We're like just sync up with everybody else if you'd like to Before we get going But before that there were a few topics that people brought up that are pretty interesting And so I was just going to show some of the additional capabilities that we have an open MC that we don't have time to kind of experiment with ourselves our experiment with today, but Yeah, so we have the ability the question was asked earlier, how do we connect to Dagum C This is a method for representing CAD based geometry and mining Karlo codes So we have a whole notebook on this with a lot of examples as part of the course that we do with the NEA That's a four-day course. So we have a lot of time to dive into special topics like this But here we'll just do kind of an overview of the content and capabilities that are demonstrated in this notebook so In this example, we just model a simple teapot like this, which is Relatively it's a relatively simple object, but it's not something that we'd want to try to represent Given what we know already about how how to do this in CSG. It would be very very difficult to model in CSG so What we can do is if we have an existing Dagum C model Then we can import that and use it as a geometry in open MC And the different volumes and the parts in the CAD model can be assigned different materials So here we just filled our teapot with a little bit of water And then you can see the geometric detail that we can kind of convey in open MC models using this geometry method And we can execute these things Just like we would with tallies and anything else as we would do with CSG So here's kind of a tally region That's like superimposed on top of the geometry and we're gathering some information about the scattering that's going on in The shell of the teapot as well as in the water We can do this for a Tokamak geometry as well. So for those of you who are more fusion inclined You can import CAD based geometries that are Tokamaks also and one of the really powerful parts of how CAD based geometry has been designed and Implemented in open MC is that we can take pieces of this model and clip it with CSG planes In a lot of codes. I think now that use Dagum C Either the entire model needs to be built with the native CSG geometry like we've done with the pencil or it needs to be CAD and in open MC we can mix and match and combine those so this example goes on to show that We can take a section of this and kind of make a quadrant of the Tokamak models We're looking down from the top of the machine and all the way around is this azimuthal symmetry And we're on the poidal direction of the fusion device And then we can take that and make an additionally kind of clip it so that we just have the upper half of the machine But then we can go on to combine that Later on so we can kind of just cut the model in this way Let's see There were also questions about the nuclear data aspect of this Oh, and I guess maybe yeah, that's why I didn't see this. There were also questions about the nuclear data API with open MC So this is just showing some of the things that we've talked about already the atomic masses that we store in the natural abundances for each element An isotope and then more information about how we can compute things like dose coefficients So these are things that we store as part of the data module generally But then there's also our ability to kind of Determine decay photon energies things like this the incident neutron class is kind of where we handle reaction information So we have an incident neutron and all the different possibilities Angle energy correlations and distributions that go along with those reactions as well So it provides examples of how to interact with those at different temperature values for like the total cross section How to plot cross sections relatively easy easily and things like that There's a whole set of examples of these at In one of the links that I provided in the slides So I do make sure you download those so you have those resources in the very last slide of that presentation Because a lot of this kind of information is available in that notebooks repository The last one that came up a couple of times was whether or not we could plot in 3d We can do that with the Python API We get plots that look more like this one. They're just kind of an axis line slice through a reactor model However, we do have the ability to do 3d plots in a couple of different ways One is voxel plotting So this allows you to specify a width in x and y and then also in z And so essentially it's taking it's doing a whole bunch of different slice plots at different Axial levels of the geometry and then you can export them And if you do it in a high enough resolution, you can get pretty nice images However, it's not like the most efficient thing. This is storing a very large What is essentially a very large mesh of the different cells contained in each voxel Recently somebody a student at MIT added the ability to do projection plots So this is a lot like path tracing or volume rendering of our geometries in open MC It's not the fastest thing in the world compared to other visualization tools that are like built for visualization But it does give you the ability to add some opacity to show outlines and things like that and then make really nifty Gifts like heated here for this So I just wanted to touch on those few topics. Yeah, okay. Good. So this is kind of where we left off Last time when or right before we broke for lunch So we did hopefully an open MC run and I realized that we've got through a lot of material this morning And it's a lot to keep up with so I just wanted to talk about How we could how you can potentially sync up at this point and just start from where we are Inside of the file browser under the notebooks folder There is corresponding solutions to each of the tutorial sections So for the open MC tutorial, there's also an open MC solution notebook and so I'll go ahead and open that And here we see it's that same notebook that we're working with the narrative is all the same But all of the information that we put in going through it this morning together is already there in present and so If you would like an easy way to sync up with where we are is to go to the section in the outline That shows running open MC So again, I'll just kind of reiterate if you go to the file browser Under notebooks and open MC solution You can open this notebook and then in the table of contents if you click on running open MC You can select this cell and then kind of as we discussed in the Jupiter notebooks intro You can sync up to where we're at right now just by saying restart kernel and run up to the selected cell so if I do this I See that all these cells above the one that I've currently selected have these stars meaning that they're kind of waiting to execute And then eventually we'll get there. We'll execute and Then we'll go down and we'll do execute our first open MC run Just like we did in the in the other notebook So if you'd like that's a nice way to kind of catch up to where we are and then you can continue to follow along in Thus in this same notebook and have all the same information that we're working with cool. So One thing well, so I'll just pause there Are there any questions about syncing up or kind of catching up or that any people who might just be like one or two steps away From getting where we are by following along this morning. Okay. All right sounds good on we go so One thing that we kind of step past this morning before running our first Open MC simulation was the temperature treatment trying to silence the notification on my machine Okay, so one thing that we kind of step past was temperature treatments We did talk about this a little bit this morning But how open MC handles temperatures that are a specific material because the underlying nuclear data The cross-section the true physical cross-section values are going to change depending on the temperature of the material So there's two main ways that Open MC handles temperature treatment So one is the nearest option meaning that open MC will if you specify a temperature on a material Open MC will load cross-section data as close as it can to that temperature, and then it will use that in simulation There's another option that is to interpolate the temperature cross-section dependence And it will do that by loading Cross-sections at temperatures that bound the temperatures of the material on the problem and use the two closest ones interpolating between the two So we already ran open MC Which is kind of neat because now we can just take a quick look at like what the effect of that is So our we'll just take note of our combined k effective like 1.48 241 here we'll take a look at it again before we run but What we can do is change the Temperature of our materials in a pretty easy way using Python. So if we just said for M in materials Remembering that the materials is this material collection that we had Earlier on in the morning and then we can just say M dot temperature Equal to five twenty three point one five and this temperature is going to be in Kelvin to be clear Now we'll also need to do I'll also need to specify what temperature method we'd like to hand how we'd like open MC to Handle temperatures essentially on these materials. So if we use settings, you can say temperature And there's a couple different settings that we can That we can set here so one is just the method Okay, so this is how we're going to specify what methods use whether it's interpolation or nearest and we can just use this term nearest and And then we also will tell it the tolerance so the tolerance temperature The tolerance specifies how far away The cross-section the temperature for the cross-section data can be from a given material temperature before open MC Will not use it. So in this case, we're going to set a relatively large tolerance Just to make sure that we can run the problem just fine but typically you want that to be no larger than like how how off your cross how how Approximate your cross-sections will be in your simulation. So that's just something to keep in mind So by setting these we can go ahead and look at our materials. So if we just looked at the first material And our material collection Oh materials, I missed an S And we'll see that the temperature has now been updated from what it was the default value being room temperature to 523.15 Kelvin so then we want to export those new settings that we've applied Along with the new materials So that way we're capturing the settings that we added here in our XML file and the new material temperatures also and Then we can go down to this cell run open MC So here we see the same output But one thing that we can note is that the minimum neutron data temperature Which used to be 294 Kelvin and the previous run is now 600 Kelvin because that's the closest cross-section Cross-section temperature that we have available for our materials And then when we come down and run we can see that our K effective did in fact change Considerably so there's a little section here on geometry plotting. This has a lot to do with me Excuse me. Oh, yeah, just in between so you change temperature, but you don't change dimensions, of course because Correct. Yeah. Yeah, that's a good point. Usually you need like to This calculate the reactivity coefficients. For example, you this temperature also all dimensions are changed It's a new way to do it in No, there's there's no way to do that automatically But that's a good point Vladimir was saying that if we were to change the temperature of a model There's likely going to be some changes in the geometry as well And so if we were to model a reactor at zero power versus full power Then we would want to account for that and change the geometry according to the point But there's no way to automatically do it an open emcee at this point Let's see. There's a section here on geometry plotting this I think probably more important to capture at this point is How we interact with open emcee in the command line So I'm going to talk about that for a little bit But this is about how to generate plots and this is available in the solutions notebook also but this is about how to Create objects that will Where you can generate plots using the open emcee executable rather than do it from the python notebook So if you were doing that as part of like a full Analysis and you had like a script that ran open emcee in plotting mode and then ran it in criticality mode It will read plots from the XML file and generate images for you in the in the terminal I think we have bigger fish to fry it today So I'll leave that to you to discover in the solutions notebook and just talk a little bit about How we interact with open emcee in a terminal So this is something also that's really nice about these notebooks as I I went to this file menu And then went down to new and you can create a terminal here and interact with the Amazon machine as if you were in a shell For those familiar with Linux, so I'm inside of this folder where we have all the workshop content so for that corresponds to the same set of files that we've been using in the Explorer here and in our notebooks I Can look at see what's in here so in the open emcee Tutorial folder change directory into that You can see a number of different files all the same ones that we see here on the left And so we have our materials XML our settings XML and geometry XML I mentioned also that when we imported open emcee it Determined the cross the path to the cross section data from an environment variable and I can ask the terminal display that to screen So if I ask it to echo this environment variable, you don't need to follow along with this part by the way I just want to kind of demonstrate it but if I echo this environment variable to screen that we see it matches the one that we saw in the notebook and Additionally, we can also run open emcee from here. So I'll just run it with the help flag So it gives us all these different options. I'm calling the open emcee compiled executable as opposed to running it from Python Like we were before and here we can see all the different options and run modes that we have available and open emcee So if we want to do something like let's say run open emcee And we're just going to run it with two threads instead of four So we're going to rerun it with kind of half the computational power. We were running before We'll execute that and we'll get all the same output that we were looking at in the Python notebook So this is more common to how you would execute open emcee If you were like a developer like me or aspire to be a developer in the future, we're always welcoming new people and Also, if you were to run this on an HPC system, this is much more how you would probably operate in terms of executing open emcee So here we can see that this option that we passed dash s and then the number of threads that we want to run with Did actually affect our simulation because now we're running with two cores on the Amazon machine And off we go running our simulation And it produced the same excuse me Patrick. How did you get this to console? The ticket to the terminal. Oh, yeah, it was in the file menu And then under new if you click on terminal So yeah, and we we produced the same k effective value that we did in our notebook So we've talked about kind of initially just general Monte Carlo problem setup where we had materials geometry and settings And then we interacted with a corresponding object in open emcee Generated input files and we ran our first simulation There is a class in open emcee that kind of ties all this together and sort of streamlines model development The reason we don't start with that as we do like to break the problem down like problem set up down into these different components Before we introduce this class, but there's a class. That's called the model class in open emcee And it can tie all of these things together so we can provide it with the settings Well, let's do it like this. We'll set it. We'll just create one and then we'll set the settings To the one that we have in our current environment the geometry To the geometry object and the material materials to the material materials collection That we had before and so now one really convenient thing about this class is without having to export anything And without having to yeah without having to export anything and then call run we can do that all in one step and one Really beneficial byproduct of this path to running open emcee is that it produces the path to the output file at the end So in Python, it's really convenient because I can say give me the state point file Or the output file from doing a model that run So if we do that we see we're gonna run open emcee again this same problem and then at the end of that We then get this information that is the state point file on our system And so we can just take that and run with it now as we move on to looking at how to extract information From an open emcee simulation, which we're gonna start talking about soon One thing I wanted to note is that we produce three different XML files originally and when we did Model run it produced a single model XML file and what that contains is Essentially these other three XML files all put into one into one file And I just wanted to note that if you're doing this that the model that XML file is going to be Preferred over the separate XML file. So when you're executing open emcee It's going to use that model that XML to get the whole set of information It needs to run the simulation rather than using any of these individual XML files If that's present in the directory and we do see a warning to that effect So we see a warning saying hey, there's other model or there's other XML files here But we're gonna use the model XML just to look like make sure that There isn't an error in Where information is expected to be yeah, there's a question about the burn up calculation in open emcee It's a side question, but yeah, the result gives the burn up as a function of energy or Do they have to do a normalizations? So those are those are sort of two separate questions, I think so one Gives the we're not doing burn up calculations here You can do those with open emcee and you would require some kind of power input for such a calculation So so for the first one, we're not really doing burn up. I suppose and then what's the second piece? The normalization. Yeah. Yeah, so we're gonna talk about that really soon. So that's a very timely question Thank you for asking it all the information Well, all the tallies that we are gonna look at in a little bit will kind of explore normalization So we'll just go forward with that. Okay, so Moving on we're gonna start to talk about how to produce customized information from our open emcee simulation It's a weird artifact that I'm seeing on my screen So We're gonna look at how to Apply what we call filters and open emcee so an open emcee we like essentially what we're computing is an angular flux As we simulate particles and we're converging that over time And so based on that angular flux meaning particles are moving in any given direction From a firm a given position and in at a certain energy We can take that information as we generate that field and filter it to get specific information that we want We can filter that information down in a number of ways, and this is kind of philosophically how we approach tallies and open emcee we can filter it by Score meaning that the score might filter information out for only a specific reaction type like if we wanted to look at Only fission reactions we can filter that out by angle So if we wanted to look at particles only moving through a region at a certain angle Or into a region at a certain angle like if we're computing multi-group cross sections or something like that We can also filter it based on spatial Information so if we only wanted to tally information for a certain cell then we would filter based on that cell And we can combine these things in a pretty flexible system to get the specific information we want from our simulation Okay, so first we're just going to import a couple of other Modules that are pretty much ubiquitous to To scientific computing with Python, so one is numpy which is a numerics Well, it's really like a yeah, it's like a it's like a matrix representation library That allows you to kind of store information with an arbitrary set of dimensions and all this stuff But it's really useful because it allows you to specify specific data types So we'll use that from time to time here and then for visualization We're going to be importing map plotlib and specifically we're going to be importing the pi plot module And then we're just going to give it a different name to shorten it up a little bit. This is a pretty common almost what I call idiom in in Python scripts that you'll see for scientific work Okay, so going forward we're going to continue to work with our model and just to remind ourselves a little bit about What that model contains we can look at things like the geometry That geometry is root universe as well And so just like we looked at when we ran this model before lunch We have these cells in it and then from the model. We can also The model geometry we can do things like ask it to go through and get all the materials in that model So just kind of a refresher on what we're dealing with and we can plot that universe as well model geometry okay, so Now that we have kind of a refresher on the different materials In our model what the geometry looks like we're just going to work on a few different things for generating Tallys and open MC and extracting specific information So one is we're going to determine the energy or heat produced from each vision event And then we're going to look at the flux spectrum of the pin cell and Then finally we're going to do some plotting of reaction types based on material depending on time here So first we're going to work on energy release per vision so the important thing to know here is the Or to have in mind is the different types of scores that open MC can filter by so the scores are Things like the new vision or the number of neutrons produced per vision event the elastic scattering That occurs so it'll filter only elastic scattering events or general scattering scattering events And there's a whole list of different interactions If you're really familiar with Monte Carlo and you're thinking of MT reaction types Which are just identifiers for a specific reaction open MC You can take those in place of any of these scores as well So here in this section we have scores that are kind of based on energy Meaning that we're going to be looking at the energy produced by a vision event and scoring that so when we ask for that in a Tally, we'll be accumulating that information in the simulation So there's a few of notes that I just wanted to talk about so one is just heating So this is just general heating from neutron fission and this does not include the Energy produced from gammas as a result of this vision event. There is also heating local, which means that the heating It includes the heating from the vision event itself and the neutron energy is coming out But also includes the photon energies as though they were deposited locally, so that's the local kind of part of it And I mentioned that because they're often confused, but the descriptions are here in the future if you need it And then we also have the cap of vision, which is just the pure It's the pure Q value of the reaction overall so the total kinetic energy released back into the problem And this is probably the most common one that you'll see used Overall so first thing we're going to do is go ahead and create a tally We'll print that tally to screen so we see that tallies are another set of objects and open emcee that contain IDs They're going to have filters so filters and scores just to distinguish between those two scores are typically something like a reaction type or Property of a reaction that we're accumulating and tallying Whereas filters are more like we want information only in this cell or information only from particles going in a certain direction Or in a certain energy range So kind of filters are more about phase space and scores are a little bit more about the reactions themselves We can only also tally we won't be doing this today, but we can also tally specifically for reactions from a particular Nuclide if we want to also so that's really useful for like Burnup calculations and things like that so for this tally we're going to need just a couple of scores to accomplish this task So the first thing we're going to do is I'll go up here I'll say tally scores and we can just provide this attribute To the tally object and the set of scores by name that we want to tally so here We're going to be tallying a fission rate so this is going to give us the number of Fission events per source particle in the simulation and we'll talk a little bit about the normalization aspect of that in a little bit and Then the q-value per source particle particle or the cap a fission value And then we can look to kind of ensure ourselves that those were in fact added to the tally object right and then using this model class is really handy because adding these tallies to the simulation is really just as simple as saying model dot tallies and Then provide that attribute with the tallies collection object and the tallies collection object is very similar to the one That we use for materials, so we just can provide it Open emcee dot tallies and then that tally and now that we've done that We can just run our simulation and again. I'll capture that state point file for use later We'll let that run shouldn't take too long And now we'll notice something a little bit different about the final state of our simulation If we look at the file explorer on the left-hand side here. There was a new file It's called tallies dot out this did not appear before because we didn't have any custom or user-specified tallies as part of open emcee So if we open this file we see that we have Kind of a summary of information about the tally, so we have tally one See that there are no other filters applied here But that it tally the fission rate and then the cap a fission rate as well Okay, so the tally results which we can visualize here as well This tallies dot out file is a nice way to look at like a summary of tallies But it's not the best way to interact with this data if we wanted to get this information and then Start to use it in Python. We don't want to have to parse through a text-based file To get that information out which is exactly what the state point file is for So we'll look at how to get our tally information out of the state point file next So we're going to provide this line of code and what this is doing is it's going to say with open emcee dot state point file as sp and Then any of the code inside of this block any of the indented code inside of this block It's going to access this object this state point file object and when we leave that indented block of code That state point file is going to be Closed up. So what the state point file is is it's really an hdf5 file containing a whole bunch of binary data from the simulation and we provide this Python API so it's a lot easier to access and process with So this this line here just kind of opens it up This is very much so equivalent to doing something like sp equals open emcee dot state point state point File so I've just executed that and then extract tally information And then running sp.close, but this is a much more how do I say Foolproof way of doing this in Python because if anything goes wrong inside of this block the state point file will still be Closed up afterward Okay, so a little bit on How to get your tally information out of this state point file we know that our tally ID is one and so we probably could look it up That way, but a more robust way to do it is by using the get tally feature of The state point object and so we'll use our helper function Just to examine what Provides to us and what that functionality is so the get tally object will look up a tally based on a whole bunch of Different properties of this tally that we can provide so we can say we could look it up by its scores By the filters we've applied and more simple information like its name or its ID So we'll just kind of experiment with doing a little bit of each of those And so we'll say this tally we can get the oh we're gonna get it by scores here So we'll say the tally scores for the tally that we want to extract from the oh, sorry tape point file The scores are gonna be fission and cap fission and then if we want to get this tally by ID we can do that equivalently just by saying Give me the tally based on its ID instead And then if we print tally by scores, we'll see that this is our original tally But it has a whole bunch of data associated with it now Which is what we want and similarly the object that was returned from this call getting the tally But specifying the ID it comes back and it's the same thing also So just two different ways of doing of extracting that information okay, so yeah as I mentioned it's kind of a quick aside on how We interact with these HDF5 binary files if you open in this way and Then try to run like if I were to do let's see I were to do this and then try to run a subsequent open emcee simulation one kind of Pitfall that we find with open like with this in workflows is that the files The HDF5 files are still open in the file system and so an open emcee goes to Run a new simulation and write a new summary file or a new state point file It's gonna run into an error because it's basically saying like when you open this file here It's locked it out of writing a new file and so that's why we kind of hammered home this point about always making sure that you run this closed command or extract information inside of a block like this Okay, back to back to tallies so To get the energy released per vision event It's relatively easy in terms of the units that we have here So the units that we have if I can show the meeting stuff and then look at the scores So this score the cap of vision units are going to be an EV per source particle All right And so what we're looking to get in the end is just determining like that the MEV per vision event So here it's telling us this is how much energy is released per source particle and then if we look at the vision reaction in reaction is just a reaction rate and units of reactions per source particle, so Have the vision rate per source particle, and then we have the Kappa source particle Okay, and so if we take Kappa Kappa vision value and divided by the vision rate Yet in the end electron volts per In the simulation so in this case determining the energy per vision in our simulation Really doesn't require us to know a source rate. It's more physical property of the materials So that kind of makes sense. It doesn't matter how frequently it's happening just that it happens often enough We get a good estimate of it a little bit on how to extract that information now We have the tally objects and we can look at the information that is associated with those Let's see tally by ID We can see the mean values here. So corresponding to our tally Or tally's out file we have two values one the first one is going to be the Vision rate and the second one is going to be the Kappa vision or energy release per vision now looking at them through the mean is Possible especially for this tally, but it's more and more values accumulate it can be difficult to Know what values we're really looking at And that's where this tally's dot get values command comes in So this will extract information from a tally object based on a whole bunch of different information the scores the filters the new clides Etc. Etc. So owner tally by ID We can get the vision rate By calling get values and then specifying that the scores we want is just this vision score I need to Make sure I say scores is equal to that so I'm telling it This is the type of score that I want to get information for and then I can print the information that comes out of that So one thing we'll do if we notice that's kind of nested in this data structure And if we look at the type of this It's really an array. It's a numpy array So it's kind of nested in this data structure and we want to get it out of there So what we'll do is we can just flatten out this array and get the first value So if we do that then we just get a vision rate and we get a raw value Instead of it being kind of tucked away in this array We do that for good reason because as tallies get more and more complicated You do want to be able to slice through that data array more effectively So we can do the same thing for the cap of vision. We can say tally by ID Get values scores and instead here of using vision We're going to do cap of vision and same thing. This is kind of just managing the array information that we get out We're going to flatten out that array and take the first value and now We should be able to print some information. So if we Let's see Let's say this is our vision rate vision per source particle Not a rate. It's cap of vision And finally We talked about here We'll say this is our MEV per vision. So that's going to be our cap of vision Divided by well, we'll do this in a separate line We'll say MEV per vision equal to cap of vision divided by vision and we'll multiply by Factor of 1 e to the minus 6 so that we get MEV per vision and I guess the units are kind of self-explanatory there All right, so we see we have our vision rate our cap of vision and then as we expect for a system that's fueled with uranium we have something that's around a hundred ninety five to two hundred MEV We're missing a little bit of energy there for photon deposition. So Realistically, I think it would be a little bit closer to 200 but we're also in a fast range or a fast reactor. So question The how to obtain the spot spatial distribution of flux for Fission reaction and So the question was the question line was how do we obtain this spatial distribution for flux or the vision rate or any kind of reaction rate? Really We can do that in a number of different ways We'll look at how to tally information by material in a little bit But if you want a really fine spatial distribution of that you can also use mesh tallies as well And there are one more question about the depletion calculations How many cross-section groups does the burn-up solver used to perform burn-up calculation after the eigenvalue calculations by open MC spinach it So the there's a couple different ways to do burn-up calculations in open MC. So one is when you when you do burn-up calculations with reaction rates instead of Flux you can get a Reaction rate that's integrated across a continuous energy spectrum. So by default in open MC You can we'll use reaction rates. So there's really no cross-section groups to use in that case However, if you are doing a burn-up calculation using flux You can specify an arbitrary energy group structure to open MC to tally that flux and then apply it and burn up Where it will collapse that flux into a reaction rate within the module. I hope that was I hope to answer that question Okay, so Task one so we kind of accomplish what we're looking to do there We got our MEV provision and now we'll go ahead and look at plotting the neutron flux spectrum also So with regard to the neutron flux spectrum, we're gonna need to do a slightly Different tally with a little more complexity to it So to get the flux spectrum, we're gonna need a group structure. So the question in the chat was kind of timely in that sense Open MC provides a A bunch of different group structures particularly as part of the multi-group cross-section module We can take a look at the name of those So here we see a whole bunch of group structures that we could use and then the keys for that meaning that I could Access these group structures by provide it by indexing into this and providing the the name of one of these As a string So for example, we're gonna be using the Casmo 70 group structure and this is how I would access that information is to index into that group structure data structure by just providing the name of the structure that I want to use So we'll call this Casmo 70 Hey, so we're gonna go ahead and set up a Energy filter using this group structure So an energy filter is gonna filter our tally results Into different energy bins and so we're gonna say there and maybe we should just take a look. Yeah, we'll do the energy filter Gonna be open MC Energy filter and then we can just provide it the groups that we want to use here So that would be the Casmo 70 group structure and then we can kind of inspect this object and Just to ensure ourselves that it has the correct number of energy groups. We can do something like look at the bins So we can say length The energy filter so how many bins meaning how many groups have we divided the energy space into and we'll see here that yes In fact, it's a 70 group energy structure and we have 70 bins in our energy filter We'll see a little bit more what those look like in a more intuitive way when we go to plot this flux spectrum So now that we have a filter we're gonna go ahead and apply it to a tally So the new tally we're gonna create is just open MC dot tally Let's call it the flux tally just so we don't clash with the one we did before Let's see So the flux tally is gonna need to have the filter we just created and we're gonna provide that as part of a list So our 70 group energy filter oops flux the flux tally Gores is gonna be set to flux and I think I should do it. So let's take a look at what's in that tally object And so we'll see here. We've created a tally. We didn't provide it an ID But it assigned to because we've already created one tally so far It has one filter. It's an energy filter and it's gonna be scoring the flux So now we can apply this tally really easily just by saying model that tally's Open MC dot tally's As the flux tally and we're gonna capture that state point file still and run our model During the calculation, there are two questions from the chat First one is is it possible to calculate the dose from the neutron flux? In the open MC data module, there are Dose coefficients. So once you produce the flux, you should be able to convolve that Energy base energy group based flux with these dose coefficients to get the dose values that you need Is there another one? Yeah, the second one is if we want to have a group structure, which is not present in the default risk Say ABBN How can we do so like yeah, that's a good question finding the group structure manually. Yeah, yeah That's a really good question. We use one that was predefined in open MC just to like make things easier We'll actually use one that's not an open MC later on but We'll just say temporary temp So if we were one gonna want to do something like that then what we would just provide to the energy filter is the The boundaries of the energy bins. So let's say we wanted one just a two group structure up to 20 MeV So for you to do that That's all we would need to provide to it and then if I look at the The bins of this so I print those out Oh, whoops, I added a Character at the end there if I print those out then it'll show me the groups of this energy filter So the first one goes from zero to point zero one EV and the next one goes From point oh one EV to all the way up to 20 MeV. That was a good question. Thank you for that Let's see, so we did the tally Okay, cool, then we're gonna go ahead and extract this tally Though the same as before we'll say with an open MC object. That's a state point file We're gonna grab that state point location that we got and I'll just note that these are generally predictable The state point file is named Based on the number of batches act the number of total batches in the simulation. So here ours is named state point dot 50 But this just takes out any guesswork As to what the state point file name is using this method with the model object So we'll do this and we'll say the spectrum tally It's gonna be state point dot get tally And what did we call that and call it flux tally? Yeah flux tally And we'll say that the idea of the tally we extract from the state point file should match the flux tally ID Though we gave to the simulation originally, okay, so then Here we're just gonna take the spectra flux spectrum flux spectrum It's just gonna be that spectrum mean and we'll just see the flux spectrum size overall All right, so we have 70 values and are in the mean of this tally We're not gonna dig in too much to like which values which here right now because they're always ordered by our energy And we have one score and now we can go ahead and plot our spectrum That's the size that I wanted Figure of fig size oops, so we're gonna specify a figure size Be able to reuse some of this code to the next section so We will determine the bin boundaries and then on our filter We can get the lethargy bin width Which is really just the log rhythmic width between each of these bins But it'll just give us the ability to plot on a log scale really easily So we'll use that for our x values in our plot and then we're gonna plot a step function We're going to get the unique energy values from our energy filter. So we're taking when we looked at these bins We're just gonna get all of those bin boundaries specifically That should be step on set and then because we're doing we're gonna be doing a step plot So we don't need every single boundary we need all but the last one and that's kind of what this indexing is doing for us And then again, we're gonna just flatten out that that array that we had and make sure to adjust it by the bin widths We're gonna do a semi log plot So we want to make sure that we're looking at our energy spectrum and log scale because it varies a huge number of orders of magnitude And then let's just go ahead and do a couple of labels X label and we just want to note that this is really in was a particle centimeter per source Particle and inevitably Issue in P. Ah, I see so when we imported the NumPy module, I should have imported NumPy is in P. That's a much more common way to see that module imported. So my mistake and Then what did I call this something slightly different? Flux spectrum. There we go. So a couple of issues there one I Need to import NumPy as in P so that I could call it here in P when I wanted to get the unique energy bounds and Then I had spectrum instead of flux spectrum here for the tally mean But once we got those two things corrected now, we can see our flux spectrum And we as we talked about Or do you want to introduce the model? It's a fast reactor. So we do expect this spectrum to look a little bit harder Or faster on the energy regime any questions on all of that Extracting information and doing normalization What is the unit of flux unit of flux? Yes. So we're gonna talk about that a little bit as well So this gets back into kind of our normalization and to Lot the flux with physical units. So looking at neutrons per centimeter squared per second as our flux We need to do a normalization for the total neutron source Which is going to determine or it is going to depend on the power So again a really well-timed question to segue into our tally normalization section But I think so before we dive into normalization We're gonna go ahead and break but before we do that. Are there any thoughts or questions? Yeah, you do a text file Yeah, so that is one thing that is relatively easy to do with the format that comes out of open MC So looking at the fucks the flux spectrum And what it is it's an array. So here we see You know most of our values are in the higher energy levels And this is a numpy array Which gives you the ability to use some of the features So we can save these to a text file So we can say let's see the file name so we could say our this is our fast box box spectrum not T TXC got a 3d array instead, so we'll flatten that the same thing is before this Function of numpy that we're using here that says save text We're gonna save this to a text file and it just doesn't like the fact that we were providing an array that had more than one dimension So we'll flatten it out give it another go And now if we look at the new file those created we can see all these values in a text file So this is kind of one of the advantages of working in like Python We have all these capabilities in place that we can build on and leverage Their follow-up. That's yeah, that's correct We could definitely we could add in the energy values and print them out pretty easily as well And then if we look at our tally's dot out file is this yeah, the flux is not in here But yeah, we could definitely write out the energy The energy widths and bins when we do that too any questions in the chat you Know any other questions in the room? Oh, yeah one of the back tutorials Locate what I'm sorry Maybe I miss for the tally Places we take to these values from the one cells or is there any Place specification for the tally taken taking to tally values So the is the question how do we get tally values for for cells and for materials and things like that Yeah, so similar to the tally Or is the energy filter that we applied to this tally You can apply cell filters or material material filters and then specify what cells go with those filters So that will give you results that only apply to a certain material or only apply to a certain cell region I see yeah, there are mesh tallies and Yeah, so the question was kind of we can do cell and material tallies. What about things like mesh tallies? Yeah, we have like a superimposed location in the geometry. So in open MC You can do mesh tallies as well. We have some examples of those in the notebooks repo that I sent out So you can you can do mesh tallies with a regular mesh or cylindrical or spherical meshes And then unstructured mesh also if you want to do like tetrahedral mesh, right? Yeah, that only applies to the tallies not for the geometry, right? There's a one more question like Yeah, how can we get a more continuous flux spectrum instead of the discretize when you just showed like By choosing the more energy groups or yeah, I think that's the best answer is there's so for the flux spectrum You can get integrate you can get values from Neutronics codes or from Monte Carlo codes that are integrated over the with continuous energy, but to view the Continuous flux You kind of you have to discretize it a little bit To be able to see it so you could do more energy groups to get something that's more continuous would certainly be one way there are also other More complex tally types where you could get a continuous flux, but it's It's not terribly straightforward. So I think my best answer would be like you once said to use more energy groups If you wanted a more continuous flux representation questions in the chat Okay. Well, yeah, I think we're we're a little early for the coffee break But let's go ahead and and do that and then we'll resume at like 315 320 something like that So 15 20 minutes here and we'll come back. Thank you all


All right, thanks. So I'm a pretty unconventional frequent flier and to get here over the past two days I flew from New Orleans to Houston to Boston to Washington DC to Las Vegas to Houston to Boston to Chicago to New Orleans to Philadelphia to Rochester over 10,000 miles in two days. What I did was a mileage run. This is a flight taken with the sole purpose of her any frequent flier miles usually with no real destination coming back returning the same day. Any regard to dates either. And the whole idea of this is that airlines give benefits in the form of least as a frequent flier miles not based in any part of the fare you buy but instead in the distance. So this is all about exploiting the non-correlation between those two things. So the idea is that you want to minimize cost or fare finding really low fares in the internet and maximize miles by routing yourself out of the way deliberately. So asymmetrical CPM or cost per mile is just fare divided by number of miles flown. Anything below four cents per mile considered kind of mileage run territory. One benefit you get by flying someone just elite status or different thresholds. Lots of benefits here priority you know assistance and first class upgrades all that kind of stuff which is one it's kind of the primary people people mileage run for. But more importantly to me are redeemable miles. These are miles you earn to using free flights and these are worth more than most people think if you know how to use the rules to your advantage stretching into multiple destinations and different partners on partner lines and so on. Tying stew together is a mileage multiplier that comes with elite status at the top elite status level you get a 2x multiplier on all future redeemable miles earns. You fly 5,000 you really earn 10,000. This really leverages the whole concept of mileage running to earn lots of redeemable miles. Most people just do this they didn't at them the year to get over a hump just to get the next level. I actively mileage run throughout the year on really low fare is just kind of buying redeemable miles for cheap in the process and you can find these fares on kind of two main sites the Flyer Talk mileage runs form as a main one also the flight do.com you're gonna see a lot of really low fares on there to kind of some random airports but the fare alone isn't enough once you have the fare you need to find a way to book it and so for that you can use ITA matrix which will give you a full fare calendar so you can find which dates to work for that fare and then once you drill down you can even sort the routings by CPM to minimize CPM and get the most miles possible. Here's some examples of mileage run fares I've flown on recently as you can see San Diego to Philadelphia round trip for 140 is really low it's a good mileage run fare. Just yesterday I flew from Boston to Las Vegas for $117 round trip that's a 2.0 CPM. This is an example of a routing I'm doing in December I'm flying to Shanghai for dinner going routing through Chicago in Miami so going really far out of the way it's gonna earn me about 20,000 mere qualifying miles of 3.7 CPM. So this is very subjective people value their miles a lot differently depending on the airline or skill and using these these complex rules to your advantage. These are my personal evaluations but it's gonna differ from person to person. One way to look at mileage runs is on a net cost basis so take your valuation of the miles multiply out the number of miles you're gonna earn and subtract that from the fare. The idea with mileage running is that it should be negative very negative ideally so in this example I've been basically making $160 in value on net. Now most people getting their demo miles want to use them on international business and first class redemptions these are flights that cost obscene amounts of money on cash but my miles are relatively a good deal and so that's what I'm mainly in it for next week and I'm leaving on this itinerary going from here to Sydney through Seoul then going to Bangkok and Bangkok to Tokyo to Chicago to Washington DC. This whole thing's international first class a couple private suites would cost $29,000 of paying cash but on miles I paid 140,000 US Airways miles that I earned by miles running 70,000 miles in US Airways with my 2x Elite Multiplier at about three cents for miles 2100 dollars that's kind of what you'd expect to pay an economy definitely my international first class. Certainly you're gonna be spending a lot of time in planes if you do this you have to be able to either work well in planes or feel like they're not wasting time. There's hassle involved until you get things like TC pre-check discomfort until you start getting a lease status and are sitting in the first class most of the time so it really isn't for everybody you have to love airports love airlines like I do it is kind of a big investment if you want to get that 2x Multiplier you have to invest a lot in these miles and you know it is a fun hobby though if you learn how to maximize the value of those redeemable miles so hope you've learned a little bit more about this maybe think we're less insane than you did before and I know that for us it really is about the journey not the destination thank you.


Strong self-healing materials with high healing efficiency are of great use in many fields but their fabrication is extremely challenging. Here, the authors present a robust self-healing material by incorporating high-density noncovalent bonds at the interfaces between dintritic tunic acid-modified tungsten-dissulfide nano sheets and a polyurethane matrix to collectively produce a strong interfacial interaction. This article was authored by Yi Yan Wang, Xin Huang, and Xin Xin Zhong.


Then welcome to part 5 in this series I believe on 2D game design using Phaser 2D, Phaser IO. So far we've created a very simple little game and again I'm trying to keep things as simple as possible for you here but this is our game. We got two players on the screen just because we can. I'm going to refresh that you can see they fall out of gravity, they bounce, they hit those bricks, you can move them left and right, let's make them jump so that you can jump. So let's go ahead and make our code full screen, nice big font for you guys to read there. Now we have in our update function for our players here, you can see that we check left or right but now let's add another if then statement and you want this as a separate if then statement because you still want to be able to move left and right as you're jumping. Let's see if cursors up. So remember cursors is an object from the Phaser game engine that's just checking for inputs. Say here we're saying up which means our up arrow and if it is down what are we going to do? Well we're going to take in this case P which is our player, take their body dot velocity on the Y, so remember X is left and right, Y is up and down equals and we need to put in a value of how much force we want this player to have going up. Now this might get a little confusing, you think up you might think positive number, this is a negative number because remember top left corner here is zero, zero. Bottom corner here is 1080 by 720 or whatever I made the size of this level at. So this up here on the Y axis is zero and further down you go the higher the number goes so we actually want to pull a force up. If we were to make this a positive number it'd be forcing the player down which you may want if you have a spaceship game or something where the player is flying around but we're working on jumping so we're going to say negative and in this case I'll put in 350 because that's what I found to be a good number. Now if I restart they bounce and I can press up and they jump. I can press over and up and they jump, left, right, left, right. Now if you don't want them to be able to go left and right while they're up in the air because realistically that's not very feasible then you can move this into the same if then statement or you can have a check, well a check that we're about to do because there is another issue here. Watch me press up, I press up, I press up, we're not jumping, we're flying. So what we need to do is make sure that if we press up that not only are we pressing up but the player has to be touching the ground for them to jump. So let's go ahead and do that. We're going to come in here and we're going to go end, end, ampersand, ampersand. So we're saying if this is true and something else is true they both have to be true. In this case P for player because that's what we created in this loop we said P for player. I could have put player to make it more simple for you guys but I like typing as little as possible. So player body touching, so touching something down. So the player has to be touching something with its feet, with its bottom down for this to work. So now I'll save that and I'll go back over to our game here and refresh and as we're moving around I can move around, I can jump and if I'm on the ground again I can jump. But if I keep hitting up, well that shouldn't be happening. I did save this right? Oh that was it. I didn't click save. Click save for your savings to take effect. So now I can press up, I keep hitting up but they weren't going up but once they're back on the ground they're back on the ground. Now this is something you need to think about when you're playing your game because we have our players bouncing so if I see I'll press up just as they bounce and they won't jump again. See, do it again and jump. See it's not working. Something you might take into account, do you want your player to be able to jump when they bounce? We're going to keep it simple here. They have to be on the ground to jump. So I can't fly away. Now if you want them to fly away you leave that out and it's no longer a jump feature, it's a fly feature.  Okay, so we got our players, they can jump, they can move left and right. I want to point something out though just so you don't come across this and it causes problems. I'm going to come up here to our create function where we create our platform and for right now I'm going to comment that out. Okay, so now our bricks will be gone. So now look, they're falling. They're on the ground, right? I press up. Oh, now why aren't they jumping? I can move left and right. Why can't I jump? Because the game engine doesn't recognize the world bounds as them touching something on their down, on their bottom. Their bodies aren't touching anything on the bottom. Even though they're stopped, it doesn't recognize it like that. So make sure that there is a ground plane for them to fall and don't think, oh, I don't need a ground plane. They're just going to be running and I'll make them jump. You could do that, but then you can't tell it when not to jump in this fashion. So I'll go back in here, remove those comment tags and refresh. And now we have our game and they are jumping. Yay! Okay, that's it for this tourno, it was kind of a short one. But have fun, play with that, play with the numbers, play with how they react. You can even technically give them each their own jump force, different number, so they can jump at different heights. In fact, that might be what the next video will be on. We'll see. I'm kind of making this up as I go along. Thanks for watching and as always, if you do enjoy this video, check out the whole series. There should be a link in the playlist or in the description. There should be a link to the playlist in the description of this video. And what it's going to do is bring you to all the videos, but I'm going to see a new video each week. So if you want to see the videos earlier, think about becoming a Patreon supporter over at patreon.com forward slash mail x1000 and you can get videos early and download them ad free. If you cannot support me financially but you like my videos, be sure to like, subscribe, share, comment. I do appreciate it. This is filmsbychrist.com. That's Chris with a K. There should be a link to that in the description as well. And as always, I hope that you have a great day.


So a key part of classical or traditional Chinese medicine is herbal formulas. In fact, most of my mentors suggest that herbs are the powerhouse of the results people get from Chinese medicine. It's kind of interesting that over 90% of practitioners in the US don't even use herbs. But traditionally, or classically, historically, these herbs were taken as formulas. Now the formulas were often prepared in decoctions, meaning the bulk herbs were boiled and then reduced and then taken in multiple dosages per day. Or they're taken in granules, which is a certain form of prepared powdered herb that is then mixed into hot liquid and drank multiple times per day. Now there are other formats as well, like being taken in tea pills, powdered externally into wounds like Yunnan Bayal. But in this video, I want to share the process we use for making herbal decoctions. Now I've personally taken herbal decoctions for years, both as granules as well as stovetop. In this video, I'm going to share how to make them with stovetop. So I hope that helps. It's kind of fun to actually practice with the Chinese herbs. You actually get to smell them, taste them, learn a little bit about their properties and how they work. Now if you'd like to stay in touch, the best way is to come on over to alexhyne.com forward slash free. I've got a free guide for you there on the five daily rituals to add 10 years to your life with classical or traditional Chinese medicine. It is also right there in the description below. And you can click that last video right there to watch the most recent video on this channel.


Someone asked, what's the difference between the Kingdom of Heaven and the Kingdom of God? You see both of them used, and so is there a difference? Well, the answer is there is no difference. They are both used interchangeably. Some people might want to make it out to be a difference, but the fact is there just is no difference. As a matter of fact, let's look at a couple passages, look at a few things that we're gonna see pretty quickly, pretty easily, that they are the same. Compare in Matthew 19-23 where you see Jesus speaking and he's gonna use both of these terms and he uses them interchangeably. In Matthew 19-23, Jesus said this, disciples truly, truly I say to you, it is hard for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. Notice what he says just after that. Again, I say to you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of God. Notice the very same statement he's making. He speaks of the Kingdom of Heaven and the Kingdom of God. So he uses those two interchangeably. Now, if we look at other passages, probably about six, seven, eight different passages in Matthew that we compare where he uses the Kingdom of Heaven with other passages and we'll see that they're used, same person speaking, and they're used interchangeably synonymously. As a matter of fact, let's look at Matthew 13-31. Notice what he says there. He presented another parable to them saying the Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed. So what's like a mustard seed? What does he like into a mustard seed? The Kingdom of Heaven. But then if we go to Luke 13, verse 18, he says, so he was saying, what is the Kingdom of God like and to what shall I compare it to? And he speaks of a mustard seed. So the very same parable, the very same thing that he's likened to the Kingdom of Heaven and the Kingdom of God. So they both are used interchangeably. They both are referred to the same thing. As a matter of fact, one thing we'll notice is if we look in the scriptures and we just type in Kingdom of Heaven, what are we gonna notice? Just see if you notice something here as we just kind of scroll through. This is every time that the phrase Kingdom of Heaven is used. Notice where it's used. You're gonna see something pretty quickly as we just scroll through all the numerous times that it's done, that this phrase is used. It's only used in the book of Matthew. So that's to tell us something. And then if we look up Kingdom of God, a few times Kingdom of God is used in Matthew but after these four, five, three or four times, after that it's used everywhere else. Mark, Luke, and in other places as well, even as we go outside of the gospel, we're gonna find that this phrase Kingdom of God is also used. We see it in Acts. We see it in Romans, 1 Corinthians. And so the word, they're just used interchangeably. Kingdom of Heaven, Kingdom of God. There are gonna be those that might want to say the Kingdom of Heaven is what's there. Kingdom of God is what's happening now or his rule, no. They all relate to the same thing and we see how the Bible uses them interchangeably. So the answer is there is no difference. Amen.


When the pressure increases by 100%, when the pressure increases by 100%, the volume becomes 625 ml. When the pressure increases by 100%, the volume becomes 625 ml. When the pressure increases by 100%, the volume becomes 625 ml, calculate the volume of each month. When the pressure increases by 100%, the volume becomes 625 ml, calculate the volume of each month. What 150 is the volume that the system that you have the container of that 1 liter and you should understand the question. Understanding of like the question is also the one part of the testing. So, no one will explain you what the question is, point is the volume of gas containing 10 marble at one atmospheric pressure is one litre, this is what it is given. Understand the question is the gas cylinder which contains 10 marble at one atmospheric pressure is one litre, means the gas cylinder plus 10 marble the volume is, the total volume is 10 litre. 25 ml is correct. See, you assume the volume of one marble that is V, what is the volume of 10 marble? 10. The volume that is available that is the volume of gas. The point is if you have 1000 litre of this container if you have, like 1000 litre of this container and in this 1000 litre suppose 200 litre is occupied by some solid object which you kept into this container, 200 litre is occupied. Means what is the available volume? 1000 minus 200. Means this volume which is available in this volume only the gases will be there. So, you need to find out the volume which is available for the gaseous molecules and then you can apply BVS equals to BVL equals to P2P2 because that is applicable only for gaseous system. So, in the question it is given one litre of container you have which is 1000 ml. And in this 10 marble is present. Volume occupied by one marble it is B suppose. So, the volume of the gaseous molecules will be 1000 ml minus 10 V. So, this is V1, pressure is given one atmospheric, P2 is what? P2 is 100% increase that will be what? Initially it is 1, it becomes that 2 because 100% increase is there. So, V is the volume of one marble. So, the volume available for the gaseous molecules V1 is equals to 1000 minus 10 V into ml. T1 is given in the question that is 100. So, V1 atmospheric P2 now increase by 100%. So, it becomes 2 atmospheric V2 will be what? The volume becomes 625 minus LV 625 ml. Now, you can apply BVLV1 is equals to P2P2. So, 1000 minus 10 V is equals to 2 into 625 minus 10 V. We are just calculating first the volume which is available for the gaseous molecule. In that volume we are applying BVLV1 is given. Next write down Charles's law at constant pressures for a given amount of gas at constant pressures the volume is directly proportional to temperature. The volume occupied by the gas is directly proportional to temperature. When you remove this proposed standard sign we will get V is equals to KT where K is what? When you compare this with the series goes to LRT equation K is a function of pressure and we can also say K is inversely proportional to pressure. So, when you draw the graph of Nt V and T. So, again you will get a state like a different difference present P1 P2. If I ask you what is the relation of order of P1 P2 and P3 what is the answer tell me? P3 is maximum. Why P3 is maximum? Slope is K right? Slope is minimum here then maximum in case of P1 right? So, when the slope is maximum K pressure will be what? Minimum because K and P are inversely proportional. Slope is maximum here so pressure will be minimum order of P1. Then you can draw a line straight line and then also you can draw. T and log V graph is what? You have to have a log T and log V graph. Log of? Log isn't log base V or log base T. Anything you make measure of the graph. You have to draw log like this right? Whatever Y and X axis we have you try to draw a relation first in between the Y and X axis. Like we have log V and log P we have the relation of V and D take log both side. What do you get? Log V is equal to log T plus? No, it's log KT right? Log T plus log K right? No I suppose. T is Y, this is X and this is C, Y is equals to Mx plus C where M is equals to 1 right? V is Y here, Y axis is log V right? X axis is what? Log T, log T is X, log V is Y and log K is constant C. K is constant.  Log V and Y axis. How do you know that it is Y axis and Y axis? Y axis and Y axis. This is in the form of this, no Y axis is Y axis. C is Y axis, it means it is because of Y axis. It is in the form of Y axis plus Y axis. What is the reason for this one? This one, yeah. Because the axis is log V and log C. What is the question of this? Log V and log T. How do we draw the graph of this straight line with positive slope right? So it will be like this positive Y intercept. This will be like this. It will be positive Y intercept. It will be positive Y intercept. It will be positive Y intercept. If you draw like this, it will be positive Y intercept. If it is positive Y intercept, it will be 0. Yes, because the slope is 1. This angle is 45 degree. Sometimes what happens, they will give you this. This will give you the graph. And you need to write down the expression for V and T. This gives you log K. This distance is log K. From here you can find out K and then you can find out the equation of V and T. And then suppose at a given volume, what temperature we have to find out that we can substitute there and find out T. Understood this? So basic principle is what? Whenever you have to compare or draw a graph, you just find out the relation of the Y axis. The variable which is there in Y axis and X axis. Depending upon the nature of the equation that you get, you can draw the graph. And mostly in chemistry, you will get a straight line. Most of the cases, 99% of the cases, you will get a straight line. So that is what is required. If you write down here, the relation of volume and temperature. You won't use this in solving numericals, but I will just give you one definition here. You see V and T, volume and any temperature T, we can write this as V0 or V0 also we call it as plus T divided by 273. Now this V0 is the volume at 0 degree Celsius. Volume at 0 degree Celsius. This volume at temperature T degrees Celsius. So when the temperature is minus 273, or better we write this as capital T. Now if this temperature you take minus 273 degree Celsius. Minus 273 degree Celsius. Now VT will be what? VT will be 0, which is theoretical. It means the volume occupied by the gaseous molecules at this temperature will be what? 0. This temperature we call it as absolute 0 temperature. No, it is not possible. It is impossible. We can say, but I cannot say it is impossible because nothing is impossible. So if you say impossible, I won't say impossible, but very difficult to say. So you can say minus 273 degree Celsius, but you cannot touch a point on the slide. You cannot make it absolutely 0. That is no velocity volume. That is why I said that it is a theoretical. That is why I said theoretical. Because anything if it is there, any molecules, any size, they will occupy some volume. Sir, what is the volume? Sir, what is the volume? No, no, no. Actually you know, in absolute 0 temperature I mean for this temperature it is very low. You are not increasing the temperature. The temperature is decreasing, right? The temperature is very low. So kinetic energy will be almost 0 in that case. Actually the definition of absolute 0 temperature is what? There is a temperature at which all kind of motion of the molecule freezes. Sir, like that. Even vibration motion is also not there. Sir, the temperature of the molecule freezes. No, that we can find out. But this temperature, the definition of this is what? All kind of motion freezes at this temperature for the molecules. That is why this is very difficult to achieve this temperature. You cannot achieve this temperature and you cannot freeze all kind of motion. Translational motion you can freeze, but vibrational motion you cannot freeze. Sir, it is going to freeze. So it is a theoretical thing. Practically we cannot achieve. Sir, just theoretically we achieve this temperature, right? Where you did it for an electron, it is in the electric or the electric position. No, we are talking about theoretical. Practically we cannot do. So how do we know the position of the electron? Sir, what is the most important? Most Einstein. But that is a very high temperature. Most Einstein is very high temperature. Different states of matter, all those plasma and most Einstein. It is possible it is very high temperature. Sir, how do you know both Einstein? Sir, you know both Einstein. Sir, you know both Einstein. The other states of matter you are talking about, right? Like plasma and both Einstein. Yeah, so all those plasma things even exist that, you know, when the temperature is like in the surface of the Sun that we have. And that we have this expression. That near the surface of the Sun temperature is very high. Under those circumstances the plasma and both Einstein are states of matter they exist. Different isotopes of higher temperature. That is what you are talking about. Sir, how do you know both Einstein? Both Einstein is low temperature. Low temperature. Very low temperature. Yeah, yeah. Wait sir. Sir, so sir. So, we measure temperature, the section measuring the kinetic energy of the particle. Sir, so what is that velocity of the particle? That one is just opening up. Sir, because we like the velocity for gas in the particle. Yes sir. Sir, because like if I am measuring that velocity I can prove why you can never achieve that. Because if you want to have zero velocity that means that the velocity of everything has to be zero. So that it can't... Everything means what? Every molecule. The entire universe has to have zero velocity. So that I can have zero relative... No, no, no, no, no. The entire universe has no velocity. That means that it has no velocity relative to anything. And to do that I need to convert all of this kinetic energy into potential or I have to destroy the kinetic energy. Since I can't destroy it, I need to potential it. So now to convert it into potential I need some machine. And that machine in itself needs more energy. So there needs to be a machine to convert that machine's energy into potential energy. How many machines do you want to do in finite machines? And you can't? That's why something's still happening. Right, that's also happening. But the point is any molecule that you have, this molecule, they always have vibrational motion in them. Suppose rotation motion you can control, translation motion you can control. But vibrational motion you can also do that. Because there's energy. Vibrational motion is more... Across one point, the molecule is so vibrational. Sir, that's the whole point of creation. Sir, that's the whole point of creation. Yes, yes. Sir, has it been thrown among the various machines? Yes, sir. Sir, it's been thrown among the various machines. Yes, sir. It is a possible version. Yes, sir. The definition of absolute energy is what? It is the complete energy. All kind of motion of the molecule freezes. It completes the energy. That's practically non-mole. And how do you make this? Sir, let's take a break. Sir, it is practically non-mole. It is any molecule. Let's talk to my number. Sir, what is this? Sir, you said that the molecule is non-mole. Sir, it was non-mole. Sir, you are talking about gas in this thing. Sir, it was non-mole. Sir, I said that what is the gas in this thing? Sir, it is non-mole. Sir, it is non-mole. Sir, it is non-mole. Sir, you say that the molecule freezes is non-mole. Sorry. Sir, it is non-mole. I just have them. Yes, sir. Sir, you as you said are non-mole. Give me the space. Okay.