't deny it was the truth but I wasn't ready to accept being a Muslim I never wanted to adopt a religion I just wanted to know the answers and I thought that would be enough but in learning about Islam I realized that believing is not enough Islam is a way of life they've got their own economical political social legal system if I was to become a Muslim if I was to accepting Islam is not only a spiritual way of life or a philosophy it is ideology that encompasses all aspects of life religiously spiritually but politically and socially as well Islam covers all aspects of life to adopt that identity everything I'd ever known would have to change but I don't know if I could commit to being Muslim I don't know if I could commit to what Islam required from me so I had what I would call a trial period and I was going and see if I could do what Islam required of me so initially it was simple things for me like stopping eating Haram meat and being a vegetarian previously that wasn't so hard for me then it was stopping drinking alcohol then it was stopping going out to night clubs which was a large part of my social life I started to dress more modestly so I went half of my wardrobe and slowly I realized that I was able to overcome these hurdles but still I was apprehensive you know it was a lifetime commitment if I became Muslim that was it and I wanted to be sure that I could give that commitment to Allah and it just took a long time to get that courage to take that leap to know that I was doing the right thing and that Allah would see right by me and that my fears would melt away and my fear mainly was telling my family how will my mum go my brother you know my aunt and my uncle they're not religious my grandfather and I think that when you're making such a huge life change that you will start to imagine them reacting in ways that aren't even within their character because you're just so scared because it's such a big change and it's something completely different so every Sunday my mum would I can absolutely relate here so let's step back first and talk about the trial period so to speak I did the same thing before reverting to Islam I already prayed five times per day no I did not say the Shahada many people thought that I'm already Muslim because when you pray you say the Shahada did not do that whatsoever I simply recited al-Fatiha and I went through the motions however that being said I want to understand Islam before I accepted because I wanted to know if I will be able to stick to it I explored so many different things within my lifetime dietary spiritually and whatnot and therefore I didn't want this to be a fat I didn't want this to be a face I wanted this to be for life and therefore I had to understand myself before I make the decision now talking about parents she said that most parents are not even in the capacity to react the way that she imagines it well that might be true for her parents my parents are from the Balkan and I'm facing a much harder test there from work and drive me home and every Sunday I would try and muster up the courage and before I knew we were home and I didn't see anything and this would happen week after week after week I felt like it was never going to end Sunday was my day of torment but then Ramadan was coming and I knew that I wanted to embrace my Islam during Ramadan I wanted to fast for that month I wanted to be in that environment so a few weeks before I just mustered up the courage and told her and alhamdulillah she accepted it she just questioned why so we didn't have a long discussion we're not a family for having in-depth conversations but I told her and the relief it just washed over me it made me feel silly I've been worrying all this time and it went really well I went with my my friends some of my very good friends same as well Sam and we went to Glasgow Central Mosque and I took my Shahada through tears of joy we were all crying it was so emotional and it was such a I was the experience that I wasn't expecting we went and at first we were told to go to the study room and I would take my Shahada there with the Imam I wanted to do it properly I didn't want to do it just with two witnesses which is all the requirement I wanted to do it in the mosque let everyone know get a certificate and Muslim I found the answers so we went and the Imam sat me down he started asking me strange questions why do you want to become Muslim is someone forcing you do you want to do it and I'm like yeah that's why I'm here please just let me take my Shahada he does always wanted to make sure it has to come from you therefore it's not a strange question he has to know he has to make sure you what Islam is I knew what being Muslim meant and then that day I after I prayed it was the Juma Friday prayer so we went and we prayed and I remember feeling so nervous because of all the things I had learned I don't know how to pray Juma so I was standing there and my nerves and I started to forget the the prayers and the recitation that I'd learned so I'm copying my friend and I'm like I'm allowed to be looking at her at the corner of my and we prayed and that day was very emotional the Imam gave a speech and he was saying how there was a birth that was me which I found out later because I'm a revert to Islam I'm a newborn in the eyes of Allah there was also a marriage and a death and that whole time that I was there so in 2009 I finally reverted to Islam I did change my name for two reasons one I didn't really it wasn't too fond of my original name but also I wanted something with a bit more meaning so I chose the name Maya as originally called Robin yeah that's a nicer name for sure my journey to Islam to becoming Muslim was very easy I had a lot of support I had a lot of friends around me even one family worse well my mother my brother they were very supportive of me I remember when I went to take my Shahad and my mum was calling me just to make sure good luck hope everything goes okay but where my struggles really began was when I started to go to an Islamic class and I met other sisters and this is where I learned about the proper attire that we should be covered and she didn't know that before for a long time I thought I don't want to cover my hair is so beautiful I don't want it to go away but slowly slowly I started to educate myself I started to learn a lot more about what hijab is what is the purpose of it and one of my friends gave me just a silly little analogy they said I've got two suites one covered one uncovered and I dropped them on the floor which one would you which one would you take the one I said the one with the the cover of course and they said well that's how we view our women in Islam they are the most precious thing to us of course we would want them to be covered and this is not something that I was being told what men want but yeah I find this example pretty silly to be totally honest the covering itself is something that has been practiced throughout human history I like the example that it is natural for us to cover up it is natural to hide certain aspects of our human body in public and especially in this day and age actually where nobody covers anymore covering becomes even more important because it sets a standard and reverses what has gone wrong people don't even understand what modesty is anymore because women in the west now really believe if they're wearing shorts and a big cleavage this absolutely modest because we're bombarded with half-naked women on social media and pornography all day long and this is why people believe that this is what is not modest if you're totally naked and you're having sexual intercourse this might be not modest I don't know but everything else goes and this is why the hijab is a beautiful reminder of what true modesty really is Allah wants this is our protection this is our safety and I didn't want to go out without it for me I loved hijab by this point I'd I'd found the love for hijab I'd found the love for covering I understood the reasons behind it and I wanted to fulfill that obligation to Allah nice but I was scared to tell my mum so I was standing in the kitchen kitchen and I was ironing my hijab and I had to sell her out I wear hijab now and she got very angry and she was and it was so painful for me and she's saying this is oppression and at this point I'm not eloquent I can't explain to her I have the knowledge but to give it to her I I don't know where to start I don't know the right place and I'm just shaking back no it's not so remember walking out of the house and going to my back garden and I was in floods of tears and I was crying my heart out and I phoned Zara who had now become my Islamic teacher my slush is very good and I'm crying to her and I said to her is that I have to take off I can't do this anymore and she gave me so much comfort and so much love and so much strength she said to me Allah will never give you a test that you cannot bear there will never be something in your life that you cannot overcome it is there for a reason so I found a lot of comfort in her words and I put it on and I wore it and I left the house and my end point with my wider family came when it was my graduation and my mother and my aunt and my uncle came and I was hiding from them I was in my graduation gown I was wearing this big black graduation cloak and a black hijab and I was just all black I was nervous I was so nervous and it was about to begin so I said okay we need to take our seats now but I'll see you afterwards I just wanted to get it over and done with I thought look when they see me walk across the stage they'll see the hijab maybe they'll talk about it and then I won't need to be there when she sees it for the first time I won't see that initial moment and alhamdulillah that's what happened it was too late for them to come and greet me before so I went upstage I accepted my award and I came down and I could see in their faces that they had some apprehension they were shocked but they accepted it my grandfather's not a man of many words and so when I went to see him he'd been informed I believe by my family that I was Muslim and that I covered and we've never spoken about it me and my grandfather and what he done he says to me all of your grandmother's scarves are upstairs in the bottom drawer and I've looked them all out and they're all there for you you know for you wouldn't say anything you just went for your and that's when I knew that through that trial through that for me that was a very hardship that there was light at the end of the tunnel if you want to call it that there was peace at the end for me and that my family accepted the hijab and that now they understand there are more what shows that even in the west women used to wear a covering a hijab if you will my grandma used to cover her hair as well and she would have been the last generation basically because after that my aunts my mother they did not cover any longer Christian women back in the day used to cover as well it is just this modernist liberal agenda nowadays it tells you that this is Islam and Islam is oppressive everybody used to do it even in Hinduism and Buddhism you saw reasons behind it it's ridiculous and you guys don't know this as you're recording it but I've wanted to wear abaya for a long time I've wanted to put on the proper covering and I've been too nervous and actually had discussion about the abaya with Amid who's another revered and he said to me abaya I hear this for the very first time is the abaya the you will find the strength your husband he will give you that guidance and you'll be there so when I was asked to come on the show I thought I don't want to go on wearing like I know where I'm covered you know my arms down to my feet my my head I said I don't want to go on and wear my dress I don't think that's right I want to be a good example to my sisters out there to Muslims to people that are thinking about reverting so today I put on the abaya for the first time okay that's the abaya so this whole covering down here before I became Muslim I was a little bit apprehensive about reading the Quran I knew it was real in Arabic so I was a bit worried that you know little things can I get in English which I could the first one I got it was just a literal translation there was no context there was no understanding and for me even though it was written in English it was like Shakespeare alien like I don't know what this book is saying but thankfully um some family friends um the Shakespeare they gave me a Quran and it was a Quran meant for children I gave the background story um so what happened um when it was revealed to the Prophet peace be upon him and that's what started my love even more for this Quran so now whenever anyone asks me about Quran I say to them don't be scared about reading it you know I'll give them a copy of it um that I think would be a good one to read because although every single Quran has the same words in it some are very good at explaining it and for me the my my favorite part of the Quran is in Surah Al-Bukra it's in this verse that Allah sets a challenge for the whole of mankind that if you don't believe that this book is the word of God then just produce one verse like it the same style the same transparency but if you can match that then you can disprove Islam and that was that had such strong meaning for me because I thought of all these people that say the Quran's not real Allah doesn't exist uh Muhammad made everything up they'll have lengthy debates for hours and hours but they won't do this one simple challenge right of ours how long can it take them but in 1400 years not one person has been able to do this and the second part of this this surah that that meant a lot more to me is that Allah goes on to say that you will not be able to that you will not be able to write a verse like it and I just think to anyone out there that's doubting Islam then take this challenge come forth and bring a verse let's see it we're waiting Islam means everything to me Islam is my whole life I believe it's given me everything that I want not materialistic things but it's giving me contentment in my heart it's giving me the understanding to life it's told me why I'm here what I should be doing is giving me comfort knowing that Allah is out there that there is a God that I can worship him and obey him and from how I describe it in humanly terms in his eyes I'm doing the right thing you know no longer do I need to lead my life by my own moral compass I've got God there to tell me what is right and what is wrong and I know when in my actions that I'm doing the right thing it's giving me there is no own moral compass per se there is a subjective view and that's all you got because your moral compass will differ from the moral compass quote unquote of a serial killer in his eyes it is absolutely okay to slaughter people in your eyes it is not a vegetarian a vegan on the other hand tells you that it's morally not all right to eat animals and to slaughter them so therefore morality is not subjective or at least it cannot be if we're looking for a right and wrong if we say morality is subjective then we say hey anything goes basically as long as you're all right with it it must be fine and of course this is the argument for many movements nowadays hey as long as you don't hurt anybody it is okay just do what you want but this is not accurate and moreover it is irrational to live your life like this because if there is no right and wrong anything goes as I said you can do whatever you want why would I even listen to any authority at all why would I obey certain laws in our society everything goes moreover if there is no afterlife at all there is no consequence whatsoever if my lights go out right now I won't remember what happened correct and if I die in 10 20 30 years I won't remember either what happened so who cares how long I live I can kill myself right now or I can kill everybody around me I can jump out of the window who cares if morality is subjective therefore we need God of course as an objective moral guideline a much better relationship with my mother you know she now she's very private women stiff upper lip sort of thing now every day she tells me she loves me um actually I would never have found my husband and had I not become Muslim he's Muslim of course and I just think that is an avenue that if I'd never taken my shahada I would never have experienced it's just it's overwhelming that my life now feels complete no longer am I chasing after the latest dress or the latest car or job I have everything I need to keep me content right now at this age I grew up in an environment where what I was told was that you're meant to go out you're meant to travel the world you're meant to experience many different things date different people to try and attain something and when you've attained it get more earn money and when you've got money earn more money when you drink learn to drink and then drink a bit more um love to miss it was just you know and to me it had no real value it was like I'm going to live inshallah 60 70 80 years and I'll have achieved nothing now I understand my place in this world and what I'm here for and that's to obey Allah and complete my duties as a Muslim spread Islam and be an example to the community of my sisters and this is it for today's video long enough as it is so I'm going to cut it off here guys I said everything I want to say throughout the video it's absolutely beautiful to see what Islam can do even in such a remote environment as Scotland in a town where she wasn't even surrounded by many foreigners most people that she met were Scottish and then later on in her life she met a few Pakistanis at her job this is how she found out about Islam and it absolutely transformed her because it gave her an objective standard of morality an objective standard of truth what is right what is wrong is it okay if I go drink expose my skin date many men and chase the money is this okay society tells me this all right so therefore it must be true correct appeal to majority everybody around me does it so hey might as well this is what we see Islam is not dependent upon a certain historical time frame Islam is never changing so therefore no matter what society will tell you is good right now is in right now you always know what is right and wrong if you remember what Islam tells you all right guys but this is it for today's video if you like to leave the thumbs up if you haven't subscribed already guys please do so if you want to support this channel all the links are in the description box below thank you so much for your ongoing support guys especially lately it has been absolutely amazing if I look at my live streams for example so much support so much love thank you from the bottom of my heart all right guys but this is it for today's video as always may God bless you all much love and peace


Social annotation makes thinking visible. And my thinking is not always precise. My thinking can be flawed. My thinking can have blind spots of biases. My thinking may simply be wrong, for example. And so one of the things that I really value about social annotation is it makes people's thinking visible to others. And that then can lead to all kinds of potential change, all kinds of aspects, again, of learning. When I think about notions of distributed cognition, of cognition that is stretched across multiple texts, multiple people, and that really exists beyond the mind of Ramey. My thinking, limited in my head, is really rather insufficient. Our thinking together has far more potential to be consequential, particularly in a teaching and learning context. And social annotation makes that distributed cognition viable and pliable, and it allows us to work with one another and our texts in very consequential ways. And that's one of the real exciting things about social annotation.