Hello and welcome back to the sports biomechanics lecture series, as always supported by the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports and kindly sponsored by Vicon. I'm Stuart McCurley Naylor from the University of Suffolk, but much more importantly, I'm joined today by Christoph Kipp, who is an associate professor at Marquette University in the USA. And I know Christoph's had some really cool studies recently that I've enjoyed reading on the topic of weightlifting biomechanics. And for anyone who's had a look through his Twitter feed, there's a lot of kind of really cool graphics and data visualization around weightlifting that sort of a really thought provoking for me. So I was really keen to hear some more thoughts and really happy that Christoph agreed to come and share some thoughts with us today. But yeah, I'm aware weightlifting biomechanics is a very broad title or broad topic. So I'll hand over to Christoph and then he can tell us a little bit more. Thank you. Alrighty, thank you Stu. Thanks for the introduction and thanks everybody for joining us or for those people might be watching a little bit later on. As Stu said, I'll be talking about weightlifting biomechanics today and I gave the title of selected thoughts because I've taught an entire class on this topic before. And so I've just curated a couple of things that I thought might be interesting for people to listen to. And another disclaimer that I typically give if you pick up a little bit of an accent, I was born and raised in Germany, so German is my first language, and I actually learned how to speak English in Canada after my family immigrated to British Columbia in the mid 90s. So if I sound a little funny, it's because it's a mixture of those two. And sometimes when I get excited, I tend to ramble on a little bit. And I have a couple of beers, which probably isn't the case right now because it's 10am. Although, as Stu kind of talked to me about earlier, it's pretty much five o'clock everywhere these days. So today we'll talk a little bit about the sport of weightlifting and I have a couple of slides here and videos just to kind of make a distinction that we're talking about weightlifting as in the snatch and a clean and jerk. Primarily in relation to sport spa mechanics and not necessarily related to strength and conditioning or resistance training exercises, such as everybody else's favorite bench press and bicep curls. So here are a couple of videos just to kind of introduce these these exercises here first we have the we have the clean. Slow motion video of a lifter lifting the barbell from the floor, big triple extension explosive extension onto the shoulders, and then standing up. The second part of this lift is called the jerk that I won't be focusing much on today. And then we also have the snatch where the lifter moves the barbell from the platform to the overhead position and one motion. So, and my name so manual is very happy here. Probably one of the greatest sports achievements of all time in my opinion, the only time that anybody snatched two and a half times their body weight. So I will be pretty happy as well. So from a performance perspective or from a perspective of studying weightlifting by mechanics. It's pretty nice because we have clear performance criteria. We can directly, we have a direct measurement of how much the person is lifting during the exercise. So we can quantify that with with the bar mass. And then also the technique is pretty interesting that it's not just, you know, load up the bar with heavy weights stand up with a dip underneath of it and they're actually some very interesting technical aspects that kind of manifest in this technique in this very stereotypical technique that we observe. So with respect to the weightlifting research that that we do and that most people have focused on from the bar mechanical side there are some focus on the bar mechanics. So we're tracking kind of the movement of the barbell through space. And then also the forces, the forces that are interacting between the lifter and the ground and the lifter lifter and barbell system in the ground. And then also joint mechanics over either looking at the kinematics of different body angles body segments and the kinetics. So just to show you some of the research projects that we focused on or focus on either competition analysis or doing some work with some maximal loads in the effort to kind of look at different warm up techniques for weightlifting. Here we have a picture of kind of our original bar mechanics lab setup, where I still can't believe that my original undergraduate supervisor let us construct this weightlifting platform in the lab around these force plates with very expensive cameras. Right all around weightlifting not very happy as Mike Conroy or weightlifting coaches looking on and saying do it again harder faster so. So with respect to some of the variables that we actually look at and weightlifting bomb mechanics. The first one is bar path. So here I have kind of stick figure drawn in to kind of show you the direction that the lifter is facing in order to provide a little bit more information or context for how the bar moves. So here we have a bar path with an initial rearward displacement during kind of the initial pole phase, followed by a secondary forward movement that is around this what we call the vertical reference line. And this initial backward forward movement that crosses the reference line is typically what we refer to as an a type trajectory. If the lifting exhibits a barbell trajectory produces a barbell trajectory that doesn't follow or that doesn't cross the vertical reference line. We typically call this a V type trajectory. And also C type trajectories were sort of an initial rearward displacement available initial forward displacement was kind of back and forth lift and this will be classified as C type trajectory. And typically what coaches seem to seem to think and what research seems to indicate that type A and B are considered okay type trajectories if we observe these type C trajectories are somewhat considered as efficient as you can imagine too much back and forth movement may not may not be good. I'll come back to that in a little bit. So you can also then move on to some from the barbell trajectory can calculate the acceleration and the velocity profiles of the of the barbell. This is illustrated here at the blue line right from lift off increases pretty steadily and then drops to zero as the barbell reaches its maximum peak. And we also, if we had the same time kind of like the acceleration thought the acceleration we have pretty a pretty steady acceleration profile that only really drops negative once the barbell has obtained its maximum velocity and as the lifters preparing to catch the barbell. I just included a another figure here where the trajectory is slightly different I just wanted to show this to illustrate that there are some individual differences. What's interesting to notice here right is that instead of the steady increase in velocity to a to the overall peak the global peak. The initial increase followed by a slight decrease in velocity. And so this is associated with a negative acceleration phase. And so there might be some applications or implications for whether this denotes a breaking phase and how efficient this is. We've been playing a little bit of how to communicate some of this data a little bit better, especially taking barbell velocity profile or acceleration profiles and providing that back in a format or relating that back to a format of bar path. And I tweeted some of these pictures a while ago and I realized that it probably would be good to also show some of these velocity acceleration profiles so people have a little bit more of an idea of what these bar, what these line graphs look like. With respect to the ground reaction forces, we've measured ground reaction forces during weightlifting exercises. And of course if we're just measuring the ground reaction forces we're looking at the force that acts on the barbell lifter system as a as a unit. So the ground reaction force that's that's applied to the lifter here is obviously related to two parts of acceleration of the barbell, as well as acceleration of the center of the lifter center of mass. And if you can look at the time series data of what this looks like we observe that there's a typically this biphasic profile where we have an initial, this initial peak where the lifter is producing a ground reaction force that exceeds the system weight. A little bit of a decrease and followed by my second and larger peak. And initially this has been kind of discussed by Inoka is that as far back as the 70s that we do observe this this biphasic profile. And in some cases we can even see a decrease below the system, the system weight, whether the ground reaction force falls below that system weight. And so the terminology that we use to kind of denote these phases of weightlifting movements. Here we have from the first phase is called the weighing, the weighing phase, unweighing phase and then the weighing to phase. As Inoka showed in that same papers that we actually have, or that the ground reaction force follows the barbell profile pretty in a pretty similar manner. And so, again, it seems that the ground reaction force does gives us a pretty good picture of what is going on overall with the system as well as the barbell. Let's dive in a little bit deeper, look a little bit more detail of what's going on at the level of the joints. Here we have hip angle plotted against time of what I call percentage of lift. And really, it's not the entire lift that we're plotting that we're looking at here we're looking really more at we refer to as the pole phase. The focus primarily on this phase because after this, we don't really capture ground reaction forces anymore. And so we lose the ability to do to say to apply our favorite hammer and biomechanics which is inverse dynamics. But if we look at the kinematics of the, the joints during this we still see some very interesting interesting patterns. Not much for the hip angle but we look at the angle we started in a flex position here right we pretty much extend until about 60% of the pole phase, maybe a slight depth for some of the lifters.  The barring kind of shows the ensemble average of this is either five or six lifters and then the thin gray lines kind of shows individual variations of the, of the lifters. So the hip, we kind of see this primarily extension movement. The knee angle things become a little bit more, a little bit more interesting sort of speak, where if we look at the knee angle, we can start off in an initially flexed position during the starting, during the starting position. We then move towards extension. The initial extension phase is followed by a really market rebending reflexing of the knee is then followed again by an extension. So we have this extension flexion extension pattern that we observe at the knee and we'll come back and talk about this in much more detail later. The ankle angle we see in this extension flexion extension pattern. Not quite as as market is at the knee joint but we definitely see this triphasic triphasic pattern as well. And so another way that we often look at movement phases during the weightlifting pole. We're doing this, doing this main pulling phase is that we denote the first extension phase as quote unquote the first pole. The rebending of the, of the knee, the knee joint reflexing. We call the transition phase or sometimes also the quote unquote second knee bend, which is then followed by the second pole that final extension of the knee joint. Another way to to look at this from maybe a little bit more complex coordination coordination perspective if we look at ankle angle. Angle angle diagrams, we have trunk angle on the horizontal, the angle on the vertical. The lift starts down here. We look at the coordination between these two joints. We see that the initial phases characterized by the initial extension phase at the knee. Where we don't observe much change in the trunk angle. So there isn't a large excursion on the horizontal x axis. Once we once the barbell reaches just about the, the point of the, the knee, right about the patella, we see that rebending of the knee and followed by the final extension phase. We then shift gears and look at the joint mechanics, kind of focus on the kinetic side a little bit. Here we have the hip joint torque or the hip net joint moment across the pole phase. Either if we say the entire pole phase or the first pole transition and second pole phase. We characterize this when we say what do what do we see what do we observe we observe pretty much a steady steady hip extension moment throughout most of the motion. Then progressively goes to zero towards the end when the lifter loses contact with the barbell and drops underneath the bar to catch the bar either the shoulders for the clean or overhead in the snatch. We have the net joint moment at the hip. And we notice that the patterning of the joint moments is a little bit more, a little bit more interesting than what we observe at the hip, where we have, we start off with an initial extension extension moment. Now, see that towards the middle of the exercise, towards the middle of the movement, we actually observe a knee flexion moment is then following in by any extension moment so it seems to match to some extent what we see at the knee joint. In terms of the kinematics where we observe that extension flexion extension pattern. There is that if we're looking at net joint moments right we can also talk about the implications of involvement of the extensor as well as the flexor muscles. And then if we look at the ankle joint moment profile again it seems to have this back and forth extension, maybe coming to almost a flexion moment and then extension pattern again so similar to the knee joint but just not as market of a variation from one to the other. So that's for the planter flexor muscles. So where things get interesting in terms of looking at movement phases movement control or really putting right putting things together from a biomechanical perspective is as if we consider the kinematics and kinetics together. The graph does knee joint angular velocity. So we have, again, wherever this dark line is positive the knee joint is extending right the magnitude just gives us the velocity with which it's extending. Here, if we have a negative knee joint velocity of joint is flexing magnitude because it's how fast joint is flexing. And then we have that extension during the during the second Paul and forgot to have this color coded so we have our little extension face here knee joint flexion followed by the final extension phase. I'm going to try to match this up now with what is going on at the joint moment level. So I've graphed the knee joint moment down here and extension. It's positive in the sense that flip this from convention in order to show this a little bit better. But if we can take any positive net joint moment to be an extensor moment that would tell us that the knee joint that the knee extensor muscles are producing an extension moment that's in that extensor moment. And also the knee flexors are creating a net flexion moment. And then we have that extensor moment towards the end. And so, again, we have three phases but it's kind of interesting that if we multiply these things together knee joint angle velocity knee joint moment, we look at knee joint power we come up with a curve that doesn't look like any of these. And the phases here if I try to line up the blue and yellow boxes, right things actually look kind of complicated. And I think this is where I start losing a lot of my undergrad by mechanics students I've tried to talk through this very slowly and deliberately. And I've realized this step by step. Right. So, again, positive joint power would say that the, we're producing or generating power, we're doing positive work at that joint, negative power, we're absorbing power. And I've labeled on top here what is going on with the kinematics. So I have again an extension motion that matches up with the phases that I have for my angle of velocity, knee flexion motion, and then again the extension motion. And down here, I've kind of added the labels of what is going on with the kinetics within that joint moments at the time so we walk through this right we have these these light blue phases where light blue, light yellow light blue which seem to match extension flexion phases over here but then I have these weird between shaded shaded areas. So, if I start with the initial extension motion, right we see I have an extension of extension motion of an extension net joint moment. So my net, my knee joint extensors are generating power, until I get to this part where you can see that I'm still extending. But now I have this flexion moment. So it's actually the knee flexors that are slowing down the extension, and are therefore creating this absorption of power at the joint. So this is characteristic of an eccentric muscle action or an eccentric action at the joint. The net joint moment continues, continues to exist for a little while longer. Actually, then turn it stays, it stays present during the movement until the joint or as long as the joint brings the joint into flexion. Right, so this again what I have up here so the joint start to flex under the flexion moment. So, here I come back to now the joint is flexing under flexion moment so it's my knee joint flexors are actually generating. Positive power right so they're creating that flexion that that rebending of the knee joints that we see going during that transition phase from first poll to the transition phase and then if we go into the second poll. The new extensor moment starts, or we start producing a new extensor moment before the knee actually is extending so while the needs so flexing I have any extensor moment. So I have a little bit of energy that is absorbed at the knee joint again indicative of an eccentric eccentric action at the joint that then precedes the final extension phase. And this is often what we talked about when we, when we mentioned the double knee bend, one of the stretch shortening cycle action at the knee during weightlifting exercises, right is where as the knees flexing during that double double knee we have knee joint flexion, but as I'm as I'm flexing actually creating this knee joint extension moment. So, we can also look at hip joint powers and ankle joint powers we can calculate those for for the other joints. And so something that's kind of interesting from a control perspective right. If you stayed with me as I explain as I tried to explain what is going on at the knee joint seems fairly complicated but things get easier at the hip joint and at the ankle joint because I don't have these oscillations between positive power and negative power positive power negative power. So where I have five cycles back and forth for the knee joint I only have four for the hip and three for the ankle. Let's us talk about the movement phases during them during the poll in a slightly different way than what's traditionally been been used right so originally when people use primarily force plates and kinematic analyses. So, which is in one of these classic articles by hack in 1984. We're looking at ground reaction forces. Throughout a clean, we're looking at knee joint angle. And we're trying to look at, we're trying to make inferences about muscle action such as concentric, eccentric concentric movements based on based on the kinematics and what we observe overall the ground reaction forces. And look at, we take some of this data from what we get from the joint kinetics, we can get a little bit more detailed information where the solid black line here are my ground reaction forces, the dotted line of the net joint powers. This is for the for the knee joint hip joint and ankle joint over here. I just want to point out here is that, as I have that unweighing and the ground reaction force that is where I temporally observe my peak knee flexion power that seems to coincide with that unweighing phase. Okay, so I was kind of a brief overview of some of the mechanics of weightlifting. I want to try to talk a little bit about some more research. And some, again, more thoughts that I have on where we could maybe have research go in the future. So if we look at bar mechanics, right, oftentimes we're talking about efficiency, how efficient is it left there. And the classic definition for weightlifting efficiency came from Garhammer back in the 80s, we're just a ratio of vertical work to total work that's done on the barbells we're just looking at. Overall, what is what is being done with the barbell and if we look at some data that he presented, one of the seminal papers in 93. We see that these efficiency ratios for different lifts definitely run the on the gamut right from 90 90% all the way to 100% for different lifters different exercises different loads. However, something that always bug me a little bit with this classification or this definition is that the way to get perfect efficiency is that we would just eliminate all horizontal barbell motion. And I just don't know how likely that is if you talk to coaches, for example, or if we look at what is what we see in the literature, like here's data from the 1985 World Championships was presented by Bowman and general journal of applied by mechanics. So if we look at weightlifting barbell trajectories across a lot of different weight classes. There is horizontal motion. There's an inevitable joint horizontal sorry there is an inevitable horizontal barbell motion that barbell motion seems to be the horizontal horizontal barbell motion seems to be less, depending on what group of lifters you're in so a group lifters are better lifters versus be group lifters with kind of the lower class lifters in the study, but we still have some horizontal barbell movement. So, one way that I often think about efficiency and weightlifting or bar mechanics is that it's kind of a way that was presented by veteran doctor in an article 1999. So I really come to this idea that you know the task goal and weightlifting is to move the heaviest bars possible from the floor into this catch position into that support on the shoulders on the overhead position. And in order to do that I need to pull a bar certain height right I need to pull a certain height so that I have enough time to drop under it and support the barbell. And one way that we often talk about this or that I think about this is that I try to lift the barbell to a certain height with a certain velocity. Maybe we can treat the barbell as a quote unquote projectile at that point, and I've used questions like this for undergraduate by mechanics exams because they're fun projectile motion type of questions and they have some application. And really an interesting question is whether or not the velocity at this point at this height actually lets you move the barbell or would produce this travel range that we that we observe or that we need in order to have the time to drop underneath. And when you actually do the math, you find out very quickly that no, the velocity that you have it's not enough. Right so typically the velocity that lifters produce at this point will only produce a quote unquote projectile drift or motion up to a certain height, and they actually have to do some what what these authors called rest work on the bar, some active travel so they have to continue to continue to apply force during this point so it's not quite as simple as projectile motion. So it is that this relationship for this idea pretty much seems to hold across different weight categories so it seems like it would be something that could be universally applied. And so I think back in terms of efficiency, the way that veteran Deutsche presented this is that right, really a way to think about efficiency is that we want to try to come up with. We want to try to maximize the rest work right so we want to try to. We want to try to have a high travel of the bar by itself. We want to have in optimal V max, so vertical maximal velocity. Instead of having an excessive vertical velocity right so, and, in other words to think about this is very inefficient way is to have very high velocities that would lift the bar very high and then with them crashed down on the bar. So one way to think about this is that really it should be a ratio right that I want to try to minimize the velocity that's needed in order to lift the bar bell into that, into that height overhead. So some things that they that the authors proposed is that there should be, there should be a minimum velocity that's needed to move the bar into the overhead position in the snatch or to the shoulders in the clean. One part of training should really be around trying to establish a critical minimum velocity that you're trying to train towards anything above that velocity. Above that critical velocity will be inefficient wasted energy wasted effort however you want to quantify that. It's the one way to think about this and very simple by mechanics terms in terms of kinetic energy. So if I have my equation here for kinetic energy, but a better lifter, whatever kinetic energy they could muster up they would use to lift greater barbell mass. There's mediocre or worse lifters are probably favoring the velocity of their over accelerating the bar producing higher velocities, or they're not optimizing that vertical optimizing vertical velocity. And this kind of also brings me to something that I think about sometimes as a problem with high power outputs right power is pretty ubiquitous and sports by mechanics and people argue about the definition. We should use it if we should use it at all certainly for vertical jumping I think it's falling out of favor. And so, in a way I think that power has probably been an over focused part of what we do and weightlifting biomechanics especially barbell power in relation to weightlifting performance for weight lifters. So this is very easy to artificially increase power outputs by just increasing the velocity rather than lifting heavier weights. So, I did some back of the napkin calculations, while on quarantine. So, since I'm not able to get into my lab. So, my favorite lifters from back back in the day. Sorry. So it was cool about him, but there was actually a series of studies that was published a series of observations by Husky 1997, where he actually put data on a lot of these parameters that we would need for these sort of efficiency calculations right how high this barbell travel what's the height of velocity. What's the height of the barbell at its maximum velocity, what's the drop distance, etc. And so if you look at this performance from the 1994 World Championships was 172 five. So if we use that data from his guess analysis of plug it into the equations that better enjoy to have. You would actually be able to predict that demos would have been able to lift a max of 187.75 kilograms which indicates a reserve of almost almost 10 kilograms almost 20 pounds of weight that he could have been could have been lifting in what he, what he did. And so if we then calculate an efficiency ratio brings us to almost 95%. And so it's interesting that if you look at this overall personal best snatch that came in 1999 actually information performance of 180.5 kilograms. We assume that he used very similar kinematics might plug it into those equations and we will get an efficiency of 99.3%. So, you know, we go from pretty good to to great. And this is something that I think of might be might be a little bit more useful and rephrasing efficiency and performance prediction monitoring assessment of Olympic weight lifters going forward. We were kind of velocity and acceleration profiles and looking more at the time series data. We looked at some of this quite a few years ago. Again, we were interested in looking at acceleration profiles and relationship to weightlifting performance and performance being a measure of somebody's the barbell mass that they lift with respect to their actual body mass. So, here we have the acceleration in the black line, the barbell, the acceleration on the barbell during the pole. And in order to kind of look at the profiles or the patternings we use their principal components analysis where we try to look at patterns of variation in the barbell and try to correlate that to actual performance. One of the patterns that we observed seem to capture this difference between a very steady acceleration profile or very steady acceleration versus an acceleration that was characterized by a decrease in acceleration actually negative acceleration during the transition phase and a increase during the during the second pole phase. So when we ran the correlation analysis we found that better lifters. So those were able to lift heavier weights followed what we observed with these positive symbols rather than these negative symbols in terms of their acceleration profile. So we do some very simple mechanical analysis right if we have weight lifters that only able to produce a finite amount of force, a better lifter, right will lift a heavier mass with a smaller acceleration, whereas a worse lifter or worse technical lifter, right, perhaps lift a smaller mass and use more that force potential to put into acceleration. And side note if we try to tie this into kinematic patterns in this 1999 article. These two authors actually looked at certain movement characteristics that were associated with different acceleration profiles. And one thing that they found is that the acceleration profile that we see in the middle here where we have a pretty much steady acceleration throughout the lift is almost characterized with a kinematic movement pattern during the first pole where the torso angle stays fairly constant. So this is often something that you hear weightlifting coaches talk about hips and shoulders rise at the same rate during the first pole. And this is an indication of something that coaches talk about right from a body posture movement perspective that actually holds over and is related to the acceleration profile. Here we looked at ground reaction force patterns in relationship to again weightlifting performance. We did a similar pattern analysis where we used principal components analysis to extract different patterns and ground reaction forces and correlated those two weightlifting performance. And something that we noted is that better lifters. So those that lifted higher weights with respect to their their body mass actually exhibited smaller decreases in the ground reaction forces during the transition phase than worse lifters or worse lifters again here in the negative. Negative lines versus the positive lines. And better lifters also had a what seemed that kind of a temporal shift in the ground reaction force pattern where we have a quicker transition phase. So this phase from going to the end of the pole first pole to the beginning of the second pole was done with a shorter percentage was part of this as a proportion of the total pole and with less loss and ground reaction forces during that phase. We've also looked at I'll try to apply this same type of pattern analysis to to joint motion so joint kinematic data. Here we're looking at hip angle where positive is our hip flexion angle, or we start in a flex position, and then move towards an extension throughout the throughout the pole. And again, something that we notice is that our better lifters follow the pattern that's denoted by the positive symbols here whereas worse lifters follow the pattern that shown by the negative symbols here. So our better lifters essentially had what we said a more steady hip angle or torso angle during the first pole and less of a rebending reflexing of the torso during the during the transition phase. Right so that again that first first pole was pretty much done with a very steady increase in torso angle. Change in hip flexion angle primarily driven by changes in the thigh segment, not the torso segment. And then, before we go into final extension during the towards the end of the pole. With respect to joint kinetics, the one thing that we've noted is that, and if we apply the same analysis, our same pattern analysis to the net joint moment. So here we're looking at my knee extension flexion extension mode extension patterns in the in the in the moment. We've noticed that our better lifters seem to follow this, this positive pattern or this pattern of positive symbols, where they are producing larger knee extension moments during the during the second pole. Something that I think is worth talking about briefly is that if we just talk about magnitudes of joint kinetics, because I get a question about this sometimes that if we look at the kinetics, the knee joint, either knee joint torques knee joint moments during weightlifting, especially at the knee joint they don't tend to be that large. So here, this is data from Garhammer 1976 so this is a person that I believe this is 142 kilograms snatch. One of the middle weight lifters almost a 300 pounds snatch where the person is only producing and knee joint moment of what hundred new meters, which is not again, but extremely large. It's kind of interesting to consider, but what else might be might be driving driving performance on the kinetic side. So some interesting data that was presented. I'm bringing them back in the 80s by by Bowman as an analysis of the 1985 World Championships that compare data from two lifters during competition so this is crossed versus since on us. Both in the super heavyweight category during this competition. Being the world champion when in the gold medal with a snatch of 202 kilograms and since on us being in the big group with a snatch of 160 kilograms. We see that crossed up is able to produce or was able to produce greater ground reaction forces to lift greater greater weight. It was interesting that if we look at the ground, if we look at the knee extension moment during these lifts we actually see that craft stuff produced a much much smaller. More than the extension moment during the final phase then craft stuff. Something that bombing all moment at all commented on is that it's perhaps related to the fact that craft stuff was able to manipulate the external moment arm in a much more efficient way about the knee joint, then since on us and so we see some external influence or some other influences of controlling the moment arm controlling the effective mechanical advantage during the during the exercise from that same paper also saw that look at joint moments across different weight categories and across different lifts. The best correlation that we have right between increases in joint moments and body mass or body weight plus barbell weight was the was actually the hip joint moment and not the knee joint moments. So this is kind of this is led us to kind of consider how do we how do we get at some of this with kind of future studies. And this is something that we're considering right now, one of my graduate students is working on this at the moment where we're looking at net joint moments, as well as muscle forces we're trying to use musculoskeleton modeling to get muscle forces during different exercises. So I will just say this is during the squat so it's not a weightlifting exercise but we're trying to apply this in the future hopefully to weightlifting exercises where my hip extension moment, my knee extension moment. And the gray area is the joint moment, and then all these individual lines are the joint moments or the muscle moments created by the individual muscles the forces they're producing multiplied by the moment arm of those muscles. And how they're contributing to these joint moments. And so we're doing that for the for the hip and for the knee. So we have this for 0% load. And then we have this across different, again, different loads and so something that's kind of interesting to consider right is even though we have an increase in joint moment, so that gray area increases right so we have hip extension moment increases as we load more weight during a squat. So we have, can these increases and how much does, for example, the group max contribute to the hip extension moment. Right, that seems to increase. We also have hamstring muscle contribution to the hip extension moment, it's the dash dash line here. All right so that changes interesting thing about the hamstrings right hamstrings extend the hip, but they create a knee flexion moment at the knee flexion moment at the knee joint. So that's what we observe down here so at the knee joint in the gray area we have the joint moment that is calculated as a sum of all the individual muscle moments that are produced by the muscles individually. So here for example we have the bassist muscles joint moment that's created by the muscles and we see that that's larger than what we have as the net joint moment, because we're having to offset the hamstring effects of the hamstring muscles. So again just something to consider that even though the net joint moments might not be that large the muscle forces might actually be in themselves fairly large. And something else that we've thought about a lot or that we're thinking about a lot is this idea of absolute versus relative net joint moments and this idea of strength versus capacity is that oftentimes we just focus on absolute joint moments. But we don't really know what percentage of your overall capacity of this represents. So we're not able to perhaps indicate what are the bottlenecks for performance. Or we often term this what is the operating capacity of each muscle group during the exercise. So one way that we're kind of looking at this is looking at relative muscle effort where we're taking the ratio between the net joint moments that we measure dynamically versus the net joint moments from a maximum contraction. One of the natural things to do for weightlifting as we use the isometric met dipole, which is kind of shown here yet we have a rack where we can position the bar weight lifters will do polls at different positions, and we can kind of get an idea of how much net joint moments are people able to produce them during these different positions. And then relating that to the dynamic moments that we measure throughout the motion. So quite problem with that is a one site caveat is that we know that the net joint moment depends not only on the joint angle but also joint angular velocity. So we're trying to use some musculoskeletal modeling, we're using surface regressions, trying to predict what is the maximum joint moment that a person is capable of producing, given the combination of their joint angle joint angle angular velocity, and then we're trying to map that out against the dynamic net joint moments that we're actually measuring. So here in the red line. For example, I've calculated the max net joint moment at the knee joint, given the surface regression equations. And then we plot that against the dynamic net joint moment we look at the knee joint right there is a there's a difference here so that's good so. The knee joint moment is not reaching its max capacity at the ankle joint, however, we do see that the green line seems to exceed the predicted capacity at the net joint, or the predicted capacity that the moment that the ankles. The knee joint reflexors should be able to produce. So, one other issue, right that comes up a lot when we talk about net joint moments, and some of these modeling techniques is influence of two joint muscles issues of co activation etc. And I'll just say, we're trying to get around this by using some more modeling. So this is computed muscle control, where we're again predicting individual muscle forces, calculating our net joint moments, or the actual net joint moment that we observe during an exercise during a task. But then we also take that same motion, we use some more musculoskeletal modeling where instead of where we're artificially setting the activation of the muscle muscle to 100% essentially. So saying giving them all given the motion that we observe, we dial up activation to 100%. We're accounting for muscles ability to produce force based on its active length component passive length and its force velocity properties. And so we get, again, this net joint moment max, that should represent the maximum capacity at the joint. I'm using that then to calculate this relative muscular effort as a ratio between the two. Okay, coming to an end, I just wanted to end on on the abstract form, probably one of the earliest articles on weightlifting that I've been able to find and probably one of the best titles ever the defeat of gravity and weightlifting. So, here it goes, that weightlifting as the art of defeating gravity may seem a statement of the obvious, does very rewarding Harvard as an all battles to consider the nature of the adversary. It's relentless nature means that man can only win for limited time. As we shall see the earlier he engages the enemy, the more spectacular as a short term advantage. The long drawn out battle is to be avoided at all costs. Man, on the other hand is apt to injure himself when he tries to mobilize his forces too rapidly. Like the battle commander and the weightlifters presented with a dilemma and the information available about his own strength and resources is inadequate to eliminate the possibility of disaster. We must be thankful that at least the fall gravity is an entirely predictable one. These are fairly or these words are fairly accurate summary of this paper and hopefully of this presentation so So I'm going to end with thanks to my bond mechanics law group are standing conditioning staff collaborator pretty many over the years, but especially to Michelle civic who gave me first start my, my bond mechanics career. And by com for sponsoring this and stew for making me give this talk on short term notice, but I enjoyed putting this material together. So thank you. Brilliant. Thanks Christoph. Yeah, that was amazing. I think I didn't want to put too much pressure on but I had high hopes for that and it was even better than I was expecting and I love the ending as well that and grieve abstract. So I've got a new idol in terms of writing style. And we don't write like that anymore at least not after axle. Yeah, unfortunately not. Yeah I think just while we wait for the live chat on YouTube to catch up if anyone's got any questions just leave them there. And if you'd look on the screen at what's coming up over the next couple of months really. If you want to keep updated. Apparently I'm supposed to tell you to subscribe and click on the little bell thing and you'll get a notification. I've got a lot of questions already. So apologies in advance for terrible pronunciation as always, but from a superior shower, or that's how I'm going to say it and I'm sticking with it. And says the first one, basically what percentage of one rep max. Should we use for testing the snatch. If we want reliable results in a study. It depends. I mean, not to be facetious but I guess it depends on what you're trying to write what the purpose of the study is if you're trying to look at maximal competition performance you probably need to use loads right that are close to 100% of maximum. Weightlifting research is difficult because you can't ask people to do too many lifts at 90% right we can just say here's a mean of 10 repetitions that somebody did at 90 to 95%. So in a way I think it's the nature of the beast that you're stuck with a few repetitions. And if Priya has more questions feel free to email me I would be happy to chat about this more. But again it's with with competition again in competition you only have three attempts right and those attempts are typically at either different loads, or you have a failed attempt in there and so it just makes it really difficult to to talk about this issue of reliability which maybe we conveniently ignore. Yeah I think the question looking again and doing my job properly and was specifically around studying lift trajectory, which I guess is still a, it depends and even trajectory mine depend on the actual load as well. Yeah, yeah and I think it's, it's interesting because I didn't have that slide in there, because I'm already I feel like I went over time. We're starting to look at trajectories a little bit and the variability and trajectory that we that we observe from trial to trial. And we're trying to parse that out between right meaningful variability versus just noise. And so it's an interesting subject because I think it gets a 30 of right. What variability, right, is there variability in this in the barbell trajectory and does that actually matter to some extent right. What do coaches try to fix. If there's variability that's not related to a performance outcome then. Right. Let that variability run wild I say so. Yeah, I think it leads to the whole functional variability. Yeah, and the second question is around the horizontal displacements I know early on in the talk you had the kind of vertical reference lines and then saying an early viewer of efficiency was essentially any horizontal movement or force was inefficient. So the question is, do you think there should be a specific or a specific recommended range that's maybe acceptable or unacceptable, or should it be as close to vertical as possible, or how would you, I guess, give some recommendations around that. Yeah, so I mean in the, in some of the original, again, I had another side and some of the original papers, I think Garhama has a range, right, so there's a range for backward displacement during the first poll should be between three to five centimeters maybe right forward displacement should be between right so there are ranges. And of course, right, I'm not. It's probably not a linear relationship either. There's probably a non linear or a curvilinear relationship where you need some horizontal movement to properly do the lift. To be able to turn the barbell over to produce that horizontal acceleration to counter to actually turn the barbell over. So the bar going all over the place in the horizontal direction, obviously no so. I think short answer yes there are ranges. And maybe we should look at those with a right not just with a not with a linear lens but maybe a curvilinear type of analysis, rather than linear regressions. Um, yeah I think I've got a couple of questions I could ask well potentially save those for another time I think if, if anyone wants to find out more about any of your research or just yeah any of the ideas you've got is there a best way of even getting in touch or checking that out. Um, yeah either Twitter or email. My most of my research articles on research gates and if somebody can find it quickly and they will send me an email about be happy to be happy to share the stuff that we have. Brilliant and the link to Christoph's research gate pages or it should be below the video in the description as well. So that should happen I know when I looked at it quite a lot for them were open access as well so you should be able to access those on there. So yes brilliant thanks ever so much again Christoph and thanks everyone for listening and hopefully see you again next week.


What's up everybody? Jason here for jaspyscasebreaks.com. We're giving away five mixture spots in the basketball mixer with this 1920 Panini Donner's hangar basketball. One box break round team number 12. So again the way this works guys is first We will do the break. Everybody gets a random team in the one box Donner's hangar break. Remember no veteran comms will ship But everything else will. We'll do the break and we'll come back over here roll the dice in a separate randomizer For only the customer names and five out of the 30 customers will win a $200 mixture spot So paying a fraction of the price to win some spots in the mixer So good luck everybody. Let's do the break first. Let's roll it and we got ourselves a six and a five For 11 times One two three four five six seven eight nine ten and 11 so Kim down to Chen I 11 times now here on the teams one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11 Thunder down to the Milwaukee Bucks So stick with you guys just quickly point out the most notable teams in 1920 So Amber with the Lakers Kyle with the Grizzlies bill with the pelicans heat with Kyle and Everybody else of course to stick with you guys. So quick hangar so no trades. I'll give it quick 15 seconds to glance at your teams Quickly run the hangar guys. Good luck Luga Dauntich you got a relic here of When dairy weather spoon for the spurs and we got Harrison Barnes green Rajan Rondo and The Angela Russell Great expectations how a hero We got turns man Dylan Wendler some oligarch Clark Bruno Fernanda Chimo Kiki Kevaport a junior Cameron Johnson Jordan Poole Jerry Culver Derris Garland Matisse Daigle And the rest of these are just base cards There you go Cool, let's switch scenes now. Let's see who's gonna get into the mixer itself. So here's the dice roller. Here's the original customer names Let's roll the dice and we got ourselves a six and a four this time. So 10 Customers in the top five will get a spot each in the mixer. So good luck one two three four five six seven eight nine boom ten times number Top five get in Gary you are in Kim.  Congratulations ten times top five get in Given away the last five spots in the mixer in the next hangar break, which is already sold out And we're gonna be running a next which would be Number 13. So appreciate you guys. Jasper's case breaks.com


Everybody this is Christian Buckley with another MVP buzz chat interview and I'm talking this afternoon with Purnima. Hey, hello. Hi, Christian. Nice to be here. Nice to meet you.  Okay, I'm Purnima Nair. I am based in Baksha, UK, in a little village called Langley. So if you come my way, do say hi. Or find me on Twitter and say hi. My handle is Purnima Nair. I'm a freelance.net developer. So I do programming as my day job. And I live with my little girl who is six years old and my husband as well. And non-work me. I spend a lot of time with my family as expected. I read. I can read anything, anything that takes my mind off and just lets me relax. And I'm also learning karnatic music, which is a stream of Indian classical music. I've been doing that for the past three years, even though I have spent some time in my childhood as well as programming mother. That's it. End of life now. I like to kind of have my own passion and follow it as a, so you'll find me blogging about karnatic music. Not so often, but I do try just to kind of share what I've learned and what I listen to basically my own take on things. Which I blog about what I learn on the technical side as well. Again, I don't blog every day, but I try to when I have the time, just with the purpose of learning and sharing what I've learned so that it can help someone else. And I talk at a lot of events, mainly meetups and conferences. I'm a tech speaker as well. As Christian said, I'm Microsoft MVP for developer technologies, and I've been doing a lot of work around Ambraco CMS, which is a dotnet based open source CMS. And I've been there MVP for the past two years as well. So I'm quite heavily involved in the developer communities, learning and sharing my knowledge with others as well. That's, you know, one of the things the advice that I've given to my I four adults, children and two that are STEM related career paths and two that are on the business side. And all four of them I've given the same advice about starting to blog starting to write about their experiences and what they're learning they're like well I'm not an expert on I'm like, that's not the process it's, it's, that's not the purpose. Like you obviously want to provide value, but a lot of it is about like talking through your experiences and what you're learning about, and what you've picked up and to be able to get feedback from others it's like it's the whole working out loud concept that that I believe in within the enterprise, you know where you're very transparent in the work that you're doing with your coworkers, so that you can, you know, draw upon each other strengths and create a better end result. That's the same idea, you've not yet built your community. You know as you're an individual starting out. And so encouraging them of course my, my oldest is already finished her masters and she's working as a professional she's actually funny enough after trying to get all my kids to learn all this technology that I work with. She is becoming a power BI expert and is learning those tools. She was the microbiology major and but anyway so that that's a great way to also kind of get involved with the community so what has been your community involvement and what's going on with community over right now I know things are a little bit different, but how are you staying connected. I think with, if I'm talking about the umbrella community we have a slack channel, so we are quite active on that then there's Twitter, everybody's on Twitter, so it's a very active world out there. And of course there's a big thing happening in the umbrella side of things these days because they are coming up with their document coercion. So it's very much active there. So we have like learnathons and meetups which are like on a regular basis. So I try to attend because everything happens in the evening time when my child needs me the most. So I try to keep our keep track of things. I do, but again, given the different kind of world we are in. I think it's up to each one of us to take a call on how active we can be. Some people are actually feeling the zoom fatigue because everything, everything is online. And people need us like off-screen time so I think it's up to people to people to understand what is the best for them. And again, when you talk about something like umbrella which is open source, you need to understand that it is up to you what you want to do.  You need to set boundaries on that for yourself otherwise it'd be overwhelmed. Well, I'm just going to make an observation too is like back when we were attending in-person events and there was the fear of missing out from these major events. And that's like a real thing especially if you're an MVP, if you're very active in the community, like you've got to be involved in part of it is a lot of what we are involved in doing the community. It's because we've been so involved in that. But with online, the difficulty is that the volume has increased. And so if you're trapped in that destructive FOMO cycle of feeling like you have to be involved in everything, there's just so much that's happening. So how do you select from those things besides the evenings which you've carved out for family? So there are events where I speak. So I have to be there. There are events which I really want to attend. So once in a while I tell my daughter that look, there's something happening like this. I need to be there. So she knows that I have a bunch of friends who I speak to. So she's happy about it. But again, I have to cut the balance and because when she comes back from school till the time she speaks, it's a matter of few hours that I have. And that needs to be her. So she is like the absolute priority for me in the evening. Everything comes after that. But again, then there are lunchtime meetings or there is the Slack channel or Twitter where I can say hi to people. So I do make sure that I do stay connected because they are my friends as well. Friends are important too. But when it comes to family and work, obviously family takes the priority. And we're talking about a six year old girl. Who is the next generation? So I need to be with her helping her out rather than thinking about myself there. Does she is she showing any interest in technology? I know she's still young, but I, you know, I so hoped that one of my children would be interested in going the technology route. And I think, I think I, you know, just my involvement and all the activities and them seeing me over the years, I think my youngest has the greatest chance of possibly go in this direction. But the other three are like, no, no.  So she's tried basic things, but she's still way too young for anything technology related. So she tries to understand things like she recreated her an email address just so that she can understand what email is all about. She can mail her grandparents or even her teachers. So there are things which we teach her. But again, she's at an age where she needs to explore and she needs to kind of understand she needs to develop the interest on her own rather than me forcing it on her. So we are kind of giving her all the options that she wants. Hey, there is this, there is this without kind of overdoing it. If you know what I mean. Yep. So she'll find her own rhythm. So for example, we took her to football classes when she was young. She went for a couple of sessions. She was done. She said, no, I can't do this. Was it was it all of the, was it all of the gear and the tackling. No, it was American versus I know the rest of football. He's he's like a really proper on the girl side. But he goes to the ballet class, and she absolutely loves it. So when, then she got into the primary ones, they had the options of giving fellow theatrics plus dance. She did all the trials he said I can't do the drama but I want all the dance. So it's like trying to make her understand that these are the options out there for you. Find your own thing. I think that's the best way to model them. I don't like forcing her into a path because she grew out of that interest very soon. Right. It's about, I love the, you know, and run into people that have used the phrasing of, of, you know, giving your children experiences to have so they could kind of carve the path and you brought up dancing. So my wife was formal was ballet gymnastics, but both of her parents my in-laws were gymnasts. And so she with my oldest is my daughter than three sons. My daughter, she was so excited to have her and dance in ballet. I remember after a huge show and and I, I love my daughter and I was so proud of her after this show. It was the end of the show season and like sign up for the new batch of classes. And she was six, I think six years old. And my, my wife says, are you excited about starting at the next level and dancing? My daughter says, no, I don't like dance. My wife, like I could see physically like her heart sink. And my heart just burst beer. She said, I want to play baseball. I want to do karate. Like, okay. So she did karate and baseball and played all the way up into and even played softball on the high school, the high school team. But again, it's about it. There's nothing wrong with having these experiences, figuring out which ones that you're really passionate about and going towards. And I would argue it's the same with like with technology. You can't force it. I would love for my kids to be more, you know, you know, plugged into what's happening with technology and not asking me so many questions, support questions. But yeah, I mean, they're doing some really cool things in other directions and just being happy in their success in those other areas. As long as they're not sitting at home, eating the food that I purchase, you know, and just watching TV and playing video games all day, but they're all productive members of society. So I should be happy at that. Absolutely. Absolutely. Yeah, give them the experiences, as he said, that's the right word. And then they'll choose from it. Yeah, it's it. I think it's, it's more important with kids because we are kind of bringing them up. I think it's something that we need to do to ourselves as well. That's the way I see it. Yeah, because in my world, technology, it's fast paced it grows like on a daily basis, it can be so daunting. But then, when you pick things up, when you try and understand what's out there it's important for you to understand what actually interests you, and what you're passionate about and learn that. You know, there's it's funny and so I advise companies when I was consultant and and this is something that I write about talk about a lot but is around the importance of for organizations to be good at change management, because things are rapidly changing evolving constantly new features coming out in the Microsoft ecosystem, of course at an incredible pace. I just question all the time like how is you do you as an MVP, how do you keep up with things and my first response jokingly as always like well I don't. I constantly feel like I'm falling behind, but I leverage the community, you know, like nobody's an expert in all things, but I, you know, I know people that are experts in certain areas and so I rely on them and ask questions and do that kind of thing but if you can, you know, just like try to train your organization to be good at recognizing and adapting to change, because companies that can do that successfully and quickly quickly leverage what is new, or be able to say no that does not impact us and move it out of the way and not be, you know, caught up in that. That's a great message for life and raising your kids as well. It's, you know, I mean change is hard as human beings, but if you can almost take that kind of, you know, that that that strategic approach to change management with with life and what it throws out you I think you'll be better able to handle all this. Yeah, absolutely. I'm off my soapbox now so what I feel is no matter how hard you try to keep up with the changing world and changing technology out there, you'll always be behind. There is no two ways about it. So I have completely accepted that so I'm caught in peace with myself over that. So I think it makes it a bit more easier once you have that acceptance so I think my advice is don't get into that vicious circle of I have to pick this up have to pick this up No, just go at your own pace you'll be fine. I think the hashtag is no more FOMO. No more FOMO. Absolutely. It's, once you do that, then you will find you being at peace and you will just carry on as a normal being. It's looking to miss out. Agreed. Agreed important, but so the last couple minutes here. So what kind of topics are you actively writing on speaking on right now kind of what are your hot topics. I blog about Ambraco because of that coming changes in Ambraco. And I just got done with my talk on GraphQL in .NET Co because I speak about a wide variety of things which kind of interests me, even though I don't work with GraphQL at all. My daily job is Ambraco and .NET based. So I pick up new things as well and try to share the knowledge. So GraphQL is something that I've spoken about recently and I'm speaking about it again in two weeks time, yeah, two weeks. And then there's Blazor, which is something again that I am passionate about. So I'll be speaking about that. So yeah, you'll find me around. Excellent. And for people that want to get in touch with you, what are the best ways to reach you via social or elsewhere at your blog? What's your blog? So my blog is pruneeman.co.uk and you can find me on LinkedIn. I do reply to messages on LinkedIn if you reach out to me. Then there's Twitter. I might not see it if it is on the message request, but I will try to check it ever so often and then try and get back. But yes, if you reach out to me, I will make sure that I reply to people. Awesome. Well, thank you so much for your time today. It was great getting to know you and enjoy the, from behind you, it looks like it might be not raining, not overcast, like good weather out there. It's actually good weather, even though it's snowing in Inverness today. So yes, I need to go collect my car from the service station. So I'm off there. Well, have a great rest of your day and we'll see you hopefully in maybe next year at the next MVP summit, if we're Yes, absolutely. One familiar face to look out for then. It was lovely to know you, Chris, Christian. So.


Mr. Kubunwi, President of Interpol, Mr. Julio Moto, Director of the Policial Policia Nacional de Panama, Mr. Jose Raul Molino, Minister of Public Security Panama, Mr. Jose Ayú Prado-Canal, Procuror General de la Nación, and Mrs. Gloria Moreno de Lopez, Director General of the National Customs Authority of Panama. Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Thank you for joining us and welcome to the sixth annual law enforcement conference on intellectual property crime. It's especially rewarding to be here in this beautiful country of Panama and near one of the world's most important shipping and logistics centers for Panama Canalism. Thank you to Interpol for your six years co-hosting this event. Your vision and courage to start the program in Niagara Falls Canada in 2007 has created something that is very special and enduring, even if some people in the criminal arena may disagree. You've shown great leadership in facilitating global actions and have been a major catalyst for international initiatives designed to combat transnational organized piracy and counterfeiting crimes. You have helped set a standard for what we now consider effective IP crime enforcement. Mr. Koo's term as president of Interpol ends in early November, and I personally thank him for his dedicated service and his support for the IP crime conference during his tenure, and we wish him the best in his future endeavors. And personally, I envy him his opportunity to retire in Singapore, another of the most beautiful and amazing places in the world. Thank you to the Panamanian Police for co-hosting this year's event, which will be the biggest and the best yet. Hosting this event at Panaman will help bring new perspectives to the challenges we face worldwide with counterfeiting and privacy crimes. Panaman is vital in the fight against these crimes and perfectly positioned to support regional and global anti-counterfeiting campaigns. Thank you to the FBI for your continued and sustained support for the conference. You have been a great partner in providing translation services over the years and a dedicated ally in the fight against IP crime. And thank you to the many companies who sponsor this program. Some of you are publicly recognized, and some of you prefer to work privately behind the scenes, but without each of you, this conference and our mutual work would be seriously diminished. Year after year, you assist us in raising critical funds that are required to host an event of this type without your financial assistance. We would not be able to fund this conference. I remain very impressed by your dedication to support law enforcement organizations around the world in the fight against IP crime. Please join me in thanking the sponsors and please take the time this week to visit their exhibits next door on the exhibit hall. Most importantly, thank you for more than 500 delegates from about 56 or 60 countries whose collected global expertise in this room will encourage the sharing of ideas of the development of new and breakthrough approaches to tackling piracy and counterfeit crimes now and in the future. UL was very proud and very humbled to be a part of this event. Our interest in the area of public safety has expanded over the years from electrical and fire safety to include medical products, food, and electronic payment security. Along with the many products which are counterfeited, we also sometimes find counterfeit UL marks. Often the UL mark is the common denominator and the easiest to authenticate. This allows us to play a special role in the fight against fakes and we take the responsibility with utmost seriousness and with zero tolerance towards counterfeiters. We all know the serious nature of the growing problem of IP crime. It is there, after all, that common bind that has brought us here today. We also know that criminals are becoming ever better organized and connected even to the point of forming their own transnational alliances like virtually every industry crime has now also globalized. One important tool to counter this trend is for law enforcement to deepen its own global alliances and for industry to step forward more aggressively as a partner. That has been and will continue to be the legacy of this conference, the human networks the conference creates. To be sure, the speakers are always excellent. We say must see TV and the workshops invaluable. However, the value of creation doesn't stop when the cocktail hour starts. The time you spend building personal alliances through informal chats, meals, and formal meal, formal meetings, both public and private, create a value that is unique to this conference. Along with President Koo, I urge you to take best advantage of this opportunity. And please visit the International IP Crime Investigators College booth in the exhibit hall. The IP Crime College is a leading edge online IP crime training facility just two years old but has trained nearly 800 IP crime investigators in 42 countries. The 14 core training modules will be available in Spanish and French this year at Arabic and Mandarin next year. The college is a fantastic crime fighting tool and I encourage everyone to take advantage of this great training opportunity. In addition to educating ourselves, there's important work to be done at educating consumers about the dangers of counterfeiting. To further these efforts, UL is working with the Walt Disney Company to produce an anti-counterfeiting educational program focusing on children and families to help raise awareness of the negative consequences of IP crime. In fact, representatives of Disney are with us this week and may seek out your information and guidance. This initiative is part of the award-winning Safety Smart program and empowers and educates children to make safety smart decisions. This program is now available in 17 languages. You'll hear more about this exciting initiative today and I urge you to visit their booth to learn more. Personally, I've always believed UL is very fortunate to be part of this event. It's exciting to be a participant in a positive push for thought leadership and innovation geared toward advancing local safety. Each year, this conference has grown, bringing together more and more agencies, organizations, and enforcement experts who together share the opportunity to take meaningful action and adapt to the shifting needs and priorities of combating IP crime. There's never been a greater focus on intellectual property crime. We're in a hard-fought battle with committed criminals. Just as criminals continue to change their methods, we must evolve as well. This is not a fight we can win on our own and it requires close and ongoing collaboration between public and private sector partners. In the coming days, you'll hear from experts who are making real progress and finding real solutions to the unique challenges that face us all. I encourage you to take advantage of the operationally-driven agenda, workshops, and roundtables. So give the knowledge and expertise of those in attendance and share your own personal experiences and best practices with one another. Once again, thank you for your attendance and enthusiasm. Your contributions continue to make us the premier of law enforcement event of the year. I look forward to meeting and speaking with you over the next few days. Welcome to Panama and have a successful conference. Thank you.


Hello, everybody. This is Claudio Covey speaking again. In our last video, we will implement a basic access control policy based on octas, groups, and claims. OpenDConnect claims, according to the official specification, are a piece of information asserted about an entity. Name, family name, picture, etc. are claim examples for users. On the other hand, OpenDConnect scopes are a group of claims. So, for this fourth video, we are going to define a new claim based on an octa group. The claim will be included in all scopes defined. On the other hand, the Connect OIDC plugin, to allow the con-route consumption, will check if the coming tokens have these specific claims included. Only users who are part of the octa group will have the claim included in the token, and therefore, will be able to consume the route. So, let's check our octa configuration now. First of all, I have created two users in one group. Here are my users, and here is the con-group. And as you can see, the group has only one member. Again, the new claim will be based on this group. So, only its members will have permission to consume the con-route. And here is the new con-claim definition. It is based on the con-group, and is going to be included in any scope for each access token issued. So, now let's run a token preview to check the tokens and the claim out. For the first request, I'm going to use the user who is not a con-group member. The octa application is the same authorization code we used before. Grand type is authorization code. And we're going to use the standard open ID scope. As expected, the access token doesn't have any con-claim inside of it. However, if you use the other user, since he belongs to the con-group, the access token will be different. Here's the con-claim inside our token. Now, let's check our con-route with the OIDC plugin enabled. So, here's the service, the version, the route. As you can see, the new parameters are saying that the plugin should check if the token has the con-claim with the fine and octa. So, in this sense, the route should be consumed only by users who are members of the con-group. Now, you're ready to consume the route using both users. Similar to what we've done in octa's token preview process, for the first request, I'm going to use the user who is not included in the con-group. As expected, we shouldn't be able to consume the route. We'll try to consume the route, but since we don't have any token injected inside our request, the API gateway is redirecting us to octa so we can present our credentials. And after getting authenticated, octa is redirecting us back to the API gateway. However, since the token doesn't have the claim inside of it, the gateway won't allow us to consume the route. And now, let's use the other user who is member of the con-group. Again, we try to consume the route, getting redirected to octa, but this time we're going to use the second user. Again, after getting authenticated, octa is going to redirect us back to API gateway. However, this time, our token has got the con-claim with the fine in octa previously. As a matter of fact, if we go to JWT.io website, we'll be able to decode the JWT token and check the token and the claim inside of it. That concludes the last video of our series. I hope you have liked it again. Thank you so much.


It's theCUBE. Here is your host, Jeff Crick. Hi, Jeff Crick here with theCUBE. We're on the ground at Santa Clara Convention Center at the Open Daylight Summit. It's the second year they've had the show, about 800 people talking, everything's software-defined, networking, and we're excited to have our next guest coming all the way across the Pacific to be on theCUBE, David Jorm, Senior Manager of Product Security from IAX, welcome. Yeah, it's great to be here. So this must be a really big event for you to come all the way over here. It is, it's huge. I mean, Open Daylight Summit, like you said, it's only the second one. The number of attendees here is amazing. So to have the opportunity to come here and hear everything that's going on in the SDN space is really good opportunity. So IAX is an exciting new company. We covered the Pure.2.0 conference last year. So for the folks that aren't familiar with IAX, give them a little background. Yeah, so IAX, we're calling it the Software-Defined Interconnect Company. So I guess people listening to this probably know about software-defined networking, probably know what that's about. The idea is applying the sort of concepts behind software-defined networking to establishing connections between different networks. So think about you've got a couple of big network operators, maybe you've got AT&T or Verizon, then you've got maybe Google or Facebook or LinkedIn that serves a lot of content to those networks and they'd like to establish a direct connection from one network to the other so that an eyeball network could consume all the content from say a cloud service provider and we're automating the process of provisioning those connections. So that's what we're calling Software-Defined Interconnect. And I don't think a lot of people understand quite how much peer-to-peer stuff is going on in most of the content that they consume every day. It's huge and we're trying to actually shy away from the term peer-to-peer because it's overloaded. If you speak to people about peer-to-peer, they say, oh, so like sharing video media or so and you say, no, no, no, that's one kind of peer-to-peer but peering and what we're calling direct-interconnect is huge. So it's where two networks connect to each other and exchange traffic without traversing the public internet. And that's actually how the core of the internet is formed. If you look at all the big network providers, the way that they actually interchange data with each other is by going into an internet exchange point and directly connecting. It's a kind of hidden ecosystem but it's actually at the core of how the internet functions. And your specialty is security. So you're here, you're giving a talk on security, world-class security. So tell us a little bit about what you're gonna be speaking about for the folks that aren't gonna make your session. Certainly. So back in December, 2014, I first started to get involved with the Open Daylight Project and back then it was kind of more in its infancy and there were some security issues. There were some vulnerabilities that had been published and there were no patches. Nobody was kind of cottoning onto the fact that these security issues existed. This is an Open Daylight. This is an Open Daylight. So I came in, you know, as a security guy saying, ah, okay, we need to fix this. So I established the Open Daylight Security Response Team, documented a process, had that process ratified by the TSC and now we're executing it. So we have a really solid security response process that's in place. If you report a vulnerability in Open Daylight, we can keep it private. We can coordinate disclosure. We can ship a patch. That's all there. The next step, though, is actually getting ahead of the game and establishing some proactive efforts. How can we reduce the risk of there being security vulnerabilities in the future? And that's what my presentation this year is gonna be all about. So it's interesting, you know, the power of a foundation like this where you, as an individual, I assume you're an individual, you know, you can spot something that's a significant problem and really kind of jump in with both feet and not only make a contribution, but really set a trend in an ongoing effort to plug that hole. Yeah, and I was actually really amazed by how welcoming the community was. I've participated in open source communities before. I worked for Red Hat for five years, so I'm very familiar with how it works. And a lot of open source communities are actually a little bit confrontational, particularly if you say something that's potentially negative. Hey, you've got a problem with security here. A lot of people will become very defensive. They won't want to let you contribute. The Open Daylight community was really welcoming and they just said, great, yeah, can you help us? Tell us how to do it. And so it was a great opportunity, yeah. So it's interesting, so then what lessons can you share with the Open Daylight community based on your old Red Hat experience to make sure that this project stays on track, doesn't get forked, you know, they always hear about, you know, conflicts between kind of management and direction and forking and all kinds of things that can go sideways. What are some of the really keys for Open Daylight to really stay on track and continue to deliver a lot of value to its members? That's a great question. I'd say from my perspective, two things. The first is keeping it open, open to collaboration. So that speaks to the experience I had back in December. Everybody was really welcoming. They said, just tell us how you'd like to do this. We'll review your process and we'll implement it. There was no barrier, there were no egos, so we need to keep that. The other is keeping it vendor-neutral because otherwise you'll have a situation where a vendor wants a particular feature for their business reasons. That won't be accepted upstream, so they'll fork. And if we can keep it vendor-neutral, we'll avoid that problem as well. Okay, so what are you working on next? What's the next great hurdle to overcome? Yeah, so like I said, the next step is to actually try and get ahead of the game and do some proactive security work. So I've actually got an intern that's working with me through the Open Daylight Summer Internship Project and he's nearly finished that.  So when you kick off a build, it will actually automatically inspect the code, it'll look for patterns of vulnerabilities, it'll look at the dependency tree and see whether any of the packages that you're bringing in have a known vulnerability. And if it sees them, it will fail the build. So this will allow us to automatically detect at least some of the security issues before they enter a stable build of Open Daylight. Okay, excellent. And I think we can save the date. There's a big save the date coming up for IAX later this fall. So can we see, can we see, we gotta see you there? Yeah, I'll be there. September 9th at the San Francisco Masonics Center. Save the date, it's gonna be exciting. One more time, what date, September 9th? September 9th, yeah. Save the date, the cube will be there, Dave will be there, bunch of people will be there, Al will be there, Will will be there. Excellent, well thanks for stopping by and good luck on your talk tomorrow. Fantastic, thank you. And I'm Jeff Frick, this is David Jordan. You're watching theCUBE, we're at Open Daylight Summit.


Hello everyone and welcome! This is Melissa Armo with the Stock Swash, and I'm here reviewing the QQQs. So we had a small gap down on Friday, and yet we couldn't go anywhere with it at all. I really didn't see any read in the gap in the market in the morning. We tried to rally, we made a failed attempt, and once we started falling, once we broke the low, again this is Friday, we just completely fell off the planet, and then we broke the low from Thursday, which really was bad for the market. So everything just really went lower on Friday. So there's a lot of people that were sucked in long on Thursday that got trapped and then got scared and sold off on Friday. Now I guess the question is this week, where do we go? Only a few more weeks left in the calendar year 2018, and let's just take a look and see where we actually did begin the year. And again I'm just going to focus on the QQs right now. We opened the year at 158.61, so we're still positive on the year here in the QQs. Barely, but we are. But like I said, year isn't over yet, so I think we could have a Christmas rally. I just don't know when that will be, because again today is December 9th and there's a few weeks before Christmas. But the market is not going to make new highs before the end of the year. I did say that last week and it definitely will not. It's not that we won't rally or hold in December, but I don't think we make new highs. I mean I think that's very very low odds. I mean I guess there's a chance it could happen. There's a chance it could happen, but extremely low odds and I just don't think it happens now. So a lot of selling into the market in October, selling last week too. Market could not recover last week, even though we started out the week very positive. Again rewind just just a few days ago. It seems like a long time ago, but you see the collapse the market had after that, you know, move up on the gap up in the summit from Friday night to Monday morning and here we are. So we will see. I'm gonna look and see where the future is open after six o'clock tonight. It's Sunday, 1222, but I mean as of right now, we could see more selling this week. We could see selling in the gap. It's gonna take something, something to create more buying to come into this market to hold it up, which could be any one of a number of things that could happen in the next coming week. So we'll just have to wait and see, but right now we're seeing weakness in the market. You did see some follow-through Friday from the beginning weakness we saw earlier in the week and I'll be watching this week to see exactly where we are and where we gap tomorrow morning on Monday. Have a solid, solid week everyone and email me if you have any questions at Melissa at the stockswush.com. Last Golden Gap class of the year is December 15th. It's coming up this weekend. Gosh, yeah, this weekend or next weekend I should say. This weekend coming up 15th and 16th. Last class of the year for 2018. If you're interested in starting up, email me at Melissa at the stockswush.com. Thanks everybody and have a great day.


Outside Africa, an advisor to the head of the Ukrainian presidential office, Mikhail Potoliak, says Ukrainian roads are operating as usual, while all ports and the sky over the country are closed. Potoliak said commercial banks are closed but the state banking sector is working. He added that Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky remained in the capital as a display of resilience, which the Ukrainians are known for. The big question is what can they do beyond the sanctions? Because if you think about it, this will be like the fifth or sixth time the sanctions have been thrown at the Russian government. You remember in 2014 when they invaded Crimea, there were a raft of sanctions which were imposed on Russia, but apparently it looks like the sanctions haven't done much because the sanction was deterred for the aggression from Russia. It has a quote because eight years down the line, you have Russia now in the Donbass region. And it's a big question, it's a million-dollar or a million-dollar question people are asking. What more can they do? I mean, you've had President Zelensky say that they should do more tougher sanctions. We need to ban Russia from the international monetary system, which is sweet. That's an option, but it hasn't happened yet. I'm sure if you did listen to Joe Biden, the U.S. President yesterday, when he ruled out those so-called very tough sanctions, he was asked questions about what he thought about why President Putin himself hadn't been sanctioned, and he had no answer to that question. So there's a lot of, you know, pessimism about whether these sanctions will solve the problem. It's a good thing to look at what China is not saying yet. China, right from time ago, has always been a strong ally, and they represent the strongest opportunity to say whether or not Russia will get any support. And in previous times, even at the Security Council, China has often stood side-by-side with Russia. This is not going to be any different. They're going to most likely insist that they take their point clear that they are in support of Russia. They probably won't come out of it, but you go, China, a couple of times. If you go around China, you see that the official language is Mandarin, but every major shop of business is called the Russian language at the bottom. So you don't really expect China to fall outside Russia at this point. They're going to be working with them arm in arm.