Hi everyone, I'm Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com coming at you with 2020 Bowman Chrome Baseball 12 box pick your team number 8 hobby edition We have a choice we have choice edition here too, which just needs one filler to get knocked out And I think that's pretty close so we can run back another Bowman Chrome break tonight On Saturday the 26th big thanks all these folks right here David close the breakout with the diving backs There's everybody else. Thanks everyone for getting into the action really appreciate it Slide some of these boxes out of the way over here. You can see on the On the top camera the box is over there to make myself a little bit of room. Good luck. Good luck. Good luck Baseball playoffs about to start ladies and gentlemen, that's pretty exciting bubble baseball That's good. That's gonna be interesting Baseball in a few different locations the world series It's gonna be in Texas. It's gonna be in the new baseball stadium in Arlington. That's gonna be interesting You know, who does it? Who does that benefit? Does that neutralize everybody you don't get home where you really don't get home field advantage I guess you get get to bat in the bottom of the frame, but really don't get that advantage Crowds obviously not there. Maybe players are used to that by now Exactly Patrick K. He's asking that's that's what I was kind of getting to what do you think's gonna make a surprise run the playoffs He's asking see and that's where I was kind of leading towards Bubble basketball, I mean my Lakers about to start soon so we can chat a little basketball too But bubble bubble basketball has yielded some interesting results, you know, will bubble baseball You know yield the same kind of thing who could make a surprise run White socks maybe young think that we're let's go. We gotta think young teams who won't be affected by by opposing crowds Padres white socks Marlins Blue jays There's Brady Waylon autograph for the Cardinals This list back up here now. And so that will go to EA and the Redbirds Here in a hobby pick your team number eight. Yeah, so maybe this Obviously, I'm a Dodgers guy. I want my Dodgers to go Go win the whole thing, you know There's there certainly You know the the favorites to do so but Outside of those outside of the favorites, which I think Yankees Dodgers, right, but outside of the favorites could be the young the young teams that Aren't affected by travel and aren't affected by nice Kyle Lewis refractor Not affected by travel not affected by opposing fans. So I was trying to spit out nice Kyle Lewis That's for the M's that'll be for Kyle Olson with Kyle Lewis and there's a hit right here. There's Dylan file 007 to 150 Do Greg Davis with the brew crew, what do you think Patrick you think the things are Give me some surprises It's Gavin Lux rookie for the Dodgers Nicoba another Kyle Lewis non refractor for the M's That must be a variation, right? Because that the other Kyle Lewis. He's he's out in the outfield fielding and here he is batting right here Running shoemake to 499 right here and haul a farm to fame Raleigh Fingers No mustache there came on later Josh with the braves on that refractor next box Do I think the dog they even mention with the Giants for Dodgers and what do I think about the mat that matchup? I Think that I think that should be a great first For I mean rivals Dodgers Giants big rivalry. I don't know when the last time they face each other in the playoffs So I think I mean I think the Dodgers are gonna win But I don't think they should have too many problems with the Giants, but I think it'll be pretty intense I don't even remember how have they even faced when the last time they not not this Giants Dodgers playoffs Like when the Giants were rolling The Dodgers weren't very good the Dodgers have been really good the last 10 years And and then at the same the Giants weren't very good So I don't think there was there was too much cause for them to to meet each other in the playoffs or even Even battle each other for the division So that should be a pretty fun and a wild card set Should be pretty intense that first round. I think there could be weird Because there's there's only what three games, right? It's only a three game series. There's really there's really no room for error In a short series like that Favorites could get bounced pretty easily any guesses on this redemption folks for bragging rights Chris Bryant hit a grand slam today. I've got a Seth Corey blue to 150 Yeah, that's gonna be a great series. I'm not really worried about the Giants, but if the Dodgers play the Padres To be in the Giants, there's mark mark the set with the Giants There's a Luis Robert rookie card and a Francisco Alvarez Mets Otto for EA EA sports in the game both of his teams hitting so far at least one Here and pick your team a Josh Yoast white socks Jeremiah Jackson purple shimmer Yeah Dodgers Padres if the Padres Dodgers get by the Giants Padres get by the Cardinals, which I think is what the matchup is going to be They can do that then it'd be Dodgers and Padres in the NLDS and I think that Oh nice Luis Robert refractor that's gonna be really intense Because the Padres have been playing the Dodgers really well and more in the recent games Nice Luis Robert refractor 170 to 499 Another one for the white socks Josh Yoast. All right. No one's guessing the redemption, huh? You are due to receive a 2019 AFL Arizona falling fall stars relic autograph parallel They have the teams here now, which I like Be Baltimore Boston looks like Boston Boston. It's jaren Duran Duran Nice one for the Red Sox Free top loader to mark the set in the Red Sox Another box here Patrick saying problem only problem with your braves is they're starting pitching, but yeah Max Fried is look good Anderson been a nice surprise to being since being called up Who went who went down with the Achilles was it Soroka? I feel like he was pitching really well and then got hit with that that unfortunate into injury Yeah, Soroka, right? Yeah, that sucks, but yeah, don't don't sleep on the braves Freddie Freeman is having an MVP style season You know Ronald Acuna Jr. Ozzy Alves young active guys Solid starting pitching that you know freed has looked good Anderson's look good just got to get a couple other guys to step up. They're the two seed Two seed for a reason Reds are kind of scary though. I mean if I mean in a three game series there, they're they're probably rolling out Luis Castillo and Sonny Gray, right? Sonny Gray looked good in a starter two after his his I else didn't so that could be To be scary. We got Eric Pena two out of 50 nice autograph and parallel for Balraj with the Royals That gallon to 99 Red Diamondbacks that is David nice chasing a Mingus As well, I think he'd those won't go as crazy as his First cards, but there's Aaron judge to 499 Josh Ray with the Yankees healthy Yankees Healthy Yankees could be scary Max Lazar brew crew Or laser That'll be for Greg Davis and the Brewers Esavon Fluriel Gold shimmer 11 out of 50 Yankees Josh Justin Verlander to 250 Next box next box here in 12 box hobby pick your team number a 2020 bone chrome baseball Choice baseball is just a filler box away from unlocking. We can do another 12 boxes, but choice edition HTA choice Which is only like three or four autographs a box. That's it. Just three cards, and they're all out of this for three cards It's been a minute since we've done that Let's make that happen Break some baseball watch some basketball talk some football. All right, there's Tenage Thomas That'll be for the Pirates Greg Davis with the buck-os We've got Francisco Alvarez For the Mets purple shimmer Trent Grisham Louise Robert Jacob de Gron It's the fun things happening here Jacob de Gron to 499 will go to the Mets That'll be for EA Louise Robert a hot commodity Josh Yoast with the White Sox People really like in Trent Grisham's game too with the Padres Nick Koba Dodgers Dodgers run into the Padres. That could be a fun matchup To 499 a Zach Watson Orioles Greg Davis with the O's refractor autograph Yusai Khushi to 150 Mariners Kyle Olson to talk What teams are you disappointed are not in the playoffs in the AL it was Seattle The Mariners Angels Royals Orioles Tigers Red Sox and Rangers Guess kind of disappointed the angels aren't in he can't see Mike trout in the playoffs for another season I'm not the Mariners. We're gonna do it for a second There's kind of a fun young team there. I do like that the Blue Jays aren't it in the NL Phillies are kind of if the Phillies I think they still have a chance the Phillies miss out That's a little disappointing All the all the resources they've been they've been spending and the team that they have out there Rourous has got to be a little disappointing for if they miss out Davies is pointing. I thought the Mets would be better think Rockies have to seriously think about About how they're what they're gonna do with their team on paper, especially that offense. They've got a good-looking team, but I Know it's just not clicking. It's not all coming together Now a national is a lot of injuries, right? I guess We world series hangover There's Seth Gray to 499 What's a disappointing team for you lot? Teams that you maybe thought we're gonna make the playoffs or should have looked better just didn't make it Fell short disappointing season. It's Corbin Carroll Corbin Carroll will go to Diamondbacks David That's out of 150 Sam Huff in that atomic parallel that'll go to the Rangers Mike That one 95 out of 150 Hard hit percentage and there's Andrew Dahlquist for the White Sox That'll be for Josh Yost and the White Sox Corey Lee to 499 Astros Raymond another Luis Robert rookie card Paul thinks the Royals Should have should have would have had a better year and we've got Ethan Linlow to 25 nice orange right there. I think The Royals definitely Are rebuilding Definitely rebuilding, but yeah, they do got a lot of good youngsters in the pipeline Seems like a pretty smarter organization. I feel like Bobby with junior, I think that that's where that's what you're building the team around you're kind of kind of slowly Getting to the point where you can start to have some youngsters come up around the same time Bobby with junior I feel like the Royals will spend a little money too if they had to they might be able to add on the Free agent market to if they had to Royals going forward. I think will be an interesting team to watch Yeah, we've got plenty of baseball in the store folks. Do you want to do more bowman chrome? HTA choice. We got we're one blaster box away from knocking that out You want to do some Chronicles baseball? I think we're just one blaster box from knocking that out Yeah, and Ethan I was surprised that we didn't we didn't get into any no huddle so far today. I Thought I thought those would be one of the first breaks we'd be doing during the day, but But no, but those are really close. I think there's only a few teams a Few teams left in each mosaic. No huddle that we have left. We can definitely do that all that's on jasky's casebrakes.com folks I haven't gone through any. I think when I started the break about 20 minutes ago There wasn't anything sold out and we only have three orders in right now ladies and gentlemen So I know we got a lot of things going on on in the sports world There's air sees a keynote nice one for Matthew Shearer in the reds But let's get some let's get some breaks going early and often remember there's no late night tonight Jason Ming is purple shimmer And we've got a nice tray Harris Braves Arizona fall league relic and I love the hologram sticker in there, too When you get this Braves Josh when you get this you can go to mlb.com slash authentication Look up that look up the number on the sticker and be able to tell exactly what date That rally came from Maybe look up if Arizona fall league has has those boxcores you can look those up, too Nice Jason Dominguez for the Yankees a boba shed for the blue jay Zach Michael Bush to 99 and We've got Takapita Markano for Nic Coba and the Padres and Nic Coba has the Dodgers as well They could see each other in the playoffs Dustin may might be a key player in the playoffs Tristan Casas to 250 All right, and We are halfway through this full case break. We've got about another 20 minutes to go Here and pick your team eight All right, good luck folks here we go we got a we got a Yankee here get Oswald Barraza to 499 Yankees Josh with the Yankees got Wander Franco He's gonna be a big name in the next next year or two That Noah song to 150 Red Sox And we got Randy Florentino for the Rangers that's gonna be for Mike Mike M Noah song goes to the Red Sox mark the set Gavin Lux another Kyle Lewis Jared Kalanek is Future teammate right there. So that goes to the Mariners along with this Kyle Lewis for Kyle Olson all of these of course add up Could he win rookie of the year? Kyle Kuzma I would like you to Get 15 20 points today would be nice Let's make this win stress-free I Mean Dave's ankle looks fine. He's bouncing around looking to fry We got Oswald Barraza again for the Yankees Josh He's who Sanchez for the fish that'll be for Raymond Tristan Mackenzie to 499 for Cleveland and we got Graham Stinson 71 out of 150 that'll be for Tampa Bay. That's gonna go to Joe Downing You go Joe, I'm a brewstar greater all to 50 Dodgers edition that goes to Nic Coba Dalton Jeffries to 250 A's Robert I Christian I think he I think Ethan already did his part He already did I see an order for him right there. He's trying to convince other people to join him in the break Maybe you Christian James Don't see your name in my order list yet unless you place it a while ago There's another Yankee autograph Chris Gittens that goes to the Yankees Josh nah, all right. Well, you can hush then All right, there's Keegan Akin That goes to the O's Greg Davis Tristan Mackenzie to 250 Cleveland that'll be for Robert G in the tribe And we got a Chandler Redmond for the red birds. That's gonna be for EA and the Cardinals Goldschmidt to 499 Will be for EA and the Cardinals Dustin May for the Dodgers Nic Coba gonna need Dustin May in the playoffs Dodgers pitching starting pitching believe it or not going into the playoffs Not as not as strong as I'd like it to be Kershaw struggle a little bit in his last start. He's not getting any younger Walker Bueller only made one start coming off the aisle after a blister issue great great start, but But only just came off the aisle So we need guys like Dustin May and Tony Gonsolin and fully a year Urius To really step up Bullpen has been pretty great though. What's the next waterfall or synchronized swimming break next summer summer? We'll see you then Christian James. All right next box. Good luck There's Jonathan Stiver 36 out of 499 fractor autograph for the White Sox Josh Yoast Jay Groom 12 out of 50 gold shimmer For the Red Sox mark Jose of reu to 49 See him he's gonna get MVP votes right in the AL I'm pretty good and there's Carl Kaufman for the Colorado Rockies Greg Davis with the Rocks Austin Meadows to 25 And that's Dodgers edition of Pedro Martinez, man. They should have never traded him Oh man, sir Charles Charles Barkley just guaranteed the Cleveland Browns to be The Washington football team and you know when sir Charles guarantees things usually go sideways You also guarantee that the Lakers would close it out tonight Nerves about that. All right two boxes to go. You have to be you have to be 18 or older to purchase Sorry kid Jimmy, you were super high on Urius for like three years. You kept drafting your Diancy League Yeah, then think patience is getting thin. I think that's what the Dodgers are feeling So I think the Dodgers really thought that this year Would be the year that he really breaks out But Hasn't I don't think he's been as quite as dominant as We had hoped he would be especially after all that all that hype He's had a lot of issues with With the first inning like guys I don't know what it is But but teams would go off on and pop off on him in the first inning and then innings two through five two through six he'd be great like his like I Don't know how you would calculate these stats like maybe by hand or if there's a website that'll do it for you, but Take out his first inning in and a lot of his starts this year and his numbers would be really great There's David Mann with the Dodgers. Yeah, and the stuff is great too when the stuff is sharp If you watch him page when the stuff is sharp, it's really good So I don't know what it is with that first inning there Nick Cove with the Dodgers in recent I think in recent games They've experimented with I think they did an opener game I think they had Joe Kelly and maybe Brewstar greater all in the first inning or two and then they had Udias come in at the third inning And he looked great so I don't know maybe they got a fiddle around with that for now, but There's Ryan Velod purple shimmer So I don't know maybe he's got to marinate a little bit more But it's good. It's getting to a point where I mean next year is gonna be a big year for him Yeah, I think he might be older than that Yeah, he's 24. He's not 21. I did that same thing earlier this season I was like, well, he's only like 20 or 21. He'll figure it out There's time. No, he's 24 now. He just turned 24 in August Shane Bos to 499 and There's Eric Pena I know the few years slipped by really really quickly Balraj with the Royals Anthony K to 250 blue jays Justin Dunn to 499 But yeah, Julio Ruiz is 24 now, which is kind of surprised me too when I looked at his age earlier this year He's got it. He's got to make He's got to start being a little more dominant. I mean, he's supposed to be a top prospect I think the expectations were definitely You know a number two starter or An extremely solid number three starter. He's just He's just sometimes he shows that sometimes he doesn't he should be a top of the rotation guy but I think this year You hear them you hear Dave Roberts talk about him and after after his starts It's no like the the vocabulary. He's using the words. He's using are a lot different You know, you can hear that the Dodgers are not not necessarily frustrated But I think they're definitely raising the bar on him now. He's healthy I think that was an issue last year or two some health issues. And so I think they maybe didn't really like You know he was on pitch counts and innings limits and stuff like that coming back from injury So they were definitely very careful with them But I think now he's coming into a season For the first time in a long time coming into a season without an injury or without recovering from an injury I Think so I think the bar has been set a little bit higher So I think you can start hearing the Dodgers organization to start to set those expectations a little bit higher And maybe that's something that Julio Uriis is trying to try to figure out It'll click at some point though All right last box here in pick your team number eight twenty twenty Bowman chrome baseball I think I'm gonna take a little dinner break after this. I don't think anything else is sold out I'm gonna watch my Lakers for a little bit and then come back and we'll see if we can knock out some breaks Nothing is sold out at the moment. No stuff's close though So yeah, so maybe by the time I come back to my break We'll have we'll have a couple things sold out and ready to go. Oh, this is great Luis Angel Acunia That's a big hit right there for Mike It's the one he was probably waiting for that's that's Ronald Acunia's brother and with how great Ronald Acunia is You know if he's just even if he's just half as good as his brother, he'd be really really good There's Jay Groom Red Sox Mark Adonis Medina to 250 purple for the Phillies that'll be for Raymond and Junior Santos 209 out of 250 great autograph look at that Lot of gusto in that autograph that goes to EA and the Metropolitan's Price Harper to 499 That'll be for the Phillies Raymond Along with his teammate Medina 250 and some red Yeah, we're gonna close the breakout with a train whistle Quinn Priester Three out of five red parallel going to Greg Davis and the Pirates All aboard the big hit Express Nice break ladies and gentlemen, thanks for hanging with me. Let's give away a box So right here if you bought at least two teams you'll get one entry four teams two entries so on and so forth and you'll get a shot at a Bowman chrome box, which will send to you probably in a separate shipment from your hits from your cards But we'll send it to you sealed All right, so EA got two teams. That's an entry Greg Maybe chasing that box right you gotta He's got eight so that's four entries Josh got two teams. That's an entry Kyle got two teams. That's an entry. So did Mark Nicoba did as well Raymond got three Two teams count. That's still an entry and Robert G. Got an entry Everybody here. All right, excellent. All right, so there's 11 spots there Let's pop it into this fresh list here name on top after 10 5 and a 5 hard 10 will get the box one 2 3 4 5 9 and 10th and final time congrats to Raymond Hill I don't know if I called your name out too often in this break Raymond In some parallels he had the asterisks and Philly made some parallels, but But I don't think I called your name too often But a box of Bowman chrome baseball 2020 Bowman chrome baseball hobby edition going your way You can rip it you can sell it if you do choose to rip it and you get something cool Let us know There is the train whistle. Here's a quick little recap here the Louise on hell a Kunya some nice stuff Kyle Lewis's Louise Roberts a lot of Yankees Aristides Aquino and a lot of Hopefully up and coming stars future stars here is what we're pulling for you And that Kyle Lewis variation as well and we start off with Brady Whalen. There you have it boys and girls That was what was this pick your team number 8 12 box Bowman chrome baseball hobby edition I'm Joe for Jaspies case breaks calm, and I'll see you next time. Bye. Bye


Hello and welcome. I'm Lynne Freese, producer of Global Political Economy, or DPE Newsdocs. This is part two of a conversation with Prabhat Patnek. He's talking about his read on the history of capitalism that he breaks up into five periods from colonialism into the present, and how imperialism, which existed in the colonial era, persists to this day and the system cannot do without it. Topic source from a new book, Capital and Imperialism, Theory, History, and the Present, authored by Prabhat Patnek and Uzza Patnek. A world-renowned economist, Prabhat Patnek is Professor Emeritus at the Center for Economic Studies and Planning at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. Some of his earlier books include Accumulation and Stability under Capitalism, the Value of Money, and Re-envisioning Socialism. Welcome, Prabhat, thank you for joining us. Thank you. Thank you very much. Prabhat, in part one, you commented on colonialism before the First World War as the first of five periods in your analysis of the history of capitalism. Let's pick it up where we left off with the exhaustion and collapse of the colonial arrangement. And from there, the second period in your history of capitalism, the interwar years. So first, comment on the collapse of the colonial relationship. Well, this relationship can no longer be sustained because the market role of the colonies really cannot be sustained. In other words, the de-industrialization reaches a limit. When craft production has been virtually eliminated, local craft production has been virtually eliminated in the colonies, then you cannot really expand any further sales to these colonies because their incomes were not growing because the surpluses that they generated were not being domestically invested, were not being invested for instance by the peasants because the peasants were paying these heavy taxes, these surpluses were partly of course being locally consumed by the Zamindas and the landlords and the local rich, but partly also being taken out by the colonial power and then used for the diffusion of capitalism elsewhere. The diffusion of capitalism into the temperate regions was actually sustained and nourished by the drain of the surplus, draining away of the surplus from the colonies. Now that draining away of the surplus from the colonies is the role that continues through the interwar period, but on the other hand, the market role is something that really ceases to be important anymore. And what is more, Japan emerges as the big competitor of Britain and therefore makes encroachments into Britain's Asian colonies by selling goods at the expense of Britain in these colonial markets and therefore you find that Britain can no longer sustain its position within the gold standard, it cannot sustain the gold standard itself and therefore you have the uncertainties of the interwar period and you have the great depression, the great depression takes place because there is a shortage of markets for the goods that are produced in the metropolis is an overproduction crisis and that overproduction crisis will rise to mass unemployment in the capitalist countries. Give us some idea of how this read on the great depression in the interwar years differs from the mainstream view. If you look at the writing of the best known economic historian who has written on the Great Depression, that is Charles Kindleberger, Charles Kindleberger's explanation of the depression is that Britain could not sustain its leadership role. I mean, he argues that capitalism as an international system requires a leader that Britain could not sustain its role as a leader while the United States was not yet in a position unwilling to assume the role of that leader. But why couldn't Britain sustain its role as a leader? Britain's role as the leader of the national system characterised above all by the gold standard was because of the colonial arrangement. When you go into why Britain could not sustain its role as a leader, the answer lies in the collapse of the colonial arrangement, impossibility of the colonial arrangement to play the role it was doing before for reasons that I mentioned. You can no longer play that kind of role. So while Kindleberger looks at phenomena correctly, but he doesn't go into an explanation of this phenomena, which are rooted in the relationship between metropolis and the colonies. You define imperialism as this relationship between capitalism and its setting. So in the case of this period, that relationship is the regime imposed under colonialism. So after the exhaustion of the colonial arrangement and then the interwar years as the second period, you see the post- Second World War years, the so-called golden age of capitalism as demarcating a third period in your read of the history of capitalism. And so a new regime in capitalism's relationship with its setting. So tell us about that. Well, in the interwar years itself, Keynes had come up with the idea that the state could play the role which earlier, and Keynes didn't say colonialism, but Keynes started with the state could play the role of providing a market. You see, colonialism, according to the British economic history and space all is something which provided a market on tap. Like you can open and close the tap, you could actually open and close the amount you could sell to the colonies. That actually the state could provide such a market. You know, Kuleski defined sales to the state as an export surplus from the capitalist sector to the state. When the state actually uses a fiscal deficit to buy these goods, it is as if the capitalist sector is making an export surplus. Even when the state doesn't use a fiscal deficit, the state taxes, nonetheless there is even at a balanced budget, there is a certain amount of sales that can be made to the state. And therefore, Keynes had already suggested that the state could provide a market so that capitalism doesn't have to be afflicted with mass unemployment. When Keynes made this suggestion, nobody took this very seriously. I mean, you know, everybody said, yes, he's a very well known economist and all that, but his ideas certainly in Britain were not taken very seriously at that time. In the post-Second World War period, capitalism moves to Keynesian what is called demand management, namely that the state comes in in a very big way, both in the United States and in Europe as a market for capitalist state expenditure increases the proportion of GDP, and therefore the state provides a substantial market, and therefore the overproduction crisis is overcome. And when it is overcome, capitalism experiences very low levels of unemployment, high levels of aggregate demand because of which there is high levels of accumulation, investment growth, and because there is high level of growth, there's also high level of labor productivity. What is more, some of the labor productivity increasing innovations which were not introduced during the depression period of the interwar years are now introduced because there is a movement, and because of that there is a substantial increase in labor productivity, and because unemployment is low, workers bargaining strength is high, trade unions are strong, they bid away substantially the increase in labor productivity in the form of higher wages. So the workers' standard of living increases. And in Europe, the government expenditure additionally takes the form of social welfare expenditures, which again also benefits the workers. So the workers generally are benefited by this boom, which is why it's sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Education. No unemployment, high rates of increase in real wages, and welfare payments of various kinds. So this is the Golden Age of Education. This Golden Age is made possible through state intervention in the past. But in this third phase, while the state provides the market, the other aspect of colonialism, which was the metropolis could obtain at non-increasing prices, a whole variety of raw materials as it expanded its output and so on, that role does not get fulfilled during this. So there is no way of acquiring raw materials at will from the market because of the fact that these colonies have now become politically independent. They can no longer be taxed like in the old days by the colonial state. And therefore, there is no mechanism for actually extracting these resources from them. So the Golden Age period fulfills one role of colonialism, but not the other role. That other role not being fulfilled does not immediately create a problem for capitalism. We explain why, but it does ultimately create a problem, which is what brings the Golden Age to an end. It creates a problem of inflation.  And that is what makes the Golden Age unsustainable. And there is now a tendency who, particularly during this period when finance has grown, there is a tendency to bring the Golden Age to an end. There's pressure to have a new regime, which is the new liberal regime. Capitalism then needed a new relationship with its setting as one of two basic needs was not being met. As the regime in the Golden Age had no mechanism to ensure, as you say, that the metropolis, the capitalist core, could get at non-increasing price as a whole variety of raw materials as the capitalist system expanded output. Explain more about why inflation didn't become a problem sooner. If you require raw materials of various kinds of nutrients from the tropical regions, there are two ways you can get it. One is that the production in these regions increases and you take away the additional product or you buy the additional product. The other is when there is no increase in production, but you simply get your requirements by squeezing the local people's adoption. This is what colonialism did. Colonialism did not give rise to an increase in the production of tropical agriculture, of the tropical primary commodities. What colonialism did was to actually squeeze local consumption in order to take away the goods that it required. This is something which was made possible because you have political control over the colonies. What happens during the Golden Age period is that many of these countries have also become independent. Almost all of them over a period of time became independent. When they become independent, you have new governments there and these governments in turn actually started encouraging peasant agriculture in very many ways because they were committed to doing that as a part of their anti-colonial struggle. Therefore, even though of course the richer sections of the peasantry benefited from these government measures and so on, there was an increase in agricultural production, the like of which had not been seen for 1500 years before. You had an increase in production. Therefore, the inflationary pressures were kept in check and what is more, we argue there, the different third world countries competing against one another to push out more and more exports of primary commodities so that they can actually obtain foreign exchange to buy their requirements of industrial capital goods and so on which they can industrialize their economies. That played a role in keeping commodity prices low. As a matter of fact, you found that the terms of trade between manufacturing and primary commodities moved against the latter for a very long period in the post-second world war years. Robert, comment more broadly on stability in the value of money in capitalism, more specifically on what disrupts that stability and what mechanisms capitalism has to protect the value of money. Now, the stability in the value of money is something which actually gets disrupted from very many different sources. One very obvious source from which it gets disrupted is of course, if you have workers bargaining strength, being so powerful that they demand higher money wages, therefore, they demand a higher share of output when the capitalists are willing to give that share of output. The other is if there's a rise in raw material prices and the rise in raw material prices then implies that costs go up and if the final goods prices remain unchanged, then the share of profits must go down. If the capitalists are willing, that is different, but they would not be willing. Therefore, the value of money can get disrupted in these very many different ways. The mechanism that capitalism has for preventing the value of money getting disrupted because of bargaining strength of the workers, because workers demand higher money wages which then give rise to inflation is by having a reserve army of labor so that their bargaining strength is nullified. The other in which capitalist countries try to prevent a disruption in the value of money is by ensuring, as I said, that the raw material produces whenever there is any tendency for raw material prices to rise, there is an income deflation that can be imposed upon them. In the old days, it was imposed through the colonial finance mechanism. Nowadays, through the globalization of finance and austerity policies and so on. So capitalism operates in these very many different ways to ensure that the value of money does not get disrupted. In earlier comments about the late 60s, early 70s, as a period when all the advanced capitalist countries suffered inflation, you said pressure built to get onto a new regime, especially as that was a period when finance had grown. So bring that into the mix. Talk now about the growth of finance in that period. The whole growth of finance requires the absence of inflation. This inflation occurring in the late 60s and early 70s is something which came against the interests of the growth of finance that had occurred because finance requires price stability. Now, the growth of finance that occurred is partly, of course, a certain natural process. There is a certain automatic growth of finance that takes place in any process of growth of any economy. But additionally, there were two factors which are very important. One factor is the continuous outpouring of dollars from the United States because the United States, which had assumed the leadership role of the capitalist world, runs a persistent current account deficit. Why does it do so? Because above all, I mean, it has actually built up a number of military bases all over the world and it has to undertake expenditures in maintaining those military bases, which are all meant to encircle the socialist country which was supposed to contain the threat of socialism from engulfing the capitalist countries and therefore the US as the leader of the capitalist world runs a current account deficit. Now, when it runs a current account deficit, it pays under the Bretton Wood system for this current account deficit by printing dollars. You see, Britain as a leader of the capitalist world for the first world war also ran a deficit vis-à-vis all the advanced capitalist countries, but Britain did not settle that deficit by printing pound sterling. It settled that deficit by the colonial drain that it had got because of which it got hold of colonial goods and sold it to them and it got this colonial goods gratis. Therefore, in some sense, the growth of finance which arises because this is the outpouring of dollars that entered into the various European banks, American banks also and as deposits and therefore there's a massive build up of finance. The massive build up of finance is also a reflection of the end of the colonial relationship in one sense, namely that the leading capitalist countries no longer able to settle its deficit by taking surplus of the colonies but has to print IOU, print dollars. So the US gets indebted by every time the US prints a dollar, somebody holds a dollar, it's an IOU of the US, therefore the US gets indebted. This indebtedness didn't arise with Britain. On the contrary, Britain was the biggest capital exporter because it had access to the colonial resources. It took away colonial resources through the so-called losses of the drain. Now, that is the second source of the enormous increase in finance and the third source as we mentioned is that you have a rise in oil prices and because of that suddenly money shifts, resources shift from the pockets of large numbers of oil consumers to the pockets of oil shakes and of course they put it into the American banks. So there was a huge concentration of resources in the hands of these banks. So for all these reasons, there's a massive increase in finance capital and this finance capital is sought to be invested everywhere. They don't want to just hold it as money, as cash, as deposits. They would like to invest it all over the world. The Bretton Wood system had capital controls, so they get rid of the Bretton Wood system. Capital controls go. Now there's a globalization of finance and that globalization of finance also implicitly serves to reduce the inflationary pressures by imposing income deflation, by imposing a squeeze of the purchasing power of the third world countries, but this time not through taxes, not through the colonial arrangement, but because of the fact that now government expenditures have to be cut, austerity has to be there, has to be imposed on these countries and so on because of which again they have a squeeze of their purchasing power because of which the raw material prices which had increased come down and when they come down that settles the inflationary phenomenon in the advanced capitalist countries. This brings us to the fourth period in your read of the history of capitalism, that we'll be taking up next. Just to quickly sum up so far, the first period, the colonial regime, you argue, is the only period in the history of capitalism that actually fulfilled both of two basic needs of capitalism and the exhaustion and collapse of which marks what you see as the second period of capitalism, the interwar years and the Great Depression. The regime that followed in the third period in the post-second world war years, you argue, fulfilled only one of capitalism's two basic needs, that being it played the role of providing a market on tap, but had no mechanism to impose income deflation on the third world. Explain more about this change from the regime in the period of the post-World War II years to that of the era of globalization. You see, the years of globalization are the opposite. They actually have the means of imposing income deflation. Suppose there is inflation anywhere, I mean, suppose there's inflation in the metropolis, one way of controlling that inflation is by bringing down raw material prices and how do you bring down raw material prices by reducing the local absorption of these raw materials or by reducing the cost of production of these raw materials. One way you can do it is by imposing austerity on these economies that produce raw materials so that their money wages are kept down, their local absorption is kept down and so on. And this is exactly what globalization does. Globalization, above all, is something which ensures that whenever there is any inflationary pressures, the government immediately takes measures of austerity. The interest rates are increased because of which, you know, you have a reduction in demand and so on. So the globalized regime has means of imposing income deflation on the tropical third world countries. But it has no means for state expenditure to provide the market. State expenditure can increase the level of demand only if either it is financed by taxing the capitalist or it is financed by fiscal deficit. If the state taxes workers and spends, the workers would have spent that money anyway, so there's no net increase in demand. I mean, if the state takes away $100 from a worker, the worker would have spent the $100, therefore the state taking away the $100 implies a reduction in the workers' demand by $100, so if the state spends the $100, there's no net increase in demand. Net increase in demand arises only if the state takes away resources and the capitalist, not the workers, or if it just doesn't take away any resources and just has a fiscal deficit. Now a fiscal deficit and taxing capitalist is something which is anathema as far as globalized finance capital is concerned. Obviously, it would not like a tax on capitalists because after all, any such tax is something which would also affect its own interests and it also would not like a fiscal deficit. Now that's quite interesting why it does not like a fiscal deficit. Incidentally, all European countries have this limit of fiscal deficit of 3% of the GDP. Other than the United States, virtually every capitalist country in the world actually has a limit on the amount of fiscal deficit as a proportion of GDP. The EU has that limit. Every other country has that limit. You ask yourself, why does it have a limit? We don't have a limit on the minimum amount of health expenditure the government can undertake. We don't have a limit on the minimum amount of education expenditure the government can undertake as a percentage of GDP. We don't have a limit on the minimum amount of tax revenue that the government can generate as a percentage of GDP. But we have this one thing. This one thing is a limit on the magnitude of the fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP. And that implies that the fiscal deficit cannot be expanded. Therefore, there is no means of expanding demand through state intervention, which is what Keynes had wanted. This basically makes the regime of globalization that now you can impose income deflation, you can keep down inflation. But on the other hand, what you cannot do is to get an increase in the size of the market for metropolitan capitalism products. Now again, this regime had a certain life because even though you did not have state playing that role, there were periodic bubbles in the United States. One was the dot com bubble before the 90s. And when that collapsed, then you had the housing bubble earlier part of the century because of which these bubbles temporarily give a boost to the capitalist system. Because with the bubbles, people believe that their wealth has increased. And with that, they also buy more goods and so on. There is a certain wealth effect on consumption that arises because of the bubbles. There's a wealth effect on investment that arises if the bubble is one that actually occurs in the financial sector and reduces the cost of borrowing. So you have the bubble stimulating the US economy and the US being the biggest economy, the world economy in various ways. And that keeps the globalized regime going. But when the bubbles come to an end, for instance, after the collapse of the housing bubble, you can't generate a bubble to your liking as you desire. And that's why capitalism has been stuck more or less in a protracted crisis after the collapse of housing. This period of protracted crisis marks the fifth and current period in your read of the history of capitalism. For more background on all of this, comment on changes in the nature of this state that were ushered in during the regime of neoliberal globalization. Now we have globalized finance. And with globalized finance and the nation state, the nation state willy nilly has to listen to the whims of globalized finance. Otherwise, finance would leave your country. So the very act of globalization of finance and a country's economy being exposed to the globalization of finance undermines the autonomy of its state. The state cannot do what it likes. And what is more, you have different political formations not able to provide alternatives before the people, because all of them more or less as long as they are caught in this web of globalized finance have to pursue the same policies, which are the policies that globalized finance likes. Now what are these policies? One I have already mentioned that you have an imposition of a limit on the magnitude of the fiscal deficit of the percentage of GDP.  That's because finance demands it, because finance does not like fiscal deficits. The second is that the state did a lot of things for peasants agriculture. The state purchased peasants a product at assured remunerative prices. The state subsidized inputs. The state subsidized credit for peasants agriculture. The state itself undertook substantial investment in irrigation, substantial investments in research and development for promoting innovations into peasant agriculture. The state at the same time had an enormous extension service through which these innovations or these processes, new methods were disseminated among millions of peasants. So the state had done many things to support the petty production sector and peasant agriculture. Now one of the things that globalization of finance and the fact that the nation state cannot take policies of its liking, one of the ways that manifests itself is of course that now the state has to withdraw support from the petty production sector and concentrate support only for the financial sector to ensure that it remains credit worthy to ensure that it is not downgraded by the credit rating agencies to ensure that public sector is privatized to ensure that education and health care which are critical services provided by the state in that earlier period is something which is privatized and therefore made more expensive. So in very many different ways now the state has to pursue policies to the liking of finance and unlike the policies it was pursuing earlier. Talk more about this major change in the state as it applies to the post-colonial countries of the global south. Right, even though the country has been decolonized, the post-colonial government has to more or less pursue policies which are to the liking of metropolitan capital, which are to the liking of globalized finance capital with which the domestic big monopolies are also integrated. They are part of this globalized finance capital that moves around the world. Even though you have an independent government, the independent government cannot pursue policies which are in the interest of the people inside the country but they must pursue policies which are in the interest of metropolitan capital, globalized finance and domestic big monopolies, all of whom are in fact more or less interrelated. But the kind of policies that it pursued earlier, which entailed some degree of protection for workers for instance, which entailed some degree of support for peasant agriculture, which entailed some degree of support for petty production in these countries by which I mean handicraft production and so on. All of those policies are withdrawn. So earlier, that means even after decolonization, the state appeared to be placed above the classes as a neutral entity even though it may be a state defending capitalist property. But it was something that appeared to be placed above classes which were looking after the interests of the various classes in varying degrees. Now what happens is that the state no longer has that kind of a neutral look but the state is explicitly, explicitly embroiled with big capital, domestic and foreign and explicitly doing things which go against the interests of the workers and the peasants and the producers, fishermen, craftsmen and so on. We're going to break and be back with the third and concluding segment of this conversation with Prabha Patnik. Prabha Patnik, thank you. Thank you very much. And from Geneva, Switzerland, thank you for joining us in this segment of GP News Docs.


I welcome you in the course of leadership emotional intelligence and the CN making. This is module number 6 and we are going to talk about post-heroic models of leadership. In the concern of post-heroic models of leadership, the main concern we have that with the passage of time, the world was able to witness certain corporate scandals, particularly by the turn of the century. A few big corporate scandals were in front of us, in which Anuron, world-com-like companies which were taken up as the Fortune 500 best run companies were bankrupt.  The leaders were not able to sustain the organizations over a period of time. When corporate scandals came, the theory of leadership totally changed, we had issues like corporate governance that started evolving and the role of the CEO and the Board of Directors was emphasized on that. The second thing which we study in post-heroic models is that the romance of leadership concept was actually vanished. And the crisis was that a leadership might have lost a magical act. And this time the focus began to be that actually leaders are the people who are responsible, they need to be ethical, they need to be authentic, they need to be ordered. And along with all the qualities, the leaders are responsible and accountable as well. So with the passage of time, the charisma about the leadership concept was more focused upon the organizational outcomes. Likewise, there was a concept evolved which is known as quiet leadership. And in terms of the quiet leadership, it is said that the role of the leader actually is to develop people's positive thoughts. They need to develop them in such a way that they reach their goal in such a way that where the objectives, targets, key performance indicators are being achieved, the long-term sustainability and profitability of the organization can be achieved. Likewise, the leader should be ethical, he should know about do's and don'ts, he should know about right and wrong, and he should be responsible for his work, and he should be responsible and accountable for all the outcomes that the organization is achieving. Likewise, the leader should be working and acting like a servant. And the concept we developed is servant leadership, which is a very interesting concept. When we talk about servant leadership, servant leadership is basically talking about the integrity and the honesty of the leader. The servant leadership is talking about the power sharing, that rather than leader, they should keep all the power with them, they should be decentralized, they should operate with the delegation of authority, they should empower people so that they can bring about their creativity and innovation. So the servant leadership is something which is there to support and promote the followers by all possible means. Likewise, the third aspect in servant leadership is talking about the leader's citizenship role, that the leader should count among them, the leader should serve among the people, with whom he should achieve the results, the targets, the performance outcomes. So his citizenship behavior will not only be limited to his job duty, rather it will go beyond that. And the concept of the OCB, under that OCB, the person would be performing more than what is actually being asked to that particular person. In servant leadership, another important thing is that there is selfless service, where there is no self-centeredness, where the leader should not focus only on me, but on the other. Where the leader is all there to serve the needs, the requirements of the organization, as well as the followers. Now, in contemporary leadership context, when we talk, particularly when we are developing in the 21st century, the main concept we have here is that rather than you are doing two others, you have to focus upon doing with others, so that there is an opportunity to establish a relationship, where people are being supported and promoted, where you are working with them, rather than you are only working with them. Likewise, when we talk about contemporary leadership, the contemporary issues are talking in terms of ethics, are talking in terms of authentic leadership, and are talking in terms of distributed leadership. These are all the concepts required in the 21st century. And without all these things, organizations would not be able to sustain their long-term stay in the market or in the industry. The reason being that we have become much more conscious, the followers, the stakeholders, they are all getting very conscious, they are all getting very aware about what is going on in the market, in the industry. And until the leader speaks in an ethical, authentic and distributive context, the followers are not there to approve his or her true leadership. If we conclude all this, then remember that in the contemporary leadership context, we need to focus upon that we have to work with the people. We are not there just to deliver the orders. And we will have to keep contact with people in ethical concerns, authentic aspects, and distributive perspectives. So that the relationship of trust can be enhanced, and organization is going to have higher performance. Thank you.


and welcome back to Teens on Topic. I'm your host, Senator Hughes, and today we'll be talking about the COVID-19 epidemic. So first to get us started off, we wanted to bring into discussion what this epidemic is like for us as teenagers of Davis and having our expertise and our viewpoint for teenagers around America and around the world. So with that, just putting the question what have your guys' experiences been so far with this pandemic? I would say so far my family's really lucky with dealing with this pandemic in the sense that they have not lost their jobs, were able to successfully go to the grocery store and get any supplies we need. We're not hoarders, I can promise that. But it's first things first, my family I definitely know is like very lucky, but of course we've all lost things during this pandemic. My cousin was actually affected, tested positive for COVID-19. Luckily he has recovered successfully, but I also have an uncle who's working as a doctor currently. So it's been pretty stressful. Yeah, it's been pretty stressful. We're all seniors here, so we've all had that affected. But other than that, we've been pulling through pretty okay. Yeah, Ben, what do you think? I think what's interesting from a kid's point of view is that by and large, it's not like a serious health risk to most kids, like barring some kind of other health problems. So it's mostly just an issue of how it affects our families health-wise and then kind of what those impacts are, things like prom being canceled or graduation being canceled or like there's issues that to us like seem like big deals, but then you just step back for a minute and think about it. It's like, wait, there are people who are like have lost everything and we've lost a few months of like high school stuff. I mean, it's really like it's bad, but I think we should also be grateful that to us it's really not as big of a deal as it is to a lot of people worldwide. So like I definitely think it has affected us, but we're fortunate that it hasn't by and large affected kids in a way where we see lots of kids dying. So I'm very much grateful for that. Zara, what do you think? I agree with that because I noticed like sometimes my friends are like, we should just, you know, break the law and we should just hang out. But I always see that as a concern, like because I don't have my grandparents living in the United States. So I don't really have interaction with them, but I have friends who have, you know, grandparents with chronic health problems. And I see it as kind of like, you know, I don't want to harm my friends family because my mother works, you know, in the hospital and she's still at work. And so it's kind of, you know, you don't know what's coming into the house. We don't know how things, you know, how it will affect other families. And so I see it as, you know, sure, my senior stuff is kind of cancel my, you know, college first year college will probably be, you know, fall will be online. But I think that's just, you know, something we're able to deal with.  And so it's kind of, I look at it as another perspective. And I just see it as just actually kind of a minor thing. So for sure. Adam, what's your perspective on this? I think it really just puts everything in our lives in perspective. Like, like Ben and Zara said, like, there's all these things that people are losing. And it really just like, makes me want to not take those things for granted, because there's things like school prom that I'm missing out on that I kind of expected to have those were like, certain in my life, things that are looking forward to.  And I think that's what this whole situation has taught me personally for sure. Yeah. And kind of building off of what Adam said, what I think is interesting is that we're seeing and kind of realizing that a lot of things which we took for granted as being like necessary institutions are actually really social constructs, like things like going to school five days a week, like it hadn't really occurred to me, like if something more important comes up, we can just not do that. We can have online school. And it's really the things that we think are like these necessary aspects of life really aren't even necessary when there's something like more important, like a pandemic that actually affects people's health and could potentially be fatal. When there are more important things than things that we view as being like the most important parts of our life, take a backseat. And I think that's kind of a cool thing to remember and just use that to keep this all in perspective. For sure. Well, you guys all have very, very positive and very self aware views on this. It's very nice. I saw a quote recently, it said that we're all in the same storm, but we don't all necessarily have the same boat. So there are those of us in society. And Zoe and Ben, you guys both talked about this, who are very fortunate in that we aren't losing that much. It sucks that we don't have prom, right? And it sucks that we aren't getting to finish out our senior year, but we also are fortunate enough to ourselves not be so impacted by the virus. And from what I've heard from many students in Davis is that, like what Zoe said, some of us do have friends and family who are affected by the virus. But by and large, there aren't that many people who are losing family members to this. But that's not the case for everyone. We see 16 million Americans who have filed for unemployment to date now. So across the country, people are losing not only their jobs, but their lives too. The death toll continues to climb every day. So same storm of COVID-19 being this pandemic, but somewhat different boats there. So going off of that, I saw the Wall Street Journal, they posted an article recently that was talking about the impact of COVID-19 on the jobs market. And moreover, on the graduating class of 2020 for college students. And so these students were supposed to be entering the hottest job market in 50 years. And all of that is now completely gone. Job opportunities have all dried up, internships have been pulled. And these kids who were majors in biochemistry, engineering, aerospace, they've all been told by their college counselors to not hold out for their dream job or the job that they've been training for for so long, and that they should just take what they can now. So what do you guys think about that situation and the students who are in that position of having to enter this recession-style job market? And what do you guys think of our futures? Do you think that it will impact us to the point of maybe looking for jobs this summer or even into college? Who? Which person would you call? Anyone can talk? Ben, go ahead. Yeah. So I mean, this obviously isn't the first time we've seen something like this, right? Like there was like the 2008 recession, then further back, of course, you have like the Great Depression. And there were just lots of time periods where obviously it's been harder to find a job. So in that sense, it's not something that's unprecedented. And I think my guess as a person who knows basically nothing about economics, I would think probably that it'll be like a somewhat temporary thing, right? Like for now, somebody who studied engineering might end up having like a non-engineering job. But then once this, like once the economy kind of recovers to a large extent, which it probably will at some point, you would think, then at that point, I would speculate that it would be possible for those people to kind of move back towards getting jobs they had trained for or dreamed of having. So it's probably mostly a temporary issue. The whole economic like crisis here, it's not caused by like some underlying economic factor, right? It's just caused by a disease outbreak that's made people need to stop working. So in that sense, once the disease outbreak goes away, I think you, my guess would be that it would be reasonable to expect a quicker economic recovery, then you would see if it were, if the economic crisis were caused by some really deep underlying economic problem that had to be worked out. Once the disease is gone, it'll probably the economic impacts of that will probably be gone at some point too, making this a pretty temporary thing. Adam, do you have anything to add on? Yeah, just going off of that. I think the hardest part about this in regards to the economy is there's no timeline. It's a virus, you know, a vaccine could be one, two years out and there's no like certainty of it being cured then. So there's no guarantee that people can go back to work in the, you know, upcoming future. And this has affected me personally too, like my parents were considering a gap year for me, but just like going off of that, there's what would I do? Like I can't work, I can't travel. So it's just like everything is at like a frozen, like nothing is going like the economy has stopped it's just hard because employers don't know when they can start hiring people again. For sure. Yeah, Zoe? I feel like, yeah, I totally agree with Adam in the sense that this is so unpredictable. I've heard several different, like I've heard several different months and several different values of time as to where this is going to end, but no one really, really knows. Like people suspect, people suspect another six months of nothing will ever be normal again. People have said by the end of May, others have said that we won't or we'll start college, if we're going to college, we'll start that online, even if we intended to, even if we intended to go out of state for that. So I, in terms of jobs, I'm really nervous because I was intending to get a job during the summer, but now that doesn't look like it's going to happen. But I honestly, I really don't know what's going to happen. It's really unpredictable. And I don't think anyone knows, none of the politicians, none of the scientists have been the most consistent yet the politicians don't really seem to be listening to them on this, but yeah. Yeah, Zahra, what's your take?   But like, I kind of see that as, you know, part of me thinks that somehow we have been put on hold and people are realizing that some jobs that can be done online should be done online. And that when this is kind of over those things that need to be in person, like if you're a hairdresser, if you, you know, I don't know, like a lot of jobs that have to be kind of done in person, but are yet canceled and like told to be closed can resume. But I don't know, it's kind of confusing because everyone's pushing back the date further and further.  And plus these things can every year, like if it's going to be like the flu, it's going to change every year. It's not the same vaccine won't work always. So yeah, yeah, definitely. I think these are all really, really great takes on the matter. And Adam, you had talked about considering a gap year for going into college next year. And I think that's really interesting, because I was doing, you know, just the exact same thing. The college that I'm planning on attending next fall, just today put out a notice that they think that classes for the fall quarter might be online. So, so yeah, I mean, I spent a lot of time too thinking about would a gap year be best, but then also, you know, exactly like you mentioned, what are you going to be doing during that time? So Ben, Zoe and Zara, have you guys given any thought to schooling in the fall of 2020 and, you know, college decisions and what you're going to be doing for that? Yeah, I mean, part of the issue is we don't know what'll happen. I don't think anybody knows what'll happen. I think anybody who tells you that they know exactly what's going to happen is probably lying to you. So it's really tough to make plans when you have no idea what you're planning for. So I mean, I've kind of thought about it like hypothetically, like, oh, maybe if school ends up being online in the fall, I might do a gap year. I might yeah, do something else. But then it's really tough to actually like start making concrete definitive plans for doing that when there's just as high of a chance that classes won't be online. So yeah, it's just tough to prepare when you don't know what you're preparing for. Sure. Yeah, I already committed to college and I'm also taking a summer course through that will be online. And so I kind of been, I feel like I was, you know, thinking that if it's going to be online, I should just still take it because I'll anyways, still kind of be on the track to graduating, you know, at the time, you know, 2024. So I kind of it, I think, honestly, for me, that it's, I think I would rather do it online. In my opinion, I know it would be different kind of environment. I won't be needing new people. I won't be able to kind of have those same ways that you would be having office hours with your professor. And so I think I haven't actually even considered, you know, thinking about a gap year I just, and it with the problem was also for me picking to decide to commit to a college because the college I committed to actually hadn't even visited because I was expecting the visit in spring when I heard back from all of for spring break when I heard back from all of them, I'd go out on a road trip and see them. And my top college, which I got accepted to didn't even, I can't even go, I can get see them. So it's kind of even hard because I was like, do I even feel like I can be on this campus? So it'll be also a jump to even if, you know, freshmen second semester to jump in on campus will be kind of weird because you already know your professors yet in a different way. For sure. Yeah, yeah, that's a really interesting point. Zoe, what do you think? Well, it's like for for 12 years, we've been told what's going to happen to us. Like we've been told what comes after this. And then we've also been kind of we've kind of had it branded into our minds that like, here's college treated as a necessity priced as a luxury. Here's how you get there. And then it's you go to point a point B point C point D, maybe point a point five. But at the end of the day, it's like I've always been pressed to go into college.  And after that, you get a job. Now that's that's all been put to a halt this fragile like stoic system that we've had has been put to a halt. So I feel like I've not been and we've kind of been told what to do for that. So it feels like for once in our life, even the administrative don't know what to tell us what to do. So that's um, yeah, it's kind of everyone just kind of rolling with the punches. No one's really in full control of the situation. I haven't really um, sometimes I feel like I not able to afford to consider um, alternative options because I've never been told what if I what if I don't want to. Yeah, what if I don't want to go down the mainstream path now that now that everything's been thrown into chaos. So, um, yeah. No, no, I mean, I think that's a really good point there about, you know, we have been told that this is what we're going to be doing for the past 12 years, right? And and now it's kind of all changed in a matter of just a couple of months. So so yeah. And and of course given that none of us are infectious disease experts or, you know, virus experts or up there in the echelons of power, the governors or the national politicians who are trying to figure this out. Are you guys optimists or pessimists? When do you guys think the country might reopen? Zoe? I'm actually kind of leaning more towards optimism. I was I had in mind in March, I was like, oh, this will be done by mid May is not going to be done by mid May. But I still feel like during the summer, things are going to clear up. And I also think that I also think that this is where it's finally like the last straw where we're calling out the horribleness of our health care system, the fragility of our school system. I'm not saying that this virus is a good thing, like not in the slightest. It's just it's just it forces us to reflect on the systems that we've built up for so long that we've said that is the only way that things can happen like with jobs. Like, that's the only way you can do your job going into office of going into an office nine to five o'clock out. Maybe that's maybe that's not all there is and this and this whole quarantine situation is really forcing that into the light. For sure. Yeah, Ben, what do you think? I think it's really important to determine what we mean by like when this whole thing's over because I feel like there's going to be a point at which there is still coronavirus spreading among the population at which people decide that we're no longer willing to quarantine ourselves because the costs of being locked down the economic costs of having 20 million Americans not working are all of a sudden outweighing the health harms caused by coronavirus. Yeah, we saw that this weekend with the protests in Milwaukee. Yeah, right. Yeah. So I really think that at some point people are just going to decide like basically make a decision that we're going to start prioritizing the economy over people's health. And I mean whether that's right or wrong, I think the question is not when will the coronavirus stop infecting people, but it's when are we going to think that that's no longer as bad as the economic harm is being caused by it? So I think that's really just like a value judgment that's probably going to end up being made by yeah people in power or yeah politicians. So it's really yeah whenever they decide to pull the trigger and say that one of those two things is no longer as bad as the other. That's when this whole thing will end. Yeah, Zara what do you think? I think that at some point this might become maybe like I'm optimistic at some point we will you know the quarantine will have to be lifted, but I think this might become kind of like a new normal like maybe this kind of reemerges every year just kind of like the flu. And I think that at some point people will kind of have to realize that we can't just continue you know being holed up in your house all the time like you will have to go back to going you know to what we used to do before. So I'm optimistic that you know it will be lifted you know whenever I don't know when, but it will happen. Sure Adam what do you think? I think like Ben said it's really going to come down to a cost benefit analysis that is going to have to be made by our society as a whole. It's tough to predict anything substantial at this point, but I mean I'm hopeful for the summer and you know having the opportunity to go to college in the fall and just continue life is normal. Sure yeah and Ben and Adam I think those are really excellent points that you guys make about the cost benefit analysis and you know that in my mind at least this doesn't end until we have a vaccine you know it's just we do not live in a world where people are going to be comfortable going to a crowded movie theater or a stadium or a college where you know people are going to be standing or sitting shoulder to shoulder with people unless there's a vaccine. So until that point which you know vaccines take 12 to 18 months and sometimes with some diseases we never get them. So you know it's going to be a long wait for that and until then we need to keep weighing that you know that cost benefit is it you know worth reopening and we've seen that in countries around the world developing countries that don't necessarily have the luxury that America has of getting to choose to shut down. So we saw that in Mexico and we saw that in Brazil for instance the Brazilian president released a statement saying that people die of you know people have to die right and it that has to come at some point so it might as well because be because of coronavirus and you know as as kind of boorish and unfeeling as that might seem um you know when you look at the situations for countries around the world um and what could very well become the situation in America the life cost of not reopening actually dwarfs the cost of the virus itself you know there becomes a point where in the quarantines and in the shutdowns we can't keep food on the shelves right where society isn't functioning to a level where people are losing their lives not because of the virus but because of the breakdown of society and so that's why countries like brazil and mexico have chosen to keep open but on the other hand we see um countries like korea china um territories like hong kong where they reopen and they see spikes in cases so i think from that you know my take on the whole thing would be to reopen at any point before we have a vaccine would be to see a spike in cases and with that a spike in deaths but um ben and adam like you guys said it's going to come down to you know what we as a society value so you like the protesters in milwaukee over the past couple of days who have kind of made the call that we have to reopen and it's worth the lives lives lost versus um you know the opinions on the other side of the aisle so until that day you know happy quarantine everyone and i hope you guys have been been finding uh good activities to fill your guys's days and before we sign off here is there anything else that anyone wants to bring up talk about uh put on the table for discussion i think one last thing is like i don't think it's up to the the individual to make that call at like at what point should we stop quarantining like if we have some people saying yes let's keep quarantining and some people saying no i'm sick of this i'm gonna walk out outside now like the problem is is that then you have the economic harms of half of society not working and you still have people being sick so i i would say that until our society collectively reaches a point where we're comfortable saying let's end this quarantine then even if people personally feel like we shouldn't be doing it then i think they should still be complying with it and still be understanding that this is a collective decision we have to make not an individual choice sure yeah does anyone else want to add anything i will to end on a light note um how have you guys been uh spending your quarantine filling the days zahra uh well i've been kind of just doing arts and crafts i mean i've been doing a lot of also video games found some new video games to play because i finally found the time i didn't have the right essays over the weekend so now kind of had free time so that's what i've been doing very nice zoe um i've been trying to yeah i've been doing a lot of art as well and then um like going through cd cabinets like places in the house where i can like relive feelings of nostalgia um i went through like all my barbie movies um miyazaki films um and my next stop is star wars so i'm just kind of um going through like every part of the house where i was intending to say goodbye in september but then i'd be a little longer but yeah adam uh recently me and my mom planted a small garden so we got some like habaneros tomatoes and now cucumbers to my grandma uh we're working on that and then i've also just been trying to exercise as much as i can keep my mental health strong nice then i've just been reading hanging out with the family yeah just taking the time to like enjoy the things that we don't usually have time to do like like just lying outside enjoying the warm sun it's like when i have like 10 complet essays i have to worry about that's not something that i have time to do so just taking the time to enjoy those smaller things in life very nice yeah yeah i've been uh been spending a lot of time with um with the family uh going on really long walks and and i've been trying to trying to cook something something fun every day so so yeah yeah that's that's been that's been my quarantine well thank you ben zara zoey and adam for joining us here today and thank you everyone who's tuning in and i hope you've enjoyed our social distancing version of teens on topic i've been your host cedric use and we'll see you next time