Today I'm speaking with Darren Hazelwood, the CEO of Panther Metals, a company that I have not before seen. And I understand, Darren, that your focus is on volcanic mass of sulphide deposits in Northern Ontario. Can you please tell us something about this? I wasn't aware of there were such deposits in Northern Ontario. Yeah, so it's commonly known as VMS, Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide. Now, they're polymetallic deposits, generally. Now, in Canada, 49% of the zinc produced is from VMSs, about 25% of the copper from VMSs is the same. But in the Northwestern Ontario, we're about 80 kilometres from the west to us away is Sturgeon's Lake Greenstone Belt. Now that's a renowned Greenstone Belt for VMS deposits. There was five past producing mines. They all produced commercially from the late 60s to the early 90s. And actually, Glencore were back prospecting on there in 2023. But Jim Franklin, who's a Canadian legend, but world-renowned expert on VMSs and a world-renowned geologist, he's actually said that he believes that a bonga, which is a Greenstone Belt we're working on, is the sister Greenstone Belt to Sturgeon's Lake. So we couldn't wish for a better exploration property than a bonga. What metals and minerals are we talking about in these deposits? So they're predominantly zinc, zinc, copper, lead, silver. You can get some gold in them, and the four main commodities, zinc, copper, lead and silver. What's your timetable? What are you going to start and what is your goal? Right. So we've put it on the VMS side on a bonga. We've put six holes into the VMS targets in total today. Now, a bonga is an underexplored Greenstone Belt. And what we've done, we've drilled five holes at one area a week, or wishbone. Within those five holes, we've hit four separate lenses. Now, along any individual lens, you can find a deposit. It's been a remarkable technical success. We've actually confirmed that this is a VMS area as well. And let's remember that VMSs tend to cluster. But in our marketing, we're saying that we're uncovering the next VMS camping candidate, which we are. Now, if four lenses out of five holes at a wishbone, we've also hit mineralization. We've probably topped out the two-metre zinc, nearly 7%, had nearly 5% silver, and a circle of 0.19% copper. Whilst the intercept wasn't huge, what it did do for the first time ever confirmed that this VMS system is carrying mineralization. And that was a major breakthrough for a bonga. He had BHP there in the early 1990s. They liked the area, but they pulled out drew to the windy craggy scandal of 92, where all explorers, basically, due to what we met on with the Canadian government at the time, just down tools and walked out of Canada. It actually took them a good few years to recover from that. But we've also put one, and now at the wishbone area, we've got anomalous copper over a very defined area. The area is about, and this is in Lake Sediments. The area is 10 kilometers north to south, probably a couple of kilometers wide. Now, we've got copper in Lake Sediments, part per million, and there are numerous grades of anything up to 860, 870 PPM, part per million. And you've got 700 PPM, 500 whole confiny of copper PPMs between 100 to 500. And it's in an area that very quickly the copper drops back to the background levels from tarot. You know, tarot, copper, circa 25 parts per million copper. And outside of this defined zone, it drops back to the background levels. Now, that leads us with a lot of confidence to believe that that copper is actually leaching out of the area as opposed to being erosion. If it eroded, then that would have been spread out over a lot wider area, and you wouldn't have had such high concentrations if it was erosion. Tell me, tell me, what kind of access do you have to these areas where you're looking for discoveries? And this is the reason that the area has been a valuable check. So, a bong as a Greenstone Belt has no... We are very close to the main road from Thunder Bay to Armstrong, but actual roads and trails are non-existent on the Greenstone Belt. So we're having to put in our own trails, and that's our next step. At the moment, everything we've done has been by helicopter support, but that's also why it's been underexplored to have such a prospective area. So what we did, you mentioned what's the plan. We actually state, we've now got access or have an option over 90% of this entire Greenstone Belt. And it's a very clear plan to snag interest from majors. You're looking at 291 square kilometres of ground. We've put one hole in a separate area on a bong for VMS, it's called Survey. The MAG and EM signatures, three kilometres by half a kilometre, and we put one hole in and we actually discovered anomalous zinc over about 15 metres. And the metallurgical work on that also confirmed that the survey area on its own is a VMS. So the plan is, Jack, we'll now start to... We're talking with the Indigenous communities at the moment, is to cut trails into a bonger so that we can have road access rather than the expense of helicopters, but that's what's kept juniors out of the bong Greenstone Belt and why that opportunity is there. Okay, tell me, what's your background? Right. So I was, personally, I was a private investor in London. I was notifiable in a collection of companies within the sector whilst running my own private business. And I had a choice of continuing to grow my own private business or step directly into the industry at a board level. And the realities are that the capex of building the business that I was in didn't offer the same potential returns that I saw in the industry at the time. And in fact, all of those metrics have continued to grow in terms of medium to long-term supply shortages and everything else that's going to drive this. Now, we couldn't forecast COVID. We couldn't forecast the bear market that we saw suffer globally over the last two years. But it was basically to make more money in this industry than in the industry I was in. And that's something that never gets talked about. But that is ultimately what we're all here for, Jack. I want to build this business. I want to build a big business. The thing that is so noticeable about the junior mining industry is that there's no businessmen in it. It's usually geologists with a dream. And so you bring a different dimension to the business because you're starting off thinking like a business. And so that's, to me, a very good thing, okay? Especially this business. So I assume that you have on staff though, the geologists and core drillers and people that actually know how to do this. Listen, I'm about building teams, okay? You build great businesses through building great teams. And my chairman, Nico Reilly, he's actually a reporting geologist's competent person for London Stock Exchange. He does a huge amount of work behind the scenes at a geological society in London, highly respected. But in fact, our option partner on the bonga is Leanne Boya. She's Canadian. She's out of Thunder Bay, highly respected geologist. I'm not going to go too much into what she does as a day-to-day basis. But I will add that she works to an extremely high level. And there's no difference to anything. You build your teams. You've got to have the confidence in your teams and the belief. And also what I strongly believe in and something that will become obvious as this business develops because and grows, I found out to implement this over the last four years since we listed and there's two reasons. One was we listed in January 2020 and we come straight into COVID. I couldn't have timed it worse. COVID's kicked off in the late February of 2020. Where are you listed? We're listed in London. We were at main market listing in London. And then we had, Canada opened up on the 7th of September to flight 7 September 2021. I flew in on the 11th. And of course, after Christmas, the Russia invaded Ukraine and the bear market hit. And I took a decision. We haven't actually raised as a business any capital for the last 18 months. I took a conscious decision to work on the foundations of the business whilst we were on the public market. Because I didn't believe that the public markets were offering any value to explorers or mining companies within that period. Now, I also believe that we're actually coming out of that moment in time. I think it's looking more bullish. It will take time. But as a result, I've now got to prove my worth and show what I believe. And within that, I believe in structures that allow people to get on and do things. Decentralized structures is what it actually is. So you can build our teams in the separate areas that we want to build the business. And you can build some great things by doing that. Thank you very much for the time today. I'm looking forward to the following. Now listen, the pleasure is all mine to be on a call with the legend that's Jack Nifton is all my honor. So I thank you for your time. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thanks, Jack.


Hi, this is your host up to Bhartya and we are here at open source summit in Bilbao, Spain And today we have with us once again Mike Dolan senior vice president and GM of projects at the Linux Foundation Mike is good to have you on the show again. Let's be here as well. And today there are so many things to talk about Actually, but let's just talk about two major announcements or two major things One was the announcement about the open tofu a nice name there and second is also the whole cyber Resiliency Act I had a discussion with gab yesterday because this is kind of a concern for the community as well So I would like you to pick which topic you want to start with. Let's start with the CRA, I guess So first of all, let's explain to I mean you have a legal background So just talk about let's talk about what it is and why the open source community is a bit concerned about it I mean, so the CRA doesn't require illegal background to understand what it's doing, you know It's out there. Everybody can read it. I think any Developer who reads this would say but that doesn't work That's not how this works and yet it's intentionally trying to regulate open source for better security I they had good intentions the intention was well if we fix all the security issues up at the open source project level Then everybody downstream will have a perfectly secure code base that comes through the system, but unfortunately, that's not how it works I mean anybody who's worked on open source knows that people take modules or bits or pieces There's different configuration challenges that can raise security issues And there's a lot that goes into a product decision-making process where you decide how to use a specific upstream open source project And the challenges that developers in the upstream open open source projects are not going to know Exactly how downstream users might be using their code base at the end of the day I mean, Linus is a great engineer. He knows a lot about security He runs one of the most secure open source projects on the planet But if somebody goes and takes the links kernel and puts in to do a nuclear submarine He's not somebody who's doing functional safety testing or anything like that for that type of use case but the CRA puts requirements on the developers at the upstream level who maybe also don't have You know the access to resources that they need to do certain things for say nuclear submarine testing So, you know the challenges you have a new regulation coming along It was well-intentioned in terms of improving software security in Europe Unfortunately the construct at which they went about it was to place liability on the upstream developers And there we have an issue because developers are coming to an open source project Giving a value exchange of here is some code that I have or my company is willing to contribute And so either a company or developers contributing code for free for anybody else in the world to use it They're only asked us that you use it under the open source license and pretty much every open source license says this is as is I'm not making any representation that it's good for what you're going to use it for Which in many cases they don't know what somebody else is going to use it for and so if they're not If they can make that value exchange and they can say here take it. Let's work on this together But I can't be liable for whatever you do with it And the CRA upends that whole Structure upon which open collaboration has just thrived over the last couple decades Which is kind of ironic because Europe actually is a kind of hub for a lot of grassroots open source development I mean the kernel came from here You know the whole mysql, you know, he's also finished That also came from a lot of other projects came there a lot of open source developers They scratch their own age They create something just because they needed to solve their own problem. They are not, you know now Amazon everybody is using their code base, but that's not how they started So it's kind of conflict with the whole idea of open source, you know, I agree so now the challenge is that Are you I mean What are the solutions? Is it that you folks are going to work with the developers to enable them and provide them with resources? Or to work with the public sector to better understand how open source works? What is the solution? Well, we've been trying to work with the public sector and it's not just the Linux foundation the eclipse foundation a number Apache software foundation a number of the open source foundations that everybody knows OSI others have been providing feedback directly to the european commission when they were drafting the CRA And when there was an opportunity for them to take Input from the open source community I think the challenge is that the open source ecosystem were not usually at the table around regulations And we were not consulted at the outset. They came up with their first drafts, and then they wanted to defend them and You know, that's part of their regulatory process And i'm sure they get pushed back on every regulation they try to pass But when we look at the impact of this it's on all software in europe because Very little software today is not built using some open source componentry And so it is a very high impact type of regulation Some of the terms of this regulation are just probably impossible for many people to comply with Being able to ship code with no known vulnerabilities or whether it's you know having to report to anissa any software vulnerability first Sometimes before the fix is available I mean what open source developer wants to go and tell all their users Hey, there's a massive vulnerability coming and uh, we don't have a fix yet. Sorry No, that's not how the open source community works. They're actively addressing these security issues in the upstream projects They want to publish a fix And then make sure everybody has a chance to update because what is the point of telling people that there's an issue if There there's no fix yet. It's the The The commission who came up with cra. Are they like confusing vendors with develop open source developer because these are the kind of responsibility There are vendors who are supplied as you said the code for a nuclear submarine. That's their responsibility Not the response to be all of upstream when uh, we can't code writer in the feedback We got from them. They are very much focused on companies. They think that companies Control open source projects in a way that they can just dictate. Here's another security process You have to go through in order to comply with the cra which works for you know, one of the organizations They reached out to apparently was the mozilla foundation Well mozilla has a very different model for most open source projects all of or most of the developers work for mozilla corporation And there is a mozilla foundation, but at the heart they have a core engineering team That can build engineering practices in place But most open source projects are not run like mozilla. They don't have the funding of mozilla They don't have those resources and so the challenge is how does a community where maybe somebody's doing it? Maybe they work for a company. Maybe they have the company's blessing Maybe they're doing it on their own time But there's a lot of developers are out there who are not doing this with a You know billion dollar companies Seal of approval behind them and all the resources they need to implement security practices So that is a massive challenge for the cra Which is what it is putting on the upstream developer community is something where We're already dealing with overstressed maintainers and maintainers who are having You know needs where as their projects grow and get adopted. They have more and more stresses And to throw this type of regulation on their laps and say you're also responsible for this is just It's offensive to some as you said, you know, you folks are also working with other foundation, you know, you were Can you just give us a quick, you know that what you have achieved so far or what you're working on or what you see might be Kind to to end this, you know, kind of deadlock there I mean with the other foundations, we've had a good collaboration We work with open forum europe and a number of organizations To get some common messaging so that we're not looking like we're fragmented in our communications Either at the commission or parliament or any others. And so we've been doing that I think at this point now we're out talking to the companies that are major economic Factors for the european union and helping them understand why this is an issue And I think a big challenge that we ran into is that In the companies when the cra was being proposed It went through their regulatory and policy Contacts They didn't know about the open source implications. They didn't understand this is an open source issue And there wasn't really like always an open source group that they had to go consult And so for many of the companies we've been talking to this is the first time the open source group Is dealing with the public policy group And so there wasn't natural internal connections about this where they could help elevate the concerns But when we do get to somebody at like a cto level, it's immediately obvious to them what the issues are And so they get fired up and now we're trying to figure out How do we channel, you know, their energy and their comments back into the process? But at this point they've been pushing the process as fast as they can and so it's really hard to Take the time to slow things down to say hey What this should this look like and how can we adjust it to be appropriate? Thanks for talking about that Hopefully this issues will be resolved in a given time. Otherwise going to a big crisis Now let's talk about another topic which is open tofu So talk a bit about the whole like idea behind open tofu because I have not seen linux foundation No getting involved, but this is also critical to the larger community because there are a lot of projects that the community relies on So someone has to take, you know a step there. So talk about the whole idea behind open tofu Yeah, the idea behind open tofu tofu is simple You have a platform technology that has been disseminated for years out throughout the ecosystem Has been built into other products and solutions Many of our open source projects have dependencies on it And it's not necessarily the thing that everybody Wants or needs to pay for it was just a solution that was available at the time Under an appropriate license for adopting into your dependency tree and so a number of companies open source projects developers started relying on terraform as their option for you know infrastructures code and so It became pervasive in many ways Because of the license if the license had been a business source license at the beginning None of these organizations or open source projects would have adopted it like they did They would have treated it like the commercial product that that license aligns to and so In that case We have a lot of developers who are angry about this situation. They're angry They're they you know made a decision to take a pen Dependency on this project and then now their executive chain is having to deal with the ramifications of that And it puts in pressure on them internally So there's a number of people who are looking for an outlet and you know the time classic, you know Model that you know allows users of open source license software to Shape their own course is the ability to fork And we have dealt with some forks before like no j s had you know some forks and Others in our in our ecosystem that we've worked with have had forks over time But um, this is a unique situation. We're dealing with we have venture capital backed companies who own the code base Who are able to re-license in such a way that they can sew a field With all of these instances and then come back years later change the terms on that license and make this now a different value exchange than what everybody else was expecting and Some companies may be fine with that Some developers may be okay with that But there's a lot who aren't and so it was no surprise to us that you know right away They announced open tf.org Which eventually became open tofu and so open tofu is now A place where people who do want to have a say in where this technology goes in the future and Do so under a reasonable open source license can come together and work on it together We have been seeing this disturbing trend But with the with the creation of open tofu, you know It's also sending a message that that message is not I see for the corporate the creators But for the user community that you don't have because we tend to forget that we are serving the consumers consumers who are using these Open source code base to the solution companies Those are the I mean that's what we are serving So talk a bit about first of all how worried you are about this trend of companies changing the license at the same time With this creation, are you also sending out a message that no the community will be taken care of to take your question in reverse order I think the community has spoken you have end users like alliance who was on stage today talking about You know open tofu and their plans and the end users are coming forward and saying this is not what we expected This is not the value exchange we signed up for when we took a dependency on this And we're going to go into a different direction And I think that is a natural response in terms of You know where this you know all starts are a trend I think we've seen a trend of this out of the venture capital community mostly Um, and that's where a lot of these business source licenses and others Started was how do we you know get to the next level of revenue growth? And it's one thing to be a couple hundred million dollar a year company Maybe they want to be a billion dollar company and by changing the terms we can suddenly juice the revenues for a little bit I don't know if that will long term work out for them. Um, I wish all the companies who do this the best I'm not I don't I'm not antagonistic towards them But they shouldn't be surprised when they change the value equation with their end users and developer communities That they may not go along with that and that may not be what they signed up for And so what we'll see is we'll see you know options out there on the market And I've never seen it be bad for options to exist if you want to go with an open source licensed option Here's your path if you want to go with the commercially supported option that you know, it follows the original path You know, there's another path there. So I I'm not sure how this will play out. Um, you know, certainly we've seen This play out in other ecosystems, but I think each one plays out differently another aspect of this situation is that The promise of the open source license that users started using this under Is something that's known to them And I think one of the risks is if we let organizations start to Change the meaning of open source And the companies who have made this switch have built their companies calling them open source companies open source products open source this and that in their marketing It's in their materials. They're at open source conferences saying the same Now they're not suddenly open source anymore and how do we deal with that and make sure that we retain the core definition of what is open source and not let that get uh muddled And I think osi has been doing a great job holding the line on that and I don't expect any difference from there from them on that position, but There are reasons why decades ago people said this is what open and free software is And these are the definitions that we're going to follow And it's not something that should change every year based on some company's revenue cycle Since we are talking about open source and sometimes you know the Term open source or open doesn't actually mean open that and that I'm heading to AI generative AI, you know And you folks, you know, I was talking gab you are making some announcement here as well in terms of you know the So talk a bit about what work we can expect from Linux foundation in the context of AI Genitive AI and open source the Linux foundation. We are not the ones who create projects. We're not the innovators out there There's developers. There's data scientists who are Truly pushing the envelope on what we can do from an innovation perspective And from the Linux foundation what we expect is that We've already been in discussion with a number of them They are building communities around these AI generative AI models Whether they be large language models or even specialized models or foundational models And I think the moment that they want to collaborate at scale is when they generally come talk to us And there their issue is we need to put some governance around how we're making decisions around this and It's getting to be too big We need to figure out how to structure things appropriately and that's generally where we get involved We're also a neutral home where maybe one company started a model But maybe they Perceive that they're limited in the growth and adoption of that model because it's owned by one company And so I think the same drivers of what drives open source projects to come to a foundation Will be value propositions for generative AI communities Um, it may not be that we need to be the home to own all of the data or all of you know Some aspect of it, but there is a collaborative element going on, you know There's a project that we're talking to right now. They have 1500 people on their discord channel This is a big collaboration for them and they need to figure out. How do we support and sustain that and by the way That's just in a year What's it going to look like next year the year after in terms of the scale of these communities? And the ability to support everything that needs to get done I'd say the third aspect of why they're talking to us is we have a lot of developers and data scientists Who are hungry for access to gpu resources? GPU resources are going to take companies or financial funding that you know are sustainable And they're looking at how can we potentially provide access to gpu resources is another option We are here once again in you know, europe It's been last year livings foundation europe was announced Dublin So talk a bit about you know in this one year How much progress you folks have made up before I talk to gab as well But I want to hear from your perspective also because there are a lot of local problems CRA is one example that you folks can solve at the same time a lot of grassroots open source development happens in europe So talk about you know the yeah, I think linux foundation europe has been a tremendous Prove point that open collaboration is truly permeating society What what linux foundation europe? member companies are working on are issues that are Specific to europe and that are challenges that europe is trying to work through And what it has done is it's brought collective People's who are from different industries in many cases wallets and payments and you know Telecommunications you know things that may have some open source elements to them already But um at a strategic level we're never you know designed for that And now we've got regional specific open source challenges that they want to work on And so it's a great opportunity to bring people together and work on those issues We did not anticipate the CRA So linux foundation europe did not was not set up to do policy work or you know any sort of Elements like that, but it was there in the time to be able to assist And so it's a good opportunity for a number of those community members who are in europe to get together Talk about what the issues are with the CRA figure out What is the best path forward and it provides a forum for them to do that when I look at your left euro Europe, you know the public sector is very much active in the open source. So I was on gamble so that you know getting involved with the public sector is going to be one of the cruel You know work that you folks do here So so can you also talk about the involvement engagement? I'm not talking about CRA But in general because there are a lot of policies that are an option of open source You know in some cases they have the whole join-up is there europe is there A lot of work is going on in the open source space in europe one of the surprising things is that open source in europe have been kind of synonymous in terms of software and it has been always a strong A european commission and the european union have been strong proponents of open source solutions It levels the playing field it gives everybody, you know the ability to create their own solutions And it enables the small and medium enterprise ecosystem What is surprising about the CRA is that none of the people who know about open source were consulted in the process And so a software regulation Was developed without Input from the people in the european union who actually know about how open source and software developed and built Who could have shaped this into something that would have been more more impactful We also engage with other countries and their leadership and their governments and We get asked questions. Um, but they approach things very differently. So in the united states, they're looking at software security software supply chain security They've done executive orders and everything else In the same way that the european union is at, you know strategic level trying to help bring better security to open source and to software The united states approached it very differently because they brought the experts in open source and software to the table And asked them how can we best affect the change we want and took their feedback and built programs Structures based on input from the experts in the field In europe we have it completely reversed where policy regulatory people who are used to assigning liability Industries every single day went and did it the way they do it in other industries or other contexts But it just doesn't work for open source software because this is not single company derived It's collaboratively built. It's not just companies building it. You have academics developers individuals You know a very large ecosystem involved in the creation of this public good that is available to everyone But it's available under the open source terms since we are talking about the contrast the way The policy makers in the europe versus, you know, us works to talk about the recent You know work that you folks did with the the government what the u.s. government has done is engaged people in the field in the industry who are Doing the actual work and their goal is to better learn how they can support a process that leads to a better security outcome And so years ago they started talking to people in the field in in some of our projects about things like software bill materials And they got the idea of oh spdx. This is how we have transparency of what software is coming through the supply chain and That was the lead up of years of learning and education and meetings and showing up in our communities To understand how to Software bills and material work. How would we potentially put this into effect for our government's procurement of software And using the government as a way to help disseminate the practice of doing software bill materials And so this is a years long investment that they have made. Um, it has survived administrations It is something that I think you know is a way That is effective because the regulations they're coming out with are not Any less impactful. It's that they're more targeted to what actually works Mike once again, thank you so much for taking time out sitting down with me and talk about these topics And I would love to chat with you again. Thank you. Yeah, thanks for having me. I appreciate


Yeah, everything felt great You know, I was definitely a little winded The lungs were burning but you know, that's to be expected and you know just keep building from here Oh, yeah I think we just match their intensity now that they're really physical defensive mind a team You know attacking downhill for most of the game, but You know, we were able to really take a lot of punches. They hit us with especially, you know Last game we really struggled on the glass being physical and I thought that we did a much better job tonight just overall Being you know collective effort on the glass and just playing more physical. Oh, it was amazing, you know That's that's that's what a big-time players do. I'm into the games, you know him and Kev Really carried us and hit some huge shots I mean, however it is man, I'm just gonna go. I mean if I continue to play These minutes. This is this is what it'll be if I play more, you know I'm basically just gonna do whatever I can to help the team win trying to do all the little stuff knock down shots And you know just provides, you know, hopefully a little bit of glue just doing some of the dirty work and the stuff That's really gonna help us win at the end of the day


Substance abuse is not something that you should take lightly. It occurs when a person consumes alcohol on a heavier dosage or take any sort of prescription medications, legal or illegal substances on a heavier dosage. And Dr. Satish, I am here to talk about the substance abuse and the harmful effects of it and how to deal with them. Substance abuse is a term given when a person is over-consuming any sort of a substance which affects a person's brain and body that can range from a lot of different substances like alcohol, even caffeine and many other medications. In fact, if a person who has pain and doctor has prescribed pain to a person and this person is over-consuming the pain medications like morphine or any other medication which is also called as a substance abuse. In a lot of cases, if a person has cough, like codex was kind of a cough syrup which people were over-consuming and which can also give them some sort of a high because it contains opioids. So this way there are a lot of medical prescriptions which is over-consumed which is also called a substance abuse. Or any substance which makes a person feel high in the informal term or intoxicated is the formal term which is called a substance abuse. Most commonly the peer pressure. So when we talk about teenagers, most commonly teenagers in college wants to feel more cool to be accepted in a peer supported by the peers. People depend on consuming alcohol and marijuana nowadays which is most commonly available with the teenagers and young adults. So after the peer pressure, we can talk about the stressors and the major stressors for a teenager probably comes from academics and for a young adult can come from family and also the work life and on a longer stressors when we talk about some sort of a work commitment or when people are going through. Marriage can be a long committed stressors when people are into a marriage not able to deal with it can also be a stressors. So like the social causes is the major reasons for substance consumption. Majorly like alcohol which we spoke earlier and the second can be cannabis which is like ganja or marijuana or weed, grass, many names given to it. And there are many others like hallucinogens, inhalants, something like you know inhalants are those vaporized form of a substance when inhaled a person can feel intoxicated which also includes whitener which is the most commonly available thing. And when we talk about hallucinogens there are many sorts of drugs like LSD and many other things. It can also include morphine which is as simple as pain medication given these are the most commonly available most commonly known substance. So when we talk about substance every substance can give various different signs and symptoms but when we club them up and put them under the umbrella term talking about the emotional aspect the person most commonly shows anxiety and irritability. When we talk about the behavioural part the person can show restlessness the person has difficulty in focusing on something and the person can definitely not be able to complete tasks without any substance. They can show severe difficulties in adjustment in different places they can show a lot of tantrums they can show a lot of aggression behaviour towards people. On a severe levels when we talk about there can be hallucinations when a person is consuming some severe form of an hallucinogens. So when we talk about alcohol it was on a different lines but substance other sort of a substance can be more severe in its nature. In fact the symptoms the signs can even be more severe here which can be which can even be like a memory disruption and the person can show a lot of issues where they can show forgetfulness so these are the most common signs and symptoms when we talk about the emotional and the cognitive part physiological part are definitely a person can sweat very often a person can show increased heartbeat and the person can sometimes even show shortness of the breath vomiting nausea etc. On a checklist level we use the duration so say a person who is consuming alcohol for a substance for a month or two months the severity of it how many number of hours in a day the number of days in a week to the number of months together so the duration is the first checklist that we use and the second thing is how much is it affecting a person's occupational life societal life, personal life and even the physical health so now talking about the physical part there are various different tests that a psychiatrist prescribe mostly like a blood test or a urine sample test or probably even an MRI done in some cases or a CT done in some cases to identify the organic involvement or the impairment that is there and then there are many other neuropsychological assessments like a cognitive assessment also that we use to identify the level of impact it has the organic impact it has these are the various different assessments done to identify them mostly for a severe case medications for sure the pharmacotherapy so a psychiatrist will identify to what extent is the severity and then probably start with the medications when we talk about substance it is more of a rehabilitation it's more of a deaddiction activity that we talk about here so which means there are various different it's a multimodal approach so a person who is taking medications probably kept in a rehabilitation or probably who is visiting a psychiatrist and psychologist on an OPD basis so let's say medication is the first part then comes psychotherapies and then comes cognitive therapies some relaxation techniques and how to deal with the stressors because we identified stressors is the main reason why a person depend on alcohol so these are the different ways of assessing and then working on them which we call it as psychotherapies so it's the medication and the psychotherapies we also appreciate the person to participate in yoga practice in pranayamas make a better social support find better social support and also we appreciate people to spend more time with the family develop a relationship if they are single because being in relationship the person can feel more committed develop a better aim and objective towards the future so these are all how we look at it as a holistic model so when we talk about the substance consumption the person who is consuming it in the very initial stages there is science that your body gives you like you are falling sick or there are some issues that your body is going through is an indication for a person to know it's time to visit a professional or the person can understand that they are not able to live their life they are not able to be functional even without consuming this substance for probably a longer period of time that is another sign where the person has to know that they need to visit a professional or when the person can identify that they are not able to be friendly with the people not able to maintain relationships not able to have a good sleep so when the person's routine is disrupted the person has to understand it's high time to visit a professional


You will find an inviting new look in structures of every kind. Americans are building at what almost seems a fever pitch, whole new communities in the restful countryside, and whole new business districts, shopping centers with a flair for the dramatic in their architecture, striking new uses of glass, steel, concrete in the building materials. Today's marketplace is an everyday and exciting festival with every color in the rainbow competing to capture the customer's attention. Not only the structures themselves, but the merchandise, the product packages in so many different shapes and sizes are designed for interest and impact. Displays and related advertising heighten the impact. Offices and industrial establishments are no longer drab and dreary blots on the landscape. They are bold and beautiful, frequently horizontal, and credible attachments to the surrounding greenery. Outside, as well as inside, the buildings of business and industry reflect the concern of today's management with appearance. And it's strictly the profit motive. Workers work better, enjoy their jobs more when the appearance of the plant is more attractive. Americans are always on the go, it seems. And roadside businesses of every description must literally stop traffic if they want to capture the customer's dollars. As much consideration is given to the style and design of new service stations, as is given to the style and design of new automobiles. America today is style conscious, design conscious. Everything has the inviting new look that makes American life more pleasurable, as well as more practical. At home, at work, on the way, and at play. There are evidences everywhere of the clean, crisp, refreshing use of shape, color, texture to enhance our everyday existence. American industry spends more than $500 million a year in styling and designing new products, as well as improving the impact of well-established products. Behind so great and growing a concern with appearance, the man with that extra touch that means more efficiency and sales is today's industrial designer. Topps in the business is Claire Hodgman of the industrial design firm, Hodgman Burke in New York. Hello there, Mr. Hodgman. We've just been looking over your shoulder at some of the designs your firm is responsible for. There's certainly a variety of different products. Yes, that's right. Cameras, projectors, outboard motors, and buses. There's quite a progression from the rough form to the finished sketch form. Plenty of paperwork. Yes, indeed. Plenty of paperwork before you arrive at the final results such as this air conditioning unit. Actually, what function do you perform for a product or a product line? The purpose of any design is to increase the sales appeal, the merchandising oomph. And you do this in two ways. By increasing the efficiency of the product and by increasing the beauty. Generally speaking, simplification is not only the key to easier operation, but to a more pleasing appearance, something truly in good taste. The crisp, clean design is not only more attractive, more elegant if you will, but likewise more functional. You can see at a glance what I mean in this new line of Coca-Cola coolers being manufactured by the Vendo company. The million dollar line. That's right. The million dollar line with a refreshing look designed exclusively for Coca-Cola and accepted by marketing experts in the Coca-Cola Botlers Association. Simple yet forceful in a selling impact. The top panel is a lighted sign for even greater selling impact. But all the models relate themselves naturally to corners because of the shape or in banks of machines, side by side. The crisp, clean design is functional too. And the new forward pivoted hinge allows the door to open a full 180 degrees. The line as a whole has what we call design balance or total design, the proper relationship of appearance and function. Naturally, of course, the industrial designer must always consider the important matter of manufacture. Even the simplest straight line on a mechanical layout calls into being innumerable operations before the final results roll off the assembly line. It takes years of research and testing to develop trouble-free, dependable coolers. And that new million dollar line of Bendo coolers for Coca-Cola stems from a quarter of a century of engineering research in the laboratories of the Bendo company in Kansas City. Here was developed and continually improved the basic revolving disc principle of the veteran V23. Still in great demand for small service outlets and still to be manufactured. The Vendo V44, likewise, still to be manufactured and for the same reason. It's a prized location getter. The basic staggered stack and the basic slanting shelf proved through years of dependable operation continue with further refinements that make them better than ever in the new line. There's a mountain of blueprints for every new model. Specifications for tools and dies from engineering design before the tremendous punch presses can stamp out the shells for the new Bendo V92 single drink machines. Welding the new V92 multi-drink machines involves the same sturdy precision welding given every other model in the line. If cabinets welded in so many places, they can't conceivably get out of shape even when they're twisted. The new V144, like every other model, has a bondarized cabinet with a durable baked enamel finish that retains all of its original luster and eye appeal. The new V90 multi-drink is assured the dependable long life of the Vendo refrigeration unit, heart of the machine. The new V216 single drink receives the electrical harness nerve center of the machine. The new V144 multi-drink receives the thick fiberglass insulation in door and cabinet. Efficiency and low operating cost packed inside each machine. Here they are, model after exciting model on the final assembly line. The refreshing look becomes a reality. Final inspection of the new V63 multi-drink. On its way to increase cold bottle sales of Coca-Cola, the new V90 multi-drink ready to go to work for you. What's this model? Oh, yes, the new V126 multi-drink. This baby has real sales appeal, real selling impact. Certainly every salesman for Coca-Cola will view the refreshing look in the million dollar line of new Vendo coolers exclusively built for Coca-Cola as the selling opportunity of a lifetime in new sales, in replacement sales, and in competitive sales. How do you feel about it?  This refreshing look, exclusive, you say, with Coca-Cola will make this year's cooler sales the greatest in selling history. All right. How would you sell that new V63 to a new outlet? I'd talk profit to the dealer. This V63 is as much a location gutter as the V23 and the V44. I'd talk profit and product preference. Product preference? Yes, Mrs. Lane. More people buy Coca-Cola than any other trademark soft drink in the world. The people here in your office will welcome the pause that refreshes with ice cold coke. It'll make their work pleasanter and more productive. Besides, Mrs. Lane, the profit from a Coca-Cola cooler is a right sizable amount. Let me show you. Here's another salesman for Coca-Cola. How would you sell that new V90 to a new outlet? I'd talk profit to the profit resulting from the traffic created by the cooler for Coca-Cola. What do you mean, the traffic created by the cooler for Coca-Cola? Customers for your service station, Mr. Brown, expect refreshment just as they expect good restroom facilities. This new cooler for Coca-Cola will help pull in more traffic and get them out of their cars. And it'll keep old customers coming back again. Besides, Mr. Brown, the sale of Coke can mean a good profit for you. Let me show you. Profit is the fix, all right. But when I sell a new outlet, this new V126, I'll sell the service that ensures the profit. Especially in industrial locations, you run into the objection. Yes, but I'm afraid your machine would be in constant needed repair. Mr. Baldwin, one of the chief assets of the Vendo machine is the reputation already earned for giving dependable trouble-free service. Vendo has built more than 500,000 coolers for Coca-Cola and has proved itself through years of tough performance in the field. That's one of the reasons there's such a profit in it for you. Just have a look at these figures again. When it comes to replacement sales, I'll talk plus profit, the extra sales that can come from the eye appeal of the new Vendo V line. My old cooler works all right. Besides, I don't sell so many soft drinks anymore.  Your customers don't even know it's there anymore. The eye appeal of this new cooler will remind them that you're still in the beverage business and will increase your take-home sales, too. The plus profit you make will more than pay for this new machine and in a very short time. I agree with the plus profit pitch for replacement sales. The new Vendo line will certainly arouse impulse in the customers to buy more Coca-Cola. What do you mean, arouse impulse? A cooler is like a display, Mr. Judson. Or you change it to arouse impulse to trigger the customer interest and attention. The result is plus sales and plus profit for you. This new machine will certainly sell a lot more Coke every day. It takes only a few extra bottles a day to pay for. Then, in a very short time, of course, you own it. Make it easy to buy, I say. Not only for the dealer, but for his customers. The refreshing look of this new machine actually beckons customers to come over, drop in a coin, and enjoy a cold bottle of Coke. So does my old machine. Mr. Hopkins, you spent a lot of money this spring painting, fixing up, and remodeling your service station. Why? Because the improved appearance of the place would attract more old customers and more new customers. You were after the plus profit that comes from making people want to stop and do business with you. You made it easy to buy at your service station because of its crisp, clean look. And now this new machine has that crisp, clean look, too. Some talk profit, some talk plus profit, but I talk perpetual profit, especially when it comes to competitive sales. I know, I know, but I don't want another cooler in my store. I don't sell enough from the one I have now. But that's just my point, Mr. Barker. The reason you don't sell enough is because your cooler doesn't feature the fast mover. Coca-Cola is the leader. Coca-Cola is the most asked for soft drink in the world. Why not let the leader lead you to perpetual profit in your soft drink sales? But don't forget those secondary sales. What do you mean secondary sales? Tires, batteries, accessories. You're losing those sales, too, when you don't feature the soft drink that pulls in more traffic. Coca-Cola means perpetual profit for you, Mr. Boyd, in every phase of your business. As a business getter, Coca-Cola is second to none. In any competitive situation, I always sell the reputation of the product. Yes, but your competitor has made me a pretty good offer. Pretty good, Mr. Cummings, isn't good enough, if you're interested in perpetual profit from a machine. Only Coca-Cola, the leader, can lead you to that. And only Coca-Cola can offer you the machine I sell. It's an exclusive with Coca-Cola, made for us by the Vendo Company, the world's largest manufacturer of automatic merchandising equipment. Competitive sales, replacement sales, and new sales. In every selling category, Coca-Cola salesmen really have the answers. The refreshing look in the million dollar line of new Vendo coolers exclusively built for Coca-Cola joins the inviting new look that makes American life more pleasurable, as well as more practical. For roadside businesses, the selling impact of the new line is literally designed to stop traffic. In offices and industrial establishments, it provides a thing of beauty and enjoyment, as well as a boost to the morale. Profits plus profits, perpetual profits. There's good selling for dealers as well as salesmen in the selling year ahead, with new merchandising impact everywhere in the exciting festival of the American marketplace.


the start with the application rate we had said that the application rate is one is gross application rate and other is net application rate because these two are they can be very different depending on the conditions prevailing in the area. Let us look at the various expressions which we used to get the gross application rate and the net application rate. In the gross application rate we express this as a function of sprinkler nozzle discharge spacing of sprinkler head, the DG is the gross application rate and is given in centimetres per hour, Q is the sprinkler nozzle is per second and these we have already seen that these are the spacings, the lateral spacing, line spacing. As per our discussion now in the last class we had mentioned that the gross application that or the gross application rate will be affected because of the losses which are mainly because of the evaporation and wind drift losses. So accordingly the net let us call it the gross application rate 1 minus L s, L s is evaporation and wind drift losses and DG is the gross application rate in centimetres per hour so D i will be also in centimetres per hour. This quantity will be very important to be assessed because ultimately whatsoever you want to to apply to the ground that is more important, the net irrigation rate is more important than what is coming out of the nozzle. As the nozzle discharge is if it is most of it is going to be lost then I think is is not going to give you the end result which is the yield of the crop. The yield of the crop will be dependent on how much of that has been absorbed by the soil and which is basically dependent on the net application rate. So the net application rate in this particular case is since the variation can be large in terms of the evaporation and the wind drift losses so the net application rate, proper evaluation of the net application rate takes much more significance than you will find the loss rate in the other other irrigation system where the variation is not that drastic as in comparison to what you can get here. By the same time you might land up with a situation where you have found that there are some losses which are known which you can evaluate and after taking into concentration those losses you find that the gross which which becomes available or let me put it the other way round that if you know a gross and out of that gross the losses are very significant. The remaining portion which is left is the net irrigation rate which is applicable. If that becomes very small in some cases it might happen that is not applicable is not you might not be able to apply that rate. So in that situation you will have to come out with some rates which are which are implementable so that after taking care of the losses there is some net which can be implemented on to the field. So from that angle there has to be some lower constraint which has to be put on the gross application rate which is what has been recommended after lot of experimentation in this particular uhh chart of this the stable which is giving the recommended minimum gross rate is dG in centimetres per hour for different climatic zones and the values of these gross application rates is a variation which has been given that in case your gross application rate is working out to be lower than this it might not become practicable. You might have to adopt the rates which are these recommended rates otherwise your efficiencies will be really very drastically affected. So for cool maritime climatic zone your gross application rate can vary between 0.25 to 0.4 centimetres per hour for warm conditions the warm maritime conditions the rate is 0.4 to 0.5 for cool dry continental conditions is again the rate is 0.4 to 0.5 centimetres per hour similarly for the other conditions these are the recommended rates. So you can see here that the variation is really very large as the climatic conditions change your minimum gross application rate which can be effectively applied that really varies drastically from 0.25 to somewhere around 1.9 centimetres per hour under the worst conditions of hot desert conditions. This is a very important aspect that you must check your these recommendations are basically made available to check your design parameters under the prevailing conditions whether those conditions will be achievable or not because when you are making calculations there you would not get the feel whether these things are really these parameters or the parameters which can be implemented. So for that purpose all these recommended values have been obtained after lot of experimentation all over the place and these are the ones which are recommended in literature so that the designers can take help of these findings. Similarly there are guidelines on the maximum net application rate which can be implemented at a particular site and when you talk of the maximum application rates the criteria the major criteria is that you should not have a rate which can produce enough. So that being the governing criteria there should not be a rate which should you should provide the application or the rate of application in such a manner that under the prevailing conditions your runoff generation should be avoided which means the slope will become a very important aspect. If you are looking at the minimum or the maximum application rate which can be applied which is the net application rate you have to consider basically the soil characteristics which will decide what is the the infiltration rate and the slope which will decide what will be the velocities which can be obtained and even the infiltration rate can also be affected because of the slopes. So the recommended values which have been given for the maximum net application rate which can be used under different conditions of soil texture and profile and the slope these are divided into these broad categories the coarse sandy soil there is the soil texture and the profile is given in terms of whether the depth of the soil is less than 2 meters or beyond 2 meters. So if it is the 2 meters of soil and the other condition is the coarse sandy soil over compact soil in this case the profile of the soil this is the shallow soil this is the deep soil. So if you have deep soil then you can afford to have a higher level of net application rate the maximum net application rate in that situation can be 5 centimeters per hour for a slope which is very small slope 0 to 5 percent. As the slope increases you will find that the maximum allowable net application rate will reduce and the reduction is quite significant. Now these limiting values they are obtained with respect to the situation that the objective that they should not be enough produced under these conditions of soil texture, the soil profile and the slope. When you have more compact soil the profile is less than 2 meters then you have these recommended maximum net application rates which should be utilized. Similarly in the other cases also the 2 meters and over compact soil have these recommended values and in the case of silt loam you can also observe that as you go from the coarser soil to more heavy soils your rate of applications are also reducing and the reduction is also quite significant in this example from 5 centimeters per hour it has come down to 0.8 centimeters per hour for silt loam under the compact conditions. In the case of heavy textured clay or clay loams the profile of the soil does not make much of a difference so this is only a single case because it is not very much affected by the profile. The soil texture itself is the more influencing factor and as such the rate of application is very small. So in the case of heavy textured clay or clay loams you will find that there is as such the rate of application which is allowed or which is permissible if you want to avoid this office runoff is a very small rate varying from 0.4 centimeters per hour to 0.2 centimeters per hour. Then besides the application rates the next item which is quite important is the sprinklers nozzle discharge. The sprinkler nozzle discharge it varies with respect to the pressure which is prevailing pressure and it can be expressed with this function but q is the nozzle discharge in liters per second and p is the nozzle operating pressure in kilopascal and k is a proportionality constant depends on the emitter of the nozzle, the model of the nozzle. What is the, how the nozzle and how the nozzle is manufactured, what type of nozzle? There will be a function of the the model of the nozzle as well to some extent. So these k values are normally not given directly, they are invariably they are available in terms of the tables which are rating tables given by the manufacturers. When a manufacturer comes out with a new model of the nozzle they will give you a accompanying table which will have all these different items which you want to which you are interested in from point of view of the discharge calculations or for other parameters which are design parameters. Those things are normally made available and a typical a typical table which will be made available for a specific nozzle, this is one table which we have taken which is a table provided by the manufacturer for a specific model of the nozzle which has a diameter of 3.175 millimeters and the other the discharge variation is given with respect to the pressure variation and what will be the divided diameters. So these three things are related for a specific diameter of the sprinkler head or the sprinkler nozzle you will find that the with the variation of the pressure your flow rate or the discharge rate will also vary and the diameter the vector diameter will also vary. This might give you the total pressure variation but along with that there might be a minimum recommended pressure for example in this particular case it might be given along with that you should use this range of pressures in this level give you the minimum recommended pressure. So below this are the pressures which are recommended pressures you can choose with respect to what is the prevailing pressure available, how much can be obtained under the conditions and accordingly what is the flow rate which is which will be obtained if you run this sprinkler under this pressure and this will be the vector diameter. Now these vector diameters are again they are the diameters which are without the wind conditions. If you will have the wind conditions then there will be some change in the vector diameter. Those things can be incorporated if you know the wind conditions what are the prevailing wind conditions. Let us now go on to another item which is the sprinkler spacing. All these items which you are discussing is very important to understand that these items are the items which you will have to check your design for. In some cases you might be having available or some of these items might be fixed for example when we say that we want to select a particular nozzle.  And if that is the situation in that case your constraint the design constraint becomes that you want to utilize a particular nozzle which is it might be a generic nozzle size which you have procured and kept with you because as a former you try to visualize that when you are going in for these systems you might use this sprinkler system for different types of crops and if you have a very big farm your conditions the soil conditions also can vary in certain cases or if you have farms at 2 different locations soil conditions can also vary to certain extent but let us let us take that keep that out for the time being. Let us talk of a specific farm. Now when you vary the type of crop which you might be using from one season to another season in that case you might find that the if you go in for a fresh design you might find that you might need a different sets of the equipment. The equipment can be in terms of the nozzles the size of the different size of nozzles or the literals the main pipes all those things in many situations you will like to fix these items if they are already available or you might procure those items which are in between items. For example if you can use a sprinkler nozzle which is one level of size and you might take another level which is the next level so that the variation is not much you might use those intermittently for slight for taking care of slight variation in the the requirements or the application rate. So all these items we are discussing separately ultimately you will have to have a trade off between these things with respect to your constraints which are very in most of the cases which are very justifiable constraints there are constraints which are either economic constraints you cannot afford to procure different sizes of the pipes you cannot afford to procure different sizes of the nozzles and those becomes your constraints but in the beginning when you go in for a fresh design then you have a choice you might do a very detailed design even to look at the conditions how the crops will vary from one season to another season whether the same set of equipment will be able when you will be able to use in those conditions also so you might do a detailed design for all the combination of conditions which you have and if you are your area where maybe you have the farming activity going on. The sprinkler spacing the sprinkler spacing is a very important aspect which we have been referring to quite often that most of the time the sprinkler spacing will be the most influencing factor in terms of whether you are talking in terms of the uniform to coefficient the sprinkler spacing is the one which can be manipulated the sprinkler spacing will also be important when you are trying to incorporate the wind conditions that again you want to alleviate all the ill effects of the wind conditions through the proper choice of the sprinkler spacing. So when you are talking in terms of sprinkler spacing you have to first decide what are the wind conditions which you must account for as if you take the wind conditions of the daytime invariably the daytime wind conditions will be more severe than the nighttime wind conditions the wind velocities during the daytime will be much higher than the nighttime wind velocities that is what has been absorbed all over the world in most of the places. So the daytime wind conditions are more severe if you base your design on the data which is only taking account of the daytime wind velocities then you are going to have estimates which will be conservative estimates the design will be conservative because you will have higher wind velocities you will try to account for that by having more overlap thereby you will have overlap which is excessive which may not be required. So is the design will be more conservative it might be over design take the night wind conditions on the other when on extreme and your actual operations are in daytime also then it can be the other way around. So what you do normally is that when you are going in for the designs when you are going for the selection of the sprinkler spacing you try to take the average conditions or you use a weighting factor which will give some weightage to the night conditions and give some weightage to the day conditions and you can have a tradeoff between the two. So in that situation at the same time I think it is also equally important that if the farmer is quite sure that when he is going to use this system if he is certain that he is going to use only in the during the night time then even if you take the night conditions it will be safe otherwise if you want to change your mind at that time it might be at the cost of having a very low efficiency because if the wind conditions are higher then what you have assumed in the designs is going to give you design which will be very ineffective or it will be on the other extreme it will be a under design situation. So when you are looking at these these sprinkler spacing aspects you will have to take the proper wind conditions. They are again in this situation they are recommendations which are available to account for this aspect. With respect to the wind speed which is given in kilometers per hour the sprinkler spacing fraction has been provided as a ratio between S L and D W and S M and D W. The spacing has been provided with respect to different wind speed conditions as a fraction as a ratio between the spacing and the wetted diameter. When the wind speed conditions are very low these are the recommended ratios. Now this type of information you can always use to find out what will be the D W under different wind conditions you can evaluate if you know that what is the spacing or if you if you can choose your spacing because spacing normally as a function of again you have the existing literals the spacing will be when you buy the literals you know that what is the spacing of the those the lateral spacing or the spacing between the two sprinklers which is which is normally available or when which which becomes a constraint on the farmer's side that you have a lateral which is which is having a fixed spacing. Similarly when you when you take a mean you know that what is the what is the point where the the mean can be tapped or you can fix the lateral at that those locations so that fixes your the main line spacing S M. In general you will find that the spacing the main line spacing is invariably larger than the lateral spacing. Why that is so? Because this is again because the economic constraints if you have the main line spacing if is is lower or if is you have more spacing on the main line the all the gadgets which you require whenever you attach the lateral those can be reduced. So from that angle is invariably the the lateral spacing is kept more than is kept less than the main line spacing that is the very usual trend which is used in this sprinkler irrigation system and in some cases you might have the equal spacing also. So looking at some of the the usual spacing which are used in the sprinkler irrigation system you have the spacings which are with respect to the same three categories which we had earlier looked at depending on the type of crop which is under question. You have if you have the specialty crop which is having more value in that case might go in for the spacings like 9 by 12 or 12 by 12 or the variations in these spacings are also dependent on how much is the what is the wind condition. So you you can choose the spacings along with the the the situation that what is the wind condition prevailing under those localities. Then for field crops the spacings are which are used are slightly higher than the previous case and when you have the orchards the spacings can still be wider because in that case it will be a function of what are the spacings of those individual trees or those plants. In conjunction with the spacing there is one aspect which is very important which is the aspect of offsets. This is a very recent phenomena and it it pertains to the operation of these large sprinkler irrigation systems. If you can use the offsets first of all let us try to see that what what do you mean by the offsets. Let us assume that you have out of this main line you are taking off I am not connecting it deliberately. You are taking off the laters on which you have the sprinkler heads and they are with respect to the spacing between the laters they are spaced accordingly. This is the total the 4 sets of laters normally you attach them here on to the main line. In this case the spacings which are relevant are this is the spacing between the laters or the lateral spacing and the main line spacing. Now we have seen that when we want to operate the system in this manner we have to take we have to look into the overlap. The design contains what should be the SM what should be the SL so that we can get a proper appropriate overlap so as to reduce the the deproculation losses and to increase the efficiency very uniform to it. But we have seen that invariably if we look at the total field part of the field will be over irrigated part of the field will be under irrigated depending on how much is the total depth of water you have applied. So if you want to keep a balance if you want to keep the losses minimum you might do so by sacrificing the requirement that all the field should be getting the minimum required or the net depth. In some portion of the field you will deliberately you will keep the depth lower than the net depth required so as to reduce the deproculation losses to the minimum possible level. Now if you can let me put it like this let us try to have a look which we had plotted earlier depicted that to report that if this is our field and this is our net depth of application which is required if we have 50 percent adequacy with respect to 50 percent adequacy you might get a situation where you have in this situation for a specific level of uniform to coefficient. If I want to reduce this this deficit as well as this population loss this I am getting mainly because of the fact that the overlaps are not very accurate they do not give me a uniform to coefficient which is which will ensure that all the places I am getting the equal amount and that this situation can be improved drastically if I change the spacing if I if I can have a control on the spacing in such a manner that I use one spacing at a particular time the spacing remains same but the location of the lateral the next in the next irrigation I can change. For example if I have in one irrigation I have this setup in the next irrigation instead of using the lateral at this location if I can use the lateral at this new location which is in between the two existing locations then this will be the place where I can place my lateral and the next lateral I can place at this location the next lateral similarly I can place at this location if I get this flexibility then I might be in a position to apply which is the replic of this means those those portions where there was a deficit earlier they will get additional water and those portions where there was additional water earlier they will be getting deficit now. So if that happens then what I had done is that I have superimposed another application which is just opposite to this or if I if I put it from upside down I might get another application which is like this now we just matching with this it might not match exactly like this so over two applications over two successive applications I will get this total depth out of which wherever there was a deficit earlier here I had saw plus earlier but now I have a deficit because now I am this is my level of I have put it upside down so I have a deficit in this area because still the for the next also this is the same level which is the required level of application. So by doing by using this is what is known as the offset that I have offset at the position of the lateral in between the previous position of the two latals that you can easily do by having a hose you might have a connection through a flexible hose so that the water can easily come into this and in the next case this is this connection remains same but you can physically locate it there. So this type of system this type of offset is very easily possible with the side roll system where you have the whole thing mounted on the wheels you can just you have to move it is only the position of the placing of the lateral which has to be changed it has been found that this type of offset the use of offset in this particular case the spacing can be S m by 2 or any other spacing because now you have the total flexibility. Looking at what overlap you want you have complete flexibility and by doing so it has been seen that is around it can give you a advantage up to around 15 percent traditional uniform to coefficient. Though it will vary from what is the existing uniform to coefficient and how much it can be improved if it was very poor it can be improved more if it was a good uniform to coefficient earlier also that means in any case your overlaps were quite reasonably good yes. No it is not you are not reducing the spacing the spacing is still the same the spacing between the two remains the same, now I think there is a slight I have to make another additional statement which I have made but which are not caught this is not to be done over the same irrigation these things are to be done over the successive irrigations in one irrigation you are using this setting when you go to the next irrigation then you are using the change setting. So then it is not what you are saying I mean you have to look at maybe the efficiencies have to be worked out in terms of the total period of the crop growth but even if you will look at the efficiencies of two successive irrigations that is how you have to work out. That is what I am saying but what we are interested in is the efficiency in terms of overall because in the previous case when we were keeping everything fixed all along throughout the total period of the crop those areas which were getting less water they are all along they are getting less water and those areas which are getting more water they keep on getting more water throughout. So that is avoided here and that makes lot of difference because if you have put in more water that means you have brought it to the field capacity level at least it will not retain anything beyond that all the deep percolation loss has gone out of the system or beyond the root down depth. The only additional advantage is that the deficit is now distributed, yes please. Sir can we do the same thing with the nozzle location if we shift them just by half of the location I mean we move this lateral SL by 2 in the new location. In which direction? In the same direction in which direction the lateral are placed if we shift the lateral by SL by 2 distance then the nozzle will be in the new position and the distribution which we are getting in this diagram will be adjusted perpendicular shift. Yes that what he is trying to say is that if we do the same thing with the lateral also and the lateral you want to shift in this direction that is also possible because once you are there is the overlap which is which you are having and the overlap is not from one side it is from both the sides so you can resort to that also which is which is again possible by having a longer hose pipe you can even do that so that combination can also be tried but then it has to be there has to be some systematic way of doing it and that I fully agree that that will also have the similar impact if not the same impact because why this is being done is as in most of the cases as we have just said that the SM is much larger than the SL so the the advantage which you are getting is more if we manipulate the SL, SM sorry than the SL what you are recommending is that we should manipulate SL but SL as such is less than SM so the overlap might not change very much even if you do that okay. Sir it is more convenient to change this. It is more convenient to change this than to change in this direction because this direction you have already gone to the end of the field your length of the lateral is basically matching the length of the field invariably we will come to that when we will come to the layout of these systems okay. Any other question? Thank you then we will stop here.