Maen nhw'n ddim lad, mae'r ffaith i fantaisio agniad newydd ar dwy fel eignu solar a eignu gwint a eignu yn y mor hefyd, a mae'r cynnysiad neu popeth mae'n gallu fantaisio ar hynny. Mae gan eich cynnysiad targedau gwych o ran aelgylchu, ond mae'n nhw'n gobeithio yn y dyfodol i symud hwnna i lannu rhywsaeth digl cant fel bod ni'n tor i lawr ar yngwestlath ni. Dany fel ti'n lefydd o gwant sy'n welch fod y presbytion am ddim wedi dod i rhywm gan y dyfodraeth. Fod ond ddau iawn eich hefyd spau, ddim eich pawb yn cael rhan oedd ydi. I think that the foundation phase is an excellent move forward because we know that children learn through the first hand experiences and as a class teacher you can see that when the children have these experiences then all the language comes out from it and then the children really are learning. Yes, I've got a free swim pass from the Welsh Assembly Government, very, very useful. I've been a pensioner obviously, fees are expensive to go and take exercise but this is a good way of meeting people, getting fit and again it's free, brilliant. No, I don't have any hesitation in saying that this Welsh Assembly Government's idea of a free bus pass is one of the best things I've got in retirement. Oh, wonderful. I go all over their south Wales online. I travel every single day. In fact it's free, it's always busy and everyone's really having a good time there so Dany absolutely loves it there at the museum. I really like coming to Wales and being able to go to all the museums and for free. We've really enjoyed benefitting from all the access that we would have so as a family day out we'd certainly recommend it as well.  Dwi'n credu ers yr cynyliad gallu sefydlu mae'r Gymraeg wedi dod yn fwy gwilydol yn Gymraeg ond yn anffodus dy'r cynyliad hefyd gallwyr dros yriach Gymraeg eto i allu rhoi status swyddogol eraill. It's an excellent idea so everybody knows if there's a problem they can get back to the source of the problem. I know that when I buy meat that it's locally sourced a lot of it is free range and organic and that is very important to me and to all our family that we buy local meat and support our local farmers. It's good for our customers and it's good for us and it's really good for the farmers of Wales. Itung between Welsh Family Government and the Establishment of the Welsh Assembly Government has allowed Wales to develop a creative partnership with the private sector on Celtic Manor to win the bid in the first place. The profile of Wales will never be higher. A whole generation of Americans will see Wales and Welsh Gold for the first time and everybody across the nation is looking forward to it. The Welsh Assembly Government has paid a huge part in delivering the success of the event. yn y cydnabod o'r Fyllydd yng Nghymru sy'n gobeithio'r Ysgrifennid Ysgrifennid yn cael eu cydnabod yma i'r llyfr yn dda i'r cyfrwyng ymgyrch. Rydw i'n gallu bod yn dweud i ddigonol ac mae'n cael ei ffordd ei ddweud. Mae'n bwysig i'r ffordd i gyfnodol a'r ffordd o gyfnodol, ac mae'n defnyddio'r gweithio ar y bydd y cyffredinol yma. Dyfodol o ffaswn, dyfodol o ffraith, a'r ffordd o bobl nifer o bryd o'r gweithio ar y dyfodol. Rwy'n gweithio'n gweld nifer o polisiadau ar y ffraith i Gwyrddon, a'r gweithio'r polisiadau yn ymgyrch yn ei gweithio. Rydyn ni'n gweithio ar y gweithio ar y dyfodol.


Hey what's up you guys welcome back to my channel as you're new here.  I'm back and I'm making videos again. Not just life or date videos, we're back to what this channel was about. We always talk about different topics every few days. Today I decided that we should talk about med shaming and how it needs to end. So what is med shaming? Med shaming is when someone puts someone down because they take a certain medication or because they're on medications or because they use their medications or believe in using medication. Med shaming comes as both physical and mental health. The one argument I have is everyone needs different things and everyone believes different things. Just because you believe that medication shouldn't be used doesn't mean that that's factual. It's an opinion. Just like it's my opinion that medication is a lifesaver. I feel like it's such a toxic community when it comes to medicating people. Personally, I take hella pyridone, vortioxatine, clonazopam, zopichlorin, misoprolone, folic acid, quels and iron supplement. I take these medications because I believe medications are a lifesaver. For me, medication really has to be a life changer. I constantly get people commenting on videos that I've done when I talk about medications saying, oh, it's a bad drug, that's horrific. You shouldn't take it. You should get off it as soon as you can. And all sorts. I did a TikTok a few days ago. I'll insert it here. I just taken my medication, which is sedating so obviously I look sedated. I've got the comments on it either. It's a great drug. I've been on it for years. I don't know if it was like, get off it. It shouldn't, not to prove to be long term use. Get off it. It's not good to be on it. Get off it. It's dangerous. Get off it. You're going to become addicted to it. Now I've taken clonazopam for three years. It's got to be three years. I'm not on the full dose. My dose did get increased. Well, I'm not on the full dose. Okay, one milligram in the morning, one milligram in the afternoon, one milligram in the evening, and two milligrams at night. Even we say that it was going to attract people and be like, it's a dangerous drug. Get off it. I wouldn't take something if I thought there were risks outweigh the benefits. But there's such a toxic community, especially on Twitter, of the so-called advocates saying medications, bad, try to avoid it.  But the people who need it, write a list of the pros and the cons. Instead, we should all be supportive of each other. We should all support each other's opinions. If someone's dead against medication, then don't argue with them. Just respect their opinion. They're entitled to have an opinion. Pro-med and anti-med are very controversial. So there's pro-med and anti-med. The thing is, when it comes to psychiatric medication, there's more controversy around taking medication for it. And what you say is, would you tell a cancer patient to stop their treatment? No. It's exactly the same. That's all I've got for this video. Let me know your thoughts in the comments down below. Thanks to those who follow me on Patreon. Thanks to those who follow me on Instagram and Twitter. And thank you to those of you who support me over on TikTok. My TikTok will be linked here. And I'll see you guys in the next one. If you've got any video requests, let me know in the comments down below.


إن شاء الله سوف نتخلص في صورة يسين one time يلسل عبد الله و يجين الكريم إن شاء الله و نتخلص في صورة يسين two times after that إن شاء الله أرحي ألفهم سدا فأغشيناهم فهم لا يتصرون وسوا أم لم تن لشيء مرسله أرسلنا إليه مثنين فكذا فعززنا بقالث فقالوا فقال الشيء تكذبوا مرسله أسل لكم و لن مصرفون وجاصوا المدينة و جلون مرسلين إتبعوا أجروا مهتدون و ما يه ترجعوا إيه تن إيه يريد من رحمان بضون شفاعتهم شيء لون مقدون و جعلني من المكرمين و ما يستنزعوا أهلكنا قينا محفظوا أملته أيديهم أفلايا سبحان الذي خلق الأزواج أنفسهم الشمس تجري بمستقل يزل حتى لشمس يمغ تدريت القمر و للليل ساب و كل كل مشنون و خلقنا قمنا و إيديكم و إيحةوا واحدة توثيتوا ولا مرجعون و نفخف الصور بينهم من الأجدات إلى ربهم ينسروا اما كنتم تعملوا دو الشيطة و زخناهم و ما استطاعوا دو الشيطة و مشاربا فلا يشكروا و اتخذوا قارا قارا يمنقوا دو كل شيء صلاحك الله و رحمه الحمد لله الحمد لله و الثلعين المصرات و الصلاة و على أشهر الأملياء و صيد المصري و بزنا محمد و آراء و صحابت جمعين ربنا زبنا ولا تنقصنا و اكلمنا ولا تهمنا و عطنا ولا تحرننا و أأثمنا ولا تفرعنا و وضعنا يا رب العالمين ولا أحاولنا ولا قبوته إلا بالله إبحال العالم و سبحانه و رحمه و رحمه إلا معلمتنا و إلا أنت عيما بكيم السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته الحمد لله is always an honor to share a platform with our teacher قارعمه بالله والله سبحانه و ساته preserve him thank you bless him I was reluctant to recite along with him because I like the rest of you I enjoy to listen to him recite God willing and we are here tonight to take advantage of an opportunity which you can give to us like many other opportunities that Allah has given us in our lives in that when we look at the human story or when we reflect upon the human story at least for me I like to personally see the human story as an example of a creature which has been estranged from his mastery through a violation for a sin committed and then given the opportunity after being cast down from grace into this particular realm to redeem him or herself و سبحانه وتعالى has given us the opportunity to repent and redeem but our redemption is not really through practicing our individual devotion but rather it is also through a responsibility which the Quran calls at خيلاكم now this is the month of شعبان this is the month where the Prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام fasted more than the other months it is not from the أشر حرم from the four sanctified months of the Islamic calendar which Allah سبحانه وتعالى said that these months were sanctified from the day he created the heavens of the earth it is not the month of fasting the month of Ramadan either the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم in spite of that he took advantage of the opportunity to fast this particular month among other months but more than any other month of the year during this month as we know there are traditions which teaches that during this month of شعبان is a very special day it is said in some of the traditions that during the night of شعبان الله سبحانه وتعالى he descends to the lowest heavens and he calls out ألا مستغفيرون يستغفيرون أغفر الله ألا مستغفيرون فأغفر الله is there not one seeking forgiveness so that I may forgive him ألا مستغفيرون فأرزق الله is there not one seeking revision and sustenance who I will grant sustenance to ألا مستغفيرون فأغفر الله is there not one who is in tribulation or tried or one who is distressed who I will grant well-being to is there not one asking to be relieved of their distress during this night now the history of the celebration of the month of شعبان the half of شعبان it goes back to more than a thousand years now of course you would think that of course that it should go back to 1400 years of that the assumption would be that the prophet يسلسفان was someone who initiated the practice but our scholars are they differed about this from the early period and there is no live information to show us what exactly the prophet يسلسفان did on this night nor any reliable narration from the Sahaba but we do find among the Tabiri that there were some who magnified this night among the mean scholars of the scholars of شعب such as the Tabiri the Mashbi the Damascus the great Tabiri the Hadith scholar مقود and also خارب among others and it is from them that this practice has spread to Basra and then other sectors but there are those on the other side as well who felt reluctant to do so such as meaning of the scholars of Medina the psychos of Imam Mahdi and the reason I even bring this up I mention the very fact that there is some disagreement about this is that a pet peeve of mine is that I observe and have observed for many years how when Muslims would gather together to for occasions like this one and there would be someone who would come up and speak and they would talk about the evidence for why this is permissible that's permissible for me I just feel that if you are coming here then the assumptions would be that you have a conviction that there is something special about this night and there is no need there should be no need to speak about like for instance why the motive for instance is permissible or it's not a bit of I want things like that and but of course I would say that I would acknowledge as well that by even saying what I say would seem to be some of the same thing but the main reason why I want to bring this up is simply that we as Muslims have to be not only careful about undermining or misrepresenting the legacy of the Prophet and that we come out is too strict too extreme but we also have to be careful about developing a sense of arrogance or a sense that we are better than others when we do things that we believe to be true and we know the others object and that is to say that if we are going to gather as we are gathering that we should try our best to begin with the best of intentions we should not do this as a reaction to anyone or to sort of sort of rubber than anyone's face that if we believe this and we believe we come up with a pure intention that we do it because we believe in something we believe that it's a special night we believe that it's a blessed night and insha'Allah Allah سبحانه وتعالى we hope and pray that He will give us the blessing of this night and I mean if I'm a Shafiq his reports have said that قد بلغني أن دعاء الشجاب في خمسة ليان that he has preached me that دعاء is accepted during five nights and he mentioned ladies in the Juma'a ladies in the Aideen the two aides the beginning of Rajab ونصف شعبان and the half of the sh'aban and then he went on and said فأستحبوا أستحبوا كل ما حكيتوا فيها دي ليان and I consider it favorable to do all of the things that I have narrated about these nights right so this is about Shafiq so I remember Shafiq himself that they acknowledged that there was something special about the night the half of Sh'aban and this was Sh'aban but again there were other scholars who did not necessarily acknowledge that and it is important for us as Muslims that we try best not to see those who feel reluctant to participate as being people who don't truly love the russian jihadism and that ourselves we truly love the practical practice and that is why we do what we do and there is enough of that going around so it is an important thing to reflect upon a very important thing to reflect upon is to begin with good intention with the right intention not do it out of reaction but out of conviction and if we don't have conviction then we probably won't get the full blessing of the night anyway so there are many virtues as I alluded to by this Hadith I attribute it to the Prophet Muhammad and things have merit and virtue for many different reasons they said that a thing can be virtuous because of the time that it happens so for instance these are multiplied during the month of Ramadan so during the month of Ramadan when we do good deeds they are much more important than outside of the month of Ramadan or on other blessed days that we are familiar with that the fasting is good but fasting on Mondays and Thursdays is even better or fasting on the White Nights is even better so sometimes it's because of the time that an event happens or a thing where a particular worship is carried out sometimes it is deemed to be virtuous and meritorious because of the place it happens now we just pray Salatul Mubarak and we learn that when we come together for Jama'a in general that our individual prayers are multiplied by 25 or 27 times so sometimes because of how many people there as well but the place where it happens the Masjid or let's say let's just think about this Salat happening in Makkah in the Masjid Haram what happened in the Prophet's month what has been in Al-Aqsa the multiplication of those lessons so because of the place the deed occurs can give it great merit so the time, the place sometimes it can be the people who actually carry out the deeds as well that Al-Aqsa and Panwaratata would look upon certain people and see that they are present because of their presence that Al-Aqsa and Panwaratata was great reward to the congregation and he does to that congregation and the actions of those people or the individual when that individual acts and does a particular thing that others do that your charity may not be like mine that I might get only one point from my charity you make it 100 points for yours because we don't know who is really closer to Allah and we don't know that don't describe charity to yourself he knows best the one who has a lot of charity he says that because of the time, the place, the individual but sometimes they actually deed itself what is the action that was done and one thing we know that the Prophet's ﷺ did and the month of Sha'ban was fast and fasting this month is really all about Ramadan even though it is before Ramadan but it's really all about Ramadan some of them say that everything used to be called the month of Sha'ban the month of Quran the month of the readers month of the reciders because they themselves would prepare for the month of Ramadan during the month of Sha'ban that they would increase their worship they would increase their Salawat their Zakahawat and their Qur'an especially the recitation of the Qur'an because Ramadan is really a celebration of the revelation of the Qur'an that's really what the month of Ramadan is all about it's the celebration of that revelation that Allah has given us guidance in this realm and he's given us a responsibility of Qirafah but he's also given us guidance to ensure that we are fit for Qirafah fit for Qirafah and I do think it's extremely important that as Muslims as we increase any act of worship that we take on or adopt any particular type of routine of worship that we reflect upon what the ultimate goal Allah SWT has with us in this realm and I would say that we all know that it's إبادة وما خلطت وجنة ونسأل إلا ليعبدون yes, Allah wants us to worship only Him only Him that's the aim in order to know Allah SWT but Allah also said when He created Adam إني جعله في القامة خليفة I am placing a Khalifa a vice-jarent in this realm a steward for this realm the human being is the only creature on this planet with both the capacity to save all life and to destroy it and Allah SWT has given us this status of this realm to remain in the objective of maintaining balance and so Allah SWT created us as psychosomatic beings as beings when we are both flesh and then we are spirits we are flesh and we are spirit as well and as we increase our knowledge the aim is for us to gain greater mastery over the flesh over our appetites and so when you look at fasting fasting should be seen as a tool to help us perfect our humanity because we truly have to be concerned about our appetites that if we gain mastery over our appetites we remember that why did Allah SWT He praised Adam because in the end because they looked at Adam and said He can be He can be an influence He can be corrupted Are you going to place in there someone who says blood and creates mischief They can see through the very fact that when you have an appetite there's a possibility that you can be corrupted but Allah turned it to something else وعاللَّ مَنَادِمَ أَسْمَهَكُوا اللَّهَ They turned it in a different direction that He gave Adam the knowledge of all the names and He didn't want to say that He gave him rationality gave him will gave him reason gave him the ability to master his appetites and so Allah SWT has given us His responsibility even if we fail as if we know because of how many teachers that the human project sort of fails at least for most people not for the NBA not for them not for the Saudi Keyin not for them it doesn't fail with them but for most people it's a failure Allah SWT with them no it's not a failure but what did those people do and so passing is something that the Prophet SWT did and so He told us too that the doors there are these three things and He mentioned that that passing is a shield and charity it extinguishes sin in the same way that water extinguishes fire and the prayer that a person makes in the middle of the night so to say these three things gateways to goodness gateways to virtue to say that it's passing and charity and touch a loss of our basic needs who drink among other forces of gratification a loss of wealth and a loss in sleep but these become the gateways to goodness the gateways to virtue because the ultimate aim the Quran says is that is to say that we don't want to send to be people who do good things we want to be people who want to do good things when we don't even have the opportunity and if we are people who not only do bad things but we want to do bad things when we don't have the opportunity that is really a big problem when we build a month of Ramadan if we are fasting as a school in itself a self mastery a self discipline that we can become what Allah has created us to become so He gave us this responsibility He gave us the tools in order to fulfill that responsibility and fasting when the Prophet ﷺ fasted some of the scholars say that when he fasted when Ramadan came it would be easier for them to deal with it if you don't fast the entire year then all of a sudden you fast one day right before Ramadan you're going to have some problems most of the time like headache or among other things it's going to be difficult but you shouldn't just simply fast because of good health you're fast for reward of course but fasting for self mastery is teaching the things that your body needs that you can give up the things that your body does not need but also more importantly to give up the things that your soul does not need and will ultimately corrupt it so this is an opportunity for us and as I stated Imam Shafiq said that it is one of the nights where Allah ﷺ He accepts prayer so we should take full advantage of this night as much as possible as much as possible we can do it's the tabernain who are initiating who popularize the celebration of لشعبان they should come out to the masajid they would perfume the masajid they would wear the best holding of that night they would pray and they would fast the following day so some of you because today is a good day of fasting and Monday is always a good day of fast another reason why it's a good day of fast because it's among the white nights of the month the 13th, 14th, 15th the nights of the full moon as well that's another reason why it's good to fast it so if you if you can withstand that we should take full advantage of this blessed night and the following day we ask Allah that he grant us the strength to take full advantage of this night and that he answer all of our prayers and he grant us the ability to fulfill our humanity because our Prophet as he told us I have been sent for nothing else than to perfect noble characteristics and may fasting be a source of human perfection where a source of self-discipline and mastery for Allah سبحانه وتعالى سبحانه وتعالى سبحانه وتعالى السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته everyone if you are following how you are making reading and it stops then you also stop actually I like people to recite with me especially in the occasion like this last night everyone wants to say yes in out loud I don't have any problem with that I grew up with that actually in Morocco 15 of Shaban beginning of fragile 27 of fragile the night of Moulin so since I was young I have no problem reciting with that word بزاك الله خير ستدي عبد الله thank you so much for me it's an example it's a very good example is the person who grew up here in America and he's still young actually and he's a doctor already PhD in Islamic studies and you can recite Qur'an in beautiful way you can recite Hadir his translation from Arabic and English is excellent actually I learned a lot of English because when he translated from Arabic he said that's the word in English so I learned a lot from him he's my sheikh too بزاك الله خير بلا بلا سيون is two children مريم and Muhammad is here thank you so much for coming tonight I'm sure everyone here he benefited something tonight in his speech there is an effa hat I don't know it's Tryad the affa hat an effa hat how do you translate it an effa hat it's really like it's good breath it's bringing good breath it's bringing good breath it's trying to go out and smell it this is what we are doing here an effa hat tonight is one of the neffahat You can be sleeping إن شاء الله وفي الجميع شاء الله أتبعوا أسرسة إيسا إيسا إن شاء الله 2 أم 4 time وننقل لتراعي إن شاء الله ومشي الرحمن ومشرع بمغفرة وأجر قليل إنما نحن نحي المدن وكل شيء أحصيناه في إمام مبير وقرب لهم مثلا أصحاب قرية إذ جان مرسلون فقالوا فقالوا أبشر مثلنا إن شيء قد لمرسلون وما رجم أنكم ولا يمسن عذاب أذي قرتم بل أنتم قوموا مصرفون وجان أقصوى المدينة رجل يسعى من التبيع المرسلين ملا يسألكم أجر قليه ترجعون أأتخذ من دوني رحمان بضرني شفاعتهم شيء ولا ينقضون إن إذا لفي ظلال انت بربك فاسمعون قيل دخولين قال يا ليتقومي رب لي وجعلني منا صيحة واحدة يا حصرتنا على كالوبه يستهزون ألم يروكم أهلكنا قللوا يرجعون وإن تأحيينا وأخرجنا من أحبا وفجرنا فيها بنا العون سبحاء والشمس تجني لمستقر وإلاها ذهب كتب والقمرق للشمس يمسبحون مشهود وخلقوا يركبون وإن شاء نظر إيديكم وما أخلفكم لعلكم ترحموا أنوا طعموا من لو يشاءوا مصادقين ما ينظرون إلا صيحة واحدة تأخذهم وأهم يخصمون ولا إله أهلهم يرجعوا رحمان وصدق المرصلون إن كانت إلا صيحة فإذاهم جميعوا لدينا محضرون واليوم لا ترم نفس شيئا ولا تجزون إلا ما كنتم تعملون إن أصحاب الجنة اليوم في شرول فاكهور هم وأسواجهم في ظلال على الأرائك متكهور مهم فيها فاكهور ولا أحيم سلا تعبد الشيطان إنه لكم عدو مبين وألعبدوني هذا صراط مستقيم ولقد أظنتوا عدون إصلوا هل يوم بما كنتم تكفون اليوم أختبع تشهد عرجلهم بما كانوا يكسبون ولو نشاهر فما سناع يصفرون ويوم نشاهر فما سخناهم على مكانتهم فما استطاعوا نضيع أو الشعر وما يمغيله إن هو إلا عملت أيها لكول واذن فيها منافع ومشارب أفلا يشكرون وابتخذوا بيتلع لهم ينصرون إنه يعلم ما يصرون وما يعدنون أو لما خلقناه من نطفة وإذا هو خصيم مبير وضرب لنا مثلو ولس يخلقه قال لي يحيى رايمار وهي رني والحياة لي جعل لكم من الشفل الغفر نار فإذا أنتم لنه توقدون أو ليس الذي خلق السماء يخلق مثلهم بلا وهو الخلاق العليم إنما أموه إلى أراد شيئا أن يقول لوكم فيكون سبحانكو تكل شيء وإليه ترجر الله مجأ ثواب ما قرأناه ولوره ما تلوله إلى روح سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وإلا أواح آبائنا وأمهاتنا وأجدادنا وإخواننا وأخواتنا يا رب العالمين الله مجأ الماقرناه الشفاء لنا ودواء لنا ولسقامنا يا رب العالمين آمين آمين آمين بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نرسلين على صراط مستقيم لقد أأموكم عود من خلفهم سدار فأخشيناهم فأم لا يبصد وزواء رخش يا رحمال بالغيب فبشره بمغفرة وأجل الكريم إنا نحن نحيل ما رهم وكل شيء أحصيناه في إنا من مدير وقروا نرسلون إذا أرسلنا إلي فكذبوا ما فعززنا بذادذ فقالوا إنا إليكم مرسلون قالوا ما للملاه المبير قالوا لم تندهوا لنرجم أن نكون ولا مداباً أليم ملأنتم قوموا نصرفوا وجاءوا الصدير إلتبيواكم أجعوا أهم هتدون ومالي لا أعبد الذي فطرني وإلي طبيعتاً إيه يلنى الرحمن بضرطهم شيء ولا يمقدون قروا ليقبي ولمفعضهم خامدون يا حصرة على العباد ما يأتيهم من رسول ليستازئون أهم إليهم لا يرجعون فمنه يأكلون وجاءوا بيا جن نحيل وعلاب وفجرنا فيها من العيول ليأكلوا بلتوا أيديهم أفلا يشكرون سبحان الذي خلق الأزواج كلها مما تنبط الأرض ومنها منفسه المرم ننسلخ منهم ما أعرف إذاهم والشمس تبري لمستقر للها ذلك تقدير العزيز العرين والقبو قدرناهم لا أزرى حتى عادك العرجون القدير للشمس جن ببي لها أن تدلك القمر ولا الليل سابقنا وقول لهم في فلك يسمحون وعالة لهم عن كل مشهود وخلقنا لهم من مثلي ما يرجعون عاديكم وما خلفكم لعلكم تحمرون ولا تأتي من آية من آيات يرغيهم هلاك وإذا قيل لرزقكم الله لو يجاء كنتم صالقين ما يرجعون إلا صيحة أو واحدة تأخذهم وهم يخسمون فلا يستطيعون توصية ولا إله أهليهم يرجعون وارفخة الصور فإذا قمنا لاجدات إلى ربهم ينسنون قالوا يا وينا من بعتنا بمرقدنا هذا المرسلون إن كانت إلا صيحة واحدة فإذاهم شميع الذين محبارون فاليوم لا تُغلم تجزور إلا ما كنتم تعملون إن عصحاب الجنة اليوم في شهر فاكهون هم وأزواتهم في ظلانك متقهون لهم فيها فاكية ولا هما يدعون سلام رحيل وامتاز اليوم أيها المدرمون ألم آم إليكم يا ببط الشيطال إن هونكم عدوم متعسرات مستقيل ولقد عظلة منكم جبل لن تفيرها فلم تكونوا تعقلون هذه جهنم التي كنتم تعدون إسرأوا اليوم بما كنتم تكفرون اليوم نختموا عليهم وتشهدوا عرجلهم وتشهدوا عرجلهم بما كانوا يكسبون ولو نشاء ولو نضمصنا على آيونهم فاستبقوا السراط فأنوا يكسرون ولو نشاء لما سخناهم على مكانتهم فما استطاروا مضيهم يكسوا في الخلق فلا يعقلون وما علمناه الشعر وما ينبغي له إن هو إلا ذكر وقرآن مبير ليقول أنه خلق لا لولة إيديناها مالكون وللهم ولهم فيها ملافق ومشارب فلا يشكرون والدخل من دون الله يانية لعلهم ينصرون لا يستطيعون نصرهم وهم لهم جنض ونضبون فلا يأذن وخصيم وولة مرع وربي كل خلق فاللم يجعل للأخضر فإن ام تنين تقدر وليس الذي خلق السماوات والعرض بقادر على أي أخلق بلا رؤول خلق العريم إنما هذا الشيء الذي يريه مراكوط كل شيء وما يريه ترجعون صنع الله والله تحافظنا إن شاء الله إن شاء الله إن شاء الله


We stand in solidarity, united with those fighting for justice. We commit ourselves to the active work of dismantling racism in all of its forms. We gather now to pray for all those who have suffered due to racial injustice in our society. Our prayer begins with recognition that our world is wounded and unjust. We have to begin with the courage to acknowledge out loud the reality that racism and racial injustice are present in our culture and even within our communities. We gather to pray for an end to racism and inequality and to commit ourselves as individuals and as a community to the work of bringing about God's justice in our world, to the work of anti-racism. Let us now take a moment to recall those who have lost their lives due to brutality and racial violence. Let us pray. Dear God, in our effort to dismantle racism, we understand that we struggle not merely against flesh and blood, but against powers and principalities, those institutions and systems that keep racism alive by perpetuating the lie that some members of the family are inferior and others are superior. Give us grace and strength to identify the racial biases that oppress some of us while providing entitlement to others. Give us strength and courage to speak out against injustice and to work for the transformation of unjust system that keep some of us in bondage. Help us to create a fear-filled community that will open our ears to hear the cries of those wounded by racial discrimination and their passionate appeals for change. Strengthen or resolve to make amends for past injustices and right the wrongs of history. Today Lord, we turn to you for help in this moment of weakness and times of need. We ask to turn our weaknesses into strength, this suffering into compassion, sorrow into joy and pain into comfort for others. May we, your servants, trust in your goodness and hope, in your faithfulness even in the middle of this suffering. Remove all fear and doubt from our hearts as we fight the battle of racial injustice in your name. We beg for forgiveness and transformation as we open our hearts and minds in communal prayer. Teach us, good Lord, to serve as you deserve, to give and not to count the cost, to fight and not to heed the wounds, to toil and not to seek for rest, to labor and not to ask for any reward. Keep accept that of knowing that we do your will through Jesus Christ, our Lord. And now I will ask invite Tushy for a moment of silence. In this solemn moment of remembrance, we pause and call to mind the victims of racism and white supremacy. We recognize that racialized violence in the US is not new and that its victims date back to the 15th century during the European conquest of indigenous lands in the 17th century when the first enslaved Africans were brought to the English colonies. Throughout the colonial history of America, from conquest to present, black men and women have died without a triety at the hands of white supremacy and racist structures. Though some of their names and stories may be known only to God, their blood calls out from the ground as Abel's called out to God, inviting us all to repentance for our sense and conversion to justice.  We recognize that we are unable to compile a complete list of those names and that as part of the injustice. We lift in prayer an incomplete litany of names of the victims of racist violence, representing the countless lives lost. As we remember each person in the silence of our hearts, we pray for their families, beg forgiveness for our inaction, and pray for the courage to act in the hope that we do not meet in such a way again. Clifford Glover, Claude Rees, Randy Evans, Yvonne Smallwood, Amadou Diallo, Sean Bell, Oscar Grant, Trayvon Martin, Jordan Davis, Jonathan Farrell, Renisha McBride, Ayanna Jones, John Crawford, Michael Brown, Tamar Rice, Walter Scott, Freddie Gray, Reverend Clementa Picney, Cynthia Herd, Sharonda Coleman Singleton, Tywanza Sanders, Myra Thomsen, Ethel Lee Lance, Susie Jackson, Daniel Simmons, Sandra Blonde, Riona Taylor, Corey Jones, Alton Sterling, Philando Castile, Terrence Crutcher, Keith Scott, Jordan Edwards, Sophan Clark, Eric Gardner, Botham Jean, Atatiana Jefferson, Tony McDade, Ahmed Arbery, Desmond Franklin, David McAtee, and George Floyd. We remember all souls who have been killed by racial violence over the last 500 years. Their memories remain cherished by their families, their descendants, God and an entire human family. Micah, Chapter 6, Verse 8. You have been told, oh mortal, what is good.  A reading from Habakkuk, How long, O Lord, must I cry for help and you do not listen, or cry out to you, violence, and you do not intervene? Why do you let me see iniquity? Why do you seemly gaze at evil? Destruction and violence are before me. There is strife and discord. This is why the law is numb and justice never comes, for the wicked surround the just. This is why justice comes forth perverted. Look over the nations and see, be utterly amazed, for work is being done in art your days that you would not believe, were it told. Unlike God's word, our words are not enough. Not today or any day or all days put together. When you hear just one of those names, let alone 43, the hollowness of words becomes clear. They're not enough, nor can they ever be. And when you think of hundreds of years in the lives of the countless people whose breath has been choked from them by the hard knee of racism, you don't just feel the inadequacy of words, you feel the indictment of history. I shouldn't say you, but I feel it as a white person, as an American, and as a member of a religious order that sadly once bought and sold people. But it really doesn't matter. It really doesn't matter how I feel personally. What matters tonight is that we mourn and honor the dead. What matters tomorrow and every day after is that we see that this never happens again, that a system of racial violence, typified but not limited to these killings, finally be dismantled, that we choose solidarity over privilege. God is a God of love and peace, of mercy and forgiveness. But God is also a God of justice and always stands with the oppressed. In the final analysis, the question for those of us who are privileged is where will we stand? Will we stand with God, or will we stand against God? That's the choice. Good evening, Fairfield community and those tuning in from home for the celebration of life. In recent days, we have witnessed the outpouring of frustration and global protest in response to the victims of racial injustice. The tragic loss of lives to racial injustice cannot continue to be a dominant narrative in our society. As a student of color at this university, I would rather prefer to dominate this narrative in our society by promoting a shared understanding between different social groups. As self-proclaimed men and women for others, I would like to state that desperation and pain experienced by people of color in America is a desperation and pain that we should be addressing on a global platform. Therefore today, we come together and pray to move towards ushering and healing, love, justice and peace for all people, especially people of color. We offer our prayers and reflections today in hope that we as a beloved community will take important steps to grow together. We will do this to be the embodiment of love, justice, peace, compassion and equality in our community. May the families of those who have lost their lives to injustice be strengthened to endure their pain and suffering. And may we all gather in solidarity towards our journey, towards justice and peace. I would like to celebrate the acts of unity that the many members of the Fairfield community have expressed. These people know who they are and have continued advocating on the importance of being an ally in these dire times. We need to understand that we are living in a serious moment in history and it's up to us to enact reform at grassroots levels. So we as a community, we should continue with this energy and head into our fall semester with a serious action plan to combat racism. And now I would like to close out and reference 1 John chapter 4 verse 18 to 20. There is no fear in love, but perfect love drives out fear because fear has to do with punishment. The one who fears is not made perfect in love.  Whoever, for whoever does not love their brother and sister, whom they have seen, cannot love God whom they have not seen. Thank you. Let us today be reminded of the words of the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King. These words come from a sermon with the subject being the answer to a perplexing question. Dr. King said this, racial injustice, a genuine possibility in our nation and in the world will come neither by our frail and often misguided efforts, nor by God imposing his will on wayward men. But when enough people open their lives to God and allow him to pour his triumphant divine energy into their souls, our age, old and noble dream of a world of peace may yet become a reality, but it will neither come by man working alone, nor by God destroying the wicked schemes of men. But when men will so open their lives to God that he may fill them with love, mutual respect, understanding, and goodwill, social salvation will come only through man's willing acceptance of God's mighty gift. Dr. King continued on in this sermon to caution us in this way. He said that we must never feel that God will through some breathtaking miracle or a wave of the hand cast evil out of the world. As long as we believe this, we will pray unanswerable prayers and ask God to do things that he will never do. The belief that God will do everything for man is as untenable as the belief that man can do everything for himself. We must learn that to expect God to do everything while we do nothing is not faith but superstition. So my prayer on this beautiful evening is that just as Jesus was lifted from the grave, let our hearts be lifted above hatred, violence, and the paralyzing grips of institutionalized racism. Let us one day be led by the wisdom of God partnering with man's willingness. Let us be led to a place where love, peace, justice, justice, and compassion become ways of life. Amen. Thank you. It's good to know many have gathered here physically and remotely in the embrace of community. Something life-transforming has happened to us during this time of social distancing and shutting in to our homes. We're on the brink of a new norm as history continues to be made. We have seen solidarity like we haven't seen since the 1960s when Dr. King inspired many to fight for justice not just nationally but internationally. I'm reminded of Catholics in Ireland who challenge anti-catholic discrimination in jobs and housing and police brutality. It's amazing that over the last few weeks thousands have gathered in Japan, Australia, Paris, and many other nations to stand for justice. Tonight we've come together to remember George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmed Aubrey, and all the black lives lost to injustice and that were impacted by racism. Let us not let these lives be lost in vain but instead let them be a driving force for us to make change. So in the upcoming weeks I want to remind those members of our community that there are opportunities for us to gather together and to discuss how we can make change. There's a series of events that will be going forward some for example within the SDMA office there's a program called Can We Talk? Part two a dialogue on advocacy and justice. Campus Ministry will be hosting a new series called the Just One Does Justice and I know that RJSJ will continue to meet. I encourage you all to take a part and be a part of this change. Thank you. Verses from the Quran and the teaching of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him.  Surely the most noble of you in the site of God is the most righteous among you. God is all knowing all aware. Oh humanity be mindful of your Lord who created you from a single soul and from it he created its mate and through both he spread countless men and women and one of his signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and colors. Surely in this are signs for those of knowledge and the Prophet Muhammad said peace be upon him no Arab has any superiority over a non-Arab nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab nor does the white man have any superiority over a black man or the black man any superiority over the white man. You are all the children of Adam and Adam was created from clay. Thank you. In Hebrew one of the words for God is Ruach Elohim breath of life a gift from the creator of all life. We know that to deny a human being breath is idolatrous and so tonight we have gathered to pray for the families of Mr. Floyd of Ms. Taylor of Mr. Arbery and all those lives who have been so cruelly and violently taken and we renew our commitment to work to achieve a nation that exemplifies compassion and justice for all. So in that spirit I offer the final benediction for our gathering tonight. Oh God we raise our hands to you knowing that the work is ours to do. Black, white, Jew, Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, sick, atheist, young, old, gay, straight these are your images battered by some who have sworn to protect and serve but we know that we are all responsible for what happens next and so we pray to you Ruach Elohim source of breath source of life raise up our eyes to see you in each other's eyes to take risks for justice to know that we are our brothers and sisters keepers to ensure that we are united and unified today in prayer more love and compassion we must bring into this world ignite us to combat the hidden prejudice and we pray not for calm but for righteousness for righteousness to flow like a mighty river until peace fills the earth as the waters fill the sea we ask you oh god to comfort the families of all who are grieved and we ask you to strengthen us so that we may do your work to ensure that this is a world redeemed a world not only seeking peace but a world that is truly at peace and we say together on this important and beautiful evening we say together amen


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. We are studying the features of the meta-language and we have noted three additional differences. The first one is the meaning of a word, the second one is the meaning of the cases and the third one namely the technique of Pratyahara as to how to form the Pratyahara and we have seen examples when Pratyahara get formed. We have also seen how they are formed.  We also studied what these Pratyaharas mean and we stated that it is all the sounds that come in between the first letter, first sound and the marker sound, all the letters in between, they are part of the set which is denoted by the Pratyahara. Of course, the markers that come in between, they are not part of the Pratyahara meaning and also in terms of the consonants, the vowel which is inherently pronounced or written together with the consonants for the sake of clear comprehension is also not part of the said Pratyahara. This is what we have studied so far and we also looked at some examples in which such Pratyaharas would be used by Panini in the Sutras in his own grammar. We also noted that depending on the environment be it the left hand side or the right hand side or be it the substituent, the case will be added to this Pratyahara. We studied the case of ach to which the fifth case as well as the sixth case is added also the seventh case is added. Similarly, we studied the same with reference to Hal and also Ul. So, when we looked at ach and when ach is used in the fifth case, we said that there is a particular grammatical operation that is happening where ach is acting as the left hand side environment which needs to be described. So, Panini formed the Pratyahara ach first and then to indicate the environment which is left hand side added the case fifth case that is Panchani. So, you get the word achaha. When any vowel or all the vowels are becoming the substituents, in a particular grammatical operation which needs to be described Panini formed the Pratyahara ach first and then added the case sixth which indicates the substituent after the Pratyahara ach. Then we also noted that when any vowel is becoming the right hand side environment Panini formed the Pratyahara ach first and then added the seventh case indicating the right hand side environment after the Pratyahara ach and derived the forms achaha for fifth case, achaha for sixth case and achy for the seventh case. We also then studied the detailed meaning of ikoyanachi which we had cited as an example earlier. We also looked at how the Pratyahara's ick, yen and ach get formed. We also looked at what they denote. We also looked at how it is used and we also presented to you an expanded meaning of this sutra saying that when yi u ru lu are followed by any vowel they get substituted by yi u ru lu consonant and then we looked at the expanded meaning. Now in this lecture we shall study some more important Pratyahara's the examples that we are taking here studying here they are already taken in the previous lecture. So it is important for us to revisit those sutras that were mentioned earlier for a limited purpose and get their meaning clarified. When we make the meaning of the Pratyahara clear the meaning of that sutra would also become more clear. So here are some of the more important Pratyahara's that we have already studied for some limited purpose earlier in the earlier lectures. For example, ach we have already studied here is h, h standing for a, o, i and o sutra number 3 and 4 a, o and i out. Then we have the Pratyahara's jhal, jabha, gharadha, jabha, gharadha, kapa, chhathatha, chhathatha, kapa, shahrasa and her. These are all part of the set which are denoted by the Pratyahara's jhal. So jhal can be said to cover sutras 8 to 14 all the sounds that are part of 8 to 14. Remember when we say jhal stands for all the sounds that are stated in sutras 8 to 14 we know that all the markers at the end of let us say sutra 8 to 14 they are not part of this subset. The second point is jha is part of this subset. The third point is all the vowels that are mentioned along with the consonants mentioned in this subset they are not part of this subset. The vowels which are mentioned after the consonants they are only there for the distinct comprehension of these consonants. Now if we compare the Pratyahara's jhal with the sound inventory that we studied earlier we can say that the Pratyahara's jhal stands for the columns 4, 3, 2 and 1 of the sound inventory presented earlier plus shah, shah, sir and her the fricative sounds. So column 4 is in fact represented here by jha, bha, gha, dha, dha sutras 8 and 9. Column 3 is represented by jha, bha, gha, dha, sutra 10. Column 2 and 1 is represented by these two sutras kha, bha, chhata, chhata and kappa that is sutra number 11 and 12 and finally sibilants or fricatives in sutra 13 and 14. Similarly there was a Pratyahara that was used namely jha, sh, jha, sh. This stands for jha, bha, gha, dha, dha that is sutra 8 and 9 which correspond to columns 4 and 3 in the traditional sound inventory presented earlier. Similarly Pratyahara jha, sh was also used earlier this stands for jha, bha, gha, dha that is sutra 9. This Pratyahara denotes consonants mentioned in column 3 in the traditional sound inventory mentioned earlier. So what we do here is now the Pratyaharas that are used we try to first of all obtain the meaning by using the technique of joining the Pratyaharas. Once we get the set of sounds that are meant by the Pratyahara we then correspond them correlate them with the columns and the rows that are present in the traditional sound inventory and compare them because the traditional sound inventory is part of the curriculum of schools even today it was there at the time of Panini and it is there even today. So it is very well known and that is why we compare the set of sounds that are available to us through these Pratyaharas with the columns and the rows present in the traditional sound inventory. We also practice forming the Pratyahara for example jhal is formed by taking by picking l from the 14 sutra and j from the 8 sutra and we join them together and form this Pratyahara and so on and so forth. Let us look at the meanings of these sutras first let us take 6178 in this H O is 6 slash 1 of H and is 1 slash 3 of there is the word acchi that continues from the previous sutra 6177 and acchi is 7 slash 1 of acchi indicating the right hand side environment. So the meaning of this sutra is immediately before any vowel acchi A O I O which are the meaning of the Pratyahara H A O I O they are substituted by I of I and of respectively. So there are four substituents and four substitutes and there is a principle of correspondence that is applied over here which is also stated by 1.3.10 and so the first substituent A will be related with the substitute I O with our I with I and O with our so A will be substituted by I O will be substituted by our I will be substituted by our and O will be substituted by our. This is what is the meaning of this sutra H O Y Y A O now we understood when we got the meaning of the Pratyahara clear to us. So the expanded meaning is of this kind if A is followed by any vowel A will be substituted by I and the output would be I plus any vowel if you would be i plus any vowel. If you have the situation ow plus any vowel ow is substituted by ow and the output would be ow plus any vowel. This would be the expanded meaning of this sutra and here are the examples. When you have 9 followed by occur and I have skipped some earlier stages of derivation. I am focusing only on the application of H O Y Y Y over here. So we start and we shall study this derivation later on in detail. Right now, let us focus on this stage of derivation 9 followed by occur. So here you have in a nutshell i followed by a vowel o that is any vowel. Now we apply 6 178 and substitute i in place of i. So you get the output i followed by any vowel and so 9 will become 9. 9 followed by any vowel and so the form that will be derived is 9 occur one who leads or a leader. Similarly, in the example pow plus occur we once again omit all earlier stages of derivation which we shall study later on. Right now we focus only on H O Y Y Y and so we have pow plus occur that is ow followed by any vowel. Here it is a. So ow will be substituted by ow and the output would be ow plus any vowel. Therefore, we will have pow plus occur substituted by pow plus occur that is the output and so we will get the word pow occur, one who purifies the fire. Let us now look at the meaning of Jalaam jash jashi. You have already seen how these praktaharas are formed. Now let us come down to the meaning. Jalaam is 6 3 of jhal, jash is 1 1 of jash, jashi is 7 1 of jash. This sutra is 8 453. What the meaning of this sutra is immediately before jash that is jabha gharadha and jabha gharadha substitute jabha gharadha, jabha gharadha, kappa chhatha chhatha, kappa shashah sahar by jabha gharadha. So if you want to convert this into the column information in the traditional sound inventory, we will rewrite this meaning in the following manner. We will say immediately before consonant 4 and 3 substitute consonants in column 4, 3, 2 and 1 plus shashah sahar by consonants in column 3. I repeat immediately before consonants in column 4 and 3 substitute consonants in column 4, 3, 2, 1 plus shashah sahar and her by consonants in column 3. In the form of an equation, we can write the same thing in this fashion namely C 4 3 2 1 plus shashah sahar plus C 4 3 4 and 3 in this situation C 4 3 2 1 plus shashah sahar will be substituted by C 3 and the output would be C 3 plus C 4 and 3. The example is here we have buddha plus dhi. Again we focus on the application of the current relevant sutra therefore we focus on this stage of derivation. So buddha plus dhi which means dha which is part of the fourth column. So here you have C 4 followed by dhi which begins with C 4. So now you have C 4 followed by C 4 which is the environment for the application of this rule which says that substitute this C 4 by C 3. So the output of this would be C 3 plus C 4. So this dha will be now replaced by dha which is C 3 over here. So you have buddha and dhi and when you have choices. So C 3 has 5 choices which one to be selected. There is some scientific principle involved which we shall see when we look at the process of speech production. Right now C 3 is the substitute replacing C 4. So you get dha in place of dha and so you get the word buddhi. This is the outcome of output of the application of this sutra. Let us take a look at some more pratyaharas, some more important pratyaharas. An for example, an stands for a iu always. This is the first sutra and an stands for a iu. Only there is one instance that is 1169 where an an is taken from the sixth sutra and then the pratyahara is formed and then an stands for all vowels plus semivowals as well as her. Otherwise everywhere whenever an occurs it stands for a iu and an u. At stands for all vowels plus semivowals minus l of course and her. So at is from sutra 1 to 5. Am. Am stands for all vowels plus semivowals plus her plus consonants in column 5. Ash stands for all vowels plus semivowals plus her and consonants in column 5, 4 and 3. Itch. Itch stands for all vowels minus her. An. Remember compare an with an. An always is formed with the help of the marker an which appears always in the sixth sutra. So an always stands for all vowels minus a plus semivowals and her. An never stands for iu and an u. Never used in the astadhyay that way. Not explicitly stated by Panini himself but this has been established by the later commentatorial tradition. Later Panini and grammatical tradition. Here are some more pratyaharas. Hush stands for semivowals plus her plus consonants 5, 4 and 3. Hush can also be described as ash minus h. Yer stands for all consonants minus her. I stands for all consonants minus she, she, she and her. Yum stands for semivowals plus consonants in column 5. Val stands for all consonants minus her. Rel stands for all consonants minus her and her. Jher stands for consonants in column 4, 3 to 1 plus she, she, sir. Jhe stands for all consonants in columns 4, 3 to 1. Jhush stands for consonants in column 4. Khar stands for consonants in column c to 1 plus she, she, sir. Khay stands for consonants in column 2 and 1. Char stands for consonants in column 1 plus she, she, sir. Char stands for only she, she and sir and she stands for she, she, she and her. There are some important points that need to be noted in this discussion. They are some questions. Why the sound her comes twice? Once in the fifth sutra and then again in the 14 sutra. Similarly, why the marker in her comes twice? In the first as well as in the fifth sutra. What is the status of vowels stated along with the consonants? Is the vowel part of the pratyahara? We have already stated something about this, but let us revisit this and note the exception. Then what is the purpose of the rearrangement of the traditional sound inventory? Let us look at each one of these points one by one. First of all, so let us look at the question why the sound her comes twice? The sound her comes twice in these 14 sutras mainly because it has to be a part of two pratyaharas namely at and shall. These two pratyaharas stand for two different set of sounds with which in the object language in the usage behavior of her is noted. So, in order to describe this linguistic usage, we need her to be a part of these sets and therefore in order to account for the linguistic usage her comes in the two pratyaharas namely the fifth and the 14th. Let us look at the next question why the marker in her comes twice? To be very frank, there is no real answer. There is no real answer. The marker in her with a always stands for sounds in sutra one. So, if you have an, we have already stated this, if you use the pratyahara an, an always refers to a iu except in 1169 where it stands for all vowels plus semi vowels plus her. That means in 1169 the pratyahara an is formed with the help of an which comes in the fifth sutra and the marker in her with e is always denoting all the vowels minus a plus semi vowels plus her. So, the pratyahara an is formed with the marker in her which is part of sutra five, fifth sutra. So, there is no real satisfactory answer to this question why the marker in her. This is just an explanation provided by the tradition that we must remember. What is the status of vowels stated along with the consonants? To put it differently, is the vowel part of a pratyahara? No, the answer is no, they are not part of that pratyahara. The vowels are uttered along with the consonants for the sake of distinct comprehension of consonants. They are uttered for the convenience sake and as a convention except of course in one case. We have already seen this explanation but this exception we need to pay attention to. The exception is this, the exception is this a in the sixth sutra land. This is however not there only for the sake of distinct comprehension. It is there for that but there is an additional function of a marker assigned to it. So, this a in the sixth sutra which comes in between la consonant and na here this serves the function of a marker as well and so if you take a as a marker then you can also form the pratyahara r in which the beginning sound is r in the fifth sutra and it ends with the marker r in this sutra. What it stands therefore for is the two sounds r and la consonant r and consonant la that is the only exception. Then if we go to the next point what is the purpose of rearrangement of the traditional sound inventory and the answer is the purpose is to account for the linguistic usage in as brief a manner as possible that is the only purpose of this rearrangement and in an exhaustive manner possible that is the answer. To summarize what we have studied in this lecture we can say that the pratyahara technique is a unique feature of the meta language of paninian grammar it allows panini to refer to a big set of sounds in a very brief manner possible panini requires 41 pratyaharas to describe the object language theoretically n number of such pratyaharas are possible to form to describe the linguistic phenomenon where if necessary. So there are certain questions that can be asked over here based on the discussion that we have had how does one know which is the exact substitute of which substituent how does the system decide one of the many substitutes what are the criteria used what is the meta rule which allows sequential application and answer to all these questions will be found when we look at the process of speech production and when we study the properties of sounds this we shall take in the subsequent lectures. Now before closing today's lecture let us follow our practice and look at the mangala charana taken from prakaryakamuni this mangala charana is and I will read it five sutras in today's lecture they are from 2.3 they are I will repeat we will take up the questions mentioned earlier later on and some more related topics in the coming lectures. Thank you for your attention.


Let's talk about the anatomy of the nephron. There are about a million nephrons inside a single kidney. That should give you a perspective of how small the nephron is. And a nephron is just a tube. It's a crazy, tangled, wildly tangled tube tightly associated with blood in capillaries. So let's draw the tube parts of our nephron first. But don't forget that there are a million of these puppies in a single kidney, so they're small. And that's important to keep in mind. All right. I like to draw my nephrons in orange, the tubular part of a nephron in orange.  It looks like it has a little lobster claw. And that is called Bowman's capsule or the glomerular capsule. I'm going to draw the whole thing for you, so that, and then we'll go ahead and label stuff. Look at me draw on the whole thing. And then we're going to go ahead and label stuff, right? Because that's what I just said I was going to do. Look, draw it exactly like this. Ooh, that's going to be a tight little turn right there. I made it. Okay. And then it dumps into this thing right here, which actually collects stuff from a whole bunch of nephrons. They all flow into this. Okay. Watch.  And the glomerular capsule looks like a lobster claw. Womp, womp, womp. But it's actually a cross section of a cup. I can do that seriously like that. And there's blood vessels inside there. I'm going to talk about the blood supply to the nephron in a second because it's important. But don't forget that this is just a cross section. It actually is a little cup that we could stick our hand inside. It's a little cup, but it's a hollow cup. When you cross this single layer of cells right here, you're going to be inside a lumen. And the lumen is where we're going to collect. It's called filtrate. It's basically pre-P. It's the fluid that we filter out of the blood in order to make our urine. Once the filtrate is in the glomerular capsule or Bowman's capsule, it's going to flow into a structure called the proximal convoluted tubule. Proximal convoluted tubule. When I draw on nephrons, I draw my proximal convoluted tubule with little wiggly squigglies to remind me that it's super convoluted. It's like a knot of tubing. And that way I remember. This is my descending loop of Henley. So filtrate is going to come in through glomerular capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule and down the descending loop of Henley. This is, they call it a hairpin turn. It's a really, they can't be super long and they descend into the medulla of the kidney. And then guess what this one's called? This is the ascending loop of Henley. The ascending loop of Henley flows into the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule looks really long, but that's just so I could spread out my final structure, which is the collecting duct. And I think it's important to recognize the fact that many nephrons can feed into a single collecting duct. And then keep in mind that this is, in this lumen, this is where we're going to collect filtrate or pre-P. And then ultimately we're going to dump our pre-P into the collecting duct. Collecting duct ultimately ends up heading to the ureter and the bladder, just for perspective of where all this stuff ends up. The bladder is where your urine is. The ureter is the tube that connects your kidney to your bladder. And I think that that is extremely straightforward, right? I drew my distal convoluted tubule over here on purpose. There is an anatomical explanation for that. Now let's do the blood supply. How do we get blood into this scene so that we can filter it?


Sometimes things can get busy, but when things are that busy, other people are going to pick up the mantle for you. It's just like when you have a popular YouTube stream, you find your moderators and people who can help guide the conversation and can welcome people and make sure that things stay on topic. You do that in your server as well, so you have people who are helping you. But engaging with your people can be as simple and quick as popping an emoji reaction onto something funny that they said. Replying with a gift, it doesn't take a lot of time, but you're showing people that you're paying attention to them. You're learning about them. And when you have more time, you can get into those bigger conversations if that works more for you. It's about you being able to set your own boundaries as to what kind of time you're going to invest and having good people to help you. For me, I think it's one of the more manageable ways to actually get to know your people, because it's immediate, but it's asynchronous at the same time.


The federal government of Nigeria has urged farmers, students in the northeast region to embrace cassava farming as a means of economic diversification, employment and economic growth. The permanent secretary, federal minister of finance, budget and national planning engineer Nebuliza Nanko, disclosed these in Yola via Damawa state capital he gave during a two-day sensitization workshop on bioeconomic employment and inclusive growth using cassava bioethnal value chain development program pilot. According to him, the project will only remain at the federal level but cascade through the states and local government areas adding that the project is going to be sustainable by involving ministries to partner with universities. On the part of the Damawa state and the president association of deans, faculty of agriculture in Nigeria universities explained that the northeast awareness and sensitization workshop is timely bearing in mind the high prices of fossil fuel and its negative consequences on global climate change, agriculture among others. Surely, well, this is a very sustainable project. This is a very sustainable project because you see what the ministry is to partner with the universities and the universities we are going to just to provide some kinds of incentives you understand to the university. The universities are to provide the land. You understand why the students at the university are supposed to to understand use it as a project. Undergraduate, you understand that's part of why the sustainability plan is there. You understand if you are partnering with the university, you are sure that this is a sustainable. It's a way of creating jobs. It's a way of increasing our GDP. You understand it's a way of getting us out of poverty. That's part of why government is designing this project to attain this problem. You understand because of the peculiar challenge we are facing in this economy. So that's why the ministry of finance is so peculiar about this project to address this incubation in terms of the economy that is hindering the economy from picking up. We are a strategic partner of this project and this project is very significant to us for many reasons. One is going to give the our students ability to practicalize theories that they have learned. Two is going to bring their entrepreneurial capacity to be able to stand on their own and also be employer of labor after graduation. Three, ability of students to answer manage a project because in this project in each actor of land five students from 500 level to 100 level will be involved and this will give them an answer capacity to demonstrate to manage these by themselves.


Alright folks, it's Monday. Yes indeed. Yes indeed. Welcome. If you're new, especially welcome Because you may not know that on this channel I strive every Monday to give a shout out to the best comment in the previous seven days And if you remember last week, I think a week ago exactly I was talking about discernment and trying to figure out the future of this YouTube channel Channels, uh, you know the difference between playlists and channel new channels and so Kofusi from Chicago a fellow youtuber gave some great insight into this topic. Let me read it It's kind of long, but it's really good. So pay attention, especially if you are Just intrigued by the entire YouTube landscape where it's been where it might be going in the future. Alright, here it is in quotes I had a similar dilemma. I would consider keeping it to one channel But let one of the two sides become the dominant voice This will make it easier for new visitors to figure out what your channel is quickly all about and then in parentheses he says which should lead to more people subscribing Over the past couple of years. I have realized where I fit in the running universe. He's a runner in Chicago I'm a non-elite runner. This is the lens through which all my stories get told through The main running season is over and temps are dropping. What does that mean for a non-elite runner? I have a job and kids and a whole bunch of other stuff that happens in my life That's not necessarily running but so do viewers who run that watch my videos and they can parentheses hopefully relate to it Relate to or at least enjoy my content that is not Running for you your trail runner or however you decide to focus that lens What does christmas time look like for a trail runner? Great question. Koboosie or if you go the other way What does a personal pursuit like melons 14 look like for a dad or a small business owner or coloradan? With a third child on the way you can still tell all the stories you want to tell the lens just changes a little bit fascinating end quotes Um, I added that fascinating part fascinating fascinating thoughts fascinating comment of the week. Thank you. Koboosie and um It helps, but i'm not going to dive too deep into it other than to say that that comment of the week helps with my Dissermant, which i'm not done discerning figuring out the future of this channel But just know that i'm still obviously reading your comments every single day Analyzing them thinking on them reflecting on them and that was amazing So you care to comment below and who knows maybe you'll get a shout out for the comment of the week All right off to uh speaking of running I run today. It was an active day at the demore household front yard Thank you for 60 degree weather in colorado At 5,280 feet above sea level Thank you. Oh in december The king has arrived. Oh, okay. Sure


with a speed of light, a cloud of dust in the heart of Ohio Silver, the Lone Ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the masked rider the planes fought crime and criminals throughout the western United States. No one could match his strength or courage, but his resourcefulness and his ability to judge character made him the greatest champion of justice the West ever knew. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. Come out of the past and the thundering hoof beats of the great horse Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver! We're heading for Westgate! An excited crowd has gathered in the block beyond Westgate's business center and... Stand back, everybody! Stand back! Stand back, I say! Doc, how is he? Done for. Sure? Do you figure I don't know my business? Sorry, Doc, no offense. He didn't come too before he cashed in, did he? He's been unconscious since I got here. Anybody here know this fella? Who hurt the shots? I did, Sheriff. Yeah? How many was there? Four, anyhow. See who done it? Not to recognize again, but I bet I'd know his horse. By its markings and its size was a kind of a runny daffodil gray. But you wouldn't know his rider, huh? No, I don't think I would. But all I could tell you was he handled himself like maybe he was a young fella. He was dressed like a cowhand. A big fella? Oh, about medium, I'd say. Hmm, ain't much to go on. He headed west. West, huh? Well, there's a moon and maybe we can pick up his trail. Hi there, Deputy. Saddle up. You and me are taking us a ride. Nobody recognized the man who'd been shot, huh? No, stranger, but I seen him. Did you get a good look at him? Yep. But you didn't know him? Well, like a total sheriff, he handled himself like a young fella. Well, maybe the sheriff will pick up the killer's trail. Yeah, well, wait just a second, stranger. He dressed like a cowhand. He rode west from town. He probably stayed on the side of the river. It's in flood and dangerous to cross. Steady, Silver. At least that'll narrow the district. Come on, Silver, come on. That was after midnight when a horseman rained in his lathered mount, threw himself from the saddle, and pounded on the door of a small cabin. Ray, open up. It's me, Ray. It's her. Open up. What's the idea of waking me up this time of night? Come out of here. Now look, Ray, I ain't fooling. This is important. Now wake base up. If you had, you'd know about it. Then come out of here and close the door. You blamed it, you.  Herb, you've been drinking again. Oh, not much.  Look here. You've got to do me a favor. What do you want now, more cash? If you do, you can go to Paul for it. If I gave you any more, best it'd leave me. I want a horse. Huh? Right away. Let me turn this one into your corral, and give me the lend of that chest and yours. What fur? Can't you see I'm in a hurry? You have to stand here and ask him a question. You've been up for a long time. I've been up for a long time. You have to stand here and ask him a question. You've been up to something. I've got to admit you're in some scrape again. I'm not. Don't lie to me. You think I don't know the signs? Well, what if I am? What's happened? Nothing much. Look, Ray, can I have the lend of that chest? No, can I? Not until I find out what this is about. Brother or not, you don't get no more help from me unless you explain. I've got into too much trouble on your account already.  Nothing. Come on, talk. Well, I just had an argument. Oh, stranger, you wouldn't know him. I don't even know his handle myself. What was the argument about? I don't recollect. You don't remember? Honestly, don't, Ray, I swear. You must have had plenty to drink. Ain't you learned by this time that you can't handle liquor? I never seen the time yet that you didn't go looking for trouble just as soon as you had a couple drinks. Oh, he started it. According to you, the other fellow starts it every time. So what happened? Was a gunplay? Just a fist fight. Not so bad that he won't be along after me if I don't get started. Oh, go on it, Ray.  I don't see why you're so anxious to run away. Well, I got to look at his guns. He carried two of them and they were notched. You could tell he was a gunman just by the way he carried his health. I got to hide out till he leaves the district. Ella, you know I was never any good with guns. What's Paul going to say about this? I'll fix it up with him somehow. You likely will. You always could make Paul believe most anything you wanted to. That's why I kept you to go partners with him. Told me to get out and dig for myself. Oh, that wasn't my fault, Ray. No, it was mine for spoiling you when I shouldn't have. For letting you talk me into taking the blame for your scrapes just to cause you with my kid brother. Ain't you going to give me a horse? Oh, I reckon I will. I don't hanker much to see you drilled even if you do deserve it. Ray, I won't get this in a million years. Take the chestnut if you want him. No, thanks. I don't know what I'm going to do. Would you do me another favor? Now what? Well, it's just a chance that the sheriff would be alone looking for me, too. You even got the law after you? Well, he told me to go on home until we were up. He told me if I got in a fight, he'd see me jailed. And if he hears about me and that stranger, he'd just like them to write after me. What of it? Well, you won't tell him you've seen me, will you? You think I'm local? Well, I just wanted to make sure... I'm a fool to help you and I know it.  The sheriff shows up. I ain't seen you since last week. It'll be fine.  You can depend on me, Ray. Sure. To do the wrong thing every time. All right. If you're in such a hurry, get a move on. Yeah? What were you doing after that? Nothing special. Just thought I heard something down by the corrals and went to take a look. Everything was all right, though. Didn't I hear you talking to somebody? Oh, huh.  You must have been dreaming. You've gone back to sleep. But I was sure I did.  Oh, well, maybe. If I'd been talking to somebody, wouldn't I know it? Now, go on sleep like I said. Aren't you? Pretty soon. But I reckon I'll boil me some coffee first. Less than one hour later. Oh, howdy, Sheriff. What's up? Step out here a second. Sure. Hello, Bart. Howdy. Well, what brought you fellas this way this time of night? Ray, I'm going to ask you some questions. And I want to warn you to be careful how you answer. Huh? We've been following the trail. It led us here. We had to look in your corral and see the dappled great pony in it. He belonged to you. To me? Well, yeah. Well, yeah, sure. Sure he belongs to me. Yeah. Loaning to anybody? No. Why? Take a look and you can see he's been ridden hard and recent. He's still lathered. He wasn't riding him, was he? Oh, well... Was he? Yeah. Yeah, sure I was. But I don't see why. Where'd you go? Well, I... I started for pause place, but then I turned back. What for? Well, as a matter of fact, Sheriff, I... I forgot about how late it was. When it come to me, I knew Paul wouldn't be up, so I turned around and come on home again. You must have ridden pretty hard. I did. You're sure that's your horse? Seems to me I've seen her born one something like it. He's mine. But look here, Sheriff, what's the matter? I don't savvy what this is all about. There's nothing wrong with taking a ride, is there? You're willing to stand by all you've told me? Of course, but what's that? I'm sorry. When I seen where the trail was leading, I had a kind of hunch that herb with the ombre I wanted. Wanted? Uh-huh. For murder. Don't try to put up a fight, Ray. Just come along peaceable. And then the Sheriff took Ray away with him. He wouldn't believe Ray didn't have anything to do with it. He wouldn't even believe me when I told him Ray had been home all evening. I thought I was saying that just because Ray's my husband. I see. But why are you interested, stranger? Who's that red skin outside there? The Indian is Tata, my friend. We're interested because we want to see justice done. Why do you wear a mask? Not for any criminal reason. I give you my word. Why did you come here? We followed the same trail that brought the Sheriff. And this is where the trail ends. Because this is where Herb changed horses. It's too bad your husband didn't tell the truth in the first place. If that is the truth. It is. I'm inclined to believe you. But there's one thing I don't understand. Where? Why did your husband let his brother put him in a position like this? Ray's always let Herb make a fool of him. Yes? I knew him both for years before me and Ray got hitched. And I think it happened a hundred times. Ray's the oldest, so he's got the notion Herb needs to protect him. And Herb took advantage of it. He's never gotten a scrape yet that he didn't run to Ray to get him out of it. You said you went into town with the Sheriff and your husband last night. Uh-huh. You know the Sheriff checked on Ray's story? He said his deputy. Oh? And Herb swore he'd never been near here. Knowing his brother would have the pay if he didn't tell the truth?   I see. This man who was killed, did you know him? Do you have any idea why Herb might have shot him? Ray said Herb had been drinking last night. Well, if you knew Herb and how he behaves with Lickering, then you'd know he could do anything. That's when he always gets in his fight. And he's just assumed fight with strangers as with somebody he knows. That's usually the mark of a coward. They drink to bolster their courage and lose all self-control. Well, thank you for what you've told me. You really meant it when you said you'd help Ray if you could? I did. And in the meantime, try not to worry. I just can't help it. You'll see us again. Come on, Taddo. We're riding. Well, ask that you quit picking on me, Pa. Do you hear me? I won't be talked to like this. If you think I lied, why don't you come right out and say so? Son, I don't know what to think. Then leave me alone. Well, I've been in town to see Ray. I've talked to him. I watched him while he was telling me his story.  I know you're both as well as I know myself. And Ray looked to me like he was telling the truth. Then you're saying I'm lying? Son, look at me. I don't, I don't... Look at me, I see it. What do you want? Son, I just want you to know I'm not claiming Ray told the truth and you didn't. You're both my boys. And I never want to have to decide between you. Only, huh? Well, you've done some things to be ashamed of in the past, and there's no use you're denying. Now, look here, Pa, you're always blaming me. Blaming you? Anybody is to blame it's been me and Ray. I reckon we were both always so busy watching out for you that we never gave you the chance to become a man. Ray always had the notion that you would have been my favorite. It ain't so, though. I let him go his own way and kept you here with me, because I figured he could look out for himself and you couldn't. Well, let me tell you something, son, and don't you forget it. Why?  The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. After leaving the ranch, the Lone Ranger planned to trap Herb. He ordered Tonto to remain in the district and keep an eye on the younger brother, while he himself raced across country to the United States Marshals office at Sageville. Then, three days later... I've been waiting for you, Marshal. What the...? Masked. I've been three days in the saddle to get here. And don't you recognize me? Who are... Thunderation the Lone Ranger? Right. I ain't seen you in better than three years. Where in Tarnation have you been? In good many places. Yeah, I've heard some things from time to time. I'm sorry, Marshal, but I haven't the time to waste and talk. I'm here on business. I might have noted. You can help me correct a mistake in justice.  What was that? Any time you needed him, just call on him. He chews and no questions asked. I appreciate that. What do you want me to do? A man was killed at Westport four days ago. Westport? Well, that's out of my district, eh. I ain't got authority there. I'm not asking you to make an arrest. I want you to take down a description of the man who was killed. This have had me locked up in jail for a week and a half now. If Herb don't tell the truth pretty soon, they'll be having me up for trial and I'll hang. I've got to get out best. I've got to. The sheriff hears you talking like that, Ray. He won't let me visit you no more. He's in his office. He can't hear us. Don't hurt to be careful. That rotten skunk. Ray, you can't bring the sheriff but doing his duty the way he sees it. Oh, I didn't mean the sheriff. I was thinking of Herb. After all I've done for him. He tricks me into a thing like this. You might have known you couldn't trust him. Well, I'll sure as blazes remember it next time. I mean, if I ever go free. Oh, Ray, you will. I know you will. Wish I could feel that way. That mask man. Yeah, that mask man. You said he promised to find out the truth. Well, where is he? What's he done? From all I can see he ain't done a thing. I, here's the sheriff now. Is it time for me to leave, Sheriff? Just stand away from that door, ma'am. What? I've got a job to do. Ray, walk out here. Huh? I said walk out here. Well, where are you taking me? No place for the sheriff. You're free. What did you say? Hard to hear? I said you're free. You, you got a confession? Show him what you got there, Marshal. Of course. Marshal Clary come all the way here from Sageville. And if I was you, Ray, I'd read that reward notice he's holding before I said too much about not being guilty. But, but this describes a fellow that got killed. That's right. He was a crook. There was $5,000 on his head, dead or alive. Which same as yours. $5,000? Oh, Ray. You, you mean that because he was a crook, I ain't to be tried for his killing? Just so. Young fella, when you drilled that ombre, you did the ways to favor him. So if you drop back to my office tomorrow sometime, you'll find a check for $5,000 already and waiting for you. Sheriff, I'm so doggone glad to be out of jail again. I, I don't know how to tell it. Thought you'd be pleased. But I can't take that reward. Why not? Because it belongs to the fellow that done the shooting.  If you ain't the stubbornest critter, well, that case is yours, so I reckon you'll take it whether you want to or not. You ever hear such luck, Barkeep? Arrested and jailed for murder, then told he's free with $5,000 besides. That a fact, Doc? Sure is. He collects the reward tomorrow. Well, doggone. I got to tell the Ramses. They ain't heard of it yet. Get up, that boy.  Go on. What do you want? I got to tell the Ramses. They ain't heard of it yet. Get up, that boy.  Go on. What do you want? Here's what George Ramses just told me. He got it from Doc Liskam. Got what? The news about Ray. I'd be switched if I ever heard the like. What in thunder are you talking about? Ray's free. Yeah? Yeah. And the fella he shot, it was a wanted crook. A wanted crook with a $5,000 reward offered for him. What's that? This is what George told me. Ray's getting $5,000 for shooting that stranger? Yeah. Full luck. Isn't that something to shout about? Well, ain't it? Aren't you glad to know about Ray's luck? Hey, what's the matter with you? Did Ray collect that reward already? George said he's supposed to get it tomorrow sometime. In the afternoon, he heard it'll be paid over at the sheriff's office. Yeah? Well, maybe it will and maybe it won't.  Ray, what's alien you? That reward cash. Why? Best what am I to do. I ain't got no right to it. I never shot that fella. I know. And besides, I wouldn't want it if I had. Well, it's the same as blood money. Well, I kind of feel the same way about it, Marcel. But I can't make either the marshal or the sheriff listen to me. The sheriff says he was convinced I was guilty. So now he's just as convinced I ought to collect. And the marshal claims he wants that cash paid so as he can get everything settled and go back to Sageville. But you aren't going to take it? No. Then there's just one thing to do. Yeah? You march right up to the sheriff tomorrow and tell him so. Ray, you're late. We've been waiting for you ever since two o'clock. I don't mind some of the folks being here to watch you collect me, Ray. Sheriff, I ain't going to argue about this no longer. Huh?  But if I took that cash by a lie, it wouldn't be right. The sheriff seems to think you deserve it. Sure he does. Why? No. But I... Listen to me. I've claimed since the day you arrested me, Sheriff, that I was to home when the shooting happened. Well, all right then. Suppose I take this cash. It's just the same as confessing I've been lying all the time. For $5,000, what should you care? And it's blood money. And this ain't no more keen on my taking it than I am. So you can save your breath, tear up that check you're holding or give it away to somebody else or keep it yourself.  I won't have nothing to do with it. You can't be persuaded, different Ray. I can. Don't give him that reward, Cash. It don't belong to him. It's Herb. What are you doing here, Herb? He can't claim it. But he just knows it. One moment, Sheriff. Well, young man, just why ain't your brother entitled to this money? Because... You must have had a reason for saying that. All right, if you want to know. It ain't his because it was me who shot that hombre. What was that you said? It was. That calls for proof. I can give it to you. I can tell you every foot of the way the Sheriff rode that night following my trail. I can tell you just exactly when I shot him and where it was hit. And what's more, Ray don't change his story. He can back me up. He can tell you how I got him to give me a fresh horse that night. I ain't changed my story, man.  I reckon you'd have done the same if you'd have been me. I didn't know that hombre was a crook. I didn't want to be hanged. I reckon I wouldn't have done the same. Well, do you believe me or don't you? I don't know. What do you think, Marshall? I think he's telling the truth. Just like I suspicion maybe his brother was. Well, I guess that settles it then. Well, then give me that shake. Huh? If you admit I done this shooting, it's mine, isn't it? I never thought of that. I'm afraid you've been tricked, Herb. Just as you'd tricked Ray. Oh, Masked Man. Tell him about it, Marshall. Young man, there is no reward. What? I had the reward notice printed myself on the Masked Man's instructions. What? That didn't mean that teller wasn't a crook and I could be jailed. Right. No, no, wait, wait. I was just lying to get that 5,000. There wasn't a word of truth and what I said, honestly, I wasn't... I'm afraid it's too late for that now. Lock him up here. Sure. Not so fast. The Marshalls told you the truth, as far as he knows it. I went to Sageville. I gave him a description of the murdered man. He used that description to have this reward notice printed. They're not... But the man Herb killed actually was a crook. Marshall, I found the evidence in your own office while I waited for you that day. Yeah? You had the fellow's description on a notice tacked on your wall and didn't recognize it. It wasn't junkie. Did you have me print another for you? Because the notice I saw had no reward offer. It simply stated that the fellow was wanted by the law. There had to be a reward in order to trap Herb into confessing. Then if he was a crook, he can't jail me after all. Probably not. But I'm afraid you'll soon learn there are worse punishments than imprisonment. When word gets around the district or what you attempted to do to your brother, you'd better disappear. I don't... And you won't have 5,000 in cash to make it easier for you. He ought to be rid of a towel and a rail. Don't bone, Marshall. Things have been happening too fast for me to keep up with. Why didn't you tell me this was all a trap? You had me let Ray out of jail even before you knew for sure that he won guilty. There wasn't much danger of his leaving as long as he thought he wouldn't stand trial. No. No, maybe not. But that ain't what really puzzles me. No. What does? Well, what gets me is why a U.S. Marshal like you would take orders from a mask man. Dog gone if I can save you. From any other mask man, I wouldn't. Any other? But from this and... I wouldn't any day. Gosh. Who is he? The Lone Ranger. What's that? Lone Ranger! Right here, right here! I swear! Don't worry! You have just heard of the copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


A Zahra Janah, so she was mic'd up, and so left a cigar sign. Mohsin was now, but yet her blood was still shed.


The big thing, find your tribe, okay? Who are the people that you want to spend your time with? This has been referenced a few times in here, but who are your top five? Who are the people that you want to actually be defined by? Who are the people that you want to aspire to be like? What do they dress like? What do they look like? Because every single tribe has a very different appearance. I mean, take something as simple as high school sports. What's the difference between my high school and the high school up the street? Geographic location. I mean, really that's about it. You know, it's similar socioeconomic status, similar racial makeup. It's pretty dang similar. We just happen to live in different neighborhoods, but all of that is very much exaggerated by the fact that they have a different mascot. They wear different colors in their uniforms and they do things differently that make them a different tribe and so much of that tribe is signaled by what it is that they're wearing. Think about your experience in high school. The kids that all grouped together, did they all look the same? Was it really pretty easy to tell the difference between the guys who played football versus the guys who were out in the back getting high? How about the difference between the guys who were playing Dungeons and Dragons versus the guys who were, I don't know, playing lacrosse? Pretty easy to tell, right? And how do you tell that? By the clothing that they wear. That's how you signal to the guys who are in your tribe that, yes, I am part of your tribe and to the guys who are not that, no, I don't want anything to do with you. You're not part of my tribe. And so if you want to know how to dress, don't start with how to dress. Start with who you want to be and then find out the way that the men that live that way find out how they dress and aspire to be like them aesthetically and use that as a way to catalyze your desire to be like them in other more important ways as well. So I'll show you how this works for me, especially because tribe is something that is not just you. The beauty of tribe is that it's bigger than you. So I have three main tribes by which I define myself. The first is my church. This is Joseph Smith, he's the founder of the church. The second is my family. So it's me, my wife, my daughter and son. We've got the third on the way. And the third is the company that I'm part of. It's called Beckett and Rob. We do custom suits and these two other guys are the founders. These are my three main tribes. When I do something, when I do anything, I don't just represent myself. I represent these groups. Your opinion of my family is already being determined by the amount of time that I have spent talking to you today. Your opinion of the company I represent, your opinion of the church that I'm part of, these are things that are determined if you haven't had exposure to anything else by what I do and by how I represent my tribe. Now for a lot of guys, especially for young guys, that's how it was for me, that's terrifying. It's a lot of responsibility. But men are designed to thrive under responsibility. That's what we're supposed to do, is shoulder that responsibility and use it as a way to improve ourselves. And so one of the big benefits of tribe is not only does it bigger than me and I get the benefits of that as far as I'm protected or I'm represented, but it's bigger than me and that I have to be bigger and better than I would be if I were just left to my own devices. That's why family is so important. That's why country is so important. That's why even a group like this is so important because you guys already feel more of a kinship with each other, especially if you've had the opportunity to talk to each other in between breaks, then you would have beforehand. This is already starting to become a tribe and if you don't have one, I would say look to each other. Look to each other as a way to form that. But that's a big aspect. So how do you find your tribe? We just have to keep diving deeper and deeper into this. Can you imagine if you were to wake up after being knocked out and you were in a rafts in the middle of the ocean and that's your only view? What do you do? What direction do you head? What difference does it make? You don't even know what's the difference between swimming this way or that way or any other way. It's all just blue ocean. There's nothing to look at. There's no difference whatsoever. And a lot of times for a lot of guys, that's how it feels when I tell them, well, yeah, let's just start dressing better. Okay, well, what does that mean?   But what does that mean? There's so many different directions and so many different choices. The most guys don't even know what to do with it. Okay, is it a little bit easier if you have a few different islands to swim to? What if you are right there in the middle? It's easier, right? But how do you know which island to swim towards? What if somebody told you that you would be happier at this island than at this one or maybe at that one? Well, then, yeah, that makes it easy. But at least you're narrowing it down and getting it even easier to do what you need to do as far as getting yourself taken care of and taking advantage of that growth. Okay, so that's all a tee up to the fact that I have three different islands I can help you guys swim towards, okay? I've defined these as the three masculine style archetypes and I'll help you guys understand what these are so that you can use them as a way to not only find your tribe but develop your aesthetic. And again, these are all ways to just catalyze your desire for growth in more important areas. So the first of these is the rugged archetype.


They do yeah Yeah, they do run them right off five dead kids That we got to get ready only kids all of them died in a car accident I understand that you knew these kids not that I give a rat Lightning light hits the mortuary and you can see all this Lightning going through the freezers where the corpses are there's zombies all around them the kids the five kids are died got turned into Zombies from the lightning Get into this big building this industrial building with a huge boiler and furnace thing Yeah, yeah, and then they get on to another bridge too, right? They kind of have to play chicken a little bit with this train and everything. It's really cool Yeah, it's awesome final act for this movie is fantastic