Once again welcome to this class on Linux basics this is the ongoing sees the this is the class on Linux and all the programming languages today is our fourth session we will be continuing our discussion on the Linux we started talking about the basics as for the kernel the file system and then the shell then we went into more details about the commands and then last week we saw how the line in the last lecture we saw the commands how to do some managing the file access managing system resources from managing general disk usage or disk resources to be specific we saw the commands like change mode to modify the file permissions we had the different sections in the file permission list the first one is for the user the second one for the group and the third one is for everyone else we saw how to set these access codes exactly like a binary number so basically it's read write and execute so for each of these things so maximum that you can allocate a number is seven which is because read write execute each one is represented by one bit so if all of them are on that's one one one which stands for decimal number seven so you can say like seven seven seven that means that it's all ready for all the books and then based on how there you make because zero and you can control the access for example you want you want all the read write execute so you make yourself seven and then the group just wants to read and execute then you make it as one zero one which is five and then for all of them we just want them to read then you make it as one zero zero which goes to four so like like that you can control so 754 or any combination of that you can use to control the access then you also we saw the change the ownership of given file from yourself some of the owner some of the user and then you can also use the change group to change the group permissions itself of the group itself of the file this comes in handy because when we look at like various realized situations a particular file access may be restricted because of certain groups of particular directory and be accessed only by certain groups and you may have permission but you don't know like in which group you belong to and you may have like permissions of multiple groups you want to make sure that that particular file that is most at least that one group which enable you to do more stuff we also saw like how to manage the system resources in particular we saw some of the definitions of the processes how do we what we call process in Linux and how Linux assigns process ID for each of the processes and then we also saw how to report those processes using the ps command all the top command and then we also saw how to kill a particular process by using the kill and in which we also saw like the various priorities where the interrupt can be as high as minus 9 which means that instant kill of that process we also saw some commands related to the resources the disk usage in particular we saw like DU command the DU various options and which actually enabled us to get how much disk space is remaining and then we also like we saw the DF command which is essentially again another way of the estimating the usage here the DS reports on a particular file system as to mount point and how much memory then we also saw the command for free to also understand how how much memory is we name we also use some other commands I think we did the to end of the map analogy there want to find out like which who who is the user so there is a who command which gives you all the users in the system or who am I specific to which user name that you are using to access the system so today we will be looking at some more comments and before we start about today's lecture I want to assign you some more activities so just like what we did in the last lecture today I want you to use man command to find more details on the top top is the other command that we studied in the last lecture to get more details on top and then page on find out and see like what about in what are the options how to use it more detail especially the top will very widely used for now to see in the dynamic way as to what is happening with all the processes in the system and so particular interest is how do you fill within the top and also how do you exit off top those kind of things become very useful then use the PS command to find all the processes that are running and use the kill commands to stop also use top to find the processes running and then use the a command use at least one command to stop the process from the top top command itself so these are just one activity you can do so in today's topic we will be dealing with more in-depth file system commands specifically talk about grep f grep locate unique sort touch find other commands like this and T I kind of group them here and we will see why and also like some of the commands that it also like other commonly used among link how to link a file the linking is a very easy way of actually accessing a file without actually popping the file and long time as well as large so let's start start with these commands the first command that we will talk about f grep or grep the grep command is mainly used to search a keyword inside a file so the keyword is specified as a string and the grep provides a lot of options from essentially for doing various things so here are some options are given which is dash I for ignore case dash V for the lines which don't match so basically it excludes the lines that match and it gives you only the lines that don't match from file and then also you can say like the dash n and the following n specify some number so that the command actually displays the lines where it found the match and then after that the n number of lines which is specified here in that file so these are like very powerful and useful commands from typically we try to get use the grep to find a particular keyword whether that is there in the file and then once we find it then we can do all kinds of operation from those keywords and then we can use it in other programs even the string that we specify for matching that you can specify it as a regular expression again you can actually go into the man grep or man grep to get more information about this command itself there are also like other nifty features like dash L which only shows all the files where the keyword is present it doesn't output the exactly the line so these are all like some nifty things that we can do to gather information so again these are all like the information getting some else they themselves don't modify the file one of the features that we talked about earlier was this multitasking so even within a window you can do multitasking which is essentially we saw this pipe command where we can pipe the command output of a command into another so similarly you can use that command in that passion for example if you want to search multiple keywords and you want to see like I mean which file all the particular key was that person so you can actually get one keyword at a time and then pipe those outputs into the subsequent for now subsequent so it will be like that a from star dot AST pipe to get B pipe to get C pipe to get B so now the output of that this entire command will be one file which contains all a so so it is again very useful command and then you can you can put it in multiple orders and we can give you some exercise with electron to see how knowledge of the other command that we will talk about is fine the fine command is again used to find particular file in a hard drive so this is like mostly like the file name rather than using really a grip which is the more keyword so using this one you can find files by date and we can specify also the range of times then modify so here is an example find slash user slash bin type is F and then the dash a time plus 100 dash bin so so then you can actually like get this particular files so using the fine command you can also use find to show the postscript files you know directory and then one example is like find star dot Perl here you can see all the commands that end in what Perl so again the syntax follows the general syntax of the in a Linux command only thing is here the directory is also an argument which is essentially like find and then argument and then the options and then followed by what is action for example here the action is to print that all the files that for the post that perform in the example come on so here there is more stuff basically make sure if you just don't specify anything it assumes that it's actually the current directory so find star Perl will give you list all the PL extended files this is same as you can say think of right now at this LS star Perl that also gives the same of it so the find is also like used when the particular directory is or particular file is embedded in multiple levels of hierarchy and somewhere below the hierarchy is where this file is then you can use find to actually like find the file the other command is to locate locate is is much faster than the fine command so that is the reason why you choose to use locate instead of find so the the again the files are printed with the path if you use the command so the syntax is just locate and then the search string so it finds the file and then it prints the whole path where exactly the file is located for that string so here is an example again locate star Perl it gives you like the entire path and then followed by the varieties and then it goes under all the all the directory so from the current directory it goes under each hierarchy and then finds if that particular file exists in those hierarchies and all the entire path actually like I just wanted to be stating in the previous one the find also is that exactly the same thing instead even though it doesn't print out the the path name this set of files is not just limited to the current directory it's actually the from current directory onwards it goes all the way under and then find set files so that's the principle difference between the LS command and the fine command whereas LS only restricts to the particular hierarchy that we use for example if you just say LS star Perl it only finds all the Perl files in current directory if you do LS dot slash blah blah slash star Perl it only goes under one directory below and then look for the particular files whereas find searches across all the entire tree that is under that particular directory and gives you all the matches so this is a principle distinction in locate this also and then the other command that we will learn is WC it's not water closet so it actually stands for word count so here the key thing is you can actually determine how many lines are there in a file using this WC command you know it's the word actually it can give you the number of lines the words the number of characters all of them so again there are multiple options dash L gives you the lines and if you just specify WC without any options and then the file name it gives you all three it gives you the number of lines as the first column number of words as a second column and then you can specifically go ahead and ask WC minus L filename that gives you the number of lines WC minus W the filename gives you the number of words again the words means the the the non-white space characters group of characters separated by a white space character or a new line so those are the words that's the definition of word and so that collection will be treated as a word and then to just output the number of words and then WC minus the filename will give you the number of characters here the number of characters typically is the non-white space characters so all the white space characters are not reported so here there are some examples so here is a default WC test color V gives you the filename 8 characters 8 8 words 93 characters and then here you can also see like somebody is piping the LS command into WC myself so then it gives you the since it is LS basically like it gives you how many lines are there in the in this output of the LS command again as I said like when you use the pipe the commands output gets piped to the particular so in this one you can think that basically there are 68 files in that in this direction you know like the regular LS actually gives the files multiple files in the same line when you pipe the LS to the WC model if it gives each file as one line so that's why I'm going to get the actual number of files in the 68 so the next command that we will know is sort a sort command is used to sort the files in the alphabetical order so a sort filename sort and then the filename just takes all the lines and basically sees which line to be coming first and then it presents that way for example in this case the next one dot x C C plus net eclipse Java so you can see that actually let us see if just goes in the ports this so inside the content may be in any other order but when you do a sort it sorts it immediately into a lot again this is another useful command if you are collecting some data and then the data is all some form and you want to present it in a much better form so you can use this command to present it in an alphabetical order so now let us move on this command unique this command prints out the file removing all the duplicate adjacent lines so again you can say unique unique filename it gives you all the lines that are appearing only once and then there are options to it so for example unique minus you the filename dash dash unique prints all the unique lines and then if you say like repeat it with dash be option it only prints out the what are the duplicated lines so again this command is used many ways if you have a particular filename which you copied from multiple sources and you do not know whether something is repeated in time one way to find out is just use this unique command can also say like dash see filename which gives you the number of times a particular line has acted so for the unique lines it prints out one and then how many times that particular line has been occurring inside that file so let us look at some examples here create the test they create this one you can see that actually Dravid Dravid is repeated Sachin is actually repeated but different patient and ganguly is repeated twice so if you just give like just unique text now it gives you the Sachin twice but Dravid and ganguly are reported only once so that they are given so one way to eliminate these kind of situation is to use the soft so when you do a start the Sachin and Sachin whichever position actually like on the gang together so in this case it is Dravid cumle or Dravid ganguly cumle and then Sachin Sachin so now if you say like sort the text and then pass that to the unique command then you get really just the unique ones because the two such ins are coming now together and that gets eliminated and then you can say like unique minus you the text then it gives you like Sachin Sachin and cumle this is the this show illustrate how the unique command is getting used actually this the unique minus you is actually only depends on the unique lines in this case like if you have we have sorted this way then we will print out the oh actually like because the text is still this one so that is why Sachin is printed twice because it thinks it is still they are unique because they appear in different lines the entire Dravid is gone and then the ganguly is gone because they are repeated so that is why the unique minus you gives two such ins and one cumle so now let us go to the next one which is touch touch is way to create empty file so when you say like touch and then the file name an empty file with that file name you will be created you have a size of 0 bytes it does not exist if that particular file exist then it updates the timestamp so that it appears as if like that file was updated just recently okay so again this is useful in the terms of some some particular commands that we may work on will not run if the file is not updated to the latest time timestamp or you may have a requirement that this particular file needs to be updated much later than another part so and but the file that file may be created later than the file that you want to access in that sense you can just do a touch and then the file name which updates the timestamp and then you can do the processing because here as an example we want to change the access time of file 6 to 10 10 in May so here we can actually give a particular date and then we can say like touch so touch minus B second May and then followed by the time and then it will change the timestamp to that particular time so you can use an LS minus L to verify whether the timestamp change has happened so another way to do it is dash T touch dash T the touch dash T takes an expression which is month followed by day followed by hour followed by minutes so it is shown here month month day day hour hour once you specify this format it actually updates the timestamp to that particular format that particular time so that that's another way to change either month dash T with the date inside the quotation or just specify dash T and then it updates typically we don't use within the options you can just say touch and then the file name then it puts the the latest timestamp into that one so it just gets the timestamp from the date command and then it puts that particular date for that file so that it appears as if it is not modified and then if it is not there then it produces a file with 0 bytes so here are again some more examples so when we say like touch and then we see the what is the disk usage for that particular file which reports 0 bytes and if you do an ls-l it will report 0 bytes as the latest timestamp and then we say okay now we want to change the timestamp and then we provide this timestamp and then then we say like ls-l text we see an older timestamp so again you can advance the date or move it forward you cannot move it forward more than the system date itself so that's another thing that we want to make sure of so here it's also like you can dash T option to change the date on the particular file and change the system so as I mentioned earlier there are few commands to actually alter the programming behavior or managing the system also one thing that we saw was the pipe command then you also saw like how the process can be called in the other command is what is called the team the T command actually sends an output of a program or in our case it's a process output of a process to two different directions at the same time so you can specify T and then file name with options and then it can actually send it to two different locations so what are the two locations here one is it stores into the particular file so here we have an example ls-l by T filename file 2 so now let's see like I mean how this works so ls-l generates an output which is the list of all the file all the details inside the directory and then that is actually piped to T and then file 2 so when it is piped actually it is actually going to the output file in our case it's the terminal where it displays what is the output of that ls-l command but we say that is also do a P to file 2 that means that it actually writes out the same information into file 2 and the dash T minus a is an option to append to a particular file the same as the double arrow when we say double arrow it only like that just that portion of it has writing the file writing into file whereas the T will write into the file and also output into the terminal let's see an example so in this example we initially we store the output of ls-l using a greater than arrow into list 1 now the second command is interesting where we did the same ls-l but now 5 to T list 2 so now let's see what what is output so when you do the ls-l it's actually there are all these four zero size files file 1, file 2, file 4 and then there is some file form of size which is list 1 now what will happen when we do the list 2 so one thing is to notice is when we specify this ls-l 5 to TL list 2 it displays the output of the ls command in the terminal which is you can see like the four zero size files and then the list 1 which we created earlier this ls-l send to the list 1 but now you see that basically produces this output at the output terminal but also now it writes this information into another file called list 2 and that list 2 is not shown here because at the time of team basically they are two parallel processes so the list 2 was still getting updated so it doesn't even know that that particular file existed at that point so the ls-l produces normal output now the next command is the T with dash a which means that we want to append the list 2 with the same ls-l command so now if you look at it now the list 2 command list 2 is shown and pretty much you can see that actually they have like similar type of number of files so again you can see that actually there was two more some more information that gets written into the the list 2 but in general you can now see the how this thing works again in this case the T is still it works as two processes and those processes are executed independently so it still doesn't know the existence of this particular file list 2 so once we finish the execution that's when it gets written into the directory and then that's when we know that okay this file exists and so the subsequent commands will start using the file okay so now we will go into two more commands which are quite important because these are the commands that we will use more often in current in the current course as well as in go out in the real world we'll be using all these commands for much more details so the next command is cmp pmp stands for compare this actually compares two files and reports if they are identical and it records the position of the first character the program itself generates a zero output if they are identical otherwise it produces a one output and then shows the difference so the syntax is just cmp file 1 file 2 so here we give a cmp ex1 vertex and ex2 vertex here it says essentially like I mean differs by differs in byte one and there is line one so after it executes this it stops and it comes back to the shell so again cmp is another useful too to understand how to what is this what are the differences between two files and then how to bridge those differences like that so we already saw the find the command actually this line should have gone earlier home and we know that actually it's basically defined the path selection criteria essentially the path for the selection criteria so you can say find dot which means that start from the current directory and then the selection criteria will be the minus top of so it looks at looks for the top dot we the current directory and all the way under then you can also say like find dot and then slash type B which is then the type which is the directory and then it finds all the directories under the under under your current directory and anything like dot star as we know the hidden files start with dot in the as a beginning so again like when you do the find dot with type F and name is dot star then it finds all the hidden time again this all should be followed by also the second item which is what to do with this data so like dash print so here in the home there to exam dot text is what we want to find and then give you that basically and then it also gives you all the things under the home there too which is the two the four the five so now we come to another important command on the disk actually this is used to get the differences between two files so it compares the two files and reports what are the differences so there is a simple disk which is which basically compares the two files and then displays on a running actually it shows a running display of what are the differences and it tags one file by less than and then the other file by greater than to distinguish the difference between like those two and then it reports like all the lines which are different then there are specialized commands Vim disk file name one file name two or as this file name one from two these commands display the files side by side as a part of this Vim disk you can also have a PK disk which is using the TICL TA interface to create a UI so that you can compare those two files and the good thing about all these commands are you can display the the the differences and then you can merge the differences you will merge file a's differences to file B or file B's differences to file A in whichever way that you want to go to and then you can do several other things essentially you can even make both the files exactly the same so basically the differences between A and B motorizing A will go into B and B will go into A things like that so again this is another for two commands I want you to use this in realize the disk command is often used to find differences between two files either two scripts to run a particular tool or things like that and then it also helps us to find where what we changed which caused certain issues so you can compare the current version with the previous version to see like what changed and so then you can take some passive options against it or you can go the other way like to see that actually okay they are different then you can say say like okay throw away my old file and then I'll throw away my new file and then I'll use the old file things like that also you will do so it's a very helpful command and you've been using it and a lot in the real world rim this again it it shows side by side and uses the the editor called vi we will talk about this in the programming context in the next but there are these editor to edit files one such editor is them or so visual visual editor vi there are other editors like emacs is some of the one probably just heard about that vi is very common because it has a fairly easy to understand interface so we will like that a lot a couple of other things that I wanted to highlight are one is for the use of tab that you can use tab to complete a particular command or complete a particular file so this again is you don't have to type everything it's shaping the same today you can stop at some point and then let the tool continue and complete that particular role so that's also provided I also wanted to briefly touch upon one additional command which is lm or link so imagine you have a file system on your file which runs into like a couple of gigabytes or even more these days like I mean 50 hundred gigabytes is nothing and then now you have a another directory there a particular program that you want to run and which also needs this file as one of the now one way to do it is you can just copy that file over to the new location and then this particular fire this particular program will access that file and do whatever it wants and then basically it finishes essentially instead of that you can also think of another way where you don't copy the whole file into the new location which can lead to actually like two things one is to copy the file over to the new location since it is running into like multiple gigabytes probably to slow the whole system down take a long time for the particular file to be copied the second thing that it has is basically each of those memory like I mean now unnecessarily you are having like two copies of the same intervention and as a result you are just occupying the disk space with that and as a result some other important program will not be able to work because you are blocking the system with your your jobs so a better way is to actually link a particular file linking a file means essentially you are creating a pointer to that file in that directory so that the program that wants to access can chase that pointer and then go back to the the links can be created in two ways one is called the hard link and then the other one is called the soft link symbolic so let's look at what a hard link is a hard link is when we specify the command followed by the target file name and then the link so here both of them are arguments and the first argument is what the link that you want to create and then the second one is what sorry first one is the file name which you want to create a link form and then the second one is the name of the link that you want to it so if you specify ln target file name link me then it creates a hard link to target file name all link so why what is the why is it called a hard link so the hard link is because even though if you remove the original program the program content still lives under this form this targeting or essentially the link so if you want to delete a file it is not just enough to delete that particular file from the file system you also need to delete all the hard link references to that file so because otherwise like and still keep the data for the link to work and it will make it work the other command is ln minus there and then target name and then the link name this creates a soft link or a symbolic link to the particular time of the target so here if you if you have a soft link and then if you saying like okay delete my original file then the next time when you run the program generates an error saying that hey that particular file is not found even though like it exists in the symbolic link so you need to pretty much chase through the symbolic link find out where exactly it is and then add it to the file but the key thing is again the symbolic link you want the program to fail if it doesn't find the file so again so that is the reason why a symbolic link is preferred over a hard link in most of the programs in this lecture we covered a number of topics all very important and very useful commands grab if grab locate unique sort touch this t also like the link commands so I think this should give you a good flavor of the entire Linux system we will be start starting to talk about the Linux networking in the next session but with this actually like I mean we cover all the basics of Linux so and we will also have some more assignments that will be coming your way but we will also do a recap of this lecture in the next one when we start the Linux networking so again thanks a lot thank you very much and good luck


So there's been eight Rocky films in the Rocky franchise, including Creed 1 and Creed 2. Correct. We're going to rank them for you, for what we think, what he thinks, the best ones. There might be some battling. Right now. So Creed 2 just hit theaters, we just checked it out, if you want to check out a review, it's probably up around here somewhere or down below, it's somewhere, watch it, and then come back here and check out what we thought was the best of the Rocky franchise. Beginning with the worst film, what do you think is? It can't be anything else, it literally can't be. Rocky 5, it's a piece of turd. It has to be one of the worst Rocky films by far. Well it is the worst Rocky film by far. Well sure, sure, but like there's nothing supporting that film to make it good. No. Tommy Gunn is like the worst character of all time. It's so different from the other films. 100% it feels like this was that, the Rocky 5 was their first kind of real try to try and start something different in the Rocky franchise. It's almost like their first attempt at Creed, but it failed on so many parts for me. The street fighting is weird, the Don King character is weird. I don't care about Tommy Gunn, so I feel like that whole storyline I don't care about. It's not really Rocky, it's in the same way that he's kind of like a, he's not really fighting, he just kind of gets ticked off and takes it out of the street. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Oh, I'm in the street. When have we ever seen Rocky Balboa fight in the streets? Like it's not something like he'd go, oh yeah, he used to fight in the streets. It's like the tagline of the movie, Rocky takes you to the streets. Nah, not my cup of tea. No. Rocky 5, you're right on the bottom. So number 7, what do we got? Rocky 3. Yeah, sorry guys, I know there's probably a lot of Thundalips out there. Not pretty full. Thundalips? That's Tolkogan and Rocky 3.  What's the team obviously? What is his name? Clavalang. Yeah, Clavalang. But I think this is the start, I think it was the Rocky movies kind of cartoony. Yeah, he starts taking on whatever he can. Yeah. So if it was the big strong guy, then it's the Russian, then he takes on the world, then he takes on space. Yeah. And that's how they came up with Predator. Yeah. He'd fight in everyone in the world, so now he's going to take on the thing from space. But yeah, Rocky 3, Clavalang, Hulk Hogan. But yeah, I didn't love that movie. The whole commercial sequences. Yeah, is that what he did in the Tiger Cage? Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. No, not for me. The Mickey? A bit of a… Yeah, a bit of a sad moment for Mickey. But yeah, if I'm ranking these films, it kind of sits towards the bottom. Yeah. Yeah. Number six has to be… Probably Creed 2. Creed 2. Like it's not a bad thing. It's a good spot to be in. It's a very strong franchise, but it doesn't stand out enough to me to rank it higher. Yeah, yeah. The thing you have to know about the Rocky franchise is that I can say is all of the movies are awesome. If you like good sports movies, you can't go past the Rocky franchise. So saying something is bad or lower in the ranks in this franchise is not a bad thing. They're all good movies. And this was like another sports franchise. It was a good chance, but these Rocky movies are really consistently pretty solid. So that's just what it is. Yeah, Creed 2. It's worth checking out in theaters. It is. It's worth checking out. It's good film. It's fun. Return of some great characters. But overall, it doesn't beat many of the Rocky films that are out there. Sorry, I agree too. Yeah. Number five. I probably Creed 1. Oh, sorry, Creed. So you're together, so you get support. Yeah, yeah. You can take out. You can take out. That's all right. That's probably going to be Creed 3. Yeah. Michael B. Jones vs Michael B. Jones, right? He's shadow boxing really. Yeah, exactly. They get one of those holograms that brings back the dead pop stars. Oh, they have to do something, right? Yeah, exactly. Oh, what a great idea. I know exactly what you're talking about. That would be pretty funny. I think there's really, Creed, I guess was a really good start to try and re-evaluate that franchise and keep Rocky as part of it. I think it was awesome. I think it's one of those great ideas that someone must have just had. And it's like, yes, that's exactly what's happening. Obviously, Robert isn't going to take the franchise over by doing a finance movie about how he beats up the finance. That's Rocky's son, if he didn't pick up on that. But yeah, I feel the key for it. We could have got another Whiff of Wall Street or a Star movie, which would be cool. But yeah, that wasn't going to happen. So Creed was a great idea, really well executed, a very good film. But in the Rocky franchise overall, it doesn't be, again, the rest of the Rocky films we're about to talk about. Correct. And I think to me, it's like, I love that Rocky character. Sloane is amazing. And he's really good as a sporty actor in that role. But I want to see him as the lead. Absolutely. Absolutely. And number four. Well, back to the Rocky films. It is Rocky Balboa. Yeah, that's pretty good. Yeah. Okay. I'll take you on that one. This was a surprise, right? Because everyone thought, like, this dude's like super old. How can he get in the ring? But it was really good. It was sensational. I love that movie.  Had to be something in Rocky's mind. Or Steve Svesloan's mind that he was just like, I need to do something different. I need to bring it back. And he had just brought back John Rambo with Rambo 5. Was that before? I remember before. Yeah, I feel like that was before. But I'll tell you what the thing is with that. Either way. With me with Rocky Balboa, like, that was 2006, I think. Think about that being one of the first movies where they tried to reboot or resequel as like a movie from the 80s.  Yeah. And that movie did such a good job trying to bring back all those characters and those people that you love. And really just put Rocky back in the spotlight again.  Yeah. Look, I absolutely love Rocky Balboa. I think it's really well crafted, really well directed film, really well written film. Even bringing stuff like Paulie was awesome. He wasn't that hateable in that movie.  Not bringing about Talia Shire as Adrian. I did say Andre that six times prior to this. You know, it was a really, I think a good idea for me. She's not the best character I think in the Rocky franchise, but she's fine. And adds weight to Rocky and his decisions and whatnot and where he is at life, I think. And so, yeah, like maybe a hard decision to Talia Shire is acting career, but if she said that one. I think the last movie she did prior to that was Rad from Memory. Remember Rad? Yeah. But yeah, I think it's really solid. It tries to bring those family values that we can see continuing to create movies. But yeah, it's really good time and probably the most surprising out of all the Rocky films for how good it really was. Now this is where me and Scoot here are going to start differing because the third movie is going to set us apart. Yeah. I feel like I'm coming in and saying Rocky 2. What are you going to say? I'm going to say Rocky 4. Oh, that cuts me deep. That burns me so hard. Well, vice versa, my friend. But I understand, but I understand. Vice versa. So for me, Rocky 4 is like, if Rocky 3 was the start of getting cartoony, Rocky 4 is literally the cartoon. The cartoon. Like it's literally, let's throw everything patriotic we can at this. We're going to do this. So good, though. The opening of the movie is two boxing gloves punching and exploding. We can't beat that. That is the ultimate cheese and so good. Even like training in the bun. Yeah, so good with the beard. I'm sorry. My favorite part, Paulie's robot. The thing that is literally the cartoon is being alive. It's pretty much the 80s. That's one of the most 80s movies ever. And I think that of all the movies, that's the one that I think is dated the most because of that to some degree. 100%. It's really unfortunate, but look, I love Rocky 4. I think it has so much style and stuff to it that I really love the 80s. I'm bigger, bigger on the 80s and that movie has it all over it. It might say it probably does have the best training montage of all the movies. I'm pretty sure if I've counted five training montage in that movie, which is ridiculous. I like the one that cuts to like Rock in the Snow and then it cuts to Drago and he's like in a smoked field. Oh yeah, that's the training montage. That's the score in that, is Vince DeColo's training montage. Vince DeColo, I know you're out there. Keep composing. One day you'll come back. You're going to have your shining light, the day in the sun, the ultimate movie for Vince DeColo. I'm going nowhere, but I love that guy. And you said Rocky 2. Yeah, Rocky 2. Look, Rocky 2 for me, it's the rematch that everyone wanted because Rocky 1 was also Academy Awards all around kind of thing and where was that story going to go? Obviously, Rocky had to win to keep the story going. But it was almost just a rehash of Rocky 1. For me, it didn't bring too much more to the franchise. It obviously did with Rocky getting married to Talia Sharp. See, that's where I'm going to say Rocky 2 is my favorite because I think it is very similar to the first movie.  He does what you wanted to happen in the first one. Exactly. So I love that. I love that.  That's why it's my number one. That's fair enough. For me, it's the same movie all over again. It has some cool moments in it. It's a great movie all around. Don't forget we love all these movies. But overall, I think that it kind of it was a rehash of the first movie. So again, for me it didn't sit that well. So number two, I think we can agree on that. Is Rocky 1? Rocky 1. Yeah! And something would say the best. Yeah. It's awesome.  It's fantastic. I think for me, the reason why it gets set down lower than Rocky 4 for me and I know you're going to say Rocky 2. The reason why it gets set lower is because it came out in a time where I wasn't alive and I was born around the same time as Rocky 4 came out. And so that's what I saw first. I saw Rocky 4 first and Rocky 4 had everything that I loved about the 80s. So I kept that love going on whereas Rocky now I've seen so many times that I don't feel like I really need to see it again because he doesn't mean it. He doesn't have that celebratory It's not as rewatchable. It's so ingrained in pop culture, right? Like the music, him running upstairs all that stuff, right? It's just iconic imagery but it doesn't prove to be as rewatchable because of that.  And every other movie too. Yeah, exactly. It's a really strong film. It's like number two. Great movie. Yeah, it's number two. So don't forget but I'm just saying the reason is why we don't like it as much as one-on-one choice. It's potentially not the best. That's right. That's right. So what is the best, sir? I will say Rocky 4. I'll say Rocky 2. That's fine. Yeah, that's okay.  Look, Rocky 4, I think, as I keep saying, all about the 80s, the Ivan Drago, Hatred, and Apollo Creed, Dying Spoilers, if you didn't know that. It came out in 1984.  But how many people comment in these things and say you are spoiling movies? That movie is so old. Relax. Anyway, so but yeah, Rocky 4, Apollo Dies, really big hit to the franchise. He's been alive for the first... Big hit to Apollo, too. Yeah. First four movies. And that was a big death. Like Mickey Dying in the third movie was big, but not as big as Apollo Creed dying against Ivan Drago. There's a lot of personal, you know, because Rocky could have stopped that fight. Exactly. And that moment, you kind of feel for Rocky. He's just lost his best mate. Yeah. His wife's like, don't get in that fight. And he's like, nah, well, we're not going to get in this fight. I'm going to get in this fight with this guy. And you know, he's got a win. And like, you wanted to cheer him on as a viewer. Yeah. And I'm sure at the time, America watching this movie versus the country that they hated at the time, Russia, it would have been a momentous occasion. Yeah. The Cold War stuff is probably what dates at the most, I think, because, The Robot is what dates at the most. The Robot. The Robot's lovable. Yeah. But yeah, it's very much a movie of its time, and it's probably less impactful now if you just jump onto it now. Yeah. I think, but yeah, it's very much of its time, I think. I think if you like soundtracks, though, not for scores, but for soundtracks with songs. Yeah. That's on fire. It's pretty good. That's on fire, no easy way out, yeah. Survivor, two tracks with either Tiger and, yeah, hearth on fire. Yeah. Great soundtrack. Yeah, for me, Rocky II, as I said, it's all about the win, I think for me, and just finally seeing him get up on top of that podium after going through like two old movies, because like, I don't think the ending of, like, I get the whole going the distance, like that's a big deal, but it's not winning. No. So to me, him getting up, finally winning, I think is really, really, really, what a franchise. And I think the Rocky II also had a really cool poster. Now, not the one that I'm talking about him on the ropes, kind of like this, but the, the, the match, like the, the Polo Creed vs. Rocky Balboa, the big yellow poster, that's a cool poster. For coming out from the late 70s, I'm going to say early 80s, don't give me, don't quote me on the dates. That was a cool poster back then. It almost feels like something that would come out today for a movie like that. Yeah. Yeah. So yeah, that's our take on the top but what are your takes? Please let us know. What do you guys think? What's your number one? What's your number worst? Do you like Rocky V? That's a number, right? That's a number. No one likes Rocky V. If you like Rocky V, please let us know. I'm going to leave a comment right at the top. It says, do you like Rocky V? If you put yes in that, I don't know what to say. We're looking for you, Tommy Gunn. Is that his name? Tommy Gunn. He's in the comments. I don't know if that guy's alive anymore, but yeah. Anyway. Is anyone for that movie alive? Yeah. Yeah. What's his name? Frank Sutton. He's from The Thing and stuff. David. David. David. David Keith. David Keith. We got that. We got that. He's still alive. Yeah. Anyway, Rocky franchise, that's what we thought. What did you guys think? Let us know in the comments below and if you like Rocky V, well, we've got some stuff to say about that. Yeah. The worst movie of all time, probably. Yeah. It's not great. It's not good at all. And that's what we got. Thank you. All right. Until next time, we'll catch you nerds at the movies. At the movies.


The study investigates the metabolic reprogramming of mouse and IPSC-derived human microlia in response to LPS treatment, revealing a shift towards glycolysis and species-specific pathways involved in immunometabolism.


Welcome to the two-wheel revolution on thinktecawaii.com. This is a streaming interview show where we talk about bicycles and electric bicycles and electric scooters and electric skateboards and the oldest form of personal mobility walking. Anyway, we can get around our urban environment without a car and I hope you will stick around for the whole 30-minute show mainly because I think it's going to be very interesting but also because at the end we're going to continue our little bicycle bits or micromobility moment. I haven't figured out what to call this thing yet. At any rate, our guests today we're very fortunate to have Julia Thane of the Rocky Mountain Institute where she is the principal for urban transformation before joining the Rocky Mountain Institute which is a global climate action non-profit that's very well known and esteemed. She was executive officer for economic development for the mayor of the city of Los Angeles overseeing $150 million of financial assistance to businesses during the COVID pandemic, driving sustainability policy at the port of Los Angeles which for those of us here in Hawaii is a very important place since so much of our goods and materials come through there and leading mobility innovation programs across LA's transportation departments which again must have been a challenge because in the city of the car but I saw Julia in action when she emceed the recent Micromobility America conference near San Francisco and she introduced virtually every speaker and interviewed some of them and she moderated panels and she gave to me one of the most important and impactful talks there so I'm really very very happy to have her here Julia welcome and thanks for being being with us thank you so much thank you for having me and I only wish it was in person rather than virtual well anytime you're ready you know we do have one or two accommodations for tourists here and you would be you we'd welcome you and we would we probably never see the beach because we'd want you to be talking to the bicycling league and the beaky folks out there which is our bike share program and a lot of other people in Micromobility so we would you know you could write the trip off anyway I'd be more than happy to do that all right we'll work on that but start out by telling us you know urban transformation principle for Rocky Mountain Institute what does that what does that mean and what does that mean in everyday talk yeah absolutely uh so again very much uh appreciate you having me and it's wonderful to be able to talk about Micromobility across the US and across all kinds of different contexts uh when I say urban transformation and talk about the work that we're doing at RMI as you mentioned the global climate action nonprofit uh what we really mean is that we're working with cities on accelerating what we call equitable climate action uh and then in my space through climate aligned urbanism we think that land use housing and transportation are very much underfunded under resource and under appreciated ways of contributing to equitable climate action and so we want to be able to pass policies scale up technologies think through different findings and mechanisms and honestly work with community-based organizations on uh being able to uh take action whether it comes to changing zoning so we can have more compact development building housing because we need it and finally making sure that we connect the housing that we have to transportation options so that we can move away from the car monoculture that we really have in the US and in most states and in most places in the US um so much of my work is about doing some research trying to push through uh new and innovative ideas but in a way that's co-creative with communities. Well I uh redouble my invitation we've got a lot of work here for you uh if you if you can get you to show up um but uh I went to this Micromobility conference in Richmond actually across the bay from San Francisco it was my first one and uh I was very impressed I I'm sure it wasn't your first one and I'm sure you probably in the month or so since then you've been to three or four others but I'd love to know what your kind of takeaways or impressions you actually had to listen to pretty much everything that was said there what are your impressions or takeaways from that conference or from other things that you are in touch with in your work? Yeah it's a great question and for those of you who are watching this but haven't been to the Micromobility conference um just to kind of set the scene for you it's one of those conferences that's half talking and half vehicle demonstrations and being able to ride the vehicles so what I find really fun about it is it's this small set of people around 1500 people um who all really love care about the vehicles themselves plus have a deeper appreciation for what it's doing for climate for what it's doing for affordability for what it's doing for access and for that matter for what it's doing for changing the form factor of electric vehicles to be much more inclusive in my mind um for the different types of users that there could be so in terms of key takeaways from the event I mean uh it's funny I get teased a lot because I um as Oliver Bruce who's one of the co-founders of Micromobility industries the company that puts on this conference says I fell from urbanism back into micromobility and most people fall from micromobility back into urbanism uh but that that key takeaway for me is that micromobility is the love child of urbanism and electric vehicles so it's putting together this compact development this idea of street safety street liveliness of having housing and services and retail all be close together with this new mode of transportation that really gets you around faster more efficiently um in a way that you can carry not just yourself but other people and also goods um uh that's really important so that's takeaway number one I would say two more takeaways um uh what impresses me about um that conference is just the number of vehicles the types of vehicles you have I went into three-wheelers I went into two-wheelers I went into things that looked like mini cars I went into things that looked like uh mopeds um and I think that micromobility has done a really good job of leaning into user-centric design rather than I mean I'm biased but I look at cars and they kind of all look the same to me like I know there's little differences between them but but not maybe major differences uh so that user-centered design feels really personal and then finally I'll just say Peter to wrap it up I want to interrupt you for one second you didn't ride the electric inline skates I'm guessing because you didn't that that was a shock to me to see some to see uh people tooling around inline electric skates let's let's yeah no I thought that was funny too and you could tell everybody was like a little bit wobbly they were trying to figure out what do I do here they had in order to I'm wobbly enough on my my scooter and so I'm not going there but anyway I'm sorry but third takeaway third takeaway yeah no no third takeaway um is that you know kind of like what's next with micromobility it's it's a tech space so you always have to be looking at like what's the next set of investments or tech that you're gonna see and I think it's two things one is security being able to protect against theft or for that matter being able to find your a micromobility device if it is stolen and second is accessories you know you've got to have a micromobility device that's kitted out not just you know like I talked about user-centered design but part of that is being able to have the light that works the you know cart on the back of your bike that gets your groceries a horn that actually sounds like a car horn so that people take you seriously on the road and so security and accessories I think have to be next in terms of the investments that tech companies make that's interesting I would you know mostly when you talk to people and what I heard quite a bit of of course was safety in addition you know security is kind of is maybe a subset of safety but the the big issue for most people when you even talk about a bicycle or an e-bike is is the safety factor and so first of all let me say I had some takeaways and I put them in a blog that's on the the twowellrevolution.com which any of my two listeners here can can look up but so one of the things that seems to me is that there's not just potential but there's actual conflict increasingly in this area and most of these will have to be resolved at the municipal level of course we've always had conflict between pedestrians and vehicles and unfortunately the pedestrians usually eludes those confrontations but now with a variety of different speeds capable of you know electric skateboards there was one there a the claim to go 60 miles per hour which made the hair on the back of my neck stand up so there's there's different speeds of vehicles in the space and even you know within the biking community I think a lot of the traditional cyclists the purists what I call the the spandex and clip shoe crowd uh they look down on electric vehicles and don't let us don't don't come into my bike lanes and so forth so do you you see that as conflict and and what do we do about it yeah yeah this is where we're starting to fight against ourselves right you know that's where we start to divide the bike enthusiasts from the pedestrian enthusiasts from the advocates from the micro mobility folks and I think it's probably unhelpful so let's talk about this in a couple different ways first is to go back to your point about safety I mean when I think about safety in a micro mobility device of course there's the feeling of safety the perception of safety as you're actually on the device and is this going to be able to keep me upright and am I going to tip over am I going to hit something but then there's also the safety around you the things you can't control the fact that you are on a street there's not usually a bike lane and you're in mixed traffic with again in the us increasingly large and heavy vehicles including electric vehicles and so I think my first takeaway is that when we're talking about safety those folks that I just mentioned who should be part of the same collusion but sometimes tend to fight with each other if we're talking about e-bikes or if we're talking about e-trikes should really band together on a few things one is that just street design I mean we don't have bike lanes we don't have enough bike lanes in the US and I think actually what could be really cool is for the industry to come up with some new street design guidelines I mean we don't have to have just the regular car lanes and the bike lanes and the parking that we've had for so long because we're going to have mobility devices that are moving at different speeds maybe we should rethink how we redo how we do street design in a way that provides for you know either different lanes or no lanes for that matter just so people have some clear clarity around where they can travel and also who is in the hierarchy there needs to need to be prioritized from a safety perspective the second thing that I think you know the cities are in charge of street design and safety but the second thing that I think some cities are starting to think about is speed limits and speed guards so there's a number of cities across the US and even more so in Europe and other places who are dropping down the speed limit of their streets normally from you know like 35 miles per hour or higher to 25 miles per hour and even doing that actually starts to resolve some of the difference and and issues you might have with street design itself and then speed guards are just like new technologies that allow for vehicles well they're not even that new of a technology but allow for vehicles speed to be arrested at a certain level so you know you can't actually go above 35 miles or 25 miles in a certain zone and then finally I think about you know things like automated ticketing you know again municipalities a lot of the ways that our departments of transportation get money is because they ticket they ticket for you parking for too long they ticket for you going too fast or whatever else and even though there are definitely some issues around equity and inequity of ticketing there are also some opportunities for automated ticketing to be used as a way to remove human bias from how we do ticketing and also to remove like cargo vans from being in the bike lanes which then makes it unsafe to bike so lots of opportunities and I think to the extent to which the coalition of folks who believe in pedestrianism cycling e-bikes etc can get behind these three things that could be really really meaningful to improving the safety and experience of being on micro mobility in cities it is kind of interesting that there are speed controls on on scooters very often and you know I even said as I said I was worried about a scooter to go 60 miles per hour whereas the automobile you know thousands and thousands of pounds of steel moving down the street there are virtually except for what the driver is willing to to impose there are no automatic or or electronic controls over the speed of of these very large very dangerous devices so it's part of you know the the kind of inequity the disconnect between the two kinds of mobility I think so one other question there was a lot there is starting to be discussion at micro mobility and I want to dive into the equity issue much more but I want one more question and that is you know there's already some talk about mini mobility which is more like enclosed vehicles small two three wheels four wheels and you know most people in America today don't know what micro mobility is much less mini mobility and so I wonder if you think are we getting ahead of ourselves here or you know should should we not get all together and get some advances in the micro mobility or personal mobility space rather than you know having this incredible variety of vehicles and different factors yeah yeah this would be a fun one to have a debate on maybe it's the next panel yeah for one of the micro mobility conferences I'll be there might yeah maybe you'll be part of it um my perspective on this is we should continue with this Cambrian explosion of vehicles we're going to have some consolidation in the industry I think we're a couple years out from the consolidation of the industry both in terms of form factor and and number of companies but for right now what you're seeing and I think what tech is capitalizing on what people are responding to with purchases is the fact that they've been um they haven't had choice you know it's just basically been like car or nothing in terms of public private ownership rather no of course we have public transit and everything else so there are other options but in terms of private ownership it's really just been like car or bust so I think we need micro mobility I think we need mini mobility and I think we need the policies and the support for them to be safe and permissible on streets but I you know also think as part of this too micro mobility and mini mobility you know again need to join hands with each other in terms of working as a coalition in terms of how they present to the consumer too so the consumer doesn't get confused by all of these options right and for that matter start to think a little bit more about how do you plug into the fact that we have quite a powerful auto industry in the U.S. and also that sort of advantage of the auto industry in terms of having a bunch of the infrastructure in terms of having most of the vehicles on the road and in terms of capturing people's imagination too in terms of what mobility and transportation could and should be in the U.S. Okay as I said one of the to me one of the most important talks there was your not very long talk on I guess on the second day talking about equity and inclusion in micro mobility so could we go a little further into that and you know I'm not going to ask you to re redo the presentation but which is unfortunate because I think many people would have would profit from that but can you kind of summarize the challenges you see on this front and what you know what are the solutions to the inequality in transportation that you you think are are going to help yeah and the question is almost where to begin I mean it was a 10-minute conversation that Peter hopefully I can send you the link to and you can put up on the website or show okay I'd be glad to do that yeah yeah to for folks to listen if they care or if they'd like to but you know in terms of micro mobility and equity you have to start at price point so micro mobility devices are much much cheaper than a car you know the electric vehicle goes for about forty thousand dollars a micro mobility device anywhere from fifteen hundred to thirty five hundred dollars and then it just depends on what you're purchasing but my sort of challenge to the industry was if you want to have a product that's going to be broadly available you know don't necessarily like go out in the market thinking you're going to lose money from the beginning but try to work with city governments the state governments and federal governments with philanthropies even with financiers to bring down that price point so it can be accessible to more people I think what we miss a lot in the conversation in the US is that the folks who are biking and walking around and taking transit are people who are on the lower income side of the spectrum and so when we are thinking about micro mobility it shouldn't be considered necessarily only as a luxury good or only as something cool that you have that you bring out every once in a while but something that people fundamentally rely on for their livelihoods and to be able to get around and to have that personal mobility personal freedom that they otherwise wouldn't because they couldn't access you know a car and that's the second component which is right now you know who has access and where there is access and micro mobility really varies and it also varies a bit by the business model so whether it's privately owned or publicly owned but in order to really drive more equity in the micro mobility space we need to have a couple of things I mean just many more micro mobility sharing programs that again are price point accessible to people and also are balanced geographically in places yeah where people who really meet them can access them so I think access is a huge huge piece of equity or for that matter inequity and then the final two things are around the design of the vehicle itself so making sure that as like mini mobility micro mobility form factors are being developed they're being developed with many different users in mind whether it's the mom who supports her kids but also her mother and then also you know has to go to night school and go to her job during the day versus you know somebody who's young in their career and just commuting and that's what they're using for using it for I think that the space can be much more inclusive in that in that way and then finally and I realized this is quite a long answer so I'm maybe just recapping that's what I want to talk about so it's on me go ahead yeah I mean the final point is oh my goodness the car the internal combustion car engine car has been really traumatic for parts of American cities in the way that you know highways have cut through neighborhoods in the way that it's taken up so much space that could otherwise be used for other things and my end also just in like things like particulate matter and emissions that have been derived from internal combustion engine vehicles so the clearest area where micro mobility can really start to contribute to equity is in terms of being able to repurpose and minimize some of the car based infrastructure and second draw down on that environmental impact which we all know is disproportionately borne by disadvantaged communities so that's the that was the crux actually of the talk was really about the climate impacts and the equitable climate action impacts but all of those other pieces are part and parcel of this conversation around how can micro mobility drive equitable and environmental benefits thank you you know we have a new ebike rebate program that's going into effect here it's in the process of being stood up and one of the you know there's some restrictions on who can who can qualify for it one of them is if you're a student you can qualify and the other is if you're on any kind of of of income assistance program that allows you to qualify for this $750 rebate which is something but not you know it's not a fortune in this even in the relatively less expensive environment but let me play the devil's advocate here for a moment i can go into Costco right now or go online and buy a small ebike for under $400 you know less than the cost of a phone less than what 80 visits to Starbucks or however we quantify these important things and so you know don't bother me about equity i mean if anybody wants to buy it wants to have an ebike and they're you know a little more expensive but still very little inexpensive Chinese models so doesn't that amount to equity anybody anywhere can pretty much you know scrape together the 400 bucks yeah uh well you also have to think about what the bike costs over its full life cycle i mean we didn't even talk about insurance we didn't talk about the operational costs of cycling you know fortunately with something like an ebike you could just plug it into an outlet so from an energy perspective it actually doesn't cost that much but there are other costs that aren't in that you know major sticker price of what the ebike is and then i think you know kind of above this question of just cost $400 it's like you know what's the trade-off and where can you purchase these things because some of them are available online a lot of people are purchasing either second hand bikes or getting bikes from friends or they're getting bikes from local bike shops and so in order i think to have that $400 really makes sense for a person you also have to be able to access the ebike itself and to get it so you know $400 i think it still sounds like a lot depending on who you are right and very frankly what you get for $400 is uh you know most of us would not be get on one of those things for lover money so uh yeah it's a it's it's an interesting challenge to really see how the equity works in that case yeah and peter that's a that's a great point which is if you pay $400 now in a year from now it breaks you can't use it then you're paying another $400 you know what what does that really mean i also think equity can't be viewed as just like you're able to own something crappy it has to be you know you're able to own something of value that's what equity is versus equal um and so i think that's the point we should really be making which is like let's not give you know the crappy products to people who can only purchase crappy products let's really think about up leveling all the products um so that people can it again access them at different prices i take a lot of stuff to goodwill and sometimes i look at this stuff and i say you know no poor person should be asked to use this again after after you know i've finished with it there's a level of dignity and respect that has to be included in in you know and not just dollar signs when you when we're talking about equity we have to and you know treat people as human beings uh that's great so let me ask you one final question and this is uh i steal this from iris leite on science friday at mpr um it's the blank check question he asked scientists uh researchers if you could have a blank check to do something really important in your field what would it be and i guess it's a little bit weird to ask a person who administered 150 million dollars worth of of money what would you do with a blank check but on behalf of cities everywhere you know if if money were no object what what do we need to do um do i have to choose this one thing no no you know okay the check is blank you know that's the beauty of it you can choose three things i'll make three checks you know art you're actually getting the money i'm not worried so uh tell me the three things what are they yeah oh great okay uh so for starters i'd subsidize micromobility devices for everybody i actually did this calculation right before coming on this this virtual interview to figure out how much this would cost but if you gave people a 3500 dollar instant rebate for a micromobility device and you considered that about 80 percent of the 330 million people who live in the u.s live in cities which is a high number and then thought about maybe a three quarters of them would actually want to be able to use a micromobility device uh that blank check or now this written check would be around 700 billion dollars which is roughly it's actually less than what we spend on the infrastructure investment and jobs act that floored me i thought it was going to be a much larger number i thought it was going to be you know in the trillions i thought uh this will not be you know something that i should say in public but actually it's 700 billion dollars it's something that we should consider and i don't mean that you know after we've had this conversation about equity in a 400 dollar bike to be totally tongue-in-cheek but i think in terms of you know quantifying all the benefits to people's mobility and and health and just general well-being emotional and otherwise we might be able to justify spending that amount of money but you know other blank checks would have to go towards uh street redesign and bike lane infrastructure uh and then third and this is not something we talked about but we got to start subsidizing some of these micromobility companies um and when we talk about equity too the entrepreneurs the financial institutions the tech folks the maintenance folks who are in micromobility should be as beautifully diverse as our country is and so i think for that to happen too we need to start getting serious about providing some subsidies for micromobility companies to to locate to grow local bike shops to locate to grow in the u.s. That's a great answer and and when you even begin to think about the subsidies for the automobile industry over the course of 150 years it you know whatever we would spend on micromobility would pay all by example so i thank you very much you've been terrific i wish we could go longer i wish we could know i hope we can do this again in the future with that julia i thank you so much and i really appreciate your time i'm going to get your i feel send me the link i'll get that up on my website and a little more about you since i could only touch on your many accomplishments but thank you again and i hope i'll see you at the next conference in amsterdam see you there all right all right all the best thank you so much for watching think tech hawaii if you like what we do please like us and click the subscribe button on youtube and the follow button on vimeo you can also follow us on facebook instagram twitter and linked in and donate to us at think tech hawaii dot com mahalo


Everything that you have in your mind, the vision that you have is now on a PDF. Now you can show your investors, your team and rally everyone around that from your renovations to your interior designs. Now you can actually see what you're trying to create and how this would actually attract your target audience. Now you can actually reconcile whether this is a concept that your target market would enjoy or not. This allows you to create the packaging like we did so that way we can serve our customers much better.


Very few areas of an introductory accounting class give students trouble like the rules of debits and credits. Personally I blame the banks and the invention of debit cards. You'll see why shortly. Much of life is about following rules.  Well, from my experience on college campuses that last one might be more of a suggestion. Anyway, accounting is no different. We have rules that tell us how to account for transactions, and those rules are known as the rules of debits and credits. The debit rules are as follows. Assets, dividends, and expenses are all increased by debits. I remember this with the acronym ADE. Debits increase aid. The normal balance is the balance we would expect to see in an account. The normal balance is always what increases the account. So the normal balance for assets, dividends, and expenses are debit balances. The credit rules are as follows. Common stock and retained earnings, liabilities, and revenues are increased by credits. I remember this with the acronym CLEAR. Credits increase clear. The normal balance of common stock and retained earnings, liabilities, and revenues are credit balances. When we follow the rules of debits and credits, the accounting equation always remains in balance. Please take some time and write down the rules of debits and credits in your notes or on flashcards because we will be referencing these rules for much of what we learned in financial accounting. The sooner you have these memorized, the easier accounting will become. Let's conclude this short video with a visual recap of the rules of debits and credits. Increase with debits and have normal debit balances. Dividends increase with debits and have normal debit balances. Expenses increase with debits and have normal debit balances. Common stock and retained earnings increase with credits and have normal credit balances. Liabilities increase with credits and have normal credit balances. Revenues increase with credits and have normal credit balances


The Nigerian Army on Monday says troops in conjunction with the air component of Operation Hadinkai have killed 12 suspected Boko Haram and Islamic State West African Provinces members during a gun duel in Boron state. The suspected terrorists were said to have attempted an attack on one of the military operational bases in Bula Yobi, was fled following the resistance from the troops. However, two soldiers were killed and five injured during the encounter. According to a statement by the director of Army Public Relations, Oye Ma Uachuku, the injured troops are receiving medical attention.


My father was the one that taught me how to play guitar. He worked at Aberdeen Proving Grounds for 32 years. He was a rocket scientist. He was actually a rocket scientist. And one of his favorite things to say is, you don't need to be a rocket scientist to figure this out. But if you need one, I'll be upstairs. He unfortunately contracted terminal cancer. When I was in ROTC, he survived for about four years. Until the day after I graduated and commissioned as a lieutenant, I was able to give my bars to him when he was on his deathbed. And that was just a traumatizing experience. For about 14, 15 years of my life, I wasn't addicted to drugs or alcohol. I was addicted to hurting myself, which is a very different addiction, a very different feeling. There was a period in my military career where I realized that I didn't trust myself around firearms. If both of my hands were on this guitar, I physically can't do anything wrong. I physically cannot pick up a knife. I can't pick up a bottle. I can't do anything because my hands are occupied by this instrument, by these six strings and wood. I wanted to be in a team. I wanted to feel wanted. I wanted to feel like an asset. And I think that was my biggest issue, was being a junior officer and not feeling like an asset and feeling like just another placeholder in the unit.  Losing my father was one. Stress and money. Being told that you have to find a civilian career after you've spent the past four years trying to go active duty and be the best soldier you can be. Sometimes it's just overwhelming. It's just incredibly overwhelming. Alcohol, drugs, cutting yourself, whatever your coping mechanism was, it doesn't help. One night before BA, I had a lot of thoughts. It was specifically stressful. And I came forward the next day. And in the morning I told my commander, I have something I need to tell you about. And he could tell by the look in my eyes that I was tired and I hadn't slept in two days.  And I really reluctantly sat there in that chair. I decided and I said yes, absolutely. And it was from that moment they dropped everything. In order to take me to the ER in that moment, I was so thankful for it. It was after hours. It was after dismissal. And he stayed there for several hours and allowed me to just talk to him openly about the things that I was feeling and my coping mechanisms that were just unhealthy. And he really created this environment for me to feel safe and wanting to go back to drill every weekend just to let him know that I was doing better. And that was one of the best experiences. And that I was essentially not a soldier that I was part of his family. And I think that's what people suffer most from when it comes to depression and suicide. As they feel alone, they don't feel like they're valuable. They don't feel like an asset to the team. I think struggling teaches you empathy and struggling teaches you compassion. And people that have experienced true struggle and are strong enough to share that struggle and put it into practice, those are the people that are going to move other individuals. My recommendation to future leaders, future commanders, NCOs, managers, people in power positions is to create an environment that is compassionate and has empathy and is open. It really brings a unit together. It really brings a family together. It brings any team together when you are real. I literally bring myself to tears when I play songs. You know another one? Anybody know Free Bird?


In this video, you will learn how to install the PCRusterTools plugin for Windows using the OSGO 4W installer. Let's first go to plugins, manage and install plugins, and in the plugins manager, search for PCRusterTools. The description tells you that this will add around 100 map algebra tools to the processing toolbox. Click on home page to find the page of the documentation. You can see the instructions on how to install the PCRusterTools plugin. And in this video, we are going to use the OSGO 4W installer for Windows. You can also install it on Windows in the conda environment that also works for Mac and Linux, which will be discussed in another video. If you want to do a fresh install of QGIS with all these tools, you can go to qgis.org and click download now. And then you need to use the newest installers. The old installers with the old dependencies PCRuster is not included. So you download the OSGO 4W network installer. If your existing installation had already been installed with this new OSGO 4W installer, you can see at the end of this video how to update that with PCRuster by running setup. In the installer, choose advanced install. Install from internet. You can keep the defaults, choose a repository and then you can see in this screen the different versions of the desktop software that are available. And if you want the long term release and the latest release, you can follow these steps. You click here on QGIS Desktop and then it will install 3.20.3, which is the newest release. Then I was recording this video and then there is QGIS LTR, which is 3.16.11, it's a long term release. If you want Saga, you select here Saga and if you want PCRuster to be installed, which is necessary for the plugin, you search for PCRuster and you find it under Lips and then you check that it has to be installed. If you also want grass, you can find it under the desktop and you need to install it and under the lips and you install there the plugin and that's both for the newest version and for the LTR. And then you do next, accept all the terms and then it starts downloading and installing. That will take some time. Here we have done a fast forward to save some time. If you already had an installation of QGIS, then you can look for the setup that corresponds with your installation. Make sure that you use a QGIS version with the new dependencies, so with the old installers this will not work. If you're not sure which setup corresponds to the version you want to update, you can also search for the QGIS version on your computer and then you choose open file location and then you find the corresponding setup and that is for the rest the same procedure as you've done for installing it from scratch but now you can update the versions. After you've installed PC Roster you can install the plugin and then you can open the processing toolbox to find all the tools and there we see that we have besides the QGIS tools, GDAL, Grass and Saga, so the PC Roster tools. If we expand the toolbox then you find different categories and it's very important before you start doing your analysis to convert from a geotift for example to the PC Roster format and PC Roster is strict on the different output data types so that's what you need to do first before you can use the tools. You can also use PC Roster from the Python console of QGIS and simply import the package and if that doesn't give any error it means it works. There are other videos on YouTube channel about using these PC Roster tools.


driving in Sydney, Australia. Hello everyone, this is Amit Dan of AmitDan.com. You're watching one of my Australia travel videos and today I'm taking you to several places in Sydney, Australia. In the last episode we visited the Featherdale wildlife park and in today's episode I'll take you to several places in Sydney. We'll cover areas such as a city downtown, Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney Upper House, King's Cross and many other places in Sydney I do not know the name. This was a part of my tourist Sydney combo tour, Sydney city tour, Sydney Harbour Large Cruise and Blue Mountains Daytree. You can see the full Sydney trip and my other Australia videos in the links below. Thank you for watching this video. Forget about subscribing to this channel, forget about liking the video. There will be more videos coming up so I'll see you shortly. As that area was eroded it formed this large delta. Exposed, of course occupied partly here now by 130 years. The reason behind the development of European Australia came on the back of the American War of Independence. That ended the free movement of people, movement of people between England and the United States. Due to the economic times there the crime rate was out of control and so to try and discourage people from a life of crime they introduced the penalty of transportation to, of course, those laws. In, of course, moving down into Lower Ford Street here past the Garrison Church to our right-hand side, Church of the Holy Trinity, was built in the 1840s from Sandstone that they removed when they build a road or an access point between Darling Harbour and Circular Quay. As the name that was used up until the 1960s when they established a new terminal around at Circular Quay. However, due to the popularity of Sydney as a cruising destination, the park across here located close to the city centre. Now we will stop around further for photos to get away from Sun Glare. Now as we move beneath the bridge this is actually the narrowest point of Sydney Harbour. The bridge itself is a hinged archway over this narrow section. The bridge construction took nine years to be completed, had 5,000 people involved in the process where they sit about assembling in excess of 50,000 tons of steel. There have been no additions to the bridge since it opened in. We are now on our right-hand side of the moment, where it's the apartment across also here in this area, also to our right here. Examples of some of the Victorian stull terraces. Now they are course today Victorian music building which was originally built as the government horse stables. It was used actually as horse stables up until 1915, so after the advent of the motorcar of a slupus and then converted to become the conservatory of music. Next on our left here now this is the city entrance into the Royal Botanical Gardens. That are open sunrise to sunset and free to go through. It's a great opportunity there to wonder about, certainly take a closer look at some of the big soft caressed white cockatoos, lots of little lorikeets, the honey eaters. They may occasionally see blue-winged corkaburras, they've got smoo-winged plovers, to name just a few. Here of course the tonneau lift is still of course all part of the Botanical Garden, so we looked at what were funding Aboriginal language, which means small kangaroo all on the low. The naval base itself, it's fish on name is HMAS Cuttleball. The Cuttleball was originally a ferry that was off-roading on Sydney Harbour that was commandeered by the federal government and became floating accommodation for the Navy. It was however lost with an incident that happened here in this area. The swimming pool that's on our left is named after Andrew Charlton with his very boyish looks, who was very successful swimmer through Australia back in the 1920s. It's one of several public swimming pools that you'll find located quite close here to the city centre. So the figure wharf that's on the left here of course, so redeveloped for housing, including a motel. There are some executive apartments left hand side. It's there for the visually impaired, so visually impaired can come down and enjoy this area. We find of course that assistance for the visually impaired also cancels out into our currency. So with our banknotes you may have noticed they are all at different sides. The latest addition of our banknotes also now includes a tactile, so a raised section. Another tactile inclusion of the banknotes and the cathedral here to our left-hand side. So lights of Christmas have also been here, so if that's something that does interest you, it's not something to be ashamed of and your forebears will be transported as a visitor. It's something to be proud of. We're part of course of the development of European Australia. Here along Oxford Street, now this is the centre for the LGBTI community. There are just some of the facilities that you'll find here in Centennial Park. That's the area of course, that's to our right as we continue on. We still of course have Paddington to our left-hand side, so typically here being the older parts of Sydney, rows of these Victorian-style terraces. It started in Western Sydney, so it's an Australian company. Frank Lowey, he had a business partner for Major River Grocery Stores, but again, normal hours are 9-6. There's certainly a regional name gazetted by the British government for the town to be built was in fact Allia, but it was rarely used. People commonly call the settlement Sydney's town after Thomas Townsend. He was the first bike out of Sydney, and the name was officially gazetted in the 1840s. But up until a long straight timber, straight trees, that could be used if a mask was broken on a tall shoe. You will of course find generally speaking that for most timber, most trees around Sydney, due to the very poor quality sandy soil, most of our native timbers grow with quite a twisted, quite twisted. It's generally mostly hardwood as well, and obviously for a tall-ship mast, that's not particularly well suited. A little bit of flexibility. Okay, so I'll have to go up and turn around to come back. Just go up and round the wood and come back and park over here on our right, bottom. There must be a minimum of 75 millimeters, so that's 3 inches of material covering your thigh. A couple of beach inspectors. There was one quite well known guy here at Bondi. A keen eye for detail. Now ladies, if you went down there and there is no way he looks a bit skimpy, he'd be happy to produce a tape measure to make sure your costume met the requirements. But there's no way he could certainly do that today. But back there, there we go. Now skim cancer is one of the bigger health issues confronting us in the country. But look to the left. That's what you're looking at every day. Every day. So we're just pulling in here, welcome to walk up onto the park. So there's a lot in Australia, like some countries. All children attending education in Australia are required to kind of assist them as appears in, say, Canada in the UK. But shortly as we move across George Street, we then get into Chinatown.


A key concept, arithmetic, is bookkeeping. You're tracking how many of what unit? And as long as we have symbols for the how many, and some way to represent the unit, we can record any amount we want. If we have a large number of objects, we can bundle them in sets, then trade for a larger unit. To avoid the problem of naming the larger units, we'll just refer to them as small, medium, large, extra large. And if we need additional names, we'll use them, but we probably won't be dealing with amounts that large. So let's express the amount shown in base five. In base five, any set of five can be traded for one of the next larger unit. So we'll identify a couple of sets of five. So here's a set of five, and we'll bundle. Here's another set of five, we'll bundle. And well, we don't have quite enough left here to make another set. Now we can trade our sets of five for one of the next larger unit. So let's make those trades. And so we see that all together, we have two medium and three small. Now as long as we explicitly indicate the units and the base, order doesn't matter. Here, we have two medium and three small, and that's writing it in base five. We could also describe this as three small and two medium, base five. Or we could be creative and say something like base five, three small, two medium. But that's a lot of writing, and you might wonder if there's an easier way of doing this. And in fact, we can write fewer words at a price. And that price is we have to be a little bit organized. We must choose an order to list the units and we must always use that order. For example, if we wanted to start with the largest units first, we have two medium and three small. We can just record two and three. Now to avoid confusion, we should also record what base we're working with. And so we'll spell that out and subscript it. Also, to avoid confusion, we should really read this as two, three, base five. So let's express the amount shown in base three, four, and five. In base three, we begin by bundling sets of three. And so we have, well, actually we have more than three of these sets of three. And remember, in base n, n of any unit form one of the next larger unit. And since we have more than threes of the sets of three, we can bundle to form a larger unit. So arithmetic is bookkeeping, and what we have is one large, one medium, and two small. And so we can record our amount as one, one, two, base three. Now if we want to express our amount in base four, we'll break our collections apart. And in base four, we begin by bundling sets of four. And again, arithmetic is bookkeeping, and so we have three medium, two small, and the amount is three, two, base four. Again, if we want to express the amount in base five, we'll break our collections apart. And in base five, we begin by bundling sets of five. So arithmetic is bookkeeping, and we have two medium, four small, and so the amount shown is two, four, base five. Now because we know, so to speak, how to write numbers, sometimes we'll write down incorrect amounts. So let's see if we can fix something. Suppose we write down one, five, base four. Let's write the amount correctly. So arithmetic is bookkeeping how many of which units? And what we've written appears to say that we have one medium and five small. Let's go ahead and draw that amount. But since this is base four, we're supposed to bundle sets of four. So here's a set of four we can bundle. And so we actually have two medium and one small. And the number should be written as two one, base four. One final idea, as long as we explicitly indicate our units, we have no problem recording amounts. Four large, two medium, or four medium, two small, or four large, two small. And these are all obviously different from each other. But what if we omit the units? The problem is that if we do that, all of these become four, two, and then whatever our base is. And at that point, how could we tell them apart? So it helps to be organized. In a place value chart, we sort the amounts into each category, then record how many of which units, including when we have none of a unit. So here in this first row, we have four of these things, two of these things, and zero of these. So we'll record those amounts four, two, zero. In the second row, we have four of these and two of these. So we'll write those amounts down. And we might indicate that we have zero of these, but we usually omit leading zeros. And at the last row, we have four of these and two of these. So we record those amounts and zero of these amounts in the middle. So let's say we want to express the amount shown in base four. So bundling and trading sets of four. And we have another set of four we can trade. We can organize these on our place value chart. And so bundling and trading, we see that we eventually have one large, zero, medium and three small. And so we write this as one, zero, three, base four.