Welcome to lecture series on advanced geotechnical engineering being produced by IIT Bombay. So this is module 4 lecture 5 on stress strain relationship and shear strength of soils. So in the previous lecture we try to understand about the different stress strain behaviors of mild steel and you know also we try to see and try to understand about the strain hardening and strain softening and elasto-plastic and rigid plastic or perfectly plastic behaviors. So after having discussed about the stress strain relationships now we will introduce into the more Coulomb criterion and we will discuss about the relevance to the you know how we can actually determine by knowing the state of the stress on the element how we can actually determine the stresses at failure particularly the shear stress and normal stress along the failure plane. So this is you know the contents which are actually given then the which we are going to concentrate in this lecture is the more Coulomb failure criteria and its limitations. So as we have seen you know in the previous lecture you know the stress strain relationship of a mild steel you know has a little hump you know after its proportional limit. So the little hump in the stress strain will occur for mild steel after yield is an example of work hardening and many soils also exhibit work hardening for example compacted clays and loose sands when they are subjected to shear and they you know exhibit this so called work hardening phenomenon. So sensitive clays soils and dense sands are examples of work softening so that means that after retaining certain peak value there is you know a sort of you know decrease in the stress with an increase in the strain. So at what point on the stress strain curve do we have failure that is you know the interesting we have to you know understand. In some situations what will happen is that if a material is stressed to its yield point the strains or deflections are so large that for all practical purposes the material has fail from the survivability point of view. So this means that the material cannot satisfactorily continue to carry the applied loads and the stress at failure is often very arbitrary especially for non-linear materials and particularly for you know those materials which are undergoing work hardening like compacted clays and loose sands we take arbitrarily at say some 10% strain or 15% strain. So when these materials like you know which are undergoing work hardening we usually define failure at some arbitrary percent strain 15% or 20% or it is strain or deformation at which the function of the structure might be impaired. So that you know the we define the strain it can be of say 5% or 10% or 15% or 20% or a strain or deformation at which the function of the structure might be you know effected. Now we can also define the strength of the material it is the maximum or the yield stress or the stress at some strain which we have called defined as a failure. So that is the strength of the material. So there are many ways of defining failure in materials or put another way there may be many failure criterias will be there but most of the criterias do not work for soils. So the most common you know failure criterion which can be applied to soils is the more coulomb failure criterion first the more hypothesis has been given and then the coulombs you know have coulomb has come out with you know the based on the experience with construction of the walls you know during his time he has come out with you know made attempts to determine the shear strength of the soil. So then it has turned out to be the more coulomb failure criterion which is actually being used widely even today. So the Charles Augustine D coulomb is well known for his you know studies on friction electrostatic attraction and repulsion. So he has put forwarded you know contributed to the more coulomb criterion similarly Otto Moore he hypothesized a criterion of failure of for the real materials in which he stated that materials fail when the shear stress on the failure plane at failure reaches some unique function of the normal stress on that plane. So Moore's hypothesis states that you know the failure for the real materials in which he stated that material fail when the shear stress on the failure plane reaches some unique function of the normal stress on that plane. So tau suffix ff is equal to function of sigma suffix ff. Now if you see this the two f's which are there two suffixes the tau is the shear stress sigma is the normal stress. So the first subscript f refers to the plane on which the stress acts in this case the failure plane the stress acting along the failure plane the second f is nothing but at failure. Suppose if you are actually trying to see tau along the tau f we write then that indicates that the shear stress along the failure plane may not be at failure. See similarly our prospective failure plane or sigma f we write the normal stress on the failure plane or the prospective failure plane. So when we write so the Moore's hypothesis states that the tau is a function of sigma ff where the shear stress at along the failure plane at failure that is the tau ff and sigma ff is nothing but the normal stress along failure plane at failure. So you know these are you know the earlier hypothesis which are actually put forwarded. And a failure theory basically is required to relate the available strength of a soil as a function of measurable properties and the imposed stress conditions. So the Moore Coulomb failure criterion is commonly used to describe the strength of the soils and its main hypothesis is based on the premise that a combination of normal and a shear stress creates a more critical limiting state than would be found if only the major principle stress or maximum shear stress were to be considered individually. So it is something like a combination of you know the normal stress and shear stress along the failure plane are considered rather than you know the major principle stress or maximum shear stress were to be considered individually. So the failure theory basically is required to relate the available strength of a soil as a function of measurable properties and imposed stress conditions and the Moore Coulomb failure criterion is commonly used to describe the strength of the soils. So the main hypothesis is based on the premise that a combination of normal and a shear stresses creates a more critical limiting state than would be found if only the major principle stress or you know the maximum shear stress were to be considered individually.  So according to Moore's hypothesis it is a non-linear you know envelope where the tau sigma you know is ranging for the given ranges of the normal stresses in a non-linear way. So you can see that this envelope actually extends like this is a non-linear way so this is an equation for the tau ff is equal to function of sigma ff. So these stresses are actually acting here this is tau ff and this is sigma ff this is the normal stress along failure plane this is the failure plane at failure and this is the shear stress along failure plane at failure. So if you see this element at failure with the principle stresses that cause failure during the resulting normal stresses and shear stress on the failure plane. So we will assume that the failure plane exists which is not bad assumption for soils and rocks and many other materials. So these failure planes basically if the material is homogeneous and if there are no you know the if there is no there are no stresses along the major principle planes and minor principle planes then there is a possibility that you know we can actually have you know conjugate failure planes that means that we will have you know failure planes in both the directions. So if you know that the principle stresses at failure we can actually draw a Mohr circle to represent the state of stress for this particular element. So with that you know we will be able to get the you know the so called the strength of the materials at the strength of the material at failure. So in this particular slide what we have shown is that Mohr hypothesis according to Mohr hypothesis the envelope is non-linear and which actually indicates tau ff is equal to function of sigma ff and this is actually shown here and this is the failure plane and which is actually assumed for it exists you know for the soils and rocks and many other materials. Now if you look into this that as been told that if you have got a Mohr circle though generally we are actually indicating the upper half of the Mohr circle for convenience but if the material is actually having you know the homogeneity then you know this type of conjugate failure planes or failure planes can be possible that means that the failure plane one can be inclined like this and other the bottom portion of the circle it can have like this. So this is the Mohr failure envelope which is you know which is which appears like this. So the Mohr column failure criterion a failure point of tangency defines the angle of failure plane in the element of the test specimen. So the where you know this is the major principle stress and then when you draw this is the pole and from here when you draw a line where you know the Mohr envelope Mohr failure envelope is in contact with the you know the Mohr circle here and here and this inclination indicates that angle of failure plane in the element of the space plane. So this is you know we can see that along this these are the stresses which are tau ff and sigma ff and these are actually arisen because of you know the major principle stress sigma 1f and minor principle stress sigma 3f and when we have you know the homogeneity then you know the responsibility that you know we also have the failure plane in this direction so this is actually parallel to this one. So the Mohr failure hypothesis is actually illustrated for element at failure as actually shown in this particular figure and the Mohr failure hypothesis basically states that the point of tangency of the Mohr failure envelope with the Mohr circle at failure determines the inclination of the failure plane. So in another way Mohr failure hypothesis can be stated the Mohr failure hypothesis states that the point of tangency of the Mohr failure envelope with the Mohr circle at failure determines the angle of inclination of the failure plane. So in this you know the combination of now you know the Coulomb what he has said is that for the he said that there are two types of parameters are there one is stress dependent parameter and other one is stress independent parameter and the stress dependent parameter is nothing but some friction between the grains and stress independent parameter is you know the cohesion actually interaction develops between the soil grains. So this actually when it is combined with the Mohr and Coulomb then you know this indicated as a linear relationship within the stress range which so beyond at higher stresses the validity of this Mohr Coulomb you know this thing cannot be guaranteed but for the you know that means that the linearity whatever we assume is actually valid for the you know the assumed the stress range and in this the tau versus sigma plot here this indicates that you have to have a combination of sigma and tau f such a way that the stress at failure is tau f is equal to C plus sigma tan phi.  So the failure will thus occur at any point in the soil where a critical combination of shear stress and effective normal stress develops. So basically the failure will actually develop in any point in the soil where a critical combination of shear stress and effective normal stresses you know the develops. So tau f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take just before failure under normal stress of sigma. So the shear strength equation which is popular is actually is tau is equal to C plus sigma tan phi which is like y is equal to mx plus c where the intercept here c is this cohesion intercept and the angle of inclination of this Mohr Coulomb failure and allot is the angle of internal friction that is the friction angle it can be seen here. So when you have the combination of you know tau f and sigma the failure will thus occur at any point in the soil where a critical combination of shear stress and effective normal stress develops. So further it has been shown here the same with cohesion component which is the so the shear strength is actually contributed with two components one is the cohesion component and the other one is friction component. So we have tau f is equal to C plus sigma f tan phi higher the values of C and phi the higher the shear strength of soil. So if you have a material which actually can develop good cohesion and good friction then the material actually is prone to have higher shear strength. So let us consider some you know typical examples where Mohr circles and failure envelopes how we can actually construct. So let us see that if you look into this here we have two Mohr circles which are written one Mohr circle A and circle B and there is a line which is you know the Mohr coulomb failure envelope which is indicated as a straight line and this indicates that the circle B is stable though it actually has got the stresses more than you know the combinations is such that the circle A is actually at failure. So you can see that the possibility that the circle A can be located here that element here and the circle B is somewhere here so it indicates that the in a slope if you consider this can be at the tau so where you have the possibility of the failure here and the circle B is at the location away from the tau so you can see that this is can be under stable condition. So this is further discussed here where we have we show here the shear strength tau and normal stress on the x axis and with failure plane failure envelope which is the failure envelope with C dash and phi dash and these are the effective strength parameters which are actually called and we have a circle A and circle B and a circle A is well below the you know Mohr coulomb failure envelope and so it is said that the combinations of stresses which are major principle stress sigma 1A and sigma 3A is such that you know it is in the safe state of stress but when you look into the circle B you know it is tangential to the Mohr coulomb envelope and it is actually having a point of you know this point of coincidence here and when you draw the line this is the angle of inclination of the failure plane and you can see that this is the tau max this is the tau max and this is the tau f that this is the shear stress at failure. So if you look into this here even though the stress combination you know sigma n and tau max of circle A are obviously greater than the circle B it is actually circle B that is on the verge of circle B it is on the verge of failure. So if you look into that circle A and circle B even though the stress combinations of sigma n and tau max of the circle A is actually you know greater than the that of circle B it is the circle B that is on the verge of failure so circle A is in the safe state of stress. So the state of stress represented by the Mohr circles that exist beyond the you know Mohr coulomb envelope cannot exist. So that means that if you are having a Mohr coulomb you know the Mohr circle above the failure envelope that means that it indicates that the failure would have already take place. So if you are having a you know Mohr circle which is well below the failure envelope then it is said that it is in the safe state of stress the Mohr circle is stable and when it is in comes in contact with the Mohr coulomb failure envelope there is a possibility that the failure attains. So that is at failure that is the Mohr circle at failure and then there is no possibility of the existence of Mohr circle above the failure envelope because that by that time already failure would have taken place. So here we actually define the factor of safety which is nothing but tau ff that is available divided by the shear stress which is actually applied. So the shear stress can be due to the driving stresses either because of the self weight loading or because of seepage or due to you know certain perturbance or due to some certain external loading. So the factor of safety is tau ff available to tau f applied. So if the stresses increase so that the failure occurs then the Mohr circle becomes tangent to the Mohr failure envelope that is what we have seen with the circle B the combination is such that that is actually regarded as the failure circle. So according to Mohr failure hypothesis the failure occurs on the plane inclined at alpha and then when the shear stress on that plane is of alpha tau ff. So this is not the largest or the maximum shear stress in the element. So we can see that in the circle B here the maximum shear stress if you look into it that is actually more than the failure shear stress but the combination is such that you know where you have got a normal stress and tau ff is such that it actually you know comes in becomes tangential to the Mohr circle and then it is regarded as the so this is according to the hypothesis where if the stresses increase so that the failure occurs and then the Mohr circle becomes tangent to the Mohr failure envelope. So this is not the largest or maximum shear stress in the element so the tau f actually is less than the tau max but the maximum shear stress if you look into that acts on the plane inclined at 45 degrees is equal to tau max is equal to sigma 1 – sigma 3f by 2. So if you look into this here when we take you know at this point this is sigma 1 – sigma 3 by 2 and then it is acting on the plane which is inclined at 45 degrees here so it is not on the plane. So the maximum shear stress acts on the plane inclined at 45 degrees and is equal to sigma nf – sigma 3f by 2 which is actually greater than tau ff which we are actually have just now discussed. Now let us you know question we might come is that why you know does not failure occur on 45 degrees plane so when it is actually shear stress is actually maximum along that failure plane why not actually the failure is actually unique the failure plane why it is not common it cannot because on that plane the shear strength available is greater than the tau max because the shear strength available if you look into it here when you see here if you see the combination of this sigma plus you know the tau max the shear strength is actually available is actually more than you know though this on this 45 degrees plane the shear stress is actually maximum the shear strength available to avoid the failure is actually you know greater than you know tau max. So because of that you know what it implies is that the failure cannot actually occur on the 45 degrees plane so here we have shown a more coulomb envelope which is a linear version which is actually assumed in the so more failure envelope is you know you can see the nonlinear variation here now if you look into this here if you have got a circle which is has a major principle stress sigma 1 and sigma 3 and this is you know the tau f and this is circle is actually regarded as stable because the tau ff is actually you know is here this is vertical ordinate is tau ff the shear stress which is actually there is only tau f. Now let us consider you know if you are having a you know like Mohr circle where this is the envelope which is like this and then we are having the maximum shear stress which actually acts on that 45 degrees plane so this is the maximum shear stress and the but failure is actually occurring on that plane which is actually alpha f which is actually different from the 45 degrees maximum shear stress plane. Then we have discussed that the combination is such that the shear strength is actually available you know on the you know this plane is actually more than what actually you know the shear stress is. So this condition is actually represented by the distance from the maximum point on the Mohr circle up to the more failure envelope or more coulomb failure envelope. So this would be the shear strength available when normal stress available on the 45 degrees plane was sigma 1 plus sigma 3f by 2. So this is the shear strength available when sigma n is equal to sigma 1f plus sigma 3f by 2 that is at this point. So available is actually here what you can be seen is that this point is actually is the shear strength available and the maximum shear stress on the 45 degrees plane is tau max here. So because this ordinate vertical ordinate is actually if you look into this on the Mohr circle tau sigma plot is actually more than the tau max so it also explains you know why you know the failure plane will not be on the 45 degrees plane. But there are some exceptional cases when you are actually having a saturated and undrained conditions for a given soil there is a possibility that the failure plane occurs actually on the plane of maximum shear stress that is possible for when you are actually doing you know attempts to make determine the shear strength in the laboratory where you actually or you have a condition where you have saturated and undrained conditions then the particularly for either for pure clays or from these conditions provide and there is a possibility that you actually will have the you know occurrence of failure plane at 45 degrees. But with these two you know discussion what we have so this is you know a stable circle but when the circle actually you know comes in contact with the Mohr Coulomb failure envelope then that is the point this point from the sigma 3F to this is actually the angle of failure plane what we are calling. So this is the angle of failure plane so the question is that when we have the shear stress maximum shear stress on 45 degrees plane why not actually the failure plane you know occurs along the you know the plane of maximum shear stress. So for that what we are actually trying to explain for if you are having a given state of stress which are actually shown here from the graphically it is actually shown here you can see that this is you know the shear strength available when the normal stress that is at the center here so this is 0 to this is sigma 3F plus sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2 so that becomes sigma n is equal to sigma 1 plus sigma 3 by 2 so when this actually combination is actually there so you know what we have to attain failure is you know this much we should be there but what we have is only tau max. So because of that you know the failure cannot actually takes place on the so called plane of maximum shear stress but as it has been told that the only exception would be when shear strength is independent of normal stress that means that when the Mohr circle Mohr failure envelope is horizontal and phi is equal to 0 that means that when you have got tau is equal to sigma that means that when you have you know sometimes you have got an element such a way that the lateral you know that is the minor principal stress is 0 that is sigma 3 is equal to 0 and then you know this is the you know the stress at failure then in that case also you can see that when this is the point then this will be the Mohr Coulomb failure envelope which indicates that the angle of inclination of that Mohr Coulomb failure envelope is 0 and then this intercept is nothing but C so which is nothing but tau is equal to C and then this point which is you know is for failure plane which is actually you know alpha f is equal to 45 degrees here. So such materials are called purely cohesive or obvious reason or this may result in completely saturated or undrained conditions. So these materials are called as purely cohesive soils or pure clay soils when they exhibit this type of this thing then it is actually you know results in you know the failure plane occurs along the plane of maximum shear stress. So now consider an element which is actually subjected to the state of stress which is actually shown here sigma C is the confining pressure initial confining pressure let us assume that we have vertical and horizontal direction this can be you know achieved by applying a by pressurizing water and so that we will be able to get the identical pressures on the principal stresses and that is the principal planes both horizontal and vertical and so initially when we have applied sigma C so initially the Mohr circle is actually is a point then with that pressure when we try to increase delta sigma let us say that so this is actually possible when we have you know a certain element at a certain ground when what will happen is that when the that element is actually subjected to certain increase in pressure due to foundation loading or an embankment construction there is an increase in stress if that increase in stress is such a way that the state of the stress in the element is such a way that the Mohr circle actually becomes tangential to the Mohr column failure and load then there is an attenuation of failure and then that combination actually gives the shear strength at failure so if that situations actually happens in the field either from the stability of the slopes in the dams or in earth pressure problems the failure state is actually attained. So here a typical stress element is shown here and with the increase in the load which is sigma C plus delta sigma the Mohr circle is actually here and the state is such that it is still stable but when the sigma C plus sigma delta sigma is increased to such an extent that you know it becomes tangential to the Mohr column failure and load then the soil element attains to the failure so the soil element does not fail if the Mohr circle is actually contained within the envelope that means that it is well below the envelope then the failure is not attained in the sample. Now let us assume that the Mohr circle actually Mohr circle traverses because of the increase in sigma 0 plus delta sigma so sigma C plus delta sigma C is initial applied and then delta sigma is actually increased continuously then the circle migrates towards right with what we are doing is that we are actually maintaining same sigma C and then started increasing so with that what will happen is that you reach a certain state in the element in the failure plane where it actually attains tau ff that is this point and the wherever actually it becomes tangential so that is actually is alpha f that is inclination of the failure plane where the shear strength at failure is actually acting along the failure plane and this is the normal stress at failure along failure plane and it is actually on this thing. So failure occurs when Mohr circle touches the envelope so the circle traverses initially when we have when you prepare the sample and apply sigma C all throughout the Mohr circle condition is nothing but a point on the tau sigma envelope and then once we continue to increase the vertical stress that is delta sigma plus plus then there is a possibility that as the loading progresses the Mohr circle becomes larger and larger. Now so if you further look into it if you take the circle at failure let us say that sigma C plus delta sigma combination that is at the failure and the sigma C automatically it becomes at failure for the given state of stress. So this is the loading plane orientation it is actually acting on the vertical plane that is this parallel to this one parallel to this one there is a perpendicular so it is actually acting on this so this is the parallel to this plane and parallel to this plane is this one on which actually the stresses are acting. So if there are no shear stresses definitely they are eligible to be called as you know the principal planes major principal plane and minor principal plane and the failure plane is actually oriented at 45 plus 5 by 2 with the horizontal so that is the inclination from the pole here when you draw at the point of tangency that is actually 45 plus 5 by 2 and the plane of maximum shear stress is actually at 45 degrees. So in terms of effective stresses this we have discussed already but to illustrate further we have got let us say that vertical stress and horizontal stress on acting on a sample sigma H and sigma B and when we have the pore water pressure if it is then we have is subtracted from the total stresses then we have got effective stresses in vertical direction and horizontal direction and the pore water pressure acting in all directions. So for this you know when you have got you know the total stresses the Mohr circle actually shifts by a difference actually that is u so sigma H dash is equal to sigma H – u so by that you know the circle actually will become shift and so if you look into this here we actually have failure envelopes for effective stress conditions and you know in total stress conditions they are different so they can actually yield different combinations of so if you are actually having 100 total stress conditions if you are actually getting the strength comb parameters which is actually stress independent parameter C and stress dependent parameter friction then it is called C and phi and if you are actually doing with undrained condition then it is called as C u and phi u C suffix u, u indicates undrained, pi indicates the angle of internal friction or a friction angle and undrained conditions. So but when we have you know the effective stresses, effective stress conditions then it is actually said as C dash and phi dash where these are called effective cohesion and you know effective cohesion and effective friction angle or effective angle of internal friction. So these are actually shown here in order to get these parameters either in terms of total stress parameters or in terms of effective stress parameters we need to have different combinations of you know the stress conditions need to be applied to the soil because it is with one circle we will not able to you know ascertain you know for a given element. So in that case what we need to do is that we have to do it at different combinations here in order to build up this Mohr Coulomb failure envelope either in total stress or in effective stress conditions what is exactly we need to do is that sigma 3 1 sigma 1 1 and then we have to do it on sigma 3 2 and sigma 1 2 and then we can actually do it on sigma 3 3 and sigma 1 3 and the other one 4th combination is that sigma 3 4 and sigma 1 4. So when we put together you know when these circles actually attain these are the when these are actually obtained as a failure then you know when we draw the envelope you know tangential to the these all these Mohr circles and that envelope is actually is constructed where we can actually yield to the inclination of this envelope is actually lead to give friction angle and then this intercept actually gives you know the cohesion intercept but you know for some normally consolidated soils and you know sands when you are actually having particularly loose sands under drainage conditions there is a possibility that the C dash is equal to 0 then the envelope is actually you know is passing to the horizon. So when you have these in terms of sigma dash so the same when you measure the water pressure pore water pressure and when you subtract this from the total stresses then you will actually get effective stress circles so when you have the combination of these Mohr circles and that can lead to a construction of a failure envelope here which is shown here. So then you know we can actually further use this knowledge and try to get the principle stress relations at failure and these are actually worked out by using this you know Mohr circle which actually shown at failure where we have got tau versus sigma dash and this is the element which has been subjected to sigma 1 dash on the major principle plane and sigma 3 dash on the minor principle plane and the failure surface is actually assumed to be inclined at theta or another notation which you are following is alpha f where f is the failure plane and then this is the normal stress acting on the failure plane that is sigma dash f and tau f is the principle stress acting or the shear stress acting on the failure plane. So when we have this Mohr circle let us say that when we have got certain cohesion intercepts C dash and the angle of internal friction phi dash that is the effective stress Mohr circle and so the combination is that sigma 3 dash which is nothing but sigma 3 minus u when you take then we have got sigma 3 dash and here sigma 1 minus u that is sigma 1 dash. So here you know this point is the point of tangency and so here we can write from the by following the geometry tau f is equal to that is the major shear stress which is actually is sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2.   So by using the geometry of the from here we can actually get the tau f and sigma dash f and if you are considering here C dash as this vertical intercept and with an inclination of phi dash this small horizontal intercept is actually called as C dash cot phi dash C dash cot phi dash. So theta is the theoretical angle between the major principle plane and the plane of failure. So from the you know the geometry we can actually extend from here that sin phi dash you know from the from this here the sin phi dash can be written as sin phi dash can be written as half sigma 1 minus sigma 3 dash by 2, half sigma 1 minus sigma 3 dash by 2 minus you know this ordinate divided by C dash plus cot phi dash plus half sigma 1 plus sigma 3 dash by 2. So that is C dash as cot phi plus you know we get half sigma 1 plus sigma 3 dash by 2 because this is sigma 3 dash plus sigma minus sigma 3 dash by 2 with that we will be able to get this horizontal ordinate. So now sin phi dash is equal to half sigma 1 minus sigma 3 dash by 2 divided by C dash cot phi dash plus half sigma 1 dash plus sigma 3 dash by 2. So sin phi dash is equal to half sigma 1 dash minus sigma 3 dash divided by C dash cot phi dash plus half sigma 1 dash plus sigma 3 dash by 2. So when we simplify further this is reduced to sigma 1 dash minus sigma 3 dash is equal to sigma 1 dash plus sigma 3 dash sin phi dash plus 2c dash cos phi dash that is simple by cross multiplication we have got that. The following equation you know is referred to as the Mohr Coulomb you know failure criterion and which actually gets simplified to sigma 1 dash is equal to sigma 3 dash tan square 45 plus phi dash by 2 plus 2c dash tan square tan 45 plus phi by 2 it is also called as sigma 1 is equal to sigma 3 tan square alpha plus 2c tan alpha and where alpha is the angle of inclination of the failure plane and this is also called as the Bell's equation sigma 1 dash is equal to sigma 3 tan square alpha plus 2c dash tan alpha or in terms of you know we also indicate by n suffix phi. So in that case you know if you write n phi is equal to tan square 45 plus phi dash by 2 we can write sigma 1 is equal to sigma 3 dash n phi plus 2c dash root n phi. So when we have let us say that c dash is equal to 0 then in that case sigma 1 dash is equal to sigma 3 dash tan square 45 plus phi by 2. So that indicates that the envelope runs like this when you have got a c dash is equal to 0 this component is actually equal to 0. So with that what we get is that you know sin phi dash is equal to sigma 1 dash minus sigma 3 dash by 2 divided by sigma 1 dash plus sigma 3 dash by 2. So this is actually also when c dash is equal to 0 and these identities also varied for you know also for granular soils. But in the special case when phi is equal to 0 when phi actually becomes 0 then what we say is that sigma 1 minus sigma 3 is equal to 2c. So when phi is equal to 0 you know then we indicate that this is actually is sigma 1 minus sigma 3 is equal to 2c. So what we have said is that for in case of granular soil we can say that sigma 1 is equal to sigma 1 dash is equal to sigma 3 dash tan square 45 plus phi by 2. But when we are having you know the general equation which is actually referred as the more coulomb failure criterion as sigma 1 dash is equal to sigma 3 dash tan square 45 plus phi by 2 and 2c dash tan 45 plus phi by 2. And this is also indicated as sigma 1 dash is equal to sigma 3 dash tan square alpha and 2c tan alpha where alpha is the angle of inclination of the failure plane. So here further this is actually indicated here wherein we actually have got you know the failure plane which is actually inclined with you know the conjugate failure planes also shown here this is the conjugate failure plane other where when the sample is actually homogenous as it is been told this is actually is possible. And so you actually have the failure planes which are you know which can actually have inclinations 45 plus phi by 2 and 45 minus phi by 2. So the important points which actually have cropped up from the discussion are that the coupling Mohr's circle with the coulomb's friction law allows us to define the shear failure based on the stress state of the soil. So that is what we are calling as the Mohr's coulomb failure criterion. So by coupling Mohr's circle with coulomb's friction law we are able to define the shear failure based on the stress state of the soil. So the stress state of the soil in a given level can be raised due to you know the how we actually apply the loading. So the Mohr's coulomb criterion which is you know for a let us say for granular soils when it comes out to that this is sin phi dash is equal to half sigma 1 minus sigma 1 dash minus sigma 3 dash by 2 divided by half sigma 1 dash plus sigma 3 dash by 2. So this when we simplify we get the relationships that is oblique relationships which are actually sigma 1 dash f, sigma 1 dash suffix f divided by sigma 3 dash suffix f is equal to 1 plus sin phi by 1 minus sin phi. So this from the trigonometry identities when you use this is nothing but tan square 45 plus phi by 2 and similarly when we have sigma 3 dash f by sigma 1 dash f then it is 1 minus sin phi by 1 plus sin phi wherein we have tan square 45 minus phi by 2. So failure occurs according to the Mohr's coulomb criterion when the soil attains the maximum effective stress of obliquity that is sigma 1 dash f by sigma 3 dash f when it becomes maximum then the failure actually occurs. So failure occurs according to the Mohr's coulomb criterion when the soil attains the maximum effective stress obliquity the ratio has to be maximum that is sigma 1 dash f by sigma 3 dash f has to be maximum. So what we understood from this discussion is that coupling Mohr's circle with coulomb frictional law allows us to define the shear failure based on the stress stress on the soils then we have also given come out with the oblique relationship which are actually valid for glenero soils or a frictional soils is sigma 1 dash f by sigma 3 dash f is equal to 1 plus sin phi dash by 1 minus sin phi dash is equal to n phi and sigma 3 dash f sometimes what we will have is that we have let us say that when we have got a earth pressure condition then the wall is actually moving towards the backfill with a constant vertical stress then there can be the horizontal stress that is lateral stress is actually more than that is more than the sigma 1 f. So in that case sigma 3 dash f by sigma 1 dash f so where that identity yields is that for minus sin phi dash by 1 plus sin phi dash and which is actually is tan square 45 minus phi by 2 this is what actually has been indicated here when you have a combination such that you know you actually have a failure plane which is actually the such a way that you know we get the so called you know sigma 3 dash f by sigma 1 dash f is equal to tan square 45 minus phi by 2. So the principal stress relations that failure is further given here that is for case where sigma 1 greater than sigma 3 that is sigma 1 is equal to sigma 3 tan square 45 plus phi by 2 plus 2c tan 45 plus phi by 2 and when you have a situation where sigma 3 is equal to sigma 1 tan square 45 minus phi by 2 minus 2c tan 45 minus phi by 2. So this is in case when you are having both c and friction angle so after having obtained this then we can also link this more column failure envelope with the with you know pq space and this we actually have discussed in our previous lectures and where p is actually indicated as sigma 1 plus sigma 3 by 2 where q is equal to sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2 when you have that you know when we have said that the kf is the failure line and which is actually indicated at psi. So here also and this indicates this combination indicates that you actually get you know the equation the point is actually tangential. So this intercept is a vertical intercept is a and this vertical intercept this inclination is psi. Similarly when you take the more column failure envelope and we have tau and tau sigma and where we actually have got a more circle with an inclination actually is phi and c as the vertical intercept then tau f is equal to the so called tau f is equal to combination of c plus sigma f tan phi. So sigma f is that normal stress at failure. So from the pq diagram the shear strength parameters phi and c may readily be computed. Suppose if you are having a pq diagram where p is equal to sigma 1 plus sigma 3 by 2 and q is equal to sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2. So from there also we can actually you know determine you know the parameters phi and c like this by equating c with a by cos phi this intercept and then you know the sin phi the sin phi is equal to tan psi. So sin phi is equal to tan psi so with that you know we can actually get phi is equal to you know from this relationship we can actually get. So this is you know once we know that the relationship between kf line and more column failure envelope can be obtained. So and the another issue which we need to discuss is that what is the effect of you know intermediate principle stress sigma 2 on the condition of failure. Though suppose if you are having a cylindrical sample what we say is that sigma 2 is equal to sigma 3 but if you look into it you know whether this intermediate principle stress actually has got an effect on the condition of failure because you know the more column failure envelope will not actually take this into consideration. So if you look into this here when you have got a sigma 1 and sigma 2 you actually have got a circle like this and when you have got a sigma 2 and sigma 3 the sigma 2 is nothing but the intermediate principle stress and the sigma 3 is the minor principle stress and sigma 1 is the major principle stress. So we have the sigma 1, sigma 2, sigma 3 they are the principle stresses. So by definition if you look into it sigma 2 dash actually lies sigma 2 lies between somewhere between the major principle stress and minor principle stress and if you are actually talking about the failure envelope it is the major principle stress the more circle which is actually resulted because of the major principle stress and minor principle stress that is the one which is actually gets tangential to the more failure envelope. So by definition sigma 2 lies somewhere between the major principle stress and the more circles for the three principle stresses look like those actually shown here and but the one which is actually becomes tangential to the more failure envelope at failure is resulting due to more circle which is resulting due to sigma 1 and sigma 3 combinations. So it is obvious that from this discussion that sigma 2 can have low influence on the conditions at failure for the more circle more failure criterion and no matter what magnitude it has because it falls within these two stresses and the intermediate principle stress sigma 2 probably does not have an influence on in real soil but the more column failure theory does not consider it. So the more column failure theory does not consider the intermediate principle stress and we also said that there is actually not having influence on the conditions at failure. So some limitations on the more column theory can be seen where we have got assumed that the linearization of the limit stress envelope. So the possible results in possible overestimation of the safety factor in slope stability calculations and difficulties in calibration because of the linearization and this is also valid for usual experimental range in the laboratory where in you can see that this linearization is actually valid up to certain range and then further we actually have more column failure criterion is well proven for most of the geomaterials but data for the clays the number of attempts are actually being made and the soils on shearing exhibit variable volume change characteristics depending upon pre consolidation pressure which cannot be accounted with more column theory and in soft soils volumetric plastic strains on shearing are compressive that is negative dilation whilst the more column model will predict continuous dilation. So these are the some of the limitations which are actually resulting due to the more column failure criterion or more column theory. We can actually look an example problem and this will be solving in the next lecture where we in the figure below shows a soil profile at a site or a proposed building. So determine the increase in vertical effective stress at which a soil element at a depth of 3 meters under the center of the building will failure will fail if the increase in lateral effective stress is 40% of the increase in vertical effective stress the coefficient of lateral pressure at rest is k0 is given as 0.5 and the friction angle is given as 30 degrees and the saturated unit weight is assumed to be 18 kilo Newton per meter cube both above ground water level and below ground water level then we need to calculate what is the delta sigma at which actually the failure occurs for a given condition. So here phi dash is equal to 30 degrees means the more column failure envelope is given to us so based on that we can actually calculate. So in this particular lecture we try to discuss about the in the in detail discussion we had on the more column failure criterion and we have thrown light on how the principle stress relationship can be deduced and then we connected with created initiated discussion on the limitations of more column theory.


Hello everyone, this is Audrey Town, Taiwan's digital minister. I'm very happy to be here virtually to share with you some of my personal experience of being so-called the world's first transgender cabinet member. I'm very fortunate because in Taiwan, we're the first place in Asia to recognize marriage equality. But also, our president, Dr. Tsai Ing-wen, was elected on this platform and also judged by her merits not because she's anyone's wife or anyone's daughter. So it is against this political background that I entered the cabinet as an independent. However, there is, and was, a lot of media attention around all sorts of different labels. A high school dropout, a civic hacker, a conservative anarchist, a post-gender minister. And I deployed two techniques to steer forward the society, not focusing on those labels, but instead of on policy discussions. The first is radical transparency. All the meetings that I hold, all the interviews, all everything, lobbying is published at most two weeks after every meeting. Online as transcripts and videos and also as 360 videos. And the effect is that people don't need to ask the same question twice. And the journalists start asking deeper, ethical, policy questions because if they ask any duplicate questions, I'll just paste in the link that has happened before. The second technique is called troll hugging. There's a lot of people online who want to seek attention by posting words that seek to make people angry or make people feel sad. And I always engage personally online on anything that mentions me by name, but only to the words that offer constructive suggestion or criticism. Meaning that if someone posts a hundred words, ninety-five of which are personal attacks, I only reply to the five words that are constructive, that gives the attention that they crave. And so after a couple of months, the trolls all reformed to start talking about policy issues. As of personal feelings, I look at those ninety-five words of personal attack as a massage. If I look at any words and feel not so well, I put on some good music, drink some tea, and next time around when I look at those words, I start associating those two pleasant emotions instead of sad or angry emotions. So these are the two anecdotes and techniques, radical transparency and troll hugging, that as they out public servant that seems to work well for me, and maybe will work well for you. Thank you for listening.


Thanks very much, John, for the introduction. Thank you also for pointing out that I was once Australian Ambassador to Greece. I like to follow that up by saying it was in fine shape when I left. But now I'm, of course, in Hong Kong. I'm not sure how closely associated most of this audience is with Hong Kong, so I thought I might start by giving you just a very brief and probably overly generalised description of Hong Kong and its relationship with Australia as it currently stands. Most of you will know that Hong Kong for a long time was a British territory. That was through until 1997 when sovereignty of Hong Kong switched back to China. At that time there was introduced a document called the Basic Law, which is essentially Hong Kong's mini constitution and it establishes the framework of, which is described as a one country, two systems framework. That frameworks to apply nominally at least until 2047, which of course is 50 years after 1997. That one country, two systems framework gives Hong Kong a very high degree of autonomy over a number of policy areas. It has an independent executive, independent legislative and judicial powers, and in particular a lot of sovereignty over its economic policy. It does not have autonomy over its own foreign policy or defence policy. So in terms of international relations, for example, Hong Kong's not a member of the United Nations, but it is a member of the key economic and trade forums such as the World Trade Organisation and APEC. Now we're roughly a third of the way through that 50 year period of the Basic Law and I think it's pretty safe to say that the Hong Kong is now quite heavily integrated already into the Chinese economy and the economic relationship I think between Hong Kong and China is quite symbiotic. China already is far and away Hong Kong's largest trading partner. It holds up in many respects Hong Kong's retail sector when I'll give you some statistics later on on the number of mainland visitors there are to China and their role in the retail sector in Hong Kong. Hong Kong, of course, is still a major entrepot and serves as an entrepot for a lot of trade going into China. The manufacturing sector in Hong Kong has largely now shifted. It's gone offshore out of Hong Kong, most of it now in the Pearl River Delta in mainland China. So again, there's a very, very strong and in my sense quite symbiotic relationship between the two. Hong Kong is also the number one source of foreign direct investment into China and it's the most important fundraising market for Chinese companies. There are something like 3,000 Chinese companies now registered in Hong Kong, one former and other many of them listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Hong Kong has also been designated in the most recent Chinese five-year plan as the prime offshore trading centre for the Chinese currency, the Renminbi. So it's a very important source of investment funds for Chinese companies going abroad and as I mentioned before the Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the premier market for Chinese companies listing overseas and seeking access to overseas markets. One of the reasons for this is that Hong Kong, of course, developed a role and maintains a role as a major financial centre. It developed that role over many years now. It's also among the most open economies in the world when the groups that do these sorts of ratings rank which is the most open economy in the world. The top three are invariably Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia and I think Hong Kong's led that list for probably the best part of 15 years or so now. But more particularly, Hong Kong has a large, sophisticated and very credible capital market. It's got a highly skilled workforce particularly in the financial services area and importantly it's got a very transparent regulatory regime and most importantly of all I think the rule of law. It's essentially British law which applies in Hong Kong given the heritage of Hong Kong there which makes that a very easy thing for international capital markets to deal with because many people are dealing in that area are fairly familiar with that style of law and it's applied rigorously in Hong Kong. So that makes Hong Kong as John mentioned before a very important two-way portal for companies seeking to do business with China and it's not only foreign companies going into China but it's also these days increasingly Chinese companies going out of China into the rest of the world. So it really is an invaluable part I think now of China's economic infrastructure. Specifically with respect to Australia, Hong Kong's an important partner for Australia in its own right. We've had an official presence in Hong Kong for more than 40 years, began as a trade officer around about 50 years ago and has been a fully fledged consulate for the last 40 odd years. There are very strong commercial and social and personal links between Hong Kong and Australia. Two-way bilateral trade between Hong Kong and Australia is around $7 to $8 billion annually. It's not a large amount but when you consider that Hong Kong is only a touch over 7 million people it's still a significant amount of trade. More importantly, the investment relationship is much more substantial. When you add up the stock of Hong Kong investment in Australia to Australian investment in China it's the best part of $70 billion Australian dollars and I think last year Hong Kong was something like the sixth or seventh largest source of foreign investment into Australia so it's quite significant. In the last Australian census it reported that there are around about 80,000 people born in Hong Kong who are now resident in Australia. That reflects a bit of a peak in migration from Hong Kong to Australia before 1997 before they hand over back to China but a lot of those people have stayed in Australia or maintained their links with Australia. Many still have property here or children here or have sent their children to university in Australia even if they returned to Hong Kong after 1997. There are around about 100,000 alumni of Australian education institutions in Hong Kong that includes people who study onshore here in Australia but also those who have done courses with Australian institutions in Hong Kong. I'm going to dwell for a moment on the number of Australians we estimate to be in Hong Kong. I do this for a reason that will become obvious as I speak. I should say it's difficult to estimate this because it's not actually compulsory for Australians to register with an embassy or a high commission or a consulate when they're overseas. So it's not always the case that we have a very accurate idea of how many Australians there are there. The one thing that we do know very accurately however is the number of passports we issue every year and in Hong Kong last year it was nine and a half thousand. The rule of thumb that we use is if you multiply that number by ten you get a pretty good estimate of how many Australian citizens are resident in the territory in which you're involved. So that gives us a figure of somewhere around at least 80,000 probably 90 closer to 100,000 Australians up there. It's a very large number. The other thing we know quite accurately is the number of Australians that vote through the Australian consulate in a federal election. And I can tell you my favourite statistic about Hong Kong is in the entire Australian electoral system. The two individual places that get the most number of votes in a federal election are the Australian High Commission in London and the Australian Consulate in Hong Kong. More Australians vote in Hong Kong than at any individual polling booth anywhere in mainland Australia, Melbourne, Sydney, United, which means we're going to have a long queue there on September 14th. But it really is a sign of just how substantially Australian community in Hong Kong is. Within that community there's a lot of different professional associations. The Australian Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong claims, and I believe them, to be the largest Australian Chamber offshore, even bigger than London or New York or Tokyo or Singapore or anywhere else. I know the chapter of the CPA Australia Charter Practicing Accounts in Hong Kong is their largest offshore chapter, as is the Hong Kong chapter of Engineers Australia. A number of the Australian alumni groups have their largest chapters in Hong Kong as well. So I think that's an important reflection of just how substantially Australian presence is in Hong Kong, particularly in the commercial area. And you will have noticed when I read off those statistics, it's especially in professional services. So in terms of merchandise trade, as I mentioned before, Australia has a significant surplus with Hong Kong around about $2 million. But the thing that's important, I think, about our trade profile there, is that our major exports tend to be high-value products, high-quality products. They're things like premium seafood, premium beef, premium wine. The value of the Australian wine exports to Hong Kong, the average value per litre, is five times higher than our global average, which is an indicator that Hong Kong buyers are buying at the top end of the Australian wine range rather than towards the bottom end. We also sell lots of cosmetic products into Hong Kong and products such as pearls and gems. Education is an important Australian export to Hong Kong, although it's suffered, I have to say, a little bit over the last couple of years, in particular the value of the Australian dollar, but still quite significant. Hong Kong generally has a small surplus in the services trade between Hong Kong and Australia, and that largely reflects the balance on transport services trade, which as you might expect is heavily in Hong Kong's favor, given its own entrepreneur role. The investment relationship, as I mentioned before, Hong Kong's the seventh-largest foreign investor into Australia last year. It's got a stock of investment in Australia and now around about $40 billion. The Australian stock of investment in Hong Kong is about $25 billion, so total figure gets up close to about $70 billion, as I mentioned earlier. Hong Kong is the tenth-largest destination for Australian investment going offshore, so very, very important. There's a number of interesting examples of the investment. Those of you from Melbourne, who I guess most are many of you, I always hesitate to say this because you never know what reaction you're going to get, but part of your metro system is managed or was managed out of Hong Kong. They tell me it works better now than it did before, but I might pass judgement on that. And a lot of your electricity generation and distribution is actually done by Hong Kong companies. Hong Kong companies are very heavily involved in utilities and infrastructure throughout Australia, so they're the focus of it in South Australia and Victoria in particular. They're also heavily involved in biotechnology, telecommunications, examples of some of the Hong Kong-invested companies here are Energy Australia, City Power, PowerCorp, Investor Metro Trans Melbourne, as I mentioned, and AIA is also a Hong Kong-invested company. In terms of the Australian investment in Hong Kong, there's all four of the major Australian banks, plus the Macquarie Group, QBE, a number of legal and accounting firms, Telstra, Layton's, and investments in areas like logistics, fashion, health and medical products, education and training, etc. Again, I've sort of dwelt on that a little bit because I want to try and paint a picture of the relationship, the commercial relationship between Hong Kong and Australia, one of being one that's quite substantial and mature, but notably it's not one that's typical of many of Australia's major trading partners in that it's not based in any significant way on trading of commodities, the sorts of commodities like coal and iron ore that dominate our trade relationships with a lot of other countries. That's not really a feature of the relationship with Hong Kong. More so, the relationship with Hong Kong has built much more on services and investment partnership rather than in the area of merchandise trade. It's largely in high end products, high value added products. In many ways then, the relationship we have in Hong Kong is a bit of an exemplar of what I think Australia should be trying to achieve as we move into the Asian century. It's a relationship that's sustainable well beyond the end of the mining boom. The future of the relationship looks reasonably bright to me. As I say, Australia's developed a reputation for providing high quality, safe food and beverages products in Hong Kong and there's a large market for that. Also a large market for that in Macau where the economy is much more driven by the gaming sector but that includes a large chunk of tourism and people that want to be entertained when they're in Macau and are participating in the gaming activities up there. The Hong Kong market's sophisticated. Hong Kong people, as I say, many of them have a direct connection themselves with Australia. If they don't have a direct connection, they may well have travelled here from time to time and have a reasonably good understanding of Australia. I think again that's reflected, for example, in the profile of our wine exports to Hong Kong which are at the higher end because Hong Kong purchases understand that Australia can produce those sorts of wines. We're in fact the second largest provider of wines into Hong Kong, second only to the French. So there's also developing a bit of a market for high-end consumer goods being purchased in Hong Kong by mainland shoppers. There is something like 50 million, I think it is, visitors from outside of Hong Kong into Hong Kong every year and fully two-thirds to around about 70% of those come from the mainland. So they see their Hong Kong experience as being providing something of a sort of shop window if you like to Western products. Very often the mainland visitors to Hong Kong are travelling overseas for the first time. So it provides them with an opportunity to have a look at what sophisticated, Western savvy, Western educated people are buying so they will very often see Australian products in the shops in Hong Kong. A good example I can give you is Paspali pearls with a very high-end Australian product now well-established in Hong Kong but many of the purchases that are being made in Hong Kong are indeed being made by mainland Chinese. So for those of you that are in business and looking at the Chinese market, I think it's often worth thinking about having Hong Kong as your first step into the market because it's a relatively small market. You might get overwhelmed by the demand you might create but it also gives you a bit of an entree into the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow which is the mainland Chinese market. There's also a bit of a multiplier effect I think from trading with Hong Kong as well as I mentioned because it generates an awareness of the quality of Australian products which then filters through into other mainland areas. There are ongoing opportunities in Hong Kong for Australian providers of professional services. This is associated in particular with Hong Kong's ongoing infrastructure development. Again, if many of you've been to Hong Kong you'll be aware of the development of the West Kowloon Cultural Centre which is going to be a massive construction project over the next decade or so. The redevelopment of the old Kai Tak Airport which any of you that have flown into won't have forgotten but it of course is being redeveloped into a passenger shipping terminal and tourism and sports area. So plenty of opportunities there for engineers, architects, people involved in green building that's now an increasingly important priority for the Hong Kong government is to do something about the environment in Hong Kong and in particular air quality. Plenty of opportunities as well in terms of what we describe as the software associated with these developments in the cultural area for example. People experienced in project management, facilities management, training of those that will end up being the administrators in what's now quite quickly growing arts and culture scene in Hong Kong. There are probably also opportunities coming up in areas like aged care and senior living Hong Kong's population like many others these days is aging but it's a relatively prosperous population of people looking for a higher quality of life as they get into their more senior years. All of this of course is supported by Hong Kong having a dependable legal and financial system and as I mentioned before very open markets. Hong Kong also has a bilateral free trade agreement with China. It's called the closer economic partnership agreement that gives Hong Kong based companies privileged access into the mainland Chinese market. The local content requirements in that arrangement are relatively generous so it's quite conceivable for Australian companies to think about registering some sort of presence in Hong Kong which might give them depending on the sector and precisely how they do it it may give them privileged access into the mainland Chinese market as well. So from where I stand I think Hong Kong will continue to serve as a principal investment hub into China and a principal point of access for Chinese business looking to invest overseas or looking to access international capital markets. There's a sizable base as I mentioned before of Chinese businesses already located in Hong Kong about 3,000 we estimate the Hong Kong financial sector is highly competitive and very well capitalised also provides for a high degree of currency flexibility which is sort of services you don't always get in the mainland cities these days in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen or Beijing. So I think a bright future there for those of you interested in particular investment relationships with China and I'd encourage you to look very seriously at it. Now I think I've been talking for about 20 minutes before that I would not go on for any longer than that. So I'll keep quiet and very happily take some questions if people have some. Thank you.


if you learn to implement what I'm going to talk about in this video my promise to you is that you will never procrastinate again Hi guys, you're welcome to another video here and I'm talking again about procrastination I put up a video a while ago and it was about how to stop procrastinating and you know, I figured I'd put out a video and that would be that because it was pretty clear I thought but I'm beginning to realise it's not okay just to put out one video and expect that to be that I kind of need to explain this in a few different ways so that if someone's struggling to grasp this idea it'll make more sense to them I might have to explain it a few more times because it is quite different to the advice you will normally hear about procrastination What we're going to talk about is you right now in your life and your future self I want you to start thinking about yourself and your future self you in five minutes, you in an hour, you five years from now as a relationship that's going on between you and your future self just like a relationship with any other person so I'm going to outline how you can stop procrastinating using a fear we have because procrastination putting off of important things things that we think are important at least is all fear based so what if we could start to use the fear to actually work for us so the question I always ask is what is your biggest fear what is the biggest fear of a person who is a procrastinator what is it so let's say it could be I'm not going to be successful it could be I'm afraid that I'm going to fail at this so it could be anything, it could be your fitness goal it could be college, it could be anything professional goal I'm afraid that I'm going to fail now here is the thing that is not the fear the biggest fear we have when it comes to procrastination about some kind of project in our life is that I will fail to follow through okay I will fail to follow through now I'm going to highlight that this is our biggest fear when it comes to anything in terms of our motivation or our goal we have in life I will fail to follow through I won't show up okay what if I asked you the question let's say you have something that's important to you and you're going to you know you've put it as a priority it's something that I have to do you've told yourself it's very important and if I ask you okay you're going to do that what are the chances how sure are you that you will actually do that now that you've set that as a target for yourself or a goal and this is the procrastinator the procrastinator has no confidence in whether or not they will show up to their future self they might say well you know it's 50-50 I'm 50% sure that I will be there that's not good that causes anxiety that makes us very very anxious I used to be a chronic procrastinator now for me it showed up in my life when I was in college but it can be in any aspect of your life is putting off I'm going to do that I need to do that and then fail to follow through I was like this I had no certainty whatsoever that if I said I would do something that I would follow through and do it how did I change this I became aware of what was going on I would say here I was in my present life and I would tell myself I'd speak to myself and I'd say I have to I have to do it it's important in fact it's very important and then I would say to myself at 8pm I'm going to start work that's me in my present decision making where I was right there at 8pm I'm going to start I'd have an intention for myself and here is me in the future and my future self again remember think about this like an actual relationship in your life my future self would hear this and say hope to see you now it's more of a hope than anything because I'm not really sure that I'm going to be there think about what this would be like if it was a relationship between two people if I said I was going to meet a friend at 8pm and I wasn't even sure I was going to show up or if I was imagine going on a date and not even being sure as to whether or not you'd show up or imagine even being in a relationship with someone and continually not showing up how would that person start to feel about the relationship they'd feel affected and undervalued so that's what happens that's why self-esteem goes down through the floor because of this habitual procrastination so now remember here I am and I have an intention to start at 8pm and my secret fear is I'm going to fail to follow through I'm not going to show up it's not about feeling it's not about anything else it's just that I don't know if I'll do it if I ask people what if I could guarantee you that you will actually start to do what's required how would you feel their anxiety level goes down if that's possible I would feel amazing and they all worry about outcomes and pass, fail, win, lose it all goes away it's all about making this 100% I know I'll do what's necessary now so here I am I have an intention for 8pm this is 8pm ok there's my future self it's 8pm now right now it will say 6pm and so I start out and that's the timeline I need to go from there to there now I want you to start thinking about your anxiety level what happens I've set the intention I feel pretty good right now so my anxiety level is low now I'll notice the closer it gets to the start time when I'm supposed to be at 8pm I notice a thing that starts to happen my anxiety starts to go up my anxiety is going up and up and up because I'm telling myself I have to be there it's very important it's very very important to be there we dramatize things in our mind and the closer and closer it gets to 8pm there's more and more anxiety building up slowly you will know what this means you know what this feels like because I'm not sure I'm going to be there for this really really important thing that I have to be there for which I don't maybe like I don't really want to do but I feel it's necessary for me to do it so as the anxiety goes up and up and up you know what I start to tell myself I start to tell myself things like well maybe I don't have to be there maybe maybe I can do it later we start to tell ourselves I can do it later now this was my favorite catchphrase when I was a procrastinator until I realized that I only started to say this to myself because I was getting anxious okay I was getting more and more anxious I wasn't sure whether or not I would be there to meet my future self on time and I had become so low in self-esteem because of past failures to show up I knew it was a painful process I was engaged with right this self-sabotage and I was really really hurting from it so I would always tell myself I can do it later now here is what I want to tell you okay there are two things you can do and one thing you can't do is you can show up meet your future self at 8pm and do what's necessary perfect the other thing you can do is fail to show up at 8pm that's actually okay but if you do fail to show up at 8pm for the important thing you cannot say well I'll start at 8.30 instead now that's another promise to my future self and I'm still not sure as to whether or not I'll be there what needs to happen is you need to respect that you've disrespected your future self that is the one thing you have to eliminate so how do you do that you have to stop doing that you have to cut that out of your life like it's a cancer that's the one thing I stopped doing and the people I work with as clients this is the one thing I'm trying to tell them or an over again only make promises to your future self like you would to a friend or a date or anything else that you know 100% you're going to keep and you intend to keep now if you fail to be there you need to say I am sorry okay you need to just slow down and say how can I make this right and how you make it right is you give the future self some space okay that means you need to start using I'll put this way you need to start using your fear because the anxiety is the problem the anxiety builds and builds and builds right the anxiety builds and builds and builds you need to use this as a consequence for what's taken place here so that you won't continue to do it so your fear is I will fail to follow through if you fail to follow through this has to become a reality right you no longer are allowed to follow through out of respect for your future self your future self needs to take a breather from you because you've done that and they need to be more sure okay their hopes were let down right they need to be more sure about whether or not you will show up now on a practical level this looks like if you fail to show up you lose the right to do that thing that activity for the rest of the day at least the rest of the day okay so if I say 6pm I don't show up for 6pm that means I will lose the right to follow through for the rest of the evening there's no more indecision and making promises like I did here okay so after 8pm I've got 8pm until I go to sleep in which I'm not allowed to follow through now you might be saying to yourself that doesn't help me how is that going to help me that's not going to help me do what's necessary you're dead wrong about that remember I said you can do two things you can either show up or not do this lying thing okay intention failure to follow through we need to get rid of that first and foremost so by implementing this this consequence it's a learning that's taking place there are consequences to this if you fail to implement some kind of consequence this pattern will continue for days, weeks, years okay constant indecision constant uncertainty as to whether or not I'll show up and do what's necessary constantly undermining myself and my relationship with my future self procrastination we need to start practicing I won't tolerate that anymore in my life okay now how it looks is try this and remember the problem isn't failing to follow through the problem is failing to follow through making another plan that's what we can't do so let's say you try this today 6pm I'm going to start 8pm sorry I'm going to start at 8pm and you don't follow through do not do anything else related to that goal for the rest of the day tomorrow you will start again okay with a greater self-awareness and self-examination of what's actually taking place here in this relationship okay can I heal the relationship tomorrow I'll start again tomorrow right that's the real thing that you have to put off for tomorrow you have to respect what has taken place here you know there has been an injury there to your future self and that's the most important thing you have in your life right so we can't have that anymore now let's say you do this one day and you fail to follow through and you do what I tell you to do which is you no longer make any more plans about this goal for the rest of the evening day one if you do that something will register there's a consequence I've implemented the consequence and I've learned that making promises and not flowing through has a consequence the next day you'll try again and you may procrastinate again but if you continue to do it right if you continue to do it usually it doesn't take more than a few days something changes in your mind right you begin to realize the importance of this relationship and you begin to realize that when I'm setting these times for myself I need to be super careful right and I need to mean it because there will be consequences if I don't mean it we're using this fear to our advantage I can tell you 100% sincerely my certainty my percentage rate for if I tell myself I'm going to do something is now 100% right it used to be less than 50% I had no idea if I'd show up or not I was in constant indecision about starting not knowing whether or not I would have self-esteem problems very low self-esteem partially because of this but do it for a few days and you will realize this could be anything if you're talking about going to the gym every day after work and you're failing to follow through get real look at this relationship the most important thing is right here when you're in the present moment you need to take some time to realize this actually isn't the important thing what I'm working on or this goal I have is not the important thing the important thing is this my future self and the respect I will give to my future self so all about self-respect and building that relationship of trust with yourself if you trust yourself there's nothing to be afraid of this goes away it goes away, your big fear goes away if you can trust yourself you're not going to go from trusting yourself in no way shape or form to complete trust but it actually doesn't take that long as long as you follow through what I'm telling you here and implement the consequence do not give yourself the chance to do it again if in that same day you have procrastinated I'm being repetitive now I thought I was actually being repetitive because I've talked about this in a few other videos but people contact me and they say you need to explain this more because I don't get it hopefully this little diagram makes it more obvious it's all about self-respect it's all about self-respect and self-trust so I guarantee you the other good thing, the final thing I'll say on this is let's say you do this and you set a start time for 6pm 8pm comes around and you procrastinate you're not there, you're not at your desk where you should be you're not in the gym or you're not going out the door to go to the gym realise I've procrastinated say okay I can't tolerate procrastination that's the one thing I can't do anymore so I stop and now I'm not doing anything related to that go for the rest of the day think about it now you've got complete the rest of your night completely free to do something else but it's not going to be in decision about whether or not I go to the gym or whether or not I do whether or not I do X, Y or Z so it's really a no-lose solution to this you're just going to teach yourself how to respect yourself like imagine you failed to show up to meet someone for a date at 8pm you wouldn't say oh god I didn't go to that date I should go to the date at 8.30 I should go to the date at 10pm that's not how it works so it's not how it works with you either when you have self-respect you might be lucky with that person and if you apologise and you realise I've hurt that other person they might say I'll meet you tomorrow okay or I'll meet you in a few days time but only as long as you start to take it more seriously now when it comes to this I only want you to be aware of this whole process when it comes to your top priority whatever that might be for you I don't want you to start over analysing every little step in your life or I'm procrastinating about going to make myself a cup of coffee just be aware of that stuff but practice this on a small scale with one aspect of your life particularly one aspect where maybe you're procrastinating a lot and watch yourself heal is the word this is healing we're no longer hurting ourselves through this project or this priority that we have guys I'll leave it there if you have any other questions I can make more videos in this please subscribe to this channel please share this video with as many people as you can you can also contact me online at my website if you want to talk about this okay if you want to start getting serious about okay I have a problem of procrastination or I feel a bit aimless in life I talk about motivation and I talk about how to heal the relationship you have with yourself and to understand yourself better and really what's going on underneath all the noise and everything else in our mind so you can contact me for one to one sessions guys I hope you liked it it's a subject I'm very passionate about so thanks for watching and I'll see you again soon


This is the first in a four-part video series on cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. In these videos I look at the effectiveness of statins, who should take them, and what the true risks and benefits are, so people can make a fully informed choice. Check it out. The muscle-related side effects from cholesterol-lowering statin drugs are often severe enough to make patients stop taking them. Of course, the side effects could be coincidental or psychosomatic, and have nothing to do with the drug, given that many clinical trials show such side effects are rare. Of course, it's also possible that those clinical trials funded by the drug companies themselves under-reported the side effects. The bottom line is that there's an urgent need to establish the true incidence of statin side effects. What proportion of symptomatic side effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? Even in big pharma-funded trials, they found only a small minority of symptoms to be attributable to statins. Researchers found that those taking statins were significantly more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those randomized to placebo sugar pills. Why? We're still not exactly sure, but statins may have the double whammy effect of impairing insulin secretion from the pancreas, as well as diminishing insulin's effectiveness by increasing insulin resistance. Even short-term statin use may approximately double the odds of developing diabetes and diabetic complications. Here are the graphs. Those developing diabetes and diabetic complications offer statins over a period of about five years, and the development of diabetes on statins. And if that's not bad enough, this increased risk persists for years, even after the statins were stopped. Now, in view of the overwhelming benefit of statins in the reduction of cardiovascular events, the number one killer of men and women, any increase in risk of diabetes, only our seventh leading cause of death, would be outweighed by the cardiovascular benefits, right? That's a false dichotomy. We don't have to choose between heart disease and diabetes. We can treat the cause of both with the same diet and lifestyle changes. The diet that can not only stop, but reverse heart disease is the same one that can also reverse type 2 diabetes.  In that case, what are the risks and benefits of starting statins? Don't expect to get the full scoop from your doctor as most seemed clueless about the cause of link with diabetes, so only a small fraction even bring it up with their patients. Overall, and patients for whom statin treatment is recommended by current guidelines, the benefits are said to greatly outweigh the risks, but that's for you to decide. Before we quantify exactly what the risks and benefits are, what exactly are the current guideline recommendations? How should you decide if a statin is right for you? If you have a history of heart disease or stroke, taking a statin medication is recommended period, full stop, no discussion needed. If you do not yet have any known cardiovascular disease, then the decision should be based on calculating your own personal risk, which you can easily do online if you know your cholesterol and blood pressure numbers with the American College of Cardiology risk estimator, the Framingham risk profiler, or the Reynolds risk score. Those are the direct links, but you can also use these shortened links. My favorite is the ACC one, since it not only gives your current 10-year risk, but also your lifetime risk. So for this person, for example, even though they're risk of having a heart attack or stroke within the next decade is less than 10%, but if they don't clean up their act with those numbers, it's going to be nearly a flip of the coin. Whereas if you improve your cholesterol and blood pressure, you could drop that risk by more than 10-fold, but the statin decision is based on your 10-year risk. So what do you do with that number? Well, under the current guidelines, if your 10-year risk is under 5%, then unless there are extenuating circumstances, you should just stick to diet, exercise, and smoking cessation to bring down your numbers. In contrast, if your 10-year risk hits 20%, then the recommendation is for you to add a statin drug on top of making lifestyle modifications. Under 7.5% unless there are risk-enhancing factors, the tendency is to just stick with lifestyle changes, and over 7.5% to move towards adding drugs. Here's a list of risk-enhancing factors that your doctor should take into account when helping you make the decision. A bad family history, really high LDL, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney or inflammatory conditions, persistently high triglycerides, or C-reactive protein, or LP-lidlae. If you're still not sure, these guidelines suggest you consider getting a coronary artery calcium score, but even though the radiation exposure from that test is relatively low these days, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has explicitly concluded that the current evidence is insufficient to conclude that the benefits outweigh the harms.


What's good George bull rocks back out again with another video, so we're gonna check out botcha mania episode for 70 Y'all know I love me some botcha mania So had to check out the latest episode WrestleMania is right around the corner. So it's always cool when botcha mania drops a Video right before WrestleMania man. So looking forward to seeing what's in this episode Appreciate all the love and support and let's get right into this Hey, this is official SPO find me across all social media platforms at official SPO 502 You're watching botcha mania and I literally am the table Sure Using the ref as part of the table Can't make that up botcha mania What's that for? It's that 484 has the best ending what? Wait, how that's for it. I think that says is it 484 434. It's like we haven't got the 484. Have we?  Oh, I didn't know they see box at the beginning because I know they there's a yeah There's a botcha on the ropes. Oh my god Usually the technical issues get off at that page Wow, I was wondering what was going on there I thought that was some no money No tag The commentary on a they just I I literally think they don't give two X, bro. They literally just be talking about whatever. Literally absolutely whatever comes to their mind. Especially on rampage. I was like work alone out here. I'm doing a podcast by myself. Yeah, I've been on the phone with you. Bro, you guys just don't care about that. Joey Starby and Gigi Dahl are the winner. We'll join those two in that ladder match for the NXT Women's Championship and Book. It's well documented. You have a strong disdain for ladder matches. Not that I don't like ladder matches. Just not my cup of tea. So many have made their mark. I'm talking about made history. I'll raise a Ramon, one, two, three kids. They're still talking about that ladder match. So yes, history making moment. Who will advance to NXT Women's Championship ladder match? I think in the excitement book, you got caught up. I think you were trying to talk about Razor Ramon and Shawn Michaels in that history making ladder match. That WrestleMania 10. I was talking about Razor Ramon and the one, two, three kids. That's what I was talking about, I think that's what I was talking about. I was trying to think. He said, nope, Razor Ramon and the one, two, three kid. That looked painful. Three weeks later. The break things up and now Liv Morgan is. Cold breaker. I'm in way over my head. Is that a shake weight? You set up that shake weight between the top and bottom rope. Oh, they are running with this edge situation. The edge here, I love it. Bro, they are really running with this. The memes from this is great. You have no idea what goes through your soul when that steel door slams up behind you. Two superstars that left. This is crazy spot. Crazy bump. Oh my God. Oh, he said, please don't sue. He said, please don't sue. Don't sue me. They're pretty close to the ring, too. Don't touch his head. It will not be WrestleMania going Hollywood. LA Knight is involved. Well, listen, get this call. Here's the deal. LA Knight has the face of a champion. He has the body of a champion. He has the shoes of a champion. You see these shoes on my feet here? Go ahead and get down and down. OK. Shoes of a champion. OK. This is taking it right here. Like the one. Shoes of a champion. So I got.  I hope he gets a major, major push this year. Maybe even win money in the bank. I would love for it, bro. He oozes charisma. He just does. Oh, no, it hit the lights. I'm trying to figure out what he was about to throw. Oh, that's awkward. All right, one more time, one more time, one more time. He did it again. But you have all that space. Just stop throwing it high. There we go. Oh, what is going on here? What am I? I don't know what I just watched. Resident Evil 4 remake.  Oh, you had to kick out. Hey, did you see that you made botchamania last month? Oh, no, my god. Did I really? Yeah. We are just as you can see the count there. Camer's glitching out. Well, OBS glitching out. We are more than 15 minutes into this broadcast. We are less than 42. Oh, no, why is it going on, y'all? Wow. Who's the botchamania kid? Matthew. Matthew, yeah. Matthew's a good kid, as long as he takes a shower. I know you're going to make reference to that. That's just a European thing, I get it. Wait, wait, are you saying European people smell? Yes. I don't know how true that is, y'all, man. Hopefully, I'm sure all my European subscribers that I'm sure y'all take great baths. All right, I'm back. Hopefully the glitching tones down. Trying to finish this video, y'all. Still in there. Are they on a bar? The local pub? Watching. What type of match is this? Send a link. Really pay for it. You have kept in diameter. Bro, they're literally having a match in a bar, a pub. The inner gender match is that. Equal rights, equal fights, I guess, everywhere, right? He's lunatic. Oh! That one is broken. This will be messy. Miserable thing. Slicy, slicey. That is inevitable. Welcome to something a botchman or botchwill. It's maybe my favorite WrestleMania memory as a kid. And when we get this season sort of kicked off after the rumble, we start putting all their hype. I love his trophy case. Friday night, prime time. All the titles he have in that back behind them. I just love it.  Ain't got a lot to eat. Special on NBC. The main event. There you go. Savages thrown through the ropes and he lands on Miss Elizabeth. And Hogan is going to carry her to the back, the first aid room for medical attention. And we of course have the famous moment where Hogan is by Liz's side on the gurney and he's got these Oscar worthy acting skills, if you will. Oh, of course. Begging and pleading for Liz to wake up and be OK. He's also asking someone off camera. Oh, thank God. That was Tiz on. Thank God. Oh, because he thinks they're still in a commercial. But this is all, of course, shown live on the air. Oh, wow. And Vince commentary is going to try to quickly start talking to try to cover it up. Are you pulling your hair out when all this is happening? Is this the stress and pressure of live TV in prime time? Yes, because on top of not keeping Hulk informed of, hey, man, you know, we're coming back from commercial in so many seconds and and be working.  And then, well, I know what we'll do. We'll just take his shirt off of him. So you'll forget about that guy that was in a shirt five seconds ago. Even looking at all the live television we've done since then. Possibly one of the sloppiest live productions that we ever did. Damn, live television. Absolutely nothing can go wrong. That's usually not the case. There's something usually always. I say. I never noticed that. Well, the fact that someone caught all of that. OK, for my three hundred and seventh book, this couple is attacked by a plant monster who you're not even trying anymore. Are you? When can I have it? Love that jacket.  What happened? Jesus, that stuff got right on top of you. Didn't you? What do you face? You're about to explode. What?  You got a board with a nail in it.  This is funny. Paul Hamann throwing those sissy punches for a great stuff. Say that I ever got a smartphone, which I won't, then somebody would hire somebody to follow me around. that looked like me and when I would drop my phone or leave it somewhere then that lookalike would pick it up and take a picture of his face and unlock my and take over my identity I'll tell you what if someone like you new day members I miss him I do miss Biggie yep I do miss Biggie man I don't know be able to come back to wrestling what do you think just afraid of big chair oh what was that triple H oh was that triple eight yo oh this is such a great segment small joe and you can see that's not true see normally if you go one-on-one with another wrestler you got a 50-50 chance of winning I love it but I'm a genetic freak and I'm not normal I love this love this me character Rocky three hello boxing movies the boxing but you've never seen Rocky you know but I'm gonna remember a movie I've never seen just because you're singing a song I don't know you don't know Samuel L Jackson you don't know Rocky you are literally pop culture literally Sean my shows at a restaurant once we'd accidentally been given his table apparently he was fond of the restaurant and at a specific table he liked and the management had messed up and gotten their days wrong it was Tuesday and they thought he was coming on Thursday or something like that anyway the manager completely embarrassed this is a pretty nice restaurant comes by and says I'm so sorry but we'd like to move you to another table if you could be troubled and will gladly compensate you for the cost of the meal and any other meal you'd like while you're in town my sister and cousin were both like you that's cool and I kind of played the ashore a bit I'm sorry I just told me face look like that for 15 minutes we just ordered how do we finish your meal here and out of no Michael Shows up next to the manager and says all these guys can finish will be at the bar I got some time and I'm being a big fan said oh whoa I had no idea please feel free Sean was grateful shook my hand and said thanks and gave me a card with his number on it and told me to give him a call later after working up the nerve I gave him a call that night and to make a long story short we had a glorious 11 month love a fair man-on-man our bodies in turquoise one from the beauty of Morico to the French Riviera to the snorkeling in the gull up a ghost Sean Mitchell's and I made glorious gay love to each other on six of Instagram post deleted between the the Hank Hill AI voice and then Tony Khan's facial expressions like he's just he's just you know you know hopped on something like it's just he's just what to say they don't make it better Tony got the wide eyes just like even snorted some G fuel or something I don't know but this is crazy this is that's my little botch mania man they never miss with the videos comment down below let me know what was your favorite part for this video but I appreciate all of the support guys channel channel road to 150k and I am still young to be the YouTube personal champion of the world and get in the clutch with heavyweight champion precepts I can't get me see how


India alliance has broken apart. Without the leaders like Mamta Benerjee, Nitesh Kumar and Akle Shadho. What is India? And this bickering is against the policy and attitude of the congress. So, Congress is unable to get the confidence of the opposition party itself, what they will get the confidence of the people.