Hello, everyone. Welcome to the talk about duct tape, bubblegum, and bailing wire, and the 12 steps in operating open stack. Before we get started, I just wanted to familiarize everyone with the analogy about what a duct tape, bubblegum, and bailing wire fix is. So as you can see on this opening slide, there's a bit of duct tape applied to an airplane wing. It's not something that you'd really like to see if you were getting on a plane, getting ready to fly across the Pacific Ocean. But evidently, it's an important fix, and it's an important fix that needed to be made, and it works, and it gets something done. It's a fix that probably the guy's not too proud of, but it's something that's needed to function. And so as we get into our talk today, we're going to kind of set some ground rules. The first part's going to be we're going to talk about these 12 steps that we kind of adopt, and then we're going to talk about some of the different things, different fixes that we use to keep open stack up and running. And then the second half, we're going to have kind of open the floor. We're going to look for audience participation. I'm sure as we get through this talk, there's a lot of things that are going to kind of come to mind. And so I encourage you, if something strikes a nerve, to come on up at the end of this and share your strange and interesting fixes. So with all that being said, we're going to first go for the 12 steps, the kind of the ground rules. You'll notice we've got just our first names up here. I'm Eric. This is Matt, Mike and Chris. We don't have any company affiliation right now. We're trying to create a safe place where we can all admit to these things that we do. We don't want to have shame for any of these things that we do. So with that, the first step of our 12 step program is we admitted we are powerless over upstream that our lives have become unmanageable. If you're an operator, this is very familiar. This probably looks like a few of our desks, I think maybe. The next step, and this is kind of why we're here, we've come to this belief that an ATC greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. So this kind of speaks to us getting involved with this community, trying to share feedback with the development teams, with the cores, with the ATCs, the PTLs, and try to kind of shape the future of OpenStack and kind of fix some of these problems that we run into every day. The next step here is we've made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of community involvement. So that's the third step in our process. You can see that that looks like one of us at our desk after going through an incident. The next step, this is especially important for operators, is to make a searching and fearless moral inventory of all of our hardware. So you can see if you guys work with data center operation kind of guys, this is where we like to hang out and make sure everything is where it's supposed to be. The next step in our 12-step program, we admit to upstream ourselves and our customers the exact nature of our wrongs. Sometimes this is pretty obvious what our wrongs are when things don't go well, but it's important for us to be honest that things don't go correctly. The sixth step in our 12-step program is we're entirely ready to have upstream remove all these defects of character. Once again, this is part of why we're here this week to get involved, to try to help shape the future of what OpenStack is going to be. The seventh step is we humbly, humbly ask upstream to remove our shortcomings. The eighth item is we make a list of all of our customers we have harmed and be willing to make amends to them all. Sometimes that list can get kind of big, sometimes when things don't go well. That's a phone book, yeah. If Neutron doesn't, if Rabbit goes poorly, that's the list of customers right there. We make direct amends to our customers wherever possible, except when to do so would harm them or injure others, or their VMs, or their tenant networking, or their storage, or any other thing that can go wrong and usually does. The tenth step is we continue to take inventory where we were wrong and promptly admit it, try to fix the things that we know we're broken with. The eleventh step, sought through code review and bribery, which probably happened this week, probably parties or whatever, to improve our conscious contact with upstream as we understood it, preying only for the integration test to pass, and for the power to plus two and merge things. Yeah, we'd like to not have to hit recheck on changes. And the twelfth and final step is having had a spiritual awakening of the results of these steps, we try to carry this message to other operators and practice these principles in all of our affairs. So those are the twelve steps of being an open stack operator that we kind of start with to lay the groundwork and set the environment for how we're going to kind of hold our meeting here. And so with that, I'm going to pass it off to Matt to get into the meat of things. Thanks, Eric. So now that Eric's defined the twelve steps, it's time for us to come together to make amends, to admit our shortcomings. It's time to talk through the duct tape we use to tie things together, the bubble gum we patch holes with, and the bailing wire we use to mind open stack to our infrastructure. I'm going to start going through a few of these now. The first thing we all need to admit is that we all have shameful crown jobs that we run, keep open stack running. Glance, cash cleaner and pruner, our hard drives are too small, and Glance kept filling them up. So we run Glance, cash cleaner and pruner every minute on the minute to ensure that Glance can't ever fill the hard drive. The second one is a neutron health check and quotations. Basically, to prevent L3 agent problems every so often just restart everything. Keeps neutron happier. Horizon session cleanup. For a while, any time the load balancer checked Horizon, which is a lot, and we have a lot of load balancers, it started putting stuff in the database and eventually the database fills up. So instead of fixing a problem, we just have a crown job to drop everything out of the database for Horizon sessions. Finally, we have an open source time series database that's not super stable. So we have a 20 minute staggered crown job to restart it on every node in the cluster one by one. So the cluster stays up and running. And hopefully while we're going through this, you guys can think of some of these things that you can come share with us at the end. Okay, just restart it. We all admit this is a solution to problems, especially if Google doesn't give us a better answer. So, you know, does glance seem slow today? We probably just ought to restart it. Hey, 20 of our Nova compute checks just blew up a nice thing. They turned red. We should probably just restart it. I think rabbit just died. We should probably restart everything. And we have tools to do this. And I know other people do too. And this is not ice house stuff. This is stuff we do in kilo. Everything listed are things we still do in kilo. Before we knew better, we've all learned a lot over the past few years in open stack. Originally, if we had a problem with the floating IP, we'd restart OBS. Turns out this isn't always the best solution. Especially when you have a lot of routers on a box takes forever to get the flows back. And you have everyone unhappy instead of one person unhappy. In our early days, if rabbits seemed weird, we would just bounce that. And especially before heartbeat support, nothing really like that. And that kind of goes back to the earlier slide. This last one's one of my favorites. We ordered a bunch of hardware showed up got racked in the data center. And then we found out it couldn't boot the OS we wanted. Okay, that's it for my confessions. I'll hand off to Mike. Hi, I'm Mike. I'm a open stack operator. So let's talk about tooling a little bit. If you've ever done any work on your house or maybe on your car, something like that, you know, there's nothing worse than trying to do a job when you don't have the right tools. Okay, these are some good examples. This guy's my favorite. He's really taken it to the next to the next level. Thank you Google image search. But seriously, here's some things that we kind of need to do that we don't have the right tools for replaying events. So we know that events that Nova sends out or maybe neutron sometimes have a tendency to get lost. The agents may not be up at that time or something something times out, really need a way to be able to replay some of these things and kind of get things back to a better state. And there's really nothing out there that's that lets us do that in a in a sane way today. Clean up jobs anybody have scripts to do cleanup? I mean, I know everybody does. And you know, or from or from VMs or from QMU processes, somebody deletes their project out of Keystone, we all know that there's zero automatic cleanup of everything that's owned by that project. And you've got to go back and fix all that stuff. Security groups and neutron is another good example. I think we're all pretty intimately familiar with all the quota problems and Nova and how, you know, that almost always does not represent reality. And there are things that we have to do to go reset those and make sure that people can actually deploy VMs when they should be able to even though Nova thinks they're out of quota. Another a little bit more of an edge case is just kind of this idea of being able to orchestrate things a little better. So one example is having to evacuate a compute node, you know, maybe it's got 2030 even more VMs running on it.  So you can do some kind of maintenance. Well, probably don't really want to kick off 40 live migrates at once on a compute. I know that's a real example for some folks here. Really would like to be able to serialize that stuff kind of do it one at a time and in a little more better, better controlled fashion. And again, there's just, you know, there's just really nothing out there that allows us to do those kind of things today. So what do we do? Who has a directory on their production servers? It looks like this with a bunch of random scripts.  This is everybody right? Right. Yeah, this. Yeah. I mean, literally, this is the roots home directory and one of our production servers. So you can see, I mean, these are things that needed to get done. We just got to get this thing out the door so we can move on with our life. Or even better, I pulled a couple things from our bash history. I like to call these the Rube Goldberg bash one liners. Yeah. You're not alone, right? So we kind of all know how this goes, right? And, you know, we always have this good intention of like, well, when I have some time later this week or whatever, I'll clean these up a little bit and I'll upstream them so that other people can use them. And we actually do have an OpenStack operators project now that's supposed to be for this kind of stuff so that we can stop reinventing the wheel and everybody doing the same things over and over again. So I'd encourage you to take a look at that. The short name is just OSOps. But the reality is you never get there, right? You never have that time because there's always something on fire. There's always something to be fixed. And I mean, that's just the reality that we kind of have to admit to ourselves. So a couple of the kind of fun stories we'll call out here is just kind of unexpected things that happen when you make a change that you don't. You're not really planning on it, okay? This guy probably could have foreseen that coming. Should we just watch it about five times? And then I'll keep going. No, so one thing we did is we turned on config drive, force config drive and NOVA to make sure that all VMs get a config drive. We used that to apply the networking config to all our VMs. So we wanted to just make sure that was going to be there globally. So, you know, flip that switch on should be great, whatever. Well, now it turns out all the VMs that existed before that point that didn't have a config drive. Now, NOVA won't boot them because it can't find the config drive device file on the hypervisor. So that was a fun one. We had to go back and backfill with just blank config drives for everything out there so that we could actually boot all the VMs. And again, one of those things that you just don't, you know, you make some assumptions and you just don't expect to happen and then you've got to deal with it. Kind of a similar thing with serial consoles in NOVA as well. We turned that on so we could enable some out-of-band type of stuff into the VMs. But ran into this strange race condition where if the console device had been cleaned up or deleted ahead of time, then NOVA wouldn't be able to delete the VM because it would try to delete that device itself. It couldn't find it and it would just fail the whole operation. So, you know, now we've got a pile of stuff that's accumulated cruft that we've got to go back to our cleanup scripts and go and reap all that stuff. So, you know, just all these crazy things that happen that you don't necessarily think will occur. So, that's my spiel. I'll hand it over to Chris. Hi, I'm Chris. I've been open. Thank you. I've been operating OpenStack for about three years now. So, sometimes the problems that we run into is the case that we're doing something that isn't actually supported by the project. So, for us, we do Layer 3 Networks. We run our network as a folded-closs design. Basically, the upshot is we have Layer 2 that only exists at a top of Rack and we have multiple top of Racks and then we have that collection of top of Racks, those Layer 2s. We call that production or we call it dev or we call it test. And in our particular network environment, we don't do Layer 2 everywhere. Layer 2 is constrained to a particular spot. So, in certain cases, it's a case of a missing primitive in the project to actually describe what we do. So, again, one of the cases is we need to have, for us and quite a few other large operators, we need to have a constrained segmented network, which means that this Layer 2 domain is only actually available to the set of hosts because, oh, thank you. So, for some of us, like I said, any L2 anywhere is nothing. So, this is actually kind of like an anti-neutron policy. But the good news is we're working on the large deployment team, I was working with some neutron cores to actually get a model that supports this type of thing put into neutron. The second thing is once you have this network, you can actually have subnets that you can route anywhere within that network. So, right now, any time you define a subnet, you have to define a Layer 2 network. That model doesn't quite map to this type of thing because those are just routes, like you just route a subnet. There is no broadcast domain, there is no Layer 2 thing around that. So, it also doesn't support Layer 3 routed networks. So, there's also another spec that's working on and hopefully we're trying to get something working between some of our larger deployments to actually get that working. But, neutron itself, right now, can't support the type of network that we have. So, we have a bunch of hacks put in on neutron and on novicide to abstract away the network information. So, our end-users basically aren't aware of kind of what's going on underneath, but it creates a fair amount of pain for some of us who have to do this. And sometimes, it's really not open-stacks fault, it's set for that terrible Layer message. So, who here has seen this error? All right, so for the others who haven't, maybe a little bit of learning, we did a kilo upgrade and about two days later we started seeing this error across all our compute nodes randomly in an environment. It was the second environment that we had upgraded and basically it took us two days of troubleshooting, adding code, debugging to figure out what the heck it means. But, the upshot is, if you're running Nova Conductor, all the compute agents talk to Nova Conductor for DB access and that provides the model server. So, basically it's saying I tried to coct conductor something happened and I wasn't able to complete my DB query. The issue ended up being that between Nova Conductor and the database server, we had 12 sets of links, one link was having 20% errors. So, if you average that across the entire traffic that was traversing that set of links, it's under 1% of traffic was affected, but it caused impact across our entire environment. And what's even worse, the Nova Conductor was logging exactly zero errors about having bad access to the database. So, it was successful in recovering, but when the model server went away, error actually happens. What really means is that a query took nine seconds to complete from Nova Conductor. So, more terrible error messages. So, hands who have seen no vela host found. If you're not raising your hand, you're lying to yourself and you should see a step one. There was an entire session dedicated to troubleshooting. No valid host found. I think that actually was today. Basically, it happens for a variety of reasons. You can have capacity issues. You can have configuration issues. You can have transient issues inside your cloud. You can have rabbit issues, filter issues. That's actually what the there are not enough hosts available. If you screw up your filters, you don't return any hosts, then you get that error, which is a little more descriptive, but not actually telling you what the problem is. But back to the no valid host found. This is the error that we show our end user. So, if you're a public cloud, maybe you don't want to have them seeing all the kind of the internals. But if you're an enterprise, you want your users to see it so they can help diagnose kind of what's going on. Because sometimes they can put, maybe they put the wrong tag on a glance image and it no longer matches a host or they mistyped it. So, it's a windows image but they misspelled windows like they switched to letters and now it no longer goes to the correct host and it doesn't boot right or something like that. We need to be able to have the option to let some of our end users see some of the error messages. Because right now no valid host found for all of us ends up being a call or a ticket saying your cloud is broken. So, with that, that's our that's our basic intro. I hope that sparked some some ideas and everyone there. So, with that we wanted to kind of open it up and try to gather more feedback, more horror stories, more crazy fixes, more anything that you can think of. So, with that we'd like to kind of open it up. We'd also like to thank everybody for being here and the participation that all the operators have with the upstream teams, the acceptance that the upstream teams have for including us and all of that kind of good jazz. So, with that I'll leave that 12 steps up here in case anybody needs to refer to anything for the rules. But with that I'd open it up to the to the floor. Yeah, and if you want to step up to grab a mic that'd be great but if you want to just stand up and can speak loud that's great too. Yeah, so we have we have situations like that too where we'll carry a local patch that upstream won't take or it might just maybe upstream will take it but it'll just take a long time to go through a review and all the tests and everything else in the feedback process. So, we have something like that we will we will mirror the get repos that are upstream and we've got a tool called get upstream which is also by OpenStack Infra that'll help us kind of carry local patches and check whenever it gets merged upstream then we'll kind of close that patch down and we won't carry it anymore since it's been merged upstream. So, we use a tool like that. We maintain our own get repo and basically we try to follow stable branches so we'll rebase our patches on top of that and build packages directly from get repos. Yeah, so that was one of the things we're working on is trying to get all these local patches that some of us are usually implementing for business logic or to fix something. We had a pretty big list from about 12 or 15 companies and came up with a list of things that we found a bunch of people were actually doing the same thing and trying to assign people to work on getting those actually upstream so pretty much everybody can take advantage of it and working with the Ptls and some cores in those projects to actually try to get get some of this fixed for not only just us so we quit carrying patches but so other people when I tell them like oh yeah we do this one thing and they go like oh I want to do that where's your code and you go okay I'll get something out there somewhere so you guys can have it. Yes, so some of us will do that where we'll have we'll build our own packages and as part of building that package we might inject a patch in there as well and carry it that way. I think there's probably a couple of different ways and some of it kind of depends upon the situation that you're in I think. We do it both ways we carry a git we put our stuff in a git repo or stuff that we take from other members of the community people have been willing to share patches with us we'll carry those as patches on top of a package that get applied by the tool that we use we use Anvil to build our pan packages. I know one of our like informal rules at least for our group is we try to make sure that if we're going to carry this patch we should at least put it up for review that doesn't mean that it's going to get accepted or merged or anything like that but at least that says we've we've kind of taken this step to reach out to the community to say like we think this is needed and at least kind of put it out there hopefully it gets merged and we don't have to carry it anymore and it just becomes a thing but sometimes it takes a while right yep yep hi my name is Kevin hi Kevin I've been operating OpenStack for gosh like five years now I think like pretty much since the beginning the first one I deployed was Bear from Trunk so that was a good time and a lot of these problems have been fixed so there is hope the 12 steps work but to uh I have a bunch of stories so I'll start with one which was almost a disaster but didn't end up being so we had object storage we're using object storage to host images and we had run out of room in our in our object storage cluster and we'd run out of budget to buy more um and at the time I worked for a company which happened to also have an internet provider business that had set-top boxes in everybody's houses and so they decided that a good idea might be to leverage the extra 80 gig hard drive in all of these set-top boxes and create a giant nationwide cluster Kevin congratulations you win well fortunately we shut that down so that didn't that didn't actually happen but it wasn't because they didn't think it would be a good idea technologically they were just afraid of a lawsuit I think so that's that's a pretty good one I can go on but I'll let somebody else have a chance if anyone else wants to talk the bar is set pretty high right now so back to him I came in a little late I'm not sure how many sees the RPC timeout errors okay so I've I can talk of two or three different RPC timeout errors the the first time it happened we were all figuring out why it was happening resulted in a rabbit mq clustering broken and if you're seeing rabbit RPC timeout errors rather than looking at anywhere as the first place I was just looking at is to see if your rabbit cluster is working as expected this is because you might be sending message to one of the primary servers and the listener might be connected to the other one and if they don't talk to each other this guy would wait for like what three three hundred seconds I believe which is the default and it would timeout the other one was grisly this is this is a little older but what used to our devs swore that every time if there is a rabbit restart or if there is a connection failure but apparently no one compute doesn't do that so it does recently but like yeah this is I'm talking about grisly so what would happen or what happened is our playbook said that if you see any clustering issues just go restart rabbit and it would do two things it would first wipe off the queue our script was written to wipe off the queue this means that every transient message would be lost and the other thing is subsequent boots whatever was broken would start working but the other machines which are working would break this is because rabbit mean the no compute wouldn't reconnect back to the rabbit for sure if you restart rabbit usually more than two things happen and none of them are good what are those two things well you'll usually have to restart everything okay right okay yep and and transient data loss if that's what you meant okay and this this is the most recent one again we saw connection time out but rabbit everything was was working fine but this resulted this was prime was a problem in our custom code which we had overridden the NOVA network to make our custom database calls and somebody had written a code to capture socket errors so basically we were leaking file descriptors and we would capture that if you do an S-Tracy you would see that no socket available or unable to open up a new connection but you are capturing that and throwing a nice error back seeing connection time though here thank you but but not not the ADDB my name is Wei I'm working for PayPal so we have well operate the the open stack cloud for I think for years so I just add something for that rabbit MQ issues so we have firewalls between the controller nodes and hypervisors that makes makes the rabbit connection even worse so sometimes if you have an idle connection next if you don't have a message in the setup for a very long time so the the firewall drops your connection but the but either side doesn't know that so there's still things connection is is active in that case even you reboot rabbit MQ it doesn't help because the NOVA compute thinks the connection is still good so it's as if you have to reboot both so the so currently we after we upgrade to Kino so we we enable the heartbeat so far it seems works yep for sure the the rabbit heartbeat stuff that was merged recently definitely has helped out a lot of issues for sure hi my name is Steve hi Steve thank you I've been running OpenStack since 20 for 2013 excuse me it's been a while and I want to tell you about one horror story that happened to me one of our use cases was to run Cassandra on Seth on OpenStack and we deployed Cassandra in a test configuration small drives and it worked fine and then the Cassandra team took over and they started ramping up the IO and all the instances died and fell over and sank into the swan ramp and we figured out finally after many weeks that we could get the same behavior by creating very large drives and running F and running make a fest on them repeatedly and sometimes they would die going on trying to figure this out trying to figure this out and finally Red Hat comes back and says how many file descriptors are you setting for your limit because of course Seth opens a billion TCP sessions which all require one file descriptor and so when we did a look at the number of threads we were running about 4,000 threads per KVM process which is a Seth library thing and each thread had an open TCP session too some OSD because we had a couple of thousand of those and so that's what happened and so you know setting limits fixed all the problems and it works great but man couldn't figure that out for the longest time so make sure to check your limits yes if you run into problems yeah yeah know your limits that's right know your limits which is bad my name is Igor hi Igor and I've been running Copenstech Cloud since 2011 at eBay at PayPal at Symantec now so I have quite a few horror stories but I'm not going to try to share all of them today so talking about limits now this is a recent one for us anyone here run out of loop devices on the hypervisors loop devices the default is eight and if NOVA for whatever reason failed to release loop device and that happened to us already a few times then any new provisioning on that node fails and because that node at that point is has the most resources available it always goes to the same damn node that's intelligence yeah so we started increasing that kind of on all of our hypervisor from default eight to say 64 just to make it a little bit safer now back to connection issues glance I like that one actually so that one is interesting we have database and database cluster fronted by load balancer load balancer as usual have long-lived connections and then it drops the connection to the actual database glance doesn't know about that now it's waiting for say what about I think it's two minutes or maybe I'm wrong maybe it's 10 minutes for that connection to for that operation to fail before it actually can recover and start a new connection kind of not a problem interesting one so one more on the connections no that's not the connection keystone that one actually my favorite because I spent on it personally a few few nights so user complaints about latency issue with keystone so we go we check everything seems to be normal keystone runs perfectly fine everyone else is have no problems but this specific user have spikes anywhere between like two to say 15 seconds and then we try to figure out what happens to that specific user well as we find out the lock memcached lock before it goes to memcached it tries to lock and it has this interesting calgary for the back off it's random 0 to 1 second and 15 retries so it locks itself and then you get interestingly and you were up to 15 seconds delay when you try to to get token in parallel from multiple threads enough I think so tacking on to that glance one we've noticed a couple times when we have issues between where glance register is running and the database in which glance registry talks to you that sometimes it'll just after that connection goes away and comes back it will just throw 500 errors until you restart glance that's the only fix right anybody else have I'll just the what so I don't know anybody has ever used the neutron l3ha tool quote unquote that was in things stack virtual yeah so that was actually a hack and I'm just going to leave it at that but that was I wrote that I'm sorry that wasn't the one I was going to talk about though so we had this is actually an OBS problem we had a tenant go live and they effectively wanted to create a CDN in open stack and so they had but what they did was again this is this is a different company that had they needed unmetered IP addresses so effectively if you downloaded something from your cell phone it didn't count against your your data plans quota and it took a year to get an IP address unmetered and so in their infinite wisdom they got three IP addresses unmetered for a for a program where they wanted to send out something like 15 million firmware updates to android phones and so and so they bring up three floating IPs and create three HA proxy instances and proceed to 0.15 million I cell phones at these three addresses and now this was OBS one like 10 I think it was and so it had actually a hard coded flow limit of like 2000 and so now as you probably know l l 3 you know every individual port and and IP unique one creates a new flow so you know the first wave of people hit it oh my gosh the l l 3 agent just falls over we're like holy shit how are we going to like what are we going to do with this thing so so we so we what we end up having to do it's like thrashing the CPU is pegged and also it wasn't multi-threaded in its flow management either at that point OBS wasn't so it's like CPU is pegged at a hundred on one core and so we what we ended up having to do to make the long story short was we ended up having to rip out the l 3 agent software entirely we threw hardware ASAs in front of it set up those same IP addresses one to one that and then had to like bridge that in so we had to create recreate their HA proxies instances with a with a second interface so you had basically the direct coming in but it was coming in the IP was hosted on an ASA so that was a lot of fun and at least four weekends of my wife being very unhappy with me so all right that's 40 minutes thank you everybody


Hello and welcome to Monet Cafe. I'm artist Susan Jenkins. We're gonna have some fun today And if you're new here, please subscribe and hit that little bell icon to be notified of future videos Oh, I think you guys are going to be excited about this video where I am providing 12 soft pastel techniques and a lot more I even create this little painting at the end. So stay tuned I am so happy to know that Monet cafe here on YouTube has inspired many artists to come over to the medium of Soft pastels, but because it's a little different than other mediums. We often get confused about Markmaking how to use it? How is it different from other mediums? so I'm going to take you through this tutorial and Show you this is some black paper that I'll be doing some markmaking on and I'm just showing you here some of the Little quick I call them pastel sketches that I've done actually just on unsanded black Canson paper and because soft pastel is different from other mediums in that we don't use a brush We use our hands and these earthen vessels we get to hold It's very important to know the different marks that we can make to achieve different Effects and results. Here's another painting you can see various stroke work And I've used multiple techniques that you will see in this video to achieve the different and painterly results So let's get ready to learn more about pastel techniques and I encourage you to follow along with me I'm going to show you right now how to prepare your own surface with the 12 different divisions for these techniques as You could see at the beginning of this video. I'm using a pad of black Canson paper I'm using a Posca acrylic marker. I love these markers. They come in black and white They may come in other colors, too But I thought this black Canson paper would be a dynamic and easy way for you to see these pastel techniques So basically use whatever you have divide your paper into 12 equal Portions and label it accordingly now. I'm a lefty and when I don't paint this way But when I ride I do the typical curve my hand over like that. So you'll be able to see this I'm just speeding this up literally to write these in and I'm going to demonstrate each one of these right now The first technique is blending and it is one that is quite common to pastel painting And the neat thing about blending is that you actually can get interesting Combinations with color a lot of people think that because pastels are a dry medium that we can't get mixing of colors Like with wet mediums, but we actually can get some effects of mixing color that you will see in just a minute Like magic. All right, so I have my blue These are harder new pastels just so you know and again Canson is an unsanded paper But watch what happens when I just use pastels to blend themselves here over the blue Do you see how that turned a little bit to green? So we do have the ability to get a little bit of color mixing with pastels And you'll see more of this with some of the other techniques now keep in mind with blending sometimes The end result is affected by which color you put down first for example If I put my blue pastel down first It's kind of a teal pastel and then the yellow on top of it now because these are harder pastels. They kind of blend themselves Harder pastels have a tendency to do that, but now notice I put the yellow down first and Then the blue and I noticed in my example. It's not as extreme It would be more extreme if I had rubbed the beneath layer with my finger a little bit more You would have seen a more of a dramatic difference between the two now I'll do one more example here where I'm going to show you some of the different tools that you can use for blending You see how you can actually use pastels to blend themselves But you can also use other tools to do the blending for you in this case I'm putting down the yellow and the teal color and then I will blend it using three different methods The first method is simply using your finger the next method I'll demonstrate will be with a piece of pipe foam insulation that you can get at any hardware store It's a really neat blending tool and also I've been lately using a piece of chamois cloth I'll go more into when to use that when not to alright, so let's just use the finger technique It does work great, but keep in mind some people say they rub their finger raw I have callus fingers from playing guitar, so it doesn't bother me that much But you do get kind of different effects with each one even though it doesn't show up quite as much on this Canson paper that's the pipe foam insulation and then last is the chamois cloth now the chamois cloth works better on papers that aren't Overly sanded and again, I'll describe more about that later. Alright, the next example is going to be broken color I happen to really like this one I think it's because I really like the illusion of color mixing So in this example, we're not blending the colors as we did in the first one But this technique will give an illusion of a new color By the close proximity of the marks next to each other now you see I'm just making kind of small random marks first in the teal and then in the yellow and I'm going to go in with the opposite color for each one and you'll see how the technique does give it an Illusion of almost a green now the pastel does Go over some of the blue you don't have to be so specific and get it right in the spaces that you've created But I think this technique gives a painterly and Energetic style and definitely a different end result than just blending the two colors together I use this technique a lot in painting and I just I don't always have to have the marks so specific like this But just gestural little lines of color next to each other will create this dynamic and fun Result broken colors also a similar technique that I use often when painting skies Rather than just doing a blended sky as in the first example I like to use colors of a similar value and the same strategy as broken color to Create a more interesting sky and the way this is done is notice in this example. I'm not making my marks as Small or specific. I just lay down some color with various Gestural strokes and then I lay down another color on top of it amongst it in and around it that's of a similar value value just means lightness or darkness of a color and It creates a more interesting color rather than just using your finger or blending the two colors together Now the next technique is hatching and cross hatching This is a technique that's often used in drawing if you've done any drawing you've probably used this technique to get various methods of shading and The neat thing about pastels is it works as a drawing and a painting medium So this is the hatching example. I just did but you can also do it with little marks that are Kind of turned in different ways little hatching marks And you just kind of vary their direction to create a little pattern of sorts now cross hatching is Just what it sounds like we're going to do the same little hatching marks And by the way, I always recommend to practice these things you get better and more consistent at your lines being Consistent which mine were not so consistent I was working around my camera if you guys could see my setup sometimes when I do these demos It's crazy, so I decided to use a different color to do the cross hatching Just so you could still get that illusion of mixed color now the next technique is called feathering And I really like this technique if you've ever seen artwork where it's a painting and it looks like every line Is kind of going in the same direction? That's one way you can do feathering. I'm going to show you that here I'm basically just making a lot of lines all going diagonally from top to bottom from the right to the left And I'm going to kind of create a little painting within this now I want to describe as I'm doing this feathering also works quite well for doing animal fur Or doing hair or doing grasses So what I'm doing now is I'm still keeping my strokes all in the same direction But I'm making myself a little tree Kind of within the lighter blue that I use now I'm going to add a different color I'm going to give a little yellow to the sky here I didn't have a lot of pastels sitting near me that were the right colors and values So I I jumped up real quick and got some more I needed something a little darker to indicate that tree So again, this is something that it's a beautiful technique when people do it correctly But this can also be done not just to create a painting with the feathering technique But to create little areas using feathering like I said with animal fur hair grasses, etc Now the next technique is one that I use quite often. It's the side stroke Like I said before about pastels being able to be used as a drawing medium They can be used as a painting medium by using more of the broad side of the pastel I often break my pastels in half so that I have shorter areas But I keep some of them longer and I've learned that I can make side strokes Not the full length of the pastel without even having to break them If I kind of lift up on the back side of it, you can see how I'm doing that there Also another important point to make about all of these techniques is Pressure we have the ability to control our stroke and our results based on how hard or soft we're pressing With the pastel as you can see in the stroke that I made here The next technique is obviously similar to the one we just did. It is still a side stroke But we have the ability to layer our side strokes and I again I use this technique a lot I like using the broad side of the pastel and then you can do the same thing I'm just uh reversing the colors here once again. You see how that creates kind of a new color I thought this was a good time for me to describe why I prefer a layering technique Rather than a blended technique In this little example, you can see the blended color is on the left side The layered colors on the right side when we blend colors together we often Crush the little particles within soft pastels that give them their gorgeous color And the end result can come out muddy or dull I find that minimal blending is okay sometimes at beginning stages of a painting But the final result is so much more vibrant if we use the layering technique that you can see on the right The next technique is pointillism. It's similar to broken color But the mark making is a bit smaller. They're really like little dots So I'm going to do the same thing I did with broken color first applying little dots random Now they don't have to be equidistant apart and actually to me they are more painterly and artistic If they're not so patterned and consistent and in this first example, I've given my Points a little breathing room. They're not so close together. So I'm keeping them more spacious I'm claustrophobic. So I would rather be one of these points than the next one. I'm going to make And here you can see that my points are now in the next example a lot tighter closer together And what happens as a result of that is you get a little bit more of the illusion Of a new color when they are so spacious you kind of see the teal and the yellow But now you can see it does make a little bit more of a green when they're closer in proximity to each other The next technique is scumbling another favorite of mine And I think it is because of the randomness of the strokes now again my left-handedness You can't quite see what I'm doing here, but you will in a minute. I'm basically making little squiggly marks Just kind of random kind of turning the marks In different directions as I go and I'm going to do the same thing as the pointillism example I'm going to make the second example a bit tighter In proximity with my marks And again, it will create more of an illusion of a new color because of things being so close together The next technique is called a twist or twisting often we can create Energetic marks by just turning our hand to create a ribbon type of an effect And again, this is using the broad side of the pastel as opposed to the point And again back to the drawing element of soft pastels And I like to remind people to keep a gestural Quality and a stroke to your hand allow your hand hold your pastel very gently Allow your hand to move with the pastel and also in the next example I'll talk about controlling the pressure, but in this example I'm just creating strokes in a free and flowing method Now I'd also like to mention that I often don't use drawing elements or techniques to a painting until More towards the end. I use Bigger broader stroke work at the beginning of a painting We often say in art that we go big to small We work large big shapes and block in Our basic big forms before we get too detailed This next technique focuses on rolling of a pastel if you've got a nice round pastel Why not utilize the beauty of being able to roll it? You're going to get different line widths and pressures as you roll it around and you get a randomness That I think you will immediately notice the difference between this technique and the drawing technique that I just used before There's a brokenness to things in nature. That sounds poetic, doesn't it? But there is a brokenness our world has fallen and it's not perfect anymore But I better not get to preaching. I'll stick with art now. Let's talk about pressure Oh, no, that's another thing I could get philosophical about no seriously Pressure is the same as the example I did before about how We have the ability to change pressures and it really does create more of an artistic style Once again when my left-handedness gets out of the way here Notice the mark making in this technique in rolling and pressure and how it differs from the drawing technique So I really love being able to use these Different techniques to create more of a painterly and artistic style This last technique Dusting is a lot of fun. I don't have many times when I need to use it But it's a perfect technique if you need to create things such as stars snow Or even fireflies. So what I'm doing I'm using actually my lemon zester I use it for ginger too and I'm just grating little bits of pastel onto the surface And I'm going to use various colors for this example now. I'm using a teal So I'm using lavender teal and I believe a yellow now you may be thinking Well, how is that pastel going to stay on that surface? Won't it just blow off? And of course it would if I didn't do what I'm about to do I'm using a piece of glassine now you could use Wax paper for this example or tracing paper You're really just putting something down that you can put pressure on top of in my case I've in the past I've used a wine bottle But in this case I I just grabbed a glass So I'm just using anything rounded and hard to press down pretty hard On my dusted pastels and sure enough they will stay I've done this technique multiple times but in one example I did it for a galaxy Like a nebula if you've ever seen that effect and it worked really well for all of those mini stars Now I'm going to go ahead and blow and I know you can't see what I just did But I blew and nothing came off. So this technique really does work nicely So those were 12 of the mini techniques that we can use with pastel markmaking And now let's talk about erasing pastels. Can it be done? Yes pastels can be removed We can use multiple tools. This is a kneaded eraser, which feels a bit like a piece of putty This is an older one. That's why it's darker But you can sort of clean the eraser by stretching it and Molding it to get a new area now. We can also use a stiff bristle brush This is a regular paint brush But you can use a really stiff brush to get a lot of the pastel off now I have already blended this one in so it's not going to come off as good As some of the stroke work I had done where I didn't press it with my finger or another blending tool See how this one removes a bit better. I just blew some of the pastel off So we can remove a bit of the pastel by using a stiff bristle brush But I do find that the kneaded eraser works quite well So watch how after brushing off the majority of the pastel when I use the eraser and once again I keep stretching it to get a new part of the eraser to work from because it gets kind of dirty with the pastel You just keep Stretching it and molding it But I can continue to use this technique and process to get a lot of the pastel off the surface Now this technique also works a bit better on the blended portion More so than the brush that I used before you can see that it still does do a bit of erasing Now there is one other technique that you can use to say rescue a failed painting and it's using water However, I can't do it on this surface. This is not a water friendly surface So stay tuned. We'll be getting to that and with that perfect segue Let's talk about some of the different pastel Surfaces that we can work on some of them are water friendly some are not some are sanded some are unsanded And there's just so much to choose from so let's first talk about sanded versus unsanded A common unsanded surface for many pastel artists and usually one of the first things you try on your New pastel journey is Canson me taunts. It's a french word. I used to say that word wrong all the time But it's a great surface. It doesn't give a lot of layering But once again unsanded papers have their advantages I have a video tutorial where I literally create the same painting on a sanded and an Unsanded surface. I'll try to put a card up here the link to that video now. Also Canson started making a Paper that's a bit sanded and it's called look for the word touch It's Canson me taunts touch and it has a slight sanded surface Now let's talk about some sanded surfaces that you can get for pastel painting And some of the advantages one of my favorite sanded surfaces is by Cinelli a another french word They also make soft pastels and this surface is pretty coarse, but it's great for animal portraits and Landscapes comes in different colors. Keep in mind. This is not a water friendly surface So you can't do the technique. I'll mention later about repurposing your pastel painting A surface that I've really come to love lately is pastel matte Now this is a white piece of pastel matte, but it comes in different colors It also is a type of sanded surface not nearly as sanded as the Cinelli a this is a water friendly paper You can literally wash your painting off and even give a little scrub to it So that is a great advantage to this paper Now this is another water friendly paper with a bit more of a sanded surface called U art paper It comes in different grades or grits as you can see in the photo And it's also great for washing off a painting and repurposing Now I have found that U art paper often curls on me So I've started using another brand almost just like U art paper called fissure And I get the 400 grit and it doesn't curl or warp at all Now since many of the pastel papers are water friendly, let's talk about pastels and water I was very surprised early in my pastel journey to learn that you can wet pastels and you can use water or alcohol And yes, even gin or vodka qualifies. I get that question all the time. This is a little mister spritzer bottle I have that has alcohol in it and I'm going to demonstrate now Some different methods of combining soft pastels and water or alcohol Now this is the piece of U art paper once again very similar to fissure paper and first to demonstrate I'm just applying that's a broken senelier. It was kind of dirty too Just applying some pastel to the surface. That's a big terry luddwig pastel And this is a dying in towns and look at that gorgeous green And while this isn't a lesson on the different types of pastel, it is kind of neat to see some of them This is a mount vision iridescent pastel. It actually does have some sparkle in it You can't see it great here. Now here is the reason why not to use a cheap brush I grabbed a brush real quickly and it's so cheap that bristles were coming off So I grabbed one of my better brushes to finish this exercise Now I just using water here. I have a paper towel sometimes to kind of control my water Sometimes I have a little too much and so I'm gradually going from more water to less water in that example Now I'm just applying a bunch of water to this die-in towns on when you can see how Luscious that works. It also works great with the mount vision And you can combine colors as well So pastels really can work like watercolor And in this example, you can see how I applied the pastel first and then added the water But I'll show you soon how you can literally use pastels like little watercolor Palettes and paint the water right on the pastel to grab some color and put it down on your surface For the next water friendly demonstration. I'm using pastel matte. Sorry for the little teeny piece I didn't want to ruin a whole big sheet.  I'm not restricted to what the company provides for me I'm speeding this one up because it's the same technique that I used before but this one is just on the pastel matte Now for this example, I am once again using a little teeny piece of pastel matte And I'm doing a different technique this time I'm putting the water directly on the pastel and you can see that it works better on different brands of pastels I am going to do another video. I have one already that's older on different brands of pastels and some of the Things that I love about all of them really But you can see here how the end result is a little bit different when you use the pastel almost like a little paint tube To work from now. Let's talk about another surface that is definitely water friendly. It's watercolor paper I use watercolor paper so often because I know it is a cheaper alternative for many artists who are starting It's easy to come by you can find it anywhere And I'm using alcohol in this example to do a similar Technique of applying the pastel and then adding water or alcohol alcohol in this case to this Little swatch of watercolor paper now what I'm doing I'm using the spritzer and I'm watching the drips happen I actually really love doing things like this on watercolor paper to create an interesting Underpainting to begin a painting you see I can still Blend the different pastel colors with a brush afterwards if you want to and also I'll try to put a card above to a video I have of how you can make this into a pastel surface with various techniques And this is another neat little technique you can do with watercolor paper or any water friendly paper Where I like to embrace the drips and sometimes you can use gravity in your favor in this case I'm turning it upside down after spritzing it with alcohol And creating some tree trunks by the the random method that they kind of flow And then adding a little bit extra So there's so many different things that you can do using water and alcohol with soft pastels Wow, we really covered a lot of material in this video and it was a lot of fun I hope you've learned a lot, but now it's time to combine all of these things for an actual painting So I'm using a little baby piece again of pastel mat This is the white again And I'm just going to use the pastels that I have sitting right next to me I'm also going to demonstrate another question I get all the time about spray fixative when to use it and when not to use it I will use it later in the painting So I'm really speeding this one up here because the video is getting kind of long But I'm showing you how I just kind of used a layering technique there Now I'm using a blending technique with a chamois cloth to kind of get in a value study I'm just doing this out of imagination and once again only with the pastels that I have next to me So you don't have to have all these huge sets sometimes if you've got enough color and value Value is key. I have lots of videos on that. I decided to tape this down So now I'm using a lighter value for the sky kind of doing a fractured sky Like in one of the techniques at the beginning of the video and now I'm using water because this is a water friendly paper The pastel matte paper now. I'm using the technique of value and color temperature Oh, I have another video on that and uh adding some of these blues some cooling off the trees in the background And lots of other techniques such as scumbling broken color And by the way, I hope you will subscribe to this channel if you haven't already And if you'd like a little more instruction or to support this channel Please consider supporting me on my patreon page It keeps these videos coming for free to so many people who want to learn more about pastel painting And now I'm adding some luscious reds I do think I went and grabbed a little bit of a darker red with flowers It's often good to put down a darker value and then a little bit of a brighter value on top of it And this was fun. This is literally like a little bookmark size Which was kind of neat and now is when I'm actually going to use the spray fixative I'm using Blair low odor fixative and you can't see my hand in this But I'm angling it to where I'm just spraying a little bit of that foreground Things are darker in value in the foreground and what the fixative does is it darkens the foreground which works artistically And also it gives you a little bit more of a layering capability Now the question I get often about fixative and pastel painting is do you fix your painting at the end? I never do a final coating of fixative at the end of a painting I only use it in my favor To darken an area or to add a little bit more layering So now I'm using a little bit of the the stroke the drawing or you could call it the feathering technique Various different techniques from the examples that I showed earlier. I love adding teals and cooler colors in grasses And here I'm using another new pastel kind of using the rolling and the Pressure technique I talked about before keeping it very Loose and carefree is the word I like to use grasses don't grow in patterns. They usually are very flowing And free so I hope you guys loved that So please like this video and comment. I'd love to know what you think It really does help my youtube standing and to make my videos suggested more often So try some of these techniques and if you're a patron of mine, please share it in our homework album You know what? I'm talking about patrons. All right guys. Happy painting and come back soon


Well, that's Racky Bemidji hosted a boys tennis triangle this afternoon with Detroit Lakes and East Grand Forks. First with Detroit Lakes, one singles, good afternoon for Spencer Kanishny, gets the ace, only loses one set in two matches on the day. How about some doubles action? Ben Hess and Kolden Mikhailovich puts that one away. They split the afternoon, they go one in one. The duo of Cody Hendricks and Nick Palmer also in action. Nice forehand return for the point. Two and O for the top pair. And Bemidji gets the sweet 5-2 over Detroit Lakes and 5-2 over East Grand Forks. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


I have been in nursing for 45 years and I always tell the kids why I still have fire in me because nursing is a ministry to me and I think that connection also make it so important for me that at this point in my career that I'm able to connect and make a difference and that's another reason why I went back to school at this time in my life but I really want to teach full time here and to help the student and that's what my purpose in life right now but as a whole the university to me is a giving community every time there is something that needed to be done at the university I can tell you there will be people that are volunteering they don't need to be paid they will be there and I have never experienced where people said no I don't want to give it's very important that the not just the student but we as the community that we take care of our own types of employment and that we can give back you know we want to make the university a safe and healthy environment so why are we here and at the University of Alabama why are we here we are UA yeah we as faculty and staff but we are here because of our student everything that we do here it's it's it's really fun to work here at the university I'm Amelia Delas Reyes we are UA visit UA.edu forward slash we are UA today to make a gift to support the college school or program of your choice


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Personal finance practice problem using Excel. Calculating dividend payments. Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. Here we are in our Excel worksheet. If you don't have access to it, that's okay because we'll basically build this from a blank sheet. But if you do have access, three tabs down below. Example, practice blank. Example in essence being an answer key. Let's take a look at it now. We've got the information on the left. We're gonna do our calculations on the right, calculating our quarterly dividends and our yearly dividends in a couple different ways. The second tab, having a pre-formatted worksheet so we can work through the practice problem with less Excel formatting. The third tab, basically a blank tab so we can practice the Excel formatting. If you don't have any of this, you could just open a blank worksheet, lay down the baseline formatting which would look something like this. I would select the entire worksheet if I had a blank worksheet with the triangle. Right click on the worksheet, format those cells. I usually lay down the baseline of the currency, currency I usually do, and then brackets and red and no dollar sign, no decimals. I'm not gonna hit okay but just close it out. That's usually the starting point for me. Add the data on the left-hand side, format the cells as needed including decimals for these cells, make a skinny C column and then we're good to go. So we've got the dividends. We're gonna assume or imagine that we have dividends that are gonna be paid out quarterly, remembering that dividends represent a corporation that's a separate legal entity paying the revenue generally out in the form of dividends to the stockholders, those being similar to say, draws for sole proprietorship or partnership except for the fact that they have to be the same for all the people, all the stocks out there and therefore one individual stock cannot determine the dividends or get a different dividend than other stocks so it has to be determined by the board of directors and the management. And oftentimes they're given out quarterly, not all the time, so different companies might have different ways that they're gonna be giving out dividends and so we're gonna imagine here that dividends are quarterly, you've got the Q1 dividends on a per share basis, 33 cents, Q2 on a per share basis, Q3 in a per share basis and Q4. Now remember, you might be looking at dividends from a company to try to predict what they're gonna do in the future. Sometimes they might have some kind of stable strategy where they might be using lesser dividends in the front of the year because maybe they make more money in the end of the year or something like that or they might just be increasing the dividends and next year we could expect the dividends to be 61 cents hopefully in the following year. But here we're just gonna say, okay, well if I have 440 shares, what are my dividends on a quarterly basis and how much dividends would I be getting for the year? And we'll do a couple of different ways we could do this calculation that could make it a little bit easier and it'll be practice for us to work with our Excel worksheets here. So we're gonna say, okay, let's do it quarter by quarter first, so I'm gonna say Q1, Q1 dividends, dividends and let's make column D a little bit wider here and we'll make the headers for column D and E, so D1 to E1, gonna go to the home tab, gonna go to the font group, I usually make those black and white, we'll make those black and the lettering we'll make that white for our headers and we're gonna say the number of shares we have, I'm gonna say equal pulling this from our data set, shares owned, I'm gonna say equals in E1 or is this E2 equals scrolling down to the 440 and B7 and enter, so now we can change this number down here of course and it would change automatically, I'm gonna undo that, our data up top so we can have a dynamic worksheet. This is gonna be our Q1 dividends per share, I'm just gonna say equals point to that Q1 dividend per share, this needs to be a little bit wider, it looks like to me, so I'm just gonna take column D and widen it up, widen it up and so we're gonna say this then equals in E3 equals the 33.33, it says zero there because I gotta format that cell, gotta add some decimals to it, gotta decimalize it, so we're gonna go to the home tab, number group, no that's not a word but we're gonna make it a word in case you're wondering, people get upset when I say stuff that aren't actual words but there's not enough words for stuff these days, font group, I'm gonna underline this and so we're gonna then go down here and then we're gonna say this is the Q1 dividend, Q1 dividend, multiplying this out, we're just gonna say all right, if I have equal 440 shares and they're giving out 33 cents per share, that's gonna give us 145, we can add a couple decimals just in case, number group, decimalize 145.20, let's do the same thing for the other three quarters and then we'll see how we can do the calculation for the year a little bit more easily adding them all together, so let's do the blue, I'm gonna make this blue and bordered because that's our custom to do and so I'm gonna go up top and say this is gonna be the bucket dropdown, there's the blue I need but if you don't have that, it's in the more colors, more colors. We need more colors, standard wheel, I'm gonna pick that one right there, why? Because that's just what I do and my ways have been set down and they're not changing unless I find, okay, I'm gonna make a skinny F column over here now I'll do the same thing, so I could go here and let's take the, and it might be better, it might be easier actually to go underneath, let's do it underneath here, that might be better. So let's say this is gonna be Q2, I'm changing up the formatting, Q2 dividends on the fly as I'm flying, I'm doing this and you didn't even know I could fly, I could fly and change the formatting.  Now notice we could do something fancy up here and just like copy the formatting here since it's the same kind of thing instead of reformatting it, let's do the paint brush to do that, we're saying I could see, I see I could do that, that makes things easier. Home tab, font, let's go to the paint brush painter and just paint brush that right there, I'll just put it in the top cell, boom, format done for us automatically, I'm just gonna put in Q2 dividend, it's trying to help me but it's not, so I'm just gonna hit the space bar two times because I don't want that per share thing, this is the total dividend for Q2 quarter two, this is gonna be equal to the 440 times 33 cents and there we have it, let's do it for Q3, Q number three that stands for quarter three dividend calculation, once again I could just format the whole thing off the bat right off the bat, that means like when I'm starting out off the bat, home tab, clipboard, let's hit the paint brush right there and just paint brush the whole thing just as the ball is going off the bat and so this is gonna be the shares owned once again, shares owned is gonna be equal to the 440 and then now we're looking at Q3 per share, Q3 dividend per share has now going up to the 58 cents per share, so that means my Q3 dividends is gonna be equal to, I put an S that time, I hadn't done that before but that's okay, we're gonna say this times this, so now we're up to 255 dividends, we're hoping that trend stays the way it's going and so let's do one more Q4 dividends, let's do our format painting, I'm just gonna format paint this cause it's gonna look like the same bit, same bit, home tab, clipboard, paint brushy, put that paint brush right there, boom, one brush stroke and the whole fence is painted. It's amazing, equals we're gonna say this is the shares again, equaling the 440 and now we're gonna say this equals the dividends for Q4 dividend per share, notice I can also just like copy this to the right so I can put my cursor on the fill handle, drag it to the right and there it is I can now, what that did is it messed up the formatting though, it messed up the formatting, I could get a little fancy there, I could right click and copy it and then right click and paste it special but then I just want to paste the formula, the formula, not the formatting and then okay so it'll get the formatting, not mess up the formatting just to play with some different Excel stuff and so this is gonna be Q4 dividends which is gonna be equal to the 440 times the 61 so there we have Q4 dividends, now if I was to add them all up and just say dividends for the year it's gonna be equal to Q1 dividends plus Q2 dividends plus Q3 dividends plus Q4 dividends and there's the dividends from the year number and we can add some decimals let's make it blue and bordered, home tab, font group, bordered, blue now we could do that a little bit more quickly we could say let's see if we can do that in a table without having all these separate tables let's try to do it again a different way we're gonna, I'm gonna make a skinny C column over to the skinny F using the format painter, home tab, clipboard, paint brush, format paint, column F this is gonna be the dividends per year let's just say for the year and I'll make this a little bit whiter here I'm gonna make from column G1 to I1 and make that black and white with the font group bucket drop down, black and white and so I'm just gonna say this time I'm just gonna add up all the quarters dividends so this is gonna be the quarterly dividends per share brackets and I'll just add them all up so I'm just gonna say this equals notice I put a colon here so we're gonna have a sub line down below indicated by the colon, I'll also indent it and I'll put a sub column just to practice our formatting this will be equal to the Q1 dividends and I could just copy that down to Q4 putting my cursor on the fill handle dragging down to Q4 and then I could drag it to the right and that'll actually pull in the numbers but they're not formatted so now I'm gonna select these cells to add some decimals, home tab, number group decimalizing them twice, double decimalized and then we're gonna go down here and say home tab, font group, underline and we'll say this now is gonna be, I'll just copy this I could say total dividends but I'll just say copy, paste, double click get rid of the colon because now this is the total of my subcategory I'm gonna select these five go to the home tab, alignment indent and then select this one again indent again, home tab, alignment indent again we'll sum these up in the outer column now using our trusty sum function the most famous function and deservedly so of Excel it's amazing so it's just so useful that you don't actually recognize the amazingness of it it's like the faucet in your house you're like hot water take advantage of it but it's just there, it's just amazing the sum, what do you talk, just do the problem okay, we're gonna finish this up we're gonna say this is the shares owned this is gonna be equal to the 440 let's put an underline there we're gonna go to the home tab, font group, underline and this is gonna be the dividends for the year and we'll just multiply that out we're gonna say this is the 1.85 times the 440 so that's a quicker way to get to just that year end dividend, although we don't have the breakout of the Q by Q, the quarter by quarter breakout in that format you could of course make another table we might format it in a table let's just do it one more time let's put some borders and blue around this one border and blue you might say something like let's say that let's make a skinny F or skinny J, we're gonna go from the F home tab and say F and then you might make a table looking something like this you might say this is the dividends for the year dividends for the year and then I'm gonna make this a little bit wider and then let's do it this way you could say this is gonna be Q1, Q2, Q3 Q3, Q4 and then the total right we could do something like this which would make sense and we can say that we're gonna say this is going to be font group brackets black and white let's put some center in around these ones alignment and center and then I'm just gonna say all right this is the dividends per share which is gonna be equal in Q1 we're gonna be the 33 tab Q2 I'm gonna format it shortly 33 tab Q3 equals the 58 cents tab and Q4 equals the 61 cents tab let's format all of these holding shift scroll into the left home tab number adding some decimals I could sum up the total on the year then equals the trusty sum function trusty sum enter and then we're gonna have the shares the number of shares now if we have the same shares all the way across for the full year then this will be easy to do I'm gonna put my 440 I could say F4 on the keyboard making an absolute so I can copy it across so I can copy this across putting my cursor on the fill handle copy it across it's not moving that reference so I'm just picking that up another way you could do that I often do it is just doing it this way equals the one before it and then copy it across so you can use that and so then I'm gonna copy it all the way across to the total notice that then you could do your calculations so you could say total dividends which would be equal to the 33 cents times the 440 in Q1 and I can copy that across putting my cursor on the fill handle dragging to the right so there we have that and we should come up to our same quarterly dividends as well as the yearly dividend now notice this yearly dividend calculation will only work this way if you didn't buy or sell any shares during the year if you did then you'd have to sum up the dividends and you could also double check this number by summing it up again maybe let's do it over here I'll sum it up again just summing up the four quarters so now I've got to double check this way and this way if any of these shares change in the quarters then I can't do this multiplication it won't work because now we have a difference we're gonna have to do the quarter by quarter a breakout kind of calculation then now let's do it one more format let's make this blue and bordered font group blue and bordered notice that you might kind of visualize this in a vertical fashion so I could go let's make this Q J format paint that over here and you might say that you want the dividends dividends let's just say call it the dividends and then I'm gonna say that we're gonna have the quarters this way so I'm gonna say Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 and Q 4 and then the total and so let's put an underline under these two underline here home tab font group underline those please so then we've got the dividends and then we're gonna say now notice you don't have as much room on the headers when you do it when you kind of do it this way so you gotta abbreviate the headers to some degree possibly or you can use multiple cells so I could say dividends per share I could say like div per share which is a little bit shorter or I might want two cells which I could use the home tab alignment and wrap although I don't really like that unless I'm gonna make it into a table because it makes everything else to the left fat when I just want that one to be the fat one so I'm gonna say let's undo that another way you could do it is I could take these here I'm gonna give it some space by dragging them down or I could say control X or right click and cut and bring them down here and then I'm gonna call it div let's say per share let's do it that way and so now I've got two I'm telling it when I want it to be broken out into two shares which will both be the header because I'll make them black and white and then we could say shares owned shares owned notice I did the same thing it's on two two rows and then this will be the total total and just call it div div for short you could type it out probably have room there and then I'm gonna select this whole thing make that black and white home tab font group making it black and white and let's just choose these ones and center that alignment and center and so now we can pick these up and I'm gonna say the dividends per share and I could just pick these up by saying equals and this way I can just copy them down because they're all in a vertical fashion so I could just say let's pick that one up and then just copy it down fill handle let's format pane it home tab number group adding some decimals let's total it up equals the trusty sum function adding some decimals number group couple decimals there and then the shares owned are gonna be equal to and once again it's gonna be about 440 which I could then say F4 on the keyboard making it absolute so it doesn't copy down dollar sign before the well it will copy down or it won't change the cell when I copy it down dollar sign before the B and seven you only need a mixed reference but an absolute one works and then I can copy that down like so or down to here actually or I could say let's just delete these ones and say I'm just gonna say equals the one above it therefore I don't need an absolute reference and so that kind of works too it's a little thing that'll work and then we're gonna say all right so now let's multiply them out this equals this times this in our vertical file table and this is nice because now I can just double click here instead of fill handling down I could just double click and boom and it sums them up that way and then I could I could go one more down I could do it this multiplying it out that way or I could sum it up for a double check of this way and I should get to the 814 either way we could add some decimals here maybe just in case we want a little bit more detail we could put an underline under like these for example and so and this is like my check figure check the check figure let's make a check figure here so great practice for just practicing tables fairly simple tables but you want to be able to visualize how you can construct your data if you can construct your data in different ways then you have a better grasp of the data and you can work with other people who will inevitably construct the data in weird and unusual ways because other people's minds work funny my mind's the only one that works right other people's minds they make stuff all weird but then you gotta figure it out because that's like and that's fine as long as it works right I mean home tab font group we're gonna put some brackets around this let's put some blue let's let's do a spell check see how many words I didn't spell right div and that's an abbreviation Excel that's not wrong that's not wrong I'm just gonna ignore that or change it did I change it okay so there we go