Welcome to Mavic Analysis for Head Shocks. Today's topic is rabbit holes and how to avoid them. Because you know, head shocks don't really belong into rabbit holes and we can spend our time more wisely. So I think that's a problem every Mavic analyst and every reverse engineer knows, especially from the time when you just started out. It's, you know, a time waster that you dive into the code and you don't get out of it. Like you're cluelessly searching for the things that might be interesting and you don't find them, say. There are some habits that can help you to avoid it. If you're a beginner, check this out. All right, the sample we will be looking at is a card game. Maybe. If you're a beginner in Mavic analysis, what you might do first is checking this file. Let's say in detected easy or something similar. It tells you it's a .NET file and then you go straight to the endspire because you know the endspire is a .NET decompiler and let's load the file there.  And well, if you check the strings here and the method names and the class names, it really looks much like a card game. It says something like other player cards received. There are some, well, game states, the game server is, you know, it really looks like an innocent game. Now, I got the sample because someone on MavicTips.com asked me, asked in a thread for help analyzing the sample because they knew it was Mavic but could not find the malicious code inside of this supposedly card game and didn't know where to look for the malicious code. Now, what can you do to avoid rabbit holes like this one? That's actually a rabbit hole. If you now start looking for the malicious code by just, you know, clicking all of the classes and methods, you will get lost in one very soon. The first thing, and that's like the person who asked about this file, they did this correctly. They have uploaded it to any run or you can use any other automatic analysis system that dynamically analyzes the samples. And any run will provide an overview to you what the sample does on the system. So these are the first things you can use to get a starting point for your analysis. The first thing you do is you get some kind of overview and several starting points to look for more.  For instance, it seems like the process will start, will persist using a task, the task scheduler, and it seems that it injects into a legitimate file called recservices.exe. So that's very common for .NET malware to start a legitimate .NET file and then inject into it. And this one, if you check on the, let's see where I find it, the threads tab, you see it says the network Trojan was detected and that there's agent Tesla X filtration in the recservices.exe. So we can already assume it somehow unpacks an agent Tesla executable and injects it into recservices.exe. If we click on the process for it, you see also agent Tesla was detected, you can click on that to get more information. And action looks like stealing of personal data. So here's some folder that has was touched by the file call. Yeah, it seems like some kind of user data for sheet out. And it changes the order on value on the registry for some arbitrarily named .exe file in the app data folder. So yeah, that's pretty obviously malware. And now we need to find out what else is happening. The next thing I also like to look at at the very beginning is virus total. Not only the detection rate is interesting, of course, with the detection rate like this, it's pretty sure that this is malware. And it looks to be consistent with agent Tesla. Since there's some kind of password stealer indicated here, we have some agent Tesla named detections as well. And some say it's like cryptic. So it's packed. Cryptic cryptic means packed. Furthermore, the comments in the community tab, they will say some more automatic analysis systems. One of them is in teaser, which also creates a report and interesting part is that it will try to tell you what kind of malware family it is based on the codes it found in there. So codes and strings. The in teaser report looks like this. That's the original file. And here it just didn't find anything special. But the dynamic execution found the memory module that it detected as agent Tesla. You see it here. Click on that. It has almost 2000 genes that are supposedly an agent Tesla. And also in this rec services.exe. So take note of that, write that down rec service.exe our interesting service to get the payload. Now, we already know quite a lot of things here. But how do we find the interesting part to continue with our analysis, right? It's what I suggest is first use a hex editor, and just scroll through the file. If it's not too big, if it's too big, you may want to check it out with something like protects analyzer first to see interesting areas of the file that you can read. Let's see what products analyzer finds. All right. So this is the visualization of the file. Firstly, this is a net file that it has two kinds of resources. products analyzer is a PE viewer and parser. It will show the this part of the image shows structures related to the PE file. So the resources mark green here, they belong to the PE format. And you can already see in the bipolar that this looks like an icon. And indeed, if you check the resources here, in resource hacker, you see that this is indeed the icon that Windows would display if you append a .exe extension to the file. Now, that's not that interesting for us. What is interesting is this blue area here, because blue in the bytecode means visible asky. So it's actually two blue areas, but this is a larger one. And we should check those for strings that are interesting. A lot of times Malware may pack the payload into a big string. Or in this case, the second thing that's interesting is this area here, because that's high in entropy. So it has some probably some thing packed into this area. How do we check those? And we can use the hex editor. And we can also use strings exe from this internets, right? Okay, let's check it in the hex editor, we could go approximately to the area where we found the blue stuff. That's here. Well, that looks like these are method and class names for the internets assembly. And strings can be quite a bit hard to read in the hex editor. Oh, what's that? Well, it looks weird. Pretty weird. It says quotes on life and repeats that all over. Well, definitely something I would take note of because why would it do that? Let's scroll to the beginning. This seems to be a net resource. You see here the header of the resource and advantage of using hex editors, you see like the structure around those strings. So we can check the net resources with the inspire, for instance. And if you do, which is also what I recommend doing before diving into code, run strings that easy from this internets on your file, pipe that into txt file, then check them just scroll through. And here you can read the interesting fun. So see if there's anything you might want to take a look in the code later. That things you want to look out for if you check on dotnet files, which do process injection is something like invoke entry point, get method, and so on. And we can see something like that here. Also, here's an invoke just reverse. So it seems like these are interesting starting points for us to search for the code that does the injection or unpacking of the payload. And yeah, that's what we're gonna do now. Now it's time to check the code. Firstly, the section of the resources. We saw a reverse invoke, right? I think I would just show you several ways to find this particular code of interest here, the three ways for it. Firstly, the resources, check the resources. And what you can see is this is big quotes on live string. First, note the name, write it down as AS that's the resource with that string. Secondly, we have this image, which is not really a useful image. If you see an image like that anywhere in the fall, most of the time this is packed code, or a packed assembly disguised as kind of a disguise. It's not really a disguise because it's pretty obvious if you see it. And if you saw it once, you will recognize it again.  So both of these are quite interesting because there's always a reason behind those things. Why would you put someone with this quotes on live here? Now, what you can do, you need to find the location, the code that uses these resources, right? So you go into the properties, resources, there's the resource manager for the .NET file. And then you find gathers and setters for the resources. So that's the first way to find the code here. There that's the image. And as AS, that's the quotes on live string. And then you right click analyze, you will find just by and then you see a method named rate that calls this resource and does something to it. Second way to find this, that was the first using resources. Second way you could have found this is using the search function. We already know this reverse invoke way was kind of weird. So what we search for is that, is that, right? You say, I want to search for number of string is like this reverse invoke. And now you also get the rate function. So using that, you could have found the interesting method here. The last thing you could have done, we know from the community comments that there's a Yara signature match on reverse base 64 encode exe. Well, that's quite interesting. So what you can do is the rule link, you can download the rule, right? You click on raw and save that onto your desktop, save it. And then you'll run Yara on that file. So Yara, we tell it our rule set. And we say this game. So let's put the minus s there. What it does, it shows the strings of match. And then it also shows where it matches location. And it's 24 C to E. So open this up and the hex editor, where is the game here? And go to that location, go to C to E. And that's where you land. Here. That's obviously some kind of, well, it says this is a reverse base 64 encoded exe string, this part here. So you know, okay, here's some kind of base 64 string that this liven quotes is in between. It's quite weird. So you could have seen that this is an interesting area for you this way. And then later on got to that method here. So now the interesting part, what does it actually do? It will get this resource and replace the quotes on live with a. Let's save the resource first. That's the resource we can right click save. We save it as txt because it's big string. And then we open it up in, yeah, in notepad plus pass and do the same just replaces with a place all. And that's our string basic C for strain. Now we know it's reversed. So where is it? What does it do? It gives the reversal. This method actually reverses the basic C for string. And then it does a conversion from base 64. We can easily do the same. I prefer to do this with Python. So then we will open our file for reading and say, this is relives first line. Let's print the first 100 characters. And I want the first three strings to disappear. Because it seems to start with non character stuff. And then we have that that looks better. And I want to reverse this as well.  That looks good. And now we just decode that and print that to file base 64. We can say B64 decode and then our reverse string. And we save that to decode it. So and then I open this file, new file called dump for writing and needs to be binary file because that's what we have right now. Let's check it decoded looks like that. And yeah, that that's about right. This is the m that mz and here's the dot sub message. So it looks correctly. And we write this decoded to the output file name dump and exit. Now we don't need to do closing on the streams. In case you have Python, Python program and we don't need to close it because when I exit Python, it will also close the streams here. Okay, here's the dump file. And as well as with the original file, this code game file, we will do the same thing and just put it into products analyzer for visualization and strings.exe to check where the interesting parts of the file are. But also we know without that, what's interesting from what is being called, which method is being called, you can see that here. So check that and if you already find the stuff that's interesting, then it's good. But otherwise, I recommend the same thing that check it out and hex it or check the strings and so on. So we know it calls a method named like that. So already knows quite obfuscated. And it's in this class and in this namespace. Let's drag and drop it in here that I'm found. Maybe it's our agent Tesla code. It's a DLR. This looks quite awful to that. The method, the relevant method is this. So we find it here. That looks obviously awful. So we need to deobfuscate it. But take note of how it looks like, because this seems to be the only method with three strings as parameter and void. So you can kind of find it later when you use D for that. With this pattern, where it's a dump. So now we have a clean dump. That's a bit confusing. This is called sparta. And this one is the method we are looking for, because as I said, it's string, string, string wide. So that's the method. And that looks about right. So we need to know what it does here. If you check out this, it seems to get something from the resources. And then it extracts some kind of pixel data from it. And then it does some form of XOR decryption using this array. And this string is a kind of password. So you could copy all of this code and put in the strings from the caller. But it's far easier if you let them ever do this dynamically, the unpacking of the payload. It takes less time at least. And we already know, this should be interesting for you, because here's a sleep. So this sample waits 38 seconds before does it. So just running it and running some kind of like mega dumper will not get you the payload you need to wait. So let's do this. We will start process Explorer. Furthermore, you know where the payload is located in this rec services.exe. So that's what we will wait for. We will append.exe extension, run it. And right now it doesn't do anything at all. The CPU is not spiking here. It should have some some CPU usage. That's now it's not sleeping. So let's check out mega dumper. We run it with administrator privileges. And once it has started executing the payload, we should be able to get it. If you run mega dumper now on this, I know it starts, there's rec services.exe. That's what we want. And we run the dump by mega dumper. So note the directory that the files are located. Since it just ran some net executable from the dot net framework, it also put the dumps in there. An easy way to get there is to right click and go to location. And now I think we should kill the malware process. So we should find the dump in there. There they are. Continue. So and here we are. That's the payload. That's it. Everything for today. You can also put this into the inspire for analysis. It seems to be packed with Confuser X. I didn't verify it. But in teaser says it is. Yeah. So you might want to use some kind of deal for skater like the Confuser X. No, I think it's unconfused x or no conf no fuse x. Anyways, you will find the operators for this type of obfuscation. And then you can analyze the payload if you want to but agent has analyzed already. So yeah, that's it. Alright, so to summarize, what can we do to avoid rabbit holes? What are good habits? Well, you should check every file that you get first for strings. And secondly, check out an hex editor for interesting parts. If the file is very large, use visualization to find interesting areas. And if you, well, the advantage of these is they are not dependent on any file type. So usually, because if you use, for instance, either to check the reference strings view, that's not a replacement of this internal strings, because the strings view will show strings that are referenced in the file. So it's dependent on the file format and what the file actually does with these strings. Whereas strings.exe, you can apply to any file of any type. And strings that are never referenced will also appear. Same for the hex editor. Of course, there are some hex editors that read file types and so on. But generally, you have just some hex data and some kind of ASCII string view, which cannot be fooled if the file type is somewhat awkward, corrupt or whatever. And when you do this, take note of all the interesting areas that you find the interesting strings that you want to check out later. And when you get stuck, you should, you know, stop, take a break, take a break, maybe discuss with some colleagues or friends, your problem, or talk to a rubber duck. But this will also, you know, free your mind a bit. And then you might get back to checking more like the overview of the file, the surface of the file where you might go dive deeper into. Also, automated analysis sandboxes, they are great if you, if the file has sandbox detection that detects our sandboxes. Because you can see already if the file does, like sandbox injection or similar process injection, so where to know where to look for the payload eventually. And yeah, last but not least, I would also check out, like file format viewers before diving into the code. For instance, if you have an MS-DOS file, use some kind of MS-Office file, use some kind of format viewer for that file format. Or for PE files, you have PE viewers and so on, to check out the resources there, for instance. So, yeah, that's it from me. And if you have any other tips to avoid rabbit holes, please put them in the comments below. And let's see you next time.


Welcome to the last set news at the top stories in crypto and bring on a bite-sized pieces today Just as the thumbnail suggests everybody's happy that a bitcoin ETF is here But there's some dangers lurking. I want to talk about exactly what those dangers are so you can get the full picture Of exactly what's going on. So we're going to talk about things to consider We're going to talk about not only is uh, there's some information from a pretty high up person There's also some bad news. We take a look at history and then we're going to talk about last about ways to play it So today All go over all this stuff. But first take a look at what's in the market and today's a beautiful day It's uh, it's saturday nice and sunny everything's going good And uh, look if you've been in the market for any length of time You should be pretty much in the green because mark cap right now is around 25 We're on 2.5 trillion dollars, which is not too shabby. We like to see these numbers And uh, I mean bitcoin price is bouncing around 61 000 almost I I mean even with uh with plan b He said it would uh, he was talking about how it would close out at 64 000 shoot We're almost there. We're looking pretty good. The thing that gets me or using trade the chain for sentiment analysis If you want to use your fundamental your technical and sentiment analysis use trade the chain links in the description Gets you a whole picture of uh, if you're a big trader The thing that that makes me sit up and take notice is this the bitcoin daily sentiment and the average daily sentiment It's not that super high. We were in the 70s Not too long ago when we were pretty much bearish and now that things are moving in the right direction price action is going good etf is here That sentiment number should be higher and they get this from scraping all the different blog posts all the different exchanges Uh, uh, medium sources. Uh, they have a direct api into, uh, twitter So this is pretty accurate as far as like a daily sentiment. So why is it? I think there's a lot of people just like me who look at this and go, you know what? I don't really know if this is the big thing. So let's just jump into it today and just talk about You know, just take a look at it from all sides. So let's take a look at yes There is a bitcoin futures etf and this was from cmbc last night around 6 p.m. I think it was uh eastern time But that says hey great news. Uh, the pro shares bitcoin strategy etf Which leave exposure to bitcoin futures contracts, but not the spot market We'll trade under the ticker Bitto b i t o and then there's a nice little uh snippet here where it talks about pro shares bitcoin etf slated to day b 1 tuesday And uh, we don't know exactly when it's going to trade and some people say monday some people say like tuesday or wednesday But whatever it's here and it looks like the sec is actually approved a futures etf and that's great, right? That's what we've been all been talking about for a long time I think it'd be better if it was about spots not just about futures I think a lot of people would agree with me on that one And these are the things to consider. So yes, the price is going up and yes, everything's great But there's always a flip side to every story. So these are the things to consider and I took up and I take notice of people who have been there and done that made a ton of money and this was from Uh, ricotta salinas. He's the second richest man in mexico billionaire Done some pretty big things in the uh in the financial industry and he says look there's some warning signs And uh, he says futures etf is prone to manipulation. This is exactly what he says This is in his tweet. He says bitcoin's about to break 60 000 in us del The bitcoin futures etf news is actually bad in my opinion because what is needed is a real bitcoin fund Not an easily manipulated futures fund and right now people are going to say They're gonna start screaming at the at the at the screen like well that guy's just manipulating too by spreading fun Maybe but look if there's anybody who knows About manipulation It's probably this guy and I was talking to my wife today. She's uh, she's in a volleyball tournament all the way across the across the country And uh, she is mexican 100 mexican She was born and raised in waters mexico and she started laughing She goes if anybody knows about manipulation It is ricotta salinas because if you're from mexico, this is not a shocker and if you're not just see, you know Uh, if you have All the different problems and manipulation and corruption what's great about mexico It's all in the open. It's fantastic. Like someone get, you know, you get pulled over like give me 50 bucks Let's y'all great uh in america. That's a little bit different Manipulation and the things that go on are behind closed doors and made between people in dark shadowy rooms and congressmen and congresswomen And that's the difference between uh america and mexico. So we were laughing about it. She's like, look if anybody knows about a corruption It's uh, ricotta. So i'm looking at this. I'm like, okay. What else do you got to say? According to him a bitcoin futures ETF could prove fatal to the assets price as it gives big institutional investors the power To use excess leverage buying and then dumping the asset thus suppressing price And that's where you know, we get from from leveraged traders, right? They want to do 10 x 50 x 100 x and they're like, well if I can move the market in a certain way I can make a boat a boat a boat load of money Just by shorting it It happens all the time and remember we're only at two and a half trillion. So Even the traditional market, uh in equities gets manipulated all the time and that is a hundred trillion So I'm not saying that the price is going to go flat or going to go down or going to go up I'm just saying that this is the side. There's two sides every story and he's finally he talks about this I've been trading futures for over 40 years. It's all paper based any big bank can post enormous trades Based on margin without ever taking delivery that happens in the gold market today Futures become disconnected from cash and yes, uh, just so you know, this is going to be physical bitcoin That people are going someone has got to have to custody it and then of course the clients can do whatever they want to So this isn't just straight up paper, but if you can do leveraged trading What could that mean? Well, that could mean some pretty bad news and that's just That part and it made sense to me and I'm like, well, maybe he's manipulating a little bit by spreading fud But uh, like again, if anybody knows about it, it's probably him and he's already been trying to To maintain or to put in bitcoin is legal tender, but of course the bank of mexico stopped him So it's in his best interest for the bank of mexico the governor of mexico stopped him and said no We're not going to do that. So it's in his best interest to actually Make things go in the right direction and not just call this out. So that's the first part of it Now, let's talk about some more bad news and there's going to be some good news at the end So don't worry. So this one is from pantera capital ceo dan morehead And he talks about this he goes First of all, they've got billions of assets that are management digital assets And he says will someone please remind me the day before the bitcoin etf officially launches I might want to take some chips off the table. Why did he say that it's because of this Morehead pointed out that the wall street adage of buy the rumor sell the fact is currently Playing out in the crypto industry. He highlighted the bitcoin rally of over 2400 before the day bitcoin futures were listed on the cboe chicago burgantale exchange in 2017 Followed by an 83 bear market. So That leads me to the next point, which is this And we'll go back and forth when was the cbo cboe when was it listed as far as futures not etf But futures exchange that was on sunday december 17th. And this was a pretty funny article Bitcoin debuts in the world's largest futures exchange and prices fall slightly not a big deal, right? Well, if you were around in that time, you know, it was a big deal because that was the 17th, right? So buy the rumor Sell the fact we're looking at 13th of december 2017. We're at 16,000 Then we hear about this cboe nonsense 14th goes up. It topped out at almost 20,000 on the 15th 16th, okay, it's about to launch Launches in the 17th and what happens boom big dump. It'll recover boom It'll recover blah blah blah and then crypto winner comes along So don't just think that this is like, oh, this is the greatest thing of all time And and now the institutions are gonna get here and we're gonna be set and uh, no the thing is As long as greed and manipulation is out there These things can and will happen not to say that it will absolutely happen But it can happen and then to finish this up. He states, uh, this year Just like a look at this year the big coin market rose 822 coming in the day of coin bases nasdaq listing pinging at 648 That day and then a big bear dump. So what he's talking about here is that When coinbase was listed That was the date of the very first day was wednesday april 14th april 14th right there, okay Wait for 14th. What happened around that time? Well, we were looking pretty good. So excuse me. Let me go back So it looks like we've got uh 20th of february And then we're doing you know up and down up and down Here we go into uh march And then uh, we hear these rumblings of coinbase and what's gonna happen So it comes out a little bit, but then they start to buy the rumor and 25 of march comes up here Hey coinbase is gonna get listed. This is the exact date and then we're up here 12 13th 63 576 the 14th 62 000 when it got listed and then bam just dumps off now. There's some other factors that play into that I believe that was around the time of the china fud and things like that and just kind of just take a big dive So that one's not too much. I would say like a super big correlation But it is something to consider when we take a look at buy the rumor and sell the facts So that's what it comes down to and then lastly I will just say this so all the things that we talk about It's just something to put into your repertoire of information And you can make the best decision for you. So there's two ways to play it now When the cboe that 2017 you have to remember that was after a enormous enormous parabolic bull run So I I kind of feel like that it was due anyhow And that just kind of played into it and then the smart minds like well This is just overplayed and we'll just manipulate the love and tar out of it then off it goes And then there was a crypto winner for three long years I don't think we're going to see those types of things. That is just my investment opinion not investment advice So if you just want to hold and just see where it goes, you can do that me personally me personally I am selling just a little bit and it's very little because I Trying to fund a project that I'm getting into for another investment property and they don't take bitcoin So right now I think is a good way to take some chips out of the table And it's not a lot, but it's enough to where I feel comfortable like if it goes down like hey, it went down Uh, you know, at least I took some some chips of the table or hey, it went up Well, I didn't sell much at all And that's really the two ways that I see these things going and that is it. So look, uh, if you made all the way to the end I want to say thanks for sticking with me. I really appreciate it If you like these videos give it a thumbs up Consider subscribing if you didn't talk about as extremely time-sensitive and it's only to get faster as time goes on So thanks so much. I appreciate it. See you in the next one


I, for some reason, have never interviewed anybody about a robot vacuum so I made a point of going to the Nido booth and I'm talking to Crissel LeRan about the Nido robot vacuum, right? Yes. We're absolutely glad to be your first one. Yay! Yay! So she's holding it up here. It actually looks more like a bathroom scale but it doesn't tell me how fat I am so I like it so far. Yeah, it actually is one of the greatest features of our form factor. So we are the first robot vacuum company to have this D-shape. So having these edges and corners to our robot allows you to get as far to the wall as possible. Oh, actually in corners, duh! Exactly. So you have a wider brush, a bigger dustbin as a result, it's actually about 30% larger than most of the dustbins you get in a round robot vacuum. Nice. So it's got big, big wheels like these are clearly for traction going over carpet even. Exactly. So it can go right from your vinyl or hardwood floor right onto carpet or a rug. This is almost like a tank tractor thing going and it's got some little nice whiskers on the side here to get all that weird crud out of the corners I guess. Exactly. So that's actually a backup for us. For most of the round robots you actually see this in the front of the brush because it needs to get there so they can get the things that are happening in the sides. For us, because we're already getting there, we have this as that backup so that if we did happen to miss something it still gets it. I gotcha, gotcha. So what makes this a consumer electronic show device? Is this a smart device or how does it work? It is. We just announced all of our smart home integrations. So we are able to work with Google, Alexa and Siri with HomePod through Siri Shortcuts. So our smart home integrations are new for us. So talk to me about what you would do with a Siri Shortcut would you say a needle go vacuum the kitchen? Yeah, actually that's exactly it. So one of the great things is that with our needle D7 robot it can actually create a floor plan of your home and then you can mark which rooms are what. So you can say the living room, kitchen, dining room and with our integrations you can say something like hey Google came to the kitchen and then it just goes right out there. I like the name D7 because you're going to remember that this is a D shape, right? Exactly. Oh man, so many really smart. Name this. I like it. You should just join our marketing team I think. There you go. I'm all over it. So when will this be on the market? So this is actually already on the market. We do have a couple of announcements coming out later on this year that we're happy to share with you but the D4, D6 and D7 are all available right now and best by Amazon on our website. Oh okay, so what's the difference between D4, D6 and D7? So our D4 is our base model. It essentially allows you to clean your home with our app, allows you to basically tell it to start and stop. With a D6 it's actually a much more powerful suction so it gets the pet hair better. You are actually able to create a floor plan with your home and then also create basically these no-go lines where it says hey my pet bowls are here so don't go in this area. With our D7 it can do multiple floor plans. So if you have two stories to your home for example you can have both on one robot. Oh I like it, I like it. I like that pet hair thing. My solution was I got pets that are the color of my carpet. That's a really good solution.  I didn't even know my dog should because she went to somebody else's house. You have to do the same with your furniture too. Black dog, black furniture that's what I have. Yeah no I messed up on that. I got a white cat with a dark furniture it's not working I'm going to shave the cat I think. I don't know. Alright this is very cool. So the D7 for example what's your price point on that on Amazon? So $7.99 and basically Amazon Best Buy are all price matching right now so if we have a deal on one you'll find on the other as well. Very good thank you very much. Chrissel this is fantastic.


Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Samasa in Paninyan Grammar. As is our practice, we begin our lecture with the recitation of the Mangala Charana. Vishvesham Satchidanandam Vandeham Yo Khilan Jagat Charikarthi Bari Bharti Sanjariharthi Leela Ya Vishvesham Satchidanandam Vandeham Yo Khilan Jagat Charikarthi Bari Bharti Sanjariharthi Leela Ya In this course, we are concentrated on the three types of samasas namely the avyayi bhava samasa, the bahubrihi samasa and the dvandva samasa. Currently, we are focused on the avyayi bhava samasa which is a very important type of samasa in Sanskrit. The features of the avyayi bhava samasa can be represented in the form of an equation shown on this slide. We have two independent separate entities X and Y in terms of the word form as well as the meaning as well as the accent. This X and Y are semantically linked. The speaker of Sanskrit decides to merge them together and the process happens and a newly generated one output is ready there for use. This one output is XY. This is one output in terms of the word form as well as the meaning as well as the accent. If we speak in terms of the constituents X and Y, we say that in this XY one unit X acts as the head both in terms of the word form as well as the meaning. Now X in the avyayi bhava samasa is an avyayi in almost all the cases. Now the formal feature of XY will be dictated by this X which is an avyayi. And so now XY will also attain the status of an avyayi or indeclinable. So we also see that the name avyayi bhava is significant because what is not an avyayi, so Y is not an avyayi. So XY cannot be called to be an avyayi is now turned into an avyayi. So XY becomes an avyayi on account of the sutra stated in the astadhyayi avyayi bhavascha 1141. Also semantically the meaning of the avyayi acts as the head. What it implies is that when XY as one unit is related to any other word in the sentence and the meaning of that word in the sentence meaning, then it is through this X that this XY gets connected that is the normal way in which the processing happens in Sanskrit. Thus this small equation summarizes the features of the avyayi bhava samasa. And therefore in order to highlight the head amongst XY, we have foot X in the bold characters. In the astadhyayi the grammar composed by Panini, avyayi bhava samasa is treated at various places in different manners. For example, the samasa vidhayaka sutras or compound prescribing sutras stating specific conditions under which the avyayi bhava samasa takes place. This is a section that begins with 215 namely avyayi bhavah and continues up to 2121 anyapadharthecha saudnyayam. This is a small section in which we find the avyayi bhava samasa prescribing sutras. Incidentally, 2122 is tattvarushaha. From 2122 onwards, the sutras prescribing the tattvarusha samasa begin and we have already studied them in the first course on samasa. The samasantha pratyaya vidhayaka sutras, sutras prescribing the end of the samasa suffix. These sutras are found once again in a very small section from 54107 up to 54112. There aren't too many spara vidhayaka sutras as far as the avyayi bhava samasa is concerned. There are a few, one of them is 62121 where the word avyayi bhava is explicitly mentioned. Now currently we are studying some of the samasa vidhayaka sutras stated in the section beginning with 215 avyayi bhava up to 2121 anyapadharthecha saudnyayam. We have already studied 216 which is avyayam vivakti samipa samraddhivridhyarthabhava kyaya sampratishaptapradarbhava pashchat yatha anupurvaya yogapadyasadrishya sampatisakalyanda vachaneshu. We have already studied various semantic conditions stated in this particular sutra in which an avyayi gets compounded with another interrelated subanta. We have also studied examples. Now we also noted there that amongst these various conditions there is one called yatha and there we stated that the word yatha stands for its four meanings over there. And in that relation there is one more sutra stated by panini which is what we study now. This is 217 yatha asadrishya yatha asadrishya. There are two words in the sutra yatha which is in prathama ekavachana one slash one indicating that this word becomes an upasarjana. On account of the sutra prathama nirdistam samasa upasarjanam one two forty three and then this upasarjana occupies the initial position in the samasa on account of upasarjanam purvam. Another sutra in the asadhyayi two two thirty. The second word in this sutra is asadrishya seven slash one in the sense of other than similarity. Sadrishya is similarity or sadrishya is other than similarity. Words continued are avyayam from 216, sup from 212, sahasupa from 214, samasaha from 213, avyayibhavaha from 215, samartha padavidhi obviously from 211. And having put all these words together and their meanings together we get the meaning of the sutra in the following way. The avyayasubanta yatha is compounded with another semantically related subanta only in the sense of other than similarity and the resultant samasa is called avyayibhava. I repeat the avyayasubanta avyayam and sup yatha yatha is there in the sutra is compounded with samasya another semantically related samarthena subanta subantena only in the sense of other than similarity asadrishya and the resultant samasa is called avyayibhava. As we have already studied there are four meanings of the word yatha, yogyatha which means fitness or propriety or compatibility etc. Vipsa means repetition, fadartha nativratthi means not crossing the capability of any given element and sadrishya is similarity. Now in the three senses the word yatha gets compounded that is what this sutra says. Let us look at the examples one by one. Yatha in the sense of yogyatha or fitness or propriety or compatibility is the first case. Now the meaning to be conveyed is the teachers teach in a manner that is befitting a teacher. Adhyapakasyya yogyam patayanti adhyapakaha. Now this is the laukika vigraha, yogya is the meaning which gets represented by yatha. Since yatha is mentioned in prathama it becomes upasarjana so it occupies the initial position in the samasa. So we have yatha plus su plus adhyapakha plus nas. Yatha here is indicating or denoting the meaning of yogya. Now this is the laukika vigraha, yatha plus su plus adhyapakha plus nas. This is the laukika vigraha. Now the samasa saudhnya applies. Therefore the prathipadika saudhnya also applies. And then we apply the sutra supodhatup prathipadika yogho 2471 and delete the soaps. So we have next step yatha plus zero plus adhyapakha plus zero. And then we join these two words together yatha adhyapakha and we do the sandhi, necessary savarna dirga sandhi and we get the finally derived compound output namely yatha adhyapakha. This is an avyai bhava samasa. This ends in short a. Now when this becomes an input of the sentence we add the suffix su to make it a pratha. So we have yatha adhyapakha plus su. Now since this is an avyai bhava samasa which ends in short a yatha adhyapakha, the su prathaya is not deleted as is usually done when it comes immediately after an avyaya. Now this su is not deleted but rather it gets substituted by am on account of the sutra avyai bhava atom tvapancham myaha 2483. Now avyai bhava atom tvapancham myaha and then we have yatha adhyapakha plus am. Then once again we apply the sandhi rules amipur vaha and we get the form yatha adhyapakham. This is the pratha to be used in the sentence. So when we use it in the sentence we will see yatha adhyapakham acharati siksakaha. Teachers behave in the manner which is befitting a teacher. Yatha adhyapakham acharati siksakaha. So yatha adhyapakham is the subanta form of yatha adhyapakha and this samasa is acting as the qualification of the action. That was the example of the word yatha used in the sense of yogyata. Let us now look at the example in which the word yatha is used in the sense of vipsa or repetition. When the meaning to be conveyed is you may invite each old teacher. This is the laukika vigraha denoting the sense each old teacher. Now this is transformed into the laukika vigraha namely yatha plus su plus vruddha plus am. The repetition is the sense denoted by the avyaya yatha. Since the word yatha is mentioned in prathama in this sutra, it becomes upasar janah and then it occupies the initial position of the samasa. So we have yatha plus su plus vruddha plus am. Now this is the laukika vigraha and so this gets the prathipadika saudhnya and so this gets the samasa saudhnya and then it gets the prathipadika saudhnya. And after that we apply supodhatup prathipadika yoho 2471 which deletes both the sups namely su and am.  And then we join these words together and we get the finally derived compound output in the form of yatha vruddha or prathipadika. And then we use the word yatha vruddha which is an avyayi bhava samasa and avyayi in the sentence. And so we add the pratyaya su after the word yatha vruddha. So we have yatha vruddha plus su. Now since yatha vruddha is an avyayi bhava samasa which ends in short a su is not deleted as is the usual practice as far as an avyayi is concerned but rather su is substituted by am on account of the sutra. So we have yatha vruddha plus am. Then we apply the sandhirul and we get yatha vruddham. And the sentence in which this word is used is yatha vruddham acharyan amantrayasvar. What this means is please you may invite each and every teacher. So here yatha denotes the sense of vipsa vruddham vruddham acharyan amantrayasvar. Each old teacher you may please invite. After having looked at these two senses and the examples in which the word yatha was used let us now study the third meaning of the word yatha namely padartha nati vritti. Not crossing the capability of an element padartha is an element anati vritti. Ati vritti is crossing an element crossing the capability of an element anati vritti is not crossing the capability of an element staying within the limits. So in accordance with the capability of intellect a student studies if this meaning is to be conveyed we have matim anatic kramiya and chhatraha pathati and something like that. Matim anatic kramiya is the laukika vigraha. Now the word yatha stands for this anatic kramiya which is padartha nati vritti because the word yatha is mentioned in prathama in the sutra yatha asadrishye it becomes upasar janam by prathama nirdishtam samasa upasar janam and then it occupies the first position of the samasa. So we have yatha plus su plus mati plus am. Now matim anatic kramiya is the laukika vigraha yatha plus su plus mati plus am is the laukika vigraha this gets the samasa saudhnya and then it gets the prathipadika saudhnya and then we apply supodhatup prathipadika yoho 2471 which deletes both the sup's and so we have yatha plus zero plus mati plus zero and finally we get the compound output in the form of yatha mati which means in accordance with the capability of intellect yatha mati now when we use the word yatha mati in the sentence we add the suffix su to it so we have yatha mati plus su and then because this is an avyai bhava samasa and avyai bhava samasa is an avyaiya so we apply avyayadap supaha to 482 and delete su and so we get yatha mati as the subantapada to be used in the sentence so when we use it in the sentence we get the following example yatha mati chhatraha adhite a student studies or recites in accordance with his own capability without crossing the limits of his capability yatha mati chhatraha adhite now when sadrishya is the meaning intended and denoted by the word yatha it does not get compounded for example devadatta is similar to yadnyadatta this is the meaning to be conveyed yatha devadatta tatha yadnyadatta what it means is yad vishesh dharma van devadatta devadatta possesses a specific property the same property yadnyadatta also possesses this is what is sadrishya to possess the same property that is what is sadrishya now in this sense you cannot compound devadatta and yatha yatha devadatta yatha devadatta am yadnyadatta this is not possible why because this sutra explicitly negates the samasa of the word yatha meaning of sadrishya or similarity when it says yatha asadrishya what is also observed is that this particular sutra is stating the samasa with respect to the word yatha only whereas the earlier semantic condition stated in 216 was such that any other avyayya which also denotes the sense of yatha got compounded except of course in the sense of sadrishya now let us go to the next sutra 218 which is yavat avadharane there are two padas in the sutra yavat and avadharane yavat is one slash one and therefore it becomes upasarjanam by the sutra prathaman yadistam samasa upasarjanam and so it will occupy the initial position in the samasa avadharane is seven slash one in the sense of determination avadharane is yatha parichched or yatha nishchaya the determination of a particular amount yatha determination of volume the words continued in this sutra are avyayam from 216 sup from 212 sahasupa from 214 samasaha from 213 avyayibhavaha from 215 and of course samarthapad vidhi from 211 so the meaning of the sutra is the following the avyayya subanta yavat is compounded with another semantically related subanta in the sense of determination and the resultant samasa is called avyayibhava I repeat the avyayya subanta yavat avyayam subantam avyayam sup yavat is compounded samasya te with another semantically related subanta samarthena subantena sahasamasya te in the sense of determination avadharane and the resultant samasa is called avyayibhava so when the meaning to be conveyed is having determined the number of verses so many are the salutations to Hari so Hari is to be saluted and many times Hari needs to be saluted and you decide about the overall quantity of the salutations on the basis of the number of verses so we have yavatah shlokaah as the laukika vigraha now the laukika vigraha is yavat plus jas plus shoka plus shloka plus jas now the laukika vigraha is yavat plus jas plus shloka plus jas this is the laukika vigraha this is termed as samasa so it is termed as pratipadika therefore we apply supodhatup pratipadika yoho and delete both the subs namely jas and jas so we have yavat plus zero plus shloka plus zero so we delete both the zeroes and we have yavat shloka and then we apply the sandhirul and we get yavat shloka as the finally derived compound output sastroti is the sutra that we apply and we also apply abarthika chatvam ami itivacham and so we get yavat shloka as the finally derived compound output when we use this in the sentence we use the suffix su to make it a padha so we have yavat shloka plus su and then since the avyayi bhava samasa yavat shloka ends in short a so we don't delete su as we do it in case of an avyayi but rather we substitute this su by am on account of the sutra now yayi bhava atomdpapancham yaha so we have yavat shloka plus am then we apply the sandhirul once again and we get yavat shlokam and we use it in the sentence we say yavat shlokam achitap pranamaha so many verses that many are the salutations to hari so the salutations to hari are counted in terms of the number of verses that we have in this particular text yavat shlokam achitap pranamaha in the absence of the semantic condition of avadharana or determination yavat is not compounded in this manner so for example yavat dattam kavat bhuktam this is not avadharana what it means exactly is whatever was given that much was eaten this does not tell you a specific quantity specific volume of how much food was eaten avadharayati kiyat bhuktam one cannot determine how much was eaten so since there is no avadharana there is no iyattaparichchedha there is no compounding also over here yavat dattam these are two different words however right now they are written together on account of the sanny similarly avad bhuktam also but there is no compounding that has taken place next we study how the processing of avai bhava happens with remaining semantic conditions stated in the subsequent sutras in the ashtadhyayi how it progresses to derive the final output in the form of a nominal root or prathipadika and how that output behaves in the sentence this we shall study again in the next lecture these are the texts referred to thank you very much


For most of the world, the word miracle brings to the mind images of the marvellous phenomena. But in India, it is just another daily trend. The Virbhadra Swami temple in India is a very mysterious place. But in the 16th century, the Virbhadra Swami temple in Lepakshi is preached on a hillock called the Kurma Sehla, tortoise shaped rock. It is culturally and historically significant for India. This ancient temple has inscriptions on every pillar and masterfully crafted roofs. The most astonishing architectural marvel of Lepakshi is the hanging pillar of Virbhadra temple. The hanging pillar in Lepakshi is a medieval architectural wonder to witness. The small villages you are most likely to neglect has so much hidden in its treasure chest you will be shocked and amazed. The pillar does not rest on the ground completely but hangs in the air. With enough space between its base and the ground. In this temple, you can see many people doing the same thing. Put a piece of cloth underneath and slide it around the other side. Proving that the pillar is disconnected from the floor. This is considered one of the wonders of India. But the question arises, how did ancient people construct a huge pillar that defies gravity and is hanging in mid-air? This is what actually happens. One can slide a piece of cloth huge on one end but cannot pull it out from the other end. That proves the pillar is not completely disconnected from the ground. The pillar is not really hanging in the mid-air because one of its corners is clearly resting on the floor. Which is how it still stands. The pillar does not employ anti-gravity or levitation. So did the ancient people create an imperfect pillar? While it turns out that a British engineer Hamilton tried to rectify the architectural aberration in 1910. Though he managed to make one corner of the pillar to touch the ground, it led to a tetrifonic shift in the roof of its outer hall with distortion in roof alignment and pillars now leaning on and at the roof paintings distorted. The engineer realized that any further attempt could instant ruin this entire edifice. Further research revealed that the pillar acted as a blast to the hall's roof and some minor change could ruin the balance and cause imperival damage to the structure. This was the mystery behind the hanging pillar of Vir Badras Swami Temple.


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In the last segment we took a look at the solution to the 2D heat diffusion equation in the case of a square plate. In one case we had an unrealistic boundary condition and it resulted in a nice solution. In the other one we had a more realistic boundary condition and the solution that came out of that was an infinite series. What we find is if we look at a lot of different solutions to the heat diffusion equation there really are not that many for complex geometries that we would find in real world applications. Given that the net result is that if we are studying complex shapes numerical solutions are typically used to determine the temperature distribution in three dimensions within an object. You can also do time as well, it can be a transient solution but that is typically what is done if you have a complex shape. There are some cases where there is an in-between area that we can use things in. This is referred to as being shape factors. Shape factors still do have use in certain things. If you are looking at pipe flowing you do not want to do as an example pipe flowing and you do not want to do full complex numerical solutions along the pipe to model the heat transfer you could use something like a shape factor. That is what we are going to look at in this segment. Shape factors have been tabulated for a number of two dimensional shapes that are too complex to use the heat diffusion equation to solve. The nice thing about a shape factor is it gives us a quick and dirty way of being able to calculate heat transfer from one object to another. Let us take a look at shape factors now. What the shape factor is, it is a technique or a method that enables us to compute heat transfer between a certain geometry and its surroundings. The way that we do this is we have an equation q equals ks delta t. It is kind of like a Fourier's law but delta t is overall. What we have in here, k will be the thermal conductivity of the material that we are looking at. S is the shape factor and so S itself is the shape factor and k is the thermal conductivity of the material that we are looking at and delta t overall is the temperature difference between the two systems that we are transferring the heat between. It will make more sense when we look at an example problem. I said that this looks like Fourier's law but looking at it closer does have thermal conductivity but also looks like Newton's law of cooling so it is a bit of a mix between the two. But anyways that is the shape factor and so values of the shape factor are tabulated. You can find them in books for different shapes. I should call it objects because they are shape factors we are talking about but for different objects for example. So it might be a sphere buried below a surface and it is not very far below the surface. So here obviously we would not have only radial conduction going on. We have the presence of this surface and that is going to cause this to become a two dimensional problem versus just a one dimensional problem. So that can be an example of what you find with the shape factor. But what we will do next in the next segment is we are going to take a look at solving a problem using the shape factor but look at any textbook and you will find many, many different shape factors tabulated within the book.