Next time we discussed the exponential distribution and the pdf or the equality density function of an exponential distribution for the parameter lambda is lambda e to the power minus lambda x and x takes values greater than equal to 0. Now, we have already seen the various properties of exponential distribution in terms of the mean and variance. There is a very important property of the exponential distribution and that is exponential variable and that is of the memory less property. Now, in order to motivate you to this property, let us take a simple example of a pen drive right. Every each one of you must be having a owning a pen drive and I have a pen drive which is one year old, two GB pen drive which is one year old. Some of you may be having the same pen drive which is six months old right. So, the basic question now is if I consider the random variable x to be the time at the length of time this pen drive works before a failure occurs. So, the length of time the pen drive works before a failure occurs and I am interested in the probability that x is greater than six months. So, in other words I have a one year old pen drive you have a six months old pen drive what is the probability that the pen drive would work for an additional six months at least. Now, what are the chances that my pen drive would have a failure within six months we service the probability that your pen drive would have a failure within six months which one is more likely. My pen drive having a failure within the next six months or your pen drive which is only six months old having a failure within the next six months any guesses which one is more likely usually instead of a pen drive if I had talked about a mobile phone then I would expect that my mobile phone may go out of order much earlier than yours because yours is relatively new, but if this time variable before the failure occurs if it follows an exponential distribution then my pen drive or your pen drive is as good as new respect with respect to a person who is having a new pen drive. So, let us look at this property of the exponential random variable which has this memory less property. Let us formally define what a memory less property is a random variable x is said to be memory less if the probability that x is greater than s plus t given that x is greater than t is same as the probability that x is greater than s for all s t greater than equal to 0 and if we imagine that x represents the length of time that the certain item functions before failing as we discussed then it amounts to saying that the probability of additional functional life of t unit old item exceeds s that would be the probability that the life is greater than s plus t given that the life is already t is t units old. So, that is what this interprets now thus for memory less random variable x the distribution of additional functional life of an item of age t is the same as that of a new item in other words there is no need to remember the age of a functional item since as long as it is still functional it is as good as new. So, such a property in fact holds for the exponential random variable because of the simple reason that the probability of x being greater than s plus t given x greater than t is same as the probability of x greater than s. Now, how do we see that this holds for the exponential random variable. So, let us rewrite the condition for memory less random variable x. So, we have the probability x greater than s plus t given x is greater than t is equal to probability of x greater than s this is the definition of the memory less property. So, this being the conditional probability we can write it as the probability of the intersection of the two events x greater than s plus t and x greater than t which is this divided by the probability of x greater than t that is the left hand side this is being equated to probability of x greater than s. Now, left hand side here probability of the joint probability that x is greater than s plus t and x is greater than t that is the same as the even that x is greater than s plus t. And therefore, this is the equivalent form of what is required for a memory less random variable x.  And we have already derived the c d f of x earlier if you recall which was this. So, 1 minus this quantity is e to the power minus lambda x that is what is mentioned here. Now, so we can write down the probability that x is greater than s plus t that is e to the power minus lambda s plus t which can be factored as here and each one of these are the probabilities which is probability of x greater than s and probability of x greater than t. So, we clearly see that when we start with a random variable x which has a exponential distribution it leads to the fact that x is a has memory less property. So, hence exponentially distributed random variable are memory less. In fact, it can be shown that they are the only random variables that are memory that are memory less. So, that is why this is a very important characterization of an exponential distribution that is it has the memory less property. Let us take an example where we can exploit this property of a exponential random variable. We have here an example related to the battery where the number of kilometers that my car can run before its battery wears out is exponentially distributed with an average value of 10,000 kilometers. So, that is the average life of the battery and that life is having an exponential distribution. Now, if I desire to take a 5000 kilometer trip what is the probability that I will be able to complete the trip without replacing my car battery. Now, in here note that we have not indicated how long the battery had been in use. We have indicated that the average life of the battery before it wears out is 10,000 kilometers. Now, if I have already covered 9,000 kilometers and I decide to take this trip which is of 5000 kilometers. One would expect that the chances of it wearing out is very likely during the trip. However, since I am indicating that this life is exponentially distributed. So, we have a memory less property as on the fact that how long the battery has been already in use. So, it follows by the memory less property of the exponential distribution that the remaining life time in units of 1000 kilometers of the battery is exponential with parameter lambda and what is lambda? Lambda is equal to 1 by the mean mu. So, in units of 1000 lambda is 1 by 10. Recall that the mean of an exponential distribution is 1 by lambda. Therefore, lambda is 1 by mu and mu is given to be 10,000 which in units of 1000 is 10. So, as that is why I have written 1 by 10 as the parameter lambda. Hence, the probability that the remaining life time is greater than 5 units or 5000 kilometers is nothing but 1 minus the CDF at 5 which is 1 minus 1 minus e to the power minus 5 lambda and that works out to 0.604. So, I have been able to work out this remaining life time being greater than 5000 kilometers. That means I would be able to complete the trip and the probability has been worked out to be 0.6 and this I could work out that easily without the knowledge of how long the battery had been in use because of the fact that the battery life had been declared as following an exponential distribution. Now what happens if we do not know the distribution however if the life time distribution is not exponential then the probability that the life time is greater than say the life the battery had been used for say t kilometers already t units of kilometers. So, plus 5 given that the life time is greater than t this is what we need to work out and this is equal to 1 minus the CDF at t plus 5 divided by 1 minus the CDF at t. So, if we replace the cumulative distribution values corresponding to the exponential distribution we will get the same result as we got earlier. However, since here we do not know the distribution or rather we know that the distribution is not exponential. Therefore, we have to know the explicit form of the distribution before we can actually compute these values where here t is the number of kilometers in units of 1000 that the battery had been in use prior to the start. So, this knowledge becomes important. So, therefore, if the distribution is not exponential additional information is needed namely t before the desired probability can be calculated. So, we cannot blindly use the memory less property we have to first safeguard that it has the random variable in use as the exponential distribution. We next go to another important continuous random variable that is the chi square random variable the corresponding distribution is said to be the chi square distribution. So, let nu be a positive integer then a random variable x is said to have a chi square distribution with parameter nu if the probability density function of x is of this form. So, we see that this random variable has positive probabilities for x get then equal to 0 this form is complicated enough to actually work out the areas under the chi square curve. However, here also we will resort to tables now the parameter nu is called the number of degrees of freedom of the random variable x the symbol chi square is often used in place of writing in words chi square. An important result of the chi square distribution is as follows if x 1 x 2 x n are n independent and identically distributed random variables each following the normal distribution with mean mu and variance sigma square. Then the sum of squares of the standardized values of these variates they follow a chi square distribution with degrees of freedom being n as we started with n of these i i d random variables. So, basically this is nothing but the sum of squares of standard normal variables that follows the chi square distribution provided those standard normal variates are all independent. As we defined the critical value corresponding to the normal variate where we defined z alpha here we have z square we have the chi square alpha n which is called the chi square critical value. And this denote the number of measurement number of the measurement axis such that alpha of the area under the chi square curve with n degrees of freedom lies to the right of this value. In symbols basically it means that this chi square alpha n is that value on the measurement axis such that the area on the right of it under the chi square curve is alpha. So, alternatively we can also mention that if x is a chi square random variables with n degrees of freedom then for alpha lying between 0 and 1 the quantity critical the critical value chi square alpha n is defined to be such that the probability of x greater than equal to chi square alpha n is equal to alpha. Now, I would like to mention here that the chi square curve in general is not symmetric. So, suppose this is the chi square curve for say n equal to 3 this is for say n equal to 10 this is for say n equal to 50. So, what we see is as say n equal to 2. So, we see that as the degrees of freedom increases the chi square curve slowly shifts its shape towards the normal curve and this follows because of the fact that if x follows chi square with n degrees of freedom this implies that the expected value of x is n and the variance of x is 2 n. In other words we see that the spread also increases as n increases. So, the spread also increases so to be more precise. So, if this is so the other ones should have more spread. So, this is for n equal to say 50 and this could be say n equal to say 2. So, the spread of the distribution also increases because the variance increases. Apart from the spread increasing we also see that the shape takes the form of a normal curve. Now, we have this table this gives you the critical value the area on the right of a point. For example, let us see this happens to be let us consider this as say 0.01 suppose this area is 0.01 and I have this curve for say n equal to say 10 10 degrees of freedom. So, this is a chi square curve with degrees of freedom equal to 10. So, if I want to find out what is the value the chi square value such that the area on the right of that is 0.01. We can look at this table look at the number of degrees of freedom which is 10 and then look at the value of alpha which is here. So, this is the required answer 23.206. So, 209. So, this is how this table can be used for various critical values. And this table will be most useful as we go on and carry out the hypothesis test or try to find out the confidence interval of the parameter estimates. So, what we have seen till now in the continuous distribution is the uniform distribution the normal distribution the exponential distribution and the chi squared distribution. Now, these distributions we would now try to apply in real life. Now, the whole objective of studying these distributions is to try to get to try to derive information of a population based on a small sample right. As a simple example your class has a total strength of your class is roughly 800 students right. And if my objective is to find what is the mean height of these students. So, what do I need to do in order to find out the mean height of the students of IC 1 or 2. I have to approach each and every student each and every of these 800 students check their heights at those and divide by 800 that would give me the population mean of IC mean height of the IC 1 or 2 students. But that is not possible for me right now because I do not have 800 students at my disposal. So, what I would do is I have a sample of say 100 students right now sitting here I can ask each one of these 100 students their height at those values divide by 100 what I get is a sample estimate of the population mean. The basic question now is how good is this sample mean based on a sample of size 100 to represent the population mean which is not known to me. Definitely the sample mean which I will get based on 100 sample points is not going to be equal to the population mean what are the chances for that almost 0 right. Still this sample mean what can we say how likely would this sample mean be close to the population mean. Can I make statements that if my sample mean here is say 5 feet 3 inches can I say that the population mean is going to be between if the sample mean is say 5 feet 3 inches the I can say that the population mean is going to be between 5 feet 2 inches and 5 feet 5 inches. And I am correct in making that statement with probability 0.99 can I make such a statement right. So, we have to derive these values based on the sample mean and the variability in the data to make statements of the type that based on a sample mean how good or how well informed can I make the people about the population mean. So, that requires what are called random samples. So, data from random samples drawn are used for inferring certain population characteristic of interest the distribution of the population variable is usually known except for some unknown population parameters. So, I know that the population of 800 students the distribution of the heights it is having a normal distribution if I draw the histogram of the heights it will have a very smooth bell shaped curve. So, I know that there are most of the people are in and around height of say 5 feet 4 inches and there would be few people who are very tall there are few people who are very short and. So, it is going to have a bell shaped distribution for the height variable what I do not know is the mean height. So, the distribution of the population variable is usually known except for some unknown population parameter which could be the population mean or the population variability or the population variance. Now, problems in which the form of the underlying distribution is specified up to a set of unknown parameters are called parametric inference problems. So, parametric inference problems are what we would be concentrating hence forth and till the end of this course which will be ending by hypothesis test. Now, let us formalize this the random variables x 1 x 2 x n are set to form a simple random sample of size n if the x i's are independent random variables 1 and the second is every x i has the same probability distribution that is if x 1 x 2 x n are independent random variables having the common identical distribution f then we say that they are i i d random sample of size n from the distribution f. So, basically this the word i i d the first i stands for independence and the second stands for identical. So, going back to the example of height I have a total of 800 students the sample I have of 100 students here whether it is a random sample or not how do we judge this. Now, if you look at all the 800 students and if I want to pick up if I want to know what are all possible samples how many samples are there all possible samples I have got 800 students in all out of which I need to pick up 100 students what are all the possibilities that I can have how many possible samples can I have. So, 800 out of that I have to pick up 100 in how many ways can I do this 800 choose 100. So, you can see how large is my sample space the possible number of samples and what is important of the random sample is that each one of these 800 choose 100 samples they should be equally likely. So, this group of 100 students is one among the 800 choose 100 samples. So, if this sample has got equal probability of being selected out of the total possible samples then you this sample is a random sample. So, that is equivalent to saying that each one of you x 1 x 2 x n here n is say 100 you are said to be I said to form a simple random sample of size n if x i's are independent random samples. So, each one of you who is the sample unit who is a member of the population it has been you have been picked up independently from the population and each one of you have the same probability distribution. That means, you call you are a member of the distribution of the heights which has the normal distribution. Now, let us look at the distribution of linear combinations of random variables given a collection of n random variables x 1 x 2 x n and n numerical constants a 1 a 2. So, on a n the random variable which is a linear combination of x 1 through x n as indicated here is basically called a linear combinations of the x i's and if you want to look at the expected value of such linear combinations we have the following results. Let x 1 x 2 x n have mean values mu 1 mu 2 mu n and variances sigma 1 square sigma 2 square so on sigma n square respectively. So, whether or not the x i's are independent the expected value of this linear combination is the linear combination of the expected values. That is the first result and if I now replace each one of these a i's by 1 by little n and consider that each one of these x 1 x 2 x n are identically distributed with a common mean say mu then the expected value of x bar becomes mu. Now, here this results whole x 1 x 2 x n for whether x i's are independent or not, but similar result may not hold for variances. So, what we have for variances if x 1 x 2 x n are independent then what can we say about the variance of the linear combination. The variance of the linear combination a 1 x 1 so on a n x n is a 1 square variance of x 1 so on a n square variance of x n. In other words it is the sum of the some of the variances weighted by the squares of the coefficient and the standard deviation of the combination is the square root of the variance. Here again for i i d x i's that means they are identically distributed with say common variance of sigma square and the coefficient a i's are all equal to 1 by n then we get the variance of x bar or simply find this as sigma square by n. So, this holds for i i d where the common variance is sigma square. What happens if we do not indicate any independence result holding among the random variables x 1 x 2 x n. Well in the absence of independence in general we have the variance of the linear combination as being equal to the sum of the co variances weighted by the coefficients involved in the terms of the covariance. So, this is in general which holds and you can clearly see that the when i is equal to j this the terms involved here when i is equal to j would be of the type a i square variance of x i and if they are independent then the covariance terms vanishes. So, this is a generalization of what we just now saw in for the result concerning the results where x 1 x 2 x n were independent. Now, the difference between two random variables well from the general result we have that expected value of x 1 minus x 2 would be the difference of the expectations and the situation where x 1 x 2 are independent the variance of the difference of the random variables x 1 x 2 is the sum of the variances and the sum of the variance follows because we have to weigh by the square of the coefficients involved in the combination. So, in terms of the distributional property if x 1 x 2 x n apart from being independent if we additionally know that they are normally distributed then any linear combination of these random variables they also have a normal distribution with certain mean and variance and that mean and variance is what we just now worked out the difference x 1 minus x 2 between two independent normally distributed variables is itself normally distributed also as a particular case therefore, it follows that if x 1 x 2 x n are independent and following normal distribution then the mean of these random variables that would also follow a normal distribution. So, what we now have is to begin with I know the distribution of the heights of the population which is normal and since my random sample consist of individuals who have been randomly picked up from the population therefore, the sample mean the distribution of the sample mean that would also follow a normal distribution. So, this brings us to statistics and their distribution sample mean which we discussed is a statistic, but in general statistics can be any function of the observations. So, let us define statistic formally a statistic is any quantity whose value can be calculated from sample data. So, we have a sample here of size 100 we can easily calculate the sample mean. So, the sample mean is a statistic we can also compute the sample variance the sample range the sample median all these are statistic and we can study each one of the statistic look at the behavior of the statistic with respect to the population from where it has been drawn. Now, prior to obtaining data there is uncertainty as to what value is taken by any particular statistic. Thus, a statistic is itself a random variable and its probability distribution is referred to as its sampling distribution. So, each one of the sample points that is a random variable being a random variable drawn from a population and we see that the statistic derived from a sample that itself is a random variable and therefore, it has a probability distribution and that probability distribution is said to be the sampling distribution. So, that we basically associate the information that that particular random variable is a sample is a statistic based from a sample. So, that is why we call it the sampling distribution though in fact, it is a probability distribution necessarily. Now, we like to consider a simulation experiment let us consider the probability distribution experimenter drawing 300 random samples each of size 25 from a normal population with mean 5.4 and standard deviation 0.2 ok. So, we have a population and from that population we are drawing a sample of size 25. So, I can draw us for example, now let us concentrate at this class and let us concentrate let us take that this particular class is my population. So, we have around say 100 students here. So, I would like to find out what is the mean height of the students in this class room. So, I can pick up a sample of size 25 I can pick up at random 25 students from here and what I will get is a mean based on these 25 students right. Now, I can ask to do this exercise by each one of few. So, each one of you can pick their own 25 students ok. So, let us get 300 such samples of size 25. So, each one would have a mean and let me call them the sample means x 1 bar x 2 bar so on x 300 bar. So, I have drawn samples of size 25 leading to the sample means and there are 300 such samples random samples that we have drawn. Now, if we draw the histogram of these sample means, this gives a good approximation of the sampling distribution of x bar. So, what is the behavior of the sample mean that can be figured out based on the histogram that I draw from these 300 values. It will give us a clear picture what is the distribution how the sample mean is distributed. Now, in order to find the exact sampling distribution of x bar, we need the distribution based on all the 300 choose 25 possible samples. So, let us look at the population. We have the mean as 5.4 and we have the mean as 5.4 sigma is 0.2. So, this is the population this is the population distribution of say variable height say x. So, S D so, it is 5.6 5.8 6 and on the left it is 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6. 5 and 4.8. So, we know that the distribution of height is normal with mean 5.4 and since the S D is 0.2, we have scaled it accordingly to indicate that within 3 S D of the mean almost 99 percent of the area is covered. So, within 3 S D of the mean almost 99 percent of the area is covered which is the property of a normal distribution. We know the exact value as 99.7 percent of the area being covered within 3 S D. Now, from here if I now look at the sampling distribution of the variable mean height. So, this was for x and now I am looking at the distribution of mean heights. So, we can have different possible means we have a sample of we have considered 300 different means based on 300 different samples of size 25 each and the distribution should look something like this where. So, what we are saying is that the distribution of x bar is such that the mean of the random variable x bar that is 5.4 and the standard deviation of x bar is something like say smaller which is say this. So, what I am indicating now is as compared to the distribution of x, the distribution of x bar has the same central tendency which is that means it is in and around the same mean value of 5.4. However, the variability has reduced drastically. So, we have here based on samples of size 25. In general the question remains how to find this I have indicated the value is 0.04, but we will learn how we can find this variable the standard deviation value given that the population from where it has where the sample has been drawn has a way has a standard deviation of 0.2. In fact, let me just mention for curious mind this sigma x bar in general is the sigma from where we have drawn the sample divided by the square root of the sample size which gives me 0.2 by root 25 which becomes 0.04. So, what we see is that this variability in the sampling distribution that will go on reducing as my sample size n increases. So, the variability in the sampling distribution of x bar reduces as the sample size little n increases. So, if I ask this question had I had I not known the population mean suppose I do not know the population mean to be say 5.4 if I had got my sample mean to be say 5.45. So, I do not know the population mean let us forget that I know the population mean. So, I do not know it and based on a sample I have the sample mean as 5.45. What can you say about the population mean you only have the information that the sample mean is 5.45. So, well I would like to say that I can be quite confident in saying population mean is within 5.45 minus say twice of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution in saying population mean is within 5.45 minus say twice of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution and 5.45 plus twice of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Of x bar that is between 5.37 and 5.53. I make this statement that based on the sample mean of 5.45 I can be quite confident in saying that the population mean is within 5.37 and 5.53. The only thing now you need to explain is what do you mean by quite. So, anybody can tell how much is quite confident in terms of probability. Look at the sampling distribution curve as here look at this also you know that the SD is 0.04 and the sampling distribution of x bar is normal. Can you indicate what how confident am I in making this statement what is the empirical rule recall the empirical rule within how much SD of the mean 95 percent of the values lie within 2 SD and that is what I have done I have considered the 2 SD limits about the sample mean. So, the chances that the sample mean will lie within the centered 2 SD values is 0.95 and so the chances that it would any point within this would cover the true population mean that would be 0.95. So, here based on the distributional property of the sampling of the mean I can make statements that I am 95 percent confident that the true population mean is going to be between 5.37 and 5.53 based on the sample mean 5.45. So, this is what we would be studying further this is just an illustration and just to motivate that how we can exploit the distributional properties of the sampling distribution of x bar in order to make statements which will give us more confidence. So, I will stop here today any questions if not we can call it a day. Thank you.


All right, what's going on traders? This is Tosh. I go by T Bradley 90 in the my investing club chat today One of our moderators Matt who goes by Chicago trader in chat has a very special video for us today And it's a look into the filings and an MBRX ticker symbol deep dive And while today is just a preview if you want to watch the full-length video or any of our exclusive content Then come over to MIC and become an exclusive member Hey, what's going on guys? It's a Chicago trader check man for the Weekly fundamental video here. Hope you guys are having a nice weekend on this Sunday. So I Kind of want to go over just MBRX real quick it was kind of a You know deep dive a little bit more in-depth. It was kind of a bigger picture behind everything and Guys want to go over it real quick firstly with they did an offering On the 26th so you can come through here and whoops wrong one So I do some units they do they have common stock on it. They have half a warrant so first and foremost it raised 4.8 million dollars after The expenses so you can see here when we scroll down So the unit so there's one share of common stock And then there was half a warrant so you got to figure there's about 2.6 million warrants There's at an exercise price of a dollar ten. I believe this thing was right around 90 cents to a dollar Excuse me another thing too if you can just kind of look at this screen you could see that they were desperate I mean they put out One two three four five six seven PRs before it finally moved So if you kind of go to the chart here, let me bring this up You can kind of see it. I mean it really doesn't move all that much at all and then they finally got it On the 7th PR, but the reason I want to kind of go over this was because if we scroll back up here You're gonna see On the 26th they had 22.2 million shares in the float So it's got a large float, you know a lot of these stocks we trade that are a dollar or two You know low floaters under tens what I consider it But any time that's something with a float of you know this large is moving 150 200 percent You know for me, that's what I really like to get interested Also before I had you know, I get ahead of myself here There's a shelf the s3 on to our 2017 You can kind of scroll down here. I went over it last week and the video how to check out How much is left on the shelf so this one if I recall I was right around 44 or 45 million dollars or they still have left Um, that's another thing too as they had about eight or nine months worth of cash Um after they raised on the 29th Hey traders, this is tosh I go by t bradley 90 in the my investing club chat Just wanted to reach out and say if you have any questions about m i c joining m i c Maybe you're a member already you have three ways to contact myself personally and through m i c you can hit our social media You can hit me through pms and chat or you can contact us through my email at tosh at my investing club dot com That's tosh at my investing club dot com I will get back to you in a timely manner and i'm saying this because i'm here to help and I don't want anybody to Be afraid to reach out and ask any question that they have we are here for you guys. All right. See you guys


the United States of America. It was our service to present it as a token. In both services throughout the country. Then, but for many, many years to come. Thank you very much. And now, in company with Mr. Roubaix, we shall present President Reagan. And now it is my pleasure to present a great entertainer and a great American. Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Andy Williams. Distinguished guests and ladies and gentlemen, it's a great pleasure for me to be here this morning over 200 years ago in being citizens of the United States. The procession that we're about to witness will be as colorful as fireworks as majestic as Lady Liberty herself. Speak to us of the past of remote seas and guest immigrants from around the world. It will speak to us of the present and the future amity between our nation and the many nations that have since been here today. We'll lead the procession, schooners, barks, brigantines and catches from more than 30 countries or perhaps it has something to do with the knowledge that nothing binds. Savingships, nothing holds them back. But they can travel anywhere across the vast and trackless sea. Perhaps indeed these vessels embody our conception of liberty itself. To have before one no impediments only open the space of Lady Liberty. And if the wind swells the sails so too, may our hearts swell with pride at all the liberty, sons and daughters of accomplished in this, the land of the free. And as the entire operation sails staff for making this international celebration, this state needs salute to liberty. And now, bus, where are you? We're at Opsale in 1964 and in 1976 each time bowing, never to do it again. There's all about it here. Ladies and gentlemen.


The doctors generally you 24 hours and this is work every 12 hours, right? so This is basically our shift. So if we're on call then we do 24 hours, right? During the morning, sometimes it's hectic and then during the night sometimes it's a little bit calmer But sometimes you're up all 24 hours basically taking care of patients in the ICU department It's very difficult to predict how your day will go because sometimes you start off come and then by midday It's rock-n-roll basically like I like to say it's basically you attend into one patient Who requires the attention until the next morning until the next doctor coming in is basically continuing in that attention? It's a difficult thing because sometimes We're faced with a battle of a patient that you cannot see what's inside you can only go based on your clinical evidence based on your laboratory evidence and You don't know what the liver actually looks like what the kidney actually looks like what the Heart actually looks like and a lot of our patients come in and they were not previously seen by a doctor So now you're diagnosing people with diabetes for the first time Diagnosing people with hypertension for the first time heart failure and these make These make the situation a lot worse because now your prognosis your Possibility of getting better of leaving the hospital of even the high dependency unit is basically slimmer The possibility of actually getting better is slimmer the length of time that a patient takes to get better It's way longer than a patient who would actually be Normal and healthy. So it just makes the whole COVID-19 aspect Move from someplace where you expected it to get better and then it just goes down here Because it's not what people call it. It's very very easy to stay away from From them things because if you have to be on your way, it's very dangerous So please I'm begging you, if I could please sleep and stay nice, it will be much better for us all But there is this much that you can do when you see a young Man or young woman come in with such life or previous life Or when you maybe see the ID cards and you say but this person looked very healthy and happy before and then you look at them on the bed When you look at what's happening to them currently You feel very sad because there's nothing you can do. There's nothing you can do to help them to get them out of that state There's nothing that you can actually apply to them to get them out of that state How can you actually help them? Can you send them to another country or the countries are doing the same thing? They're going through the same crisis. The surge is the same way in different countries. I would say that yes We've been through four waves, but this is the worst wave we've been through because one The patients are sicker to It requires way more attention now than before Three it requires way more medical attention than before way more medical resources than before Way more human resources than before like I said one doctor can be one patient all of the along all night long 24 hours and sometimes you go until 48 hours because you really want to save that person and Sometimes unfortunately you can't and that makes you very sad as a person as a human being remember that we're human beings before we're professionals


FNN, The Tiger, Financial News Network. Update. Good morning everyone, Basel Chapman here. This is The Tiger Financial News Network, 10 a.m. market update on this 25th Wednesday, 25th of May. We're looking at the Dow up a little bit, up 4 points at $31,935. After the early weakness, it's good to see a little bit of green here, but in fact the Dow needs to get clear. $32,118, that's the 14-beauty exponential moving average. It's at $31,941 right now. It needs to do that and it needs to do it fairly soon to say that this particular low that was made in the 20th and 30,635 at least has some upside capability whether or not it goes, even it hasn't yet gone to a buy signal, but if it goes from a buy signal to a buy mode, it can go all the way to the $32,500. It's just one step at a time. Supported at $31,800 is absolutely imperative to keep. The S&P, at this particular point, the S&P is up 5 at $39,46. Not anywhere close as good as the Dow. It needs to clear the pink 9-period moving average of $39,66 and it needs to do it fairly soon and needs to try to get by Thursday, maybe Friday, somewhere in the $4,030, $39,90 to $4,005 area. That'll be good action. So far it's just okay. The QQQs are still very weak. They're up, they're unchanged at $287. Really struggling. Haven't seen anything decent here for them to actually show that there's real upside capability in this particular phase of the market. You need to see $297,298 and yeah, there are 10 points lower than that or 12 points lower than that. The IWM Russell 2000 is within a little bit of a range. It's up 1 at $176.68. Not bad. Not bad. We're looking at gold. I haven't looked at gold yet. Gold is down 19 at $18,46. Remember, we're looking at the GDX in my show yesterday. The target technicians are coming up straight after this news and it's at 32.34. It's doing okay, but it's really not showing the acceleration up that it should. If you're looking at crude oil, still very strong. It's up 83 cents at 110.60. This is an area we're going to see. Either we go sideways or if it breaks out to the 113 area, that's going to be a big deal. TLC bonds, our bonds are down here. I'll be back in a moment for the target technicians out. Hope you can join me. Check out my opening for David Gissler. Be back in a moment.


This 2007 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 is stock number 11835Z. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used sports car headquarters. This 2007 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 has the 5.4 liter supercharged V8 motor which pumps out 500 horsepower. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this car is 100% ready to go. Grabber orange is the color with the white stripes. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone or television turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition and options of the car before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to subscribe to our YouTube channel to see videos like this each and every day in the lower right hand part of the screen is a gold subscribe button. Click that and then click the bell notifications to get updates every time we do a video each and every day of our awesome inventory here at Summit. This one comes with the painted and polished aluminum SVT rims. It has the Brembo brakes in the front and it comes with Goodyear Eagle F1 255 45 ZR18s in the front and they have I'd say probably 80% of the tread left on them. Front fender is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Headlight lenses are crystal clear and the front bumper and lower valance is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents, dings or cracks on there. Factory fog lights. The hood is in excellent condition as well. I didn't see any corrosion on the lips. This is always where you want to look on these GT500s. Very nice condition and the passenger side front fender is in excellent shape as well. Passenger side rim. No scuffs or scrapes. And as you go down this side of the car take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the truck, see the car, hear the car and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart fine decision from the comfort of your own home. Very, very clean down that side. Didn't see any dents, didn't see any dings. This back rim is in excellent shape as well. And the back tires have a good amount of tread left. I'd say 60 to 70% at least. As we come around to the back of the car, looks really good. No bumper, no dents, dings or scuffs on there. The deck lid is in nice shape as well. Spoiler looks really good. All the stripes are in really nice condition on this car. And as we come around to the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side. No dents or dings on the rear quarter. And for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well. Driver's side door looks really good and you do get power mirrors.  You get the Cobra embossed backrest, side curtain airbags. No rips, no tears on the seats. Power driver seat, factory floor mats. There are your light controls and fog lamp controls. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Actually we'll check out the trunk here. Because I want to show you what's all back here. It's quite a bit. So first off there's a couple Shelby floor mats. There's the car cover that came with the car. You have all this documentation including the original window sticker. Let me see if I can get that out for you. Everything on your left there is your standard equipment. And then this one has the Shelby Coupe 820A package. Power driver seat, traction control, anti lock brakes. Driver and passenger airbags. California Missions GT500 premier trim package. Shelby white tape stripe and the Shaker 1000 audio system. Total MSRP was $44,865 on this car. So this is the radio that's actually in the car right now. Is this Pioneer AVH 2550 NEX. But in here is the factory radio. Which came with the Shaker 1000 system. So that comes with the car, the original radio. So that's always nice to have. A collector car like this. You can see it does have the Shaker 1000 subwoofers back here as well.  A couple extra belts and stuff. But this all comes with the vehicle. You can see just how clean that trunk lid is. We'll hop and see. And then we'll start it up. Check out under the hood. You get the leather wrap steering wheel with the red stitching. You can see that this car has 18,154 miles. That instrument cluster is very clean. Leather wrap steering wheel is in excellent shape. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes. You get the Shelby GT 500 logo on the steering wheel. And cruise controls on there. There's that Pioneer CD player. You get your info set up and reset buttons. That's for that EVIC right there, your traction control. Climate controls and your six speed manual transmission. Passing your side, floor mat and seat are in excellent condition. No rips or tears on there. This car has never been smoked in. And the headliner is absolutely perfect. You have a compass display in the mirror. And we will start it up right now. We want to quickly show the back seats. No rips or tears back there. And those seats do fold down for extra storage. Sounds really good. Let me get somebody in here to rev it for us one second. Alright, here we go. Let's rev it up. Well that sounds fantastic. Gotta love the GT 500. The 5.4 Supercharger is amazing. I'd personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this car is all the way around inside and out under the hood. We have the 5.4 liter VA engine. Supercharged 500 horsepower engine maze. Very clean, very smooth. Once again this car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this car is 100% ready to go. This one was hand built by looks like Ronald Anderson and Steven Fox maybe. Hard to tell. Get that brace on there. Really a sweet car. And this one is 100% ready to go. I would highly recommend this car for my quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this car, one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, GT 500's, Mustangs, Corvettes, Camaros, you name it, we gotta go to that website right there at www.SummitAuto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at www.SummitAuto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to www.YouTube.com. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact, in a second we'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on the upper left. A link to more GT 500 truck videos, car videos like this one in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. Remember to like, subscribe, and share. And we really look forward to helping with this ultra clean, really good looking 2007 Ford Mustang Shelby GT 500 in grabber orange. Thank you again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and click those bell notifications.


Radiotherapy is an effective tool to fight cancer, but only if the right dose is applied. If the dose is too high, it may be harmful for the patient. If the dose is too low, the cancer cells will not be destroyed and the patient will not be cured. The IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory helps hospitals worldwide ensure their radiotherapy equipment is well calibrated. We have helped 2300 centers around the world in about 135 countries. Small devices for measuring radiation, known as dosimeters, are sent to hospitals where they are irradiated. The IAEA then checks if the dosimeters receive the exact intended dose. A dosimetry audit is a way to ensure and to check that the dose that the physicists and the radiation oncologists are giving on a specific machine is the correct dose that they think it is. A new medical linear accelerator has been installed in the laboratory. Linux use electricity to generate high-energy radiation beams to destroy cancer cells. A specialized facility has been built to house the machine. The new Linux will allow us to provide more training for many member states and will also be able to do research to develop new codes of practice in new areas. It also allows us to offer new audit services that we weren't able to offer before. The Dosimetry Laboratory is one of eight IAEA nuclear application laboratories in Cybersdorf, Austria. The new linear accelerator facility is part of the Renewal Project, an ongoing effort to modernize the agency's labs. It is the first major element of the project to go into operation.


You make sure that I don't forget to go to the podium, oh, no, I think, right. I've got seven, what do you have? I don't have one. My phone. It's seven o'clock. Oh, I don't know. Good evening, everyone. I'm your microphone tester and your host. My name is Michelle Singer, and I'm the Dell Program's coordinator here at the Kelly-Covered Library. And I want to welcome you to this room. We have not been together in this room for three years for this speaker series. So welcome. Welcome to the library. And welcome to the library. We are open after the flood for just a little while. We have electricity, we have heat, and these are not small things. It took us a while to get them. And the library is going to be on a long road to recovery. We see the sign on the basement, the basement's out of commission for a good long while until the spring. So we're really grateful to be here together in this library. We have been collaborating with the League of Women Voters for eight years on this speaker series at the library. And we're so happy to work with the League of Women Voters. We've done a wonderful collaboration over these years. And every year is a great lineup of speakers, and this year is so different. So I especially want to give our thanks to Orca Media for live streaming this event for us today.  We're really glad to hear it out of you with us today too. Minor housekeeping. There's a restroom. There's some water. Please be comfortable. And welcome to the series. I'm going to have you come up here and give me a proper introduction. I'm Kate Rader with the League of Women Voters. And as Michelle said, we haven't been here for... I can remember the last one we had which was in March of 2020. And up until then we'd have 30 or 40 people here for these events. And that night there were a dozen. So clearly we have to get used to being out in the world again. And I'm looking forward to that day. Our speaker, Tim German, represented Essex Junction as a village trustee and then a state representative for six terms from 2005 to 2016. In 2011, Tim worked closely with Representative Chris Pearson to pass the National Popular Vote Bill in both the Vermont House and Senate. He considers NPV to be of the most important bills passed during his tenure in the House. I have a disclaimer. The League of Women Voters, the United States, believes that the direct popular vote method for the president and vice president is essential to representative government. The League of Women Voters believes, therefore, that the electoral college should be abolished. In 2010, with Chris Pearson's leadership, the League's position was amended to support the use of the National Popular Vote Compact as one acceptable way to achieve the goal of direct popular vote for the election of president until the abolition of the electoral college is accomplished. And so I will let Tim tell you what it's all about. Well, thank you, Catherine.  And he said, well, actually you're going to be doing the presentation. So I guess I'm doing it because old baby boomers are easy to find and fill in. Chris is doing really good work.  Chris has been working with National Popular Vote for a long time. And he's traveled to many states, both those who have passed and those who haven't. And Michigan right now has passed a version out of committee and hopefully Michigan will be the next state to pass National Popular Vote. So hopefully at the end of tonight we'll talk about it. Feel free to ask questions maybe as we go through or at the end. I'm pretty informal. I haven't presented a long time. I haven't thought about this stuff in a long time because I've been out of the legislature for eight years. But it did bring back memories just preparing for this. It was an emotional time and an emotional bill and it did raise a lot of passions on both sides. And I will get into the other side because I'm a proponent. Chris is obviously the league is. But there were some interesting arguments made against the whole idea. So hopefully you'll leave and understand that. You can make up your own mind because it's not the law of the land yet. But I will go through where it's at around the country. I want to start with just what did happen in Vermont. I want to start with a video because some of these explanations. This is the governor signing the bill and some of the key players are right there. I'll go through that. But let's start out by looking at the video. National popular bill. I would say for every person who thinks that coming in second should not qualify you to be president of the United States. This is a good thing. Vermont took an incredible step today with the signing by the governor of a bill to join an agreement of states. For the national popular bill where all the votes in all 50 states would be counted. And that's how we would like the president. We're doing everything we can to make sure that we elect the president of the United States of America. Not the president of the targeted states of America. I think this is a win for the voters of Vermont and the voters of the country. Right now we're flyover states. We don't matter. I'm delighted the law passed the national popular bill. I think it will help our state. We're one of 35 states that are completely ignored under the current process. What Vermont has done is they've taken their three electoral votes and they've said, we're going to leverage these votes in a different way than we currently are to make our state more relevant in the national election of the president. I don't think people are waiting up the next day after the election in this state looking for how our three electors are going to cast the vote. I don't want the election in. Who's going to be elected president? We're not left out of the process today because we're a small state. We're left out because we are, in our case, in a safe blue state. But that doesn't mean we get shouted with attention from Democrats. They take us for granted because they know they're going to win. Republicans take us for granted because they couldn't possibly win. Any reminder on the street, if you ask them who is in election, we'll tell you the person with the most votes. And all we've done here is reaffirming that every single vote counts. Every vote will count. Presidential candidates will have to care about the number that they win by in the state. So with a small state for those states, that's going to be a big change. The national popular vote, the strength of the national popular vote, is it makes sure that every vote matters, and it makes sure that the issues that affect every state are going to be important and heard by the next president of the United States. I think it's a good idea because what we're talking about here is one person in one vote. I am not sure that it's a small state, big state issue. It's a battleground state issue. I'm honored to join the other states who have enacted the national popular vote. It simply says, you vote counts. The person who gets the most votes means that's the way it works for every other election in this great democracy and that's the way it should work for the rest of the United States. Okay, so national popular vote, what is it really? Simply, it is a compact of the states to guarantee the presidency to the winner of the national popular vote nationwide. It operates on the principle of one person, one vote. Every vote counts equally, and it gives candidates a reason to campaign in all 50 states. Enough states must ratify the bill until we reach 270 electors. Which is one more than the total number of electors half of 538. So when it started, there was a guy named, is a guy named Dr. John Koza who was started and is still leading. It was a 501C for nonprofit corporation created as national popular vote. And they had been at it very small staff, 10 or 12 now. It wasn't even that many when it started. And they would basically started this whole process knowing that to get a constitutional amendment to abolish the electoral college it was a near impossibility and remained so. This was a way to basically leave the electoral college in place but have a work around so that the electors would be going, have to agree to vote for the person who won the popular vote. Let me talk a little bit about Vermont. Chris and I were on the same committee, the government operations committee in 2007 and 2008. And this was before the vote came. But we agreed on most issues. We were in different political parties. But Chris was the only rep at the time. I'm from Essex Junction. You probably know that we were having a disagreement with the town that we call it a 100-year disagreement. But it finally ended with the village of Essex Junction separating into a city. But it took us many, many, many years to get there. And at the time when I was on the government operations committee we're in one of our merger phases and trying to get the town and village to merge together rather than split apart, which was the final solution. And Chris was always very supportive of my position on the committee. There was another rep from Essex Town on the committee. So we had some very interesting discussions. But I always respected that Chris listened to the issues and really helped me. So we kind of bonded over that issue. So then a couple years later, Chris was still on GovOps but he couldn't do all the reporting of the bill when National Popular Vote came up because he was working for them even then. And that would have been a conflict of interest. And I couldn't do it because I wasn't on the committee. So in that picture you saw one of the reps there, representative Ann Moke of Bennington actually reported the bill for the government operations committee. And it had come from the Senate as a bill called S31. This is in April of 2011. And it did pass the Senate by a vote of 20 to 11. And I will get into later, I want to present both sides to be fair. Senator Randy Brock, who's still in the Senate, wanted... He opposed the bill and he wrote an op-ed that was published publicly in the newspapers. So I'm going to read that to get a flavor because he's very articulate and he gave a good flavor of why people were not in favor of the compact. When it started out it was much less partisan than it is now. There were a lot of Republicans, one of the gentlemen you saw speaking there was almost the head of the RNC, National Committee. And this was seen as a potential to help both parties. To learn more afterwards, I'd say go to National Popular Vote, just Google it. There's a great website on it and it has tons and tons of information. One of which to talk about is what's happened in the past when people who have been elected president, and it's happened five times, were not members or didn't... Let's see, they were not elected president even though they won the National Popular Vote. They got more votes but didn't make it. The most egregious of those cases came in 1876 when the Hayes Tilden, when Samuel Tilden of New York won the Popular Vote but was denied the presidency and that was when a huge debacle happened when the deal was that the Republicans decided to end reconstruction at that point that led to sort of a hundred years of Jim Crow. You will sometimes hear the argument that, oh, the electoral college works pretty well and it's only failed five times, but there's been a couple of major setbacks. And it hasn't all been partisan. Now I think it's pretty clear that most Republicans don't support it and they say that the Democrats are only doing this now because of Bush and Gore in 2000 but in 2004, 50,000 some odd votes in Michigan if they had switched John Kerry would have been elected president over George Bush and lost the Popular Vote by two or three million votes. So it does work. It can work both ways. There's been a couple of near misses. But basically as you heard in the video that most people are saying wait a minute isn't the whole premise of democracy that the person who wins any election wins. So some statistics. Vermont was the eighth state to enact National Popular Vote legislation. I mentioned S31 passed third reading in the House on April 15, 2011. It had passed the Senate first. I actually do think that the Senate debate was a little more intense than the House debate because it was a little more of a foregone conclusion in the House. And now the legislation has passed 19 states and the District of Columbia. That represents 205 electoral votes. And remember they have to get to 270 for it to go into effect. So Minnesota is the most recent state that happened in 2023. Nevada also is about to come in but they have a long process with constitutional amendments and that will probably be finalized in 2025. So Popular Vote needs only 65 electoral votes to go into effect. And as I mentioned Chris is in Michigan now trying to get their total up and I think that would get it to 220. And so it's pretty soon that it's going to start. There was a law for a couple of years and now I think it's starting to get back into the national consciousness. There is a path. You go on the website you'll see that there's a path that they lay out to get to passage by 2028, hopefully for the 2028 election. I think that's wildly over optimistic given the lack of bipartisanship right now. But it's possible. National polling 65% of the people support in the countries support National Popular Vote. I mentioned it started as a non-partisan effort. There are Republicans on the board still. New York, for example, was a red state with both houses controlled by the Republicans when National Popular Vote passed there. It has passed in 17 states and one chamber in eight more. So Arizona, Arkansas, Maine, Michigan, North Carolina, Nevada, Oklahoma and Virginia has all passed one state. So they're all in the mix of places that I think the theory is that if the Democrats turn the tide in those states there'll be a good chance for passage. As Catherine mentioned, the League is a key partner in many of the states here. Now what will happen if we get to the 270 or more at some point? I think the theory is that the compact would not necessarily need approval from Congress or vote in Congress because the states have responsibility for how their electors are chosen now have since the Constitution was put into effect. I think as a practical matter it's always been expected that you would go to Congress for a vote because of something of the magnitude of this change. So hopefully it would get over 270. I think the theory is also that once enough states were in to get over 270 electoral votes the rest of the states would just follow through similar to what happened in the constitutional amendment for women voting rights in 1918 which by the way Vermont was supposed to have been the state that put it over the top and we had a governor at that time who didn't do that so Tennessee got the glory. I'll take some questions now because I do want to read what Randy wrote in 2011 and I think it's interesting to give people perspective who are saying well this is a big change, the electoral college is a very complex thing nobody really understands it and nobody's really going to understand this either because what would happen in Vermont is my partner Martha and I were both electors in 2016 and we met after the election and of course we were casting our votes for Hillary Clinton and we won the Vermont vote in the general election didn't win the primary but won the general election here so Vermont's three electoral votes by our three electors voted for her that went to Congress and that's the way it worked in almost all of the states, Maine's a little bit different but 48 states it's winner take all Hillary beat Trump here that's the way it would work let's take that same election and say what if national popular vote had been in effect and let's say well no this is the real case Trump won the election let's say he won the national popular vote we would have had to vote for Trump if we were the electors that year if Trump had won the popular vote we would have had because we had agreed to this compact we would have voted for the person who won the national popular vote so that in that case that hypothetical it would have been Trump so that would be very different I think what would happen in reality and Chris could may have a very different view of this is that if Vermont because we're a flyover state and a very safe blue state if we voted for the Democrat but a Republican one like in that example my guess is that we would under the compact probably we would still choose the electors but my guess is that we would choose members of the other party because the votes were going to be cast for the president in the other party I don't know exactly how that would work that may be confusing but it would be hard so I just assumed to give up my electors spot well I think you know Vermont the one great thing about the state still is that having been in the legislature we have a congeniality here that doesn't exist in congress at all anymore it's just sad to watch but we have vehement disagreements as legislators but we all still I think there's a congeniality that we're all in it together and we all trust at some level that everybody's trying to do the best for everybody so that would be my guess is that you would defer if you were as part of the compact we're having to vote for somebody from another party either way that we would probably defer and elect other people but we wouldn't have to we could just do it there's a whole other issue of faithless electors and what would happen if in states okay there's no questions now let me read what Randy wrote because he gets at this issue a little bit and it's something to think about he wrote an op-ed in 2011 before the senate voted on the bill and he said proponents of the national popular vote claim that 73% of Vermonters favor it but Vermonters haven't been asked the right questions the question should be do you favor having the value of your vote for president cut in half do you favor having your vote for president cast for a candidate who was rejected by Vermont voters do you favor making an end run around the Constitution because you think you've found a loophole that lets you get away with it just a few short weeks ago 180 members of the general assembly student took a solemn oath never to vote for any bill that lessens citizen rights and privileges under Vermont's Constitution but today despite that oath legislators are poised to pass a piece of legislation that will do just that the bill is the so-called national popular vote its purpose is to ensure that the winner of the popular vote is elected president of the United States its designed to address situations like the Bush Gore election of 2000 when the winner of the popular vote lost here's how it would work Vermont would enter into an interstate compact with other states that have adopted the NPV once there were enough states in the compact to represent the majority of the electoral college all of the compact states would cast their electoral votes for the winner of the national popular vote in all 50 states and the District of Columbia the NPV winner would thus automatically win the electoral college and the presidency at first blush the goal of the NPV might seem reasonable but there are three major problems the framers of the Constitution recognize the need to balance the urban and the rural big states and small states the strong and the weak the elegant design of the electoral college was part of that balance Vermont has three electoral votes one for each US senator and member of Congress there are a total of 538 electoral votes 270 are needed to win that means that Vermont represents about 0.6% of the electoral college but Vermont has only about 0.3% of the nation's voters thus today Vermont's votes are worth twice what they were worth should NPV become law it's great for New Jersey, Massachusetts and Michigan it's bad for Vermont, Wyoming and Alaska also if NPV had been in effect throughout Vermont's history Vermont's electoral votes would have been cast for someone who did not we did not vote for in 19 of the 55 presidential elections since Vermont joined the union in other words in 35% of presidential elections our votes would have gone to someone the majority of our voters rejected at the poll okay I won't read the rest because that's pretty much what he's saying so he's right that yes there would be a lot of elections when we were on all Republican state and whenever a Democrat like Grover Cleveland won the presidency it would be somebody we didn't vote for so that is true that's what the national popular vote could do in every state at different times we considered these arguments in the house when we voted and one of his concerns and I say his concerns but these were concerns among others in the state when you are going about 0.6% of the electoral college and 0.3% of the nation's voters that just and the argument of that you were taking your influence in half the question really is at that smaller percentage what influence are we talking about Vermont and the other small states are pretty well split nationwide between Republican and Democrat and presidential elections we're all flyover states we're all taken for granted we are none of these states are up for grabs in national election and if you go on this website and just again national popular vote there's a lot of information about all of these sort of they call them myths about what would happen if national popular vote came in the truth is we never get a presidential candidate during the election neither do any of the other New England states except New Hampshire because they're a contested state so the same thing is true in the west with Wyoming and Montana and the states that don't have a lot of people they're so solidly Republican that they haven't seen presidential candidate it's really stunning all the things that we all know that this whole election now is in between five and ten states nationwide the rest of us are just bystanders to the election in my view national popular vote changes all that you have to go to you may not go to every state if you're campaigning but you certainly have to care about the number of votes even in Vermont for our small number of voters your majority matters because every vote is going to count nationwide every votes going to be equal right now with these big states accounting for everything their voters have so much more influence than anybody from the states that don't matter because of the winner-take-all rule it's pretty amazing that millions of voters like in California for example it's winner-take-all if you win by one vote in California you get all the electoral votes and there's been a lot written too about the electoral college some people are leery of this just because it's a big change and we've been doing this way for 200 some odd years there's a lot of literature about even even at the beginning yes it did favor small states I mean even Vermont when we were in the top four first 14 we had six or seven electoral votes because we had six congressional representatives at one time we just got whittled down because of population over the years to our one now but we always had two senators so even if you conceded that it made more sense to protect the small states like Rhode Island and Vermont back then when there were only you know 15 or 16 states it's very different it's been changed over time so that is some of the arguments that were used against National Popular Vote they didn't carry let me be here in Vermont on April 14th the vote in the house on second reading which was the important vote was 85 to 44 and it was curious that there were 21 people absent that day for the yes votes the 85 there was one Republican rep who voted for it and surprisingly for the no votes there were five people on my side they all have the Democrats who voted against it and there were very few a lot of times after a vote is taken by roll call they have what's called voter explanations and people can stand up and if any of you follow it recently but voter explanations had become very much overused they're supposed to be very short statements of feeling and not a repetition of debate on the floor but they've become because I think it really happened when Vermont Public Radio started live streaming the debates in the house things changed overnight and people started making comments to get on the six o'clock news that night it was comical to a lot of us at the time particularly those who didn't who thought we weren't doing that but anyway there was one vote explanation by a friend of mine Mike Marwicky who's still in the house and he got up on the floor and he said I voted yes to upgrade and modernize this elective process and my daughters would be sure to remind me that this isn't just about one man one vote but also since suffrage was passed it's also about one woman one vote so he was a little bit ahead of his time on that one and the representative from Stowe got up and sort of parroted what Representative Senator Brock had said that I asked the question during the debate why we would give up half of our power or advantage and didn't get a good answer so she said so I voted no but as we've seen the took me a while to even understand with that 0.6 of the electoral college how that manifested into twice as much influence as the fact that we only had 0.3% of the nation's voters but I think I still don't get that one but anyway so that was the debate and that was the vote and we were the eighth state and I personally think that at the time was very important to me I don't think even among Democrats at that time they thought yeah this is a good idea but we're so far away from this this is going to take forever and you got to get all these states in but it has been chipped away at over the years and people like Chris you know go around to all the states and they talk to both parties I mean it trying to make it very nonpartisan and so hopefully if there's a path we will eventually get there and get a vote from Congress so that it's understood and if it was working for several years and people finally understood that yeah the winner of a vote ought to win the election that they would do that so what I would like to play is there's some of the other important questions about national public vote are addressed in oh did it turn off? So you keep talking while I do this. Okay well let me again are there any anybody have any questions about oh go ahead If Congress did not approve this being when the presidential election comes to them aren't they going to have some people saying oh this state voted illegally don't count it? I'm sure they would. I'm sure there would be so much legal action. This is unknown at this point. I think when some of these things are originally discussed about how it would be implemented we didn't have the dichotomy. Politics wasn't like it is today where everything is contested so my guess is that yeah there would be court cases in front of this if Congress was asked to do this and one of the parties decides this is the end of us because people are actually going to every vote is going to count can't have that. So I don't know exactly how it would play out but my guess is there might be another drawn out process. There are others who just say don't need you know could come to the politically to the point of saying we don't need Congress at all. It's very clearly this is the states and you're the ones who are always talking about states rights now we're agreeing with you. The states have voted to do this we're going ahead but then yes it has to come back to be ratified by the Congress in the end. So all good questions and all good questions that will have to be run through the political meat grinder. Yeah let's take a few other questions first. In your opinion what is the single most logical reason against the national vote or what's the most downside and what's the worst of the downside of going to the national. To me there isn't but it does chain out to other issues to me like for instance it's the idea of the person who wins an election wins. We are chipping away at that because like in Vermont in some places now we have not instant runoff voting. Ranked choice voting well theoretically in a ranked choice election the winner doesn't always win. This is a famous case in Burlington where the winner the person who won the popular vote in the mayor's election when Bob Kiss was elected.  Personally I don't think there's a right or wrong way there's a lot of different election systems like another for instance in Vermont. Chris Loris in Rutland who he served in legislature with me he and David Lair sat right behind me and they were both mayors of Rutland. When Chris was elected mayor of Rutland he got 31% of the vote and a lot of people said well that's just not enough of the electorate to have a mandate to govern. So if they had had instant runoff voting he wouldn't have won that may have not won in that election. And a lot of people say oh if you elect if somebody can win with 17% of the vote you'll get 20 candidates and it'll just be this crazy free throw and nobody understands it. So you have to think through all of these election issues and it's difficult but to me there's no real downside because in a national election in my view my vote should count exactly the same as somebody from California New Mexico. There's no difference and that's the only way to do that right now. This is huge disparity of you know what a vote is worth around the country and the election plays out. Well you'll see let me start this because it starts with somebody you may or may not agree with a lot of things. This is a very presidential candidate Scott Walker summed up our current system of electing the president by saying this is a whole election. Governor Mitt Romney said this video explains why more than three quarters of the people of the United States are politically irrelevant in general election campaigns. This is the gentleman who started NPV. Every voter in every state relevant in every presidential election. The National Popular Vote Bill would guarantee the presidency to the candidate receiving the most popular votes in all 50 states of the District of Columbia. The president of the United States is elected by 538 presidential electors. The Constitution lets each state choose the method of selecting its electors. Today 48 states use the so-called winner take all law that awards all the states presidential electors to the candidate who gets the most popular votes inside each separate state. For example because Obama received a million and a half votes in Minnesota and Romney got only a million three all 10 of Minnesota's electoral votes for president were cast by Democratic electors. Because of state winner take all laws five of our 46 presidents have come into office without receiving the most popular votes nationwide. This occurs when a candidate wins a couple of states by a small margin while losing the rest of the country by a large margin. For example in 2016 President Trump won Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania by a total of 78,000 votes thereby winning a majority in the Electoral College while losing the countries by 2.8 million votes. Each of these 78,000 voters was 36 times more important than the 2.8 million voters elsewhere. Similarly 537 voters in Florida in 2000 were 1000 times more important than 537,000 voters elsewhere in the country. Near misses are common under the current system. A shift of 60,000 votes in Ohio in 2004 would have elected the second place candidate despite President George W. Bush's nationwide lead of 3 million votes. In 2020 if fewer than 22,000 voters had changed their minds in Arizona, Georgia and Wisconsin. Joe Biden would have lost in the Electoral College despite his lead of over 7 million votes elsewhere in the country. Each of these 22,000 or so voters was 329 times more important than the 7 million other voters. Because a few thousand votes in any one of the dozen closely divided battleground states can decide the presidency. The Winner Take All system creates unnecessary recounts, hair splitting lawsuits, judges deciding elections and reduced confidence in elections even when the choice of the nation of 158 million voters is clear. Moreover the outsized national impact of a few thousand votes in battleground states virtually invites foreign interference in our elections. In a nationwide vote for president, every vote will be equal throughout the country. State Winner Take All laws have other inverse effects. Neither candidate has any reason to campaign in any state where he's safely ahead or hopelessly behind. For example, the only states that received any general election campaign events in 2012 were the 12 states where Romney's support was at a narrow range between 45% and 51%. 38 states were ignored, including 12 of the 13 smallest states in almost all rural, agricultural, southern, western and northeastern states. 23 relied on the Republican states were totally ignored by both parties, as were 15 Democratic states in the District of Columbia. In 2016 virtually all general election campaign events were in 12 closely divided states where Trump's support was between 43% and 51%. Similarly, virtually all campaigning in 2020 was in the 12 states where Trump's support was between 46% and 54%. Battleground status is fickle and fleeting and voters in Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina and Pennsylvania were virtually ignored in 2012 because their states weren't particularly close that year. But there's more at stake than whether babies don't get kissed in the states that get ignored. In his book Presidential Poor, Dr. John Hudeck of the Brookings Institution documents how battleground states received 70% more presidentially controlled grants, twice as many disaster declarations, and considerably more superfund than no child left behind exemptions. The Small Business Administration's largest loan in history was to a Dakota cheese factory described by President Obama as, quote, the tastiest investment the government has ever made, unquote, located in, you guessed it, Ohio. Meanwhile, Professor Douglas Priner and Andrew Reeves show how the interests of battleground states shape innumerable government policies, including steel quotas imposed by the free trade president from the free trade party. Even travel by sitting presidents and cabinet members is skewed to battleground states. Indeed, flyover states are so irrelevant that presidential candidates don't even bother polling them to see what issues might be of concern to their voters. As a former White House press secretary said, quote, if people don't like it, they can move from a safe state to a swing state. Fortunately, thanks to the National Popular Vote Bill, people don't have to move to another state in order to make their vote count. Now, the cause of all these problems, namely the state-by-state winner-take-all method of choosing presidential electors, is not in the Constitution. It was not debated at the Constitutional Convention and was never mentioned in the Federalist Papers. Only three states used winner-take-all in our nation's first presidential election in 1789, and all three repealed it by 1800. It was not until 1880 that winner-take-all was adopted by all the states. These state winner-take-all laws can be repealed in the same way that they were originally enacted, namely by passing a different state law. In the leading case governing the selection of presidential electors, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the choice of method belongs exclusively to the states. As of 2020, 15 states and the District of Columbia have enacted the National Popular Vote Bill into law, including four small states, eight medium-sized states, and three big states. Moreover, one legislative chamber has approved the bill in nine other states, including a bipartisan 28-18 vote in the Republican-controlled Oklahoma Senate and a bipartisan 37-21 vote in the Republican-controlled Arizona House. The National Popular Vote Law will take effect when identical laws are enacted by states possessing the majority of the electoral college, that is 270 out of 538. After taking effect, every vote will be equal throughout the United States, thus making every voter in every state politically relevant in every presidential election. All of the presidential electors from the enacting states will be supporters of the candidate receiving the most popular votes in all 50 states in D.C., thereby guaranteeing the presidency to the candidate receiving the most popular votes nationwide. In a nationwide election in which every vote is equal, candidates will have to pay attention to the concerns of voters in all 50 states. The National Popular Vote Compact is a constitutionally conservative, state-based approach. It does not alter the Constitution and does not violate the Constitution. It retains the electoral college and state-controlled elections. Additional videos discuss various specific aspects of the National Popular Vote Compact. Learn more at nationalpopularvote.com and from the book Every Vote Equal, a state-based plan for electing the president by National Popular Vote, which can be rather downloaded for free or purchased from Amazon. Please use our convenient email system to ask your state legislators to support the National Popular Vote Bill. The title of the text is one-top. How about that? Do we have till 8, Catherine? Is that how we do it on time? Okay. Any questions based on that? That was pretty good. He covered a lot of other topics that come up in questions. If we have a few minutes, I have a question because it's related to this. It has to do with New England and New Hampshire. Some of you may know that the Democratic National Committee every four years determines and makes changes to the presidential primary system. This time around, both Iowa, which had a caucus, was moved, not allowed to go first as they had been. New Hampshire also was replaced as the number one state in favor of South Carolina. There was a lot of politics involved. A lot of that comes directly from the president. But what's happened is, even for this next election, President Biden has said he's not going to compete in New Hampshire. So now there's a big thing. Well, are we going to have a right-end candidate? I think the only two candidates right now are Kennedy and Williams. I always have trouble remembering her name. If New Hampshire goes ahead first, which they will go ahead first this time against the wishes of the DNC, because they have a Republican-controlled House and Senate, and by law there's a state law in New Hampshire that they have to go first. If they do that, there's a possibility that their delegates may not be seated at the convention. Okay, that's 2024. What happens in 2028? One of the problems with both New Hampshire and Iowa, there was a lot of criticism that they don't reflect what America looks like. In our case, in Northern New England, we're all between like 92 and 94 percent white states with very small minority populations. Anyway, so that is going to be somewhat contentious in 24, but in 28, some of us in New England have said, well, how do we fix this problem next time? Because it may not, New Hampshire may still be controlled by Republicans and not change it, and still be sort of recalcitrant to not have their number one status even among the Democrats. So anyway, so there's been some thought, well, what if New England got together and decided, maybe not the first, but maybe the second or the third, to have a regional primary, sort of a New Hampshire forward primary, because they're still the only contested state in the region. But if we all banded together and candidates had to come there, it's very easy. You could do all six states in a day, which they don't even bother to do now, they could. It's quite remarkable to me that people can't even cross the border. They're in New Hampshire all the time. They can't even come into West Lebanon, I mean, into White River Junction or farther north, or Springfield. So my question is, how would people feel about if there was a New England primary, each state could be invited to participate. From now on we'd have to make some changes. We would have to go off town meeting day probably. Let's say that it was moved forward. Right now we're in March. We're part of Super Tuesday, which is a whole bunch of states, and they've been trying to whittle down the number of states. Rhode Island just got some benefits to get off of Super Tuesday and go a little bit later. But it's easy for Rhode Island to change. Long story short, Vermont would have to decide to move its primary. The legislature would have to vote on that. And we could do it beforehand.  We seem to remember that senior senator who's a little bit different from the rest of the Democrats. And, you know, maybe I could think of a few people who might say Vermont would be a very good state to come in and campaign and start to bring other candidates in. And for the rest of New England, Connecticut had tried to take New Hampshire's spot too. They didn't get into that first tranche of primaries. But it's an intriguing idea that some of us have been discussing in New England about what if we all did it? And then all the TV would be cheaper. A lot of people who don't have a lot of money could run because you've got these television, when you pay for television in New Hampshire, half of it's coming into Vermont and Massachusetts. Anyway, so I'm curious about what people might think about that idea. And how would you feel about having to go to, if you, on town meeting day, but having the primary on a different day, would you care? Okay, sure. Good thing. But these are some things that some of us still try to think about what's the best. And it's also good for the other party, some of the same concerns in all these states. There's a lot of money involved, and it's good for the economy. All the states that right now, the amount of money that flows into the contested states that are battleground states is just phenomenal. And there was no, I don't know if he just showed that, but there's a tremendous, there's another stat that money is that flow into states that are potential battleground states. No matter who's president, they load up these states with as much money as they can for self-interest. Sight shows how it compared the amount of money that's spent in, they used Ohio for an example where the argument I think that Randy Brock had was the rural people don't get the same amount of attention or whatever. Anyway, it balances out really well. So the money that goes into the big cities deals with a certain percentage of people, voters, and the percentage of that money is just about equal. And it's the amount of money spent in rural areas, sort of a per capita thing. Again, it all balances out in the end. So I think that the idea of advertising and going back to the national popular vote, the idea of advertising, the criticism that the advertising only goes to certain population centers is not quite true. It does balance out in a pretty good way. So that to me is helpful in the argument for the national popular vote. Everybody gets touched. That's where I don't understand why there would be a difference between Republicans not supporting it, Democrats supporting it. I don't know if that's across the board, but they all are spending that money in these battleground states and all the resources are being focused in them. It's not going to be different for either party. So I'm trying to understand why there's a difference. I think part of that is gerrymandering that changes the picture of the state congressional elections. And we hope to have talked about that in February or March at our program here. But I think you're right, too, that I've never quite understood why it's become such more and more partisan, just like that everything has. And yes, if I'm in a flyover state that's a pretty big state, it doesn't matter what party I'm in. I've got a lot of business people and restaurant owners that I'm trying to support who are going to support me. They're not getting anything now and they're watching the state right across their border. I mean, Pennsylvania, they're just showered with everything and everybody around them, not so much. So it is a good point. That would be it, but for both parties, those are issues that get discussed a lot. Just how do you do these primaries and when do you do them? Because if I'm just not a self-funded billionaire, it's really expensive and that's one of the ideas. The idea of regional primaries has been around for a while. They just haven't pulled it off yet, but that is a way to save on travel, save on media, all that stuff. So both parties might wind up doing that more and more if it was national popular vote because you need, you've got to at least drop your plane wheels down pretty much in every state because people care that you came just like house races in Vermont. Did you come see me? I mean, I used to get that all the time. So I do think it would encourage that. National popular vote. If that's approved by enough states for 270, and here's the election, among those states that have approved it, they go strongly this way. But the other states went strongly the other way. The national total is against what these states have approved. Do you think they would actually vote for the national total or for their total? I think there's different. One school of thought is that once it reaches 270 or a little more, all the other states will just join because why not? They're going to be in the minority. Whoever gets the 270 first is going to win the election because the electoral college is still there. So that could be one of the things where some states just like accepting Medicaid over our dead bodies, we're just not going to do it and we'll just accept the consequences. I'm not suggesting it's going to be easy or within one election cycle be totally accepted by everyone. Past in one house, I think in Virginia. So yeah, I think there will be a renewed push there. I don't know how the governor feels about it because he could veto the bill so that you don't know. When the numbers are right, what happens with Congress? How does Congress come to play in it? You said something about it. Well, right now when we meet as electors saying Vermont and our three electoral votes go, it's that thing from last time where the vice president gets all that information. January 6th. January 6th. Declare the winners. When it reaches 270, what happens next? How does Congress get involved or not? Because Congress, the electoral college is still there. Congress would still have to meet as they do now and see how many electoral votes each person has. Now, the winner of the national popular vote is going to have the requisite number of electors to win the election and they have to certify that. And that will be illegal. I was going to say about if the states all do this, there isn't any procedure where Congress says, okay, we're going to go ahead and do this. They just, it just happens. Well, the vice president, like, that was the whole. Yeah, but Congress can't say to the states, we can't do that. I guess that's my question. I thought you mentioned earlier that there might be some. Well, I do think that will be a whole, that's a whole new issue that we haven't seen yet.  Some people are going to say, well, wait a minute, you know, that effort probably won't go away to corrupt even this new system where the states have already agreed.  I don't think there may have been one or two so far where once this gets really close, you know, and you really don't, people, some people really don't want it. They'll probably go back to some states and say, let's repeal that law that we, like, hypothetically in Vermont, you passed that 2011, things were different then. We didn't know then what we know now. You know, this is bad for Vermont. We want to go back to 0.6 instead of 0.3. I don't know. Any other questions? This has been fun for me.  And I'm sorry that Chris couldn't be here because he could answer the questions a lot better than I could. Maybe you can come to another one in the future. People have more questions, but he's been doing a great job. So it's been really great. I'm really glad that somebody from Vermont's been able to be at the table on a lot of these discussions and well respected around the country. And it's been great for Vermont. Thank you everybody for coming out and I hope you'll come out again in December, December 13th, when we'll be talking about how we can talk to each other without getting into a nasty fight. Constructive discourse is the name of the thought. Thank you. That's why I just needed the name because I didn't know how to use it. The second Wednesday.