Hello internet, my name is John Hammond, and this is a video to showcase the 310 Bitcoin challenge This was released on the internet about a week ago, just over a week ago, eight days ago now, by an anonymous individual who posted on reddit explaining that he had originally bought into the Bitcoin scene when it was just getting started and now he wanted to share some of the love So he created this puzzle or the 310 Bitcoin challenge where you're given a single picture or just an image and there is 310 Bitcoin hidden somewhere, somehow within the picture. There are three other connected addresses that contain 0.1, 0.2, and 0.31 Bitcoin respectively and so far you can see the timeline where just today at the moment of my recording I think five hours ago of the 310 Bitcoin funds were found, discovered, and taken. So that is if you just do a quick Google search here 310 Bitcoin that is just over two million dollars, at least United States currency. So that's pretty crazy and kind of incredible. Cool, cool puzzle and I can showcase at least just a little bit of the first two pieces, the 0.1, 0.2 segments of this challenge. I am eagerly awaiting to hear the solution for the 310 Bitcoin or two million dollar treasure and bounty. That's pretty awesome but so far I would like to showcase this. The internet has been going in a little bit of a frenzy. Not a whole lot, not a big one, but you are seeing some news articles that are flying a little bit and I thought I would take advantage of this and totally jump on the train and bandwagon. So I'll try and showcase what I can. The background really that's just necessary is that this individual is kind of nicknamed PIP and there's so far been an online community that's come from it. Within the Reddit post you can see lots of links and information discussion and articles that have kind of come from it and kind of through that also some Google Docs pages that actually have solutions leaked and visible and that's what I will try and showcase and go through here along with a Discord server that will showcase some of this cool stuff. If we go ahead and take a look at the challenge, this website here is simply bitcoinchallenge.codes. You're given this kind of prompt here. There's 310 bitcoin to be found and this is the image that we have to work with. So far everything but the decimal 3.1 or 0.31 bitcoin has been found and solved. So I can zoom in here and you can download this PNG image. What I'm going to do is copy this link. Actually just open in a new tab. You know we'll just download whatever grab the link and let's open up a terminal so I can start to work with it. I'm going to make a directory to work and I'll call this 310 BTC and I will W get to download the image. Now that it is downloaded we can go ahead and just view it and make sure it is what we expect and it is exactly that. You can do a little bit of reconnaissance just kind of exploring this because this looks weird, right? It seems to be stained glass I think. There's a little bit more discovery as to how this image originally came to be, what was it actually made of, etc. What do these numbers mean, right? What do the numbers mean, Mason? There's just plenty of letters and other kind of strange things in pieces of the page. Down at the very bottom it explains a little bit of the address and the actual bitcoin wallet that you may need, signature here and some seemingly hexadecimal values or values from 0 through 9 and A through F representing base 16, not just base 10 like we're used to seeing in the real world I guess. And there's the simple bitcoin logo. So we could explore that a little bit more but the first thing that I would kind of recommend doing and what seemed to lead to some kind of rabbit hole or a little bit of fruition was actually exploring the image in a tool called StegSolve. So if you haven't heard of StegSolve before it is available online you can just go ahead and download it. It is actually visible in a repository here where you can go ahead and the second link I think has a better... Oh it does have a W get link so we can simply download it as that. I'll paste that in StegSolve.jar. It is a Java archive so you will run it as Java tag jar. Open up StegSolve, you can hit O to open the challenge.png and it's too big to view all in one. That's totally fine. You can still move the arrow keys or click through these panes here and kind of explore different ways to view the image like a color inversion X or as you can see up in the top left. And each individual plane or each significant or each specific bit in a binary the binary bits that make up the bytes that create the colors and the pixels and the and what is in the picker and what is in the image. If you get to the last bit in the alpha plane you'll see that there is one line that actually has a little bit of information or something seemingly odd. I can't zoom in on this but we know that it's there and we can go ahead and save this if we wanted to. Also we have a QR code that we can save and explore. So I will do that. I will go ahead and save as originally it will give this to me in a bitmap. I want to see if I can get it to a PNG. So I'll use ImageMatic to convert it. But let's just call it like output and I'll stop StegSolve. So output is now just a bitmap. Let's go ahead and see if we can convert it to outputs.png. Cool. Did that happen for me? It did.  So we can assume that this may be some kind of message or some kind of encoding. You may want to look at Morse code maybe maybe that's a major reaction what you think of or in fact it may be binary. So we will have to carve this out. Also we have the QR code. So let's go ahead and say and see if we can take a look to actually determine what this is. I'm going to see if I can just take a screenshot of this. I might just have to cut it out. In fact I'll do that. Let's open up Pinta is a fine image editor that I've been working with and I will go ahead and open the 310 Bitcoin get our output and let's just try and copy this segment of the QR code here. Okay now I'll create a new image that's about that size and I can paste it in. I will go ahead and save this as QR code.png and I'll try and evaluate it or scan it with Z bar image and it gives us a link to bitcoinchallenge.codes register tack 310. Okay if we view this link it looks like it will allow us to register while it's possible to solve the riddle without registering. At this point I'd love to hear from you why I'd love to know who wins this challenge. So we can enter our name and our email address and it asks what is the SHA-256 hash of the data you've got so far. So SHA-256 of all the data on a single line. We don't have that just yet we aren't quite there. So let's keep moving. I know just because I've kind of followed through this this this puzzle and explored a little bit more that what we're seeing in that line in output.png is something that we can explore but it's not going to be our first our first piece of the puzzle. The 0.1 bitcoin actually finds its solution somewhere else so I will showcase that a little bit. Let's actually take a look at the image one more time and if I zoom in at this message down at the very very bottom all of these hexadecimal numbers 511, B20 or 332 etc. I'm going to go ahead and write these down just so I can kind of explore them and I'll open that up in supposedly just a script. We'll call it notes.py or something. So I'm going to write this in Python. Python is kind of my weapon of choice here. I'm going to use a shebang line so my Linux system will know how to handle it if I just mark it executable and let's go ahead and write these down. I'm going to pause the video so you don't really have to particularly watch all this but that is just a process of what I'm doing. I'm going to be putting these together and I don't need them case sensitive. I don't particularly care and I'll just return the video once it's I'll return back to the video once I'm done writing these. Okay so now that those are all written down hopefully I didn't make any mistakes that's just all going to act as one string in the notes that I'm working with here. Another peculiar thing that you may find if you just stare at the image long enough is it just a little bit above this segment of the page? You can see just barely and I'm going to zoom in a little bit here this date October 2nd 2018 and that is as we know so far the start date of the challenge and when this puzzle really got kicked off online. So October 2nd 2018 or oct 2018 2018 we can play with that a little bit and I am please bear with me for some suspended disbelief and that I'm just going to associate to the solution here but this will take a little bit of fuzzing or just poking around to explore with it but the real notion that we have here currently is a key of 2018102 so 2008 October 2nd. What you may notice is that now these are essentially all data that we can work with right like well this may look like decimal numbers I mean obviously it is there are no hexadecimal numbers in there it may still work as a shift within a hexadecimal range so actually I'm just going to change the name of this variable as to string and let's say that hexadecimal can be the values that we would expect to see in a hexadecimal format right so zero one through nine and then a b c d e f so zero one through nine and then a being 10 b being 11 c being 12 and so on until we reach 15 and in base 16 so if we were to consider this a shift cipher or we were to tinker with it a little bit we can go in one of two directions right if we were to iterate one to the next just take that position minus the index of the other as we loop through each character or each digit here we could essentially find something new maybe maybe we'll have an interesting bit of information here let's try and do that I'm going cold so please forgive me if I'm going wrong here I'm going to check for i in range of length of the string and that will allow me to get the character that I'm currently looking at within the string if I say string i and then the key character I'll just change this to your car or how about string care and key care can be key i modulus the length of the key so we will wrap around the key over and over and over again depending on how far we are in the string so now what I can do is I can get the index in where it would be in hexadecimal and then I can subtract the difference and I would essentially be doing the shift I would essentially be subtracting the position and determining where the next character would be if I were to shift them in a specific way so it's hard for me to at least try and explain verbally but hopefully you'll see this in code here what I can do is now that I know the index I have the string character and I actually have the value I can say string index can equal hexadecimal so what I where I would expect to find it in the hexadecimal set dot index of string character same thing with the key index so I can take the string index where I found let's say five and where I found let's say two for the key and I can subtract them I can say that the new character can be or let's say new care index can be the string index minus the key index all mod the length of the hexadecimal so now the new character will be at that position in hexadecimal at that index so I can print out new character and I'll just use a comma here to separate them so now I know that I have those individual pieces let's go ahead and create a string for them so let's just say new string I'll create it as an array in Python so that I can easily append it and then join it at the end let's say new string will append with the new character and then after the loop I can go ahead and print out new string I'll join together okay so now we have hexadecimal it looks like 310 310 310 that just repeats a lot seemingly to tell us that we're right I think seemingly to say that well you've got a little bit of information in that and that seems to be trustworthy I think this is peculiar now though because this doesn't look like anything that could be particularly useful for us but what I want to do is see it in those same three digit chunks just as we had in the original image they're kind of in these boxes so maybe if we put them in threes we'll have better luck let's go ahead and do that I'm going to just create another for loop for I in range length of new string I'll start at zero and it'll actually move by three so that we can say list or new list can be the new string at index I to index I plus three we can add that to our new list so now let's check out what the new list is oh let's actually oh I should create that string as a string sorry let's say new string can equal that string I'll join together so now it won't be cut up okay now we have those three tens and those those sets of threes all put together let's go ahead and experiment with those if we were to actually just get the three tens removed so three four five six of them we can cut those out and now we just have those original let's view those as what they could be in in decimal right let's do some list comprehension let's say int of x base 16 for x in each of those so saying that each individual entry in that new list let's convert it or let's consider it to be hex what is it when it's decimal 426 252 813 et cetera et cetera you may notice and this is something that I didn't particularly know to begin with but a lot of these are peculiar numbers especially in regards to bitcoin because they are under the number 2048 so I had to learn a little bit about this and hopefully I can show you but this is something called bit 39 and I don't know a whole lot here I am binomians and authority as to what this stuff is but bit 39 is an example of a seed phrase or at least as kind of the the encoding that may be necessary necessary for it a seed phrase is a list of words which store all the information needed to recover a bitcoin wallet wallet software typically generate a seed phrase and instruct the user to write it down on paper and if the user's computer breaks or their hard drive comes corrupt or whatever the case may be these this set of words or the numbers that kind of associate with it for bit 39 will essentially be able to restore their bitcoin wallet for them so generally a seed phrase only works with the same wallet software that created it the bit 39 English word list has each word being uniquely identified by the first four letters which can be useful when space to write them is scarce so bit 39 word list let's check this out this is a github repo that explains a little bit more of what bits are and holy cow bit 39 and monocode for generating terministic keys there's a standard let's go ahead and check it out that folder bit 39 bit 39 in English that's what I speak we have 2049 lines so checking all this out 2048 at the very very end okay so maybe these numbers would associate with the words and that is how we could recover the bitcoin wallet let's go and do that what i'm going to do is actually download this i'll put this in our directory that we're working with and now we can go ahead and say that okay decimals and let's open up let's do a with statement because people like to yell at me for using context managers with open english.txt that's the file name for each of those as handle we can say contents can equal handle.readlines and what i'm going to do is actually just strip these and make sure they don't have any crap in them because they're very annoying readlines is not my favorite function x.strip for x in handle.readlines so if i were to check out contents now we'd have all of those words each one on the line so we could kind of index with what those words may be now we don't know if these are zero based or not this that might be a tricky point i'm going to assume that they are not zero based they're just referencing by line so we should subtract one from what we're looking for let's get the first one so i can verify personally let's say context.index of or context decimals zero let's print that out it's crystal and i want to add one to it so it should be i'm sorry we should minus one it should be cry okay so if we were to determine all of these words here we could simply do that we could say for index in decimals let's print contents at that specific index so now we have oh again let's minus one on that cry buyer grain say vault sign lyrics rhythm music fury horror mansion and that is the first string that we want to be working with here that is what we are using as our bip 39 string for this bitcoin wallet now that we have that string i want to save it and move on to the original other portion that i was discussing so let's just say first string dot text next let's review those original pixels that we thought we saw in the output dot png file that was the alpha channel like the least significant bit in the alpha channel that looked like it had some information that we could pull out of it just at this specific line so let's open this in a image editor i'm just going to use gem peer to go ahead and view what that line is actually on let's check it out output dot png that original file i'll zoom in here and just with a single pixel i want to check out that's online y of 310 you can see it down on the very bottom of my screen here so now we can carve out each of those pixels if i were to kind of scroll all the way at the very very end when will this finish it looks like it goes until about 2798 so maybe 2800 xx position looks like the rest of it is not necessary that's that's not carved out of the image so let's go ahead and try and dig those out what i'm going to do is again work with python i'll create a new script this time i'll just call it like pixel carve or something and we can go ahead and cut it out with the python image library so i'll get my shebang line started again and we can say from pill capital you can import image capital i here so now let's go ahead and image dot open output dot png let's just create an image object for that so we can work with it and be sure to close it for good memory management or whatever and let's go ahead and get the data out of it let's just say image dot load and we want line to be 310 that we saw and we want max width to be let's say 2800 because i think that's a fine rare number like even number that it may be expecting so we can do this now we can go ahead and carve all these out let's say for x in range of max width let's go ahead and print out the data at the position of x and line or the specific y that we're working at let's just we can probably call that y as well so x and y let's see what data we get we are getting 0 to 255 0 to 255 etc etc etc and well let's go ahead and carve that let's say 255 is white correct and 0 is black so let's actually we can probably go ahead and just create a new list for this let's just say new string as we've done before let's say new string dot append if this data is equal to 0 new string dot append 1 and let's actually just make it a string so we can work with it as binary and if it is a 255 we can convert to it as a 0 so now at the end of it all let's check out the string new string all put together lots of binary okay let's see if we can get a message out of this let's convert it to hexadecimal and i do want that to oh i'm sorry let's actually we want that to be considered a binary number to begin with so let's take all this and consider it two now we have a decimal number let's go ahead and convert that to hex and let's see if we could handle it let's go ahead and say two cut off so the zero x is removed from the very start to negative one so we remove the l at the very very end and now let's go ahead and decode that from hex and it looks like we have what could potentially be base 64 so in python we could if we wanted to go ahead and import base 64 and then we can say or we don't even need to do that we can just simply decode it as base 64 following that looks like it says salted and then there's a lot of garbage or binary data that we won't exactly be able to see your process but this salted string just at the very very start tells us that maybe this is some encrypted data that's been put together with open ssl or another toolkit to go ahead and encrypt some information so now we've got another lead we track down that specific salted version of information the base 64 string that was hidden in the image and now speaking of the image let's actually take one more look at it because i think there's another interesting tidbit that we may not be looking here is that those numbers that i mentioned earlier these letters here that are kind of scattered across the picture what do they really mean how do they how do they correlate well we're kind of curious and just wondering what these curves are are they particularly doing if we were to copy them or kind of it looks like they're only on one half of the image and not on the other or maybe some stray oddities off on the side but what if we were to kind of mirror them or flip them so let's go ahead and try that what i'm going to do is open this again in gimp check out challenge dot png opened up just fine and let's go ahead and try and select some of these curves here i don't know how well i'll be able to do this in fact i'm not very confident that i will be able to do a very good job of it but let's try it so what i've been doing is just kind of adjusting the threshold on the quick select tool and trying to see if i can get at least remnants of the curve and then i don't i'm not particularly worried if i get some extras like the lines that kind of follow it because as long as the oh boy as long as the original like thick line is there on its own man that one may be harder to get let's try and tone down the threshold no still getting too much i think i got just enough of it to kind of move on i know there's one up here trying to avoid selecting the entire image and just the pieces that i would like to see again i'm just adjusting the threshold and trying to find a sweet spot where i can select enough of the curve enough of what i'm looking for so that i'll be able to select it and work with it and so far that's all i see i've been holding shift that whole time to just kind of keep track of the selections i've already made and what i'm going to do now oh it looks like i missed a tiny one dang it zoom in a bit to kind of uh fine tune some of these sorry i know this is painstaking and awful and probably very boring to watch but hopefully our efforts will be rewarded not by two million dollars but something not even not even close to it not even not even okay at this point i feel like i've covered enough of them that i can confidently kind of control x and copy one of them so that i can now paste them in another layer create a new layer specifically for those images and then what i'll do is i'll go ahead and create that layer as a new layer and what i'm going to do is i'm going to transform this layer i'm gonna select the entire thing where i just have the curves visible right or the pieces of it that i am kind of curious about and what i'm going to do with that entire layer once i have it selected i am going to make sure that it is the same image size that i want so i'm going to layer to image size and then i'm going to go ahead and transform this layer i'm gonna right click it and say layer transform flip horizontally so now both of those are visible and it looks like i just about have some lines correlating in fact it looks like it's not quite there but if i were to drag this just a little bit some of these numbers look like they're trying to refer to one another looks like there is a grouping that is potentially being displayed here with some of these letters and symbols you can see kind of just over on the top left over here and i'll change the color so maybe it's a little more visible i'll try and change the size but l and three looks like they're coupled now with that with that line moved over and zero and two looks like they would be covered or oh and two maybe i think this this d over here should be circled and so it should have been on seven so seven l three zero two seven and five eight four five you can see it's connected to an eight can actually do a four and looks like they're trying to connect a nine and an f so if we're to put those together let's take just take note of those you don't need them in a specific script but we can say l three zero nine or i'm sorry zero and two those were connected um it was seven that was on its own because the the d circle over there zero and two are connected from just that faint line there nothing over on the far side five eight and four as we saw and nine and f okay so let's go ahead and put these in notes or a new script where we don't need to go through all this but let's keep track of these because we can if we wanted to determine any of the possible permutations of these letters there aren't a whole lot of them all these letters numbers and symbols these these characters here there aren't a whole lot of options that can kind of come from this but we don't know what logic or really where in the picture they should be organized or should be ordered so we could permutate them and just do whatever we wanted to and I'll do that with iter tools so from iter tools import permutations let's say p or letters how about that can equal all of these as a string let's just do p's can equal permutations of letters and then for p in p's you could literally just print p and there will only be so many of these that where we could actually possibly feasibly work with like far too try and python notes dot pie these are all the potential possibilities we could work with again if you wanted to you could hook this up in whatever way that you wanted to really get a hit and verify with it but I'm going to again suspend this belief here please bear with me just jump to the known and public solution after we kind of comment this permutations stuff out we don't even need anymore uh we can find that eventually the password or what we're looking for in this put together is the I guess I'll yeah we'll just call it password because that is what it is is simply l three seven nine f four eight five zero two so a specific permutation of these letters here but that is the password that we're specifically looking for so now that we have the decoded data or we we have the base 64 decoded data that we know is SSL encrypted let's see if we can go ahead and decrypt it with for some reason potentially this thing this string or association of things that we may now know to be perhaps a password so I'm going to go ahead and try that what I'm going to do is actually take this output as a variable and I'm going to create a written word file for it or just just a file to put it in let's just call it encrypted dot text with the right mode and let's go ahead and write to it the output so once I run this now I should have a file excuse me I should have a file encrypted dot text and we can go ahead and decrypt this given our password now so we have let's see open SSL that's the command and what we're going to be working with to try and decrypt this and the mode that we're going to end up doing a lot of this in and being bitcoin and the cryptography system that it uses is a yes 256 cbc or I think it's cipher blockchain and then md for md5 the mode that we're going to be working with and the data tack d taking in our encrypted dot text and we'll put it in out as decrypted dot text and then it needs to know a password which we will use as this given and it will successfully decrypt so check out what we have here now we have a decrypted dot text and we can display that on the screen well done now find something really interesting here looks like we got a good hit this is this is the real thing this is the bitcoin challenge and we're given again a same kind of message as we as we've seen previously in the original image so we can work with our same note script to go ahead and decrypt this just as usual what I'm going to do is actually copy this and I'll go ahead and put in sublime text I'll cut it up remove all the new line characters remove all the spaces I don't need a space in there and let's go ahead and make this lower so string can be this dot lower and let's go ahead and after we have worked with the bit 39 string that that whole file we can go ahead and put together the the contents that we're seeing here so let's go ahead and print this debris slim immune lock actual tide gas vapor fringe pull flat glance giggle giggle giggle okay giggle looks like we don't need um let's get until pull flat and maybe that is something necessary now again stuff we can put together with our string and as I've come to find out this should go ahead and decrypt what you need for the wall for the 0.2 bitcoin looks like I forgot the word lance in here too now we have enough for the bitcoin wallets but I'm still curious as to what really is in this register page when it's asking for the shot 256 hash of the data that we've got so far so there's a little bit more left to do from that uh that I want to showcase and that we can figure out what this register hash is because we're so close to collecting all of the data but there is one more piece there's one more thing that we just haven't looked at just yet because we kind of got carried away with some of our other leads if we go ahead and run steg solve one more time I'm going to go ahead and check out okay let's look at the challenge dot png just as we'd seen before we can look through this we're looking at the alpha plane etc great the least significant bit there has the qr code and some other information that we can see in that line that we've decrypted already but if you check out the red plane go all the way to zero or I'm sorry not the red plane but as you kind of explore through more of these individual planes um steg solve will go ahead and display the image with with that specific filter or shades that your lens that you're looking at it through and as you get to finally viewing the gray bits the gray bits also have a little bit of information displayed except the qr code is missing this isn't the exact same lenses we'd seen before in the alpha channel and this time it goes all the way to the very very end though the full width of the page so let's go ahead and save this let's save this as solve dot bitmap is perfectly fine and let's go back to our command line and let's go ahead and move or convert solved dot bitmap to I guess I'll call it just gray bits dot png so now let's go back to our script pixel carve and let's try and work with this a little bit let's actually comment out the code that we have just now or at least I suppose let's let's just change the line where we open up a new image and let's just change rather than output we'll use gray bits and then we're still looking at line three one zero but we can go all the way to the very very end now of the image so let's just do image dot size one here so that's the that's the max width I'm sorry zero because that's width and height so now we can check out what we have of our new string if I were to print out new string as binary we have a lot of information okay interesting let's go ahead and see what our hex is if I go ahead and print that output after we've converted all that doesn't look like anything useful to us particularly so let's try and let's go I try and go through some of these steps in a baby steps away now that we have it in binary let's go ahead and convert it to a decimal and let's get that in hex just as we've done before and if we wanted to we could go ahead and carve some of the stuff out let's say zero to go from cut out the zero x to positions in all the way to negative one that does not look like something that we could particularly see as real English okay bomber but what do we have here how long is this string to begin with we are viewing the correct that is the correct line let's verify let's go double check let's open up gimp let's check out gravid stop png I'm gonna zoom in here just as we've done before switch to the pencil I'll change the size way down low this is again at 310 okay so we're seeing things just as we should and if we go all the way to the very very end it is all there so we've got information maybe we are not interpreting this the way that we should because that is not a lead that we would expect let's consider if the gray bits are wrong but the gray bit if we saw in steg solve that those gray bits are denoting that there it's not it's not fully understanding okay let's I'm sorry I hope let's open up the original challenge image that gray bits is showing something that we that we had seen in kind of a line in full red right actually I want to move back to that but it's taking a long time to load these pictures here it's funny how the alpha plane completely like will like invert all those so we have full blue we have full green and full red you can see that that same kind of line is still kind of prevalent so maybe it is the red pixels that we're seeing some piece out of let's I want to I want to get the least significant bit from from red here so what I'm going to end up doing is actually just opening the original challenge and then let's not view these but let's actually print out data x y and let's comment these out so yeah you can see that in a bit that the least significant bit here 254 that's not a full it's not full red it's obviously trying to change something here I think I I see even one rather than a straight zero so black so if the red channel is being peculiar so let's let's sniff out just that least significant bit portion let's get zero okay so now we're getting the red channel as we saw and let's go ahead and convert that to binary good looks like we're seeing the least significant bit as zero just about always because of just how oh no okay it is going to one sometimes so let's go ahead and just okay index the negative one get the last the last value it looks like we just have a lot of zeroes at the very very end so that is strange but let's let's let's see that can be data right or color so let's change the let's get a same copy of this loop as we've done before let's say if color is equal to zero um because actually yeah we don't even need this loop we can just simply append that as a string to because we're just getting a zero or one so we don't need to determine what those things are let's just do new string that append the string of color and now let's print out what our string may look like ones and zeros good and a lot of zeros at the end so maybe there's just something not particularly there how many how much is this 144 and what's the size of this image image dot size the width that we saw earlier was 2094 okay so you subtract 144 from that and you got 220 28 not obviously not 28 but 2800 2800 so just as we saw with the original alpha colors those all those are all bits that match up so maybe we maybe they must go together maybe if we were to X or them together so let's go ahead and try that I'm going to say that this is the string that we're receiving so we want to do both these procedures right we need we need kind of both of these we need both the alpha and what we're seeing from the red channel so let's say that this is red channel and I'm going to have to duplicate some of this code this kind of sucks but we can remove a lot of this so that will get us the red channel and what we've seen before from output output dot png that's going to give us alpha so if I were to print alpha am I printing the red channel what's going on oh my max width is now wrong because the max width was 2800 as we saw okay good so we don't need to change some of those but now we have alpha and the red channel we're getting from those specific things so red channel we only want until up to 2080 just as we saw so we can X or these together right let's do that let's say for i in range or let's just actually carve these together red channel can equal that position good we don't need alpha to be modified so for i in range length of red channel or alpha doesn't matter because in this case we're just going to 2080 so r can equal int of red channel at that position and a can equal alpha at that position so new can equal r x word with a and then let's just say final as a string that or a list that will convert to a string to handle this we can do final dot append new and at the final end of the for loop we will print out the final and we're getting an issue because final oh final is expecting strings here so let's just convert that to a string and we have a lot of ones at the very end that's weird why is that maybe that's maybe it's wrong we do we have to flip these bits so we can do that we can say final can equal this let's flip the bits so let's do final dot replace all zeros can be replaced with just a pipe just as a temporary thing let's make sure that we save these changes so update the variable as we do this replace all the ones with zeros and now replace all the pipes with ones so now we have new final after we've replaced them all perfect and let's go ahead and try and determine what this is let's do int final to so that's binary now and now we converted to decimal let's go ahead and try this as hexadecimal which now we have some more information that maybe might decode are you okay let's try let's say okay all these zeros are still on the way so let's cut those out can I do that print final and let's get all the way to the last set of zeros so that is 840 characters up to negative 840 so now we don't have those characters we've carved them out all those zeros can go away and we can do final as a number again just as we were doing before let's try that convert that to hex great let's carve out the zero x and the l at the very end let's try and decode that to hex and oh what is this we have a data here in this is there something like in this is that maybe that's some kind of file let's just say data let's try and open something and let's write it let's write our data to it so that's done once we've run the script now we have a new file called something we can check out file something it is gzip compressed data okay okay awesome let's try and gunzip that so we can extract it gunzip something oh it needs to know that it is a gzip file so let's gunzip that unexpected end of file what does that mean um is the final stuff important let's let's try this one more time let's run so now we don't have to have uh i i didn't cut out all those pieces at the very end maybe that padding is necessary let's try and move something to something dot gunzip good let's try and gunzip that and it worked it worked okay now we now we just have something itself file something ascii text more base 64 all right let's decode that and it salts it again so now we have a new string that we have to work with boy but wait a minute well we already have maybe what we could use from the original strings that we've been working with this these these letters that we got from connecting those curves and the lines on the original image we could roll through these permutations and try them again we could just pipe them into that a s decryption command that we had worked with before to try test them as we needed to um and that is what i would recommend that is how it should be done to actually to test and determine if you can decrypt it again just going to kind of move through this for the sake of showcasing a solution and i'm going to show that the second password that we have now seen is password to discovered was zero two l three f nine five eight four seven so that is the second password and that is what we can use to go ahead and decrypt what we were receiving from this second encrypted data so uh two encrypted dot text and then we can go ahead and open ssl command region both as we've just done before to to encrypted to out to decrypted it wants to know a password we will paste in what we have just far it should run successfully and now we have this command to decrypted and we get the result here it says bitcoin challenge so we know we've got the right thing it says you're either very very close or working in the right direction here you go there's this okay so what we have right now is enough to put together what is necessary to determine the shot 256 hash for the registration page so the way that i'm going to end up doing this is actually catting out first string dot text and we don't need all the second portion that we got out of it so actually i'm gonna go ahead and open that up and let's save that as first string just as we've seen yes but let's save this as i'm sorry a second string as well because we don't need to concatenate these in this case we just want fury horror mansion and that is going to be our second string or first i'm sorry i don't know why i'm getting these confuses because i'm saving them in a strange way in a stupid way okay now in our command line we can cat out first string and we can cat out the decrypted data from the first one and let's actually remove all of the new line characters in that and let's go ahead and remove from the second one all of the new line characters in that and let's bring this to shot 256 some and now we have a potential shot 256 string except i did this wrong because i want all of that to go to shot 256 them and that as one full output as the new lines are moved from all the things that we've received so far that is the shot 256 hash that we can go ahead and give to the registration site so i'm going to say my name i am john hanan my email address is this and we can paste in that shot 256 hash go ahead and submit take a little bit of time and it says perfect this is a very special hash so awesome this is everything that i was able to accomplish there's no way i could probably figure out the solution for the 310 uh the full two million dollars worth of bitcoins but i did certainly want to showcase what i could follow through and kind of understand uh from the solutions that have been been publicized and showcase them and show you how you can do them and also solve them especially if you're into this this puzzle solving this catch the flag cyber security computer science mindset so thank you so much for bearing with me i know this has been a super long video um but we did work through what's necessary for bip 39 to determine the strings here what you need for the wallets to actually go ahead and get the 0.1 bitcoin or the 0.2 bitcoin and actually retrieve a little bit of of cool stuff so thank you so much for for sticking with me i hope you learned a little bit it's been very very cool and i and i hope this has been worthwhile thing to show the internet i want to end this video with a quick shout out and some love for the people that support me on patreon thank you guys so much i can't say this enough each and every one of you is really what makes this channel possible what motivates me what supports me and what makes this a potential like life endeavor for me i would love to be able to quit my job don't do that fight like nine to five rat race anymore and piece together some cool stuff to show the internet um so hey if i could ever turn this into a livelihood it's incredible and it's all thanks to you so i can't say it enough one dollar a month on patreon will give you a special shout out just like this at the end of your video five dollars or more on patreon will give you early access to everything that released on youtube before it goes live because i like to create some kind of hey i know youtube is going to be releasing this stuff like gradually like maybe on a daily upload schedule if i have a lot of stuff prepared in the backlog but if sometimes i don't right now honestly i've been in a funk i don't have a whole lot of things recorded trying to bank through some pico ctf 2018 and make some other cool things prepared for you um but in the off chance i do and maybe it'll sunday come super duper helpful whatever five dollars a month on patreon a little bit of incentive but it's really i i'm grateful for whatever you can do to help me as a dude as a guy just try and put money on the table so thanks for watching if you made it this far you're the best because i know this is a bit of crazy long video it's been really weird to do but hope you enjoyed if you did like this video please do like comment and subscribe join me on discord there's a link in the description uh our discord server is full of ctf players so capital flag programmers hackers computer scientists engineers cool cool people you can hang out with me and other awesome dudes uh and get into the scene a little bit more it's just a just an awesome way to do it so thanks for watching guys i love you i'll see the next video later


Everybody it is the last day. It's Thursday. I'm so so tired, but I'm also really sad to be leaving But I'm excited obviously to get back to Drew as I say in every vlog where I'm leaving somewhere We are just getting ready now, and we're gonna do a little bit more filming this morning We're gonna be doing like this sit-down portions of our videos So my video from yesterday Sierra's torrid video, and then we're also doing another video sneak peek this pile of clothes right there It's part of it. I feel like this is just like the most unflattering angle. I don't know what to do I got my Starbucks. I mean these are just the worst angles ever But yeah, I'm just finishing up my makeup, and then we're gonna get to filming. I'm excited Obviously none of you would know this but I was actually out of town last week for a couple days a friend needed me So I went to go be with her and it's my second week in a row being out of town So I'm just ready to like chill a little bit. We had a really busy weekend as well We like did Easter stuff with Drew's family. We went to Game of Thrones night with our friends or whatever We had a party on Saturday night with our other friends like it was just a lot So I'm ready to just have like a couple days where I just chill and do nothing. Okay, so I'm all ready to go I'm wearing this jumpsuit that I got it cotton on. It's my fave. I got my Starbucks. I got my notes on my phone Let's go film. So I forgot to film when we were doing this or vlog But we just filmed our first video We did our videos that we were filming yesterday, and I've just changed into something a little more comfy This is what I'm wearing on the plane as well, and we are going to be filming a second video So I'm gonna like change my hair So it looks like we filmed it on a different day even though a hundred percent. It's five minutes later And then we're gonna film the second video So we just finished a nice little like I would say a 30 40 minute chat on Sierra's vlog channel Which you guys just saw a little sneaky peek up.  It was good And it's like it's exactly what the three of us have talked about every time I've come here to visit and it's just nice to be able to like share that and hopefully it'll be Really well received by her vlog channel viewers. So now we're moving on to the second video of the day We kind of just like impromptu did this one in between. Oh, I just saw something. I'm really excited. Okay, sorry I'm not I'm trying not to look as a little sneak. Should we tell them? Yeah, we tell them so what we're gonna do and we decided this last time We were together actually is we are going to wear each other's clothes for a week So we're swapping now, and we're gonna see each other again in like two weeks So then we'll just give the clothes back then yeah Like five quintessential outfits for us and then we're wearing each other so I have mine all laid out And I just saw something and I'm really excited about it, but I'm trying to be surprised. Okay. Okay. Let's do it The moment has come. I'm leaving. I don't want you to go But we're gonna be seeing each other in like literally two weeks. I know I feel like we just have so much fun And like just such good conversations. Yeah last night. We literally just talked for like six hours Yeah, yeah, I just feel like we just have so much to talk about yeah like all the time I want to see you very soon, and then we're gonna like have margaritas in addition So it's gonna be a great time and I feel like the two times that you've visited here We've been like work mode most of the time and then in the evenings. We're chilling so true It's gonna be nice to just be in like a chill chill mode the whole time. Yeah, I'm excited Have a safe Skyler's taking me to the airport in case you guys were wondering so Skyler we're off on an adventure together Let's go. Oh my god. Yes. Yes much later now. I have arrived at the airport I checked my bag and got through security and literally like I want to say under seven minutes Like it was the fastest experience I've ever had so now it's time to just enjoy my time until my flight boards And then head back home to my love also Skyler took me to the airport And we had the most amazing conversation like she was just The sweetest most gentle soul. I really adore her so much So I was really happy to have that time with her and now I'm gonna get me a bottle of water And wait for my flight. Well, I'm trying to buy a bottle of water, but no one's here No one works here, I guess. I don't know. I've been standing here for like three minutes Like I might work here, but maybe not. Okay Just getting not getting a bottle of water after all gonna have to wait till the blame It just sat down Now there's someone at the register That's the story of my life Hello, thank you. Thank you so much I faked my vacation To boys.  I love this freaking doll I'm getting old. Oh, yeah. I'm back with this one too. Me Hi I'm happy. So drew surprised me and took the day off work tomorrow. So we have the day together tomorrow. I'm so excited But I'm are we can go for a walk Let's go. Okay. It is now 9 p.m. And I am going to listen To and watch Taylor Swift's new single and music video called me I'm so you're talking in french. Yeah, it's not my favorite. I'm not gonna lie like I'm kind of like Like the song is very like theatrical and like the video is like Very colorful and pretty and like she looks incredible but It's not It's not my favorite song I've ever heard Show your face when I just said that Should I play it on the tv and you can tell me? Yeah, okay So, uh, what do you think of the music video? She needs to go back to her dark face You like reputation better. Okay. Thanks for your input. Good night. So it is now Monday It is a few days later and I am going to make some lunch I have had a nice kind of I don't want to say relaxing But I've tried to catch up over the last few days drew and I went grocery shopping Went to Ikea with my mom yesterday, which we went to Ikea on a sunday Which is like so brave.  I'm just gonna make a good old-fashioned tv and jay But yeah, um, I've just been trying to like get my life back on track over the last couple days Also, I bought these extra toasty cheez-its highly recommend if you like things well done They're basically just like slightly burnt and they're everything But yeah, I'm uh, I'm gonna have myself like a little 12 year old lunch I'm gonna have a pack of gushers some cheez-its and a peanut and jelly sandwich with a sparkling water My freaking dream lunch to be honest But yeah, I've had kind of a busy Weekend just trying to you know catch up on life.  So for the first Two episodes we watch at our friend Hannah and John's and then last night we went to our friend Casey and Sydney So it was really fun to Hang out with them We offered to like watch it here, but we don't always like have the most space the most seating for people at this house so We've just been watching it at our friends houses and we're gonna watch it again with them next week and there's only We're already halfway done. Like we're literally halfway done with the season. That is So crazy. There's only three episodes left. It's just like happening so fast. Um, what else did we get up to? I went to the orthodontist today, which I filmed We wouldn't know yet, but uh, I filmed a like chat on the way to the orthodontist And I talked about the animal in the ceiling thing, which I promised I would do like a separate vlog for So I was like, well, well, I'm on my way to my appointment and I have like a 20 minute drive I'll talk about it. So I did So that will be coming in the next vlog for those of you that were asking like, hey, give us an update on that Is there a freaking animal still living in your ceiling? Yes, but we'll chat we'll chat anyways What else is new? Um, I have to make Layla a vet appointment, which I've been trying to do They won't call me back. But um, hopefully they'll they usually take a while and then you know, it's monday So I'm sure they are busy But yeah, I left a message for them to call me back because she has a cyst on the back of her neck that needs to be removed gross pet life I also filmed a main channel video like super spur of the moment today. So I've got a lot done I'm pretty impressed with myself for it being a monday. Um, so I got my chat for that vlog filmed I'm doing this for the end of this vlog And then I filmed a main channel video as well and I literally was just like this like that's the first time I've done that in a long time. So I'm excited just a real honest chat You feel me? I just love an honest chat and I'm also trying this simply organic Seltzer water. It's a strawberry watermelon flavor. It sounds amazing. I think one of you guys recommended these so here I go Oh, yeah, that's everything amazing.  It's just so good. It's my addiction Like now I drink soda out of a can like I'll have one sip and be like, oh like it's just too much It's pretty crazy. So I'm gonna enjoy my lunch and check in with you in a moment


Well, my connection to Tōkana actually started from day one. We had a big welcome from Michael Stiedman in our Porfidae. Very first time I walked through these doors into this marae and onto campus. Right through my undergraduate degree, Tōkana was a really important place for me, not just to connect with my studies but to connect with a community and make lifelong friends. In biology, we're now, I think, 36 years down the road, but we still have students from, you know, decades ago coming back and checking in with us who are now, you know, lecturers, academics, or just working out in the community. We did papers that did have Tōkana, and I managed to staffily avoid any and all interaction with any support programs right up to my final year, because I did a biological science paper at stage one. I worked it so much, I did it three times. So I was in a bio-lab at the beginning of what, you know, was going to be my last semester, and I got a tap on the shoulder, turned around on the mic walker, and he said, well, got these tutorials, come along, see what you think, and then kind of go from there. And so I remember that quite clearly, that interaction, going into the MacGregor rooms, meaning getting my best grade at the university. Notwithstanding that was my third attempt at the paper, but the other two I wasn't really trying. So that was my first interaction with the Tōkana program through biological sciences, but mainly my first connection with Mike Walker. Then when I started at the university in my role as kaiarahi at the Faculty of Science, essentially it was Mike that appointed me into my position and ment with me, so it was a good returning home in a lot of respects and coming back under the tutelage again of Mike. During the early 90s also there was a series of hui held, some held here, in this wharewa Nungarau vals around Māori and Pacific achievement, and Mike started having tutorials, collecting data and taking an informed approach around things that might work for Māori and Pacific students and called it Tōkana. The program was born out of a desire to do better for our Māori and Pacific students. Tōkana is present across all faculties now these days. It didn't used to be though, so over time one faculty might have looked to how it was going in another faculty, their neighbouring faculty, or where there were students who were perhaps doing double degrees or were studying across faculties and from there it has just grown and I think that's a beautiful example of the expansion of its whakapapa. I think that it's grounded in our customs. If we think about these things, these aren't new, the idea that Tōkana me te taina i roti te whakaaro ko tai. So the fact that we can still practice these ancient traditions and contemporary times at a place like this, is also providing opportunities for our Māori and Pacific students as they come through to maybe have their first experience with their culture here too is gratifying in a lot of ways. Many have said over the last 10 years that they had come to Waipapa Tomataro not knowing their wider whānau and hapū connectedness, but through to a kana, they got to meet people who might have had the same tūpuna that had been from the same marae, the same hapū or the same iwi and have also had that crucial initial exposure to te reo Māori or their other the languages of their Pacifica heritage as well. And so I'm super proud that Tōkana has facilitated that possibility in reality for our tōeda. To be able to join such a legacy of success is actually just quite unbelievable really because you meet all of the alumni that have come before us and they're just kind of like people you'd walk by at home, they're like your aunties, your uncles. We have alumni now all across the sector, if you like, in places of importance and influence. Having come from the tōa kana program have been committed to the tōa kana program as students, as staff members and just being around it too. So I'm proud of all of those things. To know that I'm here like 30 years later being a part of the future that I guess Michael Walker wanted it to be. I'm part of the Whakapapa as a student but also as a person that supported the program, advocated for the program, fought for the program and continue to do that. So I'll never not be part of the tōa kana whānau.


Un o bobl gyda'r unig iawn am y tro ymhyngon iawn gallwch i gwyn nhw'n gondol i'n med yn erbydd i'r maes o gondol. Felly, mae'n golygu'n gwneud ymhyngoddau sydd wedi'i arwain gyda'r gwyffredinol, ac mae'n gwneud frysig fel ychydig sydd y llwyddiadol. festaeth mae'i gydag 20 munud a'r 30 munud am y tais yn y peth. Fe wyddech chi'n fawr am ymlaen nhw, ac mae angen i'n y diweddol efallai yma. Ychydig serod am eich newid o'r cymaint gwych yma. I can try to shorten it somewhat, but perhaps most worryingly for me is at the start of this session you asked for how many people are researched in the room, and I think I was one of the two people that put our hands up as a researcher, so I'm speaking to an audience of people that I really don't know, I don't know where you're coming from, I don't know your background, and equally you may just not have any interest in anything I'm going to say. So you know I'm quite anxious here. To top that off I noticed on the agenda the talk is actually not at all what I'm going to talk about. It says here I'm going to talk about big data and knowledge for engineering and health. I know nothing about what that title would imply. The middle word for is actually not supposed to be there. It is big data and knowledge engineering. It's the knowledge engineering concept I'm mostly going to talk about today and how that's relevant to healthcare. So having said all that let me see what I can do. I think I should also say one more thing. I was almost arm twisted into giving this talk because I said we don't do that much with big data actually. And so most of my talk will not be about big data as such and so to try to cover my back on that I'm going to say a few comments at the start about big data, then spend a lot of time talking about the stuff I know about and then come back to big data at the end. Again you may not be interested because of that but let's see what I can do. So let's start with my first few comments on big data. Someone mentioned maybe 2012 is the year of big data hype and that resonated with me because I think everyone is talking about it but do we really have a think about what are the issues with big data? Is there a big data problem or are there different problems or are there actually in many cases actually no problems really? And so thinking about this I thought about what could the problem be broken down into or the problems be broken down into and one obvious thing is that there's a massive change going on. Is there a change or is there actually a stable rate of the data generation or the data availability? And we've just had a fantastic talk from the Sanger. The scale of data is going up so there is a big change there it obviously needs to be dealt with. But if you think of a big test goes or something like that they've got the same number of customers pretty much coming in this year as last year as they will have in 10 years time. The amount of things they buy will be pretty much the same. So the data are not really changing dramatically there. So we move on to the other points then. Is perhaps the issue in some cases that the data are becoming more complex? Perhaps they are but perhaps not. Suddenly with sequencing data it is becoming larger and more complex. But with commercial data in many cases customers coming into your shop you just need to track how many cans of beans they buy. That doesn't become more complicated five years from now. Another issue might be changing or the relative degree of change or stability in the requirement to use the data. Probably the reason a supermarket is panicking and spending a lot of money on organising these data now is just because their competitors are. So they feel compelled to start using data that's been around for a long time but now they feel they have to make use of it. But once they've got the systems up and running to process those data perhaps they're stable, they're okay. And that brings us around to a second, another very much related point there which is the tooling to process the data. Probably the reason the test goes of this world didn't worry about these issues before is because they didn't have the tools to do it. But now the ICT, the computing is making it possible, they're all just rushing to catch up. And the tooling is coming available and I think the problem will solve itself in those kind of context pretty quickly. And something else that came up in the last talk, this question of, well, is some of the data actually useless? Are we getting too uptight about all of this? And I think that might be the case in many situations. One of these sequencing files from one of these sequencing runs in the Sanger terabytes of information. Once it's been processed you identify just the list of variations, the sequence, base positions that vary from the reference for the whole human genome. You might be down to just a handful of a few thousand positions, literally a text file with a few thousand characters in it. So we can probably throw away the rest of the data. Now the argument for not doing that is oh we might need to reprocess it better ways but once we get the processing right and the quality up to a sufficient level we will be happy to just process it, throw away everything and just store that very little condensed file which actually has the knowledge in it. So we have to make a difference between the data and the knowledge. And that's really the thrust of my talk, concentrating on the knowledge dimension rather than just the data dimension. Because in different scenarios the data dimension, yeah we may need to deal with it, it may be changing or it may be not. But what we really need to focus on in my view is the knowledge dimension. So those are my first comments on big data. I'm now going to talk about the knowledge dimension and come back at the end to some more comments on big data. So this concept that I mentioned at the beginning, knowledge engineering, what do I mean? Well the term knowledge engineering was coined some time ago, a few decades ago, as being an engineering discipline. And I'm going to emphasise engineering that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise. And I think that's a pretty good definition of what we try to do in healthcare. So what I'm really going to talk about when I, as I say, more about knowledge engineering is how it may be, if we come to understand what knowledge engineering is and develop everything we need to do good knowledge engineering, that may be the key to really delivering optimal personalised medicine in the future. Today medicine is not optimised, it is not personalised. This is the way medicine really works today. Your average doctor has, you know, they're expected to process and keep up to date with all sorts of information. All of those kind of areas of information are changing rapidly. In reality we know the doctor can't do that. That's why you go to one doctor, you get one diagnosis, another doctor, another diagnosis. It's basically a mess, far from optimum, far from consistent. So that's the problem we're all trying to solve. People say, oh, we'll sequence everybody's genomes and then we'll have a thing called personalised medicine and it will be perfect. But how do we get from here to there? That's what I'm really talking about today and where big data might fit into that. The ideas I'm going to present to you aren't just mine. It's actually coming out of a number of international workshops and conferences and meetings and discussion for others that we've been co-organising for a few years now. They're listed here, but it's culminated in the formation of a network called I4 Health. That I4 Health network is obviously on the web and you can go and look up more about it. But the I4 at the beginning of the name stands for integration and interpretation of information for individualised healthcare. So it's this integration and interpretation, the extraction of the knowledge from the data coming through again. So this graphic is meant to try to illustrate the ideal scenario where in fact most patients who speak to think this is what we're doing today. They would be horrified if they knew the reality. But let's work this through. We're separating on this graphic on the left, research on the right medicine and on the left there you see all the different types of data we generate in our research activities. What we are supposed to be doing is taking those data and extracting from them knowledge and putting that somewhere. And from that knowledge concluding things like which bits of that knowledge are clinically useful. Which bits indicate biomarkers, tests, indicators that the doctor can make sense of and use in diagnostics and prognostics. And those things are then integrated further with the information coming from the hospital, all the different tests, all the different modalities of hospital data and EHRs, electronic healthcare records. They're coming slowly but they are coming, a digital record of everything that can be known about that patient and their medical history. So all of that biomarker information, the diagnostic test, the clinically useful bits of knowledge are all pulled together for clinical decisions, support software tools and diagnostics. That's how medicine is supposed to work and then there's a beautiful positive feedback cycle here where the hospital data and the outcomes of those patient experiences can be fed back in to research. So that if there was some current understanding that certain drugs cause a certain side effect in a certain population or certain age range, but the evidence when it was used in medicine showed that wasn't the case, perhaps a certain nationality or racial group didn't have such a side effect, that knowledge can be fed back in as a kind of positive virtuous circle. So that's the system we'd like to have in place but we don't have it. Why not? Well just illustrations of that, there's hundreds of thousands of published biomarkers out there. Less than 100 in routine use. Most of the knowledge that could be clinically useful has not been filtered out and is not available or known to most doctors. That's just the reality. So what is really the reason for this really disastrous situation we have today? It's because in our view or in the view of this Eiffel health community that research and healthcare are in different worlds, different universes, sitting very far apart on a spectrum. We need data to flow from one to the other, obviously, knowledge and data, that's meant to imply, from research to healthcare and back the other way. And of course that involves biobanks, registries, all of these kind of things. And we need to bring together the kind of people and the kind of activities over here, that's the bioinformaticians and the academics, with the medical informaticians and the companies creating software in hospitals. They live in different worlds, they're different people, different backgrounds, use different standards, really they're two different universes. So there's a massive gap between these two. We cannot reconcile those two into one by just putting more money into research and putting more money into healthcare or calling our research translational. We really need to address the fact there's a genuine gap between these two worlds. This just illustrates that. It's the total count of all publications in those four areas labelled in the corner there, some of those being medical informatics, some of those being research type informatics. And you can see the number of publications that actually cross those two areas is essentially zero in the middle, none of them. No papers in the last decade are really touching on those all four areas and very few are touching on any aspect of research and healthcare together. So we have a gap between research and healthcare and we would like to transfer utility across the two so we need to make that possible.  So we're building a bridge here aren't we? When you build a bridge you don't ask the scientist, the metallurgist to go and build the bridge. You don't ask the lorry driver or the car driver here to build the bridge. You ask an engineer to build that bridge. And we really do not have these engineers, these knowledge engineers that we need. So the world is defaulting back to the best next thing which is just trying to mine all the information that's out there via Google. And I guarantee you 99% of doctors when you leave your appointment with them if they're not quite sure of what they've said they get on Google and they check out if they've given you the right time. You speak to any doctor over a pint and ask them. That is the world today, of course that's far from optimum. We need to build a tailored purpose built system for doing essentially that. So we've put that into a picture here just for trying to get our heads around all the issues, research at one end, healthcare at the other. And then this new concept, a new discipline called knowledge engineering in the middle and it forms then a chain between the two that links them together. And you can think about what information would flow, what would be the utility, what are the challenges and these are the kind of questions that the eye for health community has been working through. If you want to know more about that actually there is a publication just out recently, look up my name, look up knowledge engineering. It was in a journal Human Mutation, I'm sure you'll easily find it. So I'm going to go through a few slides now just to give you a flavour of some of the aspects of knowledge engineering for health. So you can think about it some more and reach your own conclusions. This slide is showing how things work today. We have lots of data, each of those coloured shapes is just a piece of information. And most of it is sitting in the research world, obviously that's where we generate it. And some data, there's a lot of data in the research world, sorry in the healthcare world, the clinical world, but not much of that is made available for researchers to tap into. But we are trying to pull some of that across, put it all in one place, in the mind of a researcher essentially and they're meant to go away and make sense of it all. Making sense of it all, knowledge generation, that's what we do. And then we publish a paper and we move on to something else. We haven't really helped with the overall healthcare delivery. We're suggesting that what you need to do instead or in addition to this is identify from that information C, the useful pieces of information that you do fully understand and you can use and do what you need to do to get them into the healthcare situation. So a rectangle, we know exactly what that is, it's a simple shape, very straightforward, fully understood, we can make things out of that. Or circles or whatever, you get the concept here. Although that's not a very useful car probably. There's also standards, we need to really work on standards. We can't have different silos of data using all different standards, nothing will be interoperable. And that needs to be true across healthcare and research whereas at the moment those two worlds are not working on the standards as much as they should and standards in many, many different areas as you see here. There's a question of well, who owns these data, especially the information that we want to flow from the patients. And we all know what happened a few months ago when Cameron said all this healthcare data on you all, we're all going to hand it over to the drug companies to help with research, part of that cycle, big backlash against that. There's difficult complicated issues to be worked out on the ethics of all of this. I mentioned electronic healthcare records earlier, they're not really happening in the UK. We all know about this big UK connecting for health program, many, many billions, the main goal of which was to put a common EHR platform across the country and they've given up on that. But without EHRs this system will never come to life properly. The countries are far, far less, it's not just going to come to life if we build it. So we have to think about clever ways to work around the data sharing problem and here's some ideas. Let's develop the right incentive reward systems, let's think of a middle category of risk, not highly risky or totally safe, but mildly risky. Because we can probably come up with very efficient technical ways to share those data that are sufficiently safe. Compulsion, sanctions, the ideas of researchers having IDs and I encourage you to look at the ORCID system, O-R-C-I-D, no H in the middle there. It's a system now that's coming online for every researcher having an unambiguous permanent ID by which they can interact on the internet. Then you unambiguously know who they are, what they're doing with the data, who's requesting the data and so on. Open data discovery, if we can't necessarily get to the data openly, maybe we can openly discover at least where it exists and then have follow-up routines for getting our hands on the data in appropriate ways. Then the idea of taking the questions to the data instead of the data to the questions becomes very relevant when the data are actually too big to move anyway. But that also overcomes many of these privacy concerns because you're not sharing the individual information on the patients, you're sharing the knowledge that exists across the data on many patients by taking the questions to the data. And there's a lot of work going on that front in Europe at the moment. Some of these systems are mining patient data, 10 million patient records in real time to look at adverse drug response reactions without any compromise to the patient's privacy. So there's things we can develop. These are the kind of concepts that all sit within knowledge engineering idea. Whenever anyone talks about healthcare and personalised medicine, they talk about models, computer models and some idea of a perfect computer representation of every individual. Well, you can look at this paper I mentioned earlier for more details on this, but essentially there's a whole lot of issues involved here. But you've got to think what is the end result here? Is it an end of one? One person? Specific about you, each individual? For that, where's the evidence base? Or is it actually about groups of individuals? Subgroups of individuals, where you'll have enough individuals similar around the world to create an evidence base to justify your predictions. So you can think about all of that. But lastly, coming back round now to big data, which I'm supposed to be talking about. A few thoughts on that. Well, the compulsory slide of lots of servers in a room. Here we go. That's mine. But the question's been brought up already today about some people, I think Rob first of all said, so it's becoming centralised, all of this information, so you can process it. Well, that's happening, yes, but only in certain contexts where it's needed to be done that way. But with healthcare, let's think about that. Can we really take all of these patient private data and move it into one institute, one big data centre? We think not. We think much more the federated approach is necessary. So we don't think you'll have a big data warehouse to solve this. Finally, what kind of architecture could sit behind this vision that I'm trying to put you to you today? Well, we thought that through, we and others, and I won't bore you with the details of this. Other than to say there's lots of different information types at the top, lots of different sources. At the moment it all goes on the web and it's a mess and Google allows you to search across all of that in one go. But we think the trick is to actually have a structure below that which organises and distills and filters and refines the relevant clinically useful information. Then you'll have integrators below that and eventually humans as well as computers using and adding to and refining that information. Because humans are very good at this. We're not talking about a computer system that replaces the doctor, the doctor, the patient, experience. These all have to be part of the system and those humans as well as the automated outputs need to feed back, as you see on the left here, to different levels in the system to optimise it. As I said at the start, an optimising, self-optimising positive feedback system. Just mentioning humans, I read the other day in fact, just as a kind of side comment here, that the human brain has the storage capacity of 2.5 petabytes. So my brain is better than the whole of the Sanger Institute, I'm quite pleased to know that. So if I boil this down to what we're really saying here, lots of different information we need to concentrate on how we process it. Let's not worry about how an individual organisation manages it internally, they'll get their heads around that and you've heard from the Sanger how they're making a great progress on that. What's going to come out of that is just those limited pieces of knowledge, not data, and it's those. We've got to work on how we identify those pieces of information, how we extract them and then how we use them downstream for optimised healthcare. So bouncing back to my first picture, let's think that through. Where are the big data going to sit? Well it's going to be in the research institutes and in the hospitals. They will get their heads around that, they're taking care of that. I'm not particularly worried about that. I think the real challenge actually comes down to how do we identify the knowledge from these data and how do we then process and use them both from research, both from healthcare data into clinical practice, but also from healthcare data back into research. So those are the real challenges as we see them, these two lines just say the same thing. The large data can sit largely where they are, it's really the knowledge extraction distillation filters that need to be created. That really is the nub of the matter as we see it for knowledge engineering. So just a final few policy and strategy thoughts on this. To kickstart this field of knowledge engineering, we need money, resources to go into research, development and application projects based on these knowledge engineering type concepts. We need to create the expertise. Both previous speakers have emphasised that the IT stuff will take care of itself one way or another, but we just don't have the people around with the right expertise to do this job. We need to create that expertise. We need to cross train people who have a natural talent for engineering. As I said, it's an engineering challenge, but we have to cross train them in computer science, bioscience, healthcare at the same time. We have to ensure interoperability of all of this at the end. I mentioned standards in the talk, but this also means we have to think about organising from a middle out rather than a top down or bottom up approach. Top down, some government decides we're going to build connecting for health. We know that doesn't work. A bottom up anarchic approach is obviously never going to work. We need a middle out approach where we organise the communities into identifying needs and evolving needs and building solutions across consortia, across countries that address those needs. We need to ensure innovation, of course, but we also need sustainability of these systems. Innovation tends to come from the academic world, sustainability from the commercial world, so we've got to get those two different worlds working together as well. Finally, we want to bring the system to life. It's back again to emphasising this filtration, distillation and provision from the source data. Finally, with luck, if we get it right, then that top picture can turn into this bottom picture, emphasising this middle component, this infrastructure, this big data, small data knowledge management system, tailored and built for the future healthcare. And really that's all about knowledge engineering. It's not about research. It's not about healthcare. In closing, I'd like to acknowledge some of the key people, my own team, they're obviously some of the particularly engaged and brilliant scientists that we're working with across Europe here. Lastly, just a quick mention of this new institute we're building up in Leicester. It's going to be called the Data to Knowledge for Practice Centre, which is going to be trying to pull all of these threads that I mentioned today together to concentrate on how these filters work, how we identify the useful information, how we can use it in clinical practice. This facility goes right from the research informatics, healthcare informatics, biobanking and clinical practice, focused on cardiovascular disease. So hopefully that building is underway now. It's very much advanced. We'll be moving in in the next few months and hopefully in the next few years we'll see if these ideas can be brought to fruition. Thank you very much. Any questions for Anthony? Nathan Smith from National Institute Medical Research. It's all very nice, very social, very old school, natural philosopher. You're at university, you're doing that research for the greater good of humankind. But how much of the money for your new research institute on this is coming from say like Big Pharma or all of the commercial companies out there that this kind of system I could see, the sharing of data, data coming from research, their funding going straight out into the clinical world being fed back in. How much have you got behind you for doing this? I think it's the right way to do it, but everything now is just seems to be run by big business and not by pure research. Well, I tried to make the case that more money needs to go into the knowledge engineering area, but I would say the European Commission for example has been very excited by these ideas and there's a whole new programme called Horizon 2020. I think you'll see these kind of ideas coming through there. There are six projects at the moment funded under a programme called FET in the European Commission, Future Emerging Technologies. These are six pilot projects in different areas, but one of them is in personalised medicine or these kind of domains. That's called IT FOM, IT Future for Medicine. Of those six, which are now coming to the end, all six will write a proposal for a scale up for the big scale effort and that will be a one billion euro project with the idea that maybe one third of that comes from academia, a third from industry, a third from other sources. Who's to know? Different countries contributing, but you're talking a very large scale organisation of these kind of activities. The project is called IT FOM, so at the moment it has a two out of six or one in three chance of getting funded. I think this is just a flavour. I should also perhaps also mention rare disease. A lot of these ideas can first be put into practice with rare diseases, Mendelian diseases. The genetic change is clear, it has a big effect, causes the disease, it's not a small little modifier. So there you have big effects clinically actionable and you could build an initial system, pilot these ideas around rare disease. And again, there's a major programme called ERDUC. That's a major consortium pushing for this and very serious money going into rare disease research with these kind of ideas in mind also. So I think over the next few years, say five to ten years, a lot of these things will get a lot of support both from industry and from academia. And I hope some of it becomes a reality. Any other final questions? OK, anything from Twitter? OK, can we just say thank you to Antoine?


But because of what you did, 27 mills reopened around British Columbia, 27 mills in all the families and communities that depend on them for support. You set an example of how we can find new markets for BC products. And Pat Bell, we're all so proud of him. He's been with you on this journey. He's been the government's voice in a market where government representation matters. And now we are going to take what he learned and what you learned in leading those efforts to try and do the same thing. Not just for forestry, of course continue to do it for forestry, but for other industries and sectors of the economy as well. Your success in forestry is the inspiration for our soon to be released jobs plan. It is the proof that even in difficult times, you can succeed if you create new markets for what BC does best. Now to support your industry's efforts to be able to create jobs and grow our new markets, I'm pleased to announce a few steps today that we hope will make a difference. The Wood Innovation and Design Center will be downtown, it will be at the site of the former Prince George Hotel and we are kick starting this project with a call for ideas from architects, designers and engineers. This is our time. This is our chance. It's our chance to take our place in Canada. It's our chance to lead this country, to lead this continent. It's our chance to take BC's place on the world stage.


Mama Kips? Tarts? Mama, you like this bird. He loves new people. We're at home. I take him out when someone else comes in. Like that he's never met before. He goes straight over to them and then bite me if I want to take him out. Oh my god! So after you got the bird, is that when you started following Marley? Well no, it was looking at all our videos because I love birds, I really do. And then I would more so because I just wanted to kind of get him. I would never have been used to training birds and things like that for me. It's my life now. You don't trust me.  Get educated. You can't have coffee. Guys, guess what? I have a little visitor. Oh yeah. This is Buddy. And by the way, I'm in Ireland. Okay? In Colourney. And I have Buddy. He came to visit. His mommy doesn't want to be on TV. But she came all the way from Meen. Meen? Meed. Meed! And I love him so much. He's the cutest little Laura Keats. Aren't you the cutest? And he sniffs so good. He gets the best little fruit mix. What do you think, Buddy, of the camera? You like it? Yeah? You love the camera because you know you're beautiful. You know what I should do for you guys for Parent Tip Tuesday? Let's talk a little bit about Laura Keats. What should we say about Laura Keats?  They've got a brush on their tongue.  Like a wet Willy. Once again, saliva's not good for birds. But I mean, let's be real.   Buddy is super friendly. He's a very happy friend. He has a ball. He loves to play with his ball. Guys, one thing you should know about Laura Keats, though, is because they eat a lot of liquids and nectar and fruits the way their droppings are. Sometimes they're very liquidy and spray everywhere. But actually, Buddy's been pretty good and pretty potty-train. I'm very impressed. He eats a lot. This guy's like busy. I can't believe how friendly you are. He's such a good bird, guys.  So they're beautiful.  And even if you have had parrots, also not something I would run out and get. But he's just gorgeous and well-behaved. And here we are in the park in Kalarney. And I can't believe he came to visit me. I'm so very, very lucky. So the things that you should know about Laura Keats are they hop. They have a lot of energy. So they're kind of very bouncy, which is very, very cute. He's very friendly, much friendlier than my gypsy was. Gypsy was friendly to people he knew, but like when he got mad, he got mad. This guy's actually been very friendly with everybody. So that's very interesting to know, because if you think about it, you know how birds can be one-person birds? Buddy has displayed a willingness to visit everyone. He actually talks. He says, hi, buddy. Uh-oh, a doggy's coming. Hold on. All right, guys. So I want to tell you something. Buddy is chilling right now. While he's chilling, he's eating, because he eats like all the time. I'm not kidding you.  Of course, we talked on our cooking show about he's nodding right now. I kid, do not. We talked on our cooking show about how you do want to feed your birds healthy food and chop all the time. But these birds, literally, this is what they eat. It's like all they eat. And if you're not in America where you can't get just like access to a bird store, this bird right now is in Ireland and his mommy, Natasha, she has to order his food from England. Okay? So before he comes out, he's coming. Here he is. Well, Buddy's like, let me be on this video. Look at the mix that she brought for him. You want to look? You want to show the camera all about it? Yeah. So she has in there grapes, blueberries, apples. I even see broccoli in there. This is like some high maintenance mommy stuff. Lucky she has two kids. So she's ready for this. And she actually gives him the dry fruit too, which is pretty impressive. She said that he eats it. And what I like about it is obviously that's what's making his droppings a little bit thicker and less liquidy because I can see it here in the cage. And generally, that's one of the difficult things about these birds is that it's all liquid dropping. So if I have to deter you from getting one of these because a lot of times these are impulse buys, let me just describe the worst case scenario. If you don't have a potty trained lorikeet, you're talking about liquid splattered all over the walls and every 30 seconds.  And this guy is really friendly so I could see how he would be very tempting right now for you all to run out and look for a lorikeet. What else do we need to say about him? So this is what he's eating and he has a really, really big, big cage. This is what I hear and they smell phenomenal. He loves being cuddled and put on his back and I know that I'm making it look so, so good right now. But let me tell you if you're like any kind of OCD, this is not the bird for you. But anyway, look at that face. Buddy, what do you want to say to the camera about your life? Anything? Do you have anything to say? So yeah, if you've never met a lorikeet before, they're native to Australia. He's just gorgeous. Guys, I'm so in love. That is all. If you guys have any questions about lorikeets, put them in the comments below and Natasha will be stalking this video and she'll be checking it out. And anyway, that's it. I love him. Thank you guys so much for watching. Don't forget to subscribe. Tell me how much you love Buddy because I love him too. Follow me on Instagram and Twitter at Marlene McCohen. And of course, for more pictures of Buddy joined Parrot Station because his mommy is very active on there.  I put the cutest video on my Instagram but it'll be too late by the time you see this, sorry. Thank you guys so much for watching. I love you. Give Buddy some love in the comments below. I hope you enjoyed this video. Bye.


What is truly amazing for me personally researching Islam is that I found out so many things that I never thought are even existent within Islam, first and foremost exorcism. I really believe that exorcism is only found within the Christian church and therefore only Christianity is legit. I never thought that Muslims have Rukia. Then I found out about it just a few weeks ago. Another thing that I heard quite a bit of is of course reoccurring dreams and visions of Jesus Christ. Christians always speak about their visions with Jesus, how he visited them and then they became Christian. But now here you have an even more impressive real vision apparently of Mohammed appearing and introducing him as well to a person that is paralyzed, to a person that never heard of Islam. If this is not proof, I really do not know what is.


Can you believe Mr. Beast burger is going away? Yes. What? Dude? Mr.  So you've had consistent dog-ass. Oh, yes Mr. Beast burger was either horrendous or amazing and there was no in between every time I had mr. Beast burger is either absolutely horrible or absolutely amazing. I like mr. Beast burger. Yes. I'm saying