Hola, em sentiu? Can you hear me? Yes? Okay, very good. It feels so nice. Las sensaciones son tan buenas, es tan fantástico de ver este auditorio después de un año y medio de una situación muy difícil para los profesores y para los estudiantes. Very difficult situation, muy complicada por todos. Okay, so first of all, thank you, gracias and welcome. Bienvenidos, para estar aquí. Okay, so we're in Barcelona, Catalonia, so we're going to start practicing some multilingualism here. Okay, you're all going to be linguists of some sort and so I'll be using Catalan, which is the language of the country, also Spanish because it's the official language in Spain and coefficient in Catalonia. And I'm using English because I know that many of you have chosen us because of this international outlook that Pompeo Fabra is very proud of. Okay, so I'm going to be combining and I think this is going to be, you know, the normal state of things while you're here. So this I think would be one of the first recommendations like soak in this, you know, this language management practices and, you know, just be flexible and enjoy that. I think that's one of the great opportunities in Barcelona. Okay, just one more warning. Ya pasaré el català, y hablaré español después. One COVID thing. So everybody's supposed to wear face covering, face mask. Todo el mundo tiene que llevar mascarilla en clase, en realidad en el campus, vale. Pero hoy en este acto las personas que toman la palabra, people who are taking the floor like myself, like Dr. Pilar Prieto and like our guest speaker, Professor Maria Répecuenca, when we're speaking we're going to remove the face covering, but as soon as we're not speaking, then we will resume wearing the face mask, okay. This auditorium has ventilation, good ventilation, so the campus is very safe, our premises are really safe, so you need not be concerned if I'm not wearing a mask or if Dr. Prieto is not wearing a mask or if our speaker is wearing a mask. Our teachers are going to be wearing masks as long as the medical authorities advise us to, okay. So that's going to be the case for, we don't know how long. If things improve we might see some improvements there also, but at this point I cannot guarantee. By the way I did not introduce myself. I'm Anna Spuña, currently I'm the head of the department of translation and language sciences. And so on behalf of the program coordinators, in fact we have four master's programs here. So on behalf of this, of our coordinators, we thank you for having chosen this department. So what I'll do now is I'll go back to Catalan, then I'll speak in Spanish, and then I'll go back to English, yes. Okay, doncs ara començo en català. Avui donem inici el curs acadèmic dels master's oficials del departament. Són quatre master's, master in studies de traducció, master in studies del discurs, master en lingüística, teòrica i aplicada, i master en traducció entre llengües globals, xines, castellà. En nom dels coordinadors us agraïm que ens hagueu escollit l'emissió d'aquest departament, és fer recerca de primera línia i de traslladar aquest coneixement cap a una formació de posgrau que us permet avançar cap a una carrera professional, sigui en el món acadèmic, en l'ensenyament, en la comunicació, en la traducció. Com he dit en anglès, ens heu escollit també per la vocació internacional de la universitat. Jo crec que trobareu... jo crec que no, estic segura, sóc la directora del departament, per tant, ho conec bé. Trobareu professors compromesos, professors molt ben preparats, i trobareu també un personal d'administració i serveis realment al vostre servei. Jo espero que podreu trobar aquí una comunitat d'aprenentatge i que ens enriquireu amb la vostra presència. Us desitjo només molt bona sort amb els vostres estudis. Ok, ara em passo a l'espanyol. Oida-vos inicio al curso acadèmico de los másteres oficiales del departamento. En nombre de los coordinadores, de los cuatro másteres, son Pilar Prieto, del máster en lingüística teórica y aplicada, el profesor José Francisco Ruiz Casanova, del máster en estudios de traducción, la doctora Gemma Andujar, del máster en traducción entre lenguas globales, y la doctora Encarnación Atienza, del máster en estudios del discurso. En su nombre os doy la bienvenida. Os agradezco que nos hayáis elegido. Como decía en catalán, la misión de este departamento es realizar buena investigación en los ámbitos de la traducción y de las ciencias del lenguaje, en un sentido amplio, y por eso nos enorgullece poder ofrecer cuatro programas de máster distintos, porque tenemos profesores comprometidos, muy bien preparados, y tenemos instalaciones, tenemos infraestructura y ilusión. Y tenemos también un personal de administración y servicios que está realmente a nuestro servicio, y a vuestro servicio. Yo espero que podréis encontrar aquí vuestra comunidad de aprendizaje, que construiréis un buen ambiente de aprendizaje y que nos enriqueceréis con vuestra presencia. Estáis en Barcelona, en Cataluña, en un entorno donde conviven lenguas y culturas muy diversas en Barcelona. Yo creo que se hablan más de... Yo creo que el último censo, Joan, en 300 lenguas diferentes. Por lo tanto, os invitamos no solo a conocernos, a conocer nuestra lengua y nuestra cultura, pero también os invitamos a hacernos participar de la vuestra. Muy bien. Pues os deseo buena suerte en estos estudios. Finalmente, un par de palabras en inglés. Como he dicho, nuestra misión es hacer primer nivel de investigación, y de la nostra ambició. Y transferir ese conocimiento a una educación que prepara estudiants per a un successful i, al menos, el carrer gratificat. La gent sempre usa carrer gratificat. Yo creo que, después de lo que vivimos en los últimos dos años, también deberíamos ser gratificados. En academia o en la industria, en la educación, en la comunicación. Sabemos que hemos decidido para nuestro outlook internacional. Veurás la facultad comitiva, veurás la persona administrativa. Espero sinceramente que estigues a casa aquí i trobem i construït la comunitat. Vull dir que és una experiència molt enrichida. I com he dit, en Barcelona, en Catalunya, m'encantaré a saber-nos, a veure una mica el nostre llenguatge, a participar en la nostra cultura, complexa, com és. I també per enganyar-nos amb el teu procés i les teves experiències. Bona tarda en el teu estudi. Ara em donaré la flora a la doctora Pilar Prieto, coordinadora de la master's en teorètica i pràctica, però crec que ella en parlàveu de cada coordinadora. Pilar, no sé quina llengua et utilitza, però crec que hem fet una base de càrregues. Moltes gràcies, Anna, per aquesta introducció. Jo parlaré en anglès, perquè he pensat també que la majoria, alguns de vosaltres heu vingut, i encara no sabeu prou català o castellà, llavors començarem anglès. Molt clar que Maria Josep ha acceptat la nostra invitació per presentar una conversa en el Departament i estic molt honrada per fer-la una data biogràfica per tu. Personalment, he vingut Maria Josep en reunions i conferències sobre els anys, i sé ella també per la participació en el projecte català i gràmica que ella ha tingut, i pot dir que és una pressa real i que s'està passant. Maria Josep Cuenca és professor de català i lingüística a la Universitat de València i member de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans. La seva investigació focusa en text gràmer i discurs d'anàlisi, sobretot en les xes, compound sentences, connectives, discurs marques en el framework general de les lingüístiques cognitives. Ella ha publicat més de 100 articles sobre les xes que són relacionades amb l'àmbit català i discurs d'anàlisi i molt més que unes setmanes de llocs que han ajudat generacions de estudis per entendre una varieta de topics en lingüística. Ella ha estat una escolar a diferents universitats, com l'Universitat d'Estudis de Venècia, l'Universitat de Califòria a Berkley, l'Universitat d'Esquadra i l'Universitat d'Esquadra. Important, no només ha treballat intensament per una llengua catalana d'un punt científic, d'un punt de vista lingüístic, però també ha contribuït molt a la disseminació i els projectes prescriptius. Professor Cuenca ha estat el director de l'Estudis de Catalunya a l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans, que ha resultat en la publicació de dues grames, que són la pila del nostre sistemes gramàtics. Aquesta és la gramàtica essencial de la llengua catalana del 2018 i la gramàtica bàsica de la llengua catalana del 2019. En relació amb la transició, ella és una part de la llengua tecnolinguística, en relació amb la coordinació de la transició subàrea. Finalment, volia stressar que, en 2020, ella va tenir la creu de Sant Jordi per a la pràctica del nostre govern català. Aquesta és la contribució per a la knowledge i disseminació de la gramàtica catalana. Moltes gràcies, Marius. Moltes gràcies a tots els nostres inheritedats. Moltes gràcies. Bona nit, Marius. És un plaer ser aquí, Bon dia. Quino agradecer a la universitat i la coordinació i els coordinadors de les mestres per convidar-me. Aquest és el meu primer lloc de post-Covid. És una mica emocional, en un sentit, perquè ha estat molt temps. Sobretot vegem com funciona. Avui, parlem de discurs, marques i transmissió, perquè em van preguntar per un topic relacionat amb diverses coses, lingüístiques, discurs, analitzes i transmissió, i em va dir que això pot ser una bona mesura entre aquests diferents països. I, bé, parlem de... Parlem de les essencials, alguns consells bàsics. No puc anar al concepte, perquè hi ha hores i hores de contribuències al topic de discurs, marques, com s'hi pot saber. I molts diferents classificacions, definicions i altres. Però el meu punt és just donar-li un glim de els consells bàsics perquè hi ha aquests consells, d'aquest punt de vista, el meu propós, després de molts anys, treballant en el topic. I, a base d'un estudi de casos, vaig mostrar-li un estudi de casos, analitzant la transmissió dels discurs, marques, en l'acadèmic català, escrivint-li en anglès. I, això... Ho esperem, que això és interessant, no només, no especialment, d'un punt de vista de discurs, sobre català i anglès, però, a fer-nos una cosa sobre discurs, marques, com funcionen, i, també, què és el procés que les translators utilitzen quan transmeten discurs, marques, que, de course, no és un procés conscients, és una cosa que fem, normalment, és espontànius. Però, crec que, en aquests casos de estudi, fins i si és restricte, de course, ha de ser restricte a certes paràmetres, crec que és interessant fer-nos una cosa sobre les nostres idees sobre discurs, marques, sobre transmetent discurs, marques, i, també, sobre algunes de les prèvies contribuïtions a l'àmbit. Ok, doncs, començo amb una definició molt general, que és bàsic, encara que és molt general, potser molt general, però és un punt de començament. Què és el discurs, marquers? Schifrin, en 1987, definia discurs, marques, de següentament dependents unitges que es prenguin de discurs. I, més específicament, diuen que definir marques a més de l'esquadra theoretical com a membres de l'esquadra funcional de verbals i non-verbals que provuen contextuals coordinats per on-going-talk. Aquí, la idea que crec que és la més important idea és que discurs marquers definim una classe funcional, no una classe categòrica. I això és part del problema, i també part de la manera que pensem sobre discurs marquers. Radeker definiria discurs, ella parla de discurs operators, que hi ha molts diferents labels per referir a aquests items. És una frase o una frase, per exemple, una conjuncció d'adverteixement de la interjecció del comentari, que és una altra, amb la funció primària de portar a l'esquadra l'atenció, una part de l'esquadra de l'esquadra de l'esquadra de l'esquadra amb el context de discurs immediat. Hi ha una classe funcional que trobarà diferents categories que poden fer aquesta funció, que és una funció de l'esquadra, l'esquadra entre potions de discurs, que significa que es branca, que es separa, que es separa, both, separa i link. Establish un boundary i també indiqui com el que ha de venir ha de ser interpretat en referència a aquests previst. I... Aquest és encara molt general, com veuràs, doncs hem de anar a dins d'això i ser més específics, però és un lloc de començament. Aleshores, tenim aquesta funció general i el meu punt és que hem de definir quines classes, quines classes es poden performar aquesta funció i aquesta funció general com es pot ser especificat en discurs. Però primer, hi ha una diferència molt important, que no és generalment explicat, però per mi, en el meu estudi és bàsic en la descripció dels discurs marcadors i de com funcionen, i, com veu, és important per l'estudi que presentaré, és el fet que discurs marcadors puguin tenir dues diferències. Hi pot ser utilitzat a l'esquadra connectant parts d'una sentència com un unit independent, com en el primer exemple, o a l'esquadra text. A l'esquadra, el primer exemple, Justin Bieber és l'estudi de Instagram i, per tant, l'estudi de pop music. Aquí tenim, per tant, Linkin, i això és a l'esquadra sentència. L'esquadra de tot és sentència i tenim dues elements que estan linked. A l'esquadra text, un visure also more than such and such copy of the album, the four months, etc. Which was top 20, but nowhere Bieber is more popular than on Instagram. So we here have but, which is linking at text level, this linking the next paragraph with the previous paragraph. So this is important because even even if we have linkage i, a més, els condicions de discurs marquen en un nivell o en l'altre, són diferents, i moltes persones consideren només el text nivell com a discurs marquen. No puc entrar en totes aquestes perspectives diferents, però només manté en compte que tenim aquests elements i, per tant, però, que són discurs marquers, per tant, és clarament considerat com un discurs marquers, i, però, són útils de considerar discurs marquers, però no tots els consideren, perquè són conjunctius, anirem a parlar un petit bit d'això, i algunes persones no consideren el sentit del nivell com a discurs marquen, però com a compound. Però, per cert, l'exemple segon serà considerat per a tots els discurs marquers. I ara, les funcions. Aquesta funcions general de l'inquisic, el meu propòsit, el que és també similar a altres propòsits, com la de Redecker, és similar, no la mateixa clasificació i altres persones, com la de Gann o la de Cribel. So, academics generally identified three or four, it depends on the classification domains, general domains in which a discurs marker can act. So we have the ideational domain or propositional in which the discurs marker indicate a propositional meaning such as addition, disjunction, contrast, concessions. So these are the general meanings that we identify with compound sentences, but they can also be identified at text level, not only in compound sentences. We now have this another domain which is textual domain or sequential or structural, which is the result of the marker bracket in a unit of talk such as the text, the sequence or return, the clear instance of the textual domain is the use of a discurs marker to introduce a turn or a response. And then we also have the interpersonal domain in which we have discurs markers which link, but they also add some interpersonal subjective or intersubjective meaning to what's coming next. So they link as the ones in textual domain, but they also indicate attitude, knowledge or stance of the speaker with respect to what is being said or to the hearer. So we see some examples. So here I am just sketching the general ideas that we will need to follow the case study, okay? So at the ideational domain, for instance, this example, the government had sought time on the grounds that it is in the process of establishing appropriate medical and physical fitness standards and building required infrastructure which includes et cetera, the bench however rejected the government's stance. So we have here that however is linking the previous paragraph and the next paragraph and the meaning is contrast. It's indicating contrast between the two ideas here. At the textual domain, for instance, why does she think she was unhappy? One of the reasons was I couldn't wrap my head around the fact that people didn't seem to care about anything that everyone just care about themselves rather than everything that was happening with the world. And being an oversensitive child without this, it was definitely something I thought about a lot and it made me sad. This ad is not like I want a cake and an ice cream. It's beyond propositional linkage. It indicates continuation in discourse. So this can instantiate the textual domain use of a discourse marker. So we have a group of sentences linked by end as a discourse marker with the next sentence and the meaning is continuity. Finally interpersonal domain, for instance. So there's hope for your friendship. This is from an interview to Greta Thunberg. So there's hope for your friendship with Donald Trump. She lets out the hiccup of laughter. Well, I don't think we will enjoy each other's company that much. We have very different interests. So this, well, it's bracketing a unit of talk. It's introducing a response and indicates disagreement, like mitigated disagreement. So it's linking, as Anne would do, for instance, but it also indicates the stance of the speaker and that's why I would locate this at the interpersonal domain because it's not only linking but also expressing the attitude of the speaker. As for categories, my proposal, this is my proposal that I have elaborated during many years. And I propose to consider three categories. So we remember that discourse marker is a functional class. So which elements can act as a discourse marker? Doncs my proposal is considering three elements. So we have conjunctions. I don't know if I can use a pointer here. Oops, what's wrong? I don't know how to go back to, sorry. I was trying to use a pointer, but wrong place. Okay, I go on for a while. So we have three categories. Si es que toca, aquí está en contesa. Que es debía ser el punter. Okay, it was easy. Thank you. Okay, three categories. So we have conjunctions like bad or Anne. We have seen that in the previous examples. And we have these other elements like however, parenthetical connectives, however, that is, therefore. These elements are the ones that are clearly considered as discourse markers and also pragmatic connectives like well, we've seen the uses of these elements in the previous examples and we will see some more afterwards. And we have these three categories. That's my proposal considering that there are three categories of elements which can act as a discourse marker. So as I said, conjunctions typically introduce compound sentences. Only some of them, basically, Anne and bad, can introduce elements at the text level. So many people would consider that only when they introduce a text level they are discourse markers, so it depends on your definition of discourse marking. Parenthetical connectives are oppositional and syntactically detached items that can combine with conjunctions. We can say Anne furthermore or we can say bad, however. And they are typically text connectives even though they can also be used at sentence level. So it's not that ones are only at text level and others are only at sentence level. That makes the thing difficult but that's reality. So we describe what's going on. And pragmatic connectives are oppositional and syntactically detached items just as parenthetical connectives. But they add these modal meanings so they are used at the interpersonal level, mainly bracketing units of talks, such as interventions, turns, or units inside the terms. So this is the general proposal. We have here the previous examples in briefs. So conjunctions would be this Anne that we've seen before, parenthetical connectives, however, in the previous example, and pragmatic connectives, well. So this is the general idea. These are the map of my proposal just to understand then what we will analyze next. So now we are set. Now we have the concepts. Maybe you say, I don't agree with you. Okay, but it's me talking, you know? So let's pretend for a while that you agree with me. Or you say, okay, let's see where you go with your classification. You see it's nice because it's three and three. So it's kind of nice. Three is a nice number for classifications. I really like it. Okay, so now we have a general idea of what the discourse markers see is and some examples. I think that examples are more telling than definitions, especially because definitions are very broad. And then we have these three levels of these three functions or domains. So we have the ideational sequential or textual and interpersonal and three categories. Conjunctions, parenthetical connectives and pragmatic connectives. Okay, so now we start our case study. The translating a discourse marker is a two-fold task. So when a translator is translating a discourse marker, first we have a comprehension process in which we interpret the discourse marker and we interpret its meaning. And interpreting the meaning of a discourse marker is not as straightforward as interpreting the meaning of a lexical element. When you read a table, you know what a table is, okay? And it's relatively easy. Well, it's not that easy. I am simplifying here. But you say, okay, table in Catalan, taula in Spanish, mesa, et cetera, et cetera. So it's relatively easy. In many cases you have a one-to-one, not always of course, but in many cases you have a one-to-one correspondence. But this is not always the case with discourse markers because many discourse markers do not have a content-like meaning, but a procedural meaning. And it depends on the context heavily, much more than lexical items. So there's a different kind of processing. So we have to interpret the discourse marker in relationship with the two elements that the discourse marker is connecting. And not only the meaning, but the intended effects of the discourse marker. And then we have this production which is a transfer of this relational meaning and we have to transfer the denotation and connotation of a discourse marker. You would say, okay, this is the same when you translate all you always understand and produce. Yes, but the thing is that is not so straightforward as it would be with other elements with lexical content in many cases, which is translating lexical items. Sometimes it's also difficult of course and you have to think. But when we translate the discourse marker we are not translating the discourse marker. We are translating a chunk of discourse and try to find something that goes well and sometimes what was well is nothing. And this is important. And that's the part of what I will explain later. That my point is focusing on implicitation and explicitation of discourse markers. When we delete or we add a discourse marker, why is it so? Is it possible? Is it good? Is it bad? That's my final end, so to speak. So the factors for translating the discourse markers are functional equivalents, frequency and conditions of use such as scope, position, coherence and colocation and meaning, domain and also polyfunctionality and ambiguity because part of the problem with the translation of discourse markers is that some of them are polyfunctional. They have different functions and they can be ambiguous. So the translator disambiguates. Sometimes in good ways, maybe not, it depends. So I have studied the strategies to translate intersentential connectives, connective discourse markers. So discourse markers linking at sentence level. Do you remember the second example? This bot introducing a paragraph. So I have restricted the analysis to intersentential level. And I have analyzed a parallel one direction corpus of academic papers on history to volumes of the journal Catalan Historical Review. This journal includes papers in Catalan translated into English. And I have analyzed, manually analyzed, it's a time consuming task, but it's an interesting task. 10 papers in Catalan translated into English about 100,000 words. I have identified more than 500 discourse markers in almost 3,000 sentences. So about 18% of sentences have an intersentential discourse marker. And which are the research questions first, which are the strategies for translating discourse markers at intersentential level. One important thing is that at intersentential level, discourse markers are not needed from a grammatical or a structural point of view. So this is also important that they could be from a traditional grammatical point of view, they could be excluded all the time, but it's not, of course, they are important for the cohesion of the text. But in this case, we don't have the restrictions of a syntax demanding, so to speak, a discourse marker. And then the second research question is which are the syntactic factors for implicitating and explicitating. I will define what I mean by implicitation and explicitation and which are the semantic, pragmatic factors which account for implicitation or explicitation. So for the purposes of this paper, I have differentiated for general techniques, literal or almost literal translation, dynamic translation with another discourse marker with a different, completely different meaning or with an element which is not a discourse marker, omission of a discourse marker and addition. And I have also differentiated generalization and specification of meaning, as we will see, I will describe these concepts. And implicitation can be, is the result either of omission of a discourse marker of generalization, the use of a discourse marker whose meaning is more general than the one in the language, in the original, in the source language. And explicitation is the result either of the addition of a discourse marker which was an existent in the source text or the specification, the use of a discourse marker whose meaning is more concrete, more specific than the previous one. Okay, here we have some examples. You have the examples in Catalan and then the translation into English. I will go very fast just focusing on the main ideas. So we can see literal translation in the first example. We have E which is and in Catalan and the translation is and. So this is literal translation. I have also considered literal translation some cases in which there are slight changes. For instance, position change because this does not really affect the meaning or the conditions of use of the discourse markers. So that will be literal. We have dynamic. Well, all the rest strictly are dynamic translation because it's non literal but I have differentiated those cases in which there's a change, a huge change in meaning. For instance, in the example, encambi meaning in contrast is translated likewise and encambi do not have the same meaning. In this case, the translator is very good and has repaired the original because there was no contrast between the ideas. So the translator, you know that translators are the best readers and the best interpreters if they are good translators of course. And then we find all the errors of the others. We don't find our own errors but we are very, very good at finding the errors of the authors. And this is a case where an error was corrected but it's not always the source of this technique it's not always error. Sometimes it's a different interpretation that is possible or other factors, as I would say. Then we have a mission. For instance, in the next example we have a donks which is therefore and in the translation it disappears. And there's also additions. So in the next example there was no discuss marker and in the English translation the translator added indeed. So the first thing that we see is that literal translation in this kind of text and in this corpus is overwhelmingly frequent. And this is something that you say, okay. But many, many, many authors would say that is not so frequent. So this is a fair result to consider. Not to say that this is general. It's always happening. But it's frequent. At least when we are dealing with written text, academic text, history. So when we don't have discuss markers acting at the interpersonal domain. So the first thing is that depending on the type of text maybe the languages combined and also the kind of interaction in the text we can have different results. So this is important to keep in mind. And we see that even though literal translation or almost literal translation is very frequent then omission and addition. And also as we will see generalization or specification which here they are not differentiated. I will make the difference afterwards. Are relatively frequent and even if they are not so, so frequent they are puzzling. You wonder but why? How? Why someone would omit a discuss marker or would add a discuss marker? So this is what intrigues me and this is the idea. Ok, so we talk about implicitation of meaning when we delete or reduce the meaning of an item in translation. Claudi and Claudi and Caroli talk about implicitation as derived from omission, contraction or generalization. So this is the general definition by Viner Agave Arne which is a classic manual of translation as you may know. Then, translation, implicitation can be achieved by total omission. For instance, in one, I see is deleted in the translation. It would correspond to so and forth and is deleted in existence diversos exemples per explicar aquesta actitud pragmàtica i adaptativa envers la nova realitat política. I see la vida parroquial en Serla Esglés, a Undel's Pillars, és per exemple, i és deleted. We can have partial omission, which is frequent, not always the case but frequent, when we have two discuss markers, for instance, this is relatively general, when we have a conjunction and then a parenthetical connective, but not just means the translation is nonetheless, just the second part has been translated, the second discuss marker. And also generalisation. For instance, en línies generales, aquesta tesi a Roma és bastant intacta i còmodament abraçada per la historiografia catalana. No obstante, això no té en compte ni la singularitat. No obstante, això, despite this, nonetheless, notwithstanding, is more specific than however. However, it's like the general contrastive discuss marker, parenthetical connective in English. So, previous contributions. There are many contributions talking about omission of discuss markers, as a frequent strategy in translation. Here you have, I will go through this, you have some of the literature about these elements, and omission has generally been considered taking into account elements like well, which is a pragmatic connective and very generally meaning and polyfunctional. So, in this case, omission is very frequent. And a lot, in French, French Italian, also a polyfunctional ambiguous marker. So, this phenomenon of omission has been studied in the case of very general markers or polysemus ambiguous markers. And the results are that omission is relatively frequent. It can be very frequent or less frequent depending on the gender and the discuss marker analyzed. But in my case, I have analyzed all the markers, not just one marker. And this makes a difference. It's very completely different. You just select a marker and you select this marker because you know that this marker has this particularity. I did it myself in 2008 with Well. But I think that this perspective of not analyzing just one marker or a group of markers, but just analyzing the whole picture is interesting and you sometimes get surprising responses for things that the literature does not tell. Here we have more papers. And my research is similar to Beha. And he analyzed business text translating from English into German and the other way around. And his results are similar to mine or my results are similar to his i he did it 10 years ago. Factors to implicitate. The analysis of bibliography say that the factors to implicitate are the absence of a functional equivalent. When you don't have a functional equivalent, then the translator may just omit the discuss marker under specification and polyfunctionality, as I said before. The type of coherent relations, like continuous relations, there are relations that are more easy to express implicitly than other relations, syntactic differences in the languages or in the text and avoiding stylistic overness. And there are also factors not to implicitate because translators are risk-avers because there is often no good reason to do so and because taking things away tends to be more difficult than keep them. And this is, I like this because it's, when you translate you know this, that well, there's a word, I keep a word. But it's not always like that, not with discuss markers I have to say. Okay, so we see this meaning, so my analysis departing from the literature, I made the analysis of my data, the analysis of my data, and these are the factors that I identified in my corpus to omit a discuss marker. First, the meaning, markers with a sequential meaning can be deleted more frequently than other markers. So we have this, I see, so we've seen another case before, and it's the same. I see is like, is continuation and it has been deleted, so this is one factor. Concurrents, when we have more than one discuss marker together, but also in near, then it is possible that one of them is omitted, for instance, in five. Oves podem fer calculs de propostes de baixes enfonsats en productes d'aquests origen, ara ve. Els estudis en aquest sentit solament permeten arribar a indicar les tendències. En el lloc, ceda clar, es pot dir que, aleshores, i la translatora sent que era molt contrastable i la delitit un d'aquests. En Catalunya és fina. S'hi ha dit i és fina, però quan et transmetes, en anglès hi ha moltes coses. I, d'aquests, quan la sensació del marc de discurs integra en un altre lloc i referint per exemple, referirà per exemple, és traslladat com que s'inclou. I llavors inclou, inclou, referi, per exemple. Això també és una ressona per descomptar el marc de discurs. El canvi de l'intersentència a la connexió de l'intersentència és quan has dues setmanes separades i després la transició merges en un sentit de compound i el sentit de compound és aquest. Després, el canvi haurà de fer la misió del marc de discurs. Per part de la misió, tenim corrents de marc de discurs, com he dit abans, tenim dues marcades de discurs, una conjuncció i una connectiva parentètica i generalment la conjuncció desapareix. Aleshores, tenim la mateixa eta i la transició que només queda encara. I encara no ho farà. No és un problema de gramaticalitat o d'incorreny. Ok, després tenim generalització de menys. Implicitació per generalització implica que el marc de discurs és traslladat per un marc de discurs més plenifunctional, més específic. I aquí hem vist 30 casos de generalització, que és relativament molt, almost as omission, which was 37 cases. So, all these markers in Catalan, Arabic, Percontra, Estanta, etcètera, have been in some cases translated by however, an effecte is translated by indeed, daltra banda by and, com a contra pun, yet. So we have this effect of generalization of meaning. It depends on the frequency of the markers. So one marker can be very frequent in one language and not so frequent. The direct counterpart can not be so frequent in the target language. We have been al contrari, translated to however. The change from intersentential to intersentential connection, daltra banda translated into and, and now it's a compound sentence not to separate sentences. So this will be the factors to implicitate. Okay, so now we have the picture of which are the factors to omit or generalize a discourse marker. Now we go to the opposite phenomenon, which is explicitation. So in the source language there is no discourse marker and then the translator adds a discourse marker or there's a general discourse marker and the translator uses no discourse marker. Okay, so this is the process of introducing information which can be derived from the context of situation. So we have here for instance the addition of a discourse marker. In Catalan we have no discourse marker and in English the translator added indeed and there's no grammatical need to add indeed. So it's just that the translator no té la grammatical need or the convenience of adding this discourse marker. Specification, this case E and is translated as furthermore. So you can see it now in English they exploited the space over which they held jurisdiction essentially through crop and livestock farming although they also harvested resources from forests, rivers and the coast and eventually metals noting that they were small cities it couldn't have said and it is worth or simply nothing but it's like and, and, and another and and the translator say furthermore change. But is that something that is needed on any account? Okay, so the the phenomenon of explicitation has been studied linked to what is called the Splicitation Hypothesis formulated by Blam Kolka and he says that translated text tends to be more explicit as for cohesive mechanisms than the source text. Regardless the differences between the linguistic and discourse systems of the two languages involved. This hypothesis has been challenged by many scholars and for instance, Claudi and Karoli have proposed the asymmetry hypothesis which considers because this Splicitation Hypothesis is considered as a universal so it says that whenever we translate we add things and we do not remove things and we have seen that this is not this is not exactly what happens so other scholars have proved that this is not this is too general it's an overgeneralisation and they propose the asymmetry hypothesis which is that Splicitation in the direction L1, L2 are not always counterbalanced by implicitations in the opposite directions because translators prefer to use operations involving Splicitation and often fail to perform optional implicitations.


Hi everybody, it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft. Thank you for watching my tutorial today. I'm going to be showing you how to make this really pretty pop-up box card or box fold card. They're really straightforward to make. I've made quite a few of them. They're just really lovely card styles to make. I love them. This is using the first edition Mary Poser papers which I'll show you in a moment and it's just full of butterflies and it's so so cute. I love it and if I just bring it up a bit closer there you can see how pretty does that look. So I've gone quite over the top with this one. You can keep them very simple and I will put a little link in up here of the other styles that I've done as well but I just think these just make really special cards. Now on the back here you can write your message. So that one is blank and the whole thing folds flat and you can either keep them down like so or you can fold them up. Now this one I'm keeping them down just because I don't want these catching on those ones but it all fits in the six by six envelope. Now that one I'm probably going to have to move because I think it's going to go you don't want it to go when it folds like this so you see on this side everything is within that kind of section. It needs to stay but can you see this one's just going over. I think I'm going to have to move that a little bit but I'll talk you through positioning as we go through the tutorial but it is it's just gorgeous. This is a happy birthday card obviously you can have anything you want. I've done Christmas ones again that will all be linked in for you and it's just super super cute. See I've added some lovely shine with my Winkistella on the butterflies there. I've got little embellishments. I've got embellishments in the flowers and I always like to use acetate. I like things floating when I make this style card. You can use plain cardstocks or white or colors that match if you don't have acetate but a lot of this is what I save from my dies and my stamp packaging. So again if you're trying to keep you know costs down or you're just starting out save your packaging because even if it's slightly marked just give it a wipe and give it a buff and it should come up nicely but for certainly for things like this it doesn't really matter if it's a little bit marked because you don't notice but it's another cheap way to you know make these lovely fun cards. So that's what we're going to be making so I'm going to pop that one to one side. This is the paper pack so this is mariposa and you can see that it's absolutely stunning. Lots of texture, lots of shine and just beautiful really really detailed images so again this will all be linked into my blog so if you do want to purchase it I will share all of those for you and then to make it you don't need a lot for the actual card itself it's pretty straightforward so the main card base all you need is a piece that is 12 by 6 okay and what you want to do is along the 12 inch side you want to score it two and seven eighths of an inch five and three quarters of an inch six and five eighths of an inch and eleven and a half okay and then what you want to do is flip it over then rotate it so you now you're along the shorter side you want to score it three and a half now the reason I do that is because you're going to be folding the main these main score lines here one way and then this other score line is going to come down which is this these flaps here if you didn't do that you just run the risk of cracking so that's what you need for the card base so pop that to one side and then I have all of my other bits here grab all this I've prepared loads because again you don't need to see me going through all this now I did fusty cut lots of images so all these butterflies which are gorgeous can you see them all here I'll show you the die cuts in a moment but all these butterflies it's my acetate are all from one of the paper packs so as you can see I'm very patient I have a yeah just I don't mind fussy cutting I love it but you can see you can use any butterflies obviously but that's all of them there that I did decide to sit down and fussy cut now I also added in these are the simply creative dies so we've got this gorgeous little fairy and there's this bird as well and just show you the fairy here really pretty the bird is near this one but I'm going to use it in the next one and then I've also just grabbed a flower die from my stash and some other little butterfly dies as well and I've got them there which I'll be adding in I've also already stamped my happy birthday so like I said I've prepared all of that because that's pretty easy and everybody's going to be having different bits that they're going to be using anyway but the main parts which you will need again everything has all been done so I'm going to have or I have three of these pieces of cardboard there's one there one two three oh they seem a bit better one two three and that's to obviously stick all these acetate strips onto those ones there now you may just decide you want to have one or two you may want even more it's entirely up to you once you see it all come together you can decide but these are three quarters of an inch by four okay is it four no it's not it's three and seven eights because the what yeah sorry it's three and seven eights it isn't four okay so it's three quarters yeah by three and seven eights okay so I've got three of those and also along that three and seven eighths of an inch side you want to score at half an inch and then half an inch from the other end so that's what was that well one two three four so it's three and three eighths okay it's a funny length because this is two and seven eighths of an inch wide it isn't three okay because I use that 12 inch piece I wanted that little tab then for your mats and layers to decorate you only need three and then plain yeah so you need four of the white pieces which are two and three quarters by three and a quarter and then you just need three pieces to mat on top because the um this one is going to be where you write your message on the very back so to decorate the top that is two and five eighths of an inch by three and one eighth of an inch okay so you only need three pieces again this is all in my blog and then these are to mat and layer these bits here that are going to drop down okay so these measure for the white it's again two and three quarters by two and three eighths of an inch and then the layers on top are two and five eighths so again the same as the one before in terms of width and then it's two and a quarter okay so you can see there the butterflies this is really white I've got such a bright picture for some reason but there you go you can make them out hopefully once I change this up it will adapt my lighting a little bit then the acetate I've just got strips that are just over a quarter to the three eighths of an inch and lengthwise it doesn't really matter I mean these are eight and a quarter because it's just the from a sheet of um a four so it's just the width there but I will be cutting them down but I've got five strips there okay so that's what you need let's get rid of the scoreboard and hopefully now the lighting kind of goes I think it's because I've been using this lilac color I've not really used this a lot on camera so it's uh yeah it's gone very bright okay so we want to burnish festival all of those score lines that run along the longer side okay and then flip it and then this one is going to fold towards you so I've got my tab on the right hand side and then this bit folds towards me and you shouldn't have any cracking because of the way that we've scored it okay then rotate it around so you've got the longer these are longer rectangles here each of these this is the actual side of the box the shorter squares or rectangles are the pieces that flap over that's what we're now going to cut so you want to rotate it so that the tabs on your left hand side okay and we're going to be cutting all of this so I'm just going to grab the scissors here and you just want to basically what I tend to do is I remove the whole score line so I'm cutting slightly to the right hand side and then going back in and cutting slightly to the left and then just joining it as I come down and that way you remove that bulk I think it just gives this style just a nicer finish if I lay that down can you see the gap now that's in between that okay so again you just want to do that so the tabs on my left hand side along that one that one and then this one okay and then this one here you're just going to then completely remove so just cut that one away like so okay and then with your little tab on the end here just take little wedges off the top and the bottom so that when we fold it all together you don't see any of that so now they're all going to come down like so okay next we can start sticking down all of our mats and layers before we attach and do the inside so these ones here so this is one bit I've done differently I guess it doesn't really matter once it's filled with all the bits and pieces but what I found is when you join it together if you have the join actually at the front because generally well you would have that now as the back but if you have the join facing the front when you look in the card you don't see this joined part so you see all of that but to be fair once there's loads in it you don't really see it anyway so it's entirely up to you but I'm going to still stick that way so this this is actually going to be my front the one where it's that on the end okay so that's the front that's the side so we've got the front the side and then the other side if I flip it over you see now I've got the tab on the right hand side here and then I put a cross through that one left this one blank and then I've got a cross and a cross I want to put patterned and the mat patterned and the mat patterned and the mat and then that one my mat's sliding we'll go there like so you don't have to put the crosses actually you can just do what I've done there there's the tab got a pattern and the mat plain and then those two there so I'm going to stick them all down first of all okay so I've done all of that now you might want to stick that one down you know when you go to write your message on but what I probably will do is write my message on another smaller piece and then stick that on top again so it's just got a little frame now flip it over and when you bring it round see that one's going to go in like so there's my side my front my side and the back people do this differently I quite like this way and I think it's easier for people that may be starting off who never met and have never made this style before but if you grab your strips that we've done those little score lines and just burnish all those little tabs like so okay and then what you want to do again remembering that this is the side and this is the side they're the ones that we're going to be working on now so with the tab on your left hand side you're going to be working on the first square and the third square with these ones here if you grab one of them and pop some glue now you really don't want a lot of glue so I've just spread it out and actually started to stick it on to one of the other tabs because if any of this kind of spreads out unless there's a glue that dries completely clear and dry then it'd be okay but because this would fold flat you don't want it to stick but with your tab okay let me just bring this up so remember which way yep so with the tabs facing away from you so they're folded away from me you want to stick your first one coming down about half an inch and away from the side by that half an inch it's entirely up to you okay and make sure it's straight so just lie it down if I bring that one up you can see there that I've come down about half an inch and come in ignore your tab you're coming in from that score line okay so it's like so then with your next one which I've already put a little bit of glue on just pop a bit more not too much right so keeping it lined up with the top you want to come in again so it's roughly in the middle it doesn't matter if they're slightly out none of that is going to matter at this point then grab your third one and again you could have these even further down you could have them lined up with the very top score line here it doesn't matter it really doesn't matter it's entirely up to you and then this one I'm just going to stick so that it is the same kind of distance from this next score line here okay next you want to put glue on one of those pieces so all the other tabs they won't go over each other because of the way that we've overlapped them to start with the way that we stuck them down so don't worry about them sticking because they won't but just make sure that glue doesn't go over lie them all down flat and fold it in half so the first two squares are here these are the other two those two you're folding right over and just stick it down okay and now very carefully when you open that up bear in mind this one's not stuck down but you will have them perfectly stuck across the other side okay the easiest way to do it then with this one you just want to pop some glue just keeping it in that square shape just line that up so you get it perfectly joined there okay and then fold it flat and then you can just really push that down making sure that's all nice and stuck pop it back up again and there you have your card all ready to pop in your little acetate strips now before we do that I like to decorate this now I went and rounded off all of the bottom parts there can you see I've corner rounded those so I need to do that on these pieces here probably could have done this before it's still going to be okay yeah it's fine so I'm just going to go around and get those all rounded okay so they're all done remembering this is the front now on the other ones I've done I've done one maybe two three months ago I actually removed this front one and had like a scene and more decoration on this piece here it's entirely up to you in this for this one I'm keeping it on just to show those different ways that you can decorate it but now all of these mats and layers will sit perfectly on top giving you really nice little borders you can see I've got the purple border the white border and then that pattern paper so I'm going to stick all four of those down okay so that's that all stuck down and what it also does is added weight now to drop that down so yeah it just starts to look really nice so again this is the front where I've got the join the next bit now is kind of entirely up to you you can really freestyle this you can add as many or as few as you want but these are my strips and what I find when again when you're working with acetate it's stuck to my desk is the red tape so I actually added quite a few butterflies onto the one strip so there's three butterflies on this strip I've got two on that one two on that one and that I think kind of helps give me that really full effect so for example if I grab this butterfly here actually that one's a little bit hard let's do this one just pop a little bit of tape on the back slip it off so you can see there just got a tiny little bit of tape and then okay and then I want to stick it right on the very top of that acetate so there you can see now looks like it's just floating and then bring another one in stick again on the back and whenever you make these box cards you want to start from the back and work your way forward because that way get your back at the right height and then you know everything else has got to be slightly lower than that so then this one I'm going to have slightly at a different angle stick it that way so there you can see now I've already got my two little butterflies okay so I am going to have this big one that I already die cut here we go and again I'm going to add some of my red tape this time onto the acetate right at the top and then with my larger butterfly I'm going to stick that right over and I'm going to put a little embellishment in that middle bit because it's still sticky but the embellishment will cover that at the end now this one's going to be at the back so this is the one that I need to make sure doesn't go any higher than the six inches so I'm already going to cut half of that off and I can use that other half for another one and then when you sit it in what you're going to do again if I get some of my red tape wet glue will not really it will work some wet glues will but it takes a lot longer for it to dry and I still think after time they will fall off so I've always stuck with red tape and I've never had any problems even if they're cards that I've made for some months and put away and then brought back out again they're still all together okay so that is now all ready and then with my box with my ruler I'm going to hold it behind okay like so and then when I put this in I want to make sure that it's no higher than six inches behind this back cardboard piece here so and I want it on a slight angle but not too angled otherwise it will obviously stick out of your envelope but there and then what I've done is I stuck it in behind that back tab all right just make sure you squeeze that down so it's stuck in but now you can see so that's that one there then I'm going to do this one with the flower use that other half of the acetate that I'd already cut off from the other one and then again just going to trim a bit more of that off pop some red tape on the bottom and you want to make sure that the um when this obviously you stick it down you don't want that sticky acetate to go past this width of this piece here otherwise when you fold it flat it's going to stick okay it all needs to be can you see it's completely concealed behind that piece there then again with this one I'm going to pop this so the bigger pieces um like embellishments and the taller pieces go at the very back so again this one here you don't need the ruler for every bit I'm just using it just for these back pieces to get it all in place so then that one can go like so okay so that's my back one's ready now everything else is easy to do so this one here I'm going to just trim this one here I'm going to bring down to the next piece of cardboard strip there in the middle you can see now where I've stuck that and keep looking at it like this look at it straight on as on a side profile so you can start to kind of decrease each um you know decrease the height of each strip that you're sticking it on so that one there and then on the very front these ones here are stuck actually onto the box itself okay so I'm going to go ahead now and cut all my acetate and get lots more stuck down okay there we go that one is finished so I've really filled it up I've added my little happy birthday just the same way you can see there it's just on a piece of acetate and yeah as long as you keep the back at the height it needs to be and then just stagger everything down I still might add in a few more bits I might add another butterfly on the bottom here just look around to the sides and just maybe something on there just so it doesn't look it looks a bit blank there for me so I'm going to add another one in there but that's how it looks and I've said it all folds flat and that will now fit in my six by six envelope I love these like I said I've made a lot of them pop and have a look at the other ones but I just think they make really special gorgeous cards so there you have it guys hope you've enjoyed today's tutorial if you have please give me a thumbs up and remember to subscribe so you get to see more thanks for watching bye


Hey guys, this is higher from x-traits and I'm back with another weekly video To start off we'll go or we'll start off with the indices as usual Start off with SPY Okay, actually, let's take a look at the daily chart first So a really good action, right? The major trend has been Holding so far. We actually haven't even tested it recently there. I thought when we pulled back here There could be a possibility that we come back down to test it But the market is so strong right now that bulls bought her bulls were able to bounce back pretty much immediately, right? And we actually did make a new highs new fifty two week highs Just on last Friday, right? So this is really good action And bullshit very clearly in control of the market right now, right? But let's take a look at the weekly chart So Yeah, we formed a nice little flag here and then we broke out Just last week. I was expecting more consolidation and I thought more consolidation would be a good thing since we did make such a big move, right? The last couple weeks we had one two three four five green weeks in a row So I was thinking more consolidation would be good, but we are breaking out right away So, you know, we'll see what happens next target is 453 But there is again still a chance that we could go sideways for a lot for a while But yeah, we'll see what happens overall really good action and yeah, that's target is 453 Now we'll take a look at QQQ So same thing for the QQQ building a nice little bull flag here And then we broke out last week and we're back to this 370 resistance level and this is a key resistance level, right? So there's a good chance that we could go sideways for a couple more weeks, but yeah, we'll see what happens but Yeah, QQQ as a is at a key resistance level while spouse while spy still has room, right? It still has room to 453 so the spy Could be stronger than QQQ for the upcoming week So that's something to keep in mind tech might be weaker just because it's run up so much already That it might needs to take more for a rest before the next leg up, but overall still really good action from tech Yeah, let's take a look at the daily chart This You know it's building a nice flag here, and then it broke out and Yeah, try to break that 370 level Not the greatest close on Friday, but still not bad at all but yeah overall really good action and We'll see if we can take that 370 level out on next week, but yeah Now we'll take a look at some individual big cap tech stocks Starting off with Apple the strongest stock in the market right now It sucks absolutely insane right this one just keeps going higher and higher no no stops at all It's getting really extended now. So Because yeah, it really hasn't pulled back at all since 156, right? this was the first real pullback and then Really strong rally consolidation really strong rally some consolidation now It's just been rallying the last couple weeks, right? So really really strong move from Apple and I think would be good for it to go sideways for a while Just so other stocks can catch up to but yeah Now a lot of money is definitely pouring into Apple and you definitely shouldn't be looking to short it But yes next psychological or next resistance level should be at 200 because that's a psychological level But yeah, we'll see what happens overall really good action from Apple Next up, we'll take a look at AMD So AMD has been acting a little bit better right before we're showing a lot of weakness it Pretty basically filled the gap while other semiconductor names like in media We're holding up well, but this one pulled back in pretty hard, but now it's getting a nice bounce off that support level So, you know, we'll see what happens. Let me remove these lines So here the key levels this is resistance And this is support those are the key levels for AMD and then there's also another level here had some trouble it had Trouble breaking out and then it finally broke out So 111 is also a new support level for AMD But yeah, these are the key levels if it can get above 117 Then there's a good chance that we could rally a lot higher But if we get below this one 11 And then there's a good chance that we could consolidate between this range And if we lose 107, then there's a good chance we could drop a lot lower. Yeah, those are the key levels for AMD Next up, we'll take a look at Amazon So Amazon's been Forming a pretty nice flag pattern here had a really nice rally now starting to go sideways and tighten up So really really good action. I think this one's ready for a break at two one thirty seven But yeah, we could see a couple more days of consolidation And then I think there's a good chance that we can break out to one thirty seven But yeah overall really good action from Amazon Next up, we'll take a look at Google So Google actually came down to 119 last week and then we got a bounce off it 119s are pretty Actually, let me let me remove these I think the more accurate resistance level or support level would be 118 And then there's some resistance over here. So right now Google's between this range and we'll see what happens There's also a downtrend line right there, right? So If we can break this we tried to break on Friday, but really we closed But if we couldn't get a strong upward above this trend line, then that would be a good sign and Google could see You've moved back to 127, but yeah overall Google's also acting pretty well It tends to consolidate for a while like look at this, right? So this is how Google typically moves tends to consolidate for a while time up time up time up and then break out so now we're doing the same thing we're forming a new base here and Once we get back to the 127 level we could start seeing a flag form and then Tighten up and then potentially break off for the next logo, but right now Google looks like a need tomorrow rest best case scenario. It makes it forms a strong candle next week and then we see a pushback to 127 But yeah overall pretty good action from Google as long as that 118 levels holding that would be bullish Take a look at meta next I Me remove these lines So meta also has been acting really really well clear trend line there right and then it's been It's been trying to break this 290 level for a while, but keeps rejecting but we're tightening up here and Yeah, we're getting pretty close right to tightening up fully and then getting to the end of this flag And then we could potentially see a big break out or big breakdown, but overall really good action from meta Yeah, if we are able to break that then has all the way room to 305 so So overall really good action. I think and I think we could see a breakout here as long as the market can hold up Yep, really good action for meta as well Microsoft Let's go to the weekly chart for Microsoft So clear resistance At that 344 level this was the previous all-time highs and we were able to break that two weeks ago Right. Yeah, you're about three weeks ago now And we were able to break that but we ended up closing below that level and for the last couple weeks We've just been consolidating right under that level right and now we're forming a bull flag here So this is actually really good action on the weekly chart But yeah, we could see a couple more weeks of consolidation And then tighten up more So currently there's a little Flag forming right tighten up more tighten up per consolidate and tighten up more and then we could see a big break out But yeah, really good action for Microsoft as well Next up enough leaks Actually, I'll cut to the weekly for this one So now flicks had a really powerful rally off the lows It's made a really incredible run this year so far One two three four five six six up weeks in a row And then last week we got a consolidation bar and now another consolidation bar But this one's actually a pretty strong week Last week was actually pretty strong week close pretty strong But again, we go sideways for a couple more weeks wait for this trend line to catch up go sideways so I guess that for 20 level holds then it would be bullish, but Yeah overall really good action from Netflix, but if we do continue to move higher than the next target will be for 75 But yeah, that's pretty much it for Netflix Nvidia had a really nice setup on Friday, right? So this one So this was the first set up on Nvidia after the gap up We were forming a flag here and then it broke out on this day And that was when you should be buying it then it made a pretty nice rally Now pulled back in pretty hard and if one of the very clear down trend line and it was consolidating under that for a couple of days And then on Friday it broke above that and that was clear by signal so right now I think at media has a Room to go back to 440 previous all-time highs. There's no real resistance here So yeah, and we did could really power a lot right we've seen what Apple could do or what Apple has done So based on what Apple has done I have no doubt that I have no doubts that Nvidia could run higher and higher I think there's a good chance that we could even see 500 this year, but I don't really like to predict stuff, right? I just like the follow price and Follow price and adjust accordingly. So yeah, we'll see what happens, but Nvidia is definitely acting really really strong Next up Tesla So Tesla has been acting really well recently as well This one's actually forming a really nice flag on the weekly So there's pretty clear resistance at that 263 level This was prior resistance and we broke above that and now we rallied pretty hard, right? We rallied one two three four five weeks up in a rope then we tried to break out again But we got really extended then we pulled back in pretty hard And then this week it was another consolidation bar right below that 263 level So next week we'll see if that if we can take that level out And if we can then the next target would be 310. But yeah, really good action on Tesla Now we'll take a look at here at KK How growth stocks are doing? So growth stocks are doing pretty well They had a pretty nice rally last week and We are holding that trend line so far and now we're also forming a bull flag here. So we'll see what happens If we can clear that bull flag, then we could see a much much bigger move, right? Just a reminder of how beating down our growth names are so yeah This rally really starts then we could see a really really big move. I'm talking double triple, right? See a hundred percent two hundred percent move. So I'm definitely a lot of room Or definitely a lot of potential on these names. So yeah, definitely keeping this one on watch Now we'll take a look at some of the some good setups for Coming week. So BRZE. This is a relatively new name Not a lot of people know this one. The IPO'd Last I think it was in 21 21 December. But yeah So what I really like about the stock is the weekly volume had a really nice move on earnings Now it's been consolidating for the last two weeks and then on last week It finally broke that bull flag. So we'll see if we can get more continuation But this one really has no resistance to That 50 level 51 level. So yeah, this one has a good amount of upside and then on the daily chart This is the flag that I'm seeing and not flag But if we can clear that 44 level a chance that we could power higher Well, yeah, overall really good action on this one and something that I'm kind of watching Next up GLB So This one had a really nice rally, I really like the volume here I look at the green volume bars and look at the red ones the green ones are obviously dominating And that's a sign that institutions are buying into the stock. But yeah, overall this one's This one's been building a base for since last August, right? So it's been building a base for a while and we finally are breaking out successfully now and This one has a lot of upside potential First major resistance level is that 52 point five level So this one definitely has a lot of room to the upside and yeah, definitely keeping an eye on this one and then Last but not least for this week. We'll take a look at Mara So Bitcoin has been acting really well recently and this one has been Following the coin pretty well. So Really nice trend starting here. So Mara has been consolidating Consolidating for a while and then we finally got a really big break break out with really big value And ever since then we've been just slowly trending higher and higher, right? So this one's Definitely one that you want to keep eye on and I'm looking for a dip to 13 Around $13 if I can get a dip there, then I think that'd be a good entry point and The risk reward is tremendous here, right? Look how beaten down this name is right? So, yeah, if I can get a buy at 15 then I Mean if I can get a buy 13 the next major target would be her. Yeah First major support your resistance level is 19.5. So this one has a lot of upside potential And that's just the first target. So yeah, definitely keeping an eye on this one Yeah, I really like the volume last week as well Let's go look at the weekly chart Yeah, last two weeks. It's just been having tremendous volume. So definitely keeping in my eye on this one But yeah, that's pretty much all I got for you guys for this week. Thank you guys for tuning in


Kanye West has been a rap icon for 20 years now, and not only has he made a huge stamp in the game when it comes to music, he's also done the same thing when it comes to fashion. There have been so many different trends set by Kanye and emulated by millions of people. I feel like it's only right because this is a sneaker channel, we talk about his top five most iconic sneakers of all time. And if you didn't know by now, my name is DJ, and this is the DNA Show. So let's go ahead and get it started with the first shoe, and that is the Bape Stuck College Dropout. Originally released in 2007, Kanye West had a strong relationship with Nigo, the originator of Bape, and because of that, they decided to do a collaboration sneaker to go alongside with his album. And I'm pretty sure everybody knows about the college dropout because that time during that era, there were a lot of amazing tracks on that album. Now as we all know, the Bape looks very similar to the Air Force One. You just have more of a lightning bolt with a star on the side, and that gives you a little bit different Air Force One-esque vibes to it. But because that's such a known and trusted model, it makes it a little bit easier for this one to trend within a lot of people because people already have a natural tendency of liking the Air Force One. Also, we can't forget to mention, yes, Bape is still a hot brand right now, but I vividly remember back in 2007, Bape used to be on fire, and everybody loved getting their gear. This shoe was kind of low-key and hard to get, but at the same time, if you know you know type situation, and because of that, it had always been kind of a grale for a lot of sneaker heads over the years. Time goes by, next thing you know, more pairs get worn, price continues to increase, and now you look at current pairs on the market, there's used pairs out there for $10,000. Now I'm not saying that $10,000 shoe is going to sell, but what I can say is, the shoe is pretty expensive. Now before we get into the next sneaker, I was considering putting the Bape's does a little bit higher on the list, but then I thought about the significance to the sneaker culture and the overall community of people knowing about these models and how it impacted other people, so that's why I decided to put these a little bit lower on the list, but at the same time, I knew for a fact, they had to be at least be in the top five, because these were definitely a huge stamp in the game when it comes to sneaker heads. Next up right here, we have the Kanye West-Louis Vuitton collaboration, also known to the sneaker heads as the Jaspers. If anybody remembers back in 2009 when these came out, Kanye West used to always call himself the Louis Vuitton Don. I know, I know, I've been called the Louis Vuitton Don. I've been called a lot of names, mostly the Don, the Louis Vuitton Don. And due to what has happened, what has happened so severely when the red shoes hit the runway, I was forced to change my name to Martin Louis the King, Jr., address me as such. And until then, I will be in the building swagger on a hundred thousand trillions. And because of that, in speaking it into existence with all his different flares of fashion and ways that he expressed himself through his outfits and his different accessories, it actually ended up giving him an opportunity to create his own collaboration with Louis Vuitton. By this time in 2009, we had already seen college dropout, late registration, and graduation. I don't even know which one of those is the best albums, honestly, they were all fire. But as you can tell, there was definitely a lot of hype and buzz around Kanye West's name, so that definitely created a huge demand for this sneaker. But these in particular happened to be a designer club, which caused the shoe to be way more expensive when it comes to the retail price, and then you know the resale was even higher. Now back then, spending a thousand or two thousand dollars on a pair of shoes was a whole lot of money. I get, in current time, yes, if you spend a couple thousand dollars on a shoe that may be like an Off-Wide or a Travis Scott collab, I get that. But if you were spending a thousand or two thousand dollars on some sneakers, you were like a madman. That's like almost like spending ten or fifteen thousand dollars on a sneaker now. So this shoe in particular was a grail, and I think still is a grail to all the OG heads and the people that were young coming up in the game at the time. But at this time in 2009, I can guarantee you a lot of people had their eyes on these trying to get their hands on them. These three colorways were actually inspired by his friends, also known as his entourage, and there are actually a lot of celebrities that you guys know to this day. We like somebody like Don C. We've seen a lot of great collabs from him as well, which Loki, we should make a video about him someday. But she also had his friend, Mr. Hudson, and then Jasper as well. Now when it comes to the other two colorways like the white and the black, those were definitely really clean shoes, but everybody really had their eyes on the Jasper's, or especially the low tops, the all red pair. That was like everybody's grails. And mind you, this was before the red octobers came out. Now all those Louis Vuitton collaborations that I just showed you right there, honestly, they're all grails to me on my list, and I have yet to ever own a pair in my collection. So one day if I ever have the opportunity to work a trade or buy a pair, I'm definitely going to be looking into that because I would love to have those in my collection. Next up on the list at third place, this is going to be an interesting one. I'll explain it, but we're going to go with the 750 Adidas Yeezy Boost. Now the reason why I chose this shoe in particular is when he came to Adidas, and this was his first time and everybody had all this madness. There was a lot of hype and these shoes were already selling for a thousand dollars and everybody was going crazy for them. And the resell price was already just insane off the rip and the materials and the cuts and everything. People liked it. But even though there was issues with the zippers and all those other factors, there was just still a crazy demand behind this shoe. Now, when the 350 came out, the Turtledoves, the Pirate Blacks, different things like that, that kind of opened up the door to a whole nother level in a whole nother game. Now I'm having a hard time kind of deciding. So I want you guys to let me know down below in the comment section what you think, whether it should be the Yeezy 750 or the Yeezy 350, because honestly, I feel like they both had a huge role in the game. But I think one that actually stands out and is more iconic to me than those two models is the Yeezy 350 V2. The reason why I say that is I think they perfected the 350, made it a little bit more snug, a little bit more comfortable. And because of that, they just went crazy with all the colorways. And honestly, it took over the game for a couple of years. You saw everybody wearing those shoes and still to this day, a lot of people wear those shoes. So when it comes to the 350 V2s, I think that has to be on this list. And we have to mention it. You guys know I'm not really a Dita's Yeezy type of guy. I like Nike Yeezys and different other collaborations, but it is what it is. But either way, I think those have to be on the list. So let me know what you guys think about that down below in the comment section. There's a lot of great colorways. I understand why people like it. I used to own some. I used to wear some. I tried it. I gave it a try. I gave it a shot. Just wasn't for me. It is what it is. But either way, let's take it to the next two because these next two changed the game before Adidas was even thought about. And that is the Nike Air Yeezy one. Oh, my gosh. Where do I start? I remember the glow in the dark tour, seeing him wearing those on stage. No one like I saw all the photos from the different award shows and the different samples that had been coming out, knowing that Nike had the collaboration with Kanye. And this is going to be the first model. And we saw all the different meshed, different, you know, just iconic shoes that came together to create that one. But he also did it with his own twist and then to create it with the same colorways similar to the Louis Vuitton collaborations and having those kind of more similar to that as well with the different touches. Oh, man. Again, this now this one for me hits home in a whole different way. Because if you haven't seen before, I got the entire set and I wore them to graduation back in high school, back in the day and all the different things like that. But either way, there were just so many iconic moments when it came to the Yeezy ones. I don't know which one to begin with. And I know that a lot of people do have different memories for that sneaker or different samples that they may have seen. And then also to talk about pricing of the shoe, it was kind of hard to get and it was kind of low key. It was a tier zero drop. Not every single store had them, all those different situations. But at the same time, you were spending, you know, four or five hundred bucks for a pair of Yeezy's. And that was like breaking the bank. That was like, damn, you really spent five hundred dollars on a pair of Yeezy's. That's crazy. And I know, yes, like I said earlier, relative to time. Now that's like nothing, right? We get that. But during that time, that was a lot of money and I was a huge grill for a lot of people to get them in their collection. People were buying sizes just to get a pair, knowing they didn't fit and they were too small or too big or whatever, just to say that they had them and they was wearing them. I remember all the scenarios when everybody had them back in the day. And I was happy to be able to complete that set and put it together for myself as well. But either way, this shoe made a huge stamp in the game. And I think I would easily put this at number one, if it weren't for the Yeezy 2. The platinum and the solar's dropped and there was a crazy demand for this sneaker. It was a regional thing. So it was on two different sides of the country. People were getting them over here, different colorways over there. Next thing you know, people were trying to figure out who they could hit up on the different side to give them from over here. It was just so many different things that people were trying to get tapped in to get the shoes. And the hype for the 2 was way bigger than it was for the ones. The ones were kind of low key. They set the tone. People were going after them. They were doing their thing. But a few years later, after all that hype and that demand, because you gotta think, this was like 2009 when the Yeezy 1s came out. And then like 2012 and 2014 or something like that, when the Yeezy 2s with the red octobers and all that stuff. So when those came out, you got a few years of anticipation, more hype, more branding, more things going on. Kanye doing his thing with all the different albums and the collaboration and Jay-Z and everything like that. Speaking of that, Jay-Z. Jay-Z nicknamed him Kanye-Z, which caused him to eventually name himself Yeezy. And because of that, that's what came with the Yeezy 1s. So it's crazy to think about all the different moments and all the things that happened. And trust me, I low key feel like at this point we're talking about the iconic sneakers and how big they impacted the game with the styles, fashions, culture, all the different things. But low key, each one of these shoes on the list, they deserve their own video with the entire history and breakdown. If you guys wanna see something like that, let me know down below in the comment section. Let me know which pairs you think are in the top five when it comes to most iconic sneakers or models by Kanye West with his collaborations. And man, the Air Max 180s, those were crazy. The Reeboks that he did back in the day, the Jordan 6, the other Jordan 6, there's, trust me, there's a bunch of different shoes. But I think when it comes to the culture of sneakers and the impact on the consumer and all those different things, I feel like these five models had the biggest impact in the game. And again, it's all opinion-based. Let me know what you guys think down below in the comment section. I hope you guys enjoy this. If you wanna see more videos like this, let me know down below in the comment section. All right, y'all, I'm out. I will never let you down. Yo, before you go, I just launched my sneaker head academy where we got everything on the inside. I teach you all the stuff that I learned over the past 15 years. When it comes to sneakers, scaling, real estate, you name it, we talk about all of it in there.  I give away shoes literally way too much, honestly. But either way, I'll see you guys on the inside. Hit the link down below in my description or pinned in the comment section for DJ sneaker head academy. And I'll see you guys over there. Let's see my D.A. baby. The only choice I like to make when I'm away today. Just wanna know, I will never let you down. If you made it to the end of this video, drop a comment down below and let me know what is the greatest Kanye album of all time.   The only choice I like to make when I'm away today. I was made for it. It's in the DNA. I was made for it. It's in the DNA.