We had obtained the solution to the Cauchy Poisson problem for deep water waves, surface gravity waves in rectangular geometry. The final answer was expressible as a Fourier integral. A natural question arises how does one evaluate these integrals particularly for more complicated initial conditions. We will look at some examples later on, but let us now keep the answers right now in integral form. We will also see that one can also approximate these integrals in the limit of t going to infinity using a particular kind of a mathematical technique. Now before we do this, let us extend the solution to the Cauchy Poisson problem for waves in a circular geometry or rather waves in a cylindrical geometry. So, you can think of throwing a stone in a pool, so you can see that in when we throw a stone in a pool, waves come out in a circular manner and so that problem is naturally defined in a cylindrical coordinate system where the coordinate r represents the radial coordinate. There is a center of the pool and we will assume that the pool is horizontally unbounded like before, so horizontally and vertically like before. This implies that in this rz coordinate system, so we are also going to assume that the waves are axis symmetric, which implies that all del by del theta is equal to 0. So this is my coordinate system as I have indicated on the left and the axis of symmetry is the vertical axis, the z axis and there is no variation if I go around the z axis. So this becomes a planar problem, but we have to remember that we have to visualize it in 3 dimensions and we have to use a cylindrical coordinate system. Once again, my depth of my pool is infinite and in the radial direction it goes up to infinity. So we ignore the presence of any confining boundaries. So you can think of a very large pond where the boundaries are very far away and we throw some kind of a stone or something and then it causes ripples and we want to understand how these ripples spread out. This problem is also known as the Cauchy Poisson problem, Cauchy and Poisson had provided the solution to the problem both in cylindrical as well as Cartesian geometry. We have already done the Cartesian geometry, let us understand how do we do the cylindrical geometry problem. So first we will do it for a simple case where there is only one mode present in the system just as we had done it earlier, we will do it first for the simple case and then we will make the initial conditions more complicated. So our governing equations like before and I am straight away going to do a linearized analysis, so linearized. So everything is at order epsilon only. We know what are the equations at order epsilon, there is a linearized kinematic boundary condition, there is a linearized Bernoulli equation and there is a Laplace equation. So we just have to write the Laplace equation in cylindrical axisymmetric coordinates, earlier we had written it in Cartesian coordinates, now we will write it in cylindrical axisymmetric coordinates and the form of the kinematic boundary condition and the Bernoulli equation remains the same. So del eta by del t minus del phi by del z at z is equal to 0 is 0. This is my familiar kinematic boundary condition, linearized. Then the linearized Bernoulli equation is del phi by del t plus g eta is equal to 0 and this is evaluated at z is equal to 0. This is obtained once again by saying that the gas above which in this case could be air exerts negligible pressure. So the pressure is 0, we put pressure equal to 0 and ignore the non-linear terms. And then of course we have finite nice conditions because our domain is unbounded. So we have to make sure that as r goes to infinity, in this case we will also have to worry about r equal to 0. So and z goes to minus infinity, everything is finite, so we do not want things to diverge, that will eliminate some of the constants of integration. So now let us start with and we would like to also maybe specify some initial conditions. So now let us specify the initial condition as a 0 because this is cylindrical geometry, you will see that the Bessel function which we have encountered before when we studied vibrations, small amplitude vibrations of a circular membrane clamped at the boundaries, we have met the Bessel function before. So I am going to specify this as a Bessel function. You will see that the Bessel function here plays the same role as cos and sin plays in a rectangular geometry. So I will keep the initial conditions very simple, just deform the surface in the form of a Bessel function and we do not give any initial impulse at time t equal to 0. This is the equivalent of what we had done earlier for Cartesian coordinates there, I had deformed the surface as a cos k0x and phi was 0 at the surface. This was the initial condition for which we solved. Here the eta is deformed in the shape of a Bessel function j0, it is j0 because it is axisymmetric. So if you want to recap, go back and look at your the video where we discussed the Bessel function. The Bessel function is an oscillatory function and it decays very slowly with distance. So j0 and its argument is non-dimensional. So k is like a wave number and it has the dimensions of inverse length. So now let us solve this problem first before we hit the Cauchy Poisson problem where our initial condition will be arbitrary. So we will have to specify some arbitrary function of radius and that will represent the pebble in the Poisson problem but right now let us take a slightly artificial initial condition as a single Bessel mode of a given wave number k. So how do we solve this? So once again let us go back, so solution, so this is r, so solution. So let us write the Laplace equation in cylindrical axisymmetric coordinates. Once again we are going to do a normal mode analysis, so r, z and t and I will write it as some eigen mode like before which is a function of the spatial variables only into e to the power i omega t. I am looking for standing wave kind of solutions. Now like the Cartesian coordinate system, even in this coordinate system the Laplace n is variable separable. So the Laplace equation can be solved by variable separation. So I am going to say that this phi which depends on r and z. In the Cartesian case it was x, y or x, z here it is r, z. So it will be some function of small r and some function of small z they are separable. We go back and plug this form back into the Laplace equation. If we do that you will find the following equation, z d square r by dr square plus z by r dr by dr plus r d square z by d z square is equal to 0. I define both sides by capital R and capital Z, the product of capital R and capital Z. So I will get a 1 by r d square r by dr square plus 1 by r 1 by z d square z by d z square equal to 0. Now you can see that this part depends only on small z. So I do the same trick that we did before.  So we have 1 by r d square r by dr square plus 1 by r and this I will put it equal to some separation constant k. This k is the same k that we want in the initial conditions. It will represent a wave number. Once again I would encourage you to think why did we choose the negative sign of the separation constant. Think what happens if we choose a positive sign. Now with this we get two equations for capital R and capital Z. Let us write the capital R equation first.  So I am using this equality and I am equating the left hand side to minus k square and this is going to give me one equation for capital R. We have done a similar procedure when we looked at vibrations of the membrane. When we did vibrations of a circular membrane or membrane was clamped here the liquid pool on which we are going to get waves it is going from r equal to 0 all the way to r equal to infinity. So there is no confining boundaries that is the only difference here and you will see that we will find standing wave kind of solutions here as well. So this is our equation for R. Similarly we can get an equation for Z by equating those two and the equation for Z just turns out to be d square Z by dz square minus k square Z is equal to 0. Now we have looked at this equation before. So I am not going to repeat those things. Recall that this equation is related to the Bessel's differential equation. It has two linearly independent solutions j0 and y0. Before we express it in that form we need to non-dimensionalize R because the argument of Bessel function, both the Bessel functions are non-dimensional. So let us say that some R bar is k into small r, k has the dimensions of 1 by length. So R bar is non-dimensional. If we do that and I multiply this equation throughout by small r square then I can straight away write R bar square d square R by dr bar square plus R bar dr by dr bar plus R bar square into R is equal to 0. We have done two steps in going from here to here. Firstly we have multiplied the equation at the top with small r square. So that has introduced R square in the first term and R in the second term and a k square R square in the third term as its coefficients. Then we have converted from small r to small r bar. If you do that everywhere consistently you are going to get that equation. We know that this is the Bessel's equation and the order of the equation is 0. So the solutions are, so R in this case is a function of R bar is some linear combination of J0 R bar plus Y0 R bar. We have encountered both of these functions before. I have also told you that Y0 diverges at R equal to 0. So in order to prevent that divergence as I said earlier in the last slide that we will have to worry about divergence both at R equal to 0 and R equal to infinity. So the R equal to 0 divergence is there in Y0. So we will have to get rid of C2. So this is 0. So therefore we obtain R of R bar is equal to some C1 J0 of Kr. We can straight away write R bar is Kr. Similarly this equation is also solvable easily. So capital Z of small z is just again the same procedure e to the power kz plus some other constant e to the power minus kz. Because of divergence at z is equal to minus infinity we have to set this to 0 and so this just gives us d1 e to the power kz. You can see that our Eigen function capital phi for the velocity potential had capital R into capital Z. We have determined capital R into capital Z. Both of them contain one arbitrary constant of integration. The product of those two in this case C1 and d1 we can represent it as some other constant. So generically I can write down the form for phi. So phi in this case is going to have the form some constant C1 into d1 I will call it alpha. Alpha could be complex in general J0 of Kr. The same exponential that we encountered earlier into e to the power i omega t that is because we are doing normal modes. Again here the base state is again quiescent. The pressure variation is hydrostatic like before it is only we are doing the problem in a cylindrical coordinate system not in a Cartesian coordinate system. Now looking at the form of eta in the equations recall that the Laplace equation satisfies governs phi and then there are boundary conditions which couple phi to eta. If you look at the boundary conditions for the kinematic boundary condition and the Bernoulli equation once again you find that phi and eta have the same radial dependence. This was the same argument that we used earlier where we found the horizontal dependence of phi. It was some linear combination of cos kx and sin kx here it is just J0 of Kr. So you can readily see that the horizontal dependence in this case the r dependence of eta is going to be the same as the r dependence of phi. If that is the case then we can write some other constant I will put beta in general complex. Again it is the same horizontal dependence as phi and then eta is not a function of z so I do not have to worry about the e to the power kz and then once again normal modes into plus cc. So this is our anticipation for the form of phi and eta. Now we do the same procedure we plug these forms into the two boundary conditions it will give us two linear equations in alpha and beta. These are homogeneous equations the determinant of the matrix will tell us the allowable frequencies. The equations just turn out to be the equations are i omega beta minus k alpha is equal to 0 and then we have i omega alpha plus g beta is equal to 0. The first one is the kinematic boundary condition the second one is the linearized Bernoulli equation there is gravity in it. This we can write it as a matrix so minus k i omega i omega i omega g into alpha beta is equal to 0 0. This again gives us the same dispersion relation the determinant of the matrix has to be 0 omega square is equal to gk. Interestingly we find that waves in deep water have the same dispersion relation independent of whichever geometry we are described at least in these two geometries you can expect the same result from dimensional arguments. Now let us anticipate the general solution so the general solution is the same as before so I will write it as beta times j 0 e to the power i omega t plus cc so it will be beta plus beta bar to cos omega t j 0 is anywhere real plus i times beta minus beta bar sin omega t the whole thing multiplied by j 0 of k r and phi you can see that we can express alpha from this equation for example we can express alpha as i omega beta by k and omega is square root gk so it is i times square root g by k beta so I only have one constant one complex constant in both the expressions into j 0 of k r e to the power k z e to the power i omega t plus cc and now I can absorb this i into e to the power i omega t this is exactly the same procedure as before g by k and then I can write the final expression as beta plus beta bar cos it will be omega t plus pi by 2 because there is a factor of i here which will be absorbed into e to the power i omega t it will be e to the power i pi by 2 plus i beta minus beta bar sin omega t plus pi by 2 and once again this is real this is real in both the expressions so we can replace it by some equivalent real expressions so let us write it in terms of real expressions eta is equal to l cos omega t plus n sin omega t whole thing into j 0 of k r phi is equal to square root g by k minus l sin omega t plus n cos omega t into j 0 of k r e to the power k z those are our solutions let us take the initial condition the initial condition was eta of r comma 0 is some a 0 into j 0 of k r and we had not put any impulse at the surface so at z is equal to 0 at time equal to 0 is just 0 we have written this initial conditions earlier you can see them here so I want to determine the constants the unknown constants using these initial conditions just like we did it Cartesian coordinates so using this if you just substitute and time equal to 0 in these and equate it to these initial conditions you will find readily that l is equal to a 0 n is equal to 0 and thus we have eta of r comma t is equal to a 0 j 0 of k r cos omega t and phi of r comma z comma t is minus a 0 g by k j 0 of k r e to the power k z sin omega t and we have already found that omega is equal to square root so these are our solutions for those initial conditions these initial compare this to what we found earlier in Cartesian geometry the only difference was instead of j 0 k r we had a cos k x that is because we had a cos k x in the initial condition so j 0 k r behaves like cos k x cos k x is a periodic function of x j 0 k r is not a periodic function of x it is oscillatory but the distances between the roots are not exactly equal I have told you what those roots are when we were looking at the vibrations of a circular membrane note that this is also a standing wave solution the space and the time part are separate so every place where the space part goes to 0 the displacement of the interface or the free surface remains 0 at those points at all times so the places where the Bessel function j 0 of k r depending on k you will have intersections with the undisturbed location so the so it will look like this so if this is the undisturbed location and this is your Bessel function initially so it is a slowly decaying function as we go further and further so these are the points where it vanishes where eta is 0 at time t equal to 0 you can note from the expression that these at these places at these nodes eta will always remain 0 that is the property of a standing wave so we have found standing wave like solutions even in a cylindrical axisymmetric geometry you can go back and substitute this you can do this exercise using the full problem so where we do not say that del by del theta is 0 so we could put a perturbation along the theta direction as well so it could be it would have to be of the form cos m theta where m has to be an integer so you can put that and you can see what is the effect on the dispersion relation so now we are looking at waves in a cylindrical geometry deep water linearized surface gravity waves now let us ask the question that we are not going to perturb the interface let us say by a Bessel mode just as we had asked the same question earlier that our initial condition is not a cos kx mode it is a more general initial condition it could be some arbitrary function of x f of x and in that case we had found that the general answer can be written as a Fourier superposition over the Fourier transforms of the initial conditions let us see what is the equivalent answer here and this process of what whatever we are going to do now we will answer the pebble in the pond problem so let us first do so for this we will introduce a transform which is called a Hankel transform this is once again an integral transform it is like a Fourier transform I will give you references for reading up on the Hankel transform in case you have not encountered it before one can derive the Hankel transform from the two dimensional Fourier transform it involves the transform involves the Bessel functions so the Hankel transform of a function f of r so if you have a function f of r and its Hankel transform is indicated let us say by f tilde of once again k but this is now a Hankel transform so I will call it a h so the relation between so given f of r how do we obtain f tilde of k this is obtained by the following formula 0 to infinity f of r j 0 of kr r dr and how do we go so this gives us that if we get f of r and if you plug it into this integral then if this integral converges then it will give us the Hankel transform of the function f of r similarly if we want the function back from its Hankel transform then we will get f of r and the inverse is represented as f of k or f tilde of k once again j 0 of kr and this is k dk notice the extra factor of r here and the extra factor of k there I will give you some references where you can references to be given where you can read a little bit more about these integral transforms what is the utility of these transforms recall that in the Cartesian case the the Fourier transform converted the the del by del x square to minus k square this is what allowed us to solve the Laplace equation as if it was an ordinary differential equation and we could write it down its solution along the z direction as exponential in z with a pre-factor which was k dependent we will see that the Hankel transform will do the same thing here the Hankel transform here the horizontal direction the Laplace in operator has a more complicated structure there is a del square by del r square plus there is a one by r del by del r the Hankel transform precisely has the property that when it applies on that part of the operator it converts it into minus k square into the Hankel transform of the function so we will recover very analogous results compared to what we did earlier.


What's up guys, we've got another video today with some lights, these are LED meteor shower lights that I've been sent by a company on Amazon and I'm really excited to try this out because if you know me I'm a big fan of lighting, I've got plenty of lights all around my house already, I've done a lot of lighting videos in the past. These ones are pretty unique because you know they create this type of meteor shower shooting star design, they're compatible with both indoors and outdoors. Let's go ahead and unpack this, take it out, run through some of the specifications on this. So what I'll do is I'll put these up in a few different locations, I'll do them both indoor and outdoor so hopefully you guys can see how good they look. So let's go ahead and first start by unboxing these. So let's start off with this one. Okay so first of all you get eight tubes in here and they are transparent so you actually see the entire circuit boards in there. The length of the tubes are 30 centimeters each and the total length of the wire once you get it from the plug up until the very last tube is about 320 centimeters. So just a little over three meters which I think is quite a good length for setting up lights like this and in fact if you did want to use these outdoors they are IP65 weatherproof. Of course this comes with a plug it's not solar powered so if you are going to be placing these outdoors then you need to protect this as much as you can so that rain doesn't get on that. Now I was sent two different colors just for a bit of variation I've got one white one blue. I'm going to set them up but the other unique thing that I really like about these types of meteor shower lights is that at the end of them you have a connector as well so that you have the possibility of getting up to five sets of these same lights and daisy chaining them so you can connect a lot more than just eight so essentially you can have 40 meter shower tubes to light up your interior your garden wherever you're going to be setting this up. This is great for setting up for example on your Christmas trees for Christmas decorations or just generally for some garden ambience or if you just wanted to light up different parts of your house inside then this would actually look really cool so what I'll do is right before I set this up outdoors let me just plug this in to show you guys what it looks like when I turn it on for the first time there you go you'll see that it just kind of streaks down and they all go at the same time consecutively so once I set this up then this will be the design that will be playing there isn't any way to change that to become just one static tube light so this is specifically for this type of design on the lighting so I'm going to go ahead find some good locations to set this up and hopefully you guys enjoy the video. So that's it guys hopefully you found that really useful and you really like those lights you know I'm quite a good fan of lights which I don't need to fiddle around with any specific remote controls or buttons that are on the actual devices themselves this is literally just plug and play and you're set and ready to go so check out the link in the description I've got them both for the white and the blue models and they're just under 20 pounds they do run some offers from time to time so you may find a voucher to get some discounts so I think it's a great price if you wanted to just really make your garden or your interior on your house really pop and stand out and if there's anything else you guys want to know as always drop a comment provide me some feedback and if you did like this video make sure you give it a huge thumbs up and make sure to subscribe I've got plenty of cool lighting videos like this coming out again in the very near future and I will catch you guys next time take care


So I'm here at the Ida TechEx show with Manish from Altia. Altia is working on electronic shelf labelling solutions and this is, I guess, it's not a new concept. However, it really feels like it's taking off. We've seen more and more retailers adopting it. Why is that Manish? Well, there are two reasons. One is the need to be competitive with the online stores, with dynamic pricing. So if someone goes into a store, sees something, the retailers are worried that they would just check on Amazon and buy it there. So they want the ability to be able to, you know, be competitive there, change prices. The second one is with growing labor costs, being able to deal with the need to manually change the paper label to keep up to date. Need to be accurate, not make mistakes. That's what's driving it right now. So tell us about some of the different display technologies you have here. You're using LCDs and E-papers. Yeah, so the two primary technologies there is the E-ink or E-paper, which is similar to Kindle. The second one is the LCD. The big difference is the LCD is refreshing all the time, allows you to do animation and cheaper technology. But sometimes the visibility is a little bit restricted in the angles. You look at from the side, E-paper aesthetically easier to look at. It does not allow you to do some of the screen changes to animation. Every time you change a screen, it uses power. How long did the batteries last on these types of devices, typically? We guarantee for five years. Without any battery, you can have it for five years. Does the E-paper last longer or is there not much difference? The way we have done it, we have put enough batteries in each one so they would all uniformly last five years. So we put more or less battery depending on the needs of it. And you have some here with the spot red color, that's the new E-ink display technology. Yeah, so certain E-ink also allows you to have the option to have multiple colors. The ones here is black, white and red. There are also other ones that allow you to have yellow and other things in it. So what sort of stores are using this? One more grocery or is there a particular type like pharmacy stores, the adopting shelf label? So in the US, every colds department store has their prices on our labels. So each store has about 4,000. There are about 1,000 cold stores in the US. In Europe, especially in France, it is department stores, grocery stores. There is a look clerk chain, which we have a couple of hundred stores. We are also expanding into Italy and other areas. Why France? Well, I think there are two reasons. One is the labor cost is a little bit higher. We also have certain regulations there which don't permit certain kind of advertisements on television. So they need to be a lot more reactive to price changes and things like that. So having the tags allows them to do that really easily. Can you talk a bit about the infrastructure that is needed to update the investment? Sure, so we obviously make the devices along with the temperature sensors and out of stock sensors. So these you would put in to say a freezer cabinet? Exactly, we would put in a freezer cabinet. It will tell you if the temperature is not right. The other one is out of stock sensor which detects things in front of it whether it is blocking it or not. It is going to like to detect it. Exactly, exactly. So there are the tags. They talk using a very low power, highly scalable RF to our access point. One access point you control 50,000 square feet and 50,000 sensors in the store. So there is that and then there is enterprise software integration to the point of sale systems in the back that we also sell. Great, Manish, thank you very much. Thank you.