Well, good morning, everybody. It's great to see such a crowd here. And thanks, Frank, for getting everybody in their seats first. That's always great. I'm David Pumphrey. I'm with the Energy National Security Program as well. And it's really great to have this program come together in this way. We've been talking about this for several months as the issues surrounding rare earths had become more and more in the press and being discussed. But really, we kept thinking, well, what are the issues that lie behind this discussion? And what are the things that we're looking at? And it really took us a while to pull together and start looking at the right people to come and start this dialogue and start this discussion. And we were really fortunate that our timing worked out so well with the release from DOE of their study that they've been working on for six months or more, I think. So it's really a great honor to be able to have this program. Our program's been the Energy National Security Program. It's been long focused on the question of the geopolitics of conventional energy and the supply risks that go with that. But as we move into this transformation of the energy sector, the concern becomes what kind of risks are we looking for there? What kind of supply chain risks? What kind of geopolitical risks will we be facing? And so one of the questions that came up around this discussion of rare earth elements was, is this one of those topics that we need to be concerned with? And so we thought it would be useful to look at resource base, the uses, the alternatives, what are the key questions that have to be analyzed? Now for those of us of a certain age, rare earth sort of is identified with something else. So I did a Google this morning to find out whether the rare earth minerals came up or whether the band from the 60s and 70s came up first. And actually, rare earth elements does come up first now. I'm sure if I'd done this six months ago, rare earth the band, for those of you who are younger, I checked it out with Lee Henrichs, our research associate, and she said who? But at any rate, that would have come up first. So this really shows how this has started to penetrate into the dialogue, into the public discussion. We'll have David speak first, because he's going to do a presentation on the report. And for me, it's really great to have David here. I've known him for a number of years. He's a real leader in the effort to make this transformation of our energy sector and get us into a much cleaner energy system. And he's been doing this for a number of years, I would say. Both of this work now as the Assistant Secretary for Policy and International Affairs, but before with the work at Brookings and with the Clinton Global Initiative, and then previous to that in the Clinton administration, serving in both the State Department and the National Security Council. We have fuller bios that have been distributed to everybody. But I just wanted to say, David, personally, thank you very much for coming. And it's great to see you here.  Just the usual administrative announcements, please turn off your cell phones so that we don't have disruptions during the time. And we will have time for questions and answers for David right after his presentation, and then we'll switch to another panel. Well, thank you very much, David. It is terrific to be here at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, one of our nation's leading think tanks looking at the issues that I work on. Particularly great to be here with David Pumphrey, an old friend, as he says. We've been working together for many years in different seats. David left the office that I now am at before I arrived. But let me tell you, he leaves a legacy of a lot of respect, a lot of warmth I hear from people in our office, how much they value, and like David Pumphrey. So it's really terrific to be here. And thank you for your invitation. I know that this conference or this event has been in the works for a while. We were delighted you accept your invitation to appear here and use it as an opportunity to talk about this report that's been underway, as David said, in the Department of Energy now for much of the year. And I'm going to, in the next 20 or 30 minutes, describe to you some research that the Department of Energy has done and our findings and some of the conclusions that we draw from them. This has been an extraordinary team effort, and some of the people who have been working hard on this are in the front row right here. They've just done an extraordinary job. And I want to applaud them and the entire team around the Department of Energy for all the hard work that's gone into this. So let me see if the technology works here. It does. So here's what I'm going to do today. I'm going to run through, obviously, background our analysis. We looked at supply and demand. And then we did an analysis. We call it criticality analysis. Talk about a program and policy directions we looked at. And then next steps. Here's a scope of what we did. And for some of you, I think, some of you are probably PhD chemists here and very familiar with what you're looking at. For others, this may be the first time you've looked at the periodic table since high school. The rare, these are the elements that we looked at. And the so-called rare earth elements are the ones that are the second row from the bottom there. And here's a point I want to emphasize. We looked in this study at four clean energy technologies. They're the ones that are pictured here on this slide. Wind turbines, electric vehicles, solar panels, and energy efficient lighting. We did not, in this report, look at the energy sector as a whole. We did not look at the economy as a whole. One of our conclusions is that much more work needs to be done in this area. And we intend to do more research going forward. But our work had a pretty specific focus. That's what we'll be talking about here. Here's our timeline. We announced that we were going to do this in March in the spring. We released a public request for information. We got back 35 responses, extremely helpful responses, from a range of leading companies and experts in this area. We offered the opportunity to companies to provide proprietary data that we would protect on a business confidential basis. Then throughout the summer and the fall, we've been analyzing that data working on drafts. The report that we're releasing today is over 100 pages and is available for downloading from the DOE website this morning. Here are our goals to assess the risks and opportunities associated with the supply of critical materials to inform the public dialogue on this topic and to identify possible program and policy directions that we might pursue. There are three strategic pillars to our work. First is diversifying global supply chains. For any resource, it is important that we have multiple sources of supply. Winston Churchill 100 years ago said with respect to oil, security rests in variety and variety alone, a quote like that. The same is true today with respect to any critical material. It's important that we have multiple sources of supply globally. Within the effort to diversify global supply chains, domestic production is especially important. Obviously, the most secure supply is domestic. That's the first pillar. Second is developing substitutes. It's extremely critical in any application that we have substitutes and so we're not reliant on any particular input. And then third is reducing, we're using and recycling tremendous opportunities here for doing all three of those things. The graphic at the bottom underscores a point which is central to our work and became more central as we conducted our analysis, I think. And it is this, this issue of critical materials and rare earth mining, rare earths. This issue is not just a mining issue. This issue is important across the entire supply chain. I think sometimes it's presented as a mining issue in the media. This is an issue that we need to look at in terms of the supply chain from mining through processing development of components to end use technologies and then back in a loop of recycling and reuse. And we looked at the entire supply chain throughout our study. So here is a chart that shows the use of the materials that we looked at in different clean energy technologies. And just to kind of quickly summarize, and on the vertical there on the left, you've got the different materials we looked at with the rare earths at the top, in addition, indium, gallium, tellurium, cobalt, lithium. And then the specific technologies, you'll see, you know, solar cells, PV films by and large don't use rare earths but they do use indium, gallium, tellurium. Magnets, which are used in both wind turbines and vehicles, draw heavily on neodymium and dysprosium, other rare earths. Batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries and mesh metal, usarium, lanthanum, and lighting and phosphors, phosphors used in lighting, draw pretty heavily on some of the heavy rare earths such as terbium. That's a quick summary and there's much more detail in our report. So let's summarize the analysis that we did on this. First, we looked at supply. And a critical point here, particularly with respect to rare earths that get so much attention, is that rare earth metals are not rare.  They are found in the United States. They're found in Canada and in Australia and in a number of other countries. What we have here in this chart I think is a number of mines around the world that have the potential to open in the decade ahead. And the numbers that you see is this expert assessment of the order in which these mines are likely to open. So in Western Australia, you see the one and that's the Mount Weld Mine owned by the Linus Corporation, which is projected to open in the next year or so. I believe it's 10 to 15,000 tons in the first phase and then 10,000 more in the second phase of production. We have then, in number two, is the Mountain Pass Mine in Southern California and the Mali Corp Corporation, which owns the mine, and now it's earlier this week that they have secured all of the permits that they need in order to operate that mine. And they expect to, they say, bring the mine online within two years. And then you'll see other mines around the world. So rare earth metals are not in fact rare. I think the reason that this name came to be is that where rare earth metals are found, they're found in very dilute concentrations in minerals when pulled out of the earth, but they are in fact broadly distributed across the face of the earth. Here's a point that we thought important as we pursued our analysis. We call it co-production complications and there's really two of them here. One of them is that historically, when rare earth elements and some of the other materials we looked at had been mined, they have not been the primary extraction product, precisely because they are found in such dilute concentrations. They were often byproducts. And so for example, in the Bautel mine in China, iron has been the primary production product with rare earth as a byproduct. So that's one point. A different point on co-production is that rare earths in particular are often found co-located with thorium, which is radioactive, difficult to manage. And so there is both expense and significant complications in environmental consequences in separating the rare earth elements from thorium where they're found together. So we looked at supply, we also looked at demand. And just to quickly explain what we did in our demand scenarios here, or demand, we identified four scenarios for each of the technologies we were looking at. We identified a high market penetration scenario for each and a low market penetration scenario for each. So in one scenario we projected the possibility of lots of wind turbines coming out of the market globally and in another fewer wind turbines and the same for each of the other technologies that we looked at. And then we did the same thing with respect to the material intensity in each of those. So for example, we looked at the use of neodymium in wind turbines in current levels and then based upon discussions with industry, we looked at how much that might be brought down and that's a low material intensity scenario. And then we generated four scenarios. So kind of high deployment, high intensity, which would mean lots of this stuff being demanded all the way down to low penetration, low intensity, which would mean less. And some of this may be somewhat difficult to absorb in a PowerPoint. There's a lot more detail in our report. I can explain, both our low technology deployment scenarios and our high technology deployment scenarios were drawn from work, mostly worked on by the IEA for most of our technologies. Here is a chart which is, there will not be a test on this tomorrow, but here's a chart which briefly gives you some data on the high intensity and low intensity content for each of our technologies, gives you a sense of what we did. So at the top for neodymium in wind turbine generators based upon our industry surveys and discussions, we estimate that the average use of neodymium in a generated day is about 186 kilograms per megawatt, but there's a potential there to bring it down to 124. And so that was our high intensity and low intensity. We did the same thing for each of these. So here's a point that also emerges important in our analysis, which is that these critical materials we're looking at are often a small fraction of the total cost of the clean energy technology. And here's an example with a plug-in electric car. The, looking at the cost of the materials that we're looking at here, neodymium, dysprosium, lithium and cobalt in a plug-in electric car. Over the course of this year, we think the input prices within a vehicle varied between about 280, 320 dollars. And this is for a car that was ballpark 30 to $40,000 in cost. So obviously a relatively small percentage of the overall cost of the car, which means potentially the demand for these technologies are gonna be slow to respond to changes in critical materials prices. We don't project that doubling, tripling, quadrupling of the prices for these materials would necessarily have a material impact on the demand for the overall technologies. So we looked at clean energy's share of critical material use. And our top line conclusion is the clean energy's share of total material use is currently quite small, but that it could grow significantly with increased deployment of these technologies in the years ahead. And I've got two examples here. The first is on this page and this is dysprosium, which is a rare earth element that's used in magnetics. Currently only about 16% of it is used in clean energy for clean energy technologies. And we project that by 2025, it could be as much as 62% in high deployment scenarios. And similarly with lithium, today lithium is barely used in clean energy technologies, but particularly with the deployment of electric vehicles in the years ahead, we project that it could be as much as 50% of global lithium use by 2025. So I'm gonna come back to say a few more words about lithium in a couple of minutes. So we did supply, we did demand, and then we pulled them together in charts that look like this. And just to tell you, kind of walk you through a couple of them. This is neodymium oxide. Neodymium is used in magnets. And the green and blue lines, there are demand lines. And what they show, and those are different scenarios, high deployment, high intensity, low deployment, low intensity. And you see that by 2025, we have potential for pretty significantly increasing demand. The red lines are supply lines. And at the bottom, you see our current supply. Then we add on to it the Mount Weld Mine in Australia. We add on to it the Mountain Pass Mine in California. And then the very top line out to 2015 is our additional mines projected to come online by 2015. After 2015, we didn't make any estimates of supply. But we continued the lines there. But what that shows is that with mines projected to come online by 2015, there's a pretty big gap between where the supply will be and where the demand might be in 2025. And so that means something will have to happen. Either additional mines will have to come online. Either additional technologies will have to come forward that provide opportunities for recycling, that reduce the use of this. Prices will need to respond. But there's gonna be some type of market adjustment will be required here. Same with dysprosium. This is also a rare earth metal here. This we identified as probably the most critical. As I'll show in a moment. But here you see even less, we see less supply coming online in the next few years. Dysprosium then in neodymium, just to compare. And then a word about lithium. A couple of years ago, there was a kind of flurry of articles about peak lithium and concerns that maybe the world was running out of lithium. Almost all the companies I've talked to in this space who have looked at this have concluded otherwise. And our analysis bore that out. We do not see lithium supplies being a concern in the years ahead. There's lithium in Chile and Argentina and Australia and the United States. And if you kind of walk through our charts and you'll see that we think the world's in pretty good shape when it comes to lithium supplies. So we pulled this all together. I know this is a lot to absorb. But we pulled this all together in what we call criticality assessments. This is a methodology that is based on one first developed by the National Academy of Sciences. And we did it as follows. We, on the x-axis, looked at supply risk in different ways in which the supply of these materials might be disrupted for clean energy uses and the risk that might happen. And on the vertical y-axis, we looked at the importance of the clean energy economy. And so, and using that type of analysis in the short term, we found dysprosium to be the most critical element. It's both extremely, it's important to various clean energy applications with current technologies and the supply risk is highest. And down, kind of moving from the top right to the bottom left, we found lithium, as I just said, samarium, some others, to be less critical. We looked in the medium term, here's the medium term and here's kind of the shift from short term to medium term, being 10 to 15 years, excuse me, five to 15 years. And still, some of these elements remain pretty critical in the medium term. There are to be sure, and I want to emphasize this, there are opportunities for changing this story. And we're gonna get to this. If we invest in research and technologies, if we respond with new recycling technologies, if we open up new sources of supply, this will change. But we're gonna need to take action in order to address the situation, which gets me to our program of policy directions. So we looked at eight categories of programs and policies. The research and development, information gathering, permitting for domestic production, financial assistance for domestic production and processing, stockpiles recycling, education, and diplomacy. So a broad range of different types of policy responses. A key point, and I want to emphasize this, this is a DOE report that we're doing. It's just the department, we coordinated and talked with colleagues in the interagency community, the federal government, but this is a DOE report. And so some of these areas are very much within DOE's core competence. Others are areas in which DOE has no jurisdiction. For example, DOE does not regulate domestic permitting for mining. Or it doesn't, we don't have, we don't work in that area. But we looked at all these areas, and we talked with colleagues in the interagency process. And we have thoughts on each of them in our report. I want to talk about a few of them here, starting with the area that is most squarely within DOE's core competence, which is research and development. DOE is the nation's leading funder of research on the physical sciences. And it has a long history of work in exactly this area. In fact, the Ames Lab in Ames, Iowa, is the United States historic leader since World War II on rare earth research. And so Ames Lab has been doing work on this area. Our energy efficiency and renewable energy program has been doing work in this area. The Office of Science has been doing work in this area. And our new and very exciting program, RPE, has also been doing work in this area. Until this year, for historically, this work had not been coordinated and was within different stovepipes within DOE. And one of the efforts that we've made is to pull these together. So DOE is doing integrated work in this area. We have, just to say a little bit about the Office of Science is doing work across a number of different topics related to materials research out at the Ames National Lab on magnetic materials, nanoscale processes and a variety of related topics. Our energy efficiency and renewable energy program at the Department of Energy is already doing work on alternatives to permanent magnet motors, more applied work out of the energy efficiency and renewable energy program, looking at the topics up here with magnets and motors. And our RPE program is as well. Could explain this chart for anybody who's interested, but I have a sense that you might want me to move on. But we can come back to it. So the Department of Energy in the past two months, actually in the past month, has done three workshops on this topic, which indicates a serious sense that we attached to it. Two of them have been with international partners, which I think underscores how much of an international issue this is. We did a workshop out of the Lawrence Livermore National Lab in mid-November with Japanese colleagues looking at critical materials. We did one with European partners at MIT on December 3rd and RPE sponsored one here on December 6th. Coming out of these workshops, we have some pretty refined views of the most cutting edge research that can be done in this area and are planning on pulling together an integrated research plan for the department going forward in this area. One of my main conclusions after spending some time looking at this literature is the volume of the data gaps. It's really quite striking in some areas how little is known and how helpful it would be to know more. I'm struck that public entities by and large do not collect price production consumption data and people tend to go to metal pages to find out that type of data in this area. There is little known publicly about the material intensity of different energy technologies. We collected some of that as a result of our request for information, but there's not much out there and it took a fair amount of concentrated staff time for us to develop learning on that topic. And in terms of individual technologies and the potential for substitutes, there's not a lot of known there either. So one of our main conclusions coming out of this is that we need additional attention to data gathering and EIA is exploring opportunities to do that, the Energy Information Agency within the Department of Energy. And we intend to, in the year ahead, have additional requests for information, hold additional workshops in order to gather more information. Another key point here is the importance of education and workforce training. Today, there are thousands of researchers working on this issue in China. There are dozens in the United States. And in order for the world community to move forward as it needs to in this area, we need to develop expertise around the world. And I think in the United States as part of the development of our clean energy technologies in order to promote a clean energy future, we need to develop the human capital here to promote these technologies in the decades ahead. As President Obama has said, improving education and math and science is about producing engineers and researchers and scientists and innovators who are gonna help transform our economy and our lives for the better. And our human capital here is absolutely essential on this issue and on so many others. So just, I wanna place this within kind of the constellation of related government activities on this. As I said, this is just a DOE report. There is lots of other activity going on within the US federal government on this topic. OSTP, the Office of Science and Technology Policy within the Executive Office of the President has coordinated work on this area among federal agencies. USGS has just been an excellent report I commend to everybody on this topic. DOD has a study underway. GAO and Congressional Research Service also have reports underway. Or actually, their reports are released. So to wrap up our conclusions out of this report. First, some materials analyzed are at risk of supply disruptions. We identified in particular five rare earth metals, dysprosium, neodymium, terbium, uropium, and yttrium, along with indium and assess those as the most critical. Second, clean energies share of material use is currently small, but it could grow significantly with increased deployment. Third, critical materials are often a small fraction of the total cost of clean energy technologies, which means among other things that demand for those technologies may not respond quickly when prices increase. Fourth, and I emphasize this again, data are sparse, more information is required, and Department of Energy looks forward to working with many people here and others to make sure that we have quality data on these issues in the years ahead. And then sound policies and strategic investments can reduce risk, especially in the medium and long term. So next steps, we at the Department of Energy are going to develop an integrated research plan building on our three recent workshops. We're going to strengthen our information gathering capacity. We're going to look at additional technologies. We're going to continue to work closely with international partners, with interagency colleagues, Congress, and public stakeholders. And we intend to update the strategy and continue working on this update it by 2011. So with that, thank you very much for listening. I'm delighted to take questions. And two things. First, please go and download our report, take a look. And if you have any comments, both you in the audience, anyone listening, and anyone else, please let us know. We intend this to be part of a conversation. We do not intend this to be the last word on this topic by any means. And please send your comments to materialstrategy.energy.gov. We'll be collecting them. And then I'll sit down and take questions and I just want to highlight that our team here, it's got a lot of technical expertise and I may throw some questions to them if anybody has stumpers for me. So thank you. Thank you, David. First, a couple of ground rules, many of you are familiar with in terms of our questions and answers, if you can identify yourself when you ask your question. And then please, if you can ask a question, if you have a comment to make, if you can follow it up with whatever question makes sense at the end. But it's always good to not have, turn this into a discussion session in that regard. One of the questions that came to my mind, David, if I can start is there's a lot of discussion about getting the industry restarted here in the US. And I know you focused mostly on the science and technology aspects, but did you get a sense of what will be the key issues in that pathway to get an industry restarted in the US? This is an industry that's got a pretty big environmental footprint, which may be a consideration. It also is gonna require financing at a time when financing is still difficult to come by. So I don't know if you got a sense of what the issues will be faced by the industry here. I think you just identified some of the key ones. I think the human capital issue that I highlighted in my presentation is really important here. We're going to need the trained professionals in order to do this. Financing will also be important. I understand with increased prices in the past year that financing opportunities look better, I hear. But not surprisingly, but obviously financing is gonna be important. And I think just an understanding of the importance of this issue and the opportunities ahead. This is an issue that is, it's got challenges, but it has huge opportunities. This is a space where lots of people can do lots of good things and prosper as a result of it. So I think it's the sustained attention that's gonna make a difference too. Good, so I'll throw it open for questions. Please, we can start here in the middle. Hands up first here on the, right on the left there. If you can wait for the microphones as well. Phil Cushman, U.S. Marines. I've been following the rare earth issue for about a year now in my spare time. And one thing I've not seen in debate is very much that talks about the bureaucratic obstacles in order to implement all the measures that are proposed. And I was wondering if you could comment on some of the challenges you anticipate and how we can overcome them. Thank you. That's interesting, I'm interested to hear what you more mean by that, Phil. But no, I think speaking personally in terms of my participation within the U.S. federal government, we've had tremendous kind of working relationships with other agencies around the government. Good discussions as I see folks here from other agencies who are real experts in this area. And so I think there's been tremendous work together among federal agencies on this topic. And I think within DOE, one of the things we hope to do with this report is really figure out within the areas that we work on how to overcome any obstacles and move forward. I guess the one obstacle that was clear to us as we started this project within the Department of Energy was that historically, although there had been work in the Department of Energy on this topic, it had been stovepiped. It had been within different parts of the department who didn't always talk to each other. And so now we're bringing that together to make sure that we have the most efficient productive work in this area. I can actually second that last comment in all the years I spent within the office that you're in. I don't think we ever came across something that was quite as technical and as deep as this one on that topic. So I commend you for your ability to go through this PowerPoint so smoothly. It's great. Okay, another question right there in the middle. Second row and then we'll go right here in the front. Thank you. This is Amos Goodman from the Cohen Group. As you noted earlier on, clean energy is not the only use of rare earth. It's not even the majority use of rare earth. And the other applications are also very critical. Things like industrial catalytics, aerospace alloys for defense and national security applications, things like that. As part of your report, did you look at the demand profile for these other applications and how they may be impacting as second order effects the criticality of these materials? We didn't only in the following way. We looked at the current use of these materials and then we projected their increase in the years ahead at the same rate of the growth of GDP. So in our analysis, we did not do individual kind of granularized look at these applications. We just didn't have the resources to do it. And we certainly welcome others with data in that area. If you've got them, we'd love to see it. Question here in the front and then one to the side there. Why don't we take both questions now so that we sort of give David a chance to think through his answers. Jim Hedrick with Hedrick Consultants and retired from the USGS. The question I had was the funding. You mentioned that they needed to get a lot of training for professionals to do processing and everything related to getting the rare earth up and running in the US. And I know that a certain school in Iowa had dropped its support for the rare earth research center there. When you're looking at funding, have you looked at which schools were gonna, where that funding will go to start these programs and looking towards schools that will support this? Let me get the question over on this side too. Don Juckett in the following order, the Standing Committee on Earth Resources at the National Academy of Sciences and the Energy Minerals Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. You touched lightly on an item which is outside of the Elise domain, and I appreciate that, relating to foreign policy issues associated with rare earth minerals. My question to you is, are you at liberty to opine and elaborate somewhat more broadly on those issues? Too easy questions. It's great. It's always fun to be here. No, like in Jim's question on schools and funding, we didn't look in the report of individual universities and their funding pattern and such a thing, but we did conclude broadly that there's a lot of opportunity here and a lot of need. And it's certainly my hope in the years ahead that more resources go into this. I think there's tremendous opportunities for students in the sciences and in technical fields in this area. And certainly hope that they'll follow that path. On foreign policy questions, obviously those have gotten a lot of attention. Two pieces of this first, we held workshops with the number of other countries, as I noted, and I think as I travel the world, I hear about this issue. It was in Japan recently and it was certainly a priority topic of conversation. In Japan, there's been a lot of attention to the Chinese actions in this area. The Chinese have said that they intend to be a reliable supplier of this and so it's a topic of conversation as well. Jim, do you have time for a few more questions? I do. Okay, so just a few more questions and we gotta get back to the rest of the program. So we have one there and then one in the middle and the back. Thank you, Sean Tandon. I'm a journalist with the AFP news agency. Just following up on that is trying to be a reliable supplier. Will it be in the near future? Why don't we get the other question too, so you can. Hi, Karen Wilson with Boeing and a question on the supply. Is there any, I've heard different stories about how long it will take to create additional supply and will there be additional supply in time to meet the surging demand and is there any government action that's gonna be taken to help jumpstart or get involved in that creation of additional supply? So on the first question, China has said that it intends to be a reliable supplier and we welcome that on the second question. That's what our report is focusing on and I would urge you to go download and read in detail. We have a lot of very specific information kind of element by element on exactly the supply demand situation for each of these elements. And there is a lot that can be done to enhance supply, both by the way from mining but also from post consumer use from recycling. There's a major company at an announcement within the past week about new ways of recycling some of these metals. So there's lots of opportunities there. So this is an area that requires a lot of work both from the government and private companies and research institutions in the years ahead. I do need to go, but I really, I want to applaud the work of our great team here and I want to particularly single out Diana Bauer from the PI who led our team did really great work on this and if Diana would stand up and then along with the rest of the team, Paul Tolene, David Diamond, Brent Warner and Jennifer Lee really appreciate all their hard work on this topic. I just want to say thank you very much for coming over. It's really great to have you here and this is really important work and hope to see it continuing in the future and maybe we can get you back in a year and you can do the update. So again, join me in thanking David for his presentation. Thank you, thank you, thank you. Join me in thanking David for his presentation.


Hi guys, I'm Taylor, I'm an extension agent intern and today we're going to be making chickpea chocolate cake. For this recipe, you can either use a circle 9x9 cake pan or we're going to use a square 9x9 pan. The first step is to preheat the oven to 350 degrees, but also to prepare your pan. So we're going to use nonstick spray and gently apply it so that the cake doesn't stick to the pan. First step to this recipe is to take a cup and a half of semi-sweet chocolate chips and melt them until smooth in a microwave safe bowl. Chocolate chips can be tricky to melt because they don't always melt into each other right away. They need a little bit of stirring, so always stir in between each increment in the microwave. Melting the cup and a half of chocolate chips should only take between 30 to 45 seconds. Take your bag of chocolate chips and gently pour a half a cup into your bowl and then pouring it into your one cup until full and dump it into the bowl. Like I said, 30 seconds, stir, then 15 to 30 seconds more. Taking your can opener, simply grab the lip of the can and squeeze until you hear it pop and then twist all the way around. The can of chickpeas is opened. Take a strainer and gently open the can of beans. Be careful because the lid is sharp and then pour them over the sink into the strainer with cool water to chickpeas so that you're removing all of the extra sodium and things that we don't need in our chocolate cake. The beans are rinsed, gently shake them to remove the excess water. Adding chickpeas to the chocolate cake is a great way to get healthy proteins into your diet. Once you have your food processor set out, assemble it according to how it's supposed to go. Usually, a blade goes right in the middle, but be careful because this blade is very sharp. The next step is to take your strainer of chickpeas and gently pour them into your food processor. Once the chickpeas are in, gently crack your egg on the counter and open it into the food processor. Repeat this with the rest of the eggs. Once all the eggs are in, blend it until smooth. Once the egg and chickpeas are blended together and smooth, remove the lid and add in your sugar and baking powder. I'll be using ¾ cup of sugar, so here's ¼ cup. Gently shaking it to remove the excess, pouring it in, and then ½ cup more, again gently shaking to remove the excess, ½ teaspoon of baking powder, and gently scraping it along the top to remove the excess. Once the sugar and baking powder are in, blend it again just until everything is combined. Once the sugar and baking powder are combined into the chickpea and egg, remove the lid, taking your melted chocolate, pour it into the mixture. Making sure to use a rubber scraper or spatula always helps save and get all the ingredients into the bowl. Blend it one more time for about 10 seconds, and take your prepared pan and then pour the mixture into the pan. That's all the batter is in the pan. Take your pan and using oven mitts if necessary, transfer it to your preheated oven. This cake bakes for 40 minutes. Once you've safely removed the cake from the oven, one good test to see if it's done is to take a toothpick and gently poke it right in the middle. If it comes out clean or barely any on there, it's done. Let it cool for about 20 minutes and then cut in and enjoy!


They're going to do less and less gear towards the artist, which is going to, you know, move them elsewhere. But, and then they just can't decide right now. So they're saying what they're doing one thing and they're saying the other. So Danny likes saying we want a million dollars to live off, you know, Spotify, but then everything they're doing right now is geared towards them investing in companies to do growing their podcasting and audio consumer facing side of things. I don't know if you remember, but they try video for a while. Yeah, exactly. Yeah, so they figured out that that wasn't going to work, but they tried it. Yes, but their actions right now contradicting their mission statements. It feels like I think there's some very important time coming up for the company. And hopefully a lot of it's just experimentation. Of course, some of it is market share and need to be able to access and serve the podcast market because it is adjacent. And some of it does make sense, but hopefully a lot of the other stuff is just learning right that R and D part of investment, not necessarily something you want to apply directly to the company as a whole. It's just all research and development budget. That's, that's what Donald is. Well, Stock Exchange will be pushing them to go down the consumer facing route. Anyway, they're going to just turn the profit in the last quarter of a day finally, and they'll be keen for them to continue on the consumer facing expansion route rather than developing features for artists to monetize. So it's a really interesting time for them to try and figure it out. So you said their first quarter finally happened when they were profitable. But I think they finally turned the profit this slot in Q3. So obviously, you know, I've known about them not having it like, you know, since their inception, which is out the norm for these types of companies that are user driven marketplace, having to do the chicken and egg situation. But the fact that they've actually turned their profit now, to me, that actually is when it becomes dangerous in one way because now. All right, so you have the company and this is Spotify being on the public market as well. Once they start to turn a profit, typically these companies get pushed in the direction where you want to continue to see profit, all right. And you want to continue to see that pop profit grow. And then you see the incentive line up like that because a lot of these companies aren't necessarily doing what's best for the company. If we're on the stock market, we have to speak to those people on Wall Street who want to see that that number go up and up. So our incentive is now to do things that make the books look good versus creates a better company at long term. Amazon has been so great because they kind of ignore that and continue to invest in the future far longer term than other people. Spotify, I can't say that they have such a keen leadership as Jeff Bezos, right? Those are rare for those types of companies, especially once it starts to be the general executive board of directors type of things leading the company. So I don't know, to me, that can be worrisome just from the fact that making a profit sounds positive, but what comes after that can be against improving a great user experience and even bigger understanding the value of investing in the artist stuff that might not bring an immediate profit, but will be worth it for the platform long term. It's always been a problem for Spotify. I've never personally really known what it is. I think anyone really knows like what it actually is. If you were to define it as it's, you know, as what the actual company is. It's always been, you know, doing those different avenues like it's always been really hard to describe compared to a lot of other companies in terms of the biggest on the market. What do you mean? What do you mean? Well, you know, they see the music streaming platform is one avenue, but they have all the they have the podcasting and they have the artist network and Spotify for artists like it's they do a lot of different things. Like if you describe the company in a nutshell, it's always been that they never really know themselves. It seems like who they actually are and what they want to focus on. They always try and they always try on different avenues, experience of different ways to go down. That can be fair. I understand. I guess I actually get caught up so much, right? Just because of what I do in the music side, that I just think about that part so heavily. But I mean, I do know so many people who aren't involved in music, right? That they they only use it for a podcast. I'm not going to think about it. So it's interesting to hear that outer perspective and more objective perspective of Spotify from that standpoint. I think that's been that's been their biggest problem, I think. I think that's been their spots always been holding them back. They've always tried to do all these different things and never really know what to really hone in on. And that's where it could be usurped in the music streaming market. If they're not careful. Yeah. And when you and when you've got these disruptors, like Tiktok coming in, you know, and Bikedance launching their own streaming platform now as well. Yeah, that's going to be interesting. Yeah, we shall see.


Welcome back everyone. I hope you had fun with those farting bags. And if you're just joining us, a special welcome to you for this virtual Super Science Saturday, streaming live from our homes and our facilities at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, or NCAR. Now NCAR doesn't only have research labs in Boulder, Colorado, and in this next segment we're going to get the chance to take an inside look at the NCAR Wyoming Super Computer Center, or NWSC in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Super computers are actually really helpful for us as scientists and the science that we do at NCAR, because it allows us to deal with really complex models as well as lots and lots and lots of information that we can use to study the earth system. Again, we love hearing your science questions. So please submit anything that comes to your mind as we talk about super computers using either Slido, and I'll pop the link in the chat right now. Or if you are in Zoom, you can go ahead and use the Zoom Q&A. And with that, I'll turn it over to Summer to give us a tour of the NWSC. Hey, Summer. Hi, Dan. Thank you. My name is Summer Wasson, and I am the Education and Multimedia Specialist for the NCAR Wyoming Super Computing Center. And so I'm really thrilled to be here today and be part of the Boulder, Colorado Mesa Lab Super Science Saturday. So I'm going to just do a screen share here. We have a couple of things that I want to show you today. The first being, we also have a Super Science Saturday in Cheyenne, Wyoming, which is where our data center is located. Ours has also been virtual in the last year or two. And so I guess if you're in the Wyoming area, keep an eye out on our social media for if when we're able to open and do those in person again. But I want to talk to you about our Super Computing Center. And so as Dan mentioned, we do have a large facility. We have a large supercomputer. And if you didn't know this, there are over 500 supercomputers in the world. Our supercomputer is one of the top 100. And that's really notable. We're located in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and I'm going to give you a quick tour of the facility. So our scientists, you've learned a lot about our scientists and the kind of work that they do and the data that they collect. And we need some way to process that. So that's where our data center comes into play. Our data center is, as I had mentioned, located in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and we have a couple of partnerships that I do want to mention that brought us here. And that's a partnership we're funded mainly through the National Science Foundation. So those are your tax dollars, hard at work. And we're also, we also have a partnership with the University of Wyoming, the State of Wyoming, Cheyenne Leeds, the Wyoming Business Council, and Black Hills Energy. So that's what brought us here to Cheyenne, Wyoming. We also use the climate in Cheyenne to help us cool the facility in a few ways that save us money and are a natural way to cool some of the heat from the data center. So I'm going to show you those here in a moment. This, what we're looking at on this screen is an overview of what our campus looks like. And the square area here is where we're going to go inside. That is where we have our current supercomputer called Cheyenne. We also have a new supercomputer coming online in 2022 named derecho. And if you didn't know, derecho is a long string of storms and the way that they form. And we'll talk more about that when we get into the data center. At the NWSC, which is the NCAR Wyoming Supercomputing Center, we do have a visitor center as well. We're currently not open to the public, but when we do reopen, we'll have that posted on our social media as well. So I want to talk about, before we get into the data center, some of the things that you encounter when you're running a data center in general, and it's kind of the nature of compute. So if you've ever used your laptop at home and you put your laptop on your lap, or you've got it on a blanket on your lap, you'll know that it gets very hot. The same is true with any kind of data center components, servers, routers, a supercomputer. So we need to get rid of that heat in some way, and that we need to get rid of that heat in some way. And so the best way to do that is to try to reduce costs in any way possible. So again, we use our climate Wyoming to help us do that. But most data centers have that same struggle where they have to disperse that heat. It's kind of a byproduct of all the work you're trying to do, all of this heat coming from the computers. And every time a one switches to a zero and a zero switches to a one, that generates heat. And again, that is the process of compute. So most data centers are spending a good portion of their money on trying to cool their facility. You can see here, typical data center spends about 15% trying to do that. And you want to spend more of your budget on it. So at our location, we built our facility in such a way that we're kind of letting natural processes disperse that heat for us. And then we reuse that heat before it is cooled again. So we'll show you how that works here in our data center. I'm going to switch screens here for just a moment.  And the virtual visit will show you the Mesa lab, which is where Dan and some of the other folks are demonstrating their scientific work and information today. And we also have the virtual visit for NCAR, which is or the NWSC, which is the NCAR Wyoming Super Computing Center. So I'm going to go ahead and click into the NWSC. And we're going to just take a quick look around here. This is our facility. We saw kind of a quick overview of that when we were in our slideshow just now. But when you visit this virtual visit app, there are hotspots that will tell you a little bit more about the work that we do, the partnerships that we have. And it will also feature some very interesting projects and labs that you can do at home. So inside our visitor center, we have an assortment of kiosks and informational components. Again, we're not open to the public right now. But you can definitely go through this virtual visit app and kind of get a feel for what our visitor center entails. We have also linked to some of the labs. And we've noted the grade levels that it would be appropriate for if you wanted to try some of those at home. And those activities can also be found on the SCIED website, which is scied.ukar.edu. So here's where I want to start our tour. And it's at the end of the visitor center. We are going to come to the glass here and kind of look into the data center from our visitor center. And I'm just going to pan around a little bit slowly so I don't make anybody see sick. But this is what it looks like when you start the tour. And the reason that I start here is because this is one of those components I was talking about the way that we built our data center. We're using a couple of natural processes to help us disperse that heat naturally. And therefore we can spend a majority of our funding on IT and compute interests. So that means we can have more money to buy more computers and do more processing, right? So here we're looking into the data center. And if you haven't been into a data center before, I'm going to zoom in a little bit here. You can see that there are tiles on the floor and those tiles in most data centers, it has a little bit of a two foot gap underneath. And that's where you can run a lot of your cables. Keep the cables out of the way, do a lot of your infrastructure that way. And that little crawl space, that little two foot space is where you would do most of that. In our data center, ours is 10 feet tall. And I want to talk about why that is so important. It's incredibly unique for a data center because you need to have a strong enough floor to carry the weight of a supercomputer and all of those data components. And so what we're doing in this room, all of the heat from the supercomputer from the servers and the network storage, that heat is actually coming up into the ceiling here. It's rising into this corridor and it's being cooled and humidified.  But that warm air comes down into this corridor, into this filter wall. And behind the filter wall is a huge fan wall that's that then pulls that warm air through, cools it, and then it comes back up into some graded slots in the flooring of the data center. So that's definitely a unique feature of our data center. And again, it's simple, but it's what helps us cool that warm air from that data center room. Again, that pie chart I referenced at the beginning, that's what keeps our costs down. So this is Supercomputer Cheyenne. Supercomputer Cheyenne is currently ranked, I believe, 60th in the world out of over 500. So that's pretty notable, right? I mean, in Wyoming, Cheyenne, Wyoming, we have one of the top 100 supercomputers in the world. So let me talk about a supercomputer and the way that they are configured and the components that are inside. A supercomputer does not have a hard drive per se. It has processors and it has memory. It kind of offloads all of that data that it processes to another set of servers. And I'll talk about those in a moment. But a supercomputer is really unique. And the way that they process is called parallel processing. So I'll give you this as an example. If you were to go out, find a very large, rural field and you and your friends are going to mow that lawn. But you're going to start out by yourself. You're going to mow this lawn by yourself. It's going to take you probably all day with push lawn mower.  So in your group effort, you're accomplishing the same task. You're doing it much quicker and more efficiently. So that's exactly what parallel processing is in the compute world. Parallel processing is all of the processors in the supercomputer are tied together. They need to know where they are in the process of solving the math problem. And so they have to talk to each other at a high rate of speed, which can't have any kind of latency. So that's called network fabric. So the way that all of those processors are configured together is through a network fabric. So let me just give you some stats about Cheyenne. Cheyenne is a 5.3 petaflop machine. What is a flop? Okay, let's start there. A flop is a floating point operation per second. So essentially Cheyenne is doing a lot of very heavy decimal decimal points math math problems. And so a petaf is a quadrillion. So Cheyenne is doing 5.3 quadrillion math calculations per second. Now that's happening through the parallel processing, right with all of the processors being tied together and being able to work on that math problem simultaneously. So it's a 5.3 petaflop machine. Now it's got 313 terabytes of RAM. If you kind of compare this to maybe your home computer, your home laptop, your home laptop might have a dual core processor and it might have, oh, maybe eight gigabytes or eight megabytes, maybe, or I'm sorry, eight gigabytes or 16 gigabytes of RAM. But so you can imagine how many laptops, how many cell phones, how many desktop computers it would take to create a similar super computer on your own. So Cheyenne is a very fast high processing machine. This is actually you mentioned quadrillion. That's one with how many zeros after it. Like that's a really big number, right? Yes, 5.3 quadrillion per second. Yes. Wow. A lot of computations that can happen at once. Yes, absolutely. Cheyenne is the second super computer to be located in our facility. The first was super computer Yellowstone and a super computer lives for about five years. So due to the heavy processing nature of a super computer versus a normal machine, they start to experience somewhere in terror. They need some maintenance after about year five. So I compare it to this. You have a Ferrari. You've just purchased this Ferrari and you've taken it off of the dealer's parking lot and you get on the highway and you slam down that gas and you leave it there for five years straight. That's exactly what a super computer is doing. So a super computer Yellowstone was a 1.5 petaflop machine. And so in our most recent super computer, we've gotten about three times faster. The cost was about the same. We received funding from the National Science Foundation for about $30 million. For Cheyenne, we also purchased Yellowstone for $30 million at the time as well. So for about the same amount of money, we got three times the processing power. I do want to mention that super computer Yellowstone, we do have a rack that we have provided to the State of Wyoming State Museum. So if you're ever in the Cheyenne Wyoming area, you can stop by and take a peek at what a super computer rack looks like. In this virtual visit app, you'll find some hot spots that talk about Yellowstone and we'll give you a little bit of a tour of the networking fabric that tied all of the components of Yellowstone together. So even though those two super computers were the first two to be located in our Cheyenne Wyoming, NCAR Wyoming Super Computing Center, they're not the first super computers that NCAR has ever had. Our first super computer came online in 1966. And we've had, I believe Cheyenne makes it the 42nd super computer in our organization. So we are not new to the super computing world. We were actually one of the first and in the forefront of using it for scientific and atmospheric research data. In this slide, you'll see a cray. A cray is one of the first super computers that were built in the United States. And the funny thing about the cray is it's shaped in this very small little C shape configuration here. And the funny thing about it is that the reason it was shaped that way is because that was the maximum length of network cable you could have at the time before you introduced latency between the nodes. And latency really throws off that math problem calculation. So you can't have latency when you're doing super computing and you have that interconnect network fabric. And as you can see today, Cheyenne is much larger. I'm just going to open our augmented reality view of Cheyenne. You can see that it's much larger. Due to the invention of fiber optic network cable, we can definitely build out bigger machines with faster processing, faster communication between those nodes. And so we're not restricted to that small little C shape any longer. Also, in the virtual visit app, you can build your own Cheyenne. So if there's anyone interested, the virtual visit will show you how to build what we call a PyAn instead of a Cheyenne. So it's a play on words because you're using Raspberry Pis to build together your own supercomputer and help them process weather modeling. So you'll be able to implement the Worf modeling system and be able to do some of your own weather forecasting using a Raspberry Pi. So definitely take a peek at that if you visit our virtual visit app. So when the supercomputer processes this data, it needs to store it somewhere. And that's what we're looking at right now. This is network storage. And this is really common in a data center today. These pods are using what's called hot aisle containment. So I mentioned that we need to get rid of that heat so that we can reduce our costs and spend more money on compute. So the heat actually from these servers rises up into this corridor, and they're all enclosed in this plexiglass container, which again is called hot aisle containment. The heat rises up into that corridor, goes down and gets humidified in that first scene that I took you through, and then it comes through the filter wall and gets cooled by this set of fan walls and is pulled back up through the floor here. So that's how we disperse the heat. Again, we're trying to just reduce costs so that we can focus more on our compute power. But let me kind of take you into one of those hot aisle containment. Let's talk about why we have to disperse that heat. So here we are inside the hot aisle. And this is what the inside looks like. The backside of all of the servers, you have network ports, video ports, you have an assortment of ways that these components are connected to each other and can be worked on. This is where you would come in to do some of your server system admin network admin work. But let's take a peek here. This hot aisle containment in particular is at 100 degrees, and that is with the air cooling process happening. So as you can imagine, the supercomputer gives off a lot of heat. The servers that it's connected to gives off a lot of heat as well. And again, we just have to be mindful of how we disperse that heat so that we can focus on compute. So I'm going to take us back out here to our network storage. Let's take a peek at that. So I mentioned the supercomputer doesn't have hard drives, it has processors, and it has memory. So when it works on a project, it saves pieces of that project to the direct data network storage that we have attached here. And these are configured in a RAID configuration so that and that's common in a data center. The RAID configuration will help save data in case you have a disk loss. And so the supercomputer saves all of that information to the network storage. And then our scientists can create models and do a lot of their advanced work from there. I do want to go back a screen here because I want to ask if anybody has an idea, and the other panelists can chime in, Dan, if you're still there, how do you think our supercomputer is cooled besides airflow? Ooh, that's a hard one. Does it have anything like AC that we have on a lot of our office buildings and school buildings? A little bit. So our supercomputer, this is very unique, and our new supercomputer to Rachel will be the same. But our supercomputer is a little bit different from the data network storage I just showed you. So the data network storage is using that airflow that's coming through the floor vents and up through the corridor. But the supercomputer is using airflow within itself, in addition to water cooling. So there's actually 65 degree chilled water being pumped through the supercomputer. And it's going straight to the processor chips. So let me just show you here. When you open one of the servers, which is a blade within the supercomputer cabinet, it opens up like a pizza box. And that pizza box reveals the memory and the processors on the motherboard for that, for that blade. So each blade within Cheyenne is running that 65 degree chilled water and it's acting like a heat sink. Rather than having those small aluminum finned heat sinks that you would see on your normal computer at home or on your motherboard. This is a closed copper plate, which is running that 65 degree chilled water. So through thermodynamics, it's actually just kind of absorbing that heat, taking it back outside so that it can be recooled. And we're again using our Wyoming climate to help us cool that water in almost what's considered a free cooling kind of manner. So we have a water heat exchange units that help us do that. We're using the climate here in Wyoming to our advantage. And that 65 degree chilled water is being cooled and processed through our supercomputer to help keep it cool. So I did want to keep a few moments open for questions. Yeah, thanks Summer. So it sounds like a supercomputer is kind of a bunch of computers that are working together to do something. And Violet's wondering, what do people do with a supercomputer? Oh, absolutely. So we have a website called HPCTV. And the interesting part is we, I mentioned at the beginning of this tour that we have a variety of partnerships, right? We have the National Science Foundation funding, State of Wyoming, University of Wyoming. That's kind of a small grouping of people who are using our supercomputer in particular. Because we are part of the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research. That means that we are a collaborative of universities that are running projects. And we have scientists who are also running projects, researchers. And HPCTV will show you in real time the projects that are being run on the supercomputer today. So these allocations can be looked at here. You can also see the specs of the machine, which is really neat as well. It talks about how many petaflops and how many iPhone 7s, that's compared to, we're now on iPhone 11. But let's take a peek at the active projects. Here we can see who is running that project, the organization, the purpose of that project. And this is really insightful to understand the scope and the variety of scientific work that's being done and used in our supercomputer. Yeah, it's pretty neat. I mean, there are folks from all over the world that are gaining access to these computers. I think we have time for maybe one more question. Nicholas is wondering, what's currently considered the top supercomputer in the world? Oh boy, that is a good question. Let me look it up real quick. And I'm going to share this on my screen as well. We got some research and action here. Yes, indeed. Let me stop and do a new share for you. And while you're looking at it, Summer, I'm going to pop the link for folks into the Zoom chat that has both the MWSC and the Mesa Lab virtual tours. So once Super Science Saturday is over, y'all can explore those at your leisure. Perfect. Thank you. All right. So there's a website called top500.org that shows you the other supercomputers in the world. And if you come to lists in top500, you'll see the most recent report in where the supercomputer is currently sitting today and compared to other supercomputers in the world. So what's interesting is in 2017 when Cheyenne came online, I believe it was first ranked 13th fastest in the world. Now, I haven't really talked about derecho much. Derecho is our new supercomputer that will be coming on in 2022. It's going to be a 19 petaflop machine. Currently, we're at 5.3, right? So it's going to be doing 19 quadrillion math calculations per second. And so we've even gotten a little bit better in what we were able to purchase this time. We have gone just a little bit above three times faster than we currently are. But let's take a peek at where things are currently sitting in the top 500. And if you come down to the list here, actually, there is a page to view all 100. So currently, rank number one is supercomputer Fugaku, which is in Japan. And it's the Reichen Center for Computational Science. But you'll see Summit from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sierra, which is a DoD machine with the United States. But you can see the difference here. And so this one is 53 petaflops. So there's a little bit of a difference there. And I'm curious to see where derecho will land when we come online as well. But this website is very interesting. It also has the top green supercomputers and data centers in the world. So definitely something to check out. Wow, thanks for sharing all this information with us, Summer. This was really, really cool. Now we'll have to wrap up in preparation for our next show. We do have a survey on Slido. If y'all are interested in providing feedback about this event, I'm going to pop that into the chat. And I don't know about y'all, but I'm definitely getting a little hungry. So be sure to tune in at the top of the hour, 11 o'clock Mountain Time. And we're going to go into the kitchen with Chef Nancy. So I hope to see you then. See ya. Thanks again, Summer.


Let us look at the propulsion system layout and here we have to look at the number of the engines to be used and also their location. So, when we look at the engine location, the first choice that we are encountered with is whether to use a pusher configuration or a tractor configuration. The pusher configuration is very is considered today as uncommon and special, but interestingly, the first aircraft to fly successfully, the ride flyer of 1903 was a pusher configuration. And most of the aircraft which are used today that are meant for training of pilots or general aviation, typically such aircraft have a nose mounted engine and they belong to the family of tractor propulsion. Each category has its own advantages and disadvantages. Let us have a look. Let us first look at the merits of the conventional configuration or the tractor configuration. The first and the most important factor is that a tractor configuration of engine gives you a configuration that is stable and relatively easier to control. Because the propeller is in undisturbed flow, facing the wind as the aircraft produce flies forward, you get higher propeller efficiency. And in most cases, you can also get much larger propeller clearance. This is especially true for tail wheel type of configurations where the propeller in the nose gives you more clearance with the ground and the air which the propeller throws on the fuselage can be used to cool the engine. So, most tractor engine configurations have air cooling of the engines. On the other hand, we have a pusher configuration like the one shown here. This is the Saras aircraft designed by National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore which has two engines mounted on the back and behind them we have these propellers. So, this is the pusher configuration because the engines are behind. You notice here that since the engines are quite far away from the canopy, therefore, you have unrestricted improved visibility for the pilot. The prop does not come in the way and the second thing is pilot safety. In case there is any problem with the engine, this was very common in the earlier days when engines used to catch fire. And if you have engine right in front of the pilot and if there is a damage or if it catches fire, then the whole problem will be immediately passed on to the passenger cabin. So, from pilot safety point of view, it is better if the engines are far away and behind you so that in case of any problem with the engine, the pilot is not directly injured or affected. Another important point is that the pusher configuration which is on the normally has the ability to wash away the disturbed air which is flowing over the rear fuselage behind the wing due to the wake of the wing. It can energize that air and with that it can reduce the form drag of the fuselage. And lastly, a pusher configuration in which the propeller is mounted behind the wing of the aircraft, you leave the wing in completely undisturbed flow of the air. In a tractor configuration, the propeller is throwing swirling air on the fuselage and it can create a large amount of drag, it can lead to separated flow. Whereas, in the case of pusher, the engine is mounted behind, therefore it is actually sucking air over the wing and hence the wing gets very clean undisturbed air with no propeller washed. So, depending on which configuration is of use to you, you have to choose an appropriate one. As far as number of engines concerned, there is no clear cut indication from any accident or emergency statistics. There have been equal number of accidents when the aircraft is with two engines or with three engines or with four engines. So, having more engines more than one, see more than one is essential because you need to have redundancy and therefore, you need to have at least two engines especially when you carry a fair amount of passengers. The regulations are very clear on this. The moment you carry nine or more passengers who are fair paying passengers, you are required by law to have more than one engine and most aircraft go for two engines. But just by giving four engines, it is not that you increase the reliability or you increase the safety. Often the number of engines that you provide on the aircraft is dictated by the availability of the engines of sufficient power that you have estimated and also sometimes you have certain engines available and you want to draw or you want to design the aircraft around those engines. In those cases, the number of engines is often dictated by the availability of the suitable engines. If you look at the airlines, they prefer to have the smallest number of engines. If you look at the airline point of view, they prefer to have the smallest number of engines with which the flight can safely operate because that reduces the constraint on the availability of the working number of engines. Now, regulatory requirements also ensure that when you fly a long distance over water, over sea, then regulatory requirements also stipulate that when you fly for a large duration of time over water, you need to have minimum two engines, the so-called e-tops clearance, extended range twin engine operations conditions. Thanks for your attention. We will now move to the next section.


Hi guys, welcome back to this channel, remember it's next from the next question. I'm just going to get through some of the questions that are being frequently asked in the comments section. By the way, thank you so much for coming back to this channel, for the new subscribers, for the old subscribers. Thank you so much for coming back to this channel. No, it's only your support that we can reach a target of 5000 subscribers before the end of this year. Well, I'm just going to get through a lot of questions. A few questions are, we shall get through one by one and we shall understand exactly what are some of the articles of the laws, what are some of the rules that will govern you as an employer and some of them that will govern you as an employee when you are being employed in Qatar here. For those that are planning to come in as a newcomers and even some of them that are some of you who are ready in the country, but you do not know exactly what to do at a given period of time, remember. In this channel, we are giving you all the latest updates regarding jobs available opportunities cause advice that can help you move in one way in case there is an opportunity and changing jobs, what you are supposed to do and any other business that may come in between especially in the Gulf countries and particularly when you look at in Qatar itself. We are going to look at some of the questions and one of the questions was, is my employer allowed to keep my passport, is allowed to keep my passport, yes at a given period of time and no at a given period of time, remember. Remember, a recruiter shall hand over the passport to the employer after finishing all what you call the documentation for getting a residence permit for that employer, for that employee then he will need to hand over the passport to what you call the employee, what does it mean that in the first time you come into the country your employer has to process for you what you call a residency permit, we call it a residence permit and that residence permit before you get a residence permit, you need to undergo what you call the medicals, you need to go and I'll call the medical fitness test and once the medicals are done definitely they will invite you to what you call the fingerprints and once your fingerprints are done then probably they will issue with what you call a residence permit and that's when the residence permit is sometimes what you call the Qatar ID and it's one that is going to say that you are allowed, you are now officially allowed to leave and work in Qatar as a resident and remember after all that process is being done then your recruiter or your employer has to make sure that he hands over your passport back to you in your custody is not allowed to keep your passport after that period remember all these processes this processing of what you call the residence permit or renewal of the residence permit normally takes a period of what you call 90 days as just within three months so after three months you expect that your employer has to hand over your passport however when we look at it may be another side there are some people that may request the employer to keep for them the passport in case you are not safe or you feel you will not be able to take care of the passport when you are in where your accommodation or where you are or where your belongings are so you you definitely have to request the employer but this one has to be done in what we call writing you have to write to request your employer to keep for you the passport and still you must keep a copy of that of that request for your employer to keep for you a copy because he will definitely need as a proof of you that you requested or you allowed him to keep your passport for for you at that period and at the same period your employer you will be entitled to you will have that trait to have your passport in case again you have to be requested from such or you need it away from from your employer and that is what actually article eight of the labor's law says when it comes to what you call custody or passports of the employees in kata here is allowed but also you how you can request him to keep the passport for you but remember when you request it and you need it you definitely have to get the passport for you back to you remember when you are looking at the residence permit per processing here in kata it takes up what you call a maximum period of 90 days after 90 days which is approximately like among three months you should have your residence permit with you in case of the rest of the things are being finalized in one way but we find most of the cases in the people that have been here and it's over six months they do not need they do not have what you call a residence permit or they do not have kata ID we can look at free lansas where you are under someone's someone has to do the paperwork for you and definitely do not follow up it's quite very good to live here in kata if you don't have permit and if you don't have a residence permit and once you are good then it will definitely be a very big trouble for you at the end of it also much as we look at our employers as right but it's also your right to follow up and one with the other you can ask through what you call your line supervisors try to ask them uh where where is my residence permit or in case you don't see something that is that seems to be progressing in one or the other so that you can end of it on you avoid what you call the troubles or you avoid the troubles that may be definitely becoming your way in case police is being caught up or being caught up by police and you being asked a lot of questions about that thank you so much for coming back to channel and thank you so much for supporting this channel it's mixed from the next question remember we are talking about kata and we can't fail to mention to appreciate what you call the FIFA world cup opportunities that have come its way and definitely you definitely know when we talk about these opportunities we definitely talk about the FIFA world cup and we talk about kata thank you so much see you again in the next video


Alrighty, let's get through this without coughing. Let's do this. So looking at your email, you are talking about, I think my hands are still looking okay when they are planted on the table. Could you give feedback on those parts for sure? Let me turn off the scrubbing or the scrub there, let's see. That's a lovely accent you have. So you can, there's something also if you actually scrubbed fast through it, it seems like from here to here-ish. You have a bit of a drift where look at the lines of the fingers, right? So if I go back, you can see when I scrub fast, it has a very, very slow drift. That's a lovely accent you have. Going over there, so you would have to stabilize that. The thing about IK is that for instance during moments like here, when you have the elbow moving down this way, especially through here, that's probably the biggest one, because you have lots of small movements in the elbows and then this here. But the big thing here is that the moment you have that amount of movement that's going to move the forearm, the moment you have that moving and you see a break where this is not moving because of it, meaning that the forearm, basically the hand is always going to track with the forearm. So unless you do very exaggerated waving where the hand is really dragging, the hand is pretty aligned to the forearm. Generally speaking, obviously you have some poses or things where it's going to be different. But when you have a hand planted on something and you have all this, I can see anything here, let's see this hand maybe. So when you do a lot of movement through here and you can see, if I just loosely hold onto this wrist and I do this, you can see how the wrist here, this guy, is moving with the forearm. That forearm is pulling that hand with it. But if you try to lock this and do kind of a weird look like this, that's when it's going to feel broken and have this separation through here. So when you do something like this, let's take this drawing away here, when you do this big move here, you're going to have here, it almost seems like he's moving over, especially because he lifts his hand here, there's going to be more pressure on this hand. So A, this is going down in terms of the elbow goes down, it takes the forearm down with it, which is going to, let me move up that wrist this way. And at the same time, you would flatten the wrist and spread out the fingers a bit more because there's pressure. This is planting more onto the table because of that move here. Not that he's fully resting on it because then it would be different and the shoulder goes up and there's a bit of a different lean like that on there. But you still want to have some movement in here when all of this moving, when all of the forearm section here is moving, that's going to influence the wrist for sure. So as it goes down, the wrist will go up a bit and the fingers can still track and stay on the surface because that's where the contact point is, but the stuff can still move, see if I move my wrist, fingers are still staying put there. Then another IK sign is that when everything is moving back in one straight line, because it's IK, you're not going to have the arcs of FK joints. So that straight path back while all of this is moving and not affecting the wrist orientation and rotation, that's another sign, especially through here, you can see all of this. So doing this move, think about what is he doing? Why is the wrist sliding forward? Would it still be planted? Or you just kind of, is the arm pushing away? I mean, you can play like that where this move is potentially him pushing away and then taking that arm back, that means that if this happens and he pushes, you could slide it forward, but then I would do some spreading of the fingers as well a little bit and then again flattening a bit to show pressure on that with a little bit more shoulder involvement. And then through here, it's not too bad. The problem it's through here is that you have this very, very flat line where it's almost now the opposite that I would say where you want to break the wrist orientation from the forearm, just because of gravity, this is going to droop, not that the wrist is this low down with the fingers down here, but it's going to have still enough of a drag down. That's my hand and probably at this point, what is he doing here? He goes back, so then I will bring up that, so he will go up from here, sorry, it's a horrible drawing. And that elbow will go up higher so you don't have that flat perspective. You don't really want to have an elbow that's flat towards camera, see the down or up to show the break in the arm, so we know the shape of it. Like this, if you squint, especially through here, it feels more like it's a very short arm versus that has a clear break there. So just to go back, as you go back here, I would A, relax the fingers and not having so spread, they will go back into more of a default relax mode. So the index will go in, these guys would kind of have less of a spread, but relax and fold and rotate down, but then at the same time, the wrist also because of gravity the whole thing would kind of relax more. So the unnatural feel is that the wrist stays so straight with the forearm, that's one of those moments where I would break it, where it's not aligned with the forearm, it's aligned to me this way, but not this way, it would have to drag because of just gravity. So there's always an exception to whatever rules I'm bringing up here, which are not really rules. And again, like that, limb feel is nice, but then it has a little bit of a weird feel with this gap here, where you almost want to close in that thumb.  I wouldn't curve fingers all the same, so I would might be pretty cliche, but it would be this type of rotation where the index is mostly straight, a bit of a bend, and everything kind of relaxes in the pinky in the ring finger area. But the moment you have something like this, it feels like a very distinct pose with that the character wants to hold. And seeing this here gives it that weird claw-like feel, so like a Lego figurine wrist there. But going back, this is just for the hands, so watch out with a straight path, you want this to be always in an arc, even if it's minimal. But I would look at, before you do any of this, you have to look at, well, what are the mechanics? What are the bottom mechanics of this section? Again, it's just, is it just him, if he's sitting like this, moving over? So it's just going to be the body doing this, then you could raise the hand sooner, because it's all in here in the chest, or is the hand pushing away for that lean, with the shoulder going up and really showing a flattening of the wrist, maybe a tightening like this, and then you bring the arm away. So you need to think about how you want to act this out, what your look is. And the other thing that's a bit weird in this is, even though this arm goes first, so there is an offset, overall it has that feeling of this and this moving together as one weird robotic wooden piece. So what's the end pose here? See with that lean here, which I like, you can easily just have this arm droop down off the table. So when you do this, that arm is still here. So you just kind of, just that arm goes back and it's just this, and the other arm just kind of slides down off the table into this pose, and you don't have to do this move over and then down, because this is a weird mirrored, you know, twin pose there. I think that's super twin, because there is a change in posing, but overall feel feels too parented, like it's too, so what I said is that moving as one, just the chest and the arm was moving as one big piece, which gives it that stiff feel. And then speaking of stiff, the weird thing at the end here is just, good day, it's kind of like, he kind of, nobody yells it out, but it's kind of, good day mate, like there's a bit more in the chest, and right now in your animation it seems this is the broken, the cutoff point that everything is in here, all the animation is in here versus good day, so you might have a little bit of a neck out, reach forward, you know, shoulder down, maybe with a chest out, a tightening of that arm and this, because it's kind of, good days, it kind of pushes himself forward, so there's more involvement to me in everything in here, and so it's not just located in his head, so that just feels a bit too isolated there, yeah that's actually there, that's not too bad, it just seems, once you get after this point here, hey, besides the jaw and the lip sync, I'm kind of missing, but again, I would, there's still some body mechanic stuff that I would look at before you go further into the lip sync, but, well accent you have, even on you have, you can have a little bit of a, if you track the noticeable arc over and accent you have, you have just a little bit of something in there, and right now everything just kind of dies, just through here, there's nothing going on except a little bit of a drift in here, which is again adds to that stiffness, I don't feel like the words are coming out of his body and his mouth, however he says the words, intensity, how loud and how fast, I don't see that replicated in the body, meaning that if you yell, your chest is gonna, you know whatever the acting is, the chest is gonna react to a louder voice more than to a smaller voice, and the way he has his, that's a lovely accent you have, like his little swarmy or potentially trying to be flirty body language is not there, just all feels very stiff and empty, even this feels, even though the arm is going first, it still feels very post to post, kind of going back into this, that feels post to post from here to here, where you might anticipate this whole thing, where he's waiting and looking at her, and for me it would be a bit of a dart and maybe looking up and down, he's observing, he's thinking about it, he's trying to figure this out, he goes New Jersey, so you could have a little moment of the hand going New Jersey, so a hand first, maybe a head tilt, and then he says it, so to me there's still a lot more you can do acting wise to kind of push this, right now it just feels like the animation is waiting for the lip sync, when the audio starts, then there's body movement to it, but it doesn't feel, I hate to say, it doesn't feel like the character is alive and thinking, which is super easy for me to say, it's always really hard to do, but it does come across that way in this section, New Jersey, even through here, New Jersey, just kind of comes down, I do like how you have a bit of a change up in the shoulder and in the chest and in the head of it, it's, but it's very subtle, New Jersey, and it could just be New Jersey, a little bit of more of a little accident in the head, and this seems also a bit subdued, I do like his blink, because watch out, you have a bit of a floaty eyebrow, it kind of floats down, I would hold this a little bit of maybe like again art, like a little darting, and he's looking, what is she's going to say, and I think I would bring the blink down, maybe two frames later, it's just it's pretty close to when she says it, to me it seems like she would say it, and until that hits his ears and triggers that blink, where he goes, oh I got new information, I got it now, he construct that whole information, that's how I would bring it in later, and then it would be, it could even be a bit of a look down, Austria, like it just, because he's not the smartest guy, so I think just that one word is going to trigger a lot of turning of wheels and a thought process in him, because he's not that smart, and again it seems just a bit too simple for him, that's cute, I do like this though, that's cool, I like that, but then watch out we're back into the category of a lot of movement there, with the wrist kind of separated, also watch out we got the same thing here with the bend of the arms away from camera, so if you do your squint test or hit seven without lights in Maya, it would just be a very short arm, versus potentially the arm that's a bit lower, it has a bit of a forward, forward and back slide right through there where I will plant those hands a bit more, you can have some movement in arms and even in the wrist a bit, but then where's my hand, like the fingers were kind of, you might go Austria, then the fingertips would be locked, with that slidey hand that feels a bit unfinished, and this seems like a weird deliberate move back, but it's kind of got to move my hand back, as opposed to let's see, Austria where it's to me it almost seems like everything needs to be driven at this point, I'll tell you through his head, but it's all like oh oh Austria and it's kind of, it's almost like the head is leading the movement and just the hands are kind of readjusting to his new head and head position, which in turn affects the body position, if that makes sense, I don't know if that's very cryptic there, but this just seems like a very separated joint move, but you are getting closer and I'm just being extra picky because we're getting into this, you know towards the end feel where I still, there's still stuff you can kind of push the acting choices and kind of the body mechanics, just to give it just that extra layer of life, and I don't want to just say yeah it looks good, just look at your arms and hands to kind of give it a layer of here's the final technical polish, I think we can still push this and I think from where you started to where we are now there's there's a lot of progress, I still think there's more in it, I think there's more that you can do and I think you can you can do it, but of course it's totally up to you, you're the one you're the one doing the shot you're the one paying, you can say no I don't want to push this further just give me technical notes and arcs and then I would say then look at your IK hands the way I you know the fix that I mentioned and start getting into the lip sink and leave the body mechanics in terms of acting the way it is that's totally up to you, I would recommend to push it if you're going for a demo real shot, but I'm gonna leave it at that all right thank you all right there's an email you can sign up you can start whenever you want you can submit whatever you want you get 16 submissions either way a like and subscribe would be awesome all right thank you


Want a shock damage SMG that fries people alive? Today I have you guys covered. How's it going guys? My name is DPGenerate. Thank you for stopping by and checking out my video.  Okay so the Shocking 9V SMG Legendary is absolutely incredible as you can see on the screen now.  This thing hits like a train. Plus it's a great weapon in taking out those shock shields too which we all know coming very handy indeed. I still need a decent one and this is that. Today I will guide you to the location this weapon can be found. Okay so the boss who drops his beast is Killer Volt who is located in Electricity upon Prometheus. So using the guide on screen now follow the route I take on screen now. Now as per usual and one of the amazing quality of life updates applied to Borderlands 3 there is a safe point right outside this bathroom fight allowing you to farm this thing they're quitting out after defeating him and loading it back up. So yeah guys good luck in getting this. But on that note we have come to the end people. If you do enjoy my Borderlands videos and want to see more weapon guides be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys thanks as always for stopping by hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.