Hey everybody, welcome to the Wallach Way. I'm Jessica. And today's video is going to be a game school video. Three years ago, I did a series where I shared all of our favorite games off of our game shelf by subject. And I'm doing that again because you guys have been asking for it forever. Now yesterday, the first video in this series aired and it was all about math games which I will link up here for you guys in case you missed it. Today's video is going to be all about language arts games. Gonna be sharing all of our favorite games that have to do with spelling, reading, writing and parts of speech. So I hope you are ready. I feel like math and language arts are the two subjects that we struggle with to make fun the most in our homeschool. So I wanted to start there with those two for you guys. These games are in absolutely no particular order. I'm just going to grab and share. The first one we have here is Read My List. It includes 200 double-sided cards and you're basically choosing a level, listening to a list and then trying to remember what you heard, thinking quick and coming up with the category for it. So for example, if I was to read out the lists, Brie, Jack, Colby, Provolne, Goat, Swiss, Gouda, Parmesan, you would have to say that the category is cheese, obviously for that one. So there's list cards and then there's category cards. So it's just a lot of fun because there's a couple of different ways that you're going to play that one, two different levels if you will. Word around, you guys, this one gets played all the time here, like all the time. Basically, you're going to have a stack of cards with a color on top. They're either going to be the blue, red or the black. When you see this card and you get ready to flip it over, it's blue. So you're going to look at the blue ring. Within the blue ring, there is going to be a word. I can't read it backwards, but there's going to be a word basically that goes in a circle here. So, oh, that word is garden. And whoever calls it out first gets to keep the card. Whoever has the most cards at the end wins. It was a great, great way to help Emily see spelling in a different way, to help her think outside the box because you always see words left to right in a circle was very, very difficult when we first started playing. I would literally count to 20 before I would even look at the card because it was a huge learning curve for her. But then once she got it, she got it and she absolutely loves it. Now we all play and it's like a challenge to see who can win. But that's a way you can kind of make it easier at first because you're literally trying to teach a kid to read around after having taught them to read in a line for forever. So it's going to be a challenge in the beginning. Next we have Possum. This plays very, very similar to Yahtzee except you're not going for things like ones, twos, threes and fours. You're going for nouns, verbs, adjectives and then like any five and six letter word. So here's your score sheet and you can see you're trying to get a three letter noun or a three letter verb or a four letter adjective. So you're rolling dice but the dice are letters instead of numbers. Because Yahtzee is one of Kevin and Emily's favorite games I thought this would be a fun way to keep the same gameplay in our homeschool but focusing on a different skill or concept like you know, a different subject. And I was right. It's been absolutely perfect for doing just that. Next we have Super Sleuth. This has been one that we have absolutely loved. We've played this for years. It is so cute because you get this little like decoder magnifying glass and that's how you can see what the answer on each card is. But it's just a fun game. You collect little super sleuth badges when you get ones correct. But it's a great way to practice synonyms, antonyms, homophones and multiple meaning words. So if you're looking for a way to practice those in your homeschool this is a perfect game for that. Next we have the Classic Boggle. This is an amazing way to practice spelling again because you have to think outside the box because your words may not just always be in a line left to right. They might be up and down or diagonal or in that funny L shape. So it's a great way to focus on spelling and seeing things from a different angle. Miss Bernard is a wild card. This is from, I think it's, yeah, My Weird School which is a book series. It's got kind of some of the same characters in it. But what you're trying to do is collect cards to make a sentence. And each sentence has to have a teacher, a rhyme, an action, an adjective and a noun. So it was a really good way to practice parts of speech and what completes a sentence but in a really fun and funny way because then you read your sentence at the end and they're normally hilarious. A little wordy, this is a two-player game. I bought it literally because it was a two-player game because finding games that play well with two players are sometimes difficult but it ended up being one that me and Emily absolutely loved and we play all the time. So you get letter tiles from the very beginning and using the letter tiles you're given you pick a word and then your opponent is trying to guess that word. Think like hangman kind of almost but you have these little cards with these little birds that have actions that can help you like you wanna buy a vowel or how long is the word, how many letters is it? Or what is the last letter? So it reminds me of like hangman meets will of fortune. Mad Libs the game, we absolutely love Mad Libs so this game is perfect. It is a really, really fun game. If you like Mad Libs you should add it to your collection. It's a great way to practice parts of speech. The listography game, it's a really, really fun kind of party type game because you're racing to create lists based off of a range of topics. It can be anything from geography to pizza toppings but you actually have to, I don't know if you can see that but you actually have to write and so that was the reason I initially purchased it just because it would encourage him later, right? But it also has some serious vocabulary and spelling skills as well and you're trying to keep them all within a category so that is a really fun thing too. Blurt is another one that we absolutely love. You have to think fast paced. You have to come up with a word to say a word that means that. So for example, you roll a dice and you get a number and so on the back of one of the cards I might say the nut of an oak tree. The first person to scream acorn gets that one. The place where coins are made would be the mint and so as you are answering, you're racing around the board and the first person who gets to the end is the winner because they obviously answered the most correctly and they got to the end. That one, you do have to have at least three players for so Kevin has to play with us and he actually really enjoys that one too. Upwards is probably one of my favorite word games and I really love word games you guys. It reminds me a lot of Scrabble. Some of the things I like more than Scrabble is that you can stack them on top of each other and that the board itself rotates which makes it really easy. Yes, I know I could get one of those lazy students for the table for Scrabble but the fact that they thought ahead and did that in the game itself is a win in my opinion. And then on that note, because I just mentioned it, I'm going to go ahead and pick up Scrabble because while I like a lot of things about upwards better, I like the math that's added into Scrabble that upwards doesn't have like the double and triple letters or the double words and things like that. Upwards and Scrabble are both very fun. I like them both. If you want to play Scrabble and not have to deal with all the additional spaces, upwards is the perfect game for you. If you like the math behind that and you like being able to score a larger then Scrabble is for you. But they're both really good and I like them both and we play them both probably equally as much. Word on the street, you guys, this is probably hands down one of my favorite language arts games. We had Word on the Street Junior for probably three or four years and then we upgraded to Word on the street. It is essentially, let's see, a tug of war. You end up with this big long street and it has letters, like little skateboard letters and you either have two players or two teams and you have a category card. So let's say the category is pizza toppings and you say cheese, then they're gonna take the C, the H, E, E, S, E. Now on Word on the street, sorry, on this Word on the street, it does not include any vowels which makes it more difficult to win because you are only taking the consonants up the board. Word on the street, Junior, includes all letters A through Z, making it a little bit easier to win. Now, what I did before Emily was ready to come up with words in a category and spell them as I didn't use the category cards that come with the game at all, like I didn't even pull them out. Instead, I wrote words exactly as they were, mostly sight words on index cards and put them in the box. And so we would take turns pulling out a sight word and we would spell it and whoever got the things off the board or little street first was the winner, but it was a great way to practice sight words with a game that we already had on hand and then being able to grow into the game later and then upgrade to the next version. So that is what I did with the original Word on the street. You could really use it with any spelling words. Like if you have spelling words that you use in your home school, it's a great way to practice them. So if you already have it on the shelf, pull it out, use index cards or a spelling list or whatever and just take turns doing that and it makes it a lot more fun. All right, over here we have dabble. It is basically the first player to spell five words using 20 tiles as the winner. It is a lot of fun. It is like, I don't know. I don't even know what it's like. I would say it's like upwards on steroids maybe, but it's really not even the same because you're only working with yours and not playing off other people's, but it's a lot of fun. We have grasping grammar. This is a board game that works on all eight parts of speech, nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. It is kind of a basic board game. It may not be the favorite game in our house. It's not gonna get picked for family game night. I'm gonna tell you that right now. This is definitely a game school game. It's a school-y thing, but it's a lot more fun than a worksheet.  She's gonna pick this every time. But it is, I mean, it's definitely a school-y game if that makes sense. And I'm sure those of you who buy games know what I'm talking about. Breaking news. This is a spelling punctuation in grammar game, but it reminds me the gameplay of clue because you're trying to get to each of the different rooms of the newspaper to have something or do something when you're in that room to basically be able to get the paper to print. So you're doing punctuation spelling, verb tense, sentence, grammar and vocabulary. And then you have all of the different parts of the newspaper like the weather central and the sports department and the business. And you're having to answer questions on these cards for each department as you go to them. And then you can go to the next one. So like, let's see if I can read one. So entertainment news has things like which sentence is spelled correctly, which conjunction is most suitable for the following sentence, fill in the blank. So it's ones like that. It is definitely a game of school game, but that one does get picked for family game night because it plays like clue, which we all really love. So I would say that one is probably in the middle of our list if we were picking. Tall Tales, this is one Emily has been playing since she was probably three or four years old and it is one she will pull off the shelf every single time if she's allowed. It is basically a storytelling game with infinite possibilities. So you have all of these cards which are like places or settings. And then you have all of these little figurines or people and their actual pieces. So it has the game itself comes with 24 cards and 50 little game pieces. And then I actually purchased more, they call them environments of the environment cards.   Emily loves it and she would tell stories using it all day long. There's five different ways to play but they're all some sort of storytelling type of game. So if you have a kid who loves storytelling or you wanna work on storytelling or even writing because there have been times that we've done the story and then I've jotted it down for her or I've had her write it. It really is one of the best storytelling and we've had a lot over the years storytelling cards and everything else. This is the one that stood the test of time in our homeschool. Next, we have Spelligator. This is a really, really fun game for younger kids. It reminds me of upwards, but a little bit easier because a lot of your phonic, phonetic things are together. Like you can see here, like the two L's are gonna be on a tile together. They can stack up.  So if you as an adult like things like Scrabble and Upwards and you have a younger kid who needs help on spelling, then this would be a great game because it's not one that you're gonna absolutely hate and it's one that's gonna help your kid because like I said, they have like, for example, P and H would be on one together for phone or the double L's and things like that. It makes it easier to build the words for them. All right, and last up, we are down to the smaller ones that fit inside these containers. We have silly sentences. This was just one of those where you make a sentence using nouns and verbs and adjectives and it tells you what it is at the top. So you have like a verb or an adjective or a noun. This is wacky, funny, crazy, corny, goofy, silly sentences. I think I bought this from Rainbow Resources one time when they had a clearance on it. I don't even know if it exists anymore but you could totally make your own by just index cards and writing a bunch of verbs and adjectives and nouns and hang on, I will read you the rules really quick. Let's see. The object of the game is to use five cards to make a sentence. Sentences may be made several ways using two adjectives, two nouns, two verbs or two nouns and two verbs. So basically you're gonna shuffle and you're gonna draw five cards and then you're gonna keep drawing and discarding until you can make a sentence and whoever makes the sentence first wins but it doesn't have to be that way when you are playing. Next up we have last letter, which is a really interesting game but I absolutely love it. So you have cards that are very abstract and if I was to lay this card down and say dog because there's a dog in it, then the next card that Emily or whoever would lay down has to use something in their card that starts with what my card ended with. So I said dog, so that would mean G. So here I'm gonna say genius because they look like genius scientists in a lab. Okay, so now S, so based off of this one you could say something like sport because that starts with an S. It's really, really a fun game. It's one of those that kind of gets your brain firing. You have to think about the word that the person said. You have to know what the last letter is and then you have to find some way to interpret your card using that. So that's a lot of fun. Next we have Scrabble Slam, which essentially is just a card version of Scrabble except you can lay cards on top of other cards. So it is like Scrabble and upwards combined in a card game. So if you're short on space then that might be what you want. We really love this one too. It's another spelling based game. It's called Quiddler Junior. You could probably just buy Quiddler if you have older kids. I could probably just buy Quiddler now but I have the junior and it works so we're just gonna keep playing it. But it's a similar based game where you have cards and you're trying to spell words with them. Like I said, depending on the age of your child I would probably, unless they're like five or six I would just buy Quiddler and skip the junior version but we have this and so that's what we're just gonna keep using. Now that is the majority of our favorite language arts games that we play the most in our home school. I would love it if you would tell me what games you play for language arts down in the comments because I'm always looking to add to my game school library and then I'm gonna go ahead and tell you our top five language arts games that get the most play in our home school so you know which ones that maybe you want to look at adding the most. So in no particular order for the five I would say our top five are upwards, a little wordy, super sleuth, word around and word on the street with possum and super sleuth probably being tied for the fifth position, that's hard. We're gonna go with six, we're gonna go with six for this video. That's our top six language arts games.


Good afternoon, everyone. And welcome to the StocksWiz Show play of the day. This is one of two great plays today at the StocksWiz Show live trading remaces Whole Foods WFM. This was a really, really, really nice gap. And I like this this morning. I don't think a lot of traders did this gap today. Why? Because it was a huge, massive gap down. The stock closed the night before at $47.95, opened the next day at $39.28. It was almost a $10 gap down. That's huge. Absolutely huge. I know a lot of traders are afraid of shorting gap downs this size. People think that this is going to fill the gap or rally back or go over the gap and go up and rally like a long. But the fact is, this was a short. It was a really, really, really good short. And it got within $0.31 of basically the dream target, which was $37. Had a great exit on this now that I see this. All right. So here was the entry. Boom. Hit it right in here. Stop was over $39.20. This is the best entry you're ever going to get in something like this. This sometimes can have big stops. It moves the stock, moves. Even the stopping tail that backed up in here held it beautifully, $39 for the nose. And this is a machine-generated tail, by the way. It happened very quickly. So took it in it. Boom, boom, boom. I didn't lower the stop because I didn't want to get taken up for any reason whatsoever. And I had a lot of conviction that actually this would go all the way down to the number that it did. This was a great trade. This was really a beautiful trade. It was all over within the first 30, 40 minutes of the day. Many, many times, stocks will have their moves, 70% to have 5% to 80% of the moves in the morning. In this case, Whole Foods rallied so much after the morning move that it actually never went down the rest of the day. It actually never went down the rest of the day. Now, what does that mean for this tomorrow? I have to see how it gaps, actually. Closed at $39.03. Look at that. Are there abouts? So Whole Foods market was the one of the top plays today. It almost had a $2 move from the entry. And the dream target was $37.00. It got within $0.31 of it. This is the kind of play I like to do because it's pure selling, huge institutional selling that comes into the gap. That's why the stock never backed up. Here, you can look and actually count. You can count the green bars on the one minute chart in this. Let me go back. You can count them, actually. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Seven green bars on the one minute chart in the first 40 minutes. So this selling, this is what selling looks like. This is what institutional selling looks like. There's no people, traders, really shorting this, besides me in this trading room that I counted in, because traders cover stuff. So this is just selling. It's selling, selling, selling, selling, selling, selling, selling all the way down. Really, really, really nice gap. And again, something that only a professional would do to notice short something like this $10 down to go into a stock reserve. This is so aggressive to take this trade here in the first five minutes of the day is so perfect. And I did it. A bunch of traders in the room today actually had the biggest days they've had so far in the year, with the two places that I called here today. So congratulations to all of them. And it's one of these things. If you decide you want to learn how to trade for me, you can come do the class, and then be in the room and get these calls. You could have made the money back from the class in this one trade today. If you did 1,000 shares, it's ruled over. You would have made almost $2,000 in one trade. Just one trade. And there was actually 10, 10 golden gaps today, 10 golden gaps. That's how many golden gaps there were this morning. It was like gap mania this morning for some reason. I just, I kept talking about it all morning long. Oh my gosh, there's so many good gaps. There was like 10 things this morning that rated over 20 points to the downside, to the downside. And you can do as many as you want. I did two today. But this was a really, really good one. So WFM, the Stock Swish Show Play of the Day. If you're interested in more information, or if you would like to sign up for the golden gap class this weekend, it's May 10th and 11th. Feel free to email me at melissa at thestockswish.com. Thanks everybody, have a great day.


Now, Roma Wines, present. Suspense. Tonight, the Night Man, starring Virginia Bruce and Richard Walk. Suspense, presented for your enjoyment by Roma Wines. That's R-O-M-A, Roma Wines. Those excellent California wines that can add so much pleasantness to the way you live. To your happiness and entertaining guests. To your enjoyment of everyday meals. Yes, right now a glass full would be very pleasant, as Roma Wines bring you suspense. This is the Man in Black, here for the Roma Wine Company of Fresno, California, who tonight bring you as stars Miss Virginia Bruce and Mr. Richard Walk. They appear in The Night Man, a new study in terror by Lucille Fletcher. It is a story of dark midnight and of a woman to whom the familiar face and voice of murder return for vengeance. But before we raise the curtain on our suspense play, here is a message from Roma Wines. In many foreign countries, where discerning tastes have found Roma Wines, they are an inexpensive luxury imported and treasured. 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And now with the performances of Virginia Bruce as Stella Rhodes and of Richard Woff as the Nightman, we again hope to keep you in suspense. Warden Graves. Yes, Miss Rhodes, sit down, won't you? Thank you. I hate to disturb you like this, but I've traveled clear across the country. They wouldn't give me the information over the phone. I know.  To some extent, yes. You think one of our prisoners, Tom Nixon, has escaped? He has escaped. I'm as sure of it as I'm sure of sitting here now. I saw him at large in New York City two days ago. You knew Tom Nixon well, Miss Rhodes? Knew him. He was my mother's murderer. My mother was Mrs. George Rhodes of Huntington, Long Island. She ran a boarding house there. He killed her on September 18th, 1933. We have all the records of the crime, Miss Rhodes. Tom was mother's chief boarder for 10 years. Knew him. Why, I sat opposite him at dinner table from the time I was a girl of 15. I knew him as well as I knew mother. I'd know him anyway. I see. And now he's at large. He's free. He's escaped this place. Maybe you're not aware of it. Maybe even his fellow prisoners aren't aware of it. But he's wormed his way out. And he's after me. He's after me. Oh, now, my dear young lady. Warden Graves, 10 years ago, mother was found murdered. I knew it couldn't have been anyone but Tom. I testified against him. I was practically the only witness at the trial.  He swore in the open court to get even with me. For 10 years, I've lived in deadly fear. I've watched the newspapers for prison breaks. I've moved from house to house, made few friends. He's hung over me like a shadow. Even though I told myself he was locked up here, locked up here forever. And now it's come. And where exactly did you see the prisoner, Miss Rhodes? That's just the point. That's why I know he's after me. I saw him in my own apartment house. Wow. He has a job there, running the elevator at night. That's what makes it so horrible. I've never married Warden Graves. I live all alone in a small three-room penthouse on the 18th floor of an office building. The other night, about a week ago, I came home alone from the movies after midnight. The big marble lobby of my building was deserted, except in a far corner near the elevator with his back toward me, there was a man, down on his hands and knees, scrubbing the floor. Good evening. Evening. Where is everybody? Isn't the elevator working tonight? You want to go up in the elevator, Mum? Certainly. I'll be right with you. OK, Mum. What floor? I was in the elevator, and he had started to ascend before I really saw him. It was Tullum.  He had everything about him, the crook of his head, his high, thin, bony nose, the hollow cheekbones, were all the same. And then he turned and stared at me. I could see those deadly pale, cold eyes, those heavy eyebrows, still black, that familiar, quiet, sarcastic mouth. What floor, Mum? Oh. My floor. Yes, the penthouse, please. Penthouse? Where's that, on the roof? Yes, on the roof, please. 18th floor. OK. Warden Graves. It was like being in a cage with a wild beast. He kept watching me, peering at me furtively as the elevator moved with agonizing slowness up and up past the floors. I shrunk back, averting my face. The light in the car was dim. My only hope was that he did not recognize me. Here's your floor, Miss. Thank you. Good night. Good night. Good night. You can go back down. I don't need anything, thank you. What's the matter? Forgotten your door key? No. No, it's just, it's right in my bag. I'll find it in a minute. You want me to let you in? Let me in. No. No, good Lord. I got past keys to all the doors. It's no trouble. No, thanks, but I, no, no. No, I have it right here. Good night. And that was the first time you saw him? Yes. I wanted to die. I didn't know where to turn. And that was all he did or said? Yes, but it wasn't so much what he said. It was the awful resemblance. The feeling that he was only playing with me, torturing me like a cat with a mouse. Warden Graves, I didn't even have a phone. I've always been afraid to be listed in the phone book. And the only way up to that penthouse was by that one elevator. I was trapped up there at his mercy whenever he wanted to come. What did you do? I spent the night crouched against the wall with a flat iron in my hand, waiting for that key to click in my lock. And the next morning? The next day, I began to wonder if it all wasn't just a dream. Good morning, Gallagher. Lovely dry embrace, but not too brisk. Not overcourt weather yet. No, not overcourt weather yet. I was only saying to Folly this morning. Gallagher? Yes, Miss Rhodes, yes. Who's that new night man running the elevator? The one who came on last night? Oh, Folly? You mean Folly, Miss Rhodes? Why, that's Charlie Folly, nice old chap. He's very friendly and oblige, and too treated me to coffee this morning before I came on. Charlie Folly. Yep, that's his name. They're very partial to the Irish here in this building. Gallagher, Folly. But he's a nice trustworthy chap, Miss Rhodes. Honest, too. Good morning, Miss Rhodes. Good morning. Forget something, Miss Rhodes? No, no. Just about this, Mr. Folly, it's just that he's rather odd-looking. I was wondering where he came from and if he's perfectly all right. All right. Let me tell you something. He was personally recommended by Ellsworth, Hitchcock, Pearson, and Scott, the owners of the place. And that's the first time that's ever happened in my experience. Don't you worry about him, Miss Rhodes. He's a good man, member of our union, and married with two children. Believe me, would the owners recommend a man? Well, it all sounds like a foolproof alibi, Miss Rhodes. And so you went back? I didn't want to, even then. I spent the day hunting for another apartment. But you know wartime New York warden graves. There wasn't another apartment to be had. I let myself be convinced until that night when I saw him again. Then Miss Rhodes? He called me Miss Rhodes. And now there was a cruel, sarcastic smile about his lips. The kind of smile I'd seen him give to Mama. You think he recognized you then? Recognize me? Warden Graves, I haven't changed. Perhaps I've grown a little thinner. Don't you see he'd come there only to trap me? He'd taken that particular job, plotted, schemeed. Your floor, Miss Rhodes. It was only a question of when. When he was going to do it. When the axe was going to fall. He kept grinning at me as I stepped out of the elevator. Good, good night. Excuse me, Miss Rhodes. There wasn't any answer to my ring. What do you want? What are you doing here? It's your laundry. They told me to put it inside the door in case you weren't home. My laundry? Who would you know I was home?  That's right. Excuse me. I guess I must have been thinking of something else. Yes. I'm sorry, Miss Rhodes. Very sorry. That's all right. Good night. It was a crazy mistake. There I was thinking you could get up here some other way. But there isn't any other way, is there? No. Even the service elevator doesn't get up this far, does it? It's just like you're all alone here, alone on the roof. What was that, Mom? No buzzer. I better answer it. Nothing. He came back again that night? No. I hadn't seen him since. I barricaded myself in that night. Once it occurred to me that I might escape by running down 18 flights of fire stairs. But the thought of meeting him back in the groovy darkness kept me back. I didn't know where the fire stairs ended, perhaps in the cellar, where I would be utterly defenseless. It's too bad you don't have a telephone. Oh, it's horrible. The next morning I got down to the public phone and put through the call to here, but it wasn't any use. That was the day I was out of town. Yes, but Warden and I still don't see why they couldn't have told me. After all, I was giving them information. It's one of our strictest regulations at Osama Apotomy State Penitentiary never to discuss any of our prisoners over the telephone. That's what they said. So you came all the way out here in person? Yes. And now you wish me to send someone to apprehend this man? I want you to bring him back. That's all. Back where he belongs. Miss Rhodes, Tom Nixon doesn't need to be brought back. He's here. Oh, no, Warden Graves. Please, I've seen it with my own eyes. Talk to him face to face. Maybe there's someone here calling himself Tom Nixon. But he's escaped. He's free. I know it. Will you just step this way with me, Miss Rhodes? No, no, I don't want to see him. I don't want to see his cellar or talk to anybody or... Tom Nixon's dead, Miss Rhodes. He's buried in the prison yard.  And this is the photograph taken of him just a week before he died. You'll see he wasted away quite a bit. He was in the infirmary all last year. Became very religious too toward the end. Spent a good deal of his time praying. All the fights seemed to go out of him as soon as he knew he was seriously ill. But you'd say this was his picture, wouldn't you, Miss Rhodes? Yes. It's Tom, all right. And these little personal belongings ordinarily we turn these over to the family. But in Tom's case, there wasn't much family. You'd recognize these as his? Yes. I don't know them all, but... That gold watch. He used to wear it every Sunday at mom's. He wrote a couple of notes before he died to a fellow prisoner and to the prison chaplain. You remember this handwriting? Yes. This seems to be it. Well, Miss Rhodes, now you feel a little better about your elevator operator, hm?  Not at all, not at all. But the likeness was so extraordinary. It was almost like seeing a ghost. A ghost? Come, come, Miss Rhodes. Snap out of it.   Guilt complex? I'm not guilty of anything. Oh, what I mean is Tom has been on your mind now for 10 years. You testified against him. He threatened you. Gradually, you see him everywhere. No, no, only this once. Only these last few nights. All right. But now you know the truth. That should clear your fears forever. Tom's dead and buried. Now go back and take a look at that night man again. Now that you know Tom's dead, I'll lay odds the whole resemblance will vanish. Well, I hope so. My advice to you, Miss Rhodes, would be to go straight home. Use that elevator as much as possible. Get acquainted with this foley fellow for your own sake. Try to get the better of these hallucinations. Otherwise, you'll start seeing poor Tom everywhere you turn. I'll try, Warden Graves. Well, thank you. You've been very kind. Not at all. Good evening, Charles. Good evening, ma'am. I have some bags here, Charles. Will you help me with them please? Okay. Yes, thank you. This is for you, Charles. No, thanks, ma'am. I never take tips. It's all right. I'd like you to have it. I'm sure the superintendent wouldn't mind. The superintendent hasn't anything to do with it. Well, aren't we going to start? Yeah, in a minute. In out of town? Why, why, yes. I have. You've gone quite a while. I didn't see you for three or four nights. I was in the country visiting a friend. It's beautiful weather out there. The leaves are beautiful. I wouldn't know. You live in the city, Charles? Of course. Oh, isn't it hard to bring up children in the city? Children? Yes. Didn't I understand Gallagher to say you had two children? Me? What chance I have to have any children? Oh, I'm sorry. I'm a bachelor. By the way, my name is not Charles. Well, I guess this must be my floor. No, it's not. Then why are we stopping? The elevator's stuck.  Cut off? Oh, well, how could that happen? It's never happened before, as long as I've lived here. Yeah? Well, sooner or later, I guess it had to happen. There's some way we can get it back on, some buzzer for the cellar or something? If the power's off, the buzzer isn't working. So wonder the lights are still on. The lights? Yeah. They'll go out in a few minutes, though. Then it'll be black in here. Black as a grave. Let's get out of here. Open the door. I can't. She won't budge. But you haven't even tried. I don't have to try. We're stuck between floors. The doors flush with a solid wall. Solid wall? Yeah. They're kind of bricked up in a cell. But there must be some way out of here. Isn't there a little door in the roof? Something you can pry open? Something you can climb up out of into the shaft? I don't see any. But there must be. Climb up and feel around before the light gives out. There's nothing to get hold of. It's nothing but steel and mirrors. And I'm not tall enough. Stand on my bags. That's a good idea. Never hold me. Oh, he's all right. Just hurry. Here. The gladstone's strongest. No. Never make it. Oh, but stand on your tiptoe stretch. No. Let me try. I didn't think so. Oh, what are we going to do? What are we going to do? Wait. We're going to go downstairs and finds the elevator stuck. And then rings up the superintendent. That might be ours. Sure. Everybody's left the building. I know because they've all signed out. This air shaft's thick. Isolated. Nobody's down in the basement. And there won't be any passengers ringing for an elevator this time of night. You seem awfully sure about all that. Why not? Cigarette? No, thanks. Do you think it's safe to smoke in here? Sure. And supposing it isn't. What's the difference? Have one. It'll soothe your nerves. No, thanks. The air's so close. Jumpy, ain't you? No. I suppose really there's nothing to be afraid of. Sooner or later, they'll come. Oh, sure. Eventually. It's just that this waiting room all these mirrors and being stuck. You're not jumpy on account of me? You? No, of course not. But you were kind of jumpy with me the other night, weren't you? The other night? When I came into your apartment unexpectedly. That was a mistake. A mistake? I just thought you were someone else. A friend of mine. Someone I've always been afraid of. But now I've learned it couldn't be you because this friend's dead. Dead and buried. Dead and buried. What was his name? Maybe I know him. What was that? Only the lights. I knew they'd give out sooner or later. I can't stay here all alone in the dark with you. So you are jumpy with me? No, no. I thought you said this guy was dead and buried. I'm not screaming like that. What did you do to this friend that makes you so jumpy? Do? Do to him? Nothing. I didn't do a thing. He threatened me. He was a murderer.  He was our border for ten years. And one afternoon... Don't move! Don't move! I'm not moving. Go on. One afternoon I came home and there was mother lying on the floor with her throat. No, no, where are you? I can't... Go on. It's you, Tom, isn't it? I thought you said your friend was dead and buried. Stop playing with me. Stop torturing me. Tell me the truth. You escaped, didn't you?  Someone else's grave. Just as I thought. You escaped and found me here. Answer me, Tom. Where are you? I can't see you. I can't... I didn't mean it. I didn't. I didn't mean to send you there. It was only because I loved you, Tom. Loved you so blindly, passionately for years. And hated mama. And hated you for loving her.  And framed you. Mama was so... And all the time flaunting you in my face. If you'd spoken one kind word to me, Tom and the girl. One word to let me know you loved me. There's a lobby, mama. You can get out here. I'll take you back up to the penthouse as soon as we've picked up the other passenger. The lobby? You brought me down to the lobby? Yes, ma'am. Then you're not, Tom? No, ma'am.  I'm free? Yes, ma'am. Then it was all just a crazy illusion. And you look so much like Tom Nixon. Oh, forgive me. Please forgive me for being so sick. And you'll forget about those silly things I said. Won't you? I didn't mean them. It was just because I was behind myself. What silly things, ma'am? Those silly things about my mother and Tom. And, well, this is for you. No, no, I insist this time. I insist. I'm sorry, ma'am. But I'm afraid I never accept tips. Oh, but you must... Particularly from people who framed my twin brother. Good evening, Warden Graves. Good evening, Lieutenant Nixon. Well done. And so closes the Night Man, starring Virginia Bruce and Richard Wall. The Night Study in Suspense. Suspense is produced and directed by William Spear. To every woman listening tonight, I want to say a special word about making every dinner or supper you serve taste better. I want to urge you to start serving Roma wine with your meals. It's simple. The cost is very, very little. And it works magic in making food more enjoyable. You can serve Roma wine with any meal or any time in any kind of glass you wish. Serve it chilled. Try different kinds of Roma wine until you find those you enjoy most of all. Try hearty, red Roma-California burgundy. Or the delicately delicious Roma-California Saturn. The cost is only pennies a glass, but you'll find even a pickup supper tastes like a banquet. Get Roma wines today. If your dealer is temporarily out of them, please try again soon. Just ask for R-O-M-A. Roma wines. America's largest selling wines. Made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. Richard Worf appeared through the courtesy of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, producers of Mrs. Parkington. Next Thursday, same time, you will hear Mr. Van Johnson and Mr. Keenan Wynn as stars of Van Suspense. Presented by Roma wines. R-O-M-A. Made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. Remember this. The war is not over. For every reason, patriotic and personal, continue to buy and keep war bonds. Put as much of your money as possible where it will serve as a reserve to be used in the future. War-bond dollars now can mean the realization of your long-range peacetime objectives. This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


it's the network another interesting article that we've read recently uh is about the headline is our podcast threatening the growth of the music industry this is a Rolling Stone article and obviously it's a very strong opinionative statement um it certainly caught my attention because I wasn't it's not something I've ever really thought about because yeah I feel like it's a complete different area even though we're talking about audio I know Spotify is very heavily invested but also the headline is a bit misleading because the market shares only were only flipped by like five percent since 2014 so it's gone from gone down from uh it was 20 percent before and now music share music shares gone down to 76 percent so that's a five percent decrease for music in favor and a 20 percent gain for podcasts so five percent decrease in music and 20 percent gain for podcasts in terms of market share yeah that's that's not too much I don't think it's just too it's not really too much to shout about I don't think like obviously podcasts have been getting increasingly popular in the last five years yeah I mean you see that in stats all the time something could be the fastest growing but it's still a very low percent but just the perception of that general statement can make it seem larger than it is but I think there's a lot of merit that statement if not for now but what could possibly be looked at in the future only because if you look at some of the information I think they might have actually quoted Daniel Eck but if they if they didn't quote him the the founder it was somebody who said it in within the company just citing the fact that spot podcasts were fixed cost and we know the issues that it comes with dealing with record labels right yes there's more music and yes to the entertainment value and just the looping in the debt form of entertainment it brings a larger market in its own way for sure but at the same time having to do with variable cost especially for a company that is always searching for profitability and wasn't profitable for years technically are they even profitable now I can't remember just about yeah about yeah yeah like so like when you're talking about as a business and then you look at the fact that there actually are new competition that actually are formidable finally when we look at somebody like tiktok like the things that tiktok is doing is a is a legitimate threat right now I'm saying that they're going to take over tomorrow but they are a very legitimate threat and just innovation wise because of the because of the lack of politics and the things they and the way they came into the game they were able to innovate way far past what Spotify has done for a good period because Spotify has had so much market share so to hedge some of that bet and say hey yeah we're number one in music right now specifically when we think about streaming only platforms which now like at one point that won't really matter streaming only platform no because we're looking at bundles and everything being bundled together so that's less relevant at some point you have to think about the fact that if we can improve our profitability by focusing on podcasts and we know that tiktok doesn't want to look at podcast right that's too far outside of the circle of competence and where their focus is so it allows us to hedge our bet in that way so I think there's a lot of credence to why we would look at um podcast from a Spotify standpoint again one just summarizing as fixed costs and the profitability that could come from that and two just fighting off the uh posing threats because they're also reporting the uh it's a trend that's happening across all ages for podcasts especially like in 13 to 34 year olds I said that it was in 2012 it was 88% music consumption 12% listening to podcasts but now it's shifted to 81% and 19% so there's been 7% shift which I guess it is when you when you factor into hours and minutes that's quite a significant jump yeah last seven years that that is yeah you're right because kind of like you said I mean podcasts are are longer generally speaking all right and then two so that's more time that the time might be a lot closer time listening music versus time on a podcast yeah this is a point this would be interesting to see wouldn't it yeah right so then we even think about that from the fixed costs of podcasts maybe getting even deeper and saying hey we not only have this fixed cost but then you get into the the the fact that time is spent more time or maybe an equal amount of time is running ads as well running ads right so the amount of attention is still equal it looks different on the surface oh i'm losing here but at the end of the day you're we're talking about economics not the optics right so so now we are getting into the threat we are yeah yeah like I think that that could be something of course we have to spend time more time looking at that and I would love to keep talking about this and step the dates to this one specifically but yeah podcasts are definitely going to continue growing in my mind just because that radio thing is not it's not something that people don't desire it's just the what's the word I'm looking for the format that is dwindle down right it doesn't it doesn't mean that people don't like listening to talk shows or conversations people love conversations the the most profitable parts of radio are typically those morning shows and it's usually where they put the bigger personalities right and those bigger personalities matter because of the conversations they bring the interests they bring it's almost it's it's built off stars in their own right right yeah that's the most profitable part of radio the rest of it is just I don't even want to say just the most the most profitable part because yeah I'm not super in deep with uh you know radio balance sheets but that's definitely one of the most adored and the highest paid people the highest paid host are those people right for sure so and which indicates profitability though it usually alludes towards so my thing is that means if i'm listening to this morning show more for the morning show the people then the music in the first place if the next generation comes they're not gonna not want to listen to people they they like talking and conversations that they like they're gonna still desire that it's just this medium this medium doesn't make sense to me I don't like having to sit through commercials I don't like not being to listen on demand when I want to consumer behavior has changed but the desire for the product definitely hasn't so I can see podcasts you know growing yeah and bring it to a more micro level for you guys if you're considering like launching your own podcast then I definitely think it would be worthwhile just be good to focus on something outside of your music something you know that's more of a niche more about you more of your personality perfect time to to to remember that music news that matters is streaming on all platforms 100% yeah we're finally doing it yeah so we're doing it there's no reason why you guys can't as well but it's just finally something to talk about that you're passionate about not necessarily like ties into the music that can come later it's just about you know just showing who you are essentially true what maybe we don't talk about enough for you or you talk about you know advice you know what you can do to promote human music and what you can do on social media but maybe podcast should have more of like a shine a light shine to it as it were you think so I think so I think I think it's good if we're talking about you know building up your personality on social media this is another great way to do it and you can talk about something perhaps you wouldn't necessarily talk about on social media like if you're a singer songwriter but you're really into like like mystical creatures or something then you can start a podcast on that like you know it's going to be an audience for it and then they buy into you as a person then they might go and check out the rest of it and this is how it leads to superfans and then this is how it leads back to tipping and stickers and all that I think that's a great point man because if we want to get any indication of superfans a large a good indicator probably is time spent and if you have 50 people listening to your podcast religiously that's probably a lot better than maybe even a thousand just listeners yeah exactly yeah they're the ones that are going to sustain you and support your new careers the superfans not not the general listeners man yeah like listeners to your music so yeah podcasts probably are far stronger indications of that so that could be a good way to start sifting through and seeing who that is it's the network


The search and rescue operations have continued for survivors of a Florida condominium complex collapse. The Florida tax force are now using a rescued dog named Force in the hope he could sniff out survivors. 11 people died and 115 more remain missing. The tragedy may end up ranking as the greatest loss of life from an unintentional structural failure in US history.


Going on everyone, Sam here with Leighton Sports Guards. Ripping 23. Pending your Mac at Collegiate, select draft football hobby, 4Box Mixer number one, random teams now. Here's a look again at your random results. As always, you can find those on the website, under the results tab, as well as a link that's in chat. So good luck. Here we go, 4Box Mixer. Two select draft, and two iMac Collegiate. Again, any guy still in college, any duels be random, if there is no majority. For all this, Silver or Brock Purdy. Red, white, blue, Tim Tebow to 199. That is a Rishi Rice. Got Allie Gay. Silver or Rookie Otto. We go into the Houston Texans. That's Houston. Will Anderson. Hendon Hooker. Hines Ward. Packed Dos. Cota. Silver or Brian Erlacher. Red, Kishon to 149. Tri-Color, Drake London. The guy on the track to 199. Nice one here for the Vikings. Jordan Addison. X Factor, Rookie Otto. Grats, Minnesota. T-Law, Sparks. Sova, Will Love is Sparks. And Jameer Gibbs. CJ Stroud, Rookie. Silver, Jared Gough. Hyper, T-Higgins. White, Aaron Rodgers. 235. Got a Jack Campbell. Jack Campbell. An Iowa Hawkeye. He is a Lion, thank you, unknown. He is a Lion. Kameer Gibbs. Dak Prescott and John Dotson. Box two of select DP. I'll be able to make up a little bit of time on these, which is nice. Droll Dave's. Anthony Richardson, Rookie. Jordan Addison, Rookie. Tim McKee, Silver, Grunk. Purple, Tyler Lockett for the Seahawks, 75. This one there. Yeah, he is there, he announced it. It's a 199, George Kittle. Look, then she started. Mara Chase. Got a Daeneric Prince. Daeneric Prince. Kansas City Chiefs, going to Chiefs. Jackson Smith and Jigba. Jordan Addison and Tony Pollard. Yeah, there he announced he's gonna be the week one starter. He's the first one too, which is kind of surprising. Silver, Eli. Red, Brian Erlacher. Two at 149. Nice one here. Tideye, Josh Downs. Grats on that, forget where he is off the top of my head. Josh is a Indianapolis Colt. Nice one there, Colts. Eric Henry, Silver, Jalen Hyatt and Stroud Rookie. Yeah, still getting the draft guys down. Silver, Kayshawn Buttee. Tyree Wilson for the Raiders, 199. Cooper Cup. Elijah Higgins. Elijah Higgins, Youth Explosion. Is a Miami Dolphin. Two Dolphins. No, boy. Bijan, Rookie. Trevor Charge, Brian Breesy and a CD-Lan. All right, on to our iMac Colleges now. Two boxes, oiMac Colleges. And any duels, if there is no majority, will be randomed. Any guy still in college, I don't know how many there are that are still in college, will be randomed as well. Ooh, that's cool. Yeah, it's a Bull Season, Trevor Lawrence. That's awesome looking. Nice one there, Jags. Going to the Titans, 22 of 25. That's Will Leviss. Will Leviss. That's Collegiate Helmet right there. Congrats, Titans. First auto is gonna be Chase Brown. I believe he is a Bangle. I believe Chase Brown is a Bangle. Let me double check that. Chase Brown. Going to these Cincinnati Bengals. He does like mayonnaise. And he eats his bananas whole, it's weird. What? Yeah, Will Leviss puts mayo in his coffee. What? And then he eats his bananas with a peel on. 27 of 65, going to the Eagles. That's gonna be a Nolan Smith. You say mayo in his coffee? Yes. Oh, how? I know. Nolan Smith, rookie jersey auto. We've got a Redemption, premium patches rookie autograph. That's gonna be Kelly Ringo. Going to the Eagles as well. Congrats, Philadelphia. Kelly Ringo. Grats, Eagles. And then 67 of 99, RPA, Jameer Gibbs. Going to the Lions. Congrats, Detroit. Nice one there, Lions. What was this one? Jameer Gibbs. Kelly Ringo. He is Eagles, yes, yes. I know, honestly, Gulag. Eagles make it easy. Literally any Georgia defender is gonna be Jalen Carter, Nolan Smith, Kelly Ringo. All the Georgia guys are all Eagles, wild. It's like Ozzie Newsome when he would just take Alabama players all the time with the Ravens. It is. I know Ozzie Newsome loved his Bama guys.  Anthony Avery, it was another one. Oh, that's kind of nasty on the end there. 57 of 99, Christian McCaffery for the Niners. Nice one here for the Chargers, 42 is gonna be Max Duggan. That is, it's nice though. Jersey, nice one here for the Patriots, 9 of 99. Christian Gonzalez, gots on that Patriots, nice one there. It's a really nice patch on that, some Oregon patch. No idea where this guy is, no idea. Going to the Browns, that is gonna be Rookie Otto of Siaki Ika. He is a Cleveland Brown. Defensive Tackle, Morgan as well. Or from Baylor, excuse me, from Baylor. Okay, I already forgot where this guy is. I think he's Colts, but I still check. Baylor, the cop is nasty. I know. Yes, going to the Colts again, Josh Downs. Oh, that's a sweet duel, 42 of 49. We've got Duel, 9 of 25, Andre Ryzen, and Plaxico Burris.  Bad Moon Ryzen and the guy who shot himself. All right, let me double check. I don't know where Majority's gonna be with Burris. It's either gonna be Steelers or Giants. Plaxico played six years, so that'll be Steelers for Burris. And then Ryzen, I could not tell you where Ryzen's gonna be with Majority. Probably Atlanta, right? Yes, five years in Atlanta. So that'll be Steelers and Falcons. Steelers is Cody H, Falcons, Eric P. So yes, this'll be a random at the end, or right now, basically. Andre Ryzen and Plaxico Burris. Have Sean top load that, I'll get the random setup. Steelers, no, he's on top. So Falcons, Falcons, Steelers. So Ryzen played five years. I'm just gonna double check Plaxico because he had the most seasons in Pittsburgh. I just wanna make sure he had the most games in Pittsburgh. Yes, by a mile. So yeah, Steelers and Falcons. All right, guys, doing the random for the Plaxico Burris and Andre Ryzen duel. Again, by years played, Ryzen is Atlanta. He played six seasons in Atlanta. And Plaxico Burris, or seven seasons in Atlanta, Plaxico Burris played six in Pittsburgh. So we're gonna roll the dice, whatever team's on top, after six times good card. One, two, three, four, five, six. Go into Pittsburgh, go into Steelers. Got Steelers. All right, do a quick recap here. Oh, yeah, sorry. We'll just run through this stuff, yeah. We had Max Duggan, Josh Downs, Elijah Higgins, Siaki Ika, Christian Gonzalez, CMC, Nolan Smith, Jameer Gibbs, Kelly Ringo, Chase Brown, Will Leviss. You other autos here. We had Ali Gay, Jordan Addison, Jack Campbell, Daenerys Prince and Josh Downs tie-dye. I'll do it for the break, everyone. Thanks again for the film. Coming up next is the second one of these.


Hello and welcome to Ask an Archaeologist. I'm Nico Tripsovich and I'm the host of today's show. Ask an Archaeologist is a series of live streamed interviews co-hosted by the Archaeological Research Facility in the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology for Cal Week 2020. Each day at 11 and two, we will interview UC Berkeley archaeologists and answer audience questions. If you have a question to ask, go to slido, sli.do and type in Ask ARF and one word and click on Join and you can type in your question and I'll remind you of this partway through the interview. So today's speaker is Scott Byrom and he's gonna be presenting Dr. Scott Byrom is a research affiliate with the Archaeological Research Facility and he's conducted ground penetrating radar or GPR on Cal projects on four continents. Most of his work is in California and in Oregon. Scott uses GPR to survey sites ranging from shell mounds to adobe ruins and from historic homesteads, cemeteries, fortifications and wreckage sites. Scott will be presenting his talk, how artifacts and ruins before they begin an excavation. So welcome Scott. So my first question is, how do archaeologists use ground penetrating radar to map these things? Well, we'll be able to demonstrate a little more clearly with some imagery, but basically we're using electromagnetic waves to send radar into the ground and then receive a reflection back from the energy that comes back from the objects below the surface and the pattern in those waves, the magnitude and the time of travel is what we use to actually map archeological features below the surface. Do you have slides you wanna share with us? You're welcome to bring those up. Okay. All right, let me pull up a presentation here. Are you able to see my screen yet? Not yet. Okay, let me share this. All right. Let's see, full size there. Okay, so yeah, we can talk about the different techniques that we use when we're using ground penetrating radar and how we identify different types of archeological features. Here I'm mapping a cemetery, actually at Black Diamond Mines and the East Bay. And you can see a GPR profile and a GPR slice map and we'll look at a few more of those. But just to put it in perspective, GPR is different from other techniques that archeologists use to scan the landscape and identify archeological features and characterize entire archeological sites and landscapes. One that's fairly common these days that's very effective is LIDAR. And that's often done, that can be done on the ground with an instrument on a tripod, which ARF uses, but more often it's used from an airplane and can be used, it uses laser technology and light information to characterize topography and features, for example, Mayan cities and channels for agriculture that are present under a forest canopy in the Yucatan Peninsula can be characterized with LIDAR. Magnetometry seen here, held by Niko Tripsovich and his daughter, Sophie and my son, Diego. This is a very effective technique, the gradiometer or magnetometer is great for studying subsurface magnetics. And this technique is useful for identifying especially metal artifacts, but also burn features and bricks and ceramics and things that anything that's got a aligned magnetism to it. But it's a passive technique, it doesn't send a radar wave or it doesn't send any information into the ground, it actually just receives whatever magnetic information is coming in. And then sonar, you can see here on the bottom right is what's used in saltwater. Ground penetrating radar doesn't work in saltwater because the salt crystals attenuate the radar signal, they keep the radar from reflecting back towards the antenna. So with that being ineffective, we're able to use sonar instead to identify shipwrecks that might be on the sea floor, for example. And so that's a very effective technique in saltwater. GPR can be used in freshwater, although it's rarely done so because salt is not an issue in freshwater but ground penetrating radar is the technique that we often use on land. And it provides the greatest detail of any of the techniques for remote sensing below the surface. And especially, it's valuable in that it allows us to look at the depth of different things that we're identifying in contrast with magnetometry, which is two dimensional, it'll only show the magnitude of the magnetic information at a particular location on the site. GPR will show features, but also their depth. So we can look at them in both profile and in plan with slice maps that we make. And here's some GPR in action. This is Professor June Sinseri from Cal who's pulling the 900 megahertz antenna right here with a wheel behind it for measuring distance that goes along the top of the screen as the data's being scrolled across. So there are varied features showing up in an individual transect profile. You can see we're working at a grid that we've marked out with chalk in this parking lot at Santa Clara, Adobe's. And there I am using a three wheel cart with a 400 megahertz slightly larger antenna. Now as the antenna moves across the ground surface, you can see the buried object below becomes more and more visible. And these are different objects right here that are similar to what you see in this diagram over here. So the antenna's moving across up here and then this is the depth scale on the other side in the screen. So that's what we look at as we're doing the GPR. Then as we process it, we get more information. We take that same transect profile and then we can look at multiple transects in a grid and create three dimensional imagery. Basically like a whole bunch of Lego blocks the entire grid would be made of and each Lego block has its own amplitude value. And that allows us to create amplitude slice maps at various depths. And here's a Native American clay house floor feature in California shows up in profile as this sort of darker black and white lines. And then with the color scale that we're using red as high amplitude and yellow is relatively high. And that's the floor of the house that's buried about 60 centimeters down at this site. And out in this area, there aren't any features. Here's a feature closer to the ARF here at Cal at the faculty club. Some, we believe our foundations of cottages that were there before the faculty club was built when this was not actually part of campus but place where people lived off campus in the very early 1900s. And this is what it looks like in profile. And this is where that transect profile crosses the grid, this red line. And so it intersects the feature at various locations, these different foundations. And it's putting together multiple transects profiles that allow us to generate these maps of features below the surface. Are you generally walking in straight lines when you use this instrument? Very important to walk in straight lines and keep them evenly spaced because we're gonna borrow data from adjacent transects. So we need to be able to, if we wobble too much, we're gonna create our own artifacts. We're basically gonna see some errors in the data if we do that. The antenna also have to maintain constant contact with the ground surface. I can't pick it up and go over something and resume unless I make a note of it in my observations notebook that part of the transect will have to be ignored because it won't actually show what's below the surface. So are these different depths? Yeah, so this is a set of different depths. And this is a project that Vallejo's Petaluma Adobe and you're familiar with this one having done the magnetometry work out there. But this is over in Petaluma and it was a massive, it's one of the largest standing historical Adobe structures in North America, I believe. But in the past, there was a southern part of the Adobe. And so our work between Cal and Sonoma State and California State Parks was to characterize the foundation of the Adobe that's no, the portion that's no longer there. And there was one question as to whether or not there was a roof over the Adobe. And I can come back to that a little bit later because we've got some information about that based on our GPR survey. But just to show you how it works, those slice maps that are made up of individual transects processed together in the software that we use, they show us what things look like below the surface at different depths. And again, we're looking at the magnitude of reflections, high amplitude or low amplitude reflections of materials that are down below. And different materials, whether it's an Adobe brick or a stone or just the native soil surrounding have different magnitudes in their reflection based on how quickly they conduct electromagnetic waves. But as we go down in depth, 25 centimeters, 45 centimeters, you can begin to see the rectangular feature. This is 20 meters. So this is 20 yards across, 65 feet across right here. So it's a pretty big area. As you can see in this Google Earth aerial image and those are cars parked down there for scale. You can see this is a pretty big grid. This is a little bit larger coverage than the grids that are in this slice map. This is just partial, but as we get down to 55 centimeters we've got a very distinct rectilinear feature here. What we have are the external walls of the Adobe and then some internal walls for the blocks and then probably some features that were inside the courtyard and inside the structure itself. So this was the planned addition that never got built. So we can expect it to have the similar shape to it was the other half, right? It sure seems to have sort of a reflection. It would have been a square when it was done, I suppose. But we don't know if it ever had. I mean, we know that the foundation was there and that some walls were built but we don't know if it ever had a roof. And that's one of the questions I'll come back to in a minute. Let me just take a moment to remind everyone that if you'd like to ask us questions, if you'd like to send Scott a question here about ground penetrating radar, you can go to the website slido, slido, sli.do and put in ask arf, a-s-k-a-r-f and then you can put a question to Scott either anonymously or you can put your name in and we'll share it with him. Thanks, go on, Scott. So several Cal projects have taken place at California Mission Adobe's or Adobe Era villages. In particular, we've been interested in looking at the structures that are no longer present on the surface. Some of the historical Adobe's like Sanchez Adobe are still standing. In other cases, there were Native American villages that were adjacent that were made from smaller Adobe walls and we're very interested in the history of those places especially. So we've really expanded the methodology for understanding Adobe structures with remote sensing. In a lot of cases, archeologists have had difficulty identifying them, but our techniques are showing pretty clearly the foundations of Adobe's at several sites. In some cases, we're looking at the sandstone blocks themselves, the San Juan Batista, and even in 1856, it was a ruin that was collapsing. There wasn't much left of this from this native family housing that was built in around 1820, I believe. Our affiliate, Glenn Ferris, took the lead on this project and we did the GPR there in 2015, I believe. And here's where the transect crosses the Adobe wall and outside of the wall, we believe are a series of the posts that were put in to support the roof because the roof has to extend beyond the Adobe's. And this is what the site looks like today. There's no evidence of the Adobe on the surface, but you can see it in the GPR data. Now, if we go back to the Sanchez Adobe, you can see those posts and the extending roof that overhangs. And to go back to the Vallejo Adobe, that was one of the questions they had for us in starting this project was if there was any evidence of the roof having extended beyond the wall and we don't see those in the grid at Vallejo Adobe. So we can conclude that they probably didn't ever complete that part of the building. Just a couple of other examples of places where we've done work on Adobe's. I wanted to ask on the previous slide, it looks like you have a historic map lined up. Are you able to use these historic maps to help locate old walls? Often we do, yeah, we have some information, but again, with the Mission Adobe's, we have the best information about the most well-known structures. And we don't typically know that much about, for example, the Native American villages that were adjacent to the Mission Compounds. So sometimes we're going with known maps. In this case, these were commissioned by the Mission itself to be built. So we do have some records, but Glenn was able to draw up this diagram based on his archival research and then an archeological test trench and some probing with the rod that determined where some of the stones were. And we confirmed its characteristics with the TPR and then we were able to locate the, identify the posts outside the structure as well. We have a viewer question here. They wanna know if you can find burials or skeletons with this technology? It really depends on the situation. I would say in many cases, historical cemeteries from the last couple of hundred years were able to see where the graves are located, especially the grave pits. If the coffin was very substantial and certainly if there's any metal involved in its construction, we'll be able to see that typically. Often we just see the pit itself and we don't see the contents too clearly, especially if it's, it would just be bones and deteriorated clothing and the pine box or something. But so bones don't typically show up very well, but the pit itself does. And if there's an excavation that needs to happen at that location, the archeologist typically follows with the probing to determine what's in the pit after I've determined where the pit is with the GPR. So we can confirm them. It looks like you're showing us a profile showing a void. So this is perhaps what these pits look like. Yeah, actually, if there were a coffin with the intact top, then it would look a little bit like this does right here with the void underneath. This is a void at a cavern location just to show how we can locate tunnels and culverts. So this would have had a reinforced roof on it which may provide more reflection as well, right? Yeah, you can see the stonework that's in an archway here. That's pretty typical in some of these older catacomb type features. Another setting where we've done several cal projects. Dr. Kent Lightfoot has led extensive research at Fort Ross and we've done several GPR projects since 2012 out there. This is probably the remains of the flagpole pit in the center of the stockade. We identified as one example, it's another GPR profile. Yeah, Professor Lightfoot will be speaking with us later this week, I think. Wonderful. Thursday or Friday. What did you find there? You were looking for a flagpole, you said? Yeah, actually, Glenn Ferris, who's formerly the head archeologist for California State Parks and now an ARF affiliate, was interested in locating the historic flagpole location that would have been put in around 1817. And he, based on sketches and his assessment of the archival materials, he thought it was within this area. He made a small grid about four by four meters. And so within the center of the stockade, actually it wasn't exactly in the center, it was offset a bit, but so we ran a series of transects within that small grid and we found a pit just about where he had put his wooden stake where he estimated it to be. There hasn't been any subsequent excavation but I think eventually there's a plan to test that and see if that's actually what it is. In other cases, we looked at the Russian cemetery from where the officers and traders were buried and identified graves that weren't previously known about for preservation. That's just for monumenting purposes. Our next project involves looking at the village that was outside the stockade where Russians were intermarried with Pomo native women and there was a village there outside to the west or northwest of the stockade. Unfortunately, from my perspective, there was a ranch that was built on top of it, the call ranch. So I'll have to be differentiating ranching arrow features from the village but that's also what the archeologists on the project, the other archeologists will be focusing on through their excavation, they're able to do those. So is GPR, is there interference from other things in the area like, I know that magnetometry, you have to be very careful about the presence of ferrous objects, old plows, nails. Seems like GPR is more tolerant of noise. Yeah, it does pretty well around metal. Let's see, if I'm going up against the metal chain link fence or sheet metal, if that's nearby, I can get some reflections off of that but I could generally still get good data. The only problem is if I'm having to go over metal, I won't be able to get much radar data through it. And actually within Fort Ross, State Parks has put down a mesh grid to protect, to keep their paths from being dug up by rodents, by gophers, for example. And I don't get any data when I go over those pathways. Elsewhere I can go over concrete or asphalt and get really good data through that as long as there's not too much rebar in the concrete. But yeah, metal mesh and sheet metal, things like that really just prevent me from seeing just straight through it, but I'm not usually affected by a nearby metal. I see. And I know you've used this in beach settings to find things buried in the sand. Are there issues with being near the ocean? There are. You can get quite a bit of information from the upper portion of the beach. Sand is actually an ideal situation for doing GPR. But once you get into an area where there's saltwater intrusion, which is gonna happen before you start to see the moisture on the surface or where the waves are hitting, then the salt keeps the radar from being informative because the salt crystals are basically sending the radar energy away from the instrument, not reflecting it back. We call that attenuation. Well, let me take a moment to remind everyone that if you wanna send us questions, you can go to sli.do and type in ask arf and you can write questions to Scott. We have about five or six more minutes. So there's still time to field some questions. We have one that just came in from Slido. They wanna know, similar to what I was just asking, are there side effects or downsides or limitations to this technology? I know that you need to contact the ground really well, right? So maybe vegetation is an issue. Yeah, those are the sorts of limitations. You want a relatively smooth ground surface. This site that we're looking at here, the curb is a little bit of an issue as far as running transects across it. And then of course, this eroding path, it's a recreation area on the coast, but there's a shell metal layer and you can see how well the layers show up down below. Getting across the curb becomes a little bit of a, if I go up and over a curb, then it's gonna show, the radar data is gonna show an artificial pit because I'm basically going up and away from what's below and then coming back down to it. So a nice smooth surface, you're not always gonna get that at every archeological site, especially in an area big enough to do a grid. So we're often confined in where we can set up our grids based on that. But there aren't any side effects in terms of, people sometimes ask about radiation. It's radar energy, it's electromagnetic energy, so it's radio waves basically. It's basically like cell phone energy, for example. So I assume you have to go around objects like poison oak bushes, trees, and so you'll have a divergence from your grid and then you have to kind of deal with that in the interpretation stage. Yeah, and if we can use in situations where we can use high precision GPS, RTK, GPS in real time, then the data can, we can have a gap in the middle of the grid and it's not a big deal. But for the processing, it's best to have the entire rectangle filled with adjacent transects. So I definitely spend a certain order. In order to make that slice cut. Yeah, this is where my teenage sons are helpful for doing some clearance, brush clearance before we're actually out there gathering data. We're often out there with our gardening tools, smoothing things off just to make it just the right. So we get the best data at a time. And how did you get into this technology? Was it difficult to get the background and learn it? You need to know a lot about geology or soils to properly use this instrument? Yeah, I think it was really helpful that coming into this, I started doing GPR, well, 2005 was my first project, but I didn't really do it in earnest until as my main focus within archeology until about 10 years ago. But prior to that, I'd had extensive experience on excavations. And I was really familiar with excavating sites in a lot of different environments in California and Oregon. And that's really helpful that information. I mean, I can't really envision going straight into doing GPR and archeology without having a fair amount of experience at different types of archeological sites. Geo archeology is a really great focus to have to understand the GPR data. Yeah, I think understanding stratigraphy, different types of soils and their properties.  That's something that you know from excavation, typically, and translating that into assessment of a GPR profile feature takes a fair amount of that experience. And we have a question. Somebody wants to know about the most exciting discovery you've made with this technology. Wow, there have been a lot of great ones, I think, but one site that I found with GPR that I think is pretty special, it's in the, we wrote it up in the archeological research facility series in the book, Triangulating Archeological Landscapes. Camp Castaway is the name of the site. It's on the Oregon coast, actually in the dunes, not in this setting, but in a real wide open dune area. It was a camp that was formed in 1852 when soldiers from Benesha down here were on their way to Port Orford in Oregon and they got caught in a storm and their ship wrecked on the beach in Oregon. And they formed a military camp for four months and they traded with the Coost Tribe locally and were able to sustain themselves through those months until the end of winter and they salvaged the cargo of the ship and then finally were able to take it down to Port Orford, which was about 50 miles to the south. And I was able to use GPR to relocate that camp which people had thought had been washed to sea 100 years ago. It hadn't been seen in over 100, almost 150 years, but the radar showed me buried iron rods and things. And of course, in that case, I used archival maps, historic maps were really key in going back and relocating that.  Oh, that sounds like an exciting find. And I guess you didn't run into the problem of saltwater there because you were high enough on the dunes. That's right. Although I did do some transects down towards the beach looking for the actual shipwreck itself. Often the ships have ballast in them that we might be able to identify but if that's in the intertidal zone, then I'm probably not gonna see it because of the saltwater. And I didn't see any evidence of the ship itself. Most of the ship was taken apart though to use for building that camp. Mm-hmm. All right, well, that's about all the time we have. So I wanted to thank you, Scott, for joining us on Ask an Archaeologist. And I wanna thank the listeners and the viewers who sent in questions. And I'd like to invite listeners to our next Ask an Archaeologist. I'll be speaking with Professor Kim Shelton from the Classics Department this afternoon at 2 p.m. She's presenting on the topic of digging up the heroes of ancient Greece. So please join us at 2 p.m. Thanks again, Scott. It was great talking with you. Thanks. Go Bears.