Okay, can we start now? The chapter we are going to start today is Amidst. You know, I'm getting married next month You didn't know this? Yes, at that time he told you now, but that time it was not at all fixed Now it is done 12th of December. Thank you. Thank you. You'll also get married. You want what you don't want Okay, anyways, see this is ammonia, right and S3 is ammonia Right and when I replace one of this hydrogen atom by any alkyl group like this our NH2 Right then this we call it as amines or one degree of mines Right, if you remove two hydrogen by alkyl group, it becomes R2 NH this is two degree of mines and when you replace all the hydrogen by alkyl group R3 and It becomes tertiary amine or three degree of mine Okay, so these are the derivatives of amine derivative of amine Okay, so this is the one thing. I think you have to keep in mind one more thing here The most of the reaction of amine if you see this Nitrogen and hydrogen bond takes part in the reaction This hydrogen actually takes part in the reaction and it did it goes on, you know Step-wise reaction actually we have over here all these hydrogens because of the electronegativity difference Has tendency to react in the reaction Understood fine. So we'll see those reactions one by one. Okay, preparation and reactions first point in this write down due to presence of lone pair presence of lone pair Amines are Amines are basic in nature and this particular And this particular, you know relation is important This particular relation is important. Okay, so and there are two different order. We have for this Okay, and that is the basicity order you write down in gaseous phase Basicity order in gaseous phase. Okay, these two you must remember it is very important in gaseous phase the basicity order is found to be this tertiary amine tertiary amine three-degree amine is most basic then Secondary and then primary in gaseous phase. Why it is very clear from this particular example, you see tertiary amine is this right tertiary amine is this with one lone pair on the nitrogen atom and Tendency to lose lone pair is nothing but what? basic nature Correct, so when all these alkyl group has tendency of plus I effect The electron density on nitrogen increases as the number of alkyl group increases and hence the tendency to donate lone pair of electron is maximum Correct, and that's why the basicity order is found to be this Yes Now in aqueous phase in aqueous these two order is very important. Okay in aqueous phase The order is found to be going to be this two degree of mine is Most basic then we have one degree of mine and Then we have three degree of mine. Okay Now in this you write down the reason This is only true. This is only true. Why it is important. You see if The alkyl group if the alkyl group is Methyl ps3 Okay, in case of ethyl next right on explain in case of ethyl It's high the basicity is going to be two degree maximum Then we have three degree and then we have one degree. Okay, so in this example also you write down Alkyl group means what CS3 whole twice NH and then we have CS3 NH2 and then we have CS3 Whole thrice and this is the order in case of methyl in case of ethyl the order is C2 H5 whole twice NH C2 H5 And it's two and Then we have C2 H5 Whole thrice and sorry it is whole thrice for 231 and this too. This is the order we have Now the reason of this you write down Write down in aqua solution See in gaseous phase what happens the basicity depends only on the plus I effect of these groups Right, but in aqua space along with this plus R effect We have two more effects that takes part into this Process and that is hydration effect and a steady effect.  See first of all first of all if you have this compound that is CH3 and Edge and edge and then we have CH3 and edge CS3 and The last one we have CS3 and CS3 and CS3 Now in this when you put these molecules into water that is in aqua's medium So in aqua's medium, what happens all these hydrogen has tendency to form hydrogen bonding of with oxygen Like this and this hydrogen bonding provides what? stability Yes, or no These nitrogen has lone pair one lone pair in This case since there is no hydrogen attached to nitrogen So there is no hydrogen bonding here. No edge bonding, right Along with this at the same time this CS3 also increases the plus i nature or Electron density on this nitrogen atom Right, so when you only see the i effect, which is plus i effect over here According to that the best city of this should be maximum then this and then this right Right, but when you see the stability factor hydro this is the hydration effect hydrogen morning That takes this because of hydrogen bonding this one is more stable, right and this one is least stable Right, so according to this if you see if this is more stable the tendency to donate electron pair will be More here, right? Will be less here Again, what happens you see in case of any of the trial group present over here then around this nitrogen The most of the space are occupied by the ethyl group, right? If you have bulky group present over here, the most of the space are occupied by the Alkyl group present over here and hence there is no space over here So that this electron pair this nitrogen can donate and forms and show the basic nature If all the space around the nitrogen atom is covered by this alkyl group Which is possible when the alkyl group is bulky then tendency to lose lone pair is less and hence the basicity decreases Right the first point see these two are contra-dictory point Because of plus i nature the electron density is increasing here and hence the tendency to donate lone pair should be more But it so if you see only plus i nature of this the basicity should increase But at the same time when the plus i nature is increasing or alkyl group is increasing at the same time What happens the space around the nitrogen that is occupied by these alkyl groups? And then we don't have many space or more space here. So that this lone pair can be donated, right? So since and that is the static effect we have steric hindrance or steric effect So because of this is steric effect the tendency to lose this lone pair of electron is less and hence the basicity decreases Right so these two these two logic that I told you these two are contra-dictory to each other So the net effect of this molecule is the you know a resultant of these two effect Right in between these two effect so that is what it is found to be when CS3 is there as alkyl group Then the order is fine to be Maximum for two then one and then three but when C2H5 is there ethyl group suppose we have ethyl group here here and here Obviously larger alkyl group larger plus i nature Large will more will be the electron density here more should be the basicity of this compound But again what happens when you have larger alkyl group large will be the repulsion also steric hindrance also more space around Nitrogen atom will be occupied by the larger alkyl group that will decrease the electron releasing tendency even more Right that is why the net effect of these two the net you know The effect of these two effect that is plus i and steric effect is found to be two three and one two degree then three degree and then one degree for Any alkyl group like C2H5 in aqueous medium But for CS3 like species or like molecule when we have CS3 it is two one and three degree for CS3 so net effect is found to be this Right, this is the explanation Understood. Okay, so these three effect you have to keep in mind. Okay. You have to write down all this thing Okay, so that the same thing you write down In case of larger alkyl group in case of larger larger alkyl group in Bracket you write down bigger than CH3 Larger alkyl group bracket write down bigger than CS3 For example, ethyl profile, etc. There will be steric hindrance. There will be steric hindrance and Hence the stability due to plus i effect stability due to plus i effect predominates over the stability predominates over the stability due to hydrogen bonding and Three degree of mines are more basic than one degree of mines Understood. So whenever like this see whenever like this if you have two different effects Contradicting to each other. So we cannot say by looking at the molecule. Okay, this is this should be the order or this should be the order In that case whenever more than one effect Taking place in one particular molecule then all those, you know, the net Order that we write in these cases all those order becomes experimentally in that case experimentally we Determine the order and then we try to explain it Okay, so in both the cases Secondary of mine is most basic 3 and 1 we have in case of C2H5 when we have ethyl E 231 order you have to follow 231 and when we have methyl M it is 230 21 and this you have to memorize it is important Okay, I will see the next one more point to write down as percent is as character increases character increases Basisity Decreases why basically decreases? Why business degree decreases because as percentage as character increases electronegativity Electronegativity increases and when electronegativity increases tendency to lose electron tendency to lose electron decreases and That is why the basicity Is it clear tell me the basicity order of this CS 3 and this to don't bear CS 3 and double bond CH CS 3 CS 3 C triple bond and What is the basicity order in this one two and three? This is what this is SP hybridized this is SP and This is SP Percentage as character is maximum in SP hybridized 50% right so basically your third one is Minimum then second and then one Right so these two factor you must keep in mind. I see the various reactions You copied on I was just coming in a minute. Okay, just okay so See like there are Various intermediates we have Okay And like we know carpet and carbon and all these right similarly there are one more Carbines is also one of the intermediate we have Similarly, there is one more intermediate and that we call it as nitrines. You must have remembered this I told you this in Aldehyde ketone chapter that will discuss nitrines in Amai's chapter, right? so there are various reactions of this chapter that Takes place by the formation of nitrines. It is an intermediate right so in all like what all the cases we have where the formation of Nitrines takes place that first of all we have to understand so what is nitrines? Nitrines is the nitrogen atom which has two lone pair on it and one vacant P orbital This is vacant P orbital. Okay. I'm not drawing that P orbital because every time we have to you know, write down this I'm just using a box to represent the vacant P orbit, right? this box is the vacant P Orbital correct few points about this nitrines you write down It is you obviously you see two plus two four electron. We have so it is electron deficient electron deficient Next what we can write it is neutral. There is no charge on it It is neutral third one is Monovalent actually we have one bond also here. It is attached with with carbon. So that's why it is monovalent third one Total number of electron is six Total six electron how it is six two plus two four and then two electrons will be here in this bond, right? So two plus two plus four plus two six six electron electron deficient, okay? And obviously with six electron we have here. So octet is incomplete one more point you write down here Can never be the product in any reaction Since it is an intermediate Can never be the product in any reaction since it is an intermediate and we know already this thing that any intermediates can never Present in the product, right? It forms during the reaction intermediates are forms during the reaction and destroys in during that reaction only right finally will get the product formation of nitrines you see Which is possible in various cases and then you write down whenever we have this kind of molecule Right you write down Rn Double bond N double bond N Okay, where here we have the positive charge Right and here we have the negative charge. It is as I'd kind of compound. Okay, I'll go as I'd NN3 NN3 is what it is a sodium azide Right, this is alkyl kind of when whenever this kind of compound we have in three cases nitrines formations are possible and those three cases are what when you When you heat this compound right When you strike with light onto this compound or when you are using very high temperatures Very high temperature In all these three cases formation of nitrines possible. Okay How this nitrene formation takes place? You see in this this nitrogen also has two lone pair on it for negative charge Right, what happens this lone pair comes over here in this bond Right and this Five odd comes on to this nitrogen So what happens here this forms are N Which lone pair on it one lone pair was already present over here This lone pair as it is this one pair goes here. This becomes a lone pair then N The positive charge will be as it is triple bond N Right triple bond N like this we have and one lone pair on this This nitrogen says it takes this one pair of electrons. This will have the negative charge on it Now finally what happens this from this particular, you know intermediate this nitrogen electron deficient now It takes this bond pair of electron and goes out as N2 so N2 comes out plus See here This he will have one electron here one electron here when both this electron pair is taken up by this nitrogen So obviously the orbital in which this electrons are present becomes vacant now That orbital is the vacant P orbital and will show this vacant P orbital like this Okay, this is how the nitrines formation takes place So here the nitrines will be our lone pair lone pair vacant P orbital plus understood write down the various product into this when you heat this PH as double bond O double bond O and double bond double bond N double bond N Positive and negative and you are hitting this One more to write down CS3 C double bond O And double bond and double bond and negative positive Okay, what is the product we get here? Atch and To lone pair and this plus and to Yes Here what we get PH as double bond O double bond O and plus N2 and Here we get what? CS3 C double bond O and Plus N2 Okay, but this thing here it is again not stable. Okay, so here after this you write down here Only this one you write on in this product write down here but if nitrines forms adjacent to carbonyl group if nitrines forms adjacent to carbonyl group Then it is not stable Then it is not stable wolf rearrangement takes place wolf rearrangement takes place and It gets stabilized Now what is wolf rearrangement CS3? C double bond O and And lone pair on it and one vacant orbital wolf rearrangement means what? This CS3 this CS3 Take this bond pair from here and this will migrate on to this nitrogen atom Okay, because this nitrogen has one vacant P orbital it can accommodate these two electron easily over here and When it migrates over here This electron pair comes over here and this pi electron goes on to this oxygen Sorry, this is not this will not go because all already this bond has been no Broken no this bond has been broken this lone pair only comes over here So what we get here you see this CS3 combines with this nitrogen will get CS3 and Lone pair comes into the bond pair so double bond C double bond O This we call it as with one lone pair on the nitrogen atom left. We call it as isosynate isosynate correct So this kind of rearrangement of migration of this alkyl group to this nitrene Nitrogen to this nitrogen Takes place only when we have carbonyl group present into this when the nitrene formation Takes place adjacent to this carb carbonyl group. Then only this bullfrey arrangement takes place. Is it clear? Okay, so this is the one possibilities one type of compound Which is the as I type compound we have in which the formation of nitrene is possible another Possibility is this second possibility if this Nitrogen attached with one alkyl group One hydrogen and other living group we have here L any living group now when this reacts with Any base in presence of any base, right? This is negative sign here, right? This is negative sign presence of any base this base takes this H plus from here Right and this pie electron this base takes this H plus from here The spy electron comes over here and this L comes out as living group. This is the living group We have like protein bromine anything. Okay, so when you heat this in presence of a base here Then this forms Rn one lone pair was present already and when this living group comes out it creates a vacant P orbital here The edge will be as it is Living groups takes the lone pair and has one negative charge on it This is how the formation of nitrene takes place in this kind of compound in presence of base Right now what all possible bases are we can have OH minus Right, we can have our oh minus We can have NH two minus Or The H oh minus all these bases are possible in for this Understood few examples you see that is suppose CS3 NH Cn They suppose I'm taking OH minus right on the product CS3 Cdouble bond oh and H see In presence of base right on the product. Yeah, so there will be there will be wolf rearrangement in this, right? So here the product will be what CS3 and Lone pair one vacant P orbital H2O plus Cl minus and here it will be the first will get this CS3 Cdouble bond oh and With two lone pair one vacant P orbital plus H2O Plus Cl minus and in this what happens wolf rearrangement takes place This will migrate over here and we'll get CS3 double bond or a single bond N Double bond C double bond oh I society, right? Now you see there are few reactions which involve the formation of Nitrene and the reaction proceeds right the first light on the reactions Which involves the formation of night which involves nitrenes formation? Reaction which involves nitrene formation which involves nitrene formation Okay, the first reaction you write down that is Hoffman Hoffman bromide reaction of men bromide reaction this reaction. We have done courteous reaction skimmit reaction And the fourth one is Beckman rearrangement Beckman rearrangement. We also have done In aldehyde keto all these reactions follows formation of nitrenes and the reaction proceeds Right Then the first reaction you write down that is Hoffman bromide bromide reaction The reaction is Reaction the reaction is what when amide our C double bond O NH2 When amide reacts with bromine in Presence of any base can be KOH can be an OH Right and when we heat this what we'll get we'll get our NH2 Right that is one degree am I you are getting one degree of mine from this Okay, this is a preparation method of amines also. So now we are going towards the preparation method of amines Okay, one degree amine we are getting okay, and this amine has one carbon Less you see our CO NH2 and gives you our MS right? So now you see the mechanism of this Okay, like one or two reaction. I'll show you the mechanism, but all these mechanism are not important This question was asked in the test, right? Anya you asked me this NH2 and the two was there right our C double bond O NH2 I mean this sorry NH2 when this reacts with this OH minus from the base What this OH minus do it takes this H plus from this? right This H plus takes this OH minus. They'll get our C double bond O and It's two lone pair here and H Plus H2 okay now this lone pair Will react with this BR2 molecule this lone pair comes over here and This bromine will take this lone bond pair and goes out. So this forms our C double bond O and H Br and one and one lone pair on it Again, we'll have a negative charge also here. Okay So we'll get this now from this what you can do when you have a base again OH minus What happens then from this? Can you tell me? Yeah, what we'll get here? So this is the N hydrogen and one living group, right? So certainly it forms it forms what our C double bond O N and one wagon P orbital And one wagon P orbital plus H2O Plus BR minus right now in this what happens Wolf rearrangement, so it gives you our N double bond C double bond O. This is what we get understood Now in this use this is a first step reaction where we get this Nitrene forms and we get this iso sign it now when this iso sign is the last step reaction is what our N N double bond C double bond O with the base OH minus and This base will attack onto this carbon. Okay, and this pi electron goes here on to this night So we'll get this R N C OH double bond O and on this nitrogen we have Now in this what happens There is proton exchange takes place. Okay, so this Pi electron actually goes here and This H plus comes out from here minus H plus and this H plus will attach onto this nitrogen atom What do you get R N? H C double bond O minus This we call it as proton exchange. Okay, another if you Draw this drug draw the you know another form of this this O minus comes over here This nitrogen will take this bond pair and comes out as R and H With two lone pair on it plus CO2 goes out now in the last step H plus from the solvent H plus From the solvent or this base that you are using here KOH and OH from there This H plus will attack onto this lone pair of nitrogen and finally you get R and H2 right plus Plus OH minus Okay, so this H plus you write down here It is coming from the solvent which is the base over here, which is coming from the solvent understood this This wolf Rearrangement is the rate determining a step Right, this has been asked in J. Okay. This is step is RDS Asked in J Remember this is important Okay, just I'll give you a few examples on this. Okay, then we'll start the next reaction after the break. Okay Just see what you how do you write down the product? You have started from this right amide and Finally is what this R and H2 joints? R and H2 will get this as answer. This is again one degree of mine we have so this reaction is You know helpful to get one degree of mine Okay, and one thing you must keep in mind and that was the question in the test this hydrogen that you get here It is coming from the solvent because you see here this hydrogen One thing you see this BR comes over here hydrogen goes out from H2 Right here. You see this hydrogen attached over here. This H2 is coming from The solvent if you take an AOD here your answer will be R and D2 KOH here R and D2 like that. So that you must write down in your own words. Okay, so this Ha KOH will give NS2 Correct only only thing is what are NS2 you have to join and this hydrogen must be Coming from this hydrogen if it is D then he also will write on D Few examples you see tell me the product in all these quickly find C double bond O and H2 and we are using PR to NaOH we are to NaOH and We are heating this mixture TH C double bond O and H2 we are to KOD D2 H2 also you write on it R C double bond O and it's true and a OBR or K OBR Tell me the product. Yeah, since we have hydrogen here. So here the product will be ET and it's true Here we get what? PH and D2 and D2 Here we get what? You also get R See this if you write or if you write PR to NaOH both are same thing Right, actually you see this reaction goes like this when you take this NaOH plus BR2. So this fine this actually this OH minus Combines with BR2 as H OBR and BR- goes out Right now this HOBR With this OH minus from the base this hydrolyse H plus take out so it forms H2O and OBR minus this OBR minus and Na plus will join and it forms and a OBR So when you write NaOBR or you write BR2 plus NaOH both are same thing There's no difference into it both are off man bromide only understood Yes, all these reaction you see we are getting one degree of mind one degree of mind one degree of mind everywhere, okay What is the product here in this one? We'll get the last one CS3 C double bond O and H CS3 With BR2 OH minus and we are hitting What is the product here? We get CS3 NH2 CS3 CS3 NS2, right? CS3 CS3 CS3 hold to NH that is what we get this CS3 and this group will join up This is this is not a living group. This is not a living group. That's why that's why you know This reaction does not take place understood This nitrene does not form into this and anyways if you have this CS3 So if you write down you'll probably get right down two degree amines But all these reaction you see we are getting one degree of mind off man bromide only gives you one degree of mind It never gives you two degree of mind. So for Hoffman bromide reaction this nitrogen Must contains only hydrogen. We should not have any alkyl group present over here Understood my point. Oh, it's fine because CL may come out But we should not have any Alkyl group attached with this nitrogen because these methiels ethiels any alkyl groups are not a good living group Understood Okay, so we'll start the class after 10 15 minutes. Okay. Okay. You there See one question that has been asked on this in J exam that I'll give you now the last one for this then we'll move on to the other the reaction and The question is this we have a benzene ring and with this It is attached with Cn d2 and double bond for this side plus We have the another compounds here. We have CH3 and Cn is to Double bond this one reacts with we add to and And an average and Be the product in this Okay So the product we get into this see this and this will Independently reacts with this we are doing So it's just first of all you see assume this Reacting is not given How this will react with this the product will be what a Ring benzene ring and then here what we have NH2 When this reacts with this correct plus Now this will react. So this has nothing to do with this reaction. Okay, so the another product will be Here we have CS3 and then It is NH2 This is the answer This question was asked in J exam I'm telling you there Okay, they should write down the next reaction that is called the S reaction in this reaction You see a side chloride our C double bond O. Cn is heated in presence of sodium aside That's true product that we get here is Rn is to which is nothing but one degree am I? Okay, whatever alkyl group we have With that only the product forms How this reaction goes you see any n3? Obviously this any will take this living group and a cl forms and This entry attached with the C double bond O in any entry the structure is this and a and Plus and minus Okay, so now here. What happened and CL goes out and it forms our C double bond O Can you tell me next what happens? When you heat this So this is loan pair comes over here, so we'll get our C double bond O and With they can be your correct Let's end to after this what happens Work for the arrangement that forms our N Double bond C double bond oh ISO sign it again this ISO sign it reacts with OH minus from this H2O this OH minus will attack on to this carbon and this By electron goes on to the nitrogen It forms our N right negative charge on it C OH and double bond O Okay, next what happens, but this H plus an H2O this comes over on this side It forms our NH COH Then again what happens this edge will give this bond pair of like click down here And this bond breaks CO2 goes out and RMS to form See I'll write down here When this H plus comes over here, you'll get this our NH C OH And double bond O with one lone pair Now when this by one pair comes over here, right? This bond pair on This nitrogen and this H plus will attack on to this nitrogen. So we'll get finally what? R and H2 plus CO2 CO sorry See you this is for this Acetyl acyl chloride for this reaction takes right we use any of the three and H2O for ester also this reaction They see here also We are getting one degree of mine So courteous reaction also gives you one degree of mine. This you must remember, okay? The same reaction you see with the help of ester with ester how this reaction proceeds So with ester RC double bond O R- Now for ester we required Three different reagent first is hydrogen and this to NH2 Then we are using HNO3 HNO3. We also write it as NA NO2 Plus HCl HNO2, sorry, not NA NO2 third one is H2O So in this when the reaction proceeds first of all the reaction the react that the Product that you get here is our NH2 one degree of mine plus R-OH plus CO2 Okay, our NH2 you see the alkyl group which amines forms is The alkyl group which is attached to the carbonyl group not with oxygen take care of this thing fine Yes or no So you see how this reaction goes See this reaction we use first of all when you use NH2 and H and H This one of this hydrogen takes this R-O and forms see what happens this lone pair of this oxygen We'll take this H plus from here and finally R-OH goes out Okay, and the product that you get here in this is RC double bond O and H and H2 correct Plus what we get we get R-OH Yes, now in this when you use HNO2 here then we get our HNO2 RC double bond O and H triple bond N With positive channel in this when you heat this So which is this N2O goes out and it forms RC double bond O and NNH right RC just a second and it goes out. So we'll have that so we'll have one lone pair One H and the vacant In this again, what happens? H2O that you have from that H2O Stakes H plus forms H2O plus and we'll get here the lone pair again, so that will be RC double bond O and It's two lone pair and one vacant P orbital Then isosinate forms are N double bond C double bond O and from this again The reaction is same OH minus attack onto this carbon This bond goes here then H plus comes on to this nitrogen and all these things are same Okay, so like this you get with H plus H2O We'll get R and H2 again Next write down skimmit reaction the skimmit reaction Right on in this reaction carboxylic acid in this reaction carboxylic acid reacts with N3H Hydrazoic acid Hydrazoic acid or N3H reacts with N3H followed by followed by the hydrolysis in acidic or Basic medium any medium we can take so the reaction you see our C double bond O OH reacts with N3H Then we have H2O with H plus or OH minus anyone So in this again, we get our NH2 Plus H2O and CO2 goes out into this again You are getting 1 degree amine into it all these reactions you see we are getting 1 degree amine the mechanism I am not writing down. Okay, you can do this easily okay This H2O first of all OH minus OH take this H Comps H2O out and this N3 attached with this and then N2 comes out from that wolf rearrangement takes place It forms isosinate and then the reaction goes like those reactions we have already done Okay Understood. Eschemic reaction we have done in case of aldehyde and ketone, right? You have done it aldehyde and ketone Okay, so that will not do again and this is just one point you write down note in Eschemic reaction Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid the reaction that we saw just now gives 1 degree amine If you have aldehyde Aldehyde it gives cyanide secondary amide secondary amide Okay If you have ketone, then it gives secondary amide always Mechanism I have given you I hope in aldehyde and ketone chapter Okay, now there are very few common reactions. We have the main Major reactions we have already done. Okay, there are few more reactions There are few more reactions which involves the preparation of amines and those reactions you write down the next reaction from nitro compounds from nitro compounds Write down quickly now these things things you have to get memorize. So write down write down nitro compounds on reduction Gives primary amines primary amines nitro compounds On reduction gives primary amines Okay, the reagent used for reduction. There are many reagents Those reagents you write down for reduction purpose. We can use various reagent like SNHCN We can also use ZNHCN H2 nickel we can use we can use LiAlH4 in dry ether We can use that is it. Okay, these are the reagents we can use If you have any nitro compounds say RNO2, the nascent hydrogen we get from the Reducing agent suppose LiAlH4 is the agent here So this will combines with this Nitro compound and forms RNH2 1 degree amine plus H2 Right six hydro just two we have here two H2 will get okay RNH2 will get 1 degree amine This you must remember what degree amine we get from this. Okay, next one you write down From nitriles from nitriles Okay, the reagent we use we use here H2 in Rennie nickel We can use Na in C2H5OH ethanol That is Rennie nickel we call it as it is just you know fine Nickel is we use the size is very small nickel also you can write down Rennie any by the spelling we have sorry Or we can also use LiAlH4 Okay, again, it is nothing but reduction only right where you have any Nitriles that is cyanide only R CN a reducing agent will provide nascent hydrogen here LiAlH4 and that gives R CH2NH2 Remember one thing here the number of carbon atom in the product and this reactant must be same Okay, so if you have one series of reactions, suppose they have ROH When this reaction reacts with SOCl2 We'll get some Product here and then it reacts with KCl Then if you have LiAlH4 Can you write down the product in all these? If you have ROH in SOCl2, this gives you alkyl halide RCl Correct RCl with KCl, KCl goes out and forms nitriles RCl RCl with LiAlH4 in forms R CH2 Okay, this is the reaction we get next write down By reduction of oxyms Reduction of oxyms You have another class now maths no reduction of Oxyms this actually we use with aldehyde aldehyde, we know whenever it reacts with NH2OH it forms what? Oxyms R CH double bond NOH This is oxyms Right and when this is reduced with LiAlH4 1-1 hydrogen this H2O goes out and hydrogen attached onto this carbon and nitrogen and we'll get RCH2 NH2 again 1 degree of mines These are the reactions we can write down the mechanism also, but that is again not important I'm just giving you the product here see number of carbon atom is again same in all these products right that you must remember next reaction you write down that is Gabriel thalamide reaction Gabriel thalamide reaction right now this only gives 1 degree amine again all the preparation method we have seen till now that is for 1 degree amine Okay, this is also important like sometimes you also ask this gives 1 degree amine 2 degree amine like this Okay, this also you keep in mind Now if you see the thalic acid is this we have a ring and C double bond O OH C double bond O OH This is thalic acid when this reacts with NH3 NH3 This two hydrogen from this nitrogen takes this OH and OH forms two moles of H2O and and the compound that you get here is this C double bond O and C double bond O will be as it is and these two carbons are attached with NH Understood, okay Now in this what happens we use here any base that is any OH or anything we can use Any base and then we are using any alkyl halide RCL Remember important thing here It is what the alkyl group that you are getting getting here with that alkyl group only you will get the Amines the final product that you get here That amines you'll get that NS2 you'll get from this are only we'll get this are NS2 as the product So like if you have to form ethyl amine, right then you write on your CS3 CS2 CN Methyl amine and CS3 CN like that You know you can use this alkyl group here and you will get the desired product, right? What happens this base will take this H plus from here and H2O goes out, right? And this gives This gives you our C double bond O C double bond O O O O and this is attached with nitrogen with two lone pair on this nitrogen atom, right? Now this lone pair of nitrogen RCL we have that we are using here this lone pair will attack on to this alkyl group And this Cl minus comes out as a living group. This attack is SN2 type right Cl minus comes out as living group and the product that you get here is This C double bond O C double bond O and this is attached with N and R One lone pair of nitrogen This we call it as alkyl substituted. I'll write down the name in the last. Okay, so first we can be right Alkyl substituted halamide Right now this H2O that two moles of H2O that have that we have used So we are using two H2O So what happens here? You see the product that we have here is This C double bond O C double bond O and R Now in this you have H2O molecule this H2O molecule this lone pair Attack on to this carbon Right and another H2O molecule with this lone pair attack on to this carbon Right and these two bond gets break Right and what happens finally? Here since this oxygen loses its lone pair so oxygen will have positive charge on it Here also oxygen will have the positive charge So one of this hydrogen atom comes out as H plus and here also our hydrogen comes out as S plus and both H plus Joins on to this nitrogen. Okay, so finally we'll get our NH2 Plus thalic acid will get in the end as it is C double bond O OH C double bond O OH This is the a mine we have which is one degree This we call it as gabriel thalamide synthesis or reaction. Okay, both are actually same thing So this reaction is also useful For the preparation of one degree amines Yes What what see is shemit reaction generally we use for mono carboxylic acid generally Okay, this is di carboxylic acid two COOH group are there That also maybe takes place, but we never know because I have never seen this reaction Maybe here also we'll get our ns2 and ns2 like this But again, we are not sure this is the you know experimental thing we do it on the lab in the lab So we cannot say generally shemit reaction we do when we have mono carboxylic acid One COOH group must be present Fine This compound we call it as alkyl substituted thalamide l-i-m-i-t-e Okay, you must remember This R group that you are using here That only forms the amide so that you can use Accordingly like Whatever it is required according to that you can use this Okay, one node you write down into this One node you write down Aniline cannot be prepared by this So you can use this One node you write down Aniline cannot be prepared by this method Aniline cannot be prepared by this method since since aryl halide Since aryl halide does not go under Does not go under nucleophilic substitution reaction aryl halide does not go under nucleophilic Substitution reaction Then the another probably the last method of preparation we have Okay Write down by direct ammoniation by direct ammoniation In this it is simple write on alkyl halide in this reaction alkyl halide reacts with ammonia reacts with ammonia And we'll get mixture of amines mixture of amines And quaternary ammonium salt mixture of amines And quaternary ammonium salt Okay, you see suppose we have rcl alkyl halide And when this reacts with NH3 So what happens this hydrogen one of this hydrogen this cl combines and comes out as hcl And forms rNH2 This is one-degree amine In this method we'll get mixture of amines again. You substitute here rcl Again hcl comes out and we'll get r2 NH It is two-degree amine Next rcl and you'll get r3 N Three-degree amine now when you put again rcl here You'll get r4 N plus And cl minus this is quaternary ammonium salt quaternary ammonium salt Okay, the direct ammoniation gives you mixture of Amine that's why it is not that useful Suppose you required one-degree amine But if you use this method to prepare one-degree amine you will not get only one degree you will get two-degree three-degree and salt also Right. So all these reactions which gives you mixture of amines Those reactions are not that useful Okay, because you'll get mixture of again what you have to do You have to separate this amine one-degree amine from this two-degree and then three-degree right So that will also again require much more cost, right? So this is not cost effective method Generally, we don't use this method to you prepare Amines right so another method we have that gives you mixture of amines is Ammonolysis of alcohol Ammonolysis of alcohol right on to this alcohol on reaction with ammonia in presence of reagent like al2o3 alumina or thoria tho2 In presence of reagent like al2o3 or thoria Gives mixture of amines Gives mixture of amines The reaction is c2h5 OH plus c2h5 OH plus NH3 with al2o3 This OH and H comes out at H2o And you will get c2h5 NH2 one-degree amine again, you put here c2h5 OH Then you get c2h5 whole twice NH two-degree amines One more time the same reaction proceeds it forms c2h5 whole thrice And so one degree two-degree and three-degree amines again Okay Next write down properties of amines We have almost done with this chapter. Okay, there are some chemical reactions of this amines we have But those reactions are based on the same mechanism that we have discussed today only Okay, so that you can understand easily. Okay, so we'll do it Next class, okay Just two three properties you write down then we'll start this in next class the reactions of this And that will finish probably in the next class. So we will do this amines chapter into the Separate classes. Okay, this is the extra class Regular classes will do whatever we are doing over there Okay, so what we are left with any other thing that is left Also d&f blog. I'll just give you the important thing. Okay, there is not much to teach right you have to memorize those things fine Okay, and then what is left Metallurgy is also there now I'll tell you metallurgy also I'll tell you because those are the complete memory based chapter we have Okay, so most of the thing we have finished anyways write down the properties of amines Write down the first point lower amines are gases Lower amines are gases or low boiling point liquid Right lower amines are gases or low boiling point liquid next point Boiling point Is directly proportional to the molar mass solubility in water solubility in water Due to H bonding Okay solubility Is inversely proportional to molar Okay These are the few reactions few properties we have okay So next class we'll start with the chemical reactions reactions of amines. Okay Okay, okay. Bye. Bye. Take care. Thank you


Hopefully, we are now recording. Welcome to research applications using Drupal and backdrop. I'm Toys Park on the list. I'm director of projects at Fibonacci Web Studio. And this is Fibonacci's fearless leader, Irina Zaks, and we'll be presenting together today. So better tools, better research. Fibonacci is a group of experts that develops web tools for research in academia. We work with a wide variety of passionate people who do fascinating and fulfilling work. Researchers, academics, doctors, law professors, lawyers, judges, administrators, and advocates. Our goal is to help them do and share that work more efficiently, thoughtfully, and beautifully. So in our session today, we'll demonstrate how backdrop and Drupal can both be used for research applications. We'll discuss successes and pain points for researchers and software developers. Sometimes those successes are the same, and sometimes those successes are different, and sometimes those pain points are the same, and sometimes those pain points are different. We will compare our experiences on backdrop versus Drupal, and we will talk about community projects. So what we know is researchers work together, and that's how research gets done. But we know that the same is true for software developers too. I'm probably preaching to the choir because we're all here at bad camp today, but we're going to talk about ways that we can contribute as a community to help research get done. So in a perfect world, research works like this. Data is collected from multiple sources. It's integrated and analyzed, and it leads to some new results, new applications, and soon thereafter, world fame and maybe a Nobel Prize. Our part in this is the integrated from multiple sources and analyzed. We don't collect the data ourselves. The rest is the part of the scientists. So today, we've selected four of our projects to showcase how this development and support has changed since 2014 and what our challenges are in supporting the existing apps that we have, as well as building new apps. So this is a project from 2014, the Securities Litigation Analytics site. It's in Drupal 7. This site started as a simple faculty research project, which examined a few variables in class action mitigation. Since then, it's grown exponentially with over 2,000 data points collected for each case. So what are our challenges today? You notice I said Drupal 7 up there on that side? That's one of our main challenges is the approaching Drupal 7 end of life. One of our other challenges is that exponential growth of data that I talked about and how do we manage that exponential growth of data. Our next project is from 2020. This started in Drupal 7 and now migrated to Drupal 8. Smokefree Media is a research and advocacy group at UCSF. It aims to reduce young audiences' exposure to smoking in movies and media. In 2020, we began to work with them on a project to accomplish two major goals. One is they used to be called Smokefree Movies, but now a lot of things are on streaming services. So they've changed to Smokefree Media. That does involve different data structure. Movies and media are not quite exactly the same. And then we also needed to upgrade their very extensive database. Again, we were on Drupal 7 and we wanted them to be able to do more robust research on their data sets. Our challenge on this project is just like the universe, researcher websites tend towards entropy. So managing a site is always a challenge. Our next project is from 2018. It's called Wheel Map. And this is Drupal at eight support and maintenance. So this project documents laws around the world that govern internet intermediaries and shape users' digital rights. It provides both basic and advanced tools to search for and visualize how legislation, decisions, and public policy are evolving globally. So as you can see here, it really is a visual map that allows you to see a whole globe and how these things change from place to place. So we inherited this very custom site and there's lots of custom coding and we need to do support and maintenance on it. Our main challenge at this point is that this is on Drupal 8. And the Drupal 9 upgrade process is proving prohibitively expensive because of all that custom work. So where do we go next? This site is from 2020. This is the Rock Center Law Insights site. This is Drupal 8 and Drupal 9 on development and support. This website aggregates memoranda, blog posts, videos, podcasts, and other types of substantive legal analysis prepared by leading US and international law firms. This content is fully tax-searchable and it's presented in a format designed to help users quickly identify the information that they want. Our challenge right now on this side is upgrading to D-10. This site is our new baby. It's a 2022 site and we are doing this one in backdrop. The Mapping Militans Projects identifies patterns in the evolution of militant organizations in specified conflict theaters and provides representations of changing relationships among groups. So relationships are traced in these interactive timeline diagrams that we call maps. And you can see how rivalries and alliances change over time through these militant groups. Attacks are also graphed on the map as well. These maps are then linked to the group profiles which have in-depth news and data on all of these militant organizations which provides a fully cited comprehensive report on each group. So this project had a pretty limited budget and it was previously hosted in two separate sites. So those comprehensive group profiles were on one site and then the maps were on a different site. So we wanted to make sure that those were integrated in the new platform. So we just presented five different projects from various disciplines. Why am I talking about them all in one presentation? What do they have in common? So what we know and what certainly our researchers will tell us is that all research is unique. One of the reasons that I love working on research projects is I learn something new. Every time I'm working on one of these websites I know more about militant organizations than I ever felt that I would in my professional career. So it's great to work with researchers who have a new angle on an old issue or researchers that are starting an entirely new conversation. But what we know is that research while it is unique has a lot in common. So we've learned some things from these projects which research projects often when we're talking about this kind of data research begin with a prototype built in a spreadsheet or HTML site. And our job is to move those flat spreadsheets into a database that can handle those relationships and allow that more robust research within the database. Textual numeric and visualization need to have one database as that source of truth or else we will find that things become inconsistent. If they're being housed in CSV files on people's computers we often end up getting inconsistent data. So one thing that research all has in common is that at the heart of it is researchers. So what did researchers want? First of all they wanna do their research. They probably don't know what Drupal is or if they do they don't really care about it. They don't wanna spend more time in their website than they have to. They wanna spend their time doing that research. They also want to represent their work in a clear information architecture with a modern look and feel. So if their website looks like it was built in the 90s they're not feeling really good about sharing that with other researchers. But what we found is that most researchers that we work with don't want that like super flashy look and feel but they want something that looks modern and clean and nice. They want to know that they can trust the data. So not only do we have to sort of root out those inaccuracies and inconsistencies from those multiple sources that they might have been working with but they need to know that we're not gonna add any inconsistencies when we do the migration process into a database. And we also know that research changes. So the landscape will change as their research changes we joke about that many militants all the time. Our goal is that all of those groups will be disbanded and that that website will no longer matter. But we know that's probably not gonna happen anytime soon so things will keep evolving. So when I talked about the Smokefree Media Project when we added streaming to the mix we had to come up with an entirely new data set for episodes because when we were looking at movies movies don't have episodes, right? So we had to invent an entirely new data structure to make sure that that information was being captured. So content is king. The most important part of any website is content but this is even more true with research applications. If the content is not clean and well-structured we can't do anything with it. We can't visualize it, we can't work with it. We are not subject matter experts. I did not go to school to get my PhD in very specific research fields but we do develop research applications and so we become experts in how the data works. What we know is that the data is probably going to involve text and numbers and that these need to be structured. We know that there needs to be relationships between the different data points and we know that content managers are going to need to update that data. We also know that they'll probably want some sort of data visualization. All research is unique but at the end of the day we're working with data and our job is to build a good data structure. So each property of your data needs to live where it belongs. We're going to look at a sample research diagram but one of the most important things in early client meetings is to figure out philosophically what the data relates to, how it relates to each other and what relationships are going to be most important for visualizing the content. So looking at our sample research structure diagram. I've chosen movies because I think we've all seen a movie probably so it might be a helpful sort of baseline. So when we think about a movie the movie itself has a rating and might be rated R rated PG-13. It also has a description. What's the plot of this movie? We then have actors. So Brad Pitt is an actor. He is, I have no idea how old he is. I probably should have looked at that if I was going to use this example. But Brad Pitt is in several different movies so we wouldn't want to create more information about Brad Pitt every time we create a new Brad Pitt movie. We then have companies that create these movies. So Disney's a company, it has a logo, it's a production company. Those are all information about that company and again we don't want to upload the logo every time we create a new Disney movie. So if you have spent some time in Drupal or a backdrop or both, you can already sort of see these start becoming content types, right? But then the important thing is that we need these content types to be able to talk to each other. So obviously movies and actors are related but depending on the type of research we're doing we might choose to add the actor to the movie or choose to add the movie to the actor. So if we're doing research on actors specifically that's probably our primary content type and so we're pulling the movies in from there. Versus if we are doing research on movies we're gonna do it sort of in the opposite direction. If we don't get this part right the project becomes very inconsistent that data becomes very inconsistent and it becomes not usable in the research. And what we know is that it's very expensive to clean up inconsistent data. So we wanna make sure that we get this right in those first couple meetings with the client. So I'm not gonna get into the technical parts, Irina's gonna get much more tactical than me in the second half of this but I will say that Drupal and BackDop do provide tools that make this really really easy once we get the philosophical part right. So entity reference and field and entity browser are two things that you'll wanna look at for this. So once we have good data in our CMS what do we do with it? So the first thing that we might wanna do is use built-in tools in the CMS to generate a search on the fly. And I'm gonna try to pull up a website here and hopefully I will figure this out. Beautiful. So again, that smoke-free media website. You can see here that I have a lot of searches that are built into the data set. And then down below I have all of the movies. So for instance, I might wanna see what movies are G rated that also have smoking in them because these are worst offenders, right? It's a G rated movie that has smoking in it. And then I can just scroll down and search. And I can generate that information really, really easily and get all of my results down here to figure out who I need to yell out about these movies. And that's if I can get back easily. The next thing I might wanna do is export the data. So a lot of researchers like working in CSV files. We're never gonna convince them that that's not the most efficient way to do it. So we provide easy exports so that they can get the data and manipulate it on their own. That being said, the website is always gonna be the source of truth. So once you've downloaded that CSV file, it's yours to play with but the updates are gonna happen within the site. And then folks also might export the data and use other tools like Stata for more intensive specific analyses. All right. So all of that sounded really great but as we all know, there are pain points with any project. Researchers unfortunately are usually not like self-made billionaires, right? Like they're doing this to make the world a better place and often they're working with limited funding streams. So one of the biggest issues is budget. A lot of people want a budget for the build. This is especially true in research where folks are getting grants for specific projects. However, what we know is that the universe tends toward entropy and things are going to continue to get chaotic. So we need to make sure that there's a budget for maintaining and updating the site moving forward. All of these people that got grants and built amazing sites in Drupal 7 are now running into that end of life problem where they don't necessarily have the funding to make that full upgrade. So that gives us to migrating from Drupal 7. Where do we go and why? A lot of folks who are in Drupal 7, especially researchers, they like their websites. They don't want to do a big upgrade to Drupal 10 and change a lot of stuff. They want it to work and they want it to be secure. So how do we make sure that that happens? I've harped on this a lot but it's because it is truly critical and that's data accuracy. Again, these sites don't work if the data's not right. So how do we make sure that we're not introducing any inaccuracy and how do we make sure that we're getting the accurate data from the client? The last thing is if I had $10 for every time a researcher asked me to import data via CSV, I would be a very rich woman. Everyone wants to do this. Obviously, you can do this but having a very serious conversation about what that means and why is really critical. So first of all, do they want to import all their data right now or do they want an ongoing import? Those look different and making sure that we're maintaining data accuracy if they're updating via CSV is really important. Also, do they not like the website? If they want to import via CSV, does it mean we're not providing the right editing tools within the system? And also CSV files can often introduce inaccuracies if you have multiple people updating those. So my favorite example of this is when there's a cost column where there's money involved or they put in commas into that column is one research assistant using commas and one research assistant not using commas is someone using a dollar symbol somewhere and someone else not. So that's really, really important here and something you want to have ongoing conversations about whether or not you decide to import the data from the CSV. And those are our pain points and now we'll talk about the future of this. Where are we going from here? So first things first, does anyone have any questions about the information that we presented? Okay, it is really nice to talk in the very small audience where we can connect more or less individually. So I'm gonna talk about how development of these applications also impacts development of systems that we are supporting like Drupal and Vekta. I will have to wear my glasses if there are any see things. So we presented four out of maybe 10 research projects that we are supporting because they represent different challenges. First typical example would be a Drupal 7 project that is right now in the system that is supposed to be end of life sometime. We don't know whether it will be this year or next year but it has to be end of life. We don't want to develop new features in the system as much as we can and we need to decide where we will move from here. We also need to manage exponential growth of data and that this is pretty much like more or less discovery for the project that's eight years old. Our findings are that if we want to move this project to Drupal 9, it will be the cost of moving it to Drupal 9 are very close comparable to moving to any other system. We can use Node.js, we can use anything. And then this is a very big question for us where we will be contributing because as my notes say and that is very important. When we are selecting the new framework for our projects, we are choosing, no, sorry, we're choosing where we will be contributing next. And on most projects we worked on, we contributed either by testing or by bug fixing or providing new modules. So the decisions that we are making today and have made in the past or will be making for our next project impact Drupal or that group by either we keep contributing to those projects or we move somewhere else and leave the community. So decoupled was one of the very early things with Drupal all together at Drupal 7. This site is already built is partially decoupled. So now we're moving the entire front and we will be moving to completely decoupled. We're in the process of reviewing which exactly what are we gonna be using? React or something else or subset of React or not subset but the other way around. But then the next iteration will be do we move it to Drupal 9, do we move it to Node.js or and that is our at this point preferred solution we would like to be able to use backdrop. What are our challenges there? We need to have a reasonably sustainable which means not super expensive migration path from Drupal 7 to backdrop. And we feel that contributing in this space will help us in many ways, not on this probe just on this project, but on many others. We already did this upgrade from Drupal 7 to Drupal 8 for smoke-free media. And one thing that we learned that it not just migration that makes it very expensive but also cost of Drupal 9 maintenance make building research application as Drupal 9 require pretty good budget. When we moved from Drupal 8 to Drupal 9 we had to do significant code updates just because of the change within the system we're not even talking seven to nine. So this is something to keep in mind when you're working going towards Drupal with Composer. This beautiful site, I don't think we showed it. It has great visualizations, everything is moving. It is stuck in Drupal 9 because cost of update was prohibitive, they simply didn't have budget. And so content is being added, research is happening but we are not developing anything new and we're waiting for next academic year to figure out what is sustainable solution. So the word sustainable, every other slide is like do we have enough money is the reality. Even people who are not limited by budgets choose where they want to spend money. We did manage to do reasonably easy update from Drupal 8 to 9 on RockSensor Law in size but it's also reasonably simple site in terms it doesn't have a lot of custom features and most of the features are in Elasticsearch which is not tied neither to Drupal 7 backdrop or Drupal 9, it's like its own animal. So we'll see when Drupal 10 is out we'll see what's gonna be our next step here. And this is our featured project that we would like to present, we're very happy and very proud of this project. We had an opportunity, we were invited to work on this project last year and we looked around, by that time we already knew very well that Drupal 9 is expensive, the group didn't have a lot of money, they had some budget but it was reasonably limited. And so we started working with backdrop and we're very happy with this choice. We're gonna be finalizing the site right now and here are the reasons why this project is working great with on backdrop CMS. Backdrop like all Drupal families CMSs is a great framework for building systems, system architecture with complex relationships. When you do not have complex relationships there are lots of other competing CMSs that might be cheaper or easier to maintain but complex relationships are the cornerstone. It's like the backdrop Drupal is, I think the best tool that I worked with to build systems with complex relationships. It has all familiar Drupal 7 features, we have predictable and affordable costs of upgrades and to make it even easier it's hosted on Pantheon and we're very grateful for never ending support for our wonderful hosting company. While working on this project we were able to contribute to make significant contributions. We created new layout with collapsible bars which I think should honestly, I think it should go in core because the issues with the sidebar hit us pretty badly and we're like, you can't see the sidebar that is not there but it's there blocking you. So we have to have new layout. We completed extremely important module so you can import data into paragraphs directly. It has completely revisited architecture because the version that is available on Drupal 9 does not work if anything is less, if anything is more complicated that very simple one-to-one mapping. And also we developed a theme for Stanford based on DeCantor front end and so that opens the door for any project that's Stanford to have approved branded theme based on backdrop. So here are our conclusions. Research projects don't have to be expensive to be good research tools. And our main goal for our companies to support research and education. So we take pride in building reusable tools that can be used by other applications as well. And then we are open source people, open source is more than the code and we hope to continue living this life, contributing to building a better society and maybe contributing to applications that eventually will win a Nobel Prize. Thank you. Any questions? I'm gonna turn the lights on and hope that we're just chatting. Sure. Just press the button. Sure.


Now we shall show the meniscus. For that again, I'm going to flex open the knee. We have flexed open the knee So these are the two femoral condyles and these are the two tibial condyles This is the tibial plateau and this in between portion is the intercondyler eminence. We see this filmy structure here This is the intra patellar fold. It's a fold of synavium and it's got two extensions Which are known as the alar folds. So let's keep that aside this structure, which I've lifted up here This is the lateral meniscus. We noticed that the lateral meniscus as the term implies the peripheral portion is wide and the inner portion is narrow So therefore in section it looks like a wedge. The peripheral portion is attached to the fibrous capsule And it is also attached to the margins of the lateral tibial condyle by means of this ligament part of which we have retained here This is referred to as the coronary ligament Which stretches from the margins of the lateral tibial condyle to the margin of the meniscus and that's what holds the meniscus in place The lateral meniscus has got an anterior limb which we can see here Which is attached to the anterior part of the tibial condyle and it's got a posterior limb It is more shaped like a C and we notice that the lateral meniscus is free from the fibular collateral ligament And my instrument is passing freely under the fibular collateral ligament. This brings a very important clinical correlation The lateral meniscus is very infrequently ruptured compared to the medial meniscus One reason is because it is free from the fibular collateral ligament and the second reason why it is very infrequently ruptured is because Austria part of the lateral meniscus, which is not visible in this dissection gives Partial origin to some of the fibers of the popliteus muscle which is in the back of the knee And when the popliteus muscle contracts, it moves the lateral meniscus out of the way And therefore injury to the lateral meniscus is much less common. And when it does occur, it's usually a marginal tear This is an orthoscopic view of a normal lateral meniscus and a torn lateral meniscus we prepare So that's about the lateral meniscus now Let's take a look at this fibro structure here. This is the medial meniscus We can see that the basic characteristics are same It is why that the periphery narrowed in the center and the peripheral portion is attached to the margins of the medial tibial Condyle by means of this ligament here, which we have retained This is the coronary ligament the medial coronary ligament It extends from the margins of the medial tibial condyle to the margins of the medial meniscus This is the anterior limb of the medial meniscus and the posterior limb again is not visible here The two anterior limbs are bridged over by this ligament structure that I've lifted up here This is known as the transverse ligament of the knee which holds the two anterior ends of the menisci together The medial meniscus in contrast to the lateral meniscus is more semi circular That is one difference The second difference is as we trace the medial meniscus posteriorly We notice that it is densely adherent to the tibial collateral ligament We can lift up the lower portion of the tibial collateral ligament and my instrument has gone in But as I push my instrument up We find that it cannot go any further up because it is densely adherent to the medial surface of the medial meniscus So this again brings an important clinical correlation because of the medial meniscus attachment to the fibrous capsule and the tibial collateral ligament The medial meniscus is torn much more frequently than the lateral meniscus and it has a very unique type of tear Where the peripheral portion remains attached to the capsule and the tibial collateral ligament and the inner portion gets separated And that kind of tear is referred to as the bucket handle tear apart from that the medial meniscus can also have a marginal tear So therefore the medial meniscus is torn much more frequently than the lateral meniscus These menisci they act as a cushion between the femoral condyles and the tibial condyles and they help to partially stabilize the knee This is the coronal MRI the knee joint to show the internal structures Note that the tibial collateral ligament is densely adherent to the medial meniscus for the fibular collateral ligament is free Also take note of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments The next structure that we notice is this tough ligament that I have lifted up here with my instrument This is the anterior cruciate ligament the anterior cruciate ligament extends from the anterior part of the tibial Condyle and it gets attached to the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur further posteriorly When a person is walking uphill, there's a tendency for the femur to dislocate posteriorly on the tibial So therefore anterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior dislocation of the femur on the tibia It also prevents hyperextension of the knee and it also helps to regulate the internal rotation of the knee So that is the role of the anterior cruciate ligament If the anterior cruciate ligament is torn then we can elicit what is known as a drawer sign When the person is sitting with the knee partially flexed We can pull the tibia forward against the femur and that is known as the anterior drawer sign Associated with pain which is an indication of anterior cruciate ligament tear We cannot see the posterior cruciate ligament because in this dissection it is located further posteriorly That brings me to a few clinical correlations pertaining to the knee I've already mentioned about the injury to the lateral meniscus Which can rarely produce marginal tear injury to the medial meniscus Which is more common can produce bucket handle tear as well as marginal tear Which is much more frequent than the lateral meniscus tear When there is pain on medial rotation of the tibia Associated with booking open of the lateral part of the knee and pain on the medial side That is indicative of medial meniscus tear Contrary wise when there is pain on lateral rotation of the tibia With pain on the lateral aspect of the knee and booking open of the medial side of the knee That is indicative of lateral meniscus tear Then there is something called the unhappy triad of knee injury which happens in very severe contact sports In such a situation three structures are torn one anterior cruciate ligament Two the tibial collateral ligament three medial meniscus So this is referred to as the unhappy triad of knee injury It is a potentially career changing injury especially which happens in sportsmen and all of these Required arthroscopic repair nowadays arthroscopic surgery is done very frequently for the knee This is an arthroscopic view of the interior of the knee joint showing a femoral screw and anterior cruciate ligament graft And last but not the least as we can see this cadaver There is partial degeneration of the highline cartilage on the femoral surface as well as on the tibial surface So therefore degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee is also very common because it's a weight bearing joint And therefore knee replacement arthroplasty is also quite commonly performed in advanced age This is the next ray after total knee replacement showing the femoral and the tibial component and the intervening plate So these are some of the structures that we can see the open knee from the anterior aspect the femoral tibial articulation And the various ligaments that we can see here. That's all for now. Thank you very much for watching Dr. Sanjay Sanyal Sanyal please like and subscribe if you have any questions or comments Please put in the comment section below. Have a nice day


How do you react when you face loss? In my short book, Coming Back to God When You Feel Empty, I tell my story of loss and I did not react well. I yelled at God. That's why I love Naomi, patron saint of the grumpy. She was honest about her disappointment and God blessed her anyway, just like God blessed grumpy Israel. God loves grumpy and bitter Christians. When you look closely, you can see the fingerprints of God all over Naomi's life. Maybe God's fingerprints are all over your life too.


It is the touch land here on Y254 and now we shift gears considering that we are used here in the country and one of the biggest menaces that we have it is the drug problem here in Kenya. Most of the counties have a lot of a drug problem from the interior to the city but we've got young boys here in studio with us today who are using football to change that narrative. They come from deaf group of companies they have a football team that they own and what they use with this football team is all about trying to get the youth off drugs so that they can get into the world of using their talent and know that with talent you can make it in this life. How about that let's talk to them and hear what their story is and how they are using football for changing the narrative on drugs to talent and how you can help yourself. Joining me here in studio they are the four gentlemen from deaf football team of course Solomon Agano Solomon how are you? Karibu Sanwa Y254 na skiajaban. First is to thank God at least we have got a chance to come to these studios at the time we were starting we never knew we can be so far at this time and our aspirations in future maybe we can go up to this when you're saying at least make the life of these young boys just happy to be for them to be happy again and to start their houses do something and it will be good if we support each other as a Kenyan support young boys and live and live about drugs yeah and then we've got Calvin Lomedi Calvin welcome to Y254 are you doing today? I'm good thank you I feel home I feel honored we are thankful that we are here today at least to to air our agendas towards the youth because God gave us life and gave us talent so we have to use our talents in the right ways and one of them is to naja others to uplift others because leading is not a mass you be in front you can give others to lead where you're watching them you oversee them so we we all play in competitive leagues we have we we are in different teams so we came together to form one team with one goal to naja other talents when we spot a talent we take them we take them to our respective teams yeah back home yeah all right good one for then we have got Onesmas Angora Onesmas welcome to Y254 how you doing today I'm doing okay thank you very much for this opportunity it's so great to be able to share our story with the Y254 we are very great fans of you and our main purpose here is we want to tell the world Kenya at large that we have young talents down there that are dying and we want to bring on board that we are moving around this country so that we can be able to look at those young talents that are rotting down there and bring them on board so that we can be able to share them to the world thank you yeah so Solomon if you can just tell us how did this all began okay me and my management we just sat down because we are from the different clubs but in the same place we are we are living here yes so we played this guy in one team yeah to county level provincial yeah then we went like that the sponsor was not available so we sat with this guy down we asked how can we help the others because when we visited the rural places we found young boys they are playing ball football then you can find them maybe they have their problems yeah but when we we just discussed with him we proved that the players who were within to come join us at least you can get to the rural places we play with them if we have a ball maybe because you know the urban football with the rural football is just two different things you find in the urban we have at least adequate things that maybe we have something balls bonds but in the rural they lack everything yeah they have one ball for training the same same ball is playing games so we find so difficult to them so we have to visit the places as we went to kapsabit to embu so when we reach there we play a game we just nature the mentality you know some of us some players just need a mental yeah you just nature the mentality so we talk to them others change others maybe they tell us their problems maybe he started doing this when he was young so we have to improve him at least so alban alban the thing will be how do you change it so what are some of the success stories that we can get from your football team on my side and as a team for one let me on a personal basis and the reason why I called Solomon we have Calvo and our manager here it is because after sitting down with Solomon we decided they are young boys there maybe they have not got any chance to get in the playing academies this academies for football but they have the talent so how do how do we help these young boys it is by forming a team we called it ember so that we we will cover the country and maybe support the talent help the boys in our place there at rear room we have some other boys who are in the in the drug areas and at a point as a parent I think around different ways yeah after discussing with Solomon to the owner there are some young boys um so how do you help this boy to form a team to get a spot then you help him on my side that I can pitch up I have a boy kwao kwa Uawesi, Ngawezi wakamu, kenya uawesi kiniya kitu yattu Kijana nami pataknu Aga Nga mluizaya kijana wati, kwa strong kwa mbiliya Sambi, kwa problem here, na home Kwa umu本jani tumvesu, napi pira, no umu bia basi Wachani kutabu kuni nilii jezi Naminii na kia uaweti ikuwa full Nkwa 1 nani 2 niyadi Ndans tuqutabu, youa mzudi Umefanya mzudi Kwa kwa koi ona niya hata bingu Nui mefanya kitu yaa muhimo Ya, before I died, it was for our team we needed 18 people, for those 18 people, at least everyone to change a life of two people. That's our aspiration. If you change a life of two people, another group forms, another place, you change another life of two people. 2050, no 2030, we will have changed 15% of the Kenyan economy. Wow, that's a serious statement that you have made there. Kalwin, when you have been successful story, how do you feel about it? We have two boys working in Devki now. Devki is our primary sponsor because we cannot employ them. We are not yet stable. So, when we support them, we bring them Devki as a team, at the county level. So, we take them there, we talk to their management, we say, here we have a talent. The only thing we can do, it's an opportunity, we can sustain, we can change a ball and we can do other things because we also talk to players. We see this life after football. So, we also talk about that amongst ourselves and other players. You invest in anything, between education, business, eventually you retire. You see, sports pays, but lack of financial literacy makes sportsmen poor. It will be very sad, me seeing Solomon, when he retires from active football, he is begging. He had an opportunity to work, to play because we play football to make peace and happiness. I just feel happy when we went to Emboa and the stadium was full. People were happy. Even drunkards were very happy watching football and I thought that's a golden opportunity because where would these guys be if not watching football? Definitely they would be drinking. So, when we tell them, don't drink, we give them an alternative. You can play, you can work, you can go to school. It's not all about football. Football is a uniting factor amongst many other factors. So, we have so many successful stories. We are not yet there. We just began and with proper planning and we don't want to be overambitious, I know we will reach there. Let's talk about inspiration stories that you never get a chance to help, but this time you have a chance. Young boys who are taking a chance on other young people to try and change that narrative. It is the touch right here on Y254 and Ropa Rosoro. We are still hanging out with these four gentlemen here and let's talk to the manager Onesmas Anguronesmas. Tell us something that we've done. What inspired you guys to take on this journey? Thank you very much. What did inspire me and my fellow colleagues here to be able to come and join up, make a team was that we realized that this country has talent. And when you watch the football of Kenya, especially this year's African Cup of Nations, we had a challenge that is we didn't perform well. But when I came to realize it's because we didn't go down to the roots to be able to select the best out of this country to go and compete around, that is in Africa. If we will be having that support to the football, that is the Kenya Football Federation to go down the grass roots and be able to select the best talents who will have been able to perform better on the African Cup of Nations. But because we have not strategized well as a country, that is why we didn't perform well. Yes, we did better because it was the first time after Y254. And we came up with that idea that we should run, that is go down to the grass roots, check on the better talent that we have down there who are faking the talent going back to drug addiction so that we can be able to hook them out of the drug addiction, drug abuse system to football system. And as a result so far we have done better, we went to Embu recently that is on 21st last month and then we spotted still two talents who are on this 26th of this month they are going to cojoin Maisha Mabati football club that is a team under Devki management. And then we went still to Kapsabet, we realized two good talents who are right now working in the company, we want to go all around the whole country and look for those better good talents who are rotting down there, give them a job opportunity where they can be able to gain their livelihood and then after that we tell them to also impact on football and forget the drug addiction system. Let me ask a question here Solomon, away from football, drugs, drug addiction, you guys are trying to get people off drugs so that they can try a chance in football. You as young people and the way you have traveled in this country, you think we will curb that manence? Ya, we curb. How can we do it? Most of the people who are on this trend are easy children's homes sometimes. See talent is out there. We know that there are children's homes that are not so easy. So this is the time to come up early to try and get to behavior. We know that if we have a child we will be able to give it a go. If we have a child we will be able to give it a go. We will be able to give it a go. If we have a child we will be able to give it a go. We know that when we give it a go. We have been sedated in Kimawazismu that we have a child. At least we can give it a go and ask it for a while to introduce. We will be able to do a men's home and get everything we need. We will be able to cover things up for those who are on the top, people to go through spades and couples Georgia to take care of them in theOkinawa area. What's next for Devki? On our side and to the management, we don't all work in Devki. He works at Devki. He works at Devki. He works at... Me, I work at Nairopi Tiki Niko. Nairopi Tiki Niko here. So we just calmed up at one point, we came with one thing that is football, that is what is joining us. So at this point when we came to Fikama, it was like we were going to play in that team.  Nairopi Tiki Niko here is a talented player, but we all only inspire them to give us a chance to play in 4 teams. kwenya wadikuwa, wadikuwa ngurupe yake. If they come together and that goal is on drugs, then we support them. On our side, we need to mention about education pay apart from football. Ui uki jana, right now we have two boys when ya tuna nasubesha. Mou jana nasubesha ui kwa yambu. Ki jana mdogo. Anna familiar. Ui wana suma. Na jwa ma sumo saini na isi. Atu pati ma pato yaju, lakini tuna heza. If we get 10,000, then 1,000 atu tris. Heo fungu lakumi piya. Fungu lakumi piya wana heza. Perika umtoto shule. Asomia atu tris na hea nji sa indie. So that's what we are doing and that's on our 18 man team. Fudi ya gana. Mou jaki shikam moujia. Mou jaki shikam moujia. Mou jaki shikam moujina. Mou jaki shikam moujina. Kama ni education ui ki jana anata kusoma. Ui wote sii wote wana cheza. Kama ni kusoma anata kusoma. Ui ki jana wacha tuna support. Bakama alitom. We are not just a college sa we know THE V eu renda car. It is very fare upusoma. Kiku jatuna hinadi kurengi e ng lisi. Они rikari naDP ya watu. We just got clear waterC on how we do atu tris. wana never covered our con cầnai. Kannada? We don't know. Nambia TM. Okay. So if you are on Facebook, you can get them at Team Tambia. Sendo, kalafu. Finally, the manager Onesmas, we send you to Nambia the final word. We will inspire you to work with us if you want to work with us when you want to work with the team in our site TM to moja work with us. Thank you very much. We as Team Tambia or Tambia FC, we will wish to invite each and every person who wishes to cojoin us and be able to support these young talents in Kenya who need our help as much as footable and livelihood is concerned. When you are out there, we are located in Ruiru, that is Kiambu County, and we look forward to hearing from you in case you wish to get us on a phone call and you have a talent or you have a team that you want to play against us so that you can be able to come and inspire those boys and girls around there who are alcoholic or abusing drugs or those people who don't have, that is, they don't have parents. We wish to invite you to come or talk to us through the number 07-03-803-846 so that we can be able to share with you our success story and be able to help you and naja the talent and the society. Thank you very much. Just repeat the number once more. The number is 07-03-803-846. Thank you very much gentlemen. It has been our boys here. It's an inspiration story on what you can do. Me personally they have touched me because as a practice in Catholic I don't pay my sadaka every day. That's all I can tell you for free. But these boys here have inspired me on what I can do with my 10% of my salary. Thanks a lot Solomon Agano. I've been in Ruiru. We've got Calvin Lumidia and Ernest Mosangura for coming to Y254 here to talk to us about your journey and what you are doing to help other boys out there to get out of the drug menace and come into the world of using your talent. It is Y254. It is the touchline here on Y254 for now it is all about Safarali. We have got the chance to host the next edition of the Safarali camp 2020. The WRC camp 2020. But it is a big question when people ask how can I get to Safarali when I do not have money. Can it be done? Here is the story of Azar Anwar one of the legendary drivers when it comes to the Safarali here in Kenya on how they are trying to train people to use their no more low budget cars and how they can get to Safarali.


This study examined the effectiveness of the illuminated chopper assisted cataract surgery in cases where there are iris challenges. It found that the use of the illuminated chopper reduced the need for pupil expansion devices and shortened the surgical time. Additionally, it increased the visibility during surgery, which may improve patient outcomes. This article was authored by Haram Kim, Sadha Hwan, Yamsab Eom, and others.