In the context of rapidly changing labour market and evolving skills needs due to globalisation, technological progress, demographic transformation and climate change, the need for well-performing TVET is even greater to ensure smooth job transitions. This is especially critical as global youth unemployment standard 16% in 2022, much higher than the overall unemployment rate. These averages must latch disparities across countries, particularly in low and middle-income countries. My guest, Daluwashi Ulaniya is a notable executive coach, business strategist and an experienced human capital professional, is over 15 years experienced in human capital development spanned across learning and development, talent, acceleration, talent management and placement. Over the years he has built a strong capacity in process, project and people management and has an impressive track record of working with leading brands across multiple countries, including the United States, Canada, the UK and Africa. He joins me now as we rethink TVET in Nigeria as a lesson solution to unemployment. Many thanks for joining me. Thank you so much for having me here, Justin. It is my pleasure. Let's start this with just yesterday you and I were just having a pre-checking term in this. Don't present administration has its eyes on TVET as a way of getting proven down employment situation in the country. It used to be like a thing in the past that did we lose track somehow in any way?  I think that we actually lost track at some point, right? I mean, TVET's vocational education used to be like a big deal, so which was some of the things that give back to organizations like Naftab where you could easily, instead of going to a secondary school, you could go to a vocational and a technical school and could graduate being like, I mean, someone who is skilled, a technical skill and you can then get into the labor market and such. But I think that we then lost, I mean, which also strengthened like polytechnics and all, right? But then I think somewhere along the line, we lost it. Maybe also for higher preference placed on university education, we then make a lot more people clamor to, I mean, gain university degrees, which is probably not put the university degree, it beats above other technical institutions. I mean, yes, I think we probably lost it at that point, which is also very sad and worrisome. Okay, but right now you will agree with me that we are witnessing unprecedented inequalities within countries, especially when we talk about women, men, and of course, youth unemployment. But in your opinion, do you really think TVET is like a panacea to these issues of rising unemployment, specifically amongst the youths? Well, yes, I mean, I absolutely would say yes. So TVET is the pathway now, right? Is a strategic pathway into the fast rising rate of unemployment, right? So think about it this way, we have a whole lot of people who probably had studied at particular cost university and are looking to to practice or to earn a living based on what they have studied, right? But then you could flip it, we have shortage of well experienced plumbers, we have shortage of capentals who can do this thing, and we can even export the skills, right? But then we have a lot of people who just want to go the other route of looking for a white collar job. And like I say every time, the color of the color of the job is gradually changing, you know, it's not fast changing, right? And we then need to be able to then help build the tech and vocational space so that it can accommodate a whole lot of people, right? Also build structures and systems in place to support artisans and their businesses, right? So it's very tough for you to see a tailoring outlet that has more than two branches, even in the States. So have you seen a mechanic workshop that has a an outlet in Lagos and has any battle and has a shagam or has in has almost everywhere, right? So it means that because of the less attention paid to skilled labor, we they are not getting as much support is reducing their capacity to be able to absorb as much people, right? But then if you then put a lot of energy on building the TVET space, so it's a full value chain where we'll also be supporting like the SMEs who will be absorbing these people and once they are done. So you can see a mechanic workshop that's absorbing about three, four graduates and they are all working, I mean, they're all working well. So this person has like branches in four other States. It means this mechanic business who is hiring just two people now has the potential of hiring 22 people if strengthening and if adequate attention is placed on this scale. Okay, let's talk what more can be done to encourage MTV, but you talked about in passing, you talked about how there's a preference for in virtual education as opposed to the monotechnics and polytechnics. We also have the NBTE, okay, and all of that. But in your opinion, do you really think it is well positioned to, you know, handle all of the issues that concern human capital development, vocational and technical education? Because back in the day, even as at the secondary level, we even have vocational training in schools. Yes. Okay, so what I said, what I said this is different for is we need a stronger legislation, right, that perfectly equates and standardize all of the degrees across board, right? So university graduate is not earning more than a polytechnic graduate, right? So it makes it a clear alternative for these people. There are some causes and some, there's some causes that people who are greater from, from a technical school, a technical secondary school can probably not apply to in the university also for like basic disparity. But we need a stronger legislation to equate and standardize all of this, right? And also we need like a higher level of standardization, right? Around in, I mean, NSQ, that's that is that we're currently having which is like national skills framework that says, oh, if you are done with, if you're done with an O&D, right, you're probably at this skill level, and you can be hired by a, by a company on this level. Now, O&D graduates are largely just hired as IT people. Oh, jobs come after they're done with IT. There's no strong standardization to say, oh, this is where you are. So you see a lot of them instead of earning the skill and working on the role that they've been hired to, they are instead seeing themselves as not sufficient, or until I go get an HND before I'm able to, meanwhile, they could actually stay on the job for another six months, for another, sorry, maybe like three years, do a recertification exam, and they can then say, oh, they've matched the standard of people who are who will have an HND because they don't have an O&D plus three years of work experience, right? So now the challenge that we've been having over time is someone with O&D and with three years of work experience, is this seen as just an O&D order? After all the experience that he has done. After the years experience, right? And the person with, oh, straight O&D and then went for an HND is seen as a higher degree order. With no experience per se. With no experience per se. So standardization is now a challenge that we're battling with. What if we can work around all of this? So the person takes a recertification exam, or certification exam, recertification exam, and it is a continuous certification process that helps us through the experience path, right? It will then help a lot of people move from the unemployed space into, because a lot of people are currently unemployed now, because they feel O&D is not enough. They don't have the finance to go for HND, so they're just at home, and they account for the high number of unemployed people that we have in the country. Okay, let's talk about these training per se, because we know that Tiverton has a very high potential. Over time, all we see is that we have pockets of companies or groups doing vocational trainings for people just to give them work skills and all of that. But sometimes what we find out is that some of these technical colleges that we have, they tend to teach what they think the people need as opposed to the reality of what they actually need. So how do we go around all of that? Okay, so like I always advocated, again, we need to do a proper synergy of the town and gown, right? So the gown, which is like the institution, the academic space, I mean, I think that the curriculum, like I've always said, is a bit outdated. So there needs to be a proper synergy between the institutions and the workplace, facing reality, understanding that, hey, this is the current market trend. This is the current market expectation. I was on the panel last week, and you know what the panelists were saying? He said there is only one institution that has an almost updated fashion or textile design department or course, almost updated. And that almost updated is about maybe like 15 years ago, right? And there is an ongoing trend. So I most likely would not hire a stylist. Well, I was just graduated from that university into my fashion company because I feel that this person is out of touch, right? Oh, but then I would hire this person, this person had been gone to a school, but I had then gone to a well-known fashion house to get trained. So it means that we need to bridge the gap and put the institution and the workplace together, understanding what are the needs in the label market, what are the requirements, how can we bring town and gown together? So all of the polytechnics, all of the multi-technics, all of the institutions have professionals, not academics, not academics, right? Professionals take specific courses that can help these people build better skills, right? So my brand had just trained about 100 people in traditional textile design, right? I mean, we've done this with a professional. We did not bother to ask, what did you graduate from? Right? Participants and beneficiaries of this program, which was like number three, now earn a minimum of 70 to 100,000 every month, right? This is irrespective of what your academic background is. So it should not really be on the paper qualification pressure? Yes. Right. Yes. So this is, I mean, not Bodrum because we take you through the full cost of traditional textile design, how to make a durai, how to make batik, how to do all of these things, and we walk you through, I mean, through the full length of business exposure, marketing, like digital marketing. So we want to be sure that you can run a full business, right? And then we provide support to you and your employees on a going concern. These are the things. And that's why institutions that broad have research grants that allows them to research and people from industries can come tap into these researchers. I think that, I mean, institutions also need to open up their doors to a lot more professionals come in to provide support. I was going to say that because you in your own light can only just do so much as an ego foundation and pockets of others that we have. But then how do we, what can be done to tackle the factors that affect performance of Tibet, specifically access, you know, quality, equity, and relevance? So I'll start with the last one, yeah, relevance. I mean, I can also ask, how many people would agree for their children after the second year's school to say that? Oh, I think I think I want you to go learn automobile. To go learn automobile repair, right? So even from the home, right? A lot of people have not come to accept, not come to agree to, to Tibet. So we need to first increase awareness for the acceptance of this, which is advocacy and ensure that we make it as relevant as possible. People come to take it, right? And then second is, I mean, while we're increasing relevance, we're then also increasing acceptance, right? To say that all people can then, I mean, like take this in, begin to accept it. And then we, those are like the foundation. That's what we need. That's like the foundation. Once that is out of the way, people see it as a normal thing. So you don't look down on the mechanic or that it was a mechanic. A lot of mechanics are like, mechanics are very rich people, right? I'm sure they earn maybe more than some of us who work, I mean, inside. Nine to five or not. Yeah, nine to five, right? So, yeah, so I mean, I think when we first increase advocacy, I mean, work around acceptance, people are accepting it, ensure that it is as relevant as possible. Oh, yeah. So it then gives back to or gives lead to all of the other conversations around how to, around how to do it. Equity to, to ensure that, you know, it actually fed to both sexes as it is. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. So I think that, so the commission is getting bigger.  Now, who do, who, I mean, also on board just women to train them in these different skills, right? And I can say most times, women have a higher capacity to learn most of the skills and learn well. I think the, the challenge sometimes is access for them, right? How are they able to access this? What kind of design, what kind of structures have been designed to help them, right? To be able to. So, yeah, because we know that, oh, they are also at home, they need to do a few things on the home front to support their families. Oh, are we able to build like structures that allows, that allows the, so for most of our trainings, we end at a particular time because we know that, oh, these women would say, oh, I want to go get my kids. I mean, we are in Africa. I mean, the women provide heavy support to the home system. So, so we sort of make room for that to allow them, I mean, also be able to function well at home. Yes. So, yes, I think that the commission is getting bigger for women, and women are beginning to embrace like most of these skills a whole lot more. All right. My people are actually asking me to rush out of the city, but once a very big thank you to you. Thank you.  Thank you once again for your time. Thank you so much. All right. As we wrap up, stakeholders have caught very effective regulation in the e-commerce space to ensure profitability and sustain and to active players. This formed the major thrust of this course at the unveiling of an e-commerce platform, Ocari Market Hub in Lagos. I'll leave you with details of that report. I am Justin at that end. I'll see you again next time. Bye for now.


Hi, my name is Margan, and I'm going to share with you my personal story and the story of my country, Colombia. First, I'm Colombian, so South America, and the topics that I really matter is education, tech, women, and leadership. And I need to say that I heard a little of my throat, so excuse me if I can speak really fast and take a little bit, so drink some water. So the first thing that I like to clarify is Colombia, not Colombia. Colombia is a really cool university in the United States, New York, but most of the foreign people tell, spell Colombia, not Colombia. And a real cool thing is we have different scenarios in a really rich views. This is the Oronoco and the Seven Colors Sea. We have the Five Colors Sea in the Caribe. We have the Amazon, we have the Pacific Coast, this is Chaco, and also in the Caribe we have the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, and it's the highest coastal mountain range in the world, and it's with snow. At the Andes, where this is the Cocora Valley, the wax palm is the national tree, and in the Andes we have my city, Medellin, this is Medellin, Colombia. So what happened when we talked about Medellin? Probably you talked about this, Medellin, Colombia. This is the word that we have, and we sign the piece with the gorillas. And then probably you see Netflix and you saw Narcos, of course, and you talked about Pablo Escobar and all the drug stuffs. But this is not the true story that are happening right now in my country. So this is JSConf, it's the first conference that we have in my city. This is a picture from 2018. I was a co-organizer also in 2017. And this is where everything happened. This is an innovation hub in my city that is Rutayene. Rutayene opened the doors to us, the first leaders of the communities. And actually, I'd like to recommend you this talk, the name of the talk is Butterfly JS Effect. And the creators of this talk is Julian Duque, that is here in the Herocoboot. And Buritica, that lives actually in New York. Personal Julian was my first mentor in all this journey that we began with Penelope's death. And this is the first meetup that we launch, and I'm going to share you this story. I was here in a start-up weekend from IoT, Internet of Things. And I was the only woman in that place as a mentor. So I share my feelings with Julian. And I shared them why here are more women.  So we create a group, and not school girls. And the leaders in this chapter was Julian Duque, Adriana Estrada, that you already know them yesterday in the main keynote space. And this is Juliana. Juliana was one of the leaders, women leaders that began all the story. The handle was Narajita Golden. And in 2016, they came to the United States. And I decided to Narajita to take care of the community. So we began with only 10 girls, really inspired about technology, about note, and the cool things that we can create with this. So we began a chapter. And actually the government shared our group in a newsletter and arrived 250 women to our first meetup in 2016. But they thought that we are going to teach them digital marketing. So it was like, no. And actually, we have Gloria. I want to share the story of Gloria. Gloria is a woman who lives in the Paris area of our city. And she made arepas. Arepas is like a bread made from corn from Colombia. And she came here to try to how to configure my Twitter. So we say, Gloria, no. This is like, you're going to do your first hello word.  I don't know. I don't have an idea to do that. Sorry for the expression. But we decided to continue all the chapter and create this logo and this brand that the name is Pyrrina's Depth. And it's a Spanish word that the meaning is pioneers, developers. And this is the first group of us. And our personal hero was the first success story that we have. This is Milady. Yeah, the name is My Lady. Milady is a typical girl from the communes, the Paris area that we have in our city. She is a nanny. So they don't have the research to go to school or to go to university to study something that she will murder. So she loaned the ticket bus to go to Pioneras to Rutaene. And with no linear content, because we are only a meetup who get reunited one time a month. So she became curious about technology. And then, a year later, she could get her first job at tech. So this is the fun story. This is her first day in the company that allows to have Milady. This is when she called up for her first computer, her first laptop. He's the certificate because she was really consistent to all the meetups. So we created a certification of the commitment. And then she realized that she was really into Python. So we created the first conference in Columbia, Python. And I was also organizing in 2018. And she became the first volunteer for this conference. And then she taught us about Python. And this is 2016, when we are growing up. This is 2017. And then this is the thing, that we are focused in women for 14 to 28 young women. But they are white, because they are poor and unemployed. They have the biggest rate. So this is not only a gender issue. This is a real personal and human problem in our country. And the industry needs that. We already know that is a deficit of developers in the world. But in Columbia, they need 100 developers in the companies. And they only have 7,000 qualified developers through university, that right now is not the normal path. Because we have a lot of bootcamps and stuff. So this is the closing party that we have. And we realize that we need an organizing team. You already know yesterday at least Parodi. Perhaps you have the luck to see all these women in international conference, because they get international. And they could travel around the world, telling stories, not only about entrepreneurs, not only about companies, technical talks about what we are learning and sharing with our community. So here is a Scalcombe. It's other big conference right now in Columbia. We have seven big conference running in our country. Here's Manuela, traveled for her first time to Europe and get to GitHub. And here's Juliana, who could talk and share about accessibility in O'Reilly. And this is our first reunion as a community. And here is only nine communities. And Manuela was the only women in the table. But actually, this year, they reunite through Ruta Ene. And actually, right now, there are 19 leaders in women, leaders in communities in Columbia. So we are creating a change. This is a Django Girls Bycon. And actually, we create a synergies with other countries. So here is Daniela from Bolivia. And Platy, that is a cool startup for our country, who is very international for Latin people. And this is Maria Carolina. She is a really good engineer about internet of things and works in the first company in our country, in Internet of Things, that the name is Ubidot. And she could go to a bootcamp for startups for creating robotics and of gadgets in Silicon Valley. Here's Maria Paz. He went to Australia. And he run a really cool meetup for Angola and Brisbane. So he's taking the world of Pioneras to other countries. And here we are in NG, Bolivia. So in the conference of Angola and Bolivia, in the conference of Angola in Columbia. And then we receive an email from other leaders from other countries in our country. So here's Kelly from Baranquilla. And Maria Alejandra from Cali. This is Baranquilla. They have a really cool carnival there. And it's really fun. It's the second besides Rio. So we are welcome to go. This is the leaders in Baranquilla. Actually, Estella works here in Canada. And she's a really cool, really good developer. So this is Cali. Cali is the capital of Salsa. So if you'd like to learn how to dance, probably you need to go to Cali. And this is the leaders of Cali. And they bring the meetup and run 11 meetups this year in Cali. We decide to bring to our country, Latinity. Latinity is like the Grace Hopper Conference from Latin World. And we reunite 34 countries in one place, in Bogota, Colombia, the capital. And in 2018, so this is our number. So we began with five active members. You saw in the picture nine. But actually, the dedication and the commitment was five girls. And at the end of 2018, we are circled 1,200 active members in all Colombia, in three main cities. For 2020, we're going to be in six cities. So we are growing, growing. We create a special project that the name is Local Hurricanes. And you can find it here. And we decide to illustrate all the leaders in our community and share the story. Because we have different backgrounds, different stories to share with the community. And put faces to the role models to the new generation of girls in our country. So for 2020, we're going to be in Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla, that we already are. And in Bogota, Cartagena will be the news chapters. And in 2018, we create a bootcamp and 85% of the 24 Pioneras, so 20 of them, graduate for our first bootcamp, three months a comedian. And with linear content and they graduate last as front-end developers. So for 2020, we like to run two bootcamps. And this is our number. So in social media, you can find us as Pioneras Dev. And we have circled 5,000 pioneers in Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. We have different chats because we have different chapters to talk about what we need. Dependency of the latency of the information. So we have Slack, Telegram, WhatsApp. And in Meetup, we are like plus 1,500 pioneers. So we are going to launch our first conference this year, 2020. And we are going to host in Rutaene, our home, because it's the innovation hub when everything happens. And this is the main team of Pioneras Dev. And here's Liz. He is the apprault in NodeSource. We have two girls that also grow through Pioneras. And right now, they are web UI developers in Globalant. That is a big company in our country. And in Latin America, they have different offices. And this is the closing party right now. So we are creating opportunities. We are not only a media from gender to try to solve more equal participation of women. Yes, that is important for us. But we are giving these young girls opportunities in the industry through creating safe space to they learn and can choose with that they want to create in their careers. This is Pioneras Dev. And thank you for being here. If you have questions, I can answer because it's a little small room. So OK, that's a good question. We have really big issues about this because the Rutaene give us a space like is a venue. But we have a really poor girls background. So we need like giving them food and support like a pizza or cookies, something small. But we try to find them through companies. But yes, they are giving us in, we call it a space here. I don't know what's the relation. Like they bring them the cookies. But we don't have the phone. So we create like an initiative, a Shopify platform. And we sell the t-shirts. And you can get one. It's $35,000. It will be like $15 or something like that to run the community. Because in Medellin, we have the support. We have a really tech hub there. But in other cities, this does not happen. For example, Cartagena, Cartagena is a really beautiful city. And probably you see on the brochures of tourist stops. And will be the location for a lot of movies. But they don't have the companies or the tech hub to take these meetups. So we need to send them money to, they can run the chapters there. That's why. Another question, Carolina. We have a lot of, if you'd like to get involved to the community, you can write us through the web page. We have a form to fill the space. And you can, we have also a Gmail. We have through Google recently the domain and the emails for the nonprofit. Because we are an NGO organization, a registered NGO. But right now, we are running everything through our Gmail. So the name is PionerasDevelopers at gmail.com. And you can write us. And these are different things. For example, you can share your story. And we can, I don't know, to do a live Instagram video. And you can encourage all the girls. And you can connect it online with a meetup and propose a subject. And they already, we need to practice more our English. So it will be good if you are an international speaker to share with us your knowledge. So you are welcome to share with us in Pioneras. Yes, this year, we have a really big dream, ambitious dream. Because actually, we don't have an hour code in our country. I saw the video this year. And it's so Shakira, Shakira is a singer from our country. But it's all like, hmm, it's very funny. Because we don't have not only one chapter from our code. And that was our dream. So perhaps in 2020, we have in the high school and middle schools, hour of code, like perhaps a city initiative. Because imagine we have a new mayor. And she's very friendly with tech industry. And our biggest dream will be having in all the country. But right now, the thing is, they are like the word of mouth. So they share the story to, I went to a community. So what is a community? For example, Gloria, their son and their daughter think that Pioneras was like a church or something. Because we reunite on Saturdays from 2.00 to 6.00. Because it's their best schedule to they come there. Because most of them has another work. Or they are trying to study something or work in a call center, some that things happen. So we share with them like bring your friends. And perhaps this could be an option for you. So yeah, I think the main channel would be word of mouth for us. And social media. Actually, in Colombia, they don't have like a computer. But they have like a smartphone. It's really funny what they have. One year. One year. I mean, it depends, obviously, of the dedication of the women. But the main thing that we create is like the culture of self-learning. We share research in our web page. And we encourage them to. We create like different forms for Mentor. The name is Mentor. It's a really easy name for us Mentor. So the Mentor platform is a forum. And you can ask for one hour of mentorship for someone who could teach you some technology. And we did that because I know the drop down, it was really high. If you are very frustrated to your terminal, and you can fix the bug, and you close the laptop. And perhaps we lost some brilliant women who could give us a talk or became a leader. So we create Mentor, and right now we have circa 400 Mentors dedicated to our platform. Thank you so much. Muchas gracias. Merci beaucoup.


They are the stuff of song and poetry, of habitat for wildlife and recreation, of valuable building materials and warm fires. Oaks are common in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa, but they are gradually disappearing from our landscape. When oaks are harvested or die of natural causes, commonly they are replaced by other tree species that are less valuable for wood products and wildlife. Our hardwood forests include a mixture of tree species, but young oaks have difficulty competing with other species. Because of this and the high market demand for oak, especially red oak, more oaks are being cut than are being grown. Right now it seems like the major problem is that we're over cutting our oak and we're not cutting it in such a way that we are regenerating it. We're not getting a lot of young oak back in the area, but we're going to be running under the high quality red oak and white oak trees that's going to be less of them in the area. In the next few minutes, we'll learn about the many uses for oaks. We'll learn how they regenerate and we'll see what management strategies can be used, especially near the time of harvest to maintain oaks in our woodlands. Oaks are owned primarily by private woodland owners like Jack Herald. In his family, he farms near Fort Atkinson, Iowa. 30 years ago, they bought a farm that included oak woodland. It was one of those timbers that really never had much done to it and we never did anything to it either in fact and so there was no logs taken out of it, no firewood, nothing. It was just left here. The woodland was left alone until this year when the Heralds, with the advice of their forester, decided to harvest and regenerate their oaks. Well, I guess the most important thing is this is my love for oak. To me, oak is a sign of strength and I just love that nice red oak and therefore we like to plant some red oak again and see them grow. There are many oak species in the Tri-State area. The red oak group characterized by pointed lobes on the leaves includes northern red, black, and northern pin oak. The white oak group with rounded lobes includes burr, white, chinkapin, and swamp white oak. Why encourage oaks to regenerate? Because compared to other trees, oaks have many important uses. Oaks provide habitat and food for a variety of wildlife.  Oak woodlands frequently grow on steep slopes where they blanket the soil, thus preventing soil erosion and protecting water quality. Oaks beautify the landscape and beckon tourists. Oaks provide high-quality firewood. A quart of oak provides 70% more heat energy than a quart of cottonwood. And oaks are valuable for wood products from railroad ties to oak flooring, trim, wall paneling, doors, cabinets, and furniture. The lovely, strong, durable wood of oak is all around us. We work with the saw mills and with the landowners so that they understand and can appreciate the nice assets they have in a good oak wood lot or walnut. We work with the loggers to cut the best cuttings to use the best lumber that's available out of the saw heads. By this and our continual effort to educate and help people with lumber and timber sales and educational processes, seeing how nice the wood that we have is, we hope to make the continual growth of oak in the area just part of our heritage as it has been. Oaks reproduce naturally, sprouting from stumps and from acorns like this. Following a harvest, oak stumps may sprout, producing a new tree. Young, small-diameter trees sprout best. As oak trees grow older and larger, they lose their ability to sprout. While sprouts grow quickly because of their large root systems, usually there are not enough stump sprouts per acre to fully stock a new stand with oaks. Oaks also reproduce from acorns. In a good year, acorn production may range up to 250,000 per acre. That sounds like a lot, but red oaks produce good acorn crops in only one or two years out of five. Even then, insects and animals may destroy over half of this crop. In a poor seed year, nearly all of the acorns will be consumed by insects and wildlife. After acorns ripen, they are dispersed by gravity or by animals such as blue jays and squirrels. Best germination and survival of acorns occurs when they are buried in mineral soil under a light covering of leaves. If the acorns remain exposed, they dry out or are attacked by insects or are eaten by wildlife. Another reason why oaks are difficult to regenerate is because they need a lot of sunlight. In a natural woodland, the ground often is shaded by an overstory of tall trees or an understory of shorter trees, shrubs and ferns that tolerate shade. Acorns will sprout in this shade, but the resulting oak seedlings will die in two or three years without more sunlight. Harvesting selected trees scattered throughout the woodland will regenerate shade-tolerant species, but not oaks. This harvest method also may lead to the damaging result called high grading. This is when the largest and best quality trees are harvested, while poor quality trees and undesirable species are left standing. These undesirables then take up space and are the seed source for future generations. The most reliable method for ensuring oak regeneration is to harvest only when there are plenty of oak seedlings present in the stand. If oak seedlings are abundant, the mature trees can be clear-cut. If they're scarce, the reason often is too much shade. To encourage survival of more oak seedlings, it is necessary to reduce the shade, thus permitting more sunlight to reach the seedlings. If much of the shade is created by a dense understory, these small trees, shrubs and ferns, can be eliminated by herbicides, bulldozing or disking. If tall trees are creating the shade, they can be harvested by a group selection or shelter wood method or by clear-cutting after a good acorn crop. With group selection, you harvest clumps of trees to create openings. Over time, a few oaks should regenerate in each opening. Then additional groups can be harvested. A shelter wood harvest is a heavy thinning that leaves 50 to 70% of the canopy cover in place. Remaining trees provide seed, and openings allow intermittent sunlight to reach seedlings. It may take several years for oak seedlings to become established. Then remaining tall trees can be clear-cut to provide the full sunlight that oak seedlings need to outgrow their competitors. If you plan to harvest timber in a year when there is an abundance of acorns, you should clear-cut the stand after acorns drop. Undesirable small trees and shrubs should be killed before harvest, or they should be knocked down by logging equipment during harvest. Well, this year, the loggers had been around trying to purchase some trees from us, and so we contacted our forester for assistance, and so he came and marked some trees for us. Like many private forest landowners, the heralds didn't consider harvesting until they were approached by loggers. Then they contacted their forester for advice. He showed us that the majority of the trees in this timber were mature, and they probably wouldn't increase in value a whole lot anymore, so that, monetarily wise, it would be better off just coming in and clear-cutting and starting over again. When they harvested, they did it in a way that maximized oak regeneration. Oak, of course, needs full sunlight to get started, and if you really want to establish a new oak timber, the only way to do it is a clear-cut. Forester Janet Ott works with many woodland owners like the heralds. They work with landowners and talk them into doing either a small clear-cut or a shelter wood, some sort of system that we're just not going in and taking the big trees, that we can get in if it's an ideal area to clear out the understory and get oak started back that way, because it needs a lot of sunlight to really get started, and the systems that we use now with taking out a tree here and there just doesn't get the sunlight in. If group selection, shelter wood, or clear-cutting methods should fail to regenerate oaks, or if these harvest methods are not practical for your woodland, then you can always plant oak seedlings. When planting, keep these suggestions in mind. First, clear the planting site by group selection, shelter wood, or clear-cut methods, and control undesirable trees and shrubs. Order seedlings from a seed source known to thrive in your area. Use the largest seedlings you can find. Plant seedlings in moist soil right after the frost leaves the ground in the spring. Although expensive, plastic tubes placed over the oak seedlings have increased survival rates. Livestock can destroy tree seedlings and compact the soil preventing regeneration, so livestock should be fenced out of woodlands. You should always contact a forester for specific advice about how to regenerate oaks on your land. One thing we can do is give them, show them the different options that they have in managing their timber, going through step-by-step what it may look like. We ourselves, in my job, we drop a specific management plan detailing what should be done in their timber, whether it's tree planting or taking out the junk trees, the understory, and then harvest, whether it's now or in 10 years. Just give them options that they can look at and then decide themselves what they want to do with their timber. Managing your woodland to maintain a high percentage of oak to produce more valuable wood products makes sense, but it also makes sense to sustain an abundance and diversity of wildlife. Wildlife diversity is encouraged by creating a mix of stand ages, since some wildlife require young dense stands and other wildlife need older woodlands. Songbird diversity is encouraged by maintaining several layers of vegetation in a stand. A dense understory is a problem only when you are ready to regenerate a new stand of trees and want to provide more sunlight for oak seedlings to survive. To provide acorns for wildlife, maintain 40 to 60% of your woodland in oak stands at least 50 years old. During harvest, leave den trees to provide homes for animals. Leave dead trees standing to provide nesting and feeding sites for birds. Dozens of bird species depend on these snags. And seed logging roads and landings to clover and grass to reduce soil erosion and provide forage and open space for wildlife. Clearcuts provide necessary habitat for certain wildlife, such as browsing areas for deer. And clearcuts are sometimes necessary to regenerate oaks, but their appearance can be softened in several ways. Clearcuts can be small two-acre patches scattered throughout a woodland. You can break up straight woodland edges by creating irregular shaped edges or by thinning into the adjacent stand. And design the clearcut to blend into the topography. Oak woodlands are one of this area's greatest natural resources for wood, wildlife, watershed protection, and recreation. But they demand careful management to perpetuate desirable species and high quality trees. Before implementing any woodland management practice, especially timber harvesting, contact a forester to inspect your land and provide specific advice that will help you achieve your objectives. Oak is a major component in our stands. One thing is a high-valuable tree. It is also a major wildlife species as far as with the deer and the turkey and the squirrels. It's part of a mass crop. The deer will come out of the cornfields just to get the acorns. And so the oak is just perfect for deer and turkeys. It's aesthetically pleasing, especially in the fall colors with the reds and the oranges that it gets. Some people like to hunt. In our spare time, we like to go out in the timber and work. And that's our recreation. And just to have a diverse timber, we need to keep as many species as we can. Oak is one of those and it is a major species here.


Welcome back in the original gangsters podcast. I'm Scott Bernstein along with my co-host Jimmy Buczolato the doctor Hi everyone. We're gonna give you a quick 15 minute supplemental episode right now Talking outlaws motorcycle club news. There's a lot of stuff to report a lot of stuff that's going on in real time I'm gonna start with something that could just be the bombshell of all bombshells when it comes to biker news There are rumblings and I've heard this from Multiple people that there have been Talks convened between the highest levels of the outlaws and the highest levels of the Hell's Angels to discuss some type of ceasefire or truce from their 50 year long war To you know kind of like your enemy's enemy as your friend there seems to be a lot of Consternation about what the pagans and Mongols are doing. We've been talking about it quite a bit on on og pod and From what I've been telling what I've been told starting in December some of these talks have have started to take place and they're at the highest levels of both of these clubs and it's just Incredibly compelling news when you know the history of these two groups. This isn't Unusual right for it. I mean it is in a way that these two are legendary rivals, but Wasn't there some kind of summit in the yes in the 90s with George Christie and Taco moment? Yeah, right? Well, this is the second territory and things like that. This is the second time that well if this is true This is the second time that you know peace Conferences have taken place between the outlaws and the Hell's Angels their war dates back to 1974 where there was a triple murder It's in South, Florida where The outlaws killed three Hell's Angels from the East Coast that there had been a dispute New years of 73 and then I think it was spring of 74 they've lured the three guys they had an issue with down to Florida and killed them and since then there's been a brutal 50-year power struggle and It's just that really came out of the blue When I heard that it took me off guard because in Michigan where we are right now At least up until December There were tensions that were building and this is based on DEA and FBI reports and court files that were building with the Hell's Angels coming into Michigan for the first time ever in 2019 And there was a guy got arrested last year and said he got caught on a wire talking about how he was Supplying weapons to the outlaws and Hell's Angels for a pending war in Michigan Yeah, I mean I don't I feel like that that was bullshit a little hyperbolic because I think I think Wasn't he I Can't remember he was a guy that was living I believe on the west side of the state got caught selling guns He didn't say this to Any law enforcement and like a debriefing right he was caught on a wire Talking to a guy in his you know group or his crew. Yeah that was wired I wasn't there's there's an argument. I think that he was embellishing that he was yeah I might have been getting status right trying to uh Make it seem like he was a bigger deal than he was by by dropping these these major club names when It that may not have been the case But I what we do know though is that there is at least one if not two or three Hell's angels chapters that have popped up in michigan in the last three or four years They had never dared come into the state before because this has always been outlaws territory And uh, they they've I think intentionally stayed away from Detroit Which is the outlaws, you know, one of their international hubs. They're either on the west side or they're up north so just something to keep an eye out on and I think It in some ways there was an inevitable um Backlash to what was going on with the pagans and the mongols I mean, I I don't know if I would have predicted that the hell's angels and The outlaws would sit down at the table together and talk about some form of joining forces But I knew that other biker bosses around the country weren't just going to sit by And allow the the pagans and the mongols to start chewing up territory all across the country Is it uh, the highwaymen and the outlaws coexist in Detroit pretty well as far as I know, but they're they hate each other though Okay, but they do I guess they do coexist right not not to say that they love each other, but that they they do coexist So, um, hopefully and I heard there were some overtures from the hell's angels at least in 2022 to the highwaymen About possibly some type of an alliance. Yeah, I was going to see what what's the highwaymen's Posture they've been rivals with the hell's angels too. They had some famous biker wars in the 70s with Uh hell's angels affiliates that were in this area. I see Um, but again, keep keep an eye on uh, keep an eye out for this I'll be reporting it on ganks report. We'll be talking about it here in the og pod and then I want to finish off with Uh, the discussion of the life and legacy of one of the most historically significant outlaws Motorcycle club shot callers. Uh, he comes from our hometown of Detroit. Lenny brawn. They called him Lenny the blonde He passed away this week 78 years old and he was taco bowman's mentor He was taco bowman's Uh predecessor He led the outlaws at the time that the outlaws were Becoming what we know the outlaws are today I believe he led the led them for about a dozen years from the early 70s Into the early 80s when taco bowman took over and he had to go to prison for a little bit But uh, it was known as an innovator A diplomat someone that was beloved Um, he was national president. He was The detroit outlaws president. Um taco became national president, but uh, he was someone that led the the outlaws in detroit throughout the entire 70s and early 80s and he was integral in Expanding the outlaws into canada He led a takeover of ontario Where the outlaws first made an alliance with at that point canada's biggest biker gang the satan's choice um And that alliance then turned into an absorption Where there was a famous patch over that took place July 1st 1977 at uh on crystal beach, which is Right off lake eerie. It's about a 10 minute drive from the detroit of the michigan canadian border and uh Lenny brawned and all the satan choice major bosses from ontario were there uh, and they had a A huge ceremony and celebration where all of the satan's choice Shot callers took off their satan choice gear and threw into a giant bonfire Hmm, and Lenny brawned and all the american Outlaw luminaries gave them official outlaw gear And made them the official You know branch of the outlaws in ontario and this mother mcqueen who was the engineering of this alliance on the canadian side Got named, you know the boss of all of canada for the outlaws this all happened on this Famous weekend in july of 77 and satan's choice though. There were still other chapters in canada Yes, it just took it took out satan choices ontario. Okay, uh presence, right? Uh, so lenny brawn was this uh You know taco was more of a I was telling talking to jimmy off air was more of like a war time general And from what I've talked to people that knew lenny brawn he was uh, he was a dreamer He was an innovator. He was a diplomat someone that uh I think it was very tough Not to say that he was a was weak, but you know, someone that wanted to um Make as many connections network as much as possible and and When people over By talking as opposed to coming in and shooting people or stabbing people get long blonde hair A curly blonde hair.  That's cool. Yeah, but he was a legend's legend when it comes to the history of the outlaws Oh geez came out of like the counterculture. Yeah, they're Rock and roll art created. I mean that kind of makes sense And and lenny was from what everyone I've talked to he was a kind of a good time party boss um, and he famously wanted to Create a detroit outlaw headquarters at the old garwood mansion Which was the epicenter of the counterculture in detroit in the late 60s early 70s It's on an island called grayhaven island right Uh in kind of the east part of downtown detroit off the river And he called all he called it for a national run of outlaws in 1972 And all the major outlaws came to detroit to kind of christen what was going to be the new headquarters And it got out of hand And they trashed the place and it made the front page of the newspaper Yeah, I was looking at the detroit free press Yeah, but but it shows you what an innovator what a dreamer, you know in a positive way that lenny was that he he saw this famous mansion that was the picture of counterculture and and turn it into this You know alternative picture of counterculture in the area with with the bikers Yeah, the uh the mansion didn't like the stooge's party. Yeah, everybody everybody party there That's right. Alice Cooper. Maybe I'm 68 to 72 I think it was known as the place to go after You know the night was done and you've gone and seen all the shows that you could see Uh between you know, let's say 10 o'clock at night and 2 o'clock in the morning But then you showed up at the mansion at 3 and from 3 to 6 that's when the real party started and and all these Iconic rock and rollers would get up and jam with each other. Yeah. Yeah, that's what I that's what I thought I mean, I don't know a lot about it, but I've heard about that. I just learned about it recently That's that's that's pretty cool. Well, obviously the the infamous stones concert We talked to George Christie about this that things didn't go well between the bikers and the rock and roll guys But there are other examples where there there's I think in detroit. They've always gotten along They like to party together. I mean even to the in more recent times and I think I've said this on here kid rock Whenever he's on concert the outlaws do all of his security. Yeah, yeah And uh, so, you know as we finished up talking about Lenny Braun I think it's important to to talk about the fact that He he was a you know a major factor in expanding the outlaws Outside of america, you know bringing them into can of taco then brought them to europe Um and tacos obviously the way more notorious Iconic boss, but but I think taco learned a lot from Lenny and Lenny in addition to Having this idea of turning this mansion into the headquarters and in addition to Staging this absorption of satan's choice in in ontario he created in 1975 what would be dubbed a underground fugitive railroad for any bikers in the united states that were running from The man and needed to take refuge across the border Lenny for a price Uh, well, I mean, I think if it was outlaws he would do it Yeah, you know because it was an outlaw, but anybody could also use this service They would have to pay and he through his contacts with the satan satan's choice in ontario Would smuggle these guys in cargo ships And get them set up in jobs In different parts of ontario and a lot of these guys lived for years Oh, it was a lot easier back then like you don't have homeland security and shit like that because Well, I mean the italians there's a lot of that going on too And Lenny was was tied into the detroit, uh, italians. I think he was going to introduce taco to a lot of those guys I know we worked with the jackaloni crew I talked to some of the old jackaloni crew guys in the last couple days And they gave me some some fond memories of Lenny So, you know r.i.p to Lenny brawn was not known as uh, like I said, he wasn't a a guy that had bodies He was he had a minor criminal record He took a drug pinch in 81 the federal narcotics trafficking with with outlaws down in, um, florida But uh, you know was just, you know, kind of the quintessential You know good time biker guy that You know probably isn't too dangerous But at the same time is someone that represents that Crazy culture, you know, it kind of fits in there like the dude You know, he fits in there for his time and place He fits in there just like a glove and that's who I think Lenny brawn was and uh, so R.i.p to Lenny brawn. I know that detroit outlaws, uh, did a big, uh, shindig for his funeral and his his wake He was living in royal oak, which i'm i'm in royal oak a lot if I knew Lenny was in royal oak I would have uh took him off to a to a cup of coffee But that that's our our quick, uh Supplemental episode we love giving you biker stuff We know we're getting a lot of great feedback for for people that really enjoy the biker stuff So we're going to try to keep on giving it to you give you more of it. Maybe some more of these supplemental Um episodes for scott Bernstein for benny behind the glass and jimmy buchelato. We are out. We'll see you next week


What's good, Joshua Ross back again with another video. So we're going to check out. We hear you times WWE listen to their fans. Now, I definitely wanted to check this out because we're starting to, you know, I guess you can say as some of the WWE fans, we're starting to feel like WWE is not truly listening to us. Once again, you guys know L.A. Night is one of the most over individuals in WWE right now. And there have been rumors and speculation saying they're going to push L.A. Night after Summer Slamming. And there's also been some rumors where, you know, the, you know, I wouldn't say he has issues backstage right now. But, you know, maybe some people don't like his attitude. That's some of the rumors. And it's like the fans clearly want this guy to be potentially the next top guy in the company. And for him to not have won that fatal four way to decide who to decide who was going to be the ultimate number one contender for Austin Theater's United States Championship. It's just it's just a potential waste, man. Just a potential waste. Just one of the very few. We're not few. It's WWE.  They they will sit up there and not listen to fans for whatever reason or whatnot. And it's clearly the fans have chose who they want to be, you know, in a top spot and Vince, you just, you know, either he'll do it later and and at that point to push, you know, saying like the fan hype is not the same or he won't do it at all. Or he gets into a situation where he's he's pretty much forced to the point where he ain't got no choice but to to listen to the fans in certain situations instead of it just being organic and listening to the people that, you know, come to the shows and and and and put money in your pocket, you know, saying, why not listen to these people? So we're going to check out the moments when he actually did or I'll say he was probably forced into because of crowd reaction and stuff. So we're going to check this out. Appreciate it. I love this part. Should be a good one. Let's do it. Paul's of the WWE. It's always been about what one man and one man alone wants. Of course, but that's not to say Vince McMahon has never listened to the people. In fact, on occasion, he's given them exactly what they wanted. It's rare. What are the biggest examples of this? It's very, very, very, exactly what we're going to be looking at. Super rare. So join us as we take a deep dive into we hear you times. WWE listened to their fans. I wish they would do it now for a late night. Hopefully it will happen sooner rather than later. And if we're going to start anywhere, why not do so with one of the most notable examples of this in recent years because it was in February of 2015 that after a match pitting the Bella Twins against Paige and Emma only lasted 30 seconds, fans demanded the company give Divas a chance. But while for most of their history, WWE would have responded to this by stubbornly doubling down on what they were doing, perhaps by limiting the women to 15 second bouts the following week. Here, the optics on social media looked so bad for them that they were forced to take action. So that's what led to the Divas Revolution, a good idea wrapped up in some cold corporate branding that began on July 13 later that year when Stephanie McMahon came down to the ring and proclaimed that it was time for a change in the division. How would this change begin? Well, with the introduction of three of the four horsewomen from NXT, Sasha Banks, Charlotte Flair and Becky Lynch, a trio of competitors who'd been changing the game down in the developmental brand for some time prior to this. And while the first few months of their time on Raw did have its hiccups, this proved to be an excellent move in the end. As come the time of WrestleMania 32 the following April, a new era was certainly underway for female wrestling in New York. Yes, gone were the 32nd matches and now in their place were competitive contests where the women were being treated like real athletes for the first time in a long time. And that also led to the reintroduction of the women's title, the addition of other extremely talented names like Asuka, Io Shirai and Bayley and just generally a sense that the women's bouts no longer represented the bathroom break of the evening. Such a success was the whole thing. WWE even made some legit mega stars out of the endeavor when over the next few years, all three of the aforementioned horsewomen went on the main event WrestleMania, becoming three of only four women to ever do so to date alongside Bianca Belair in the process. And if that isn't a sign the Divas revolution was a good idea, then we don't know what is. But it's not the decision which turned business around for the company the most over the last decade. No, for this, we have to look to the heel turn of Roman and here's the thing about this. Here's the thing about this, bro.  I don't think we get this. I just don't. I don't think we get this. I'm being so dead serious here. I think Vince still keeps doing what he's doing. I don't think we get a heel turn like this. I think we got a heel turn because Roman was gone. COVID was a thing and Vince was willing to take more chances there and roaming themselves like I'm not coming back unless we do it this way. This is how we come. This is how I come back. I'm gonna be honest with you. We got what we wanted, but I don't. It was circumstances just like the day of Brian. Yes, moving. We're going to talk about that. We got what we want. Not because I Vince was going to do it. It's because of circumstances that happened that allowed that to happen. You know what I'm saying? Sometimes it's the fans pressure, which is very rare. They kill actually do it because of the fans. And a lot of times it's circumstances when Reigns. That's right. Despite entering Vince McMahon's company to much fan support in 2012 as part of the shield by the time Roman Reigns was split from the faction two years later and fast-tracked to the main event from there. It didn't take long for that support to turn sour. Why was this? Well, while the big dog certainly had all the raw tools required to be the next top guy in New York, he was clearly too inexperienced to be in that position yet. And as if that wasn't bad enough, once fans realized he was being pushed down their throats at the expense of other more popular stars, they felt were more deserving. It only made them angrier. So that's how we got an eight year long odyssey where the boss continually tried to sell live crowds on the idea of Reigns being their new superhero only to respond to this by very loudly booing him out of the arena. Never worked. Of course, this was until 2020 because at that point finally after Roman had taken a sabbatical and decided there was going to be terms to his return. Vince caved in and allowed him to do what everyone had wanted him to do for almost a decade and that was turned heel. Yes, this go unsurprisingly, it went excellent because suddenly the tribal chief, as he now called himself, felt like an all new man. Yes, no longer struggling to play a character he didn't believe in and was instead commanding the screen at every turn and we'd be remiss if we didn't mention that this was also what directly led to the birth of the bloodline angle. The most successful storyline WWE has created in decades and the one which is actually led to an upturn in business for them. Yes, sure. Maybe this could have happened back in 2014. Probably would have turned Roman heel then, but we'll take a win where we can get it in this situation and just be thankful that things worked out all right in the end, just as we're thankful that the company eventually saw the light and pushed Daniel Bryan in 2013. Now, if you're a wrestling fan, you're no doubt well aware of this one as in 2012, the only thing anyone wanted to chant at a WWE show was two words Daniel and Brian and yes, why was this? Well, following a very poorly judged 18 second loss to Seamus at WrestleMania 28 audiences finally decided they were sick of the greatest wrestler alive being treated like an afterthought and so they began gradually hijacking shows with calls for him to be in the main event scene cut to Summerslam 2012 and this movement had worked so well that Brian even made it to the WWE title match against John Cena. But while this should have been the end of the story, it only proved to be the beginning because after getting screwed at the end of the show and eventually sent back down into the upper mid card again, fans took their protests to the next level. Honestly, at certain points, it got to a stage where it was disrupting the company's ability to do shows. It was allowed were the rebellious Daniel Bryan chants every week. Still, even in the face of this, Vince McMahon remained stubborn as there was no way he was going to go all the way with a guy who was so small, but in the end, even he was forced to cave because after a catastrophic Royal Rumble in 2013, where the crowd turned on the match itself over the fact Brian wasn't even in it. The boss finally decided to give fans what they wanted and that led to one of the greatest feel good moments in wrestling history at all. And also see him punk leaving. But that's the thing people got to understand. I don't think he's going to mention it. Yeah, that does sound right.  But because CM Punk left, that's why we really got the match because if CM Punk doesn't leave, we don't get that match. I don't think we get that match still. And guess what? That main event becomes one of the worst main events of all time. So once again, circumstances, WrestleMania 30 went over the course of one night. The American Dragon defeated Triple H, Batista and Randy Orton to win the WWE World Heavyweight title to an absolutely rapturous response. So good. Sure, the company had to be dragged to this point, kicking and screaming. But at least they did the right thing eventually and it would be a similar situation, which took place a few years later. Has it happened when the tables were flipped on Brian and he became the villain of Kofi Mania. And once again, situational, this wasn't supposed to be even Kofi spot. It's supposed to be Mustafa Mustafa Ali's spot, but he ended up getting injured. So this happened and then once they saw what was going on with Kofi and the reception was getting they decided to play into this is one of the few times I like they call they called the audible though they saw the audible played into it and it actually worked. Yeah. Now to be fair to WWE, they didn't exactly fight their audience this time around. No, they didn't know once Kofi Kingston lifetime mid Carter, but incredible talent got surprisingly over during an elimination show about in February of 2019 over. They quickly realized that they had something special on their hands. So that was why at this point while in storyline they were still trying to keep Kofi from reaching the mountaintop in reality, plans were already being made to capitalize on the situation by canceling the plans Kevin Owens versus Daniel Bryan bout for the WWE title at WrestleMania 35 and replacing it with the New Day member in that challenger. I thought it was going to be Mustafa. I could have sworn he was supposed to be the guy that they were going to push and he ended up getting injured. I thought that's what it was. That was what I was hearing rumors that it was going to be Mustafa. He got injured Kofi Kofi took his spot and then that's how it happened. I didn't even know Kevin Owens was even in the mix. So role instead and it's just as well. They did this because what followed was pure lightning in a bottle magic when at the showcase of the immortals an all time great moment took place when this time it was the American dragons turn to fall to the new hero of the people, which is great after a battle which waged for almost 24 minutes. Kingston was able to score the pinfall to become the first ever African born star to hold that belt. Sure, you could argue the booking of his subsequent title run was poor, but that can never take away from what happened on that night, but it wasn't the only big climax to a story taking place then. No, later on in that same show, Becky Lynch would become the undisputed women's champion, a journey which began for her a few months earlier when wwe decided to run with the man as a baby face. That's right. Things almost went very differently for arguably the biggest star in all of women's wrestling because initially her Steve Austin asked rebel character was supposed to be a hill. Yeah, when she introduced it after finally deciding she had had enough of Charlotte Flair taking all her opportunities. This is such a good moment and you saw how the crowd reacted. Such a good state cheered her and she tried to come out there. I think it was on I don't know if it was raw. I think it was she was on Smackdown at the time. I'm not sure she tried to come out there and and try to heal it up. The fans. They didn't care and they canceled that quickly. She tried for two weeks. I think to heal it up. It didn't work. We knew what we wanted to see and then they had to pull an auto in the summer of 2018. The site of her laying out the Queen was supposed to be the ultimate dastardly act. But of course, fans who had been following her underdog story prior to this saw through any such attempts to present her as a villain and so rained down cheers on her regardless. Even when during those early weeks, she was actively trying to get them to boo her. Yeah. And then reactions only got louder as the weeks went on to making it obvious for all to see what the company were doing simply wasn't working. Basically, it would be like if WWF insisted on presenting the Texas Rattlesnake is the bad guy against Shawn Michaels in 1998. It's unfathomable, right? And to their defense, rather than get caught up in another Daniel Bryan situation, Vince McMahon realized this pretty quickly and so made the necessary changes to the story to now present Lynch as the anti-hero instead. Yeah, there you go. She would still act villainous, but that was part of what people liked about her at this point. She was an outlaw and someone who wasn't going to lay down for anybody and as we all and that's what man, we need some more anti-heroes not these goody two shoe baby faces. No, someone that, you know, I'm saying they're they're not the they're not the squeaky is clean baby face, but people like them people, you know, saying cheer for them.  They're going to definitely act upon it and we need more characters like that. No, with time, the fan support for her, the man character grew and grew to such a level that she become the de facto face of the company and the first woman to ever win in the main event of a WrestleMania. Hell, even after that initial excitement died down, she'd continue to be one of the biggest stars in all of the industry, a position she remains into this day. Honestly, it's impossible to not see her as a future Hall of Famer now. And just a thing. Glass and WWE not made the decision to run with her as a baby face. It might never have worked out that way. Of course, it's not all modern situations like this where Vince McMahon has listened to his fans in spite of himself. No, even back during the initial embers of the Attitude Era, there was still a contingent of people who weren't happy with the way he was booking some of their favorites. And that's what led to him eventually feeling he needed to give fans of the 90s product something they wanted, a baby face, Stone Cold, Steve Austin. Really, you could make a solid argument. The decision to do this was the smartest in the history of the industry. For sure. As it directly led to the birth of the second boom period, a time where the entire world was watching what was taking place inside the ring. Yes, back in the latter half of that decade, there was perhaps no other figure in pop culture who was cooler than the Texas Rattles Bay. Part of the reason he was so cool was because during his early run in 1996, he'd been portrayed as a complete villain. Not some pantomime cackling one, though. No, rather, he was a rebel who played only by his own rules and who cheated at any opportunity if it meant he got one over on you. And sure, in the prior decade, this might have been a recipe for one of the greatest bad guys of his era, but something interesting was happening in the 90s. This was the time of South Park M&M and Marilyn Manson. And so all people were interested in getting behind were the anti-heroes. Yeah. So because of that, as each week progressed, the cheers for Austin got louder and louder, despite the company's repeated attempts to portray him as the ultimate villain. Clearly then, something had to give. And this would happen at WrestleMania 13 in March of 1997, when the greatest double turn in wrestling history was executed as Austin and his chief rival, eternal babyface Bret Hart, formerly switched roles and the villain now became the anti-hero and needless to say, following on from there, the industry skyrocketed in popularity, as with the rattlesnake at the helm as the ultimate man of the people, more of those people that ever started to tune into raw on a weekly basis because people could see themselves the everyday working man dealing with the boss BS and wanting to stun their own boss. So to see Stone Cold giving Vince McMahon the beats on a weekly episodic show, it gave people escapism. Like, man, I wish I could do that to my boss, Stone Cold's the man. You know what I'm saying? That's that. It worked. Works. Hell, even WWF's competition felt the sting of this, as despite them being on a huge role at that point and with the NWO storyline, they simply couldn't provide anything as exciting as Austin's weekly wars with his boss. See, that's it. Really, if you weren't around at that time, it's impossible to overstate just how popular Steve was and just how much audiences adored him. In fact, the only person you could argue they ever adored more is our next subject, a man who was a key player in the NWO up until his return to WWE in 2002. That said, with him being a heel back then and fans being lost in a wave of nostalgia, it was clear a babyface turn had to come sooner or later. Yup. So it's just as well Vince McMahon did this when the night after WrestleMania 18 he brought back Hulkamania. That's right. While initial plans may have been to bring the New World Order over to New York in February of 02 to inject a lethal dose of poison into the proceedings, by the time the Hulkster had his iconic showdown against the rock on the grandest stage of them all just one month later, it was clear fans were far more interested in seeing him play the hits of old instead. After all, nostalgia is a powerful drug and when given the opportunity to relive their childhoods again, if only for a little while. Well, that was something which couldn't be passed up by audiences, even if it meant hobbling the NWO before they could ever really get out of the starting blocks. Yes, the unfortunate casualties of this one were Kevin Nash and Scott Hall, but you could argue the rewards were far more valuable and satisfying than seeing them go through the motions of being the invading force one more time anyway. Sure, we didn't get that full for life experience in New York, but in its place, we got the red and yellow spandex making a full comeback the night after WrestleMania. Yeah, they had to because he was just too over. Like it was crazy how that match happened. It was like a double turn. He was to heal and rock was a face, but it didn't matter that cloud.  Then if that wasn't enough, we got to see the now fully babyface Hogan turn back the clock and go up against some modern stars such as Triple H with him even beating the game to win the WWE title for a sixth and final time. Was this title win necessary in hindsight? Probably not. But at that point, people were so in love with seeing their childhood hero again that they didn't care. All they cared about was that it felt like 1984 again. Of course, this wave of nostalgia couldn't last forever though. And come the summer of that year, the Hulkster was starting to work his way down the card again. But even if it was only brief, it should never go forgotten that for this shining moment in 2002, every fan who grew up watching in the 80s got to feel the same magic they had back then for a little while. But what happens when nostalgia for something isn't quite as strong as that of the power of Hulkamania? What happens when it's for a concept instead? Could this work out as well? Sure it can. And if you need any evidence of that, you only have to look to the time WWE listened to the calls of their audience and brought back the brand extension in 2016. Sure, the prior brand extension had it ended so well as after a certain point any sense there was real loyalty to one particular show between performers was when it's not even happening now. It's not. It's not. It's not even happening now truly. It's I don't know what's the point. They have people going to different shows still so with no rhyme and reason. So washed away in a sea of nonsensical booking. That said, the remained a soft spot in the hearts of many people for this one anyway because when it was at its best it was pure magic. That's right. In 2002 when the company had first chosen to divide the rosters up it made things feel exciting in an all-new way as now everyone's favorite stars were going to be potentially separated by show with the idea being that there would be very limited crossover and that each side would be vying for fan supremacy in the ratings. Basically it was a way to try and recreate the Monday night wars following the end of the Attitude Era and while it certainly worked at first as we all know Vince McMahon's inability to stick to a long-term plan soon turned the whole thing into a mockery. But with these lessons learned however many believed a rebooted version could work better by the time the mid-2010s came around. Hell it wasn't as if the absolutely stacked 2016 roster couldn't do with something to make it more manageable anyway. And that all led to the endless social media posts finally getting through to the halls of New York when in the summer of that year they announced they were indeed going to bring back the draft. How did this go? Pretty much the same as last time unfortunately because with Vince still in charge and him only having gotten more erratic with age it didn't take long for brand delineations to mean nothing as people just started showing up on whatever night of the week they felt like. Still during those early few months it was undeniably great particularly on Smackdown and the important thing for the purposes of this video is that it didn't work in the long run. No, it's that fan demand got through to WWE and forced them Smackdown Live when they brought it when they actually did the brand split Smackdown Live was the show to watch. Even now Smackdown is in my personal opinion I read a watch Smackdown didn't wrong. I really do because it's it's much more entertaining kind of get straight to the point so. To do something for their audience for a change and it's in that same vein that our next subject gets an inclusion in this video too because well his WWE title run never really panned out to much long term the moment RVD pinned John Cena to win it felt iconic for everyone watching iconic but then why wouldn't it because this was right in the middle of the Super Cena era of WWE a period where everyone was centered around one man and his inability to lose to anyone. Of course well this may have been hugely over with kids for adult males it very quickly became tiresome and so after a while all anyone wanted was to see someone lose. in the champ enter Rob Van Damme pretty much the antithesis of Big Match John in the 2000s after all he was cool edgy and it cut his teeth in the streets of Philly as part of Paul Heyman's extreme championship wrestling and with ECW in the midst of starting a revival at this point it felt like the perfect time for a change to come a change which would see someone else on top for a while that said few believed such a thing would ever happen even when Cina and RVD were booked to go up against each other for the gold at one night stand 2006 in fact it was expected the champ would walk away the victor in the end yeah but that's not what happened of course because in and at the time rare example of the boss listen to what his fans brought in he chose to have Mr. Monday night go over here and win the title a decision which lead to an absolutely insane crowd response facts and yes Van Damme would ruin this for himself soon thereafter by getting caught with weed in his car by a cop but again it didn't take away from any of the specialness of that initial moment when fans felt like their voices were being heard but we've talked a lot about the times Vince McMahon caved into fans so let's shift over to a time Triple H did this instead that's right we're going to go into the time he brought back Bray Wyatt at Extreme Rules in 2022 one of the the saga of Bray Wyatt and WWE should be familiar to any regular watchers of this channel but in short he burst onto the scene in 2012 with the fantastic Bayou cult leader gimmick then got booked so bad he had to leave and come back with an all new character luckily for fans though this one proved to be arguably even better than the last as it was the introduction of the fiend a horror movie monster ripped straight out of his nightmares the only problem was this one got so mishandled to that by July of 2021 Bray Wyatt was out of a job and that was how most assumed the situation would end at this point all up until Vince McMahon was forced to resign and Triple H took over the the helm of creative that was because with him seeming to have his finger on the pulse of his audience that much more it was hoped he would hear the constant cries for the Florida native to return but would he actually bring him back yes after a cryptic online mystery of QR codes riddles and minigames starting in September of 2022 most came to believe this was the moment that Bray was finally going to make his comeback the only question was where would it happen well that was answered at October's extreme this is such a crazy comment Bray to say this got a huge pop then was an understatement ridiculous and it was a clear message from the game that things were going to be different in his era it's just a shame this one hasn't really panned out too much since but ultimately like with other entries we've discussed today that doesn't matter no what matters is that when push came to shove wwe were every now and then willing to listen to their and like I said it's that's got to put a I guess you could say the astro behind that because he he hears it doesn't mean he's going to act upon it some of these situations weren't just you know him acting upon it listening to the reception some of them were some of them were literally just lucky circumstances so yeah man this was this was definitely definitely a a good video man I believe there's another one that said head in the sand times wwe ignored the fans we're definitely going to have to check that one out as well because we're dealing with it right now we're there ignoring the fans when it comes to LA night so I think that may be the next video that we're going to check out but I appreciate all love and support guys are shown on the channel road to 150k and I'm still getting speedy to the rest of the world appreciate y'all kicking me see


a warm welcome to the 11th session of the third module of signals and systems. We are now proceeding to a point where we know what trouble sampling causes and we have analyzed that trouble by a process which we might want to call divide and conquer. Similarly, we have tried to divide the problem of identifying the clutter caused by sampling by looking at what sampling does to one constituent. What I mean by that is, if you can think of a waveform, a signal as comprised of many sinusoids and what does that mean? When you say you can think of a signal as comprised of many sinusoids, not necessarily discrete ones. I mean the frequencies do not have to be discrete frequencies. They can also be a continuum of frequency. For example, if a waveform is periodic, it has a discrete set of frequencies in it. On the other hand, if a waveform is a periodic and if you can still think of it as a combination of sinusoids, then it would require a continuum of frequencies. We have seen that in module 2. Anyway, what does it mean when you say that a waveform can be thought of as comprised of many constituted sinusoids? It means the waveform has a Fourier transform. Let us write that down as the first point. So, we focus on signals that have a Fourier transform. What does it mean? Let me give you an example of both. You see, take x t is equal to e raised the power minus t u t. u t is the standard unit step. This x t has a Fourier transform. It is also very easy to find the Fourier transform. Let us find it. So, it is easy to do it. You see, all that you have to do is to multiply x t by e raised to the power minus t omega t integrated with respect to t. We have done this before. We have done this in module 2 and that boils down to this expression integrating only from 0 to infinity. So, let us evaluate. This is an easy integral to evaluate. It becomes integral 0 to infinity e raised to the power minus 1 plus j omega times t integrated with respect to t. Then, this is very easy to evaluate. So, this goes to 1 by 1 plus j omega, very easy. It is simple and elegant Fourier transform. Of course, let us sketch this. You know the magnitude. We have done this before. Actually, we have seen such expressions before and just recapitulating some of them. So, the magnitude and the phase, is not it? We can talk about the magnitude and the phase. So, let us plot both of them. The magnitude is 1 by 1 plus omega squared positive square root and that can be sketched like this. Symmetric about 0 and monotonically decaying on either side. Just for completeness, let us also write down the phase. Although we do not directly require it here, we will write down the phase. The phase is minus tan inverse omega. So, that looks of course, as you can see as omega tends to plus infinity, it would go to minus pi by 2 and as omega tends to minus infinity, it goes to plus pi by 2. Essentially, it is a tangent curve. Now, let us go back to the magnitude curve here. Let us notice one thing about this magnitude. The magnitude never goes to 0. This is something that we need to note. You see, I have intentionally taken this example of a Fourier transform. So, here I am building the story slowly and I have an example here of a signal which has a Fourier transform. Unfortunately, that or yy, unfortunately you will see later, but fortunately or unfortunately that Fourier transform never quite goes to 0 for whatever finite omega you consider. Now, let us take an example of a signal which does not have a Fourier transform. We know such examples, but let us recapitulate them. All that we need to do is to make the exponential positive. So, we write e raised to the power of t u t. You remember the signal will look like this. It would grow exponentially without bound starting from 1. Here, the integral minus 2 plus infinity x t e raised to the power minus t omega t dt is divergent. It does not converge. So, this signal has no Fourier transform. Now, let me make it very clear right at this very junk chart. For the moment, for all through this discussion on sampling, we omit such signals from consideration. Let us be clear about. We do not want to make life difficult. We will focus on signals which have a Fourier transform. Now, let us go back the signal which we took a minute ago, where there was a Fourier transform and let us say something about linking it to the idea of constituents. So, take the signal again. x t is e raised to the power minus t u t. We know the Fourier transform which we can write as capital X of omega if you please or j omega whatever. Let us not be too fussy about notation. We can reconstruct x t from capital X omega and you know how to reconstruct. We have done that in module 2. Essentially what you need to do is to take a product of the component multiplied by the vector, integrate over all components. Recall, you know, we had given a geometrical interpretation to this. The component, the vector aggregated over all vectors and a normalization. This was the interpretation. What are we saying? We are saying that x t is essentially a combination of all these complex exponentials e raised to the power j omega t. And of course, now look at x omega and x minus omega. If you focus on this very expression here, x of omega is the complex conjugate of x of minus omega. So, they have the same magnitude and opposite phase. So, notionally we have a combination like this. x omega multiplied by e raised to the power j omega t plus take the corresponding negative value. You get it, right? What I am doing really is just picking so to speak, you know, go back to the previous expression that we wrote. I am just picking here. I am just picking up a particular omega and I am taking that omega and the corresponding negative omega and bringing them together. And I am thinking of the integral as doing this infinitesimally with all such omegas. So, focus on one omega and the corresponding minus omega, then take the next omega and the corresponding minus omega and you can keep doing this all over the positive axis by taking the corresponding points, the negative axis. And all of them come together and bring the signal back. So, I am focusing my attention on one of them. I am thinking of it as a constituent now. Now, let us do that. Essentially, this is like a constituent here. And what is this constituent? If I expand it, the constituent looks like this. And I know the relation between these.  These are the same. These are the negative of one another. If I add this, I can easily simplify and get mod x omega. Well, e raised to the power j omega times e raised to the power j angle of x omega. So, e raised to the power j omega t times e raised to the power this part, angle x omega. And it is complex conjugate. This, essentially this part would be the complex conjugate of that. So, the quantity and its complex conjugate added together that gives you two times the real part.  So, this is one constituent, so to speak. And now you have a continuum of such constituents. You require a continuum for omega going from just beyond 0 to infinity. At 0, of course, I agree there is just 1, 0 and minus 0 are the same thing. But at all other non-zero omega, you have these two coming together and forming a constituent sinusoid. You have already written down the angle and you know the magnitude. Now the moment suppose you were, suppose you did not know this function has this Fourier transform. And you sampled it. What would happen? Every such constituent would be sampled. And every constituent would create its own imposters. And I need to be able to distinguish those imposters from the original constituent. Can I do it in this case at all? Can I ever sample adequately so that I can distinguish the imposters from the original constituent? Think about it and we will meet again in the next session to answer the question. Thank you.