This review discusses the recent developments in the preparation, microstructure and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, IONPs, as well as their potential applications in biology. To make them more suitable for practical use, IONPs need to combine properties like high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility and interactive functions at the surface. Surface modification can be achieved through organic materials or inorganic materials such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The review also considers the current directions for the synthesis, surface functionalization, and bio-application of IONPs, as well as future trends and prospects. This article was authored by Wei Wu, Jia Hui Wu, Tai Qian Yu, and others.


Hello, welcome to this class on spray theory and applications. There are two parts to this class that we are going to focus on. It will sort of be in that order of sequence. The first part related to the theory of what a spray is and why do we need a spray and where would be a good place to use it that is a segue into talking more about the applications. Although as users I am sure every one of us has seen a spray. You know the simplest of the household sprays a perfume or a water cleaner that you use to clean glass. There are you know sort of more obvious uses of where you have probably encountered sprays. What we want to do is actually build upon that. We do not want to take that away and start off on a theoretical note. I want to sort of see what we already know from common knowledge and really what we see but what we look but we do not see. In other words we look at something but we do not completely understand what is happening. That is going to be our first objective for the next few lectures. So we will take a typical perfume spray. Let us say a typical perfume spray is about 200 milliliters in volume. So that is how much perfume the manufacturer has promised you. And there are some ads I see on TV where they also promise 600 squirts. So this whole bottle they promise 600 of those little whiffs of spray. So what we want to do is understand what this really means as engineers and fluid machinations. So what we and also gain a feel for some numbers around these sprays. How complicated are they or how simple are they both ways. So what I want to do is start from this and just say volume per spray, volume per squirt will be this 200 milliliters divided by 600 that is about one third of a milliliter. That is how much volume of perfume is being delivered to you in one depression of the plunger. Now again from common observation we know what this looks like. So here is your plunger.  The spray itself has is a collection of drops some big some small but there is a general periphery of sorts. So this one third ml is distributed in this spatial region as soon as I have squirted one delivery of the perfume. I have dispersed one third milliliter of volume into this spatial region. Now in a typical spray we will come to see this towards the end in a lot more detail but in a typical spray say such as a perfume the mean drop size that mean drop size is on the order of let us say 50 micrometers that is on average these drops are 50 let us say 100 micrometers typically less than 100 micrometer in diameter. So this is also called the average diameter. We will come to talk about this later on in some more detail as to what we mean by an average diameter but let us say it is like an indication of the size of the drops. So from this information and I will use this 100 micrometers only because it is easier easy to do the multiplications. We want to calculate the volume in one drop okay and from here on I am going to drop the equality side in place for the order of. So this is saying on the order of so this symbol here is going to be used to mean on the order of now essentially what this means is I am not really interested in the specific numbers as much as the power of 10. So 10 micrometers is 10 power 2 micrometers or 10 power minus 4 meters that is all I am interested in for now okay. So if I take this the volume in one drop is this average diameter cubed which would be 10 power minus 4 the cubed meter cubed okay that is the volume in one drop. So just to complete that calculation that is 10 power minus 12 meter cubed the volume in one squirt is on the order of I will say 1 ml because one third ml is on the order of 1 ml. So it is on the order of 1 ml which is 10 power minus 3 liters which 1000 liters make a meter cubed. So this is 10 power minus 6 meter cubed okay. So how many drops have I produced that is simple that is the volume in each squirt divided the volume per drop that gives me the number. So this is 10 power minus 6 meter cubed divided by 10 power minus 12 meter cubed. So n is on the order of 10 power 6 okay. This is the simplest of sprays one that we are probably all familiar with and every squirt produces a million drops each drop having a size on average about 100 micrometers okay and that is the purpose of a spray nozzle the objective of a spray nozzle is to do just this I mean we okay but let us ask the next deeper question why would we want to do this in the case of a perfume. If we understand how a perfume works we are almost there to understanding how an IC engine works or how a gas turbine works because essentially we are moving along in the same direction although the magnitudes of some of these numbers would be different okay. So why would we want to take start with approximately one ml of perfume okay and from there create 10 power 6 drops each 100 micrometers in diameter okay that is what the nozzle has just done the objective of doing this is essentially to take perfume that is sitting in the bottom of my bottle and disperse it into an area say my skin or a piece of clothing that can benefit as a whole there are many ways of doing it okay we will again stick to perfume and show how a spray is much more efficient than other ways of doing it. I can take a little bit of the perfume and smear it I can take perfume and sprinkle it these are all also available designs but we all know the ease with which a perfume spray works especially in the context of uniform delivery. So if I want to deliver a product uniformly in a certain space okay performing that delivery hydrodynamically in other words using fluid mechanics to deliver this product is what is the most beneficial as far as producing a uniform delivery of the product that you intend to deliver okay. Now what have we also done in the process of taking one ml and creating 10 power 6 drops each that is 100 micrometers in diameter on average okay the biggest increase has been in the total surface area that is available to the drops okay. So the single reason we do this okay we will make an estimate of that but essentially what we have done is this is not so obvious with human use of perfume but if I want to de-orderize a room like this then I want to maximize the area of contact between the air in this room and the perfume itself okay and this is the most efficient way of doing it as far as increase the surface area. So let us see what we have done so the easiest way to understand this is to look at surface area before spray and surface area after spray we will do the after spray part first okay.  So if I try to estimate this a l v it is n times the surface area of a given drop okay. So again I am only interested in order of magnitude so n is on the order of 10 power 6 the area of the drop is 10 power minus 4 the square okay and the units on this is meter square. So if I look at this that is 10 power minus 2 meter squared that is 10 power minus 1 centimeter. So essentially if I actually look at it it is about 10 centimeters this way 10 centimeters this way this is the actual area that is available so this is 10 centimeters or 0.1 meters this is 10 centimeters 0.1 meters okay it is like I have taken 1 ml of liquid and smeared it over an area about this big. Imagine the rate at which that perfume would now evaporate I just took 1 ml of liquid and you know I have not even done the calculation of the surface area before spray but you can see how I mean if I take a 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter window the actual content of a small cuvette with 1 ml and the top area on there would be negligible compared to this. So we are already at a point where we know we have increased the area so much that the initial condition does not even matter as far as the subtraction is concerned. So we have taken 1 ml which is about a tiny volume of liquid and spread it uniformly relatively speaking over an area about that big with a simple action of pressing down on a plunger and you can imagine that if you actually did this whether it is water or perfume imagine the rate of evaporation because you have now increased the surface area available for all this transport to happen. So the net the single biggest reason why sprays find application in many different areas and we will talk a few of those talk about a few of those later on today is because you have this drastic increase in the surface area going from the before to the after condition. So all your surface area linked transport properties be it evaporation be drag droplets are dragged by the air around and that drag is going to be much higher if you had a higher surface area between the dragging medium and the dragged body. So you can imagine how you can take a sphere would have a certain drag if I took the same volume and created spikes on it. I have essentially increased the surface area and the higher the surface area the higher would be the drag on this body that is non spherical. So you this increase in surface area has all these other repercussions with several transport phenomena be it momentum be it mass through evaporation or energy through heat transfer. If I want to if I want to evaporate this fluid I can heat it up but I can only heat the fluid up as fast as the interfacial area will allow me to. So if I can increase the interfacial area I can increase the rate of evaporation by simply making it by increasing the interfacial area the rate of evaporation goes up at the same temperature condition. So these are the windfalls associated with increasing the number of drops increasing the interfacial area that we are all interested in that is that actually drives these spray applications. So this is sort of the basic sort of so we want to understand what it is that we are talking about when we call a spray. So at least as far as our definition is concerned till now spray is a collection of drops formed from a bulk liquid source. So I have created this collection of drops through some mechanical action in the case of a perfume spray we will talk about those as we go along those are all the details that we will get into but at this point we want to understand what it is that we are talking about. So at least we are talking about a collection of about a million drops can these numbers that we saw around we will see later on around the lower end of what a commercial spray or an industrial spray or an aerospace spray would be like some of those sprays could run into 10 power 12 10 power 15 drops being produced per milliliter. So huge increase in the surface area if I took for example that 100 micrometers as the average diameter and I decrease that I had a way to decrease it down to 10 micrometers I have come down one order of magnitude on the diameter which means 3 orders of magnitude more in number. So essentially I can take the same volume of liquid and disperse it into a much larger number depending on some mechanical design of the nozzle. So essentially what we are talking about is a collection of drops. Now if you were a dynamisist you are all mechanical engineers and aerospace engineers so if you were a dynamisist so you are looking at the dynamics of a system. So let us take a very simple system a cylinder rolling down an inclined plane let us say if there is no slip here how many degrees of freedom would this system have essentially that cylinder can only go up or down the inclined plane it is a one degree of freedom system. A particle in air single point particle can move in 3 different spatial directions it is 3 degrees of freedom. So if I tell you the position and velocity of a particle in space that is I have to give you 6 numbers I have told you everything there is to know about the present condition of this particle. So that is what we need to know to completely determine the system of one particle I need 6 numbers. So if I want to know the instantaneous state of a spray what do I need to know I need to know the position and velocity of every point particle or every drop in the spray. So we are talking of about 6 times million on the order of 10 million pieces of information 10 million numbers to just know the instantaneous state. In fact that is not the complete story every particle could be of a slightly different size correct. So just as I want to talk about this idea of dimensionality in sprays this is now an exercise to identify what are all the what is like the most complicated way to look at a spray and then see what it see how intractable that is and how we try to simplify our own understanding of sprays that is the idea that is the objective of this next few minutes here. So this let us understand this idea of dimensionality spatial dimensionality is something that is known to all of us 3 dimensions in space for include time that is 4 dimensions right. If I include velocity so I need to know where it is now and where it is headed. So that is 3 more components of velocity in space assuming this drop is not big enough to have an identifiable rotation. So if I say rotation is also identifiable on the drop that is 3 more degrees of freedom okay.  So now if you look at what dimensionality means so the first thing spatial that is 3 position plus 3 velocity dimensions. So I have 6 dimensions in space in the phase space to completely identify one particle but I also need to know another dimension which is size. So every particle in this spray could be and in general is a different size it is just it is a real number between say some lower limit of what is possible we will talk about those also like let us say 0.1 micron okay. There is no way conceivable that this perfume spray would produce a drop less than that and there is also an upper limit okay or the upper limit could be infinity. The simplest understanding there is that our upper limit is as big as the hole on the perfume bottle I cannot produce a drop much bigger than the hole on the perfume bottle. So I have a natural upper limit from in a perfume spray. So between this lower limit and upper limit my diameter on any one drop could be a real number. So in that sense it is no different from a spatial dimension if I put up if I place a perfume bottle here and spray the perfume spray starting here heading towards the camera and essentially all of the drops are constrained between these two lower and upper limits okay. So the spatial coordinate in this direction is bounded likewise the diameter coordinate. So I want you to start thinking about the size as being another coordinate it is no different from a spatial coordinate as far as our idea of dimensionality is concerned. There are real differences between size being called a coordinate and space in the way we write our equations we will come to those later. But the point here is that at the moment if I want to completely describe this spray then I have to define one more dimension which is a droplet size okay. Now if this spray if I am let us say I will switch hats and I want to now talk about a jet A fuel okay. It is a gas turbine aircraft spray where I am spraying jet A fuel jet A is not a single component fuel it is a multi component fuel. So if I want to understand what is inside this drop some drops could have more of the heavier component some drops could have more of the thinner component or the less viscous component okay. So I have now introduced another dimension and mind you these are all in some sense orthogonal dimensions in other words if I tell you the position and velocity you do not have any idea of what the size is.  So they are all independent directions to describe this spray. So if I now add one more even if I am looking if I am looking at a binary mixture I have one component direction percentage of component A for example it is between 0 and 100 percent. So they are all nice and bounded. So very quickly you can see that we are on the order of 10 times n or 10 power 7 degrees of freedom.  Because the next instant could be related to the previous instant through some mathematical equations but as far as I am concerned if I am making measurements they are completely new set of 10 power 7 numbers. So this is the order of information that you need to before you can say I know everything about this spray clearly it is out of our reach okay in fact it is not just out of our reach it is nowhere within our future reach not just that is this level of detail important. So that is the question that we often ask ourselves not just as engineers of course you know do I really need to know the position and velocity of every drop in this spray in order to use it I certainly did not need all of this last 20 minutes of information to use up a fume spray okay but if I want to use an air blast atomizer in an aircraft I need a little more information but not to this level okay that is where comes our next level of approximations. So what would some of these approximations look like instead of me telling you the diameter of every drop at every point in the spray if I told you one number that is indicative okay would you have you would have some idea about what the spray is going to feel like but not to the level of detail that the full dimensionality would allow you. It will also give you an estimate of the other things like surface area we were able to estimate a lot of the macroscopic parameters by simpler estimates okay. So bulk of the time at least in the first one third will be spent looking at these estimates trying to understand what it is that the what makes a spray and what sort of descriptors can I apply to these sprays that would make sense and that would be sufficient 10 power 7 is like is not is sufficient but it is like way out of the reach we do not need that much. So what are the necessary descriptors what is sufficient how much information is necessary for me to start using a spray okay. So this is this is just to give you an idea of what it is that we are calling a spray okay we are calling on the order of about 10 power 6 to 10 power 10 drops sitting together in a very close spatial region doing something to the liquid that could not have been done without that sort of a morphology for that same amount of liquid okay. What it does why it does and what are the uses of it would be the topics of discussion going forward yes. So I think like we said some sort of an approximation is required as we move forward okay and before we start looking at what those approximations are that will tell us enough about the spray to start using it let us look at some of the uses of these sprays okay. So like we said one of the objectives is to increase interfacial area that is quite sort of the most overriding principle on which sprays are applied okay. So let us look at a few different applications of sprays one of the biggest uses I want to start with something that is not very obvious okay which is called spray drying okay say for example if you take your coffee powder granules or tide or surf granules a typical manufacturing process that produces this tide or coffee powder granules is where you first create the product in the form of a slurry a slurry is like a liquid with these particles not in suspend it is there only in suspension not in solution and these this slurry is sprayed following a usually a fairly large bank of nozzles. So like I could have several nozzles that produce that spray this slurry and you have on the bottom side you have a fan that blows hot air. So this slurry spray as it settles down to the bottom of a kiln of some kind essentially loses its solvent typically water and you start to get agglomerated granules. So whatever particles were in a single drop now sort of agglomerate to form a cluster which gives you the feel of a of coffee granules. So you can take a single granule and crush it and get powder but if I sold you powder it would not taste as well as granules okay. So this is the process by which most of most granulated materials of powder is manufactured spray drying is very efficient you are talking several thousands of pounds per hour of flow rates extremely high flow rates and several nozzles because productivity and production rates depend on that. So these are commercially used quite widely and so this is an area where again the what determines the height of my kiln the drop size if I can make the drop smaller the water in them evaporates faster because for the same volume I have increased the surface area by decreasing the diameter okay. So the faster evaporation means that faster rate of evaporation means that the I get powder I recover powder from my slurry much faster which means I do not need to make the kiln as long as otherwise. You know also another way of looking at the same thing is that if I make the drop let us too small then I start to get into granules which are not what my customer is used to see the granules feel more like powder okay. So there is also a lower limit on drop size that I do not desire okay. So the point of this is to show you that very often there are conflicting requirements in any design process okay in the case of sprays these are in the case of spray drying these are the conflicting requirements that I do not want drops much smaller than a certain critical size because they produce product that is not what the customer is used to seeing on the other hand if I produce too large a drop I may get wet product coming out at the bottom of my kiln okay. So these two extremes essentially dictate how the kiln design works spray dryer design works and this is the basic principle of operation okay. Now another application is of course in spray combustion we will talk about this in some detail because there is a lot more a lot to learn theoretically from looking at the spray combustion as an application again spray combustion is an area where sprays are applied but the actual applications range from aircraft engines IC engines as well as land based power generation I have all these different applications where I create a spray of some liquid fuel burn it and from the products recover heat to run a turbine or run an engine of some sort okay again the objective of this is to increase the surface area so really speaking I want to go as small as possible on the drop size but the conflicting part of the requirement comes from the geometry of how you want to design this combustor say for example I do not want a combustor that is too short and flabby okay I want a slightly longer combustor which means if I create a mist at my spray nozzle that is very very fine these drops may not penetrate in sufficiently far into my combustor as a result I could get hot spots very close to the nozzle itself so I do not desire complete pulverization of my liquid I want some large drops in there as well to give me this spray this flame geometry I want the flame itself to have a certain discernible length associated with it okay so these sorts of conflicting requirements you will see in every one of these applications and we will talk about how to resolve them as we go along as well okay another application is in simple evaporation dispersion and evaporation this is where my perfume spray comes in right I want to just disperse the perfume and I want to evaporate it that is how I deodorize the space so again the conflicting requirements are that if I if I spray a perfume here I want the far end of this room also to see some effect or at least I do not want the effect to be completely localized in a small region right adjacent to the nozzle okay and these sorts so again I want some large drops that will remain in flight for a little while to give me this spray this length and penetration to the spray because I do not want to be walking around every nook and cranny of this room to be spray okay so these are the different conflicting requirements as far as dispersion and evaporation is concerned so as you see the overriding theme in all these three applications that we just wrote down is that there is a typical lower end of drop that I do not desire below there is also a upper end of drop size that I do not desire above as well okay and a spray nozzle designer and manufacturer has to take these into account and be able to design spray nozzles that fit these constraints that is a challenge okay alright so now so we talked about three or four of these three of these applications let us look into one of them in some detail and see what is happening just the physics of spray combustion so the first part is where I take the bulk liquid I atomize this is the first time I am using this word into produce a collection of drops you will see this word atomize used in the context of sprays very often nozzles are called atomizers it only it comes from some old British engineers who were used to colorful language that they started calling nozzles atomizers although we are nowhere near the atomic limit of these liquids okay we are not atomizing the liquid in that sense we are heading in that direction but we are far far away from that okay just to give you an estimate again one drop of this liquid is about let us say 10 power 18 meter cubed okay and 18 grams of water contains 10 power 23 molecules again order of magnitude right 18 grams is the atomic weight of water 18 grams is 18 milliliters 18 milliliters contains 10 power 23 molecules of water so we need to sort of understand that this drop is nowhere near the atomic limit we are talking of each drop containing on the order of you know 10 power 10 molecules still 10 power 10 or even more we can do the number but it is nowhere near the atomic limit okay but we will see you will see this used quite a bit the collection of drops then evaporate and that evaporation gives rise to vapor phase fuel that is now mixed in with with your oxidizer you have vapor phase fuel that is mixed in with your oxidizer so this is where reaction happens reaction is essentially you know let us say if I were to simply approximate a liquid fuel by say hexane or octane you have a certain reaction between octane vapor and oxygen in the air giving rise to carbon dioxide water vapor and a lot of other by products but essentially that is the reaction the reason you have reaction happening the reason we facilitate reaction is because I have heat release okay that is what I am after in all these applications at least the combustion applications I want to somehow convert the chemical energy in these fuels into heat so this gives me heat release now the heat release is not going to keep quiet it is going to further affect this evaporation process for sure it is going to affect the reaction process also because the same pair of molecules say octane and oxygen have a different rate of reaction at different temperatures so as the mixture temperature goes up the reaction rates go up typically so you start to see different rate of reaction and therefore different an increased rate of heat release now there is also a possibility that this heat release affects the atomization process itself okay this atomization is essentially what is happening close to the nozzle that is the process of converting bulk liquid into a dispersion of drops a collection of drops okay so that process itself is a fluid mechanic process there is some motion happening and it is quite possible that that fluid mechanic process is affected by the temperature environment it is embedded in okay so this this heat release could also affect your atomization this is a simple sort of a arrow diagram indicating the different physical interactions that could take place between the spray and the environment okay now the atomization clearly affects evaporation through the drop size the evaporation is also affected by the reaction is affected by the evaporation rate because if the rate of evaporation is faster the reaction rates depend of course on the concentrations of the two reactants so the higher the rate of evaporation those concentrations are now different so you essentially have a highly coupled problem in a simple process like spray combustion okay so this from an applications perspective this is what makes the design of spray combustors very challenging okay alright so with the spray dryer all of the above are still true except the reaction part so you have one piece of this block removed but the rest of it is essentially the same likewise with with droplet dispersion and evaporation I have the same atomization and evaporation part that come in okay so you have we looked at a few different applications so let us quickly recap what we learned today so first thing we understood spray morphology or dimensionality some feel for numbers associated with the real spray okay and then we listed a few different applications and wrote down the different challenges in each of these applications okay and then we started to study the coupled nature of any spray application so if we have to apply these sprays intelligently in any application we really need to get a hold of at least the third part we need to really get a hold of the coupled nature of these applications


Good morning everyone, I'm Juan Guiler here at the name war college on the CFL and our virtual workout we're going to be doing for today is going to be a cardio workout. Let's go ahead and get started. So our first exercise is going to be four sets of 45 jump rope. So I don't have a jump rope but to just demonstrate you can pretend if you have a jump rope if you have a jump rope you can use that and we're just going to jump rope for 45 seconds four sets just like this go ahead and try it out all right so our next exercise is going to be four sets of 10 four count jumper jacks so we're going to start in a attention spot and we're just going to come out just like this one two three one one two three two again that's going to be 10 four counts go and try it out all right our next exercise is going to be four sets of 45 seconds high knees so we're going to start off in this position and we're going to start running in place while you're running in place you want to make sure you're bringing knees up to your chest just like so go ahead and try it out all right so our next exercise is going to be four sets jump rope and that's going to be for 45 seconds again just like so you can pretend you have a jump rope if you have a jump rope go ahead and use that again so that's 45 seconds four sets so our next exercise is going to be two sets of jumper jacks and that's going to be for one minute so again demonstrate just like this you don't want to do this at a fast pace and you just want to keep going just like this again that's going to be for one minute so our next exercise is going to be two sets of jump squats so we're going to start off in the squat position and just like so we're going to jump up just like this and again that's going to be 10 so you just want to squat jump squat jump our last exercise is going to be one minute of high knees so again you start off in this position you're just running in place and you want to make sure you get those knees up to your chest just like so and that's your last exercise all right everyone again I'm while on Guillory thank you all for coming out and hopefully you tune in next time for our next virtual workout


Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. As you probably all can hear by my accent, I'm not originally from Cork, where Food for Health Island is actually located. I have been living in six different countries, and I have integrated some outside-in perspectives into my presentation, actually from a German living now in Ireland since roughly two years, with conviction, passion, and pleasure. That's what I'm going to talk about. What's on the global food industry? Some very specific aspects of global megatrends. Secondly, what is innovation, and why is it necessary? And thirdly, I'm going to talk about how to innovate in Ireland and what could be a model for success. If you look at the value-added agriculture in percentage of GDP, you see a very strong decline over the years. The yellow line is India, 1970, around 40% going down to something like 25% in 2000. You see Ireland, which in 1970 had something like 17%, going down to roughly 5%, and then you see France and also the US. Then you see the black line, which is actually the volume of agricultural output, and you see that that increased from 1970 from roughly 200 million tons to almost a billion by 2000. So what's the conclusion? Agriculture volume has dramatically increased during the last 40 years, but value has decreased. If you look at the average food expenditure of a family over the year, you see the following trend. In 1950, an American family spent roughly 28% of their income on food products. Now in 2009, it's 13%. In the UK, it was 31%, now 10%. In Ireland, in 1950, an average family spent something like 38% on food. Now it's only 13%. If you look at the right side, you see the correlation between GDP per capita and, again, the income in percentage spent on an average family, and you see that there's a very strong correlation between the rich countries and the expenditure on food and the poorer companies and expenditure on food. So basically, we can say that in developed countries, food has actually become very cheap. Profit margins of milk, that's a rough scheme, and of course, there will always be exception, but basically what it says is, the farmer sells the milk for roughly 30%. It goes to the production companies, you add production, packaging, logistics. The company sell it then for roughly 52 to 65 cents to the distribution centers of the big supermarket chains. There, you add the logistic cost, it's going to be sold to the supermarkets for 60 to 78 cents, roughly. And then there in the supermarkets, of course, you add the logistics, you add the cost of maintaining the supermarket, the staff and so on, and that, of course, and then you come to roughly a price of a liter of milk in Ireland of 1 euro 14. Now you might say, well, there's not much room for profit. Now look at this, in the Netherlands, the same liter of milk costs 75 cents, and in Germany, it's around about 79 cents. So you might say then, as we heard, well, the global demand will increase over the years and that will also increase the price of milk, but at the same time, we know, of course, that the milk quota will bring more volumes to the market and there are expectations that India will become the biggest milk-producing country in the world within the next three to five years. So not only the demand will increase, also the global offer will increase, and it basically means that there is very little money to earn on dairy commodities. So the conclusion for the first part for me is food has become very cheap, relatively. Agri-commodities will remain under strong price pressure in the future. Global demand is probably increasing, but so will also the global offer. Commodity products will not deliver high margins, not today and nor in the future. The only way out is actually to add value to food through innovation. Now, if we talk about innovation, what are we talking about? Now, the section here right now is about innovation for quality, productivity, and sustainability, and that's all very important, but there are much more factors that play a role in innovation. Now, look at that example, milk-actimal. Actimal is probably the most successful function food products or innovative product that you find on the global food market. What it basically means is not only quality, productivity, sustainability, but especially the functional benefit of this product is innovative because it adds immunity, it adds resistance as a benefit to the proposition that the customer is buying. It has a specific recipe, a specific taste that has been checked and tested with many consumers in many sessions. The price strategy, the marketing strategy, the packaging is innovative. Imagine Actimal in a one-liter tetra box would not have had the same success. And then the business model, of course, in which part of the value chain do you extract actually the money? The question then always is, does innovation actually pay off? Is it worth while investing millions in research and innovation? Now, just look at some examples here. We have here Actimal. If you calculate the 100 milliliter part up to a liter, you pay roughly 4.40 Euro that was actually the Netherlands two years ago. And what is Actimal? Actimal is nothing else than a drink yogurt with probiotic bacteria. Now, if you compare a liter drink yogurt in the Netherlands again, you pay 84 cents. So you pay actually five times more for a product like Actimal, but you're not buying Actimal because it is a drink yogurt. You buy it because it offers immunity. It offers resistance. It offers protection against flu. Same example, cholesterol. If you look at Proactive, you calculate that to a liter price, roughly 7 Euro. Again, if you compare that to a normal yogurt product, it's roughly 90 cents per liter. So you pay seven times more for a benefit that apparently is very relevant for consumers, which is this helps you to reduce cholesterol. Look at weight management. That's one of my favorites here because you see the price of a normal muesli bar. If you calculate the price to a kilo, it's roughly 9 Euro. If you take weight watchers or slim fast, so a slim fast, you come to roughly 28 Euro per kilo. And I can tell you the normal muesli bar tastes much better than the slim fast one. But people pay three times more because of the specific benefit. Or look at the product from Campina, a zio fat yogurt, one Euro 15 per liter, and then a product which contains a satiety ingredient, five or six times more the price for a specific benefit. Now you might say, well, that's maybe in foreign countries. In Ireland, we are not so keen on innovation, but you also have that in Ireland. We have, for example, a standard juice versus a multivitamin juice. You have standard bread against the bread which contains specific fibers for heart health. Or look, the normal dairy gold, and then you have proactive. So consumers are willing to pay for benefits that are relevant for them. There's a but, but there are many failures, probably more failures in the functional foods arena than successes. And there's a statement from Science Direct stating, in some product categories, the failure rate among new product introductions is as high as 90%. Now we're learning and we understand why that is the case. Very often some of these products have used several messages, several benefits that the consumers don't understand. Sometimes they have used the wrong carrier. You cannot transmit a health benefit with red meat or with chicken or with chocolate. That doesn't work. Sometimes, again, the packaging was not the right one for an innovative product. Sometimes if you are the fifth supplier coming with Omega-3 added to the product, there is no innovation anymore. So we have learned. But then the question is, are the big food companies still interested in innovation then? If there are so many failures, would they still invest? Now look at Nestle Health Science. Nestle is investing now a billion Swiss francs, that's roughly 760 million Euro, in fundamental research in the health areas that are at the borderline between food and farmer. And of course, you can expect that Nestle finally wants to earn money with that investment. But it's definitely not a two-year return or payback on return target in this case. But this is much more a horizon of 10 to 20 years. And of course Nestle is a customer of all our Irish dairy ingredient companies. And I think it's actually a very nice example to spend roughly 1.5% of your total yearly turnover on blue sky research with a horizon of 10 to 20 years of payback. Maybe that's also an example for the Irish food companies. So my conclusion for innovation, innovation allows higher value, higher prices and higher margins. There are many failures in the market, but we need to continuously learn and try again. Big blue chip food companies are heavily investing in food innovation. So that means although expensive, difficult and long-term, innovation is the name of the game. So how do we innovate in Ireland? Well, there's a very simple message. Just work together. That sounds very simple. It is in practice very difficult, but I will show you now why I believe that that is crucial and why we can actually make that work and happen. First, there are some advantage factors in Ireland. And I think the first one is the quality of Irish milk. I could of course now cite a lot of numbers around the microbial cell count in the milk. I could talk about the carbon footprint, but at the end, I think the real benchmark for me is this investment of Danone in Ireland, 50 million to expand the capacity by triplicate, because at the end, infant formula, and Tom has already mentioned that, is the most delicate food product that you can think of. And I've been working in the infant formula in the industry for 10 years. If you just have a little quality problem, if there's a recall, or if there's even a baby dying from one of your products, your market share's halved into weeks and you need decades to recover, if at all. So you can imagine that there probably have been a many factors that have influenced the decision of Danone to invest in Ireland, but if the quality of the milk as a starting point hadn't been absolutely excellent, they wouldn't even have started the thinking process. Second, the quality of the Irish science. You see here an overview of the best universities of the world, and there's roughly 5,000 universities. You see the first five ones, and then you see that there are six Irish universities amongst the 10% best universities of the world. Now imagine Ireland Inc. Which ranking could we achieve if Irish universities were counted together? Which is not such a strange thought for four million inhabitants here. What I find a bit sad though is that a lot of our most talented scientists are actually leaving the country in order to find work in the food industry outside Ireland. I talked actually last week to one of the leading professors of the University of California, Davis, who always gets some of the most talented PhD students on postdocs from Ireland, and I asked him, so why do you get all these fantastic people? And his answer was, well, you have the talents, we have the opportunities. That's actually sad. The third is the advantage factor, I believe, is the global network of the Irish dairy industry. We have the four companies that are also in the organization of FHI, Glumbier, Carrier, Carberry, and Dairy Gold. We have made an analysis with their salespeople. Together these companies reach 100% of the top 300 global food companies in the world. We have the Irish Dairy Board, we have seen that exports to over 80 countries in the world, and we have many, many dairy, small, and medium-sized enterprises here in Ireland that again have a global outreach. So basically, we are able to sell innovation and science to the global food industry. And now the fourth factor is, of course, my favorite one, because it's all about Food for Health Ireland, and I think really that that is an advantage factor, and it may not sound very modest, but it is a unique model in the global food industry, and I think I have to give credits to the four companies that are part of Food for Health Ireland, which again is Dairy Gold, Carberry, Carrier, and Glumbier, and also four universities, which is the University Campus in Cork, it is the University Campus in Dublin, Chargers, Moor Park, and the University of Limerick, and also Enterprise Ireland as the funding body for Food for Health Ireland. Now what is Food for Health Ireland? Now it's actually a partnership between these four public research organizations and the Irish food industry, represented by these four dairy companies. Food for Health Ireland is funded by Enterprise Ireland and the industry partners together. Our total budget is roughly 22.5 million, and it's very important here that Enterprise Ireland is roughly financing 83% of Food for Health Ireland, and the other 17% are coming from these four companies, and that is actually a very important success factor because this investment in cash into FHI of course appears in the P&L of these four dairy companies. So John Maloney is always asking his staff, his team, what am I getting back for my investment actually? I, by the way, think that that's probably one of the best deals he made in his career. 100% science for just 5% investment, I think is a very good deal. In any case, it creates commitment, interest, and engagement of the company in the research program. It is an industry-led research agenda because we all together have identified the Health Pillars Food for Health Ireland is working on. We are doing research and science and marketing and selling in the areas of infant formula, metabolic health, infection and immunity, and healthy aging, which are the key societal concerns in the world. We have a dairy base, so what we are doing is we look into milk, we decompose milk into its constituents and try to understand what are the health benefits of all these components that you can find in milk. And we have, through these four industry partners, a very strong market position that allows us to scale up, manufacture, and sell also these ingredients to the global market. So in one sentence, it's one center aimed at developing, manufacturing, selling, and marketing functional food products to improve people's health and wellness. So one comment we very often hear is then four competitors working together, how does that actually work? These four companies are competitors in the global market. That's true. And we are talking here about pre-competitive research. And that's very important because the research projects that we are doing that can cost millions in order to develop a new product. None of these companies would have done alone because the scope, the timeline, the resources required for that are just not possible. So world-class research requires collaboration and that is perfectly possible amongst competitors, again in a pre-competitive state. There's very clear rules within Food for Ireland when companies have access to the research results. So that's a clear process that describes when the center results of FHI are made available to the companies. And then all the four companies have access to the research results, which means imagine we are developing a new ingredient for satiety or diabetes. All these four companies then can take that ingredient and sell it in their respective markets or product combinations. So for example, one company might sell this ingredient as a dietary supplement in the US. Another company might say, well, I sell that in a yogurt product in Europe. The third company might say, good, I sell that in a juice product in Asia. So there are many possibilities to then sell the science because the global food market is so incredibly big. And there's a lot of advantages, of course, for the customers because they have access to world-class research, you could call it, than Ireland Inc. There's an intensified partnering from the very start with these four companies. And of course, there's efficient scale-up of new ingredients from the very start.  We do all that in parallel. So what's the success factor for cooperation between the universities and the industry? The problem first of all is that the development of a new ingredient from scratch to market entry can take between five and seven years. So that's the yellow line you see on the top. Now the food ingredient company's innovation horizon for very good reasons is much, much shorter. It's maybe one or two years because there's constant pressure on these companies to deliver quarterly results. So how to bridge that gap? How can we bring the benefit of new products then to these companies that have that horizon? And I think that's very important to mention that the public sector here plays a very important role because the public sector should initiate that dialogue, start the funding, help and support. Then secondly, what we found out is that it's very important to translate and use the competencies of the universities to existing products of the companies in the meantime, which we call the low-hanging fruits. And the third is actually the continuous dialogue and learning process, which is very beneficial in itself already. So I come to my final conclusion slide. Ireland is very well positioned for innovation in the food area. Bringing all elements together is crucial. And FHI, Food for Ireland, may be a role model. The public sector does have an important role in initiating innovation in the food industry. And sometimes here then, here in Ireland, that we are in crisis and we don't have that same self-confidence than other countries or companies. And some of our best scientists have to leave the country. But at the end, I think there is no excuse. I fully believe that Ireland is able to do it. So Ireland can do it. And I think there is a very good future for all of us if we all work together. Thank you. Thank you, Jens.


Maker moments, make a space shield. Hey everyone, today we're gonna be making a space shield. I've got my notes of what I wanna do, some cardboard, some tape, glue, scissors, string, a pencil, a cup or something to trace with, and some fun construction paper for our decorating later. All right, so we're gonna go ahead and get started. We're gonna take our cardboard here and I'm gonna use this cup to sort of help me trace the shape of the shield that I want. I went ahead and grabbed a piece of cardboard that I was pretty close to the size of the shield that I knew I wanted, but I kinda wanted to have rounded corners. Depending on what your imagination says, you could also have your shield be a rectangle or a circle or any shape. Also, sometimes you might need to retrace a little bit and that's okay. So that's gonna help me cut and have sort of evenly rounded corners as best I can. So now I'm gonna use my scissors and cut the corners. There we go.  And I'm just gonna sort of guesstimate about the right length. You'll need to base that on the size of your arm and also your shield. All right, so now I've got my shield and a sort of handle that I'm gonna put on the back here. I'm gonna go ahead and fold the ends here once or twice because we're gonna kinda tuck them in here in a second. And it's just about an inch or so per fold. And you can see what I've done there from the side. And I'm just gonna bend that cardboard a little bit just to make sure there's enough space for my hand or my arm to get through. All right, so now we're gonna do a pretty cool cardboard fastening trick that I learned. So off camera, I put two holes in the end of my handle and I'm gonna line those on the shield and make some marks so that I can actually mark on the shield where I need to put in my holes. Then I'll take my pencil and bore in some holes into my shield. I'll have two holes on my shield, two holes on my handle and I can put it all together with string here in the next step.  So we're gonna use this for the anchor points of our handle. All right, so I'm gonna take my string and fold it over its side here so that you can make a little loop. And I'm gonna put that loop through the shield so I can see the side of the loop on the other side of the shield. Then I wanna take one of those little strips and put it through so that it's holding the tiny piece of cardboard on the other side. So yeah, now I'm gonna take my handle and I might need to use my pencil to bore a little bit more just to make sure that hole is ready for the string. I'm gonna put the string through and I'm gonna grab another tiny little strip of cardboard and tie that string around the strip so that there's a strip on each side of the fastener anchored by the string with the handle also in place. So I'm gonna give that a good tie there. Make sure that's a good fit, nice and tight. All right, and then I'm gonna bend the strap there and I'll grab and get ready to do the other side. Again, you're gonna fold that string over, put it through your shield so that you can get the loop on the other side. Then you're going to put the strip in the loop, pull. Make sure that the hole is ready for the string.  It's at this point that I realized that I actually folded one side of the handle out and one side of the handle in. So off camera, I reverse it back. You can either flip your handle sides out or flip them in, but it helps to do it the same way on both sides. All right, so you can see I've got both of my handle sides turned in. I've got a bolt on both sides and now I have a handle that can move a little bit with those cool fasteners. I'm gonna go ahead and put a little bit of extra tape on here because it's gonna be part of my design. And also I wanna make sure that if I'm playing a little hard with the shield that it's gonna stick and hold even better. You can also just use tape to put a handle on, but this cardboard fastening trick is gonna give you that little bit of extra support and a little bit of extra flexibility. All right, nice and secure and enough space for my hand and arm as well. So then I just took my shield and decorated it. I used fun construction paper, extra pieces of cardboard, even a little bit of chalk. Just had fun with it, so whatever you have at home. Thanks so much for joining us on Maker Moments.


Hey, how's it going? In this video, someone asked me the question, should I use automatic placements or should I use manual placements? Okay, so I'm just going to answer it right now. If you have no idea what I'm talking about, Facebook Business Manager. Okay, this one running ads, for example, if on the ads at level, you can choose whether you want to choose automatic placements or manual placements. Placements is basically the position in your feed that you want your ad to be placed. Okay, in this sense, for example, like on Facebook or Instagram, right? It's where there are many different placements. So let me just show you. Okay, automatic is basically allowing Facebook to optimize itself and allowing them to choose which placement that you want your ad to be to be showed. Okay, so they will be based on their optimization, their data, whereas manual placement is you selecting where you want your ad to be shown. Okay, so if you go on automatic placements and manual placements here, for example, if you want to totally exclude Instagram, you don't want to advertise Instagram, for example, for example, your audience is mainly older people on Facebook, for example, you can just exclude Instagram automatically. Okay, so you can see here, Instagram feed, Instagram feed, Instagram explore, for example, you can untick, untick, right? And for example, a lot of, I'm not sure why drop trappers, they always mention just do it for the feed because feed is like the biggest thing that people see, right? So it's the most obvious piece of content placement that there is. So that's why a lot of people mention the feed as well. Personally, just my personal opinion, I don't care. I will put automatic placements all the time. And the reason why is because Facebook knows better than us. How I always see this and justify this is that like if Facebook has all the data and they're recommending you an automatic placements and they understand what is going to work and what is not, I rather them optimize and then I focus on producing the best creative on my part, right? So I don't think there's something that you should really think about. But if you want to try just doing manual placements instead, you should definitely do it. But also keep in mind, right? Manual placements, if you go feed only, it's going to be more expensive generally than just doing automatic placements because there's more real estate that you can advertise in, right? So just keep that in the back of your mind. And personally, I don't know. I don't like, I don't need to complicate things. If there's automatic placements, just let it run. I'll let it run, right? And if the rest is good, the rest is good. If it's not, then change the creative. How we see it is like, perhaps sometimes when we meet it by, we think about these minor things too much less. You should think more about the creative and how to make the offer sexier so that it sells better, right? So as long as you get the traffic from Facebook and then you drive it to the site, I think you'll be settled. I don't think it should be a problem, okay? So you can definitely try.  Like outside, yeah. Manual placements, feed only is the best, right? But then nowadays, I don't really care. Like I just focused on the creative at this point in time. Yeah, so that's pretty much my opinion. And I don't think that it will hurt if you test it as well. Okay, your ad account may be different and my ad account may be different as well. So just keep that in mind, okay? Hopefully that answers your question. And yeah, okay. Even though it might seem very, very weird that for example, messenger, the messenger placement, where is it? Like messenger, like there's a placement for that. And sometimes it doesn't even convert, right? But you may never know. Like for your audience, it may convert. You get what I mean? So just I think automatic placements first. And then if you really want to slim down after you're in the testing phase, right? You go and see the data and then see which placements are doing the best. And then you use those which are getting purchases and then you divert that traffic and create another duplicate that campaign. And then you go and for example, focus on the feed, focus on Instagram stories or whatever. Okay, just my opinion. Let me know what you think. If you have any questions, please put them down in the comment section below so I can help you answer them as well and help you guys. Yup, that's pretty much it. See you in the next video.


In this presentation we will record journal entries related to wages both direct and indirect within a job cost system. Information will be on the left. We're going to enter that into our general journal then post it to the general ledger general ledger being used to create the trial balance. Here is our trial balance. It's an order assets and then liabilities and then equity income and expenses. We of course are focusing in on the asset accounts more specifically the inventory accounts as we take a look at the flow of a job cost system. What we're doing here is looking at the wages that are paid to people that work in basically the where in the construction of whatever we make for making guitars in the construction if we have construction jobs within the construction process to people that work directly on that as well as the people that work indirectly we're going to have to sort those two out and record this information to understand this we first need to think about that we're really kind of just processing payroll here we're processing payroll to people that work on the jobs if they work in the factory and they're making guitars they work in the factory we're processing the payroll now when that happens typically we think that the journal entry if we if we take out all the withholdings we're not going to get into payroll withholdings and whatnot but if we think about the simplified transaction of payroll transaction it would be we're paying someone crediting cash we instead are going to make a payable wages payable and then the debit traditionally we would think would go to wages expense or something some type of expense in this case that's of course what the difference is going to be and it takes a little little while to really understand that this is going to happen a lot in a job cost system because we start to memorize if we've worked in other types of industries a service company merchandising company that every time we have payroll it's just going to be wages expense but in this case when that's because of the matching principle before it used to be that we used those wages in order to help us generate revenue in the same time period and this time where they're not generating revenue yet they're making an asset they're making inventory so that's the first thing we need to realize we're kind of processing payroll but it's going to look different and we're going to have to just basically unlearn if we just memorized kind of the payroll journal entry which is the credit cash or credit wages payable and debit the expense we're not going to debit the expense because it's not an expense type what we're going to have over here is the jobs that they worked on and that's what we will have to track so let's take a look at that real quick on how that might happen from a forms basis just an example so we're going to go to the right over here all the way to the right and we're going to have something like a time ticket of course and the time ticket is going to give us an idea of the the jobs the people that worked the jobs that they worked on so that we can track what job is being worked on so just note that we're going to need some type of system within a job cost system to track which jobs are being worked on so that when we process the payroll we can process it and and select the correct account to hit which is going to be the correct job account when processing their payroll process so this individual worked on job b15 and that's where we need to apply the expense of the wages we're going to pay for this individual note that this could happen for a company that makes stuff or for a service company like a service company like a bookkeeping company may have a job cost system in a similar fashion also note that here we're applying out the actual cost if we work in a bookkeeping company or something like that or law firm we may have a billable rate for people that might be different meaning we might make our invoices using some type of billable rate that's different from the actual pay rate or we might make our invoice with what we actually pay an individual and then mark it up use some kind of markup in order to record it here though we're tracking the cost to the inventory the cost to the job so we're really using the actual number that we pay employees here so I'm going to go all the way to the left again so I've scrolled all the way back to the left now that we're just seeing the documentation that might be used to create this we're going to just look at the jobs here this is the the jobs and the direct labor that we are applying to them which we're putting together by basically tracking as we as the employees work typically in a database program of some kind what job they worked on so job b15 we've got 1200 that's going to be applied for direct labor job b16 900 b17 560 b18 850 and b19 690 for a total of 4200 so the journal entry then is pretty straightforward we don't need to break it out for the journal entry but we do need to break it out for the supporting documentation in each job so the journal entry we're just going to use this total here it's going to go into work and process and that's usually that's going to be kind of the confusing thing here because again typically we would think of it as an expense here we are using these wages in order to help us generate an asset which is going to be inventory which is represented here by unfinished work in process so it's a debit balance we're going to make it go up by doing the same thing to another debit so we're going to right click and copy we're going to put this in b10 right click and paste 123 the amount in c10 is going to be that 4200 then we're going to credit something for 4200 i'm going to use the kind of plug formula of negative of that number and enter and then we just need to see the amount now we could say that we paid cash but typically a lot of book problems and in practice we may go into wages payable first and then pay it at a later time so i'm going to put wages payable so j14 right click and copy we're going to put that in b11 right click and paste 123 values only so again if if this was a normal payroll journal entry for a non-manufacturing company we would credit wages payable or cash and debit wages expense or something like that and then we'd have withholdings too we're simplifying the kind of payroll entry here but we would debit wages expense here we're not debiting the expense and that's kind of the tricky thing that we're going to have to see a few times over as we go through a manufacturing company and that's because of the matching principle we haven't used those wages to help generate revenue yet they're going to help us generate revenue in the future when we finally sell the inventory we will expense it in the form of cost of good sold so the value of that work is going into the inventory which is currently in process and therefore going into work in process so let's record that out here's the work in process account it's going to be one two three four accounts down here it's going to be four accounts over on the gl then we're going to try to just scroll back and forth if you want to make the screen smaller that can help to record i'm going to try to keep it full size and use scrolling to do this we could also freeze the pains but we'll do it this way so we're going to go to work in process here it is we want to be in the debit we are in cell s 10 i'm going to say equals and point to that 4200 and that's going to bring the balance from 2002 30 up by 4200 to 6430 that then


The University of Pikeville took their second loss of the season today to Bethel University by a score of 24-21 here at the Hambly Athletic Complex. This afternoon the Bears took on non-division opponent Bethel University looking to bounce back after a loss to EKU last Thursday. The Bears took the field with the loss of their starting quarterback Sonny Warren and true freshman Bowen Smith would take the first snap for the Bears giving them an explosive start putting up six on the board first. Bowen Smith's first points of the game would come from a field goal until Quincy Walden gave the Wildcats their first touchdown of the game strutting into the end zone as they take a three-point lead over the Bears. Quarterback Bowen Smith will help execute six more points as he connects with Prestonsburg native Jordan Gerald in the end zone for the Bears' second touchdown of the afternoon. The Wildcats clawed their way back to the top once more taking another lead change. This time quarterback Kerry Sellers will keep this one himself and with ease he'll make it into the end zone breaking a few tackles along the way. The Bears will answer back with just over five minutes to go in the fourth quarter as Smith finds another local standout Jordan Olinger have hazarded for another six points for the Bears. You Pike almost had it in the bag until Bethel's quarterback Kerry Sellers puts the game in his hands once more for his second rushing touchdown of the night. I had the chance to catch up with head coach Al Holland Jr. after the loss. We had some improvement today but we didn't finish on some plays, had some big plays and moved the ball offensively and stopped them defensively. We stopped their passing game and made them one dimensional and they was running the football but we had some coverage plays that just broke down with the quarterback getting out of the pocket and making some nice runs down the stretch so we just got to continue to work and these guys will, we got 16 seniors and they'll continue to grow and get better and we just got to continue to grind this thing out and continue to work every single day to get back on track. The Bears are back in action next Saturday at 1.30 at the Hambly Athletic Complex up against number five ranked Reinhardt University. Reporting in Pikeville for EKB Sports, I'm McKay LaCauley.


I think it's important to think about the South Asian diaspora as being energetic, complex, multilingual, multi-regional, and multi-generational. And I think that's the most exciting thing for me right now. I look around and I see a lot of people who are invested in thinking about how do we end inequality? And Modi represents the worst avatar of inequality that we have. And I think people care about that.