Welcome back, everyone. Today we're going to be doing some very basic analysis of memory. So we've already collected memory. And here I have, let's see what we have here. I have this raw image, this DD, or raw, raw memory image, basically. I don't necessarily know anything about it. I have it in my images folder, and it's exhibit number two. So I have this memory image, and let's see how big it is, L-S-L-H-A. My forensic workstation that I'm working on is a Linux system, but all of the tools that we're using today can also be installed in a Windows system. I'll just be using them from Linux command line. Okay, so here we have exercise1.raw, and this is our memory image, and it's a one gigabyte memory image. And right now I don't really know anything about it. There are a few tools we'll talk about later where we will actually go into what this memory image is, I'm going to zoom in a little bit, sorry about that, where we'll actually go in and talk about what this memory image is. But today I'm going to show you how to analyze this memory image if you don't know anything about it. So just doing a basic analysis, what can we get out of it? So one thing that can be potentially interesting is, for example, looking at the data, and we say, for example, cat, and that basically just reads all of the data, and we can use cat and exercise1.raw, and this will print out, it will just display all of the data. Now some of this data is binary, so I wouldn't want to just cat exerciseraw, otherwise it would just show a bunch of random stuff on my screen, and it wouldn't be very useful for me. So I want to cat this into something a little bit more useful. So we can cat this into strings. So what I'm doing here is saying read all of the data from exercise1.raw, and then pipe, and then send all of that data from exercise.raw into the program strings. And what strings does is what it sounds like pulling out the strings from within all of that data, basically converting everything to a string, and then trying to show you individual words or individual sentences that it finds in this data. So let's just run that real quick and see what we get. Okay, so you'll notice a lot of these strings like this, for example, the strings detect that this is a word, but it doesn't look like a real word. Here we have something that looks like a blogspot web page. Okay, so hacking GitHub with WebKit. I'm not really sure what this is, but we did find some some kind of interesting stuff. Let's see Reddit. Yeah, so we know now just by looking at this that this memory image contained somebody apparently downloading or using Reddit and potentially visiting blogspots and hacking blogs, things like that. So now we might use that information to refine kind of the keyword search that we want to use. And we will do that in a second. So I'm just looking around for anything else that might be interesting. But so we can do a couple of different things with this. One of the most common things that we tend to do. Okay, I don't see anything else immediately interesting. So I'm just going to go back down. One of the other things that we find that might be interesting to do, I'm not sure what this is, this might be a name, actually, is basically take all of this data, and then redirect the output into a dictionary file. So if we ran this, we would get this dictionary file with all of the strings that are available in memory. Well, what kind of strings are available in memory? Things like passwords, for example. So if we if we were just going to, let's say we have to break the password on a suspect's computer, or we want to guess the password to a suspect's, you know, encryption or some sort of login or something like that. Well, if the suspect ever typed in their password on their computer, it might still be resident in memory. So if we dump all of the strings from memory, we might be able to get their password out of it. And a dictionary attack against passwords will be much faster than an attack or brute force attack against their password. So we could potentially just dump all of these strings into into a dictionary file and use that as a dictionary attack against some sort of encrypted folder or whatever they're trying to trying to do. We could also what I kind of alluded to earlier is pipe the output of strings into a filter, a filtering program. And in this case, we can do keyword searches. So here I can type grep. And grep is a tool for basically searching for keywords. So what we already found is, for example, let's say net sec, we already know that somebody was looking at net sec. So I want to find every instance of net sec so I can just grep, oops, grep net sec. Right. So here I'm outputting all of exercise.raw piping the all of that data into strings and strings is coming up with all of these different strings basically pulling out all those.  And that should filter. And we should get a lot less data. Now notice what's getting pulled out of here, a bunch of web pages. Right. So the text for web pages that was loaded into memory. So locations refers some code basically related to net sec. So here. Yeah, so all of these, all of these password cracking on Amazon is EC to all of these things we pulled out just very quickly actually from net sec. And it looks like our username for the computer is Andrew. So that could be interesting as well. So now we can use we can go through and this is kind of a very quick way quick and easy way to do keyword searching over a memory dump. And there might be a couple reasons you do this, especially if you're doing an analysis of a user's computer, if we're doing malware analysis or something like that, and we know some keywords potentially related to malware, we might use it. But this is mostly relevant for things like getting out potential passwords or hashes or things like that, or looking at different websites or keywords that were loaded into the system. Remember, everything in this memory dump has been loaded onto the computer, we could also potentially in this case look for times related to, I don't know, different activities that we know about. Okay, so that's a little bit about keyword searching. We're just basically dumping. Let me clear this out. We're just dumping all of the contents of exercise one dot raw into strings, and then filtering all of the strings results using some sort of keyword filtering device that we want. Okay, so that's a relatively easy way, even if we don't know anything about exercise one dot raw, that's a quick way to begin. Okay, so next we are going to use the tool photo rec to try to carve out not only images, but also files from this from this image. So photo rec exercise one dot raw like we did before. And whenever I loaded up exercise one dot raw is detected and it has 1024 megabytes. So that's the size of our memory image that I want. So then I could proceed. Exercise one is a memory image. So it does not have a partition. So it will show up partition information will show up as unknown because there is no partition in our memory image. Just a reminder, I'm going to go into file options. And before we had only selected JPEG. But for this memory image, I'm going to go ahead and select everything. So I'm going to hit s for the default selection. And it's basically going to select almost everything. Okay, so now it's going to try to carve out all of these different types of data structures from memory. Okay, so I'm going to click quit and go back now partition information unknown. That's what I would expect. So then click search. And because it doesn't have a partition, it also does not have a file system. So I'm going to click other. And then we have to give it a place to save the data. So right now I'm in cases 001 images 002. So I'm going to go up two levels. So one, two levels. And I'm going to save all of this data into the temp folder. This is my working folder, where I save any data that I have. So then I click C. And then now it's trying to recover all of the data. And it recovered 2,916 files. So then I can click quit. And I will go ahead and get out of photo. Okay, so now we can go into the temporary folder cases 001 temp. Okay, and look in these recap directories. And I get a lot of these different, a lot of different files. And some of them are just text files. This actually looks like this actually looks like a valid text file of some type, probably to do with, I'm not sure the kernel or something like that. And then there's some exes because there were exes loaded into memory, there were DLLs loaded into memory. And I can scan all of these files now for viruses to see if any viruses were resident in memory. We can also do an analysis on each of these exes. Here I have a JPEG image. So I'm going to go ahead and open this up. It looks like it's there's a little bit of fragmentation or it's a little bit corrupt. But we did recover part of the image. We had a CNN icon. So it looks like they might have gone to CNN. So now I can do a lot of different things with these files once I've extracted them out. If there are images, I can potentially see if those images hashes match any known databases for, you know, illegal material or anything like that. If they're exes or DLLs, I can see if there's any virus. I can also scan them using a lot of different virus tools. So this is a way to be able to pull out a lot of information from the suspect memory, even if you don't necessarily know anything about the memory image. So far today, we've talked about acquiring or getting information basically doing keyword searching, building dictionaries and doing keyword searching over a memory image. If you don't know anything about the memory image, you can just use cat and the memory image to get all of the strings out and then grip for whatever keywords you want or just dump those strings into a dictionary file and use that. And then we also talked about using photorec to extract different data structures from memory. So in this case, I've just basically allowed all data structures. I didn't focus only on JPEGs, although I could. And we extracted all of the data structures in memory. And then now we have a directory full of data that was loaded onto that computer that we can search for illegal content for maybe encrypted data that was encrypted on the hard drive that was unencrypted in memory. We might be able to get an unencrypted copy of that data from memory. So all of those types of things. So this is a way to at least begin memory analysis, a relatively simple way to begin analyzing memory, even if you don't necessarily know anything about the memory image. That's it for today. Thank you very much.


Hello and welcome to the session. My name is Mansi and I'm going to help you with the following question. The question says two dice are thrown. The events A, B and C are as follows. Event A is getting an even number on the first die. Event B is getting an odd number on the first die and even C is getting the sum of the numbers on the dice less than equal to 5. Describe the event A intersection B dash intersection C dash. That is A intersection complement of B intersection complement of C. So let us start with the solution to this question. So let us start with the solution to this question. First of all what we need to do is we need to write down the sample space for the event A for B dash and for C dash. This is the sample space for event A. Since event B is getting an odd number on the first die so event B dash will be or complement of B that this event of getting an even number on the first die. So the sample space for B dash will be same as event A that is 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 till 2 6 4 1 4 2 till 4 6 6 1 6 2 till 6 6. Now we have to find out the sample space for even C dash that is complement of C that will be. Now we see that the event C is getting the sum of the numbers on the dice less than equal to 5. So event C dash will be getting the sum of numbers on the dice greater than 5 and the sample space for C dash will be 1 5 1 6 2 4 2 5 2 6 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 and so on what we have written here so this is the sample space for event C dash. Now what we have to find in the question is the event A intersection B dash intersection C dash that is A intersection complement of B intersection complement of C that means now we have to take out all those sample points which are common to these three sample spaces so an inspection we see that 2 4 is there in the three sample spaces that is here we have 2 4 2 4 and 2 4. So the first sample point for the sample space A intersection B dash intersection C dash would be 2 4 similarly we have 2 5 2 6 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6. So this is our answer to the question I hope that you understood the question and enjoyed the session have a good day.


Hey this is Brett on location at the 2020 Chicago Auto Show and today I'm gonna do a walk around here on the 2020 Lincoln Aviator. Last year at the auto show they had this thing all locked up. You could not get in it, you could not look inside of it. You could do a walk around on it but you could not get inside. This one they got on the platform.  So the first thing I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do one more quick walk around of the entire outside of the vehicle on this one and then I'm gonna get over to the other one as soon as it's freed up and check out all the interior options and just all the luxury that it provides there. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or a smartphone device turn them on right now because it is like you are right here at the Chicago Auto Show with me and definitely your best way to check out these awesome rides. We did a whole bunch of videos for the 2020 Chicago Auto Show so you can go check all those out in the upper right hand part of your screen and I'm gonna get to the back here and then I'm gonna go over to that other aviator so we can check out the interior and be right back. So here's the original window sticker of the one we're gonna check out on the interior. This one is an MSRP of $72,935. It has the Elements Package Plus and feel free to pause this at any point. It has the 3.0L V6 twin turbocharged motor, 10 speed automatic transmission, gets you 24 miles per gallon on the highway and I'm just gonna have to wait my turn to get inside this vehicle here. Same color and looks like the same options as the one that was on the turn dial but we'll get inside there as soon as it frees up. Alright finally my opportunity to get into the aviator here. It's got kind of a interesting door handle there. You can see the door is nicely trimmed out. Seats are nicely bolstered. There's your light controls and everything. It's got a cool wood grain trim on the dash here. Looks like the big 12 inch LCD display. They don't let you turn them on here at the auto show. Interesting steering wheel. Looks like everything's a touch. Button's there. The big screen. 360 camera. This must be your transmission there. Once again the 10 speed transmission in these. Really a cool dash. Home link buttons. Vista rough. It does have third row seats in here. We'll check out the second row. Alright checking out the second row here. Got captain's chairs back here. These are adjustable. They do slide back and forward. And then to get into that third row there's a button up top here. Kind of goes by itself. It's a pretty good room to get into that third row. Just a two-seater back there. Looks like you have a 110 volt, 150 while plug-in and USB is back here as well as rear air controls and a center console. Then you can even control your sunroof screen and it's nicely equipped back here. Also has these side window shades which are a nice feature. Coming around to the back. Lincoln's even got a real band here. Pretty awesome. Pretty good room back here. If you put these third row seats down. Looks like they're locked for the auto show. They're power. There's a button right there. They do fold down like so. So pretty cool stuff there and I'm suing those front seats fold down as well. Subwoofer back here. Ample storage underneath. Pretty good looking. Pretty good looking vehicle. Anyways thanks for checking out the video and hope you liked it. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on our channel. In fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more Chicago auto show videos like this one on your right. If you haven't been to our website on the bottom a link to our website there. Thanks for checking out the video and we hope to have you watch more. Thanks again.


Hi everybody, we're here to talk about the exciting topic of boards Does anyone in this audience Have a board for their company a few okay? So we got some very experienced people in dealing with boards on our panel today Maybe we'll do very quick introductions on On yourself and on your board Hey everyone, I'm Tavit. I'm co-founder of transfer wise I also sit on one other board for a company called very fright now and we have a wonderful board that transfer wise were Today, it's myself my co-founder and two investors Great Luciana. Hi, I'm okay. That's loud. Hi. I'm Luciana. I'm a partner at Excel. We're a global venture capital fund We invest in the US Europe and India I've been investing in technology companies in Europe for the past decade currently sit on six boards very Happy board member of Tim's board at Teshion I'm also on board of companies like deliver room in around food delivery and UI path on the enterprise software side and a few others Hi everyone, I'm Tim. I'm the CEO and co-founder of Teshion. We're a machine intelligent email security platform on our board We've got myself one of my co-founders and we've got three other investors one of which is Luciana at Excel Great, and I'm Toby couple. I'm a partner in mosaic ventures. We're a London based early-stage venture capital fund I was counting up the number of boards. I've been on I'm gonna show my age, but it's over 30 My first board I was actually on the on the operating side was at Yahoo where we had a board of 12 people half independent and sort of half shareholders and you know since then I've been on 30 venture backboards as well as some nonprofit boards and You know, I think it's a great topic. I've learned a lot over the years about boards and I think it's it's Some of the assumptions you in the audience may have about how to get the most out of your board How to build your board who are the right board members for you? They may not be the answers may not be the obvious one obvious ones that you think about so I'll start with maybe a provocative question, but you know great companies I think deserve great boards and great boards should have a group of people that have experience in building great companies That can really help the founders along their journey and have seen a lot of the challenges and mistakes that can be made and That doesn't mean it's a board full of VCs typically because VCs haven't always been on those journeys and build great companies themselves, so You know, what do you guys think of that? Maybe I'll start with tab it. I think who's a strong opinion on this one Yeah, sure. So now I kind of start from the point of view that I don't believe has ever been a company that's been made great by the board you know if you think about Headstrong founders who built iconic companies I kind of doubt that boards have played a major role in this in the in the life of these companies You know think about Steve Jobs or or think about Sackenberg or or Travis at Uber, you know You can you imagine the board member saying hey Steve you should make that screen a tiny bit smaller or you know Maybe a board member telling suck to worry about privacy or you know telling Travis not to not to be so aggressive You know and these things obviously are not black and white and you know this many of these things have come back to Hornsies companies later, but but I'm not sure I'm not sure the boards Have played a major role. You know, I'm sure in other cases boards can make an average company better possibly But I'm sure they can also screw things up badly And I think the important thing is to think about how do you separate the different elements of? governance advice and so one you know the best founders Definitely listen to advice but then they make up their own mind about what advice to listen to and you know Typically that advice will be best heard if it comes from someone who has been through the same journey and has a few scars to show You know not someone who is one of the dozen people who just started another seed fund sure Look, we'll come back to some of those questions about how you separate to think about governance How you think about the right advisors and so forth, but maybe Lutjani you want to go so what I actually agree with a Lot of what you said So it's not that controversial. I firstly fully agree with the fact that a great company is really made by great entrepreneurs Absolutely, I Will also say that of course Entrepreneurs and I'm guessing this will resonate with both of you Don't start a company because they want to follow rules or they want to be told what to do So I fully agree with all of that the way I think about a board well two things firstly I think the board is an ongoing conversation I don't think we should think about it as board meetings I mean yes those are a forcing factor to analyze your business and you know just have a have an analysis of what happened in the previous quarter But I think a good board is an ongoing conversation and a sounding board no pun intended first of all and second of all I think that I Think that yes a diverse board will will actually Hopefully add a diverse point of view. I think it's a board's job to Ask the tough questions and it's the entrepreneurs job to make the tough decisions So I actually agree with a lot of what you said But I do think having someone who challenges you having someone who who pushes you to think twice or three times about a really big Decision that maybe it's not obvious. I think that's a good thing now Is your investor or whatever board member are going to make your decision for you? Absolutely not I mean all the entrepreneurs I work with are very strong-minded people, right? That's why you drop everything to start a company But I think it's my job to to be there and challenge and listen and of course give my point of view hopefully when relevant Tim yeah, I think just tacking on to the back of that I think the best boards are like coaches to entrepreneurs rather than micromanaging entrepreneurs and I've had and maybe experience in both in both scenarios, but You you really want to have a board that is pushing you and developing you as an entrepreneur I think it's different in every case so target. Maybe it's different for you guys are transfer wise But we started the company when we were 24 Which is maybe not that uncommon in technology, but we we've benefited greatly from working with and Certain people around the table who've helped us understand what we need to do to effectively grow the business and then also The kind of strategic plays that we can make whether it's in product fundraising sales To sort of take our business to that next stage and unlock that the next part of growth So for us, it's been it's been very good But but it's been very good I think because we've chosen our board members very carefully and we thought about that dynamic and how The different the different parties are going to work together and what they're going to bring to the company so I think from for me What one of the things that Tava says it's important to separate sort of the governance role of the board Which is very very limited at an early stage company There's very little governance to do other than approving stock option grants and some other other aspects of new hires but you know the the key aspects are sort of how do you have a assemble a good group of people around you to help the business and I mean my point of view is The board is there actually to serve the founders not the other way round And I think I've been on boards where it hasn't been that and where the the investors are there Use that as a way for them to be informed about the company They they have the time being presented to they think they're the they have it's for them to tell the entrepreneurs What they should be doing and to me that's completely the wrong way around and I've seen many car crashes of companies where you know The investors are really driving things and to me as a founder the board should be there to serve you we as investors It's what I do today when I spent ten at ten years operating But as an investor we're there to help you we're in the service business of whatever you guys need And you should construct your board in a way that it's there to help you do what you want and you set the agenda So I want to talk about that which is how do you make the most out of the board meeting itself? How would you organize it? How do you prepare for what sort of? Topics should you talk about and then we'll talk about sort of outside of the board meeting as a sort of follow-up Maybe Tim do you want to share your thoughts on that? Yeah, so we try we prepare a board pack which is probably pretty standard across what most companies are doing But we try and share that board pack and as far in advance as we can it covers the basic things like Financials for the month so we do monthly boards at the moment We cover financials for the month sales figures what's happening in products. It's happening in hiring so we talk about those key things and then we try and leave as much time really for a discussion about you know something strategic or like a question or an opportunity or challenge that we've got and Generally we like everyone to come as prepared as they can be so ideally they've read all of that stuff And then they've just got their questions that we go to have they read it. Yeah, generally they do they do Yeah, there's a few kind of quiz questions in there, and I think someone recently Absolutely and the someone recently said to me that Which I'm interested in trying actually The an interesting way to run the board is to have half an hour at the beginning Where you bring in the exact team and the board can just ask questions questions to the exact team based on the data That's been provided and then for the remainder of the you know the one and a half hours two hours It's then just a discussion about key You know topics or challenges that the company's having which can also be a good way to do it I guess right tab it what if we go to tab it and then to the channel I mean agreeing with a bunch of things that Tim said totally like you want you want to send out the board pack As early as possible, you know, it's always a bit of a challenge in my experience, but you know, it's it's a basics You want to make sure that's operating metrics are Understood outside of board meetings. So like a transfer wise we we now have a quarterly board meeting But we share our operating metrics on a monthly basis. So so really shouldn't be much discussion about these things Yeah, and so and it's a question of what's topical at the moment and Depending on that which was who's gonna come and join it Is it gonna be the marketing people the product people who are joining for that discussion? And I think that kind of really defines the theme of the meeting and what when you've Made mistakes in how you've organized the meetings, I mean what mistakes have you made in the past? And what have you learned from those mistakes to how you organize your boards today? I Don't think we've figured out some magic formula in terms of how to make How to make most use of the time and you know, I think especially I can Diverging to a bit of a different topic, but it's a little bit of a question of How does the board evolve so because same people in the same room? I actually think the discussion is very repetitive We sure and you know don't think anyone is getting getting that much out of it So I think so maybe a much more important part is to think about how should the board board be evolving because Frankly, I find it hard to believe that someone who was really good at seed stage figuring out product market fit is going to be that Helpful in thinking about later stage capital raising strategies So I think that some had something that everyone should think about and I think even more importantly That's a task for the investors to think investors to think about how does it give up board seats? Because it's you know, everybody wants a board seat But then you know if we think about first of all a people get incredibly busy You know, I find it hard to believe that somebody can actually do a great job sitting on 10 boards So and second of all the rooms get stale and full of same people. So, you know, it's a question of how do we rotate? So that's a good topic. Well, come on to that one. Let's save that thought You're trying on this question. So I've had to have an effective board meeting so It's funny. I sit on a few boards and I've seen everything from very organized Teams that will send everything in advance to teams that maybe don't even put together materials That are super detailed. I will say actually that the way that Tim does it I'm not just saying that because he's here But the way that Tim does it it's very efficient because we just don't spend time on on KPIs We always know where the company is the fact that they're doing very well also helps, right? We don't have to dig that much into all the all the metrics and KPI details But we we spend most of the time discussing more strategic topics rather than analyzing well growth was X and you're a cat went from X to Y So I think that's really helpful the other point that Tim mentioned which I would encourage actually entrepreneurs to use absolutely use your board as an excuse to to a give your executive team Exposure but be just see how your executive team responds to outside factors and outside questions And I've seen this actually work very well And I've also seen this in some situations raise some flags where maybe they weren't able to answer some of the questions in the best way So I think for the entrepreneur actually and the CEO to use the board as a as a forcing Function for you know keeping their team on their toes necessarily but testing them a little bit I think that can be very helpful as well and also making them feel like they're part of the the strategic discussion And then in terms of I sorry go ahead and I'm happy to talk about the diversity part after which I think is really important I think you know I agree with Support setting a cadence I think you know probably even even more as you're an early-stage company have more frequent board meetings I think it gets you you know could be a good six eight-week cadence and and definitely you should get your executives to present And you know they should be getting good and bad grillings and say you know if they can't do that And that's also a sign of maybe they maybe they're not up to the job So I think that's an that's an important the important part and the diversity point I mean I fully agree. I think a good board is a diverse board and actually also agree with you I think a good board is is made of all sorts of backgrounds not necessarily 17 investors, so I'm actually not gonna challenge you on that go ahead. Okay, but then let me ask you here What's the next board you're gonna give up? So you have six board seats now You're gonna add you know you've got you've added something what in three years now. Sorry you've you've taken so seats in what three years In the last two three years. Yeah, so you're gonna add six more you're gonna be overbooked So when will you give up support of deliver rule for example? I think there is a natural evolution as you invest in these companies at some point that there will be an exit, right? I think actually six boards is a very good number for me right now when I feel like I have The enough time to to interact with all my entrepreneurs may add something as well I think that different companies will require a different level of attention at different times, right? So it doesn't happen that all your companies are all fundraising at the same time or they're all launching a new product at the same time I think these things come and go in waves. I know you want to be controversial. I understand but There is a natural evolution. I think at some point when you have ten boards. Yes, I agree with you I think I think the point time is trying to get to is So I'm sure you guys know this but when a company raises money typically the lead investor gets a board seat That's sort of the standard practice now a lot of entrepreneurs don't necessarily build in mechanisms to for that Board seat to go away at a certain point often the best way to do that is to sort of set a minimum ownership for that investor But there are other ways right down. There are other ways to do to sort of help Rotate board seats I think if you end up doing three or four or five rounds of financing and you end up with you know A couple of lead investors in some of those rounds you could end up with a board of eight investors and a couple of founders And then it's very one-sided you often have people who are very good at its tablet set At the earlier stages not necessarily good when you get to a thousand people So I think what one of the questions to have it is getting is how do you? How do you get encourage investors to step down from the board? What mechanisms can you can you put in as an and as an investor? When do you think about what's the right time because the again? I'm I have two I sort of two hats I was born investor an operator as an investor if a company's going really well it's sort of one of those bragging rights I'm on the board of you know transfer wise and I don't want to get off that board because that's part of my You know my calling card of my brand, but actually I I've managed these days investor What am I doing on a company's board of a thousand people? So that's that's the part of the tension that's that's created So I wasn't being controversial which I was thinking you know if you ask six more boards It's like have you thought about how will you give it up? You know Toby was mentioning something like and we actually we don't even have we haven't thought it through a transfer wise either But you know we've just been lucky that we haven't had to add board members So we still have board members who came at the seed round and seed round But you know as we and we are we are actively thinking about how do we expand our board now and you know We should be abiding in a pendants But you know if we if we had five board members who have taken one at C day BC D Bloody hell that would be horrible. So like I'm just you know curious to know how how as an investor you've thought about it So firstly, I'll I'll say that typically with a later stage investors They're not going to even want a board seat So a lot of pre IPO investors, maybe they have them You know on paper and observer seats But they're typically not as involved because they have more public markets approach I'm not sure who your later stage investors are and if that was the case But typically you see a lot of that secondly some of the the best Board members I've seen and something I certainly encouraged my entrepreneurs to do is to bring in independent board members And this typically means someone for me There are three key categories of independent board members that can add a lot of value either someone who's very good at go to market And in a similar field or someone who's very good at product or someone who was a founder or CEO of a company that's relevant And who's been throughout the entire journey So actually bringing on someone like that relatively early on I would even say around serious be ish I think it'd be very very helpful and I'm happy to give you an example So I sit on the board of a company called UI path. It's a software business started in Europe they expended to the US relatively early and They brought on board someone very well known in the enterprise software world who was the president of a ten billion dollar company and was in Ren go-to-market for the company for a very long time So firstly that person was of course very helpful in figuring out the go-to-market strategy, but secondly it gives you a certain Extra credibility extra stamp of approval to be associated with someone who's really relevant in your sector So I think entrepreneurs who are open to that. I think that's that's a great thing Tim I don't yeah, I mean the thing that I was gonna say as well. I think it comes down to I think a lot of this is about understanding the investors that you're bringing into the company. So when we When we're thinking about raising capital and talking to investors for the next round Talking to other founders about their journey with that fund You know was there a time when they needed to step back from the board or there was a natural time for them to do so and I think generally in in every interaction we've had with investors that we're talking to seriously about that and There's been at least a founder who's described the scenario where you know They're either they were on the board or they joined the board at a you know at a certain time I think that these things are transient. I think it comes down to and The fund or the investor being pragmatic and wanting to do what's best for the company and and again Sometimes best for the founders, but it should always be best for the for the company So I think again the right investor will be pragmatic and will be flexible in theory in theory. That's true Yeah in practice like I've been on enough boards and I have to know that's not always the case There's there's vanity issues There's someone's inherited a board from somebody who left their firm and they're you know, they don't always have the best You know that they they want the most efficient approach They don't always want something that's going to take time to work through to restructure a board So there are always situations where the ideal situation doesn't come to fruition and Just I was gonna say I mean my best advice to founders on this topic is go find a great independent board member Go find a great entrepreneur who you'd love to have on your board and then you know Get them into your board and if it means asking someone to step down ask someone to step down But if they see someone who's phenomenal for that stage of company for the for the skill set the company needs at that time That's a that's a good conversation It's hard to have in sort of in the abstract that you know, I'd like to expand my board or I'd like to take you off It's bring those people in Tab it I even think in practice there might be a Surreality might be that's the best companies are actually Able to negotiate not giving a board seat because the best companies naturally keeps her board smaller And then you end up with the worst companies who end up adding a board member in every round Which is kind of a compounding circle of deaths that comes this way I mean it's two things I think firstly sometimes the entrepreneur actually wants an extra voice around the table and of course Diversity is important. I will also say not all investors are created equal just like not all entrepreneurs think the same I don't know that all investors think the same necessarily Firstly, so I actually see a lot of investors who will want to add that extra person until some numbers By the way, I agree with you at some point is just too much And I lost my train of thought for the second question. Sorry No, I think we're just talking about how you Restructured the board and how do you bring on new people and how do you migrate people off? But did you think about diversity when when building out your board and who were the best? Like what was the background of the best board members? You've seen an action. So as I said, we've our board has been pretty Pretty stable and we haven't really put that much effort into it. We're now thinking about it, you know Yeah, we have we have somebody from our seed round and then we added and recent horror Which in our sea round and and these are the board members and we're now going through that the tablet if you would I'm sorry, you were to Blank slate today. You were to design just pick your board members How many board what would be your ideal board size and who would you have on in terms of profile in terms of where you are right? Now and maybe you guys can both think of that as well. I think adding independence earlier on Would be the right thing like I'm happy that we have two investor board members But maybe balancing sat with two independence would be would be really good and I think you know So as a ratio, which we haven't mentioned yet this question of board control So maybe a question of figuring out the Figuring out the structure where you can add independence without giving away is a board control Which is not hard to do you know even well if you if you get the you can appoint those independence Then you can kick them off the board of replacement if they don't vote for you Sorry and to your earlier point I remember what I wanted to say apologies I think Sometimes companies that have the luxury to choose whether to give out a board seat or not What works pretty well is to give an observer seat and then not a lot changes a in terms of control and be you You have the optionality to see how the relationship goes with that particular observer So I've seen that work sometimes as well Yeah, I think just to echo the one of the comments there was that I think Sometimes it's too narrow just to think about boards being effective within board meetings or around board meetings We do a lot of work with our board outside of those meetings It depends on what we're doing as a company, but yeah, and we have a board member who's very good He's a former CTO so he has great product knowledge and our engineering team are spending a lot of time You know talking to him about stuff at the moment So I think you know, there's there's value there, but then also yeah, we have some board members who are you know, they're They're gonna be less helpful in those particular scenarios. We have an angel investor who's fantastic But has never founded and run a company before so, you know, we see we see both sides I think you're right. It's important to distinguish again between the board I think when we talk about the board we're talking about the people who are most involved in working with the founders And that doesn't always mean you have somebody that say has a board seat It could be some folks who are around the table who are involved who are angel investors Who are former entrepreneurs and so forth so so maybe share we've got a minute or two left your thoughts on How else is surround? You know as a founder how to surround yourself with the best help Yeah, again, I think it's about thinking It's about thinking about the dynamic of who you've got around the table And in terms of surrounding yourself by the best people I think generally the You know what we've seen is that the the best people to have on the board work for the best funds If you're raising from venture capital funds in terms of independence We haven't been through the process of impointing and independent at the moment, but again the connections in the exposure you get as an entrepreneur, you know A lot of that comes from your investors a lot of that comes from your you know Customers, etc. So it's that kind of ecosystem that you're building for yourself as a company and as co-founders. Okay, I Don't have to go far to find an example I mean Toby you're an angel investor in transfer wise and you haven't been on the board, but you've been incredibly helpful and you know We we definitely we thought about Our seed round was a view of how do we kind of have a 360 degree map and you know We need somebody with marketing somebody with banking somebody who knows us So we put that together in our seed round and actually we've been adding investors We've been adding individual investors pretty much in every round, you know, even in our last round We had we added individuals who didn't have to write big checks But they've taken people who are just going to be helpful and valuable to the business center And you know when a time when sort of time when marketing is important And you know we added Christian Wolf and then as an angel investor who was super helpful in some of the things and so on so Different topics at different times and you know, I I think the idea of letting people invest is really good because send the kind of Incentives are pretty well aligned as well Well on that note, thank you guys for for a great panel great discussion. Thank you


In this video, we provide the solution to question number two for practice exam number four for math 1030 In which case we have the following situation Your dorm building consists of four floors and you've been tasked with creating a committee Which consists of exactly one person represented each floor, okay four floors one person each We got to find a committee with four people on it The first floor has 25 students on it the second floor has 28 the third floor has 18 and the fourth floor has 21 How many different committees can we choose? Well? We have to choose one person from the first floor one from the second one from the third one from the fourth and as no Person lives on multiple floors. These decisions are going to be independent of each other So applying the fundamental counting principle the number of choices we have from the first floor is 25 The number of choices from the second is 28 from the third floor is 18 and from the fourth floor will be 21 so the number of committees we can make is going to be 25 times 28 times 18 times 21 And feel free to use a calculator to assist you on this one But if you take 25 times 28 times 18 times 21 you end up with 264,600 so the correct answer would then be D


So, welcome to this session on trigonometry, today we are going to discuss trigonometric ratios. So, for that we have drawn a circle over here and though the name suggests that it is something to do with triangles but we will be restricting ourselves to the study of a circle and we will see the triangle has to be carved out from that circle and how we will discuss that in a little while. So as the name suggests, trigonometry is nothing but measurement of triangles or basically trigonometry is all about ratios of the three sides of the triangle. So if you know if there are three sides, how many possible ratios are there? So if you see number of possible ratios are six, isn't it? There are six possible ratios if there are three sides and if you see we have named each of these ratios. So for example, sin theta is p by h and cos theta is b by h and so on and so forth but before that let us first understand the nomenclature. So if you see this a, b, c is a triangle, right angle triangle and right angle at a. So here angle c is 90 degrees. Now a, b is the hypotenuse as you can see, b, c is the perpendicular from b and a, c is the base. Now how do, how, why and how I have created the circle is something like this. So let us draw a unit circle. Unit circle means a circle with radius one. So if you see this is the radius one of the circle. I have drawn a circle with a unit radius and after that I have taken any point b, any point b on the circumference. So this point b circumference and from here I have dropped a perpendicular on to the x axis. So if you see this is our x axis, okay. A is at the origin and b is the point on the circumference of the circle and I have dropped a perpendicular on x axis and I have simply joined a and c. So what do we see in a circle if you take a point b and drop a perpendicular on to x axis and this is called foot of the perpendicular, this point c is foot of the perpendicular. So join the center and the foot of the perpendicular you will get a right angle triangle always. Now trigonometry is all about the studies of you know the ratio of the three sides of a triangle so obtained. And we have named all these ratios as well. So if you see sin theta is equal to p by h right what which means perpendicular by hypotenuse. Also if you see if this angle is theta then this this side is opposite angle this is what this is my opposite angle to opposite to theta right and this side is adjacent to theta this side is adjacent to theta isn't it now and this is hypotenuse. So you can remember the ratios in terms of these sides as well. So if you see sin theta is p by h so perpendicular by hypotenuse then cos theta is defined by p by h then tan theta is defined by p by b that is opposite by adjacent cosecant theta is h upon p that is hypotenuse by opposite secant theta is defined as hypotenuse by adjacent and cot theta is defined as b by p ok these are the six trigonometric ratios.


Top 15 Most Expensive Ongoing Projects in Africa in 2023 Africa has gradually gained ground in infrastructure development over the last few decades. Change occurs in a variety of ways as a result of growth. It usually comes in the form of new construction projects that involve development ranging from the construction of hospitals and schools to mega projects that transform Africa as a whole. In this video, we'll look at the 15 most costly ongoing projects in Africa in 2023. If you are new to our channel, please subscribe so that we can grow and make more videos for you. Also, remember to like this video and leave a comment telling us what you think of these African projects. 15. Marine Drive Acra Project, Ghana Acra's Ministry of Tourism, Art, and Culture unveiled the Marine Drive Project, a 241-acre reconstruction proposal for Acra's waterfront. The project's goal was to create a distinct skyline for Acra and to transform the capital city core into a premier tourist destination. The Marine Drive Project would also benefit Ghana's burgeoning creative and cultural industries, and the associates' plan is expected to include a brand-new waterfront promenade that would transform the coast into a bustling leisure and recreation hub. The promenade, which will connect the most well-known landmarks and provide access to the beach, will cover a portion of the site. This project is valued at $122 billion. 14. Mandaya Hydropower Project, Ethiopia Mandaya is a 2,000-megawatt hydropower project planned for Ethiopia's Ebe River. The project is currently in the noun stage and will be completed in one phase. The ground and net head of the project will be $117.4 million and $109.8 million, respectively. The project is expected to generate 12,000 gigatons of electricity and will cost approximately $2.7 billion. The information regarding the project's parameters is sourced through secondary information sources such as electric utilities equipment, manufacturers, developers' project proponents deals, and financial reporting regulatory body, associations, government planning reports, and publications wherever needed. 13. Acra SkyTrain Project, Ghana Acra SkyTrain is a fully automated, elevated light railway metro network designed to serve Acra City in greater Acra, Ghana. The network will consist of five routes, four of which will be radio routes that will originate at a new terminal at the Kwamein Krumah Interchange and one that will loop around the city center. The total track length of all routes combined is 194 kilometers. The Ghanayan government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Iceky Train Consortium of South Africa in 2018, and the party signed a buildup for a transfer concession agreement in November 2019 following the completion of a feasibility study. The system will be developed at a cost of $2.6 billion by the Iceky Train Consortium. 12. The Ammonia Plants Project, South Africa Hive Hydrogen and Lint PLC, through its wholly owned subsidiary African Oxygen, announced plans to build a green ammonia factory in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa for $4.6 billion. The proposed complex, which will be built on a 9,000 hectare Sawiga special economic zone next to the port of Incora, has the capacity to produce 708,000 tons of green ammonia per year. This green ammonia will be sold on global markets. This plan calls for the construction of an on-site solar power plant on a nearby farm. The project will be one of the largest in sub-Saharan Africa and one of the largest in the world. Only for the renewable energy and energy storage components, invest SA, a division of the South African Department of Trade, Industry and Competition will assist high hydrogen by facilitating investments through the invest as a one-stop shop system. The project is valued at $4.6 billion. 11. Greater Tortue Amium Gas Project, Senegal Greater Tortue Amium is an offshore LNG project based on upstream gas production in two-kilometers deep waters off the coasts of Mauritania and Senegal. It is Africa's deepest offshore project to date. The LNG project is being developed collaboratively by BP, Cosmos Energy, Petrozen, and Socie Mauritanian Dehydrocarbors, SMHPM, with BP serving as the operator. The Greater Tortue Online LNG Project, which will be built in stages, will produce up to 10 million tons of LNG per year. This project is expected to cost $5 billion. 10. S-Com Power Station Transition, South Africa The partnership to accelerate South Africa's transition away from coal is expected to serve as a model for other countries in the future. According to Andrew, the writer, the CEO of S-Com, South Africa's state-owned company wants to accelerate its new energy project with its share of the multi-billion-dollar cash. By utilizing the low production costs of solar photovoltaic take part generation at its minds, S-Com hopes to reduce its carbon footprint and achieve net zero emission status by the year 2050. S-Com will first construct solar photovoltaic facilities at its mining sites, followed by energy storage facilities. This project is worth $8.5 billion. South Africa will receive grants and loans totaling $8.5 billion from the United States, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom to finance a transition away from coal. 9. Bagamoyo Port, Tanzania Bagamoyo Port in Tanzania is said to be the largest port in East and Central Africa. Tanzania, China, and Omen are collaborating on the project. The port is being built by the state-owned China Merchant Sport, and an Omen Southern Wolf Fund will establish a 1,700 hectare special economic zone adjacent to it. The port project is estimated to cost $10 billion, and will take approximately 30 years to complete in order to reach its full potential. The port will be able to handle 20 times more cargo than the country's largest port, which is located in the Tanzanian capital of Dar es Salaam. Once completed, this will be a significant transformation in Tanzania, creating more jobs for its citizens. 8. Muhammad Tech City Project, Morocco This is one of Africa's most expensive projects, a joint venture between the Moroccan government and China in the construction of the Muhammad Tech City project. It was first announced during Morocco's King Muhammad 6th visit to Beijing in 2016, when the two countries signed significant agreements, including the relaxation of visa requirements for Chinese nationals in order to boost tourism to the North African country. There was growing interest in the project at this time, as well as disagreement over shipstakes in the new massive smart city, which delayed the project's launch because the project's primary Chinese sponsor, a hate group, withdrew. The Moroccan BMCE Bank negotiated the deal with the other two major Chinese developers, the state-owned China Communications Construction Company, and China Road and Bridge Corporation, but the project was restarted in April 2019 during the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing due to its significance. 7. Lagos Calabar Railway, Manchuria The West-East Coastal Rail Line, also known as the Lagos Calabar Railway Line, is a Royal Infrastructure project that aims to connect Calabar, a port city in the Southeast region near the border with the neighboring Republic of Cameroon, with Lagos the West African Republic's largest city. The project calls for 22 stations with associated facilities, as well as a railway line stretching 1,402 kilometers, a room for administration, as well as level crossings, main tracks, and power lines. Other responsibilities include installing safety lighting and signaling systems. The project will be completed in two phases. The first phase will run from Calabar to Port Hackett, and the second will run from Port Hackett to Lagos-Lia-Aniche. Standard Chartered Bank, based in London, has agreed to contribute $11 billion toward the project's implementation in order to fund the construction of the Lagos Calabar Railway. 6. Kanza Technology City, Kenya Kanza, or Kanza Technopolis, is a key flagship project in Kenya's Vision 2030 portfolio of economic development. Kanza will be a world-class city with a thriving information, communications and technology sector, superior dependable infrastructure, and business-friendly governance systems. Kenya has begun construction on the $14.5 billion, Kanza Technology City in Machacos County, in order to attract technology talent and investors to fuel the country's economic growth. The name African Silicon Savannah refers to Kansas City, which is 64 kilometers south of Nairobi's capital and is modeled after Silicon Valley in the United States. The smart city focuses on business process outsourcing, software development, data centers, business continuity centers, call centers, light manufacturing industries, and academic institutions. So far, the Kanza City project has attracted a number of wealthy investors, including a prestigious Korean university. Dangotay Oil Refinery, Magyria With a capacity of 650,000 barrels per day, Dangotay Oil Refinery is without a doubt one of the largest and most expensive construction projects in Africa right now. The project is an integrated refinery and petrochemical project that is currently under construction in the Lecky Free Zone. When completed, it will be the world's largest single train facility and Africa's largest oil refinery. The project was originally budgeted at $11 billion, but due to changes, it was increased to $19 billion. Up to $15 billion has already been spent on the project, with $10 billion going toward the refinery, $2.5 billion going toward the fertilizer plant, and $2.5 billion going toward pipeline infrastructure. The refinery will generate 9,500 direct jobs and 25,000 indirect jobs, while producing polypropylene jet fuel, gasoline, and diesel of high quality. Lapset Corridor Project The Lapset Corridor Project is a flagship project of KenyoVision 2030 and the first large high-impact infrastructure project initiated by the Kenyan government without external assistance. This is the single largest project of its kind in eastern Africa, and once completed, Lapset will become Kenya's second largest transport corridor. Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Sudan are among the countries involved in this project. The following will be included in the project. A port in Manda Bay, Lamun. A standard gauge railway line connecting Juba, South Sudan, and Addis Abiba, Ethiopia, a road network. Oil pipelines connecting Southern Sudan and Ethiopia. An oil refinery in Bargoni, Kenya. Three airports and three resort cities. The investment resources planned are equal to half of Kenya's GDP. The project components are spread across a large portion of Kenya and will open up the country's northern regions while relieving pressure on the Mamba support. El Daba nuclear power plant El Daba nuclear power plant, Egypt's first nuclear power plant, is being built in Matru Governorate on the Mediterranean coast, about 250 kilometers west of Alexandria. The Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation is the developer of the proposed El Daba nuclear power plant, which will be owned and operated by the Arab Republic of Egypt's Nuclear Power Plant Authority. The Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority granted the plant's site approval permit in March 2019. The first unit is scheduled to be commissioned in 2026. The power plant will consist of four pressurized water reactors with a combined capacity of 4.8 gigawatt, accounting for up to 50% of Egypt's power generation capacity. The plant will cost between $25 and $30 billion. 2. The Great Manmade River Project, Libya The 4,000 kilometer long $36 billion Great Manmade River Project in Libya includes well fields, pump stations, water treatment facilities, and storage reservoirs, with the goal of supplying more than 6.5 million tons of water per day to Libya's agricultural, industrial, and municipal areas. It is the world's largest irrigation project, with a network of pipes currently transporting drinking water from desert reservoirs to the nation's coastal cities. The project was conceived by Muammar Gaddafi, the overthrown ruler who referred to it as the Eighth Wonder of the World. Since its inception in 1983, the project has already cost more than 36 billion dollars. This project has been delayed several times due to political unrest in the country. 1. New Alamans City, Egypt The New Alamans City, a one-of-a-kind mega city, with features designed to meet the high standards of a modern smart city, is located on the country's north coast, within the administrative borders of the Metra government. Arabic International Airport, which is still under construction, is located 85 kilometers west of Alamein, which is located on the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptian government designed the new element to serve as a government, education, and tourism hub. The city has its own presidential palace, and construction on three universities, 30 skyscrapers, and high-rise towers at New Alamin, which will house over 30,000 hotel rooms, is currently underway. The second phase of the new Alamein mega project, which includes 10 additional coastal towers, has begun construction. Alamin stretches 60 kilometers along the southern coastline and covers a massive 50,000 acres to house its population of over 3 million people. The New City, which is expected to cost around 50 billion dollars, will help Egypt establish itself as a regional leader in business investment and tourism. These are major projects that, when completed, will upgrade Africa's infrastructure and development phase and catapult the continent to a new level. Thank you for sticking with me until the end. Tell us what you think about these projects in the comments section. Subscribe to Africa Reloaded and enable the notification bell to receive alerts of new videos.