Good morning and welcome to the session organized by the British International Research Institutes. I'm Charles Tripp, Vice President of the British Academy with responsibility for the British International Research Institutes, and I'm very happy to be chairing this session organized by four of the eight institutes linked to the British Academy. The eight British International Research Institutes are long established and vitally important parts of the UK's research infrastructure and the arts in the humanities and in the social sciences. They play a key role, both in the work of UK based researchers, but also, of course, in the collaboration with researchers from the regions in which they're based. And these stretch from Italy and Greece to the Black Sea, Central Asia, across Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the Middle East to North and to East Africa. Since the 19th century, and the British School of Athens is the oldest of them founded in 1886. They have accumulated extraordinary unparalleled archives that reflect the work carried out through them and with them and the changing disciplines in the humanities and the social sciences. During that period with great emphasis on all aspects of archaeology in the first decades of their existence, but gradually accumulating resources, link to ethnography to geography, urban studies, art history botany, natural resource management and sociology. So given the richness of their archives the case for digitizing these both for conservation purposes but also to make them all widely known is very strong. And some of them have been undertaking this for a number of years. But as they proceeded, they realized that collaboration and coordination between them would yield even more significant results, providing links between different fields of knowledge and the work carried out in different places by some extraordinarily distinguished British scholars. And these are just some of the scholars whose names are known and whose work connects with the regions in which the British International Research Institute's work. And as you can see, a number of them worked in different areas now all in some senses linked to the British International Research Institute. So it's an important to suggest that these are links that will be more enriched by the working together and by making people aware of the archives that link them together. However, the practical and technical challenges of coordination on this scale are formidable. And in telling you of their work today, my colleagues from the British International Research Institute would greatly value any feedback from those present who have been grappling with similar challenges and may indeed have overcome them. However, without further ado therefore I'd like to introduce my four colleagues who will be making the presentations today. The first to speak will be John Bennett, who's the director of the British School of Athens. Be followed by Alessandra Jovenko, archivist at the British School at Rome. Followed by Nurdan Atalan-Cherismas, digital repository manager at the British Institute of Ankara, and finally Charlotte Rouche, Professor Emeritus of Digital Hellenic Studies at King's College and very closely connected to the Society for Libyan Studies. Each of them will speak consecutively in that order, and we'll be happy to take questions and comments in the last 10-15 minutes of this session. Well, everybody, thank you for joining us in this session. As Charles mentioned, the British School of Athens, the BSA as I'll refer to it from now on, is the oldest of the BIRI founded in 1886. It has a main base in central Athens with satellite research centers at Knossos on Crete. Like all the BIRI, it maintains a London office at the British Academy's premises there in London. I'm presenting as director as an indication of the importance which the BSA attaches to this programme of digitisation. But I emphasise that this is a team effort, largely carried out by a team who are listed on the slide. Our assistant director, our archivist, who I know is joining this session and will be available in the Q&A afterward to shed more light. Our IT officer, a fixed term data manager and various volunteers. As an institute founded in 1886, we've obviously accreted a very large internal archive comprising our corporate records and various excavation and fieldwork records. But we've also acquired personal papers, including those of George Finley, a prominent 19th century Phil Hellenist, the Noel Baker family, a British family based in Greece, following independence. And the major acquisition was the archives of the British, the Byzantine Research Fund. A unique collection of architectural drawings, photographs and notebooks created in the late 19th to mid 20th century by a small team of British architects who were trained in the arts and crafts tradition. Another major collection is the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies image collection, over 7000 items comprising their photographic collection collected between 1891 and 1967. And these comprise negatives, glass and film in a variety of sizes, as well as photographic prints and glass lantern slides. Our collection management system is the proprietary software EMU, now owned by Axial. It's an object orientated database with which covers documents, objects, images, etc. And it was purchased just over 10 years ago in order to try to integrate as many of the BSA data types, but also as many of the processes administrative and research processes that the BSA carries out. Data entry and cleanup are constantly ongoing, and the system runs on site with regular backups. And just to give you an indication of the size of what's already in EMU, we have any catalog comprising over 150,000 records, parties of 17 and a half thousand sites of 5700 and multimedia running to 183,000. And there are of course various access restrictions protecting either material that isn't as sensitive, or of course records that relate to individuals, individual staff. Plans to make the collection accessible when digitised were initiated several years ago, in fact pioneered on the Byzantine research fund, as well as digitisation of the catalogue of our large archaeological collection at Knossos. But they were realised in 2019 with the launch of our portal digital collections, which offers a bespoke interface to the EMU data. And this was significantly expanded during the lockdowns, partly because of a diversion of effort from things that could not be carried out during lockdown, but also as a service since of course lockdown prohibited travel for many people to come and access them on site. Each new collection when it's mounted is accompanied by a short blog post, which we call archive stories, and this draws out an aspect of the of the collection. There have been multiple posts on the Society for Motion and Hellenic Studies image collection on William Jell on Keppel Craven and Petrie's notebooks, as well as on early excavation notebooks from the BSA. I'm just chosen to show static examples, but I urge you to go and visit our website to sit to try the dynamic interface that you have there. Taking the Byzantine research fund as an example, we have three different modes in which you can browse it, a grid mode, which you see in the top left, a list mode in the middle, and a map, which is obviously particularly useful for coverage of particular sites or particular regions. And taking the SPHS Society for Motion and Hellenic Studies archive as an example, we can see the map view here, and it's possible to do a detailed search on various terms. Here a particular creator, a particular location, refined to a particular image number that I happen to know the number of, and that reveals this particular image, which as you'll note, is in modern Turkey. And this is another point that emphasizes Charles's point at the beginning of the overlap between our different archives in the Biri. Another example is Digital Mycenae, which we launched in June 2020, close to the anniversary of the centenary of the BSA excavation starting at that site. It's already been shortlisted for an award in Apollo magazine, but as an example of digital unification of archives, archives that are physically located in separate places. It's not a Cambridge and Athens, but searchable through a single interface. Another potential that digitization offers for us is the opportunity to present a coherent selection of items or a narrative around a collection through virtual exhibitions. That is a guided approach, which contrasts with an open search for information through the search feature. So here is a standalone exhibition on pure nature, which draws on the Byzantine research fund materials to highlight the interplay between Byzantine buildings and their environment, and also the use of nature and natural features in ornament. Individual static pages here are linked directly through to items in the in emu through our digital collections platform. Similarly, using making full use of the digital collections platform, a set of webcasts to be a say produced marking the 1821 2021 by Centenary is available offers a series of short commentaries on objects, marking that particular by Centenary. Now the potential obviously for extending this is very large and I just give two examples in the top right. We recently found received funding for a three year postdoc fellowship on modern Greek studies to study and oversee the digitization of a significant part of George Finley's papers. And this will join a very large body of digital material which is going online in association with the the by Centenary. And in the bottom left, of course, the potential for unifying a distributed archive here the notebooks in particular of early of early 19th century British traveler Sir William gel. These are widely distributed after his death and exist in the BSA in the British school at Rome, the British Museum, the in Oxford and Bristol as well as other locations. And of course digitization offers the potential to unite these virtually to inform study of travel, social history and other aspects. So in conclusion, I hope I've made a clear and make clear the rich content of the BSA collections and how we have begun to make those accessible, discoverable and useful usable by others. Digitization, of course, as Charles mentioned, preserves the often fragile almost always unique original, but also makes a unique resource available in multiple locations simultaneously. The Berry collections have great potential to inform the historiography of our disciplines, particularly archaeology, inform social history, especially around travel and reception. And of course, studies to studies of heritage, particularly on data site data on particular sites, or monuments no longer existence, for example, the Byzantine monuments of festival and the key before great fire of 1917. There are many overlaps among the Berry, including in the SPHS image collection, so the potential for making collections accessible and discoverable to a wider audience, academic and otherwise are considerable. Thanks very much for your attention. Good morning, everybody. My name is Alessandra Jovenko, and as Charles has anticipated, I'm the Archivist at the British School of Rome, which is a British Research Institute for the Humanities and the practice of the fine arts and architecture based in the Valley of Julia in Rome. It is a research gateway to Italy, Europe, and the Commonwealth. The BSR has always been a creative, vibrant and transcultural community where there are no boundaries between disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is the driving force behind all our activities. Founded in 1901 as a School of Archaeology, History and Letters for the promotion of research in Italy and about Italy, it broadened its scope and mission by receiving a Royal Charter in 1912 and launching an ambition program of scholarships in the fine arts the following year. Since then, the BSR has evolved by adapting itself to numerous political, cultural and social changes and addressing the challenges of the present and the future. The BSR collections include a broad range of material. Sorry. Here I am. Okay. The BSR collections include a broad range of materials, from red books to paper records, photographic collections, museum objects, manuscript notebooks, course cards, engravings, and other objects created and accumulated over the course of the institution's multidisciplinary history. Many of these collections were equipped or donated by directors, assistant directors, staff members, and scholars. Others were purchased. I speak on behalf of a group of colleagues as the results we have achieved since 2002 in the digital domain are built on the expertise and knowledge of many, including the contribution of other short term colleagues, interns and IT developers. Each object, whether a photograph, map, or drawing, has been catalogued in Mark 21 on COHA, our open source information library system. This is the main database from which we are migrating our data. The archival resources are being cataloged through the archival software system currently in use archive space, and we provide information about our corporate records, as well as excavation archaeology records. We are considering the export of metadata and description from this platform as well. Our records are also available through the Erbis catalog, a discovery tool, providing coordinated access to the resources of 22 international research libraries in Rome, with over 2 million records. Metadata exported from the library catalog are processed and migrated onto the BSR digital collections platform, which was launched in October 2020. It is the culmination of a long process began many years ago, and from which we have learned much in terms of ways to achieve our objectives as they evolved. We had an old platform, but we felt we had to develop further and were able to do that thanks to the rapid developments in technology. The technical environment has changed so radically in the last few years that much can be done far more easily than before. The new web page includes a highlight section in which research projects, theme based presentations, virtual exhibitions and new digital content are presented and can be browsed in a more engaging manner. So why Islandora? Islandora 7 has been identified for various reasons, one of which is that is an open source digital assets management system. Although requiring technical support, it ensures compliance with metadata and format standards, facilitates the management of complex bodies of digital material, and allows for the ingestion of various types of digital content, including audio visual resources. More than 28,300 records are available for consultation from 10 collections belonging to two physical repositories, the photographic archive and the library and archive special collections. These are arranged according to their provenance. The digitization of the items in our collections has sometimes been run in-house, and one of our aims is to invest in self-development and build capacity. Hosting server and backup are run on site. Access to the admin panel is provided through a front-end web interface. Our digital collections website has brought our unique historic collections to a global audience, providing access to our photographic archives, as well as a selection of maps, drawings and engravings from our special collections. These can be browsed in various ways, not least through the faceted search which shows up on the left-hand side of each results page, and which allow users to narrow down the results. As you can see on the top left corner of the slide. Not everything has been scanned and made available. Some parts of collections, or in a whole collections, remain to be evaluated and assessed, primarily in the context of issues relating to copyright. And this you can see in the image bottom right part of the slide. Since the outset, we have considered high quality metadata as essential in terms of facilitating the research community. We are confident we can benefit enormously from the richness of other sets of metadata made available by other B-re institutions. We have also only adopted international standards for cataloging and publishing digital content to ensure interoperability and focus on the quality of data content, structure and format. We consider digital resources as objects to preserve as much as the physical ones. We're paying particular attention therefore to instability and fragility of digital formats and the problem of sustainability. So, from one standard to another, as you can see from this slide, we are mapping metadata from Mach 21 to Modes, which is this image in the center, according to a customized template. And then we associate the relevant digital objects. Thanks to this meticulous work, we are able to process the migration of collections in batch processes. And this is the island or a backend of the Libya record examined in the slides above, where it is possible to see the various standards and formats on which the digital repository can be built. This is how a user will access the record you've seen before. Librarians and archivists are in a very good position to know what data are useful and the order in which they may be displayed. We have added the fields that users will find useful and we believe they will. But we are sure the needs may change over time and some data may be more appealing than others to researchers and broader audiences. Speaking of B-Ray records, we are sure we can build digital capacity through the exchange of information about best practices, cataloging and digitization. The few meetings we had with B-Ray colleagues were very inspiring and we are convinced we will continue to learn a lot from sharing knowledge, experience and mistakes. We are building a community and a culture of mutual exchange where our aim is to help each other grow. For example, we have learned from the Society of Libyan Studies that it would be ideal to have a URI embedded into each record. This would be very useful in order to make our resources more findable. We have learned from Athens how complex the process can be for the digitization of a lanterns light collection in relation to their society for the promotion of a Linux studies image collection. This collection is the sister to our society for the promotion of Roman studies, which is in the BSR Photographic Archive. We have learned from Ankara about the potential of linked open data and archaeological excavation data. Distributed amongst the B-Ray is a great deal of knowledge, though we know that each institution's holdings are unique and identity and diversity have to be preserved. We find that very often our resources complement one another and constitute a powerful body of knowledge for the history of British research in the Mediterranean. In this case, it is the overlapping relationships that represent real outfit value and make the whole more than the parts. Thank you very much. I'm handing over to Nudan. Thank you very much organizers and John and Alessandra. Today I will give you brief information about British Institute at Ankara and Digital Repository System. British Institute at Ankara supports and enables and encourages research in Turkey and the Black Sea region in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, ancient and modern history, heritage management, social sciences and contemporary issues in public policy and political sciences. It was founded in 1947 and BIA was incorporated in the 1956 cultural agreement between the Republic of Turkey and the United Kingdom. BIA has archives and collections since 1947. BIA David French Library houses books, tazes, maps, journals and audiovisual materials. It is recognized as the foremost library in its field in Ankara and one of the two best in Turkey. It is used by British, Turkish and other international scholars and students. Collections created during the research activities, especially archaeological excavation and surveys in Turkey. Pottery, squeeze, photographic animal bone reference collection, botanical reference collection, including herbarium, wood and charcoal specimens, archaeological documents and drawings, map collection preserved physically and they digitized since 2000 and in 2006 they created a beast box system. Now you can reach from our website. I will send the link. Digitalization activities done by different scholars and people between 2000 and 2018. At the end of 2018, Digital Repository Office set up and started to build a repository. First step was making an assessment of all our archives because some of them were digitized and had a database. This assessment helped us to understand our metadata schema and our controlled vocabularies. Now we need to choose the software for repository and library, but it was difficult to choose one system for library collections and library and the collections. So we decided to use COHA, the open source system for library and Islandora for digital repository system. So it is open source flexible and then also the British School of Rome was using this system. So we are sharing our knowledge in order to use this system better. Installation is completed, but configurations for taxonomies are continuing. So we couldn't open our Islandora system yet, but we are planning to open it in autumn and also library system will be open soon. Open access is important in the digital cultural heritage institutions, especially for library, archive and museums. BIA is an institute working as a library, archive and museums also is a research institute. So we need to deal with both legacy data and the born digital data. The aim is to create open access repository. So we are trying to implement fair principles which is findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable. So our problem was how are we going to open our digital data with this repository. So repository will have OIS mechanism to harvest data and share data with other platforms. We choose qualified Dublin Core metadata schema because we had different type of materials in our collection. So we need to decide identifiers for our collection and for digital data. We checked the DOI and handle and we decided to use handle for our collections. Now you can see our prefix when we open our digital records, each record will have handle ID. Also when we do this process we checked our physical folders and changed with asset free folders for physical preservation. In this time we were checking our physical item IDs, record IDs and also adding those IDs into the digital system in order to make it findable for physical material. We also checked control vocabularies like Getty, Library of Congress, Fast, VF and tried to adopt this into Islandora and link with our database. Also the important thing is the reusable data. So we decided to use creative common licenses for digital items. As a research institute we are also creating born digital data for our project. So we need to think about the data management plan for our born digital data. And during some of the projects we are starting to think about how to record and keep those data during the project after an end of the project. As I said we are trying to use international vocabularies but sometimes those are not fit in our cases. So we choose, we try to create our vocabularies for creator, person and ancient settlements. In this slide you see our names, John Garstang, Seton Lloyd, David Branch and we find the auto-ic links and VF and Wikidata and Library of Congress. We started to work on this list and we made a collaboration with Wikimedia UK and Turkey and now creating Wikidata links and also providing data to Wikidata so other cultural institutions can use our data. Also we made a collaboration with Society of Libyan Studies, British School of Rome, British School of Athens in order to create linked open data for all British schools. And so you will see our ancient settlements. The ancient settlements had a problematic way in Turkey because the village names also changing in Turkey so we are creating our ancient settlements list. Thanks to our scholar interns and volunteers for their time and effort because verification is manually and needs time and patience. We tried to do automatic but there was problems. In order to link our data, we are checking all related items and finding information in the collections. Collecting and verifying information are time consuming and sometimes need experienced people. In this case we need to deal epigraphic data and it has different terminology and abbreviations. Archivist needs to work with epigraphs collaboratively to avoid mistakes. Now the aim is to link the data in the collection. As you see we have a squeeze archive and then this as a photograph in our archives and it is published in this our book and it is also it has also transcription so you need to find all this data and link in the digital repository system. We are digitizing our hard iron collection and had a difficulty to choose the metadata and taxonomy by your cultural collections, especially flora are using Darwin core metadata and flora taxonomy. So we need to configure our system to add proper vocabulary set as you see the gbiff as a taxonomy for flora but still you need to work on flora of Turkey for your vocabulary. We need to think physical preservation in order to physical preservation we mount we are mounting specimens from newspaper to the acid free papers and I'm taking photographs at the same time we need to think about the digital preservation. So the photographer is taking photos in raw format and JPEG format. So we need to convert raw files to T for the digital preservation and also JPEG files for dissemination. As I said via is a library archive and museum and a research institute so we are dealing both legacy data and born digital data at the same time also both have challenges to organize manage and preserve. Digitized data had different dpi and formats, like of standards and controlled vocabulary vocabularies for some data needs additional effort. We cannot use the control vocabularies directly. We need to adapt and create our vocabularies and also each country has different regulations for archaeological or cultural heritage data. So we need to learn those policies before open our data to in digital platform. We need to learn archive museum and excavation regulations for countries language is another difficulty for archival records transcribing handwritten documents needs time and effort. All digitized data and catalog information needs to mapping to proper metadata format that the cleaning and verification our time consuming and needs archivist archaeologist and information managers needs additional trainings and support. So they need to work together. We need to choose proper software and think about the storage and backup issues. Also the main problem in the digital world. How are we going to preserve our digital files. Are we going to convert all digitized jpeg files to tiff format. And for the projects we are trying to create our data management plan for born digital data. Each archive is unique and you need to work on it. Also it is a long journey and not easy but it is opportunities to learn more and find your own way. Archaeologist archivist researchers needs to think about how to organize and preserve the digital data. Also it is a teamwork. Cultural heritage institutions have limited funding in order to save time energy. We started to share our knowledge and experience with other breeze. So it is good to work together and spend our time to create new things together to increase visibility. We will share our information with national and international partners like Europe, Yana and Wikimedia. We already made collaborations with several partners like archaeology data service and Ariadne plus. We also partner of Seattle saving European digital archaeology data from digital dark age and translated the fair guidelines into Turkish. The team is to find more ways to work collaboratively with national and international partners. Sharing knowledge and learning more is helpful because we all have limited time to do something so that is fine. That is better to find collaborative ways. With the help of our team members interns volunteers we are working to organize manage and preserve our archives and digital data. During the pandemic we worked online for most of the time and data creation and verification process also done by online. Thanks to all of them and for you to listen. And now I would like to pass to Charlotte to talk about Society Libyan Studies. We are speaking in as you probably realized in historical order and the Libyan Society is the youngest of the organization speaking today. It only founded in 1969. And in many ways we are lucky because we can benefit from the experience of others. Like many things it happened in a way by chance. It's the chance consequence of the fact that the British found themselves in charge of Libya after the Second World War. And there is extremely if you go to the National Archives website there's extremely interesting account from papers in the National Archives about the initial response of the British Army when they find themselves among all these antiquities. Luckily several of them were in fact archaeologists. The initial idea was that whatever needed doing would be done under the guidance of the British School of Rome, which is a much larger institution. But more and more activity as everywhere grew archaeological activity grew and grew. And so in 1969 a separate society was was set up as a consequence of this history. We don't have a fine building to show you we know we don't have any land. We don't have a location in Libya or in London. But we do have an immensely dynamic group of people all over the world who are interested in Libya and above all very good friends in Libya in the antiquities departments and in the universities. And in the way archaeology being an archivist is rather like being an archaeologist in that you find things that you don't know you don't choose what to find you have whatever you have. And so there's an exotic accumulation of items that the Libyan society has which is still growing and which is important because it records a past which even since the Second World War has been vanishing very fast. I'll run you very quickly through what you've seen. This is the Libyan society. This is a narrative of the history. And the what we've ended up with is a collection of books, which have been accumulated in various ways but some of which are extremely valuable books from archaeological archaeological accounts which are not found anywhere else in England. And also a collection of archives of all kinds, as you will know, archives come in every shape and form. But in both cases, we don't have a specific home. We are the guests of the institutions which house the library at the School of Oriental and African Studies and the archives in Leicester. So it became increasingly clear that we needed to think about digitization. Not least because we don't have a permanent home. And also because over the years the threat to the heritage has increased. And while we all think of things like war. It's very interesting how rapidly simple weather can lead to the deterioration and loss of valuable antiquities all over the world. And but to specific case of Libya, of course, was transformed in 2011. And this meant that from 2011 onwards it became extremely difficult for any of our archaeological colleagues to operate in country. And so the proper use of our resources seemed to us to be to pay more attention than we had to all these holdings which we had accumulated. We started where you actually start far behind the other three, we started with cataloging. So a very basic and primitive thing that we did first was to find a student who would create a Zotero catalog of the holdings in our library. It was an important first step of knowing what we have and publications like this one from 1926 are very rare. Then we turned to the archive. The archives had gradually accumulated and had ended up being held by the library of the University of Leicester. When I say held by the library there physically in a different building but they are the library takes responsibility for them. And the library enabled us to find an archivist. And we said the first thing we had to do was have a professional archivist provide a professional catalog at the same time undertaking some conservation steps. That information went into the University of Leicester's library catalog, which isn't the easiest place to find it. And we then asked that with their help we exported the material in XML to the digital laboratory at King's where we were already building simultaneously building a gazetteer of locations in Libya. And so the collection catalog is now sitting within that framework in a Django database and is therefore there to be built and developed and explored. You will see an entry here where one entry in the archive catalog is 594 photographs. This is simply the very first step towards the digitization and the addition of images to the online catalog. The original catalog will still be the key finding mechanism for the physical objects. So we're right at the beginning of what we want to need to do. We can't fund a total program of digitization and cataloging of everything. There's so much to do. We're very much hoping that students and scholars will be encouraged to come and work on these materials developing research projects and undertaking cataloging and research and digitization as part of their own research projects. That would seem to be the most manageable way of working. And we're benefiting enormously from being part of the Biri family. We can learn from everyone the most useful thing and learning what the mistakes are of course we're lucky to be turning up late in the day. But as you saw, in Rome, for example, they hold photographs taken in Libya in the 1940s. They can provide much of the metadata about the locations and the objects photographed. They can provide the image itself. What we produce together will be much better than anything we produce separately. And so what we need now really is to evolve or to develop a system of interchange for the information held by all the different Biri. And I think that's a picture of us really plugging our information in in such a way that it can be identified by others. So that's what we're hoping to achieve over to Charles. Charlotte, thank you very much. But thanks you to all of you. I like the picture at the end. It's to remind people of the analog technology that underpinned all this in the first place. But thank you very much all of you for giving such an extraordinary rich and interesting picture of the activities that you're all undertaking. But also, of course, the links between you and the openings and possibilities and lessons learned for the other Biris too. And I hope for, in many senses, in the hall as well. I think we have one question but from Alan Sadlo who asked early on about a standard identifier that allows people digital items have a standard identifier to allow search across different collections. He thought it may have been answered but if anybody wants to answer that because it did strike me when you were talking about searchability, whether that would be something that would be worth saying something about or clarifying. I can answer for the British Institute at Ankara. We are going to use handle instead of do I that I will be the persistent identifier for each record. So we hope it will be much more sustainable in the future. I suppose it does depend upon the what you find the most convenient in some ways. There's another questions just come up which is of course not unexpected in this past year or so which is curious to know how the pandemic has impacted on all your activities and whether it's influenced or steered recent priorities. So it's to get a sense and I think you're done mentioned this in relation to Ankara but I think also Charlotte as well. So, has it had a material has had a material effect on the way in which you conduct things or reminded you that these are things that still need to be done. Charlotte. I think it helped us. I mean in some ways, it came at the right moment for us because it helped us to focus our not enormous resources on this particular aspect. It suddenly brought into the foreground, the importance, something which started of course with before that over the last 10 years the importance of recording this material preserving it, getting it out and putting it in a format where colleagues in Libya can have access has become increasingly evident. Yes, can I also add that the lockdown and the pandemic has encouraged us to be more proactive in digitalization projects and as kind of made us think more about what to digitize what to what as the priority in terms of collections and so it has been kind of catalyst I maybe just pushed us to to think more about digital collections and also as created this community between this discussion between theories which is what was very positive and inspiring and really we hope to continue on this road. I was going to ask a question actually which I think that Charlotte mentioned about the Gazettea reminded me is that if I'm doing search ability across platforms and culture you think about place names and how they've changed in history and in languages and how do you cope with that I mean if for instance Turkey, which has gone through different languages different empires different and different place names in some form or another. Do you have some way of dealing with that easily. Yeah, I mean that was the main problem for us because I mean we started to work on the gazettea's we checked the gazettea's and some of the material that is related to one settlement, we couldn't find that settlement in the known gazettea there so you need to work on and find the location and coordinate for that site. So that was the difficult part. And now we are verifying all our data. It is approximately 2000 settlement ancient settlement in our archive related with the ancient gazettea also which we are talking with Charlotte about the gazettea so we don't want to create gazettea again, the tool let's say, but we have this data set so we are trying to find out the ways. Other institutions Libya or Rome or Athens cannot spend a lot of time to create the same data that came from Turkey. So that was the big problems but we are checking all international gazettea's and find out the way. But sometimes you have to do it manually so you need you require human resource to do it. So, but they are talking about some programming languages and we tried. But it didn't work well so we are doing manually, but we are hoping to share this data, at least with wiki data in the first place and after that, what we can create a bitty places information data set, let's say. I think also it's important just to bear in mind that it's that this is not a situation just for standardization in our archives, we have evidence about place names, which needs to be recorded and made visible. And there's this tension between trying to identify. Oh, I wonder where this really is. And this is the place that this man referred to in this way. I'm wondering in in Libya, there are publications which refer to Barbary, because of course that's the Barbary Coast. Well that's a place. It's an it's you won't find it in a modern in a modern map, but it needs to be reflected in a gazettea of places. And I think it's very important to balance the, the locating of things with the recording of our specific data. I have a question from Jill, using coha with archival collections. Do you have any top tips in other words, from your experience I think Alessandra. Yes, I think this is for me. And yeah, we're using coha, which is a library software system to catalog photographs so each single item is being catalog using mark 21 as a format standard. And, of course, we can also describe a collection of items by using the mark 21 standard, but for archival resources, as I said, we use archive space so it's just a matter to understand how to migrate these resources from different systems and how to display them on to digital asset management system, which is island aura. But actually, we find, we found out that mark 21 is very granular, so allows for more detailed way comes to describing the content of a picture and also create links, hopefully with the gazetteer. And, and yeah, so I think I have answered this question. Thank you very much. Another question from Neil Grindley said, obviously, you've been talking about the benefits of collaboration and the way in which the berries assist each other. Do you have any plans to more formally join up and share infrastructure perhaps address the challenge of digital preservation. There's a leading question. I've always hoped it seems to me that that's absolutely the big question coming towards us, as in so many institutions. I've always hope that parents at the British Academy would like to open a lovely sustainability center for us, but it is a job that it would be sensible to look at jointly. I'm feeling the slide of the telephone exchange was geared to the British Academy actually. Yeah, you've got it. But it's certainly true. I mean, given the fact that you are sharing knowledge of how things are done sharing different systems. Clearly, the question does come up in the end about how that can just be sustained for for the benefit of all. So both the four of you who are talking today but also those the other four who are who are also beginning to find out about these things. Yeah. John was it was were you going to mention something then I wasn't sure you had your hand up. No I was back a couple of questions is fine. Okay, that's fine. I mean, the other question which I suppose is typical one coming from the British Academy which is that clearly all of you have had to rely on and been able to rely on some amazingly gifted teams of people but teams don't come free. And so in a sense, there is a funding question which I suppose is also something that's quite good to air in such a conference which is, have you thought about yet applying to particular funds foundations that might be sympathetic to this aspect of your work. You might get some echoes from other people who are attending this conference as well. Well, I just say that the three year postdoc that we just received funding for starting in October has a particular aim to work with the George Finlay papers and included within that bit was sufficient funds to do the physical production, but also a six month project assistant who will work with our archivist to catalog those and probably provide the metadata. In other words, making them entirely useful, while the, the postdoc will actually as it were cover the academic and draw out the significance of all of those so I mean I think the, the crucial thing is that it's actually quite difficult to get funding just to stick the things on the scanner. It's better linked to a research question but on the other hand the big need is to get as much digitized as possible. And then of course you have the human resource aspect of cataloging and making that available. Absolutely. Well that's very encouraging I think we should be bringing this session to an end but I wanted to thank all of you really for such excellent presentations and I think it's given all of us even those who are quite aware of what the berries do. Even more awareness of the richness of your collections and what you're undertaking at the moment which is a quite challenging set of tasks but what's really encouraging is I think the way you're working together and as you said sharing your knowledge with other people are just embarking on this area as well and I like to think that presenting in such a conference you will get some feedback from people who've had to face similar challenges that you have which is to think about how do different collections speak to each other. How does that make it more accessible but really


Within this part, we will discuss a bit about 3R2S configuration. Most of the configuration parameters are set within 3R2S config.h file. It is a source file, which is one of the key components of the operating system, and those components are completely independent on the platform. The most important parameters you can see right now on the screen, so the first one is config use preemption, which is defining whether our operating system will work in preemption mode or cooperative mode. We are describing the difference between those two in next parts of this training. The second component is about the clock of the CPU given in Hertz. It is automatically set by stn32-cubemix, what you will see later on. Then we've got a tick rate in Hertz, so how often our context would be switched. It is in fact configuring one of the timers, in our case it will be SISTIC, to generate an interrupt, which would trigger the context switch, so the switch between the tasks of the operating system. The next parameter, very important one, is number of the priorities we will use within our application. Then total heap size is defining how much memory we will have within the RAM to store the information about our operating system components, each variables. So the tasks, semaphores, queues, mutexes, software timers, all of those components require some space within the RAM memory to store the temporary variables, to store its configuration, its parameters. All of those must be allocated somehow on the RAM memory, and it is done within this heap size dedicated to the operating system. What is important is that this total heap size is given in bytes, once the other components like the stack size of the tasks is given in words. Please have a look on this. It is quite well visible within the stn32-cubemix application, but if you would edit this fr3r2sconfig.h file manually, please be aware of those differences. The last two components are related to the interrupt priorities to configure the system in such a way that operating system will not negatively interact with the hardware or the other parts of the embedded system. So the first component, config library, law was the interrupt priority. It is in fact the lowest interrupt priority, which is available in our system. In Cortex-M for implementation done with an stn32-l4 devices, which we are using in this training, this lowest interrupt priority is 15. This level of the interrupts would be used by the interrupts which are responsible for the context switch. Then the next component, config library, max, Cisco interrupt priority is the highest interrupt priority, highest number, which would be used for the interrupts, which needs to execute any of the function from the operating system. So if we set here, for example, 5, it means that all the interrupts, which needs to execute any of the operating system functions, must have its priority set between 5 and 15. So this between this max, Cisco and lowest interrupt priority. Interrupts with the priority, which has lower number, so in fact higher priority, so 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0, would be completely independent from the operating system and would be not blocked by the operating system in any context switch location on any critical sections which are used within the freeR2S. Let's have a look on other config parameters important within the freeR2S system. I came back to STM32CubaMix, so we can see all of the parameters from our freeR2S.config.h file here. So it's much easier to manipulate on this graphical interface. So we already discussed about the preemption, as you can see the CPU clock in Hertz is given by the tool itself. So it's automatically generated using the information from clock configuration from this application. Then the tick rate is given in Hertz, we can change it. Right now it is 1 kHz. Then maximum number of priorities is set to 56 and it's constant. Then we've got a minimum stack size and please have a look. This number is given in words and it's used for the task creation. If you create a new task, it will have by default this value 128 words as stack size. Then we've got a maximum task length given in signs. So we've got 16. Then we've got some components which can be used within the application. So as you can see most of them are right now enabled. It has this drawback that enable additional functionality will increase the total size of operating system of the code which we would generate later on. From the most important parameters which what we need to discuss now is a memory management setting. As you can see right now we've got a memory allocation set dynamic on static. Most of the operations will do as a dynamic memory allocation. The next component is a total heap size. So this is the total memory which would be allocated in RAM to store the variables, to store the local data of each operating system component. And as you can see this time it is given in bytes. So we allocated 3000 bytes for the heap size of the operating system. The next point is a memory management scheme. By default it is heap 4. We can select heap 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. We've got a dedicated part within this session about those memory management schemes. Then we've got so-called hook functions which are used during the development phase which allows you to monitor the behavior of your application which is using the FreeR2S. Below you can see the runtime statistics which are used as well during the development phase. Coroutines, this is the mechanism which is used within the FreeR2S when you are using this system with smaller microcontrollers 8, 16 bits. So as you can see these are disabled for Cortex-M devices because we are using full-size tasks not coroutines. Below you will find software timer definitions which are by default enabled and the interrupt priority levels we already described. So this is the first part concerning the config parameters. The second one related to this one is in the next tab is called include parameters. This tab allows us to disable or enable the function which would be included into our FreeR2S implementation. So we can add some additional functionality to our system if needed but we should remember about one important point. If we enable some of those functions the total code size of our application will be much bigger. It can be much bigger because all of those functions contain some part of the code. From the most important components, the functions which are present here I could name for example task priority set, task priority get which allows you to manipulate on the priorities of the tasks. Then task delete which allows you to delete unused task if needed. Then we've got task suspend which is blocking the task for some time. And then task delay which is switching as well the task from the running state to the delay state for a given time. So you can see much more of those functions. Most of them would be described in the further sections of this training. So as you can see within the STM32Q MX application you can define all the configuration for the FreeR2S system. All what you will set here will be stored later on during the code generation within the FreeR2S config.h file and you can manipulate on this file manually later on or you can use as well this configurator to make any modification and regenerate the code. Thank you for watching this video.


I'm not allowing the fear to take over. I'm present. I'm aware. I'm in a surrendered state as an instrument of this truth impulse. It's an instrument, an instrument. I'm an instrument because this body is always in action but from where is the action arising? More and more it arises from that truth impulse and less and less from the egos joltings and pushings and maneuverings and manipulatings and puppetry and in that quiet and in that state of of sovereign presentness the the the system strengthens up the thisness becomes even more this even stronger and health improves.


I'm Yanis from Greece, I'm Fumihiro Kato from Japan, I'm from Bulgaria, I'm from Portugal, Porto, I'm from Finland, I'm from Berlin. I'm here to learn about professionalization of data stewards. I'm here to learn more about the open research infrastructures. I'm here for presenting my poster, which is understanding the implication of implementing fair data in the life sciences. I'm intrigued what it means to engage the community around open science, data, tools and platforms. Open science is really important. It's important because it tries to steer science in the direction of more impact, more impact for science, but also more impact for society. And what is very much needed is sharing the data, sharing your resources as early as possible. And this is of course very complicated because in the incentive and reward system we have to reward people for fair data sharing. And this is exactly where we are today. So the open science fair for me is good because it's bringing together people with many perspectives on the same problem. I'm concerned about skills and about how we identify the skills that people are going to need to do open science and how they acquire those skills. Is it through training? Is it through MOOCs? Is it through something we haven't thought about yet? For me, open science and responsible research are about collaboration, transparency and sharing knowledge. And it's also about being held accountable of what you do. So it's great to come together here at the open science fair in Porto to learn from each other, get inspired and have the chance to discuss our opportunities, but also the challenges that we need. In Finland, the research community has taken lead on open science and we're creating a new national policy on open science through co-creation. Sapienza co-creation experiment deals with a brand new research and service center named Sapere & Co. that aims at delivering innovative public service in a responsible way. So we are collectively working on responsible governance and we are glad to share our experience here at open science fair. Open science will only be truly open if it is open to society. That means finding the right ways for people to participate in the research when appropriated, to debate the results and do all that in respect for the truth. I'm really excited to be at the open science fair 2019. I'm also particularly thrilled that I've been invited to give a talk, especially because I'm an independent researcher and I don't have an academic affiliation. And it's very important that people start also hearing other stories. More synchronization among the projects because we are dealing with the same issues. I would like everybody to agree that today we have to change the way science is being assessed. Because we are in open science and we are still judged with the standards of old science. So it's time to move.


Crying Obsidian is the best block in all of Minecraft.  You okay? You want a tissue? Yes, please!


So, you are actually making the probability of blocking estimate p b and for a least approach which is very simplified thing. The basic assumption was that irrespective of the state probability that input link and output link both will get occupied was all independent of the states. It was just simply p and we approximated that using a balance equation and we got the expression. This will usually work for larger dimensions of the switch. So, whenever the value of a is very large value of in that case we have taken I think m and n as the input and n as the output. So, whenever this is going to be very large this m and n that approximation usually will work, but not for the smaller values, but we can make a still better approximation then this least approach this was because of least. So, today we will do Carnot's approach and in fact, nowadays because computers are available you can actually look you can iterate through all possible states of the switch and actually can numerically compute the precise call blocking probability that is technically feasible. You have to just write the appropriate software for a corresponding architecture do all that computation and come up with probability of blocking for a given load condition. Remember probability of blocking will always be function of it will be always be a function of arrival rate lambda and the ports which are there m and n. So, even in the expression actually which we did there was m there was m and there was a, a was equivalent to lambda arrival rate arrival probability is always function of these three things. So, this can also be done numerically. So, but we are not bothered about the numerical simulation and estimating from there this is a close form thing a classical approach and we will do that. So, we have to assume the probability of blocking in fact, I should call it a probability of loss. So, number of calls which are lost or basically you are trying to make a call, but you find that resources are not available or path cannot be set up and we call the call is lost in that case. It is not that call was already there is something happened and call was lost that is a call drop call losses when you are trying to set up a call, but call cannot get through because the resource was busy in the switch. And call actually means a connection between input and output port of the whole switch is again is a three stage switch. Number of calls which are lost number of calls which were attempted. So, this has to do with the this is call loss probability technically. In earlier case Lee's thing we were only estimating the probability that switch is in the blocked state. So, that was time congestion. So, here Lee's approach gives you time congestion and then there is a third approach which is again very precise very similar to this, but which is used for estimating the time congestion directly, but we would not do that. I will just state the result of the Jacobius approach which is the third one and this gives you the probability of switch being in blocked state for the same switch using very similar model. So, in this case I will assume that sigma be the state, sigma is state of the switch. So, I am not depend going for the state dependent variables state of the switch. So, I can write this thing as probability that switch is in state sigma that is a first condition you have to do always summation with respect to that. The calls will arrive arrival rate also depends on the state of the switch and probability you are in a state sigma under that what is the conditional probability that call will be lost. So, call has arrived and then there is a conditional probability that call will be lost. Sigma is a state of the switch how many calls are through what is the current setup. So, you can always say if the switch there is no connection setup for example, this 2 by 2 switch no connection is set up this is one state. Another possible state is there is only one connection being set up this is this. There can be another state which is this for single connection only, but these two connections are mathematically equivalent can be represented by only one entity there if you set up two connections one possible state is this one possible state is this they are also equivalent you just twist the switch input output thing. How you enumerate or put the numbering this can be converted to this. So, these are the possible five states of a switch. So, in abstract sense I am is identifying the switch state by sigma no call one call two calls if there are three switches 3 by 3 switch there will be more number of states. Of course, this is sigma is over all states this is the general switch you can actually do an exercise that take n by n switch cross bar you have to set up one connection. How many possible variations are there in this case how many states will be there you can take the first to top input it can connect in n possible ways. So, n states next one n states n square states total will be there with single connection no connection only one state with two connections. So, there in n c two possible ways you can take the inputs they can be connected to n factorial ways sorry n c two ways they can be connected to the output. So, based on that you can actually make an estimate of what will be total number of switch sets it will be huge number is not going to be small actually for 0 connections for 1 connection for 2 connection 3 connection. We will use a technique here an abstraction and as I told that for example, these two switch states are equivalent states. So, technically this switch has only 1, 2 and 3 only 3 possible states because these two states can be merged in one state only. So, we are going to also use and limit our search space or what you call state space we will try to limit that to a very narrow range.  So, with that of course, if you try doing the simulation you will understand that. So, let us come I will just come back to this state, but let me write down the expression first. So, I think notion of a state is clear and state transitions happen whenever a call goes off whenever a call arrives in and whenever reorganization happens there can be multiple state transitions which are possible whenever rearrangements are done. So, this is the call loss calls which are lost this is equal to whatever was written in the numerator this is a number of calls which would have arrived total number of calls which would have been attempted. So, this is your blocking probability a call loss probability. So, we have to find do this now what is sigma question is this sigma has to be interpreted in some way I have to find out some state variable. So, that it is finite actually and we can easily solve it a small sigma right not capital sigma this I will always call this as summation this is sigma I will never call that thing as a sigma actually that will be summation. So, now let us do this small sigma is not this abstract thing you cannot identify by for example, this figure you cannot give a number, but this is a possible state this can be identified by some variable some notation some abstract notation. So, it is a set of all these possible states and each set you can call it a for example, you can call it this b you can call it c there is no number. So, sigma is that abstract entity which belongs to set of all states in this case you cannot do there also Markov chains are also similar concept when you write the state variables that is a abstract thing of course, when I did the queuing a queue thing I always say let the state being represented by number of elements which are there in the queue. So, for with my convenience I transformed that abstract notation of a state to the number of nodes which are there sitting inside it. So, I was able to identify state by the number of packets which are queued up in the queue that was my convenience, but in general state space notation in Markov chain or any place does not bother about a numeric value. So, all states form a set whatever state variable you are taking that is member of that particular set. In fact, for that matter even numbers are nothing, but they are also members of a set the whole mathematics actually is about sets. So, 0 1 2 3 whatever it is it says going to be member of set which goes from 0 to 9 there only 0 to 9 is 10 possible members of a set which represents a digit and every number is every digit is coming from the set combining multiple digits defining rules you are able to build up the whole mathematics after that. And only what you we do is we start making a b c d also as members of the set you start doing algebra on that we feel awkward because we do not count our oranges by a b c d we count oranges 0 1 2 3 or any counting which we do. So, that is a perception, but number of packets inside this or number of incoming ports outgoing ports which are getting occupied here also I will do the same thing, but it is not going to be state variable one single state variable there will be two variables which are independent of each other combination of those will give me the state definition, but we have to make certain assumptions before that before I can define this thing. So, again I am taking lot of middle stage switches are there I am only taking one input and one output because if I take some other one this will also be connected to everybody. So, between this it is independent it is no conflict when I am trying to set up connection between these or I take this particular pair. So, I can take only one input one particular case and one particular case here and based on that I can make a judgment this should be true for any other input switch or any other output switch also. So, I need not bother about the whole design I will only bother out one single input stage switch one single output stage and all middle stage switches because they do not have any conflict they can be independently analyzed I can take this pair and analyze. So, we are now going to take a very important approximation, approximation is from each input port to each output port the connection is made with uniform probability, uniformity of traffic actually extremely important thing. Once this is there the probability each one of these links will get occupied I am also again assuming to be same. So, when you want to for example, set up a connection between a free link here and free link here you have to find out first of all a free path here then a free path here has to be figured out. Now, there are ways and means of doing this you can start doing search from 1 2 3 4 5 you get a free link find out there whether there is a free link available not available go next one 2 3. So, you can you are now counting in an order till you find a free link and you set up the path next connection request come again you will go in the same order I am not assuming that it is not an ordered setup what it will do is it will randomly pick up just randomly pick up whatever is a free link and based on that it will choose it is not in order that is very important we call it random route hunting approximation no otherwise I cannot build up my state variable model. So, I want to simplify my calculations. So, at least whatever I am going to build you can only what we call it will give me some kind of an idea some kind of an bound actually on probability of call loss probability. Because at least this much I can achieve it can be only worse than this it cannot be better than this it can be better depending, but this random route hunting gives me a bound essentially. So, we are estimating that. So, under random route hunting these and these are independently being made busy what we do is we assume the x links are busy here and y links are busy here we really call them a links and b links. So, number of a links which are busy are x number of y links which are busy are y it is not question of one path or two path. Now, if you are careful enough in observation while removing these I have taken I have actually merged lot of other states into the states corresponding to only these two switches already one merger has been done otherwise there could be a large R1 number of switches here again same number of switches output state switches. So, all other inputs also will be connecting to these. So, actually number of states will be huge, but I have merged to all these possible states into states which are only because of this one input and one output and middle stage switches right. But for analysis purpose because I say because these are independent whether I do analyze for analysis for this analyze for these two pair analyze for this or this pair they are all independent. So, I am only analyzing this technically means for all other pair combinations of input and output switches I have all of merged all of them into one single scenario. So, already one merger has taken place random route hunting again further simplifies I can now only represent by x and y if to have been ordered situation the things would have been far different. So, I can now represent my sigma as nothing but x comma y. So, x and y pair I cannot add x plus y. So, it is not a single state variable it is a two dimensional state variable. So, when I am doing summation over sigma this will be actually two summations one over x and one over y and now blocking probability is dependent on my values of x and y I will explain how that happens. So, I have to now estimate what is p sigma what is lambda sigma what is conditional loss probability for certain states loss will not happen I have to take care of that while in case of Lee's approximation we were not bothered about state there were states where there was no blocking, but we are just making an approximation there. So, my state will be sigma is equal to x y you have to find out p sigma lambda sigma and p l given sigma three entities. So, we will take them one by one and solve we will try to understand how to build up a model for this. So, let us take I think the first thing which I should do is which is nothing but probability of call getting lost or probability of switch being in blocked state because call arrives at that time switches in the blocked state then only the loss will happen. So, is a conditional probability that switches in blocked state and in a given state and within that state I am looking in multiplying it by arrival probability. So, it becomes call loss actually in that case, but this is a blocking switch being in blocked states probability for that conditional one. So, this is a interesting thing I am taking a very simple example of say four middle stage switches these links can be occupied at any point of time. So, let me take x is equal to 2. So, x can take value from 0 to 4 there only four middle stage switches no rearrangements are permitted remember. So, x is equal to 2 and y is equal to 2 I have taken and if this is a scenario these two links are being used these two are free remember, but these two are used because this switch this particular path is being used to set up may be somewhere else actually like this. So, that is why I am this is because of the independence of these a links and b links you cannot set up a path in this case your switches in blocked state you can have a scenario when you can set up a path through the bottom link. This arrangements can happen this combination of two occupied ones happens independently out of all possible variations this happens independently actually of a links for b. So, what I have to do is I have to only enumerate all possible combinations and find out the cases when the switches in blocked state. So, number of enumerated states because now I am looking at this state even for x is equal to t 2 and y is equal to 2 I told you x is equal to 2 y is equal to 2 is 2 comma 2 that is one state, but that actually is not one state. There are so many possible states now again this is a question of merger I am representing this state by 2 2. So, all states for which x is equal to 2 y is equal to 2 are taken care of by this Jacobius approximation the same gentleman. So, is there another merger of states which happen. So, I have to find out all possible combinations which can exist and for which the blocking happens and for and total number of possible combinations. So, is very simple I will assume that there are m and n I have been taken a m and n this fine. So, there are n links here m links here. So, take one particular combination some particular value of x fixed. So, this pattern is fixed now. Now, this pattern can vary independently in how many possible ways you can create two busy links 4 C 2 there only these two guys which are there which are actually occupied or in fact there these are two actually now free ones. In how many possible ways these two free ones will coincide with these busy ones 2 C 2 that is only possible way out of these two. Now, these free has to coincide with this in how many possible ways you can do this 2 C 2 only ways and total number of possible ways with which these free links can be unaged here is 4 C 2 again does not matter why this a busy links or free links. So, there are total number of ways in which these two free links are coinciding with this divided by this value will give you the call loss probability approximately if everything can become busy or free with equal probability. I am still assuming the same thing equal probability that is a uniform loading condition what we did for least approximation. So, this divided by 4 C 2 will give you the loss probability given 2 2 I can take up an another example actually here to exemplify this whole thing. So, this time I let me take 6. So, x is equal to 4 and y is equal to maybe I can take it say 3 is fine I am just taking any arbitrary value. So, I have free is up and remember if I whatever is true for these 4 busy and these 2 free links there are many other combinations this ratio will still remain same irrespective of whatever I take here. So, I did not count the number of ways in which this arrangement can be done I am only worried about the outgoing side or you can do it reverse way around you fix this one and make an estimate based on this you will still get back the same result both ways. So, in how many ways these 3 busy links or 3 free links which are there these 3 free links can be arranged in this case sorry no no their total 6 possibilities and these 3 have to be arranged 6 C 3. So, 6 C 3 is the total number of possibilities and these 3 free links are can be arranged over these 4 busy links in how many ways 4 C 3. So, this should be the call loss probability which one you have to tell me no there can be block why not there is a possibility in this case the case which I have shown it is not blocking let us draw the case like this. There are only 3 free links now can you set up the connection. So, there are certain combinations for which blocking happen and if you observe this actually means your x plus y has to be greater than or equal to n then only you will have blocking. If your x plus y is less than n then you cannot have blocking it is not possible because even in worst case offset scenario you will have certain free links. So, you your total number of what is the value of n is 6 here it is 4 here is 3 you make it 2 sorry make it actually say 1 or make it 3 and 2. So, 3 will get occupied 2 will get occupied you take whatever combinations there is always one free link available one free path which is available call can be always set up. So, 3 2 case you take for example, I am just modifying this now there are only 2 busy links worst case scenario 2 are here there is no overlap there is still one free path available blocking is not possible in this case. So, blocking this is the condition in fact you would not be able to estimate p l given x y unless this condition is met I will we will come to this our factorial will not get a give a solution. So, now generalizing this whole thing. So, I will not be using now numbers this was an example. So, let us put this as x and this is y. So, in how many possible ways you fix up one particular combinations for x connections I have already free for y how many n minus why those many links are free big type links I have actually free through which the connection can be set up in how many possible ways you can arrange these n c n minus y and in how many possible ways these free links will be overlapping with the busy links on the input side or a type links. So, that will be x c n minus y same thing which we did this x c n minus y this n c n minus y same logic you expand on this. So, this is the numerator and let me expand now on the denominator part this is what it will be this cancels and you note and observe this particular factorial this only valid when x plus y is greater than or equal to n for anything is smaller you cannot define this you do not have factorial for negative values this is only for positive values you define and 0 factorial is always 1 that is a condition and then you are totally define the factorial. So, that condition is has to be met whatever was written here. So, this clear just a minute you are right because when I do x minus n plus y. So, it has to be yeah thanks for correcting it has to be this way. So, everybody agrees with this. So, we have already got this thing next we need to get what is the probability of being in a state sigma n minus 1 y is the free links. So, these are the how these free links which are there in how many possible ways they will overlap with the busy links on the a side. So, a links I have taken the busy ones which is number is x. So, x c n minus y possible ways the overlaps will be here and what are the total possible combinations n c n minus y. So, that ratio will give this because I am using random root hunting remember if it is not random root hunting this will not be correct expression you have to change that. So, how you are setting up root is important. So, you cannot simply blindly use this formulation if the root hunting is different. If the call is being set up through a different hunting process hunting is you will keep on observing keep on finding out when the free path is available here you do it randomly. So, with the random root hunting this is ok that is why the equal probabilities have to come into picture. So, I can just do the enumeration and ratios of that can be used to estimate the probability which is cannot be done otherwise. So, next is p sigma you will remember this I have written it at the corner. So, I will keep it here. So, I have to now find out probability of being in a state sigma. So, one of the important thing is that in this switch the value of x here and value of y both are independently driven they are not dependent on each other because some other people will be setting up the connections and the y might get y links are busy only because of other nodes and these links are busy because this guy is trying to set up to any one of the outputs. So, x and y can be independent. So, I can safely assume that for each line I am getting lambda x is the arrival rate I am going to use whatever we did for composite switch same thing and of course, if there are x lines which are already occupied. So, lambda x into n minus x. So, because each line I am looking at now the arrival probability. So, I am not worried about this actually cancels out whatever it is the value. So, actually what is occupancy probability of a link I am bothered about that m does not matter because again I can do balancing and then find out what is the probability of occupancy of each line here. So, call arrival rate is proportional to lambda x into n minus x for this particular links. On the other side on this particular side y I can again take as if the call is coming from the output side actually it is not it is coming from these other switches and causing this to be busy, but this is symmetric thing. The switch is symmetric. So, I can very well assume that this should be the arrival call arrival probability from the other side. So, sorry this is not the probability p sigma this is lambda not p sigma, but this is lambda sigma which I am estimating. So, this can be represented as I will come to this probability later on lambda x lambda y n minus x n minus y. So, these two I have used here and I can write this thing as delta n minus x n minus y. So, this is the second element which we will be using now coming to probability of being in sigma state. So, take a composite switch m by n and so p of being in sigma is nothing, but p of x comma y. I have already mentioned that these are independent. So, I can always write x and y you can be independently controlling their probabilities of being in those states. So, what is the value of p of x? Remember that composite switch thing we made a Markov chain and there was a state variable thing which was done and we got the state probabilities. So, we will use that and that value will be we will use the angst set probability distribution. So, probability of you are going to be in state x can be written as now when n is less than m in that case probability that you are in state n was represented by this was for a switch of m by capital N. This was the angst set probability distribution. This is the condition which is satisfied. This is the probability being in state small n where n is number of outgoing links which are busy. That is the estimate which was there. Now, when n is greater than or equal to m in that case summation will be this m k will not be required this can be replaced by sorry this capital N can be replaced by m. When n is greater than or equal to m you can only have go till m state. You cannot go to m plus first state because all the incoming links will be busy. So, when this condition is satisfied you will have p of n. So, I will write with c actually summation of k goes from 0 to m your state cannot be higher than this in Markov chain. So, this will be now m c k lambda by mu k. Now, this is nothing but a complete binomial thing whole range is there now whatever I am using the factorial I am also having those many terms. So, I can convert it to a closed form solution. So, closed form solution will come from. So, I think all of you are aware of m c i summation of p raise power i q n minus i where i goes from 0 to m.  So, I will just use simply the same thing here and you will have p of n will be given by m c n lambda by mu raise power n divided by now what is the other variable this p raise power k. So, I can safely write this thing as 1 m minus k. So, this will be 1 plus lambda plus mu lambda by mu raise power m and I can further modify it we will define load actually for the telephone switches. So, I can write this as m c n mu raise power m lambda plus mu raise power m I have actually solved this particular thing expanded basically mu will come here mu by mu and expanding I will get this. So, this can be now rewritten as oh sorry this n right sorry sorry. So, we will define some factor called lambda and why I have done this because on an average a telephone line gets occupied for or any circuits line for 1 by mu duration. This is a duration once the call is finished the time average time after which the new call will arrive this 1 by lambda is that time. So, on time scale the first call arrived this was the time till the circuit actually was set up. So, this is 1 over mu. So, I will call it call arrival then there is a blank period and new call arrives this is 1 over lambda. So, this is nothing, but the fraction of time for which a line will be occupied on an average or we also call it occupancy probability and I will define this thing by a. This a is same factor which we used in the balance condition for doing the least approximation. So, there it was I defined that a into m is equal to whatever is the lambda p n into p and then from here we got our p is equal to a n to m by n. So, this was used in least approximation this a is actually same a because load cannot be identified in case of telephone circuits because in packet switching system we assume that packets are atomic entity they come at an instant. So, how many of them are coming? So, lambda and mu we decide based on that basis and for the mu that departure rate is such that we actually assume that packet is going as 1 instant, but 2 packets cannot go consecutively there is a gap. Gap is because of the packet length of course, but it is not holding up the circuit. In this case I cannot do it because there is nothing else can arrive till the time you are busy. In packet switching system in the input of the queue a packet arrives as 1 single atomic entity at the next instant at t if you get a packet at t plus also you can get a packet.  So, here loading condition is different we call it a. A usually will be represented in terms of Erlang. Erlang is fractional utilization of a line. So, only for one line if it is 0.95 you say 0.95 Erlang load on one single line. If a switch is of say 1000 incoming ports every line fractional utilization is 0.95. So, 0.95 into 1000 950 Erlangs will be the input load. So, we define it that way. So, expanding it further we will have the same thing can be expanded into this form. You can verify this. So, now you can represent this by a and this by a and I will get an expression. So, we will actually in the next class we will go move ahead with this with this a thing and we will now put all the three things together into a summation and solve it to get the call loss probability. So, that will be the our next step.


As I mentioned earlier on, we are still continuing with this matters concerning abuse in relationships. So even as we talk about this, remember to keep on engaging with us. I love the feedback that I'm getting. I'm seeing people coming into my inbox talking about this particular discussion. A big thanks to everybody that is tuned in. Thank you so much. I'm with Nchaberre here as a psychologist and counsellor as we talk about matters concerning abuse in relationships. And Nchaberre, before we went on that break, you were talking about healing that it is very important for someone to go through that process and it must be a discussion that involves both parties. It can't be a one month show. How can someone get out of an abusive relationship? First and foremost, abusers make sure that they take away your self-worth.  When you hate yourself, you start blaming yourself. When you blame yourself, you find yourself not good enough. So actually, they make you feel that they are doing you a favor. That being with you is the greatest honor they have given you. They make you think that no one else can accept you. You are flawed. They turn you into a shell. You lose your esteem. You lose your value. And you start measuring yourself in their demand. Now when they establish that, they can turn you into anything they ever wanted. So they have manipulated you and... And that's a polite one. Sorry. That's a polite word. First of all, they show you that number one, you are morally indisciplined. And when someone starts attacking your morality, you always doubt on yourself. And you take a step back. Exactly. You start asking. And if it is a man, you start thinking, What a great man. Who can understand discipline in morality? Sister. Hey!  Ako na kuchunga? They say you can never aga man. It's not okay even your father. It is a calculated journey. They get rid of everything that you have. And we are created because we have our internal self identity. They demolish that and they install theirs. Based on their own dictionary of what everything means. Yes. And they show you how they care. They hide in that note. It's because I love you. It's because I care for you. Now they start talking to you. They start monitoring you. You get 20 phone calls in a day. That's intrusive. And they think that I'm doing this because I love you. I'm doing this because I care.  You are the only thing. It's a blunt and lie. One more. Love is free. It allows you to grow. It allows you to become you without conditions. So when that happens, now they have got their field day. They are able to strike. And the other common thing abusers do, they make sure that they isolate you completely from friends, from everybody. The life becomes you and them. They blindfold you. Once you fall for that, we're done. So the question was how would I be able to get out? Of an abusive relationship. It's hard work. Because all the things that make you a person have been taken away. It will need external intervention. Therapy being one of them. Having family and friends and people around you who can tell you this is wrong. People who can watch over you. People who can help you see. And it will take quite a long journey for you to believe because they have already turned you into an individual who is in need. It's like some form of drug addiction. Yes, you're so in need. And then they turn you into clingy. And any time you measure against someone else's requirements, you will always be lacking. So yes, it's a difficult one to do. I do not want to say it is easy. It is not easy. So for you to get out, you need help. Get a third party. A counselor, a psychologist, a third party, family, friends, spiritual leaders, correct? Spiritual leaders can also play a role? Yes, they can. When an abuser takes everything in like five years, you've lost contact. You've lost friends. You've lost relationships. You are empty. Even you lose even family. So when you are supposed to live, the abused will always ask a question. If I live, where will I go to? Now, let's talk about this abused. Yes. The family, you mentioned third parties. Yes. The family have noticed that the boyfriend of this woman or the fiance looks like an abusive man. We need to tell her to come out of that relationship. But this lady does not listen. This person is not doing anything to come out. In fact, the more you try to separate them, the more glued they are. Yes. You're trying to help them. And this could be your sister. You're saying, come out of this relationship. Come out of this relationship. And sometimes it could be, come out of this marriage. Even if it's a divorce, go get a divorce. They are advising you to get out of this. But it seems cumbersome.  What abusers do? They study you. They know your greatest need. They supply it in plenty. And you're sold. Number two, they tell you, darling, I have enough, for example, you stay home, let's raise the family. Who it has badu is that loving. By the time you're done in two, three years, you don't have a penny. So why is it that these abused people don't want to live? They have no money. They have nowhere to go. For example, a common statement that I don't believe in. Let's have a joint account. Why should we? Okay. That's another discussion there. So this is a way to slowly deprive you of independence. Yes. So that the day you start thinking of going, it becomes impossible.  So it becomes very difficult for you to live. It becomes very difficult for you to realize this is where I am into. So living for them, everything has been taken away from them. So that is one thing abusers do. So when you don't have anything, you resign to your fate. Okay. Final question.  You know you keep on, you break up, get back together, break up, get back together, how can you break this cycle, this merry-go-round and advise this woman who wants to break up with this guy but keeps on getting back together with him. If the lady is ready to break up, they need to do deliberate things. One, don't have communication. Block. Are you saying block? Don't have communication.  If it is possible. If it is possible. Have a new line. Number one. Number two. Before you come. If you are so interested, not to get back to the cycle again. And now the question you've asked me, this is for someone who is liberated completely and they have made up their mind they want to live. Most cases it's not that way. So let me answer your question as you've asked. So because you want to live and you are tired. So number one. Change your line. Number two. Go away to where he does not know you. He does not know your relatives, your friends and everything else. So it becomes difficult because they are stalkers. They will track you. They will do everything. What if there are kids involved? This is an abusive man and you want to live. I will not even allow you to finish. What comes first? Is it a better dead mother or a alive mother who has ran away? If you want to answer me. Of course you both know. An alive mother. What comes first? Me or the pain I am going through? It calls for me to be aware and be ready to rescue me. And that's where we are. Because you see mothers will be thinking I will affect the life of these children transferring them to another school. Me shifting from this place to this place means moving them to another school. They are expenses that are there. When you introduce a twist to your question we will get to that one. Let's get first to the first question. This lady wants to live. You want to live? Yes. The first thing it's me, the lady, live. When you are safe, okay and better you can be able to fight now for the children. If the children are young the courts are on your side there is a lot of things that you can do. You can still get the children. We will hit the court but you cannot when you are in or when you've got a broken arm or a black eye. So if you're living, live. Make conscious, deliberate, move. Change your number completely. Your handset. Move to space where he can't reach you. He doesn't know. He will not be able to monitor. He will not be able to stalk you. Seek your healing. Discover the operations of your abuser. Restock and get energy. Knowing very well. I left my children who are young. I don't think they are safe. Or they could be safe. I do not want them to be raised by this abuser. So first of all the first person is you.  Abusers are real. Yes they are. They are real. I hope one day you will call me so that we can talk about this other group of people the psychopaths. They are worse now than now that's a common. That is called red. Oh lord. And you can't, you cannot you cannot sniff them. These are at higher level. So once you do that then you can be able to fight. Now I talked about the external world. You must have a good family. You must have a good support system.  People who are willing to protect you. People who are sane. People who can see the abuser for who he is who are ready to push the abuser to some level. I want us to finish and I want to give you time just a few seconds to give us a parting shot and talk to Kenyans watching you this morning. That is your camera. What is your final word? Abuse in relationships is real. It kills and it destroys. When I talk of killing I talk of emotional death.  It is not okay to say I will change. I will transform this person because you in your capacity you cannot change the other person. Fear if you have the chance run. It is important for you to seek counsel, to seek help long before you enter into this kind of a relationship. They ensnia, they trap and eventually they chain and imprison you. You better watch because abuses are real people but they come camouflaged in all form of great men and women and they have got all manner of ways to entice and make you want more from them. But all this is carrot and stick. Thank you. Thank you so much for bringing me here. Thank you so much. How can someone get a hold of you if they want to? I practice at I'm stationed at View Park Towers just across here on the 15th floor Dough number 11 Wing C the name of the is called Puppas Counseling and Wellness Center and my number is 0722 W35 W82 One more time with that number. 0722 W35 W82 It's a better Yes sir. Thank you sir. It's an honor to be hosted by you. The pledge is all man. Time was not enough. I am shocked. We've What? We've gone more than an hour. We've gone more than an hour. But of course at business to the end of this morning discussion right here on why in the morning we've been talking about marasakusani in relationships. I hope you've learned something and after hearing from Inchimberi you're going to do something about it and as you said there's nothing wrong with you you can change. There's something that you can do about it. My name is Ram Magugo. It has been a pleasure being with you. Keep it while in the morning. We still have more coming up your way. Thank you brother.