Good morning, everybody. Welcome to the second day of the DevOps track. This morning, first speaker is Narayan Newton. He is a lead sales admin for Drupal.org. He works at Tag1. And everybody seems to think I run with Drupal.org. It's a little true. He is. I wanted to say this. Yes. So my name is Narayan Newton. As I said, I am the lead sales admin for Drupal.org. I started as mainly the DBA for Drupal.org. And I work as a performance engineer for Tag1 Consulting. Today, I'm going to talk about the title of new developments in MySQL. In reality, it's more of an overview of what has happened since the fragmentation of MySQL after the nesting egg-style acquisition of MySQL. So after MySQL was acquired, first by Sun, then by Oracle, there were a lot of forks of MySQL, and forks, different versions, friendly forks, some not-so-friendly forks. And basically, it went from a case where you had people choosing between mainly 5.0 versus 5.1 to four different versions of the Oracle daemon, four different versions of various forks, different versions in the forks. And while this has been fantastic for competition, it's been fantastic for innovation in a way, certainly new development, it's made it incredibly complex and confusing for users. So a big goal of this talk is just to make it a little bit less complex and a little bit more clear what the differences are between these versions and make it more clear that some of these forks actually have a focus or seem to have a focus. So I really dislike presentations like this. It doesn't make it not useful, but they're very difficult to do without being incredibly boring, and they're very difficult to do without standing up here and basically reading really snips. Everything boils down to differences in patches, differences in features, and unless you're really focusing on why these differences exist, the different focuses that each of these forks or versions have, you could get the same information from a spreadsheet. So I'm going to try very hard to focus on solutions to problems and why these various forks exist to solve problems that people have had with MySQL. I expect to do moderately well at this to fail at times. There's a lot of information in the presentation, but if people are not clear as to why something is important, I'd love you to raise your hand. I don't mind being interrupted, and if something is really not clear to a majority in the room, I'd love to make it clear and skip something not important instead of have people confused. So to start out, I'm going to go through the versions and forks of MySQL that are focusing on vertical scaling, locking, reliability, performance fixes. You could classify, I'm going to cover two basic versions, and you could classify them as generically better in one case and extremely focused on scalability on the other. The first one is MySQL 5.5. This can probably be thought of as the current flagship. It's an Oracle version. They worked on it after it was clear that there was a lot of work going on in performance that was not reflected in the 5.1 branch of MySQL, and they needed a release of MySQL that was very focused on getting that work in. Because of this, they merged the inodb plugin, which is the new version of inodb. They really, really improved the locking on a number of areas. They introduced a performance schema that if you haven't looked at 5.5 and used, you really should. It's very useful for going through and finding counters of index usage, table usage that you wouldn't normally see. Just countless little fixes for performance that honestly probably should have been done a while ago, but this was the time that they sat down and focused on it. It really paid dividends for them. If you're going around as a consultant or working with a bunch of hosting companies, you'll see MySQL 5.5 deployed pretty generically at this point. It's very widespread. It's probably the default that people go to. Honestly, after the acquisition, Oracle did a really good job on this one. The other one that can be classified in the general scalability performance area is Prokona Server. Prokona has an interesting relationship with MySQL. They're a consultant company. They run the MySQL performance blog, which for a very long time has been a go-to for performance information for MySQL. They created extra DB, which is a fork of the INODB plugin. Basically, it was taking the INODB plugin, which included a lot of scalability work, and taking it one step farther. Breaking up the locks, adding lockless algorithms to where they could, adding a lot more instrumentation and a lot more configuration to be able to actually take the INODB plugin and run it on, say, array of solid state disks and have it actually use the IO bandwidth that you have available to you. Before which, INODB really couldn't do that. It would scale some of its algorithms, but a lot of them just didn't scale to that level of IO bandwidth. There are configuration options like that that they put forward, and eventually they went to an entire server. They basically took the idea that they used with the INODB plugin and advanced that into the server. The server has an immense amount of instrumentation. It's actually really impressive to look at the core version of Oracle MySQL and then look at Precona server and see how many different things you can pull out of it to find pretty in-depth usage, pretty in-depth performance information that wouldn't be available to you. Also, it has a lot of configuration that is very focused on vertical scalability, and by that I mean MySQL has historically done pretty poorly at scaling up. It scales out okay. You can have reed slaves pretty easily, but moving to 30 plus cores, 64 cores, hundreds of gigabytes of RAM, solid state disks, big IO backends, it originally just wasn't designed for this and it hasn't been very good at it. Precona server is very focused on making it good at that, and they've done a pretty decent job. They are not working alone. They certainly pull in changes from Oracle and together they kind of buy their powers combined. They've made something that scales pretty well vertically, but Precona has stuff that Oracle doesn't. For example, one of the interesting things that I like to point out is the INODB data dictionary, which people, 99% of people don't know about and never think of. The data dictionary is like the table cache for MySQL if you've looked at that, except it's INODB specific. Every time you open a table in INODB, there's an entry in the data dictionary for that table, and that data dictionary is never flushed. If you have a huge number of tables and a growing number of tables, for example, if you're running a shared hosting company and you're going to keep putting databases onto the server and keep adding automated tables, or if you're running QA on a massive scale and you keep running simple tasks, keep creating tables, eventually you're going to end up with a data dictionary that is many gigabytes of RAM just because nothing ever flushes. This allows you to set a maximum for that data dictionary and it'll start flushing after the max. It doesn't seem like a big deal, but this is one of those cases where they have aggressively tuned for the niche case of vertical scalability and found that this is a problem for people. It also has interesting features like the ability to dump and restore the buffer pool. If you have a server that has over 100 gigs of RAM, your buffer pool is massive. It's serving a huge amount of traffic, and it's one of the only servers serving a huge amount of traffic because that tends to be the usage case for these types of servers. If you restart the server, it can be days before you can actually put that server back into rotation on the production website because basically that server with an empty buffer pool is a down server. So Prokona has the ability to actually dump and restore when you restart the daemon. So it'll come back up with the contents of the buffer pool when it shut down. Again, it doesn't sound like a big deal, but when you run something at the scale that they're targeting, it's basically life or death for the website. And this is their good example of why the confusion after fragmentation is bad for users, but why the fragmentation can be good because this is a focus that could never happen for a generic release of MySQL. You're never going to have an entire team focused on just vertical scalability, but they do. The next focus is more generic. These can be thought as kind of the next versions of the flagship. They bring new features. They're competing heavily, so they're going to look into redoing some subsystems that haven't been looked at in a very long time, some things that MySQL has been historically weak on pretty much forever. The first one to talk about is Oracle 5.6. This is the next version. It's in development right now. It will be released at some point. It's interesting because it's going to bring some changes to MySQL that are going to kind of redefine how MySQL is viewed. The optimizer for MySQL, the query optimizer, is terrible. It's been terrible for a very long time. And they're finally looking into it. They're adding, for example, features called batched key access and multirange read. Multirange read is actually a storage engine feature, but it is used by the optimizer. Basically, what these two things allow the engine to do is instead of joining two tables on a row by row basis, they join the tables on a block of rows, a block of keys. And what this allows the storage engine to do is actually optimize the disk access because before the optimized service doing basically not helping the storage engine at all get consistent disc reads, consistent blocks. Whereas in theory, that should be easy to do. These are indexes. They're in sequence. They're likely in sequence on the disk unless you've done something interesting with your disk. And it just wasn't lending itself to that. It's possible that I know to be because it's actually pretty good at this, could reorder it. It's possible that the VFS system could reorder it, but that's a possibility and not an assurance, certainly. Also, on the same vein, they've added index condition pushdowns. So instead of my SQL saying here's a where condition, I'm going to enforce this where condition on the storage engine. It allows it to actually pass the where condition to the storage engine and say you enforce this. This is the where condition. You just deal with it. What that allows the storage engine to do is, again, optimize this disk access. These two things I'm actually going to come back to because it doesn't seem clear right now what a big deal these things are.   So there are materialized subqueries now. There are semi-joins, which allow you to allow the optimizer to, in some cases, convert a subquery to a semi-join. These are optimizations that many other database systems have had, but my SQL has not, which historically is one of the reasons why subqueries are pretty thinly used in my SQL. There are also some interesting features, like a memcache interface. That's there. There are some great features, like multi-threaded slaves, which is actually a really big deal. If you've ever run a single breed slave or multiple-read slaves, the fact that it's a single-threaded slave can, in some cases, mean that it's just never caught up, and it's pretty much useless to you. The fact that it's actually multi-threaded is a big deal for actually using replication in high traffic positions. Replication checksums are actually built in. I don't know how many people know of the importance of this, but there are tools out there to allow you to check some of your masters against your slaves, and honestly, that's something that more people should be doing, because replication, depending on the condition of your network, can drift. The fact that my SQL, by default, has never done any validation on replication or the contents of replication has been a problem. Global transaction IDs. There was a patch from Google three years ago for this, but it never really went anywhere. Basically, what this means is that every binary log and every transaction in a binary log has a unique ID across the cluster. What that allows you to do is have a daisy chain of servers, where it's server A, B, C, and server A is replicating to server B, and server B is replicating to server C. And then when server B fails, you can actually hook server C to server A, because server C knows where it is in the binary log of server A, because there's a global transaction ID. It should be noted that you can do global transaction IDs with some third-party tools, but this is the first time it's really going to be built in. So MariaDB is one of the not-so-friendly forks. This is a fork by Monty, who was the original author of my SQL, or one of them. And it brings a few things to the table, and it's interesting in comparison to 5.6, because there's a lot of concurrent effort that went on in this. At the top of my list is actually enhanced testing, because one of the reasons I actually like Maria quite a bit is they've done a lot of work in increasing the test framework, and that's actually paid dividends for some people. It's useful. It's not something that a lot of new projects would do as a first step, is enhance the test framework, so I like that. They did a lot of the same optimizer enhancements in 5.6. This is not particularly a coincidence. They both started with a back port of work that was done in the now-abandoned MySQL 6.0 project. They also do blocky access. They also do multi-range reads. They added some interesting things. They added a new join type, hash joins, which are interesting, and they added some early table elimination. So in queries where a table is not going to be used, and it's just a mistake to have that table there, for example, some view queries, it will just remove the table and not use it at all. They have a lot of smaller changes. Plugable authentication. So you can actually have a third-party authentication tool do your authentication for MySQL. They do a segmented key cache, which is really useful for locking. Microsecond resolution. Bracona server also does microsecond resolution. Basically, this means that if you're in a situation where a query taking one second is a huge problem, you can actually have the slow log report in less than one second. So queries taking 500 milliseconds, queries taking 250 milliseconds. You can set your slow threshold to those values. And it has a lot more. It also has some rather unique features in virtual columns and dynamic columns, which are going to be fun to cover, and I will cover those in a second. But at this point, I want to go back around to the optimization part. For both 5.6 and MariaDB 5.5, the optimizer got a lot of work, and this is the result. This is a big deal. These are IO bound queries, which is important to note. But you can see that MySQL 5.5 in comparison with all of these versions takes a lot longer on these queries. Okay. So the large block is MySQL 5.5. That's without the optimizer optimizations. The two larger blocks there are MySQL 5.6 and MariaDB 5.5. They are roughly equal there. You can see that they're a large drop from 5.5, and then the smaller ones, the much smaller ones, are various tunings of 5.6 and 5.5. For the purposes of just showing what these optimization changes, the impact they have, the important thing to note is that 5.6 and MariaDB 5.5 are fairly similar and much less than MySQL 5.5. Does that answer your question? One thing to note, and again, this is probably too small to see in the back of the room, these are query times with the cache warm. The thing to take away from this is that actually these optimization changes have a slight penalty when compared to 5.5. The smaller bar in this graph is 5.5. Now the penalty is like in fractions of a second or seconds instead of hundreds of seconds. So the penalty is definitely worth it, and I'm sure this will get some optimization in the future. But it's interesting to note that in the perfect case, these new algorithms are actually a little bit worse, and in the not perfect case, they're incredibly better, which is interesting. Moving on to MariaDB virtual columns, which I said I'd come back to, this is an interesting concept. Basically virtual columns are the idea of defining a column in a table that is based on the other columns in the table. Basically this is the last step in taking a relational database and making it excel. You can define a column that just uses the base functions in MySQL and calculates a value based on that. For example, this example, which again I'm sure that some people in the room cannot read, takes a VARCHAR column and takes the, I think it's 5. Yes, it takes the 5 most characters in the VARCHAR column and puts it into the virtual column. This seems utterly useless, like you could do this in a select statement. But what's interesting about this is you can make the virtual column persistent. What persistent means is it's actually stored on disk, it's actually stored in the table. That allows you to index it. So you can actually use virtual columns to take a calculated value and index that calculated value. It's a really interesting concept. And it could be useful in a variety of ways. It's going to be used with the next thing I'm going to talk about, which is dynamic columns. But it can be used in just optimizing a query that is not working particularly well and doing some of that, doing some of that work ahead of time and then indexing that work. Dynamic columns are kind of similar to virtual columns, or at least they work together. Dynamic columns are basically some new functions in the core of MySQL. You could say it's MySQL's answer to schema-less databases. It's not really, or if it is, it's a bad answer. But it's interesting, nonetheless. What it allows you to do is take a blob in the database and treat it like an array. So you can take that blob and index into it by a number, just like an array in C. And any index into that blob can have a random type. So in the blob, you could have a string in position one, or you could have an integer, or you could have anything else. It doesn't matter. Basically, it treats it as a cast. It indexes into it and then casts whatever is there. So what this allows you to do is have a column that doesn't have any set type, that has columns inside of it, and can allow you to really create a schema that is absolutely insane. But, you know, that's sometimes useful, especially for content management systems, especially for things that are somewhat dynamic, and sometimes you have to do something that you would rather not. How this works with virtual columns is that you cannot index these because they're blobs. I mean, there's nothing there from the index's perspective. So what you do is you can use these functions in a virtual column, and then index the virtual column, which is why these two came into MariaDB at the same time. So moving on to something very different. Everything so far has been somewhat related to performance, somewhat related scalability, some new features. But what's next is two products that actually focus completely on clustering. So replication or clusters of replicated servers or sharded replicated servers. The first one is Prokona cluster. You can also call this Galera, I guess. Prokona cluster is based on Galera. They took the Galera open source project and modified it slightly, tuned it up, basically polished it, and created Prokona cluster. You can also call it true master master replication. This actually gives you what a lot of people have wanted for a long time, which is the ability to have, say, five servers set up with Prokona cluster, and have HA proxy in front, or IPVS, or any other load balancer, and just direct traffic between them. Any server can handle it right. It doesn't matter. There are no special servers, no real masters. How this works is basically there's a transactional heuristic that at commit time looks at the transaction that was just committed on another node, and checks if it's going to commit cleanly on this node. So when I connect to, say, server two, and I have five servers, and I start a transaction, I'll insert three things, update a row, then I'm done. It's going to transfer that transaction to every other node. And then all those other nodes are going to run this verify step and say, okay, does this transaction deadlock against anything else? If the answer is no, it sends a, this is okay, message back to the master that I was talking to, and returns to me. And we're good. The difference between this and standard synchronous replication is you're not actually waiting for this transaction to commit. You're just waiting for the verify. In most cases, the verify is going to take far less time than actually committing the transaction to disk. So this removes the rather huge performance penalty of standard synchronous replication.  There are problems, of course. It's incredibly dependent on network throughput, as you would imagine. Every transaction is being transferred to every other node, and you're not getting a return as the application until that's done and the verifies run and all the acts have come back. Also, it's dependent on the slowest node. So if you have a cluster of five and one of those clusters is the Pentium four, the performance of your cluster just went to hell. Also, it does commit time transaction checking, which is an interesting concept, because I know DB doesn't really. So as Drupal, when you're talking to I know DB, if you run an insert or an update and you hit a deadlock, you expect that insert or update to fail. That doesn't happen for Bacona cluster. The deadlock fails at commit. So that's actually a pretty big problem because Drupal doesn't really check the return of commits. So if you have a deadlock, the application layer isn't going to know. And actually a lot of applications do this. So at the moment, Bacona cluster requires some application changes to actually work, because you really need to check the return of the commit, because if there's a problem with another transaction, that's where it's going to come out. Also, it's not a write scaling solution. Everyone wants master master to scale out writes, and it's just not going to happen without sharding. For fairly obvious reasons. If every write that is received on any node has to process on every other node, that's not a way to scale out writes. In essence, it's taking your entire cluster and making you have the right throughput of about one node, maybe one node and a fourth. You would use it because of the management, the lack of management overhead, basically.  Also, because, for example, Drupal, usually you would have to do a bunch of application changes to take queries that you know can go to a slave and send it to a slave, and then you have to worry about slave lag, and you have to worry about when someone posted a node or a comment and what they're going to see, and if they should be sent back to the master, there's a bunch of logic in that that isn't in the default contrib modules. This allows you to bypass that. You're still completely screwed on the commit thing, but once that gets fixed, it'll be cool. No. The next thing to talk about is something that actually somewhat addresses. I'm sorry? Precona cluster? Oh.  My SQL cluster works very different from everything else in that it has these, as you said, NDB data nodes, and the data nodes are basically in a cluster and are separated from the SQL nodes. The SQL nodes are the ones that actually get connections from the clients, actually process the SQL, actually run the query. The data nodes just hold the data, and not only hold the data, but have your data sharded across them. Historically, this has been, as he was saying, the most useless product in existence for 99% of people. It's actually usually called carrier grade MySQL because it is only used for telecoms, almost exclusively. It doesn't really help with scaling. It doesn't really help with performance. All it really does is allow you to build a cluster that, in theory, will never fail until the management tools fail. Up until then, you're cool. Really, it's been used by AT&T, for example, at big telecoms. MySQL cluster is 7.2, and to some degree, 7.1 have changed things a lot, which doesn't necessarily make it usable for the 90% case, but makes it worth talking about, because they're verging on usability for some people. Basically, the improvements were across the board in a number of areas. Some multi-threaded improvements on the data nodes. For example, they are now multi-threaded. Some locking improvements on the data nodes. They now have locking. And some query planning improvements. There is now a query planner. Also, there's some cross-DC replication stuff, but that's really only useful for people that are currently using MySQL cluster. The big ticket changes are adaptive query localization and extended index information. Adaptive query localization basically means that instead of what happened before, which is I send a query to an SQL node, the SQL node looks at my query and sends a bunch of requests to the data nodes on a per-row basis if there's a join. The join literally has to go across the network.  Instead of doing this, adaptive query localization can take the join and push it down to the data nodes. So if your data nodes are sharded in a way that fits your queries, you can actually have a join run semi-performantly because you're pushing it down to a data node and having it actually run on the data node. In testing, AQL has actually improved some queries by a factor of 70. They're literally 70 times faster. Now, given they were running really slow before, so 70 times faster doesn't necessarily make them usable in many cases. But with 7.2, it's the first time that MySQL cluster is at all in the conversation for some people. Extended index information is similar. Basically, it allows the data nodes to send index information to the SQL nodes and allows the optimizer on the SQL nodes to know that there are indexes. Before, literally, you would have to put an index hint for every single index you wanted to use. Not exactly usable. The last thing I want to cover is drizzle. Drizzle is incredibly hard to talk about. It's really exciting. They're doing a lot of really cool things. They're turning MySQL basically into a microkernel, making everything pluggable. They're updating a lot of core routines. They're removing subsystems that very few people understand or just gotten incredibly crafty over the years. They've removed replication. They've rewritten it using Google Proto buffers. They've removed the query cache. They have now a query cache plugin that actually uses memcache as the query cache. They've done a lot of really cool things. And with 7.2, there's an actual stable release out and two, maybe three companies that will actually support it. Unfortunately, there's basically no documentation and no benchmarks. And no one really talking about it. And very few people talking about using it. So it's one of those things where if there's a really cool product that's released in an empty woods, does it matter? It's an interesting spot. And it's actually a really interesting spot for anyone that wants to start contributing in MySQL because if they had anyone writing documentation, it would help them out considerably. I mentioned some of the advancements. They rewrote replications using Google Proto buffers. It's multi-master. So you can have multiple masters for a single slave. It actually supports IP6. It's UTF-8 throughout. It's entirely 64-bit. They're doing really, really cool things. And it's kind of sad that it doesn't really matter at the moment. It will matter soon, though. Very different from the subject of forked MySQL versions. At the same time as all these forks came out, there have been a lot of tools developed around them. The Bracona Toolkit, it used to be called Matkit, but now it's rebranded because Bracona is trying to take over the world, is one of the most comprehensive toolkits that you could have for MySQL. It includes the checksum tool I talked about earlier that allows you to checksum a master against its slaves. It allows you to produce slow log reports that are better than the dominant tool before this. It allows you to automatically kill problem queries. It allows you to automatically restart replication when there are replication problems, which is a little terrifying, but it allows you to do it. It allows you to sync tables between a master and a slave based on the results of the checksum you got. And it allows you to do online schema changes. It has a tool that actually will install the triggers on a table to basically copy a table, do schema changes on the table, and have triggers sending updates on a live schema conversion. A lot of these things are really terrifying, but they can be very useful if you know what you're doing. They can be very useful if you have a Bracona support contract, and they're freely released tools. It's very cool that all of these are there and just available to everyone. Bracona playback, everything except the clustering ones. Bracona playback is actually really interesting. It allows you to take either a slow log or anything in a slow log format or a TCP dump of the MySQL protocol and replay those transactions against a database server. Basically, it's a really interesting way of taking production traffic and running it against a staging site. By far the easiest, definitely. Extra backup is another tool that was released by Bracona. Extra backup is basically I know backup or I know hot copy that I know based releases. It allows you to take a binary hot backup of I know DB tables. It's what you used to be able to do with MyISM, and lots of people can't do it anymore. It seems to be not as known as it should be. The open arc kit is basically another version of Bracona tool kit, except it covers a different set of tools. Both of those are things that you should probably at least Bracona tool kit and the open arc kit should be looked into, because they're just utilities that every DBA should have. I successfully got through this in enough time to have time for questions, which I really wanted to do. I went through an incredible amount of stuff there. Do people have any questions about it? How to use it? What they're used for? Any unrelated questions? And you can come up and use the microphone. Commit time checking would be good. It depends on what you want to use. A lot of these things are, because they're forks, so a lot of these things you have to be careful with. You can't use features that are only going to be supported on Maria, or if you're going to do that, you need to be aware that those features are going to be absolutely useless elsewhere, so you need to have someone that's committed to keeping those up to date, and you need to have a way to make sure they only trigger on Maria. Drupal is going to benefit from a lot of these. They should know about it. The optimizer is a big deal, especially for views. It's a really big deal, actually. But no specific changes for it, except for commit time checking. Any other questions? Very custom ones, basically. Drupal can be difficult to shard, any CMS can be difficult to shard. Yeah, that's basically the answer. The ones I've seen have been very custom, and mostly have been based on custom modules and the data for custom modules. So those modules have a spectrum of data that they control absolutely. And so sharding that data is easier than sharding just generic Drupal data. The MariaDB support, the dynamic columns, or the memcache protocol. Do you mean dynamic columns, or do you mean that it can speak the memcache protocol? Right. Okay, so the memcache protocol support, basically the whole idea behind that is based off of a project called HandlerSocket. And HandlerSocket was released, or started, last year. And basically was a research project that the idea was to see how fast IMDB is. Because everyone at that point was assuming that memcache was faster than MySQL for just simple gets and puts. And they created HandlerSocket to basically test that idea and remove the SQL overhead, remove the query optimizer overhead, and just see how fast IMDB could do the things that memcache does. And it turns out it can do it really, really fast, faster than memcache, actually. So that's where all of this came from is basically people kind of wanting that support. Prokona server and MariaDB shipped with actually HandlerSocket, which is also a NoSQL protocol, but is custom. So you can't just hook up a memcache client to it. So MySQL 5.6 actually added the memcache protocol, so you could hook up a memcache client to it. And it's meant to use a single table, basically, as a using tables as the target for memcache queries, if that makes sense. So it's using MySQL as a memcache. It's not doing any conversion or any joint conversion or anything like that. Exactly. You were just pointing out HandlerSocket. Not query conversion, I would imagine. Yeah. I would imagine that, so when you start talking about taking a query and converting it into a HandlerSocket query, there's probably going to be more use in just making whatever that query is building cached and then having a HandlerSocket back into the cache. Or at least I would say that's probably a better use of time because converting chicks did a on-the-fly SQL conversion to MongoDB queries at one point. And it worked. We actually did it in Austin and we got Drupal 7 to Bootstrap entirely on MongoDB. But it's terrifying. And it has so many edge cases that you can't really call them edge cases anymore. So probably not going to happen. Yes. It would migrate with that. Absolutely. And I would imagine adding HandlerSocket to the cache back-end support wouldn't be difficult. And it could be done in a contrib module like memcache is currently. I don't know of a project to do it though. So that would be a cool new project. Any other questions? Okay. So if anyone who wants to, wants to fill out a session evaluation, you can go to the session and click evaluate.


When you think about the modern region of Ukraine today, our immediate thoughts aren't directed towards the ancient history of the region, which is majorly overlooked, but wait till you hear this. Prior to the discovery of Tripyana in the late 19th century, a time when great archaeological discoveries were taking place in various parts of the world. It seemed that Eastern Europe had made no notable prehistoric contributions to the development of so-called civilization in the region. But all this changed in 1893 as archaeologists started to explore the ruins of these ancient settlements and discovered that the Cucutin-Tripyana culture had established cities to accommodate up to 15,000 inhabitants being some of the largest settlements in Neolithic European history. Except as gigantic settlements and dating back 6,000 years, the site of Cucutin-Tripyana is shrouded in mystery of a lost civilization that vanished under incredible circumstances 4,000 years before the birth of Christ. The function of these enormous buildings is completely unknown, as is the specific layout of the site which has thousands of buildings in such a concentrated area that appears to be part of something massively important that was only unearthed in 2012. Dr. Robert Hoffman, who is investigating the site, made the following remark about the functionality of the place when he states, The highly public location of these structures within their settlements and the lack of evidence of permanent habitation within them led us to conclude these were public spaces. We also documented a hierarchy of megastructures based on their architecture and location. Some were apparently well suited to serve the entire community while others serve smaller segments of the community. These lower level structures are also observed to decline in use over the history of the settlements. The scientists suggest these buildings were likely used for decision-making purposes and he goes on to say that, Now our interdisciplinary study detected one reason for their collapse. A social imbalance in decision processes led to an increased centralization of power structures. These did not allow the management of the city like settlements any longer. In consequence these megacities are an example how humans should not govern, nevertheless in consequent urbanism developed much later in Europe and then in the Near East. It has been proposed that these sites were completely burned every 80 to 100 years or so and the settlers completely abandoning the site to relocate. These sorts of conclusions are completely naive in origin but not completely false. It is a conclusion after all but one in which further research is needed. Jumping to conclusions on a 6000 year old site sounds all too familiar in a historical context and the understanding of the past is key to find answers of which we seek. This culture was a strange one, it appears they inhabited up to a quarter million square miles of land and though vast, these little compact cities appear to be popping up despite the potential for a greater spread into the landmass. Archaeologists and researchers have uncovered thousands of burned structures, statues, tools, vessels, and even cremated remains of humans and animals. One researcher set forth a theory that these were the homes of the dead, perhaps tombs of sorts. However, later theories suggest regular dwellings and structures were simply burned to make room for new structures. The most widely accepted theory today is a combination of these, indicating that over time structures were burned with tools, vessels, and animals included as a sacrifice to the ancestral spirits. The old structures and fields were left to the deceased ancestors and those remaining would move on to a new area. Some scholars have theorized that each structure was viewed as an almost living entity with its own life cycle of death and rebirth. But what do you guys think about this ancient place? Comments below and as always, thank you for watching.


What I have here is a kind of a review sheet for lesson one Here I'm going to just briefly explain you what you need to be concentrating on I'm not going to explain the terms etc. But what you need to concentrate on The first we have learned the forms of energy Which are six fundamental forms of energy you should be able to write them You should be able to understand which form it goes in or which form comes out of any kind of device And you should also know the difference between the nuclear energy Forms that we use fission and fusion. I just want to let you know that fission is Breaking up of large molecule into two smaller fragments This is what we use today Fission is Non-renewable Okay, and the same way fusion is Too small nuclei going to a big nucleus Okay, this is a renewable the reason it is renewable is it is coming from Hydrogen isotopes and hydrogen is there in water and it is in plenty so We consider this as renewable However, however, we are not using this fusion today in any Significant quantities for any purpose So that's what I want you to be aware of because there was a lot of discussion on the message board about this part Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic spectrum you need to know which wavelengths are typically higher wavelengths than the others which waves have more energy than You know once For example radio waves are longer waves than microwaves microwaves Have more energy than radio waves etc. etc. How they are related to wave length and frequency okay, and Also, there was some discussion on the message board about Electromagnetic spectrum, what is the difference between electromagnetic waves and sound or Waves that Propagate sound Both aren't they both waves. Yes, they are both waves, but electromagnetic spectrum electromagnetic waves can travel without air or in vacuum whereas Sound waves basically or pressure waves It's kind of a mechanical energy because it moves the air and in a wave form So without air sound will not propagate in other words. We could not hear in vacuum That's one thing that I want you to be aware of energy can be converted from one form to another and You should also try to understand different units of energy what they mean I'm going to provide you with all the conversion factors You don't have to know any conversion factors or memorize any conversion factors I'm going to provide but you need to know Where to look for and how to use these conversion factors for example 210 food calories Equal to how many kilowatt hours or how many joules and so on and so forth you should be able to convert and the the distinction between Energy and power is the most important thing that you have to pay attention to and there is more explanation in a folder called more explanations in unit one about this energy and Power the difference energy versus power You need to be you know familiar familiar with that explanation there Okay sources of energy where we are getting our energy from Etc. Renewable non-renewable the distribution and most importantly We need to concentrate on these calculations power to energy or Calculating how much energy we consume Using a certain device for a certain number of hours. There are several practice questions and my advice to you is Practice those questions the practice questions. You can practice any number of times Every time you log in you will see different questions or you know, there will be some new questions Until you do about half a dozen times to about eight or ten times You will not see all the questions that are there in the database So they're pulled from a database. So if you are if you are a careful Person I would say, you know, you should go through at least six or seven times those Questions to make sure that you cover the breadth that we need energy consumption Or calculations you could have one device or you could have like, you know Three or four devices like we have done in the case of a homework. You can have ten devices Each operating for a certain amount of time and what is the total energy that is consumed and how much you would pay for? or if you were to use two different Appliances with two different ratings what would be the savings and so on and so forth That is the kind of thing that you need to worry about in Lesson one. I hope This will clear up and if you have any questions, please send me those questions or through message board And I will post similar kind of explanations for you If possible of using this video and audio techniques. All right


Most grains contain anti-nutrients like phytates or oxalates that bind to minerals and impair absorption in the body. Some of them contain lectins that can cause gut damage. Through fermentation and proper preparation methods that all indigenous groups practice, we can reduce this anti-nutrient content and make it a healthy source of calories. It's important to note that grains are used as a caloric source of nutrition. If you look at the vitamin profile, they really don't have a significant amount of fat cycle vitamins, and they really fall short in that perspective. The interesting thing about grain preparation in indigenous groups is the sheer variety of how they prepare their grains. What's more interesting is that if an indigenous group did not prepare their grains properly, they would suffer from skeletal problems, rotting teeth, cavities, generally denaturing of physical health. So these grains, this grain consumption, replaced wild plant consumption in the past several thousand years, as well as some animal calories. It's much easier to get calories from harvesting grains than it is to hunt more animals or harvest wild plant foods. The reason we're talking about oats today is because they shine above every other grain in the sense that they actually have a reasonable fat content. It's more than three times higher than wheat. If we look back at Weston Price's research, a dentist in the early 1900s who studied people still subsisting off of an indigenous lifestyle, the Scottish people used oats as a significant portion of their calories, and they were in excellent health. Now the highlight of oats is their fat content, but they fall short in regards to B vitamins compared to most other grains. They do have an adequate amount of vitamin B1 and folate, they have a decent amount of vitamin E, and if you look at the mineral profile it's actually better than most other grains, but we're not really looking at B vitamin intake when we're consuming grains. Now the main anti-nutrient concern in oats is phytic acid. They are much higher in phytic acid than other grains. Phytic acid is neutralized by the phytase enzyme in food. In order to release this phytase enzyme that occurs in grains, you have to soak it in an acidic medium. Now even if you soak the oats in an acidic medium, the phytase content in oats isn't particularly high, so the best way to actually reduce the phytic acid content in oats is a prolonged fermentation, usually about a week. Oats also contain alkyl resorcinols, which have been shown to damage red blood cells in animals. They contain alpha amylase inhibitors, a protein enzyme inhibitor, which means that you probably shouldn't be consuming oats with a high protein meal. It would be better to consume it in the context of fat and other carbohydrates because if you consumed protein with this meal, it's safe to say that digestion might be impaired and you could cause some sort of bacterial imbalance in the gut or dysbiosis. These alpha amylase inhibitors are responsible for a lot of the allergic reactions that people have to certain grains. Oats also contain lectins, the most damaging anti-nutrient associated with grains, in particular legumes. It's correlated strongly with leaky gut and it can also cause a lot of inflammation because of how it binds to cells, just a lot of cellular inflammation in the body. Fermentation certainly reduces phytic acid and lectins. Other preparations, such as sowens that we will talk about in a second, also likely reduce the other anti-nutrient content to an amount that wouldn't be too harmful. Okay, so here we have four types of oats. The left is the least processed and the right is the most processed. So these are the least processed form of oats that most people have access to. These are called groats. This is essentially like a wheatberry where you take the stalk, you thresh it, you blow air through it. This is the raw, unprocessed form of oats. If you take these oats and you grind them up in a blender to make them, maybe in like quarters or thirds, you get steel cut oats. So these are still raw, they're just broken up a little bit to allow them to cook and soak quicker. The one I'm missing is Scottish oats. And Scottish oats are steel cut oats, they're just pureed into a powder. And this is a preparation that a lot of the Scots used to do. Here we have rolled oats. Rolled oats are the growths, they steam them and then they roll them. So this cooks a lot quicker. And then here we have the quick oats. The quick oats are cooked, dried and heated a bit more. In regards to what I suggest people do is you want to buy the original form of the oat. I think steel cut oats are okay as well and Scottish oats would be fine. But you definitely don't want to buy any cooked version of the oats. Because we need to ferment them first. There is a traditional Celtic dish called sowings. They would take the oats, grind them into a powder and then ferment them in water for about a week until they turn sour. They would then pour the water off, keep the water and discard the solids. And then in this oat water they would let that sit for another two days. And the sediment that went to the bottom of the oat water was considered the most nutritious form of oats. They would take this sediment, they would boil it for 10 minutes, add a little bit of salt and serve it with cream or very high fat milk. So indigenous groups prepare foods in a variety of different ways. That is just one specific preparation. There are likely dozens of different ways that you can harvest food, prepare it and cook it. And not one of these methods is necessarily the best. The one thing for certain is that you want to reduce the anti-nutrient content as much as possible. And there is always some fermentation present when preparing grains. So for a lot of grains, if the fight taste content is high, we can just soak them overnight in an acidic medium to activate the fight taste that breaks down the phytic acid. In the case of oats, since they don't have a lot of fight taste, it would be ideal to soak them for at least a week until they sour. Especially if you're consuming oats frequently. What we're going to do in this video is just soak the oats overnight in an acidic medium. I think that's fine if you consume oats maybe once a week, a couple times a month. And this is akin to sourdough bread. If you took wheat and you fermented it overnight with yeast, you would break down some of the anti-nutrients, but you wouldn't do it super effectively. If you took that same wheat and made a sourdough culture for two, three, four weeks and then an extensive two-day fermentation, that's where you would have an ideal version of the grain preparation. In regards to the anti-nutrients we're reducing, as I said earlier, the phytic acid and the lectins can be reduced by soaking in an acidic medium slightly. But what we really want to do is sour the oats and I think that preparation of sowns where you discard most of the oats and keep the water that essentially is like oat, nutrient extract, that would be ideal from an inflammatory perspective. Here I have some apple cider vinegar. You could also use lemon juice, any other vinegar. The way to do this naturally would to actually just be to mix the water with the oats and let it ferment for two to three weeks. What will happen is the wild yeast in the air will start fermenting the grain, but that takes far longer than using something acidic right off the bat. So here I have one half cup of steel cut oats. I'm going to mix it with one half cup of water and then we're going to put one tablespoon of vinegar. Now I'm going to leave this overnight. I believe the minimum is seven hours. I've actually let this go several days up to a week and it's perfectly fine. So our oats have soaked overnight. This is one half cup of growths with one half cup of water and one tablespoon of apple cider vinegar. I'm going to add another half cup of water. And if you notice before the oats absorb a decent amount of liquid. So if you let this go for two, three, four, five, six days, they will continue to soak up water and dry out. So you might just want to add a little bit of water every day. So all we're really going to do is boil this for like 20, 30 minutes until the oats are tender. And then we can add butter, fruit, whatever seasoning we like. We will be adding salt about 10 minutes into cooking. If you have rolled oats or quick oats or processed oats, you can add salt sooner. So the oats have been boiling for about 10 minutes. I'm going to add my pinch of salt. What's interesting is humans started consuming salt when we started consuming more plant foods. Much less necessary on a high meat diet. So about 15 minutes into cooking, the amount of water in the pot is reduced from evaporation and absorption of the oats. I want to make sure just to stir this pretty much the whole time because the bottom will burn very easily. I probably added about another cup and a half of water throughout this cooking process. So the whole oats definitely take a bit longer to cook. So we're evaporating a lot more water. So we've been boiling the oats for pretty much half an hour constantly stirring them. I think a vegan would have passed out by now. So now I'm going to add about half a stick of butter. And what I usually do is for every cup of oats I do a stick. So since we have half a cup of oats, we're doing half a stick. I'm going to mix this butter in to cool down the oats a little bit. If you wanted to, you could probably boil these oats with milk. If you wanted to increase the nutrient density. I just don't really like boiling animal products for really low in periods of time if they're expensive especially. But I don't see anything wrong with doing something like that. If I had raw milk, I'd probably actually make this with raw milk and then add some more water or cream. I would say like a tablespoon or two of fat per serving is good. Maybe even three tablespoons of fat per serving. I don't want to do too much. I think this would be delicious with nothing in it, but with the butter makes it amazing. Here I have some Ceylon cinnamon. There's cassia cinnamon, there's Ceylon cinnamon. I think there's a couple other different ones. Ceylon cinnamon is a bit more expensive, but it's the quality stuff. There's an anti-nutrient or a substance in cinnamon. I can't remember the name of it, but Ceylon cinnamon has very small amounts of it. So I'm just going to add maybe like a tablespoon of cinnamon. I do have some raw honey and yeah, this oatmeal is probably too hot. It's going to heat the honey, but I'm only going to add about two tablespoons for flavor. I would say one tablespoon of honey per serving is a bit overkill. So maybe like half to three quarters of a tablespoon of honey per serving is good. I'll just add about two tablespoons. So since you guys know I am a bit of a carnivore, I do not participate in such activities. So I have my lovely assistant here off camera. She does not think she is too presentable today. So she is going to try it off camera. What I will say is although I added a little too much honey to this, she has one hell of a sweet tooth. So I don't think she's going to think it's too sweet. Although if I tasted it myself, I'd probably get a cavity in about 15 minutes. So would you like to? So this is the oats with butter, cinnamon, honey. And I think that's it, yeah. I would love to try. This year please. It's beautiful looking. Oh it looks like snot, what do you mean? I think I put no, I only put like two tablespoons in there. Is it too sweet? It's almost sweet, but it's good. So I only added about a tablespoon and a half of honey. So you really only need probably even like two teaspoons of honey. So that has probably 20 grams of sugar in the whole bowl, 20 grams of sugar per serving, which isn't too much considering what most kids eat every morning in cereal. But I think like five grams of sugar worth of honey would be plenty. Is it too sweet? Yeah, it's a little too sweet. So definitely taper down the honey. I mean my dad will probably eat it.  You might be thinking Frank, that was awfully laborious to make some oatmeal. And I mean yes, it's about a week of fermentation. It's half an hour of grunt work on the stove. And that doesn't include harvesting and milling the oats or the creation of the tools used to harvest or mill those oats. So how did these indigenous groups get enough calories without burning all this energy? The human body has a threshold. If you exercise for an hour, you might burn X amount of calories. But if you exercise for 10 hours, you don't burn 10 times the amount of calories. So there will be a point where you put in extra work and your body does not need extra calories. And that seems to be the theme with these agriculturalists. They would be very active for 10, 12 hours a day, but they still obtain enough calories from these foods. So it works. I mean a vegan probably wouldn't have the energy to do it. So what are you going to do?  You don't have any intelligence. Have you seen any other vegan on YouTube make a video this detailed about oats? I would be pleasantly surprised. And if you do, let me know so I can stop wasting my time making grains and other foods and focus on more interesting stuff like getting some more unusually attractive X vegan girls that you guys like, things like that, you know, more productive stuff. So if you guys would like to support the channel, please like, subscribe and share the video. If you can, if you want to check out my Amazon shop, I will put some oats on there. I'll see if there's some stuff on Amazon that you can check out. I also have a bunch of other healthy grains you can consume in the grain section. You guys want to check out my hygiene products. We got the slick Rick hair today with the hair pomade. I got my lip balm on. I got my pearly white teeth from my tooth powder and I'm wearing deodorant. Don't have my moisturizing cream on at the moment, but it does have vitamin D3. I usually use that every single morning. So that's on frankdashtofile.com as well as my Etsy shop. If you guys would like to follow me on Instagram, I'm doing live streams every day for an hour while I lose my mind sitting in New York City traffic. And I post silly stuff on Twitter usually arguing with other carnivore dieters because I think I'm doing it better than all of them, but that's a different story. So if you guys would like to reach out to me for one-on-one consultations, maybe you are a brain dead vegan that needs me to explain this very, very detailed and kind of spell it out for you. You can send me an email frankatofano.com or contact me through the consultation form on my website.


Welcome back to why in the morning if it's Tuesday, it's entrepreneurship Tuesday at Y244 Channel is where you can find us across all our social media handles at Michelle Ashira is where you can find me across all my social in this particular session We dive into an interview that looks at the business of dentistry. Look here I am joined by a gentleman who helps us have these beautiful smiles all the time you and I right cool Right, so I'm joined by dr. Martin Mosheera who is the chief dentist at the elephant dente dental clinic Thank you very much Martin for creating Martin Mosheera for creating time to be with us. Thank you. How are you feeling this morning? Well, uh, well I'm partly at broken loading. No, it's cause you smile It seems very perfect I'm wondering where's my space What do they think to be a dentist Martin? I would say first takes passion. Okay, and uh, like for me, I would like to thank my uncle Mahirast in peace You see when you grow with the Identiced in the family But then they were just doctors not dentists. Yeah, you just know you used to know him as a doctor He was just to look at him and I'm like, wow Ben Carson in the family So since scratch I've always wondered yes Oh, I need to be in his shoes. Okay.  I'm gradually All right, do they make most young people who want to get into this Same industry that you're in when you come to dentistry They have the same passion compared to Currently compared to back in your days considering the the situation that's happening in the country our health sectors. We have We actually importing, you know, medics outside the country, uh, do you think that it's it's You know, it's the industry being a doctor. Is this is going to still be on that pedestal level? Well, uh, I'll speak of our times and uh, I Remember when we graduated there was that big strike And we you know, I was hoping back then that after the strike it would open a whole new Chapter in the health sector in the country But I'll say sadly as time goes by I'll speak of what I'm seeing Of my own understanding and interpretation of how things are Things are getting worse When it gets to a situation whereby we are importing doctors, but still My colleagues and I we've never seen The inside of ministry of health You finish your internship the government just wipes Its hands and it's done You will apply apply apply And with the county system, it's harder I will not speak of the details But with the county system getting employment in those Distrito hospitals and provision hospitals.  So like just answer your question as time moves by I would say the attraction that was there back then To the medical field we will gradually just decrease. Okay Martin use is an interesting story. Dr. Martin This is a very interesting story from employment starting your own practice. How was that transition?  You have the idea. Yes. You've done all the mathematics but sadly You you're giving yourself all sorts of excuses. There is a financial aspect You're telling yourself.  You just don't have enough clients And you go talk to people out there. How will you get the supplies? They're telling you are dentistry getting these materials is really expensive And you're there looking at them and you're like, yeah, I know it's expensive So trust you me the transition from being employed When you're employed, there is the insurance or assurance of salary of the month You don't really clear how things are whether clients come in or not You just know that other than one something will check into your bank. Yeah, it's not my business I did it, you know, whether whether even a client comes in and you even treat them for free It is not your business You just know that at the end of the month There is rent for you. There is food stuff. There is zero the good life But the transition there is that first phase whereby to be told you have to Change your lifestyle. I'll speak for myself Change your lifestyle from the lavish lifestyle that you used to just live Aimlessly carelessly knowing at the end of the month things are just checking in But at that time now you're forced to do mathematics You're forced to not start from what they call. Yes financial discipline And some of those things or concepts are not taught anywhere. All right You get me. Yes. And do you feel like that helps you build character? Considering when in employment, it's sort of comfort. It's a comfort zone. Now you're in a space whereby you jump, right? Were you scared and did it help you build character? To be told yes, you have to have discipline Not just financial discipline because well Truth be told finances affect majority of not all areas of our lives So if you're having financial discipline You're having virtually all aspects of discipline are being checked in.  I'm just going to tell you things. Yes Even I for myself the person that the You know, I'm talking to you. They're telling you yes Those back years things are not as they are right now. I'm not where I am Yes, I was employing you you lavishly doing things for you But yes for you to get where I was or I am You have to just sit with yourself Put pen to paper ask yourself Where do you want to see yourself in the next few years and what will it take? All right, and it's quite important. We mentioned that someone held your hand along the journey It's very rare to find that your employer holding your hand Showing you the path considering that you know the profession of you being a dentist Now the business aspect of it management supplies financing It's very rare to have someone who's actually employed hold your hand It rarely happens. So how did that even happen?  Maybe they even overtake you But yes Someone held my hand They they they I remember the statement they made and I Forever be thankful. They asked me dr. Ashira Nairobi has four million people I cannot treat them alone And I was there thinking wow That's true If he sees four million people alone He's done There is no way he's standing after treating four million people He held my hand took me to all the dance that no one will show you Told me that yes if you want to buy this buy here first One day you you you'll get the cash to come and get from these other areas But for now get from here import from here do this and all and yes Just get a foundation first One day I think you know the current language is with our mocha And you'll have the money to just knock on someone's door. Yes. I want this and that But for a start, it's always good to get someone who can hold your hand reason being In school, you're not taught managerial aspects of our career Okay, I wasn't taught not that I miss some classes or anything We're not taught managerial aspects of the finances. Yes If you miss using your own salary you can imagine running The finances of a company Okay There are things that you don't know what What is done about Paying people how to negotiate salaries and all that how to even negotiate when you're buying things Because you've just been lying low When you're employed, you okay, not not everyone will also welcome you to the managerial table That's very true. You get very true. Yeah, not everyone will welcome you and just tell you that these are how things are run They'll just be letting you to stay to to just do your cleaning aspects of yes And I love to take you back on the aspect of when you were creating excuses, you know at a point where you scared to just you know Jumped that's something that It's new but it's something that you want to get into So in that space over Creating excuses you mentioned earlier before we started this conversation then corona came and you're like, you see I was right, you know, what if I started a business right now and here's corona trust you be It was in March When corona hit Kenya and you're they are telling yourself. Yes, god I knew I knew you just start, you know, interpreting the bible in your own way now. Yes Okay, so what made you get into it now full-time? You mentioned earlier that you had guys working for you When started when you started so What decision made you like which decision did you take to just get into it full-time? Nothing motivates you again.   I believe you require quality equipment Was that a challenge for you when starting off the business? I would say financial the financial aspect financial aspect. Yes Again, you see you do your mathematics Figures just keep rising rising rising.  What are the stories you had? You take alone brother. They'll come for you They will because then one keeps telling you the first one. I think two years of any business Are not so upwards So you keep telling yourself now I take a loan of whatever amount what will I do? So trust you me the financial aspect is a challenge. Yes majority if not all equipment and materials that are used in medicine are quite costly So sometimes There are things you just when you employed the things you just misuse You're there.  Yes Things don't really go the way Things don't really go the way they were used to be behaved someone's clinic at your place. You have to you have to really be Disciplined totally change majority if not all these things. They're important They are bit too costly and then again You there's some things you do you can just transfer the entire cost to all your clients You go charging some of those things you will just be treating yourself And I think the clients don't really understand sometimes we like treating people Not not only we're not like we wish you to be sick, but we like seeing our work You get me the irony in there you get me. Yes We like to see you happy and you were smiling and we are seeing the 32 teeth intact So for us to do all that we have to use some of those things. Yes, but we have to use them in a Disciplined way. Yes. All right. And what are a couple services that you offer in your dental office? At our facility currently, let's just say we are The only thing that I had to go at least when polish up on was implantology And thanks to one of the companies around they offered us Assessions and yes, we are offering implantology. We offer. What is that? Thank you Implantology is when well When you come with some missing teeth I always say implants are the Mercedes Benz of teeth replacement As opposed to when people say You get me? So currently we are replacing teeth. We do extractions for kids and all that we do feelings root canals and crowns and Yeah Should there be a challenge? We the good thing with our field And I I'll speak of my career dentistry. That is you you can always talk to your colleagues out there If a case comes and you feel This is a way way Above you it requires theater. You can always Move forward. So let's look at how profitable is a dental the dental practice Generally People say the dentist is expensive. I don't know for whichever reason. I always say neglect is expensive If you neglect your teeth when you come to the facility is not just mine any facility Things might be a bit costly. Yes a dental practice I would say it's quite A good business to establish not just for dentists We have enough people who finance dentists to establish dental clinics. It's a very profitable clinic practice that is and The only cost that sometimes goes a bit too high is the initial cost Because majority like the dental chairs Majority they're imported if you buy locally they are a bit too expensive. Yes I'm not trying to cartel your market in any way. So The initial cost is a bit too highest And but once things level up It can really Pick and once you have your clientele and all the insurances are on board It can really be profitable. All right In my next visit to a dentist How do I ensure that they are credible and certified to actually Conduct a procedure on me? Well, uh like in any medical or dental facility First of all, there is the certificates They should be on the wall And should you require any verification? There's a number on that certificate. You can always just take it And there's a way you can check from the board either from the site From the website the board site. You can just input there to the session number of that doctor But again, I always say It's about a relationship you create with someone And trust you me it doesn't really take much to know that someone is credible or not Are you sure? It's like take the example of drivers around here. How do you know someone is how do you question someone? They are ahead of you, but they just do something And you'll be there you'll even take the number Can you see? Yeah, this is all The same thing you get to me. So it's just my instincts Are you sure? Don't even doubt or delidally. It's your health Exactly You get me? Yeah Don't wait to, you know, wait. Is this right or wrong? Is this right or wrong? Yeah, that's why I'm asking this question so that we can know the better way to go about it You get me? Mm-hmm Everything should be on the wall Including all the academic certifications So that it should there be any need for verification You can either just call the institution call the board and just verify It's your health Don't just belittle your teeth and just you know, sometimes we apply it so just say it You know, you can either remove it or just do something funny funny with it Don't do that to your health if you can do that to your teeth It's just part of the the entire body You get me? So just everything should be on the wall When you look into this business you were interacting quite closely with your clientele It's more of service And how do you ensure that your your staff they are well equipped when it comes to communication skills? Let's just say every now and then we do have some forums We call in someone who can not just for My staff even I myself It's a learning process There are things that we assume that we are good at Until you in a class somewhere and you wonder wow, that's how it's done So for us it's a continuous process every month. We have sessions. I won't say weekly monthly We have a session at the beginning of the month as we just strategize for the entire month We just sit we just try to check Before you leave off acidity you have to you have to fill a feedback form And give a suggestion box should you feel like there is something that wasn't Addicted to you properly whether you know communication or inaction We always encourage you to feedback You give us that at the end of every week We analyze them and at the end of every month now we call in someone To get an external eye Because sometimes when you're judging yourself, you are a bit too lenient You'll see something and you start saying That one But when the patient was wrong So we always try to get someone from outside who can come and criticize us And but you say we also build us Because once they correct us, we will not do the same same mistake again. Okay, so how do you show you?


Hey guys, we just got out of the Sydney premiere of Bohemian Rhapsody So guys before we go on don't forget hit the subscribe Bell button right there very important bell button share this with your friends because we're about to chat about Brand new film directed by Brian Singer called Bohemian Rhapsody So this is a story about Queen John, Brian, Roger and of course the iconic the legendary Freddie Mercury It shows the beginnings of Queen. This is not really a bio pick of Freddie so to speak. It's about the entire Group it shows the love interest between Mary. He's love of his life. Yes wrote a song for it. That was beautiful It shows his turbulent relationship between Paul You tell he was a bit of a Well, we you know the story if you know about Freddie Mercury and then it shows Sort of a little bit in these love at the end with John. Yeah. Yeah, but this was just incredible like Goosebumps tears emotions This is everything you can expect from a bio pick about one of the greatest bands ever lived Yeah, it was an amazingly directed film Uh amazingly written I was trying to keep notes and i'm like there's so many things happening like there was Like 17 different things happened within a course of like seven minutes And I looked at my watch and I was like well the only seven minutes have gone past. It's an insanely directed Oh, it's so so so well done. Tell me what you were saying about like I was looking at you throughout the film Yeah, and we're looking at Rami Malik as Freddie Well, are you sure because i'm pretty confident that Freddie Mercury himself embodied Rami Malik so well That it's not Rami Malik playing Freddie Mercury, but Freddie somehow came back to life Rami Malik's performance is without a doubt oscar Worthy and he's going to win so many awards. It's not even funny Beautifully directed beautifully filmed beautifully cut just it was an amazing film, but yeah Can't get past that performance by Rami Malik. It was such a beautiful, uh, love story between Also, mary and Freddie. I think that was one of the big Like impact of the whole film. Yeah, you got to see that unfold and then you got to see a lot of uh Freddie trying to discover himself Try to discover his sexuality who he is as a person And i'm glad they didn't you know negatively portray him The best thing about the love story in this film is that it wasn't cliche. This is A person a man who was deeply In love with humanity He it didn't matter if he was gay by straight. He was just a lover of people He had an incredible love With mary mary. Yeah, as he was beautiful his his love of his life He wanted to marry her he there was no falseness behind that love story It's it's also crazy when you're watching it because you know, you've seen the documentaries You've seen all the biopics you read the books about Freddie's life But to see it portrayed on film It's just incredible.  Well, I got a person. No, you're not even a character. So yeah, yeah He transformed into freddy. He was freddy the voice the actions everything even the look like I can't get over that Oh and a bit of a cameo from mike myse here beautifully outstanding We won't give too much away, but that was just flawless. What more can I say guys? This is one of the best buy picks ever created We're saying oscar oscar wins wins lots of wins so many wins for the film for remi malik for the supporting cast It was absolutely phenomenal I know I probably coined the phrase a lot movie the year I would say for me a star is born and bohemian rap city definitely tie it great Just phenomenal. I can't speak more highly of this moody You get a chance go see it because we highly recommend it and you will not be disappointed You will not this is definitely an amazing film Make sure you catch it in the cinema because it's definitely so good on the big screen Sounds amazing looks amazing worth every penny. So anyway guys I'm justin i'm dras and we will see you nerds at the movie


So, how can tobacco help treat Ebola? Let's find out on the big idea. The most recent outbreak of Ebola in West Africa killed more than 11,000 people and caught the whole world off guard with its ferocity. Ebola, a hemorrhagic fever, is spread through contact with an infected person. The virus attacks cells using specialized protein spikes to invade tissue systems throughout the body. In fatal cases, Ebola overwhelms the patient's immune response so they can't make enough antibodies to fight off the disease in time. Researchers realized if they could blunt the spikes, it would make the virus less effective in spreading throughout the body. The patient could then have a fighting chance against the virus. So they designed custom antibodies that could be manufactured without using the human immune system. But they needed a quick way to manufacture the experimental drug. Enter Charlie Arnson at ASU's Biodesign Institute. He designs unique proteins and uses plants to manufacture them. His goal is to find new drugs faster and at a lower cost, especially for newly emerging diseases like Ebola. Arnson figured out how to hijack a tobacco virus and alter the genes inside so that it carried the customized antibodies against Ebola. Rather than spending months producing a genetically engineered tobacco plant, we can get a virus re-engineered, cause it to produce a protein we want in 10 to 12 days. Why tobacco? Because it's one of the most valuable crops in human history. Therefore, its virology has been carefully documented. It grows rapidly and has a host of viruses that can be used to infect it. The customized virus takes over the tobacco plant and while it kills it, it effectively manufactures the drug inside the plant's cells. Once processed, this becomes the experimental drug known as ZMAP. ZMAP was used in the past year to treat several health workers and is thought to have contributed to their survival. But further human testing is needed to validate this idea. After all the people tobacco has killed over the years, it's only fitting that it may now save lives. Clinical trials are underway and more research will undoubtedly follow. But one day soon, this idea might help treat Ebola. For The Big Idea, I'm Tyler Eglin.


Okay. Hi, this is Lieutenant Governor of the great state of California, congratulating all of you on your passion, your ingenuity, your vision, your commitment, your resolve, and your stewardship of our great nation. And as a fifth generation Californian, trust me when I say this, forget the Lieutenant Governor part of a great sense of pride that you guys are launching the most sophisticated, psychologically advanced vehicle of its type anywhere in the world, and it gives me a, well, it's a heartfelt thanks to all of you for the great work you do, your sacrifice and contribution, and I couldn't be more proud, as I said, as a Californian, but also as a Lieutenant Governor. And by the way, one final thing, it is appropriate, isn't that the world's greatest innovating economy in California, while this country and this state of California would have the most advanced technology that you're all about to launch this Saturday. So keep it up. I wish we could be out there with you, but everyone out here, 37 million of us start thinking about you guys, have fun.


hello everyone welcome back to another session in dentistry and more today we have a small topic in surgery the biopsy biopsy is nothing but a surgical procedure where a part of the lesion will be surgically taken out and it will be sent for further examination so when we have very inconclusive diagnosis or we are not sure about a lesion we always opt for biopsy so biopsy will in most of the cases it will reveal the true nature of the lesion so let's learn biopsy and its procedures so definition of biopsy it is a surgical procedure to obtain tissue from a living organism for its microscopic examination usually to perform a diagnosis so when we should go for biopsy when we have a suspicion about a lesion whether it is a malignant or it has some malignant potential we should go for biopsy on red and white lesions so certain red and white lesions have the potential to become malignant lesion so such cases we should think of biopsy then ulceration when there is ulceration on the lesion when there is a duration that is if the lesion is persisting without healing more than two weeks or if the lesion which exhibits very rapid growth rate or if it has bleeding on gentle palpation and if the lesion and surrounding tissue is firm to the touch or if the lesion is attached to the adjacent structures so all these cases we should go for biopsy for its final confirmation and on what conditions we should not think of biopsy if the patient is on anticoagulant therapy or if there is overwhelming sepsis and if the patient has some impaired lung function in case of uncontrolled bleeding and if the patient is non-cooperative and if a local infection is present at the lesion site we should not go for biopsy so what are the objectives of biopsy it is mainly to confirm a diagnosis which was made on the clinical findings to determine the treatment plan and to keep as a medical record so these are the objectives of biopsy now let's move on to the classification of biopsy so basic types are surgical biopsy, finadial aspiration cytology, exfoliative cytology, brush biopsy, in surgical biopsy we have incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy and punch biopsy okay and there are many other types of biopsy such as frozen section biopsy, cone biopsy, core needle biopsy, laser biopsy so we are focusing only on this four and three categories of surgical biopsy so what are the steps of biopsy the first one is selection of the area of biopsy then preparing this surgical field then applying local anesthesia doing giving the incision then handling of specimen finally after the specimen taken out we need to suture the resulting wound the first one is incisional biopsy so incisional biopsy are indicated when there is size limitations and if there is hazardous location when the lesion is very close to vital structures and we have great suspicion of malignancy so if this red color is the lesion we take a part of it and a part of normal tissue okay so all this blank area is normal tissue you assume it as normal tissue so we take a part of the lesion and a part of normal tissue okay just like this these are all normal tissue and only this part is a lesion. So we take a part of the lesion and a part of normal tissue. That is incisional biopsy. When we have a great suspicion of malignant changes, we should never go for excisional biopsy. We should take just a part of the lesion and adjacent lesion. So the technique is it is like a witch fashion. We need to cut the lesion and margins should extend into the normal tissues and we should avoid the necrotic tissues. So a narrow and deep specimen. Okay so a narrow and deep specimen rather than a broad and flattened broad shallow one is not preferred. A narrow deeper one is preferred rather than a broad and shallow one. Okay so this is always preferred rather than broad and shallow one. So that is incisional biopsy. So incisional biopsy it should extend from the ulceration out on to clinically normal tissues. So clinically normal tissue also should be included in the specimen. So if it is excisional biopsy, before that we need to learn the disadvantages of incisional biopsy. For incisional biopsy, there could be crush, splits and hemorrhages are the problems which are more frequently found in this type of biopsies. There will be severe hemorrhage, there will be splits and there will be crush of the tissues and theoretically it will result in seeding of cancer cells into the adjoining tissues. So seeding of cancer cells to the adjoining tissues. When we do a procedure it might result in spreading the cancer on a theoretical ground. So that was about incisional biopsy. Exisional biopsy it implies a complete removal of the lesion. If this green is lesion we take a specimen with surrounding normal tissue and the complete lesion. So it is a biopsy which involves a complete removal of lesion. So it is always employed with smaller lesion when there is lesions which is less than 1 centimeter. So the lesion on clinical examination appears benign. So mostly we go for excisional biopsy on benign lesions. So when complete excision with a margin of normal tissue is possible without mutilation of the tissues. So in that case only we should go for excisional. That is benign lesions, smaller lesions we should go for excisional malignant lesions, suspected malignant lesions and bigger lesions we should think of incisional biopsy. So excisional biopsy technique is the entire lesion with 2 to 3 mm of normal adjacent tissue is excised. It is most commonly used in mucosil. Mucosil is excisional biopsy. Now we have punch biopsy. So punch biopsy it is like we know punched out lesions it will be like this punched out lesions. So it is a procedure in which small round piece of tissue about a size of pencil is removed using a sharp whole of circular instrument. So a circular scalpel it will be a circular scalpel. Usually the scalpel will be like this. So we use a circular scalpel used to cut into a lesion on the skin and the instrument is turned clockwise and anticlockwise and to cut down about 4 mm to the layer of fatty tissue below the dermis. So a small sample of tissue is removed to be checked under further histological examination. So it is punch biopsy. So instead of a normal scalpel we use a circular scalpel that is punch biopsy. So these are the surgical biopsy surgical procedures. Okay now let's go to FNAC the fine needle aspiration cytology. So before that we need to learn the advantage of punch biopsy it is very easy technique sutures may not be required if it is a very small diameter and it may produce more satisfactory specimen and it is commonly used in hard palate. Hard palate drawbacks it might not give adequate tissue for biopsy and it may be difficult to biopsy a freely mobile tissues such as soft palate and floor of the mouth. We need a very hard structures such as ginger or hard palate to take a circular scalpel because the tissues to be very firm. If it is movable we may not be able to taking a proper punch biopsy. So now we have fine needle aspiration cytology. So fine needle aspiration cytology is a technique of aspirating cells or fluids or tissue fragments using a fine needle for examination under microscope. So the fine needle aspiration that is aspirational biopsy indicated to determine the presence of fluid within elution or to determine the type of fluid within elution and to explore the intra-ocious lesion. So the procedure is 18 gauge needle is connected to F5 or 10 ml syringe and is inserted into the center of the mass using a small hole in the lesion.  So the tip of the needle may not be positioned properly so we need to keep at multiple directions to locate a potential fluid center. Then the material withdrawn using aspiration biopsy and it will be submitted for examination. And if we are unable to withdraw fluid or we are getting air which indicates that the lesion is probably solid and if we have a radio-lucid lesion in the jaw that gives a straw colored fluid. Straw colored fluid means it is a cyst and if we get pus then there will be an inflammatory or infectious process and if we are getting blood that is the aspiration is giving blood it indicates a vascular malformation within the bone. So any intra-boni radio-lucid lesion should be aspirated before surgical intervention to rule out a vascular lesion. So if the lesion is determined to be vascular in nature the flow rate should be determined because when we go for a surgical procedure this flow rate is very much important because if we don't know the flow rate there will be uncontrollable hemorrhage. So if you are going for a intra-auspicious surgical procedure FNAC would be very much helpful to make out or rule out the vascular malformation within the bone. So advantages are it is painless it produces speedy results in expensive technique with use of very little equipment is required which can be done as an outpatient or a bedside. There is no problem with wound healing and it is readily repeatable and it is commonly indicated in non palpable lesions or area difficult to be biopsied to roll out any vascular lesions prior to open surgery in case where biopsies contraindicated on medical background used as a diagnostic screening test for head and neck various masses indicated for non tumors to assess the effect of treatment. So these are the indications for FNAC and now we have exfoliative cytology. So exfoliative cytology is not actually a biopsy method it is an adjunct it cannot be used as a substitute for any surgical biopsy incisional or excisional it can be used as an adjunct along with this incisional and excisional biopsy. Okay so in exfoliative cytology so it is as I mentioned it is used as an adjunct not as a substitute. So it is examination of individual cells okay so the problem is it cannot provide the histological feature which is very vital for a definitive diagnosis. It developed as a diagnostic screening procedure it is mainly for screening procedure to monitor large tissue areas of displastic changes. So lesions that lend themselves to cytological examination includes basically herpes infection, fungal infection, pemphigus or post-radiation changes of tissues. So all this can be done under exfoliative cytology. So procedure is the lesion is scraped repeatedly and firmly with a moistened tongue depressor or cytology brush. So the cells are then transferred to ancemeated evenly on a glass slide. The slide is immediately immersed in a fixing solution and the cells later can be stained and studied. So the advantage is it may be helpful when large areas of mucosal changes are noted or in areas with difficult surgical access but the disadvantage is not very reliable because it gives so many false positive false positives. False positive is nothing but giving a false diagnosis and we don't have many expertise in oral cytology that is another problem. So that is fine needle aspiration cytology and the last one is brush biopsy. Brush biopsies usually when we diagnose oral epithelial dysplasia traditionally what we do is we take full thickness lesion. So the specimen will be full thickness. It includes most of the layers of tissue but the recent concept is that is brush biopsy. These samples is a non-invasive method to determine the presence of cellular atypia which will not take the complete full thickness biopsy specimen. So it is like firm pressure with a circular brush is applied which will be rotated five to ten times causing light abrasion. Abrasion is removing a superficial cells over the tissue or the lesion. So these cellular materials will be picked up by the brushes and then the same procedure it will be transferred to glass light then preserved dried and stained and studied. So that is a brush biopsy. It is again it can't be used as a substitute. It can be used as an agent. Okay so these are the basic types of biopsy surgical biopsy which are incisional excisional and punch biopsy then FNAC exfoliated cytology and brush biopsy. So what are the problems of biopsy? So there are lots of danger associated with biopsy such as spreading of infection. Hemorrhage is a big problem and chances of infection and there will be operative trauma. So that's all about biopsy. So I've discussed about surgical biopsy FNAC exfoliated and brush biopsy. Only thing is little bit confusion about incisional and excisional. This is a part of the lesion. This is complete lesion and this is punch biopsy. A circular blade will be used to take the lesion. So biopsy is very much important in diagnosing a lesion where we suspect malignancy. And on an exam point of view this will be asked as a short essay or short note like incisional, excisional, punch biopsy and exfoliated cytology is a commonly asked short note. So I'll come up with a new topic in surgery. Thank you.


It was on with you, I sit in a box with a onus through a boss corrode that I con it to I love you to death, but I told you the truth, I can't just be with you, I own only two man How many times have I shown it through, man? How many nights have I been woke, twerp in a pot? He thought he was sick, now he wiping his nose, okay?  They want my life exposed, they want to know about the high of the low Being honest, I say I have sex, okay? Well, people start having sex, okay? Oh, I'm making a change today, the lip that been taking the pain away I heard you was giving your chain away, that's kind of like giving your fame away It was on with you, I sit in a box with a onus through a boss corrode that I con it to I love you to death, but I told you the truth, I can't just be with you, I own only two men I got one lawyer, man, how many times have I told you the truth, man? How many nights have I been woke, twerp in a pot? Holes, not trying to f**k up the bills, a f**k up the deals I'm posted at stock, homers, meet the owls and the twins, it's only the real I'm moving way too easy and handed it off, I still got no samples I'm on that hot 100, no rumor or hold on, this bull, I put a skirt on the whip Been a crime on the streets, but there's no need to dress on the norm, it's A A-I-S-X-O-A, we'll see what's not happening, X-O-A, O-K-T-O-A O-K-T-O-A