Throughout the year in 2021, I spent a good amount of time covering highly on holdings. It was a pleasure to do so. It was really one of those companies that when it came forward with the idea and the concept of revolutionizing the Class 8 vehicle space and looking to add more options really out there other than what is the underutilized option for C&G and the dominant option for diesels, for fleets. And I think we're at an impasse here in history where companies, big companies are starting to buy into the idea whether or not they go with a Tesla product or a Nikola product or, you know, Hyzon's doing some really good things abroad and highly on is really with that pack. All of the companies are very different in their application. And in my covering of Hyzon, it really, my bullish thesis is surrounded around its capital lean business structure in that they're not trying to reinvent the world here. I've seen a number of different photos with the Hyzon system, whether it be the EX solution or the hyper truck ERX, which is going to run from Peter built the OEM, but a lot of different EXs on a lot of different chassis, Freightliner, Volvo, Penta, across. They are really just able to be installed using all the OEMs, but I thought it'd be prudent to come up with my opinions and assessment of 2021. There has been no shortage of scrutiny on this specific company, where they're at pre revenue. Therefore, you can't touch it. I beg differ. I do. This is a game that you need to acknowledge. If you if you want to value invest, go ahead and do that. This is not. This is not value investing. And there are certain schools of thought that would put highly on in a category of industrial technology. I agree with that. I think as of late here, we've had a few insights highly on facility and talk about how state of the art the facility is. I've heard this few times over and it's impressive. It speaks to the use case of the highly on system, especially the battery management system, which was one of the announcements of many in 2021 that were extremely bullish to charge time of eight minutes, you know, stock pop close to $20 on that news only to digress over time here and to be overshadowed by being out of favor really for the majority of 2021. It was a dismal gear stock sentiment. They don't think can go any lower. When anybody says that in the market, usually you're proven wrong. But I actually think we're probably putting in a very, very long base here with six as the floor. If I'm wrong, I'm wrong. Wonderful. There's nothing really that's going to solve the stock sentiment. Then highly on stepping forward and doing some of the things that they said that they would do on the onset to revolutionize and be a leader in in class eight electrification. To do that, they need to make sales. So it is really all talk until then. And I know they're doing everything that they can possibly do to march toward that end. But I think they and all shareholders and everybody that are involved with and following this story understand how important it is to drive that sentiment somewhere other than where it's been in 2021. And that's the sentiment is extremely negative, extremely bearish on the space. We've had fits and starts there with infrastructure coming through. The push for EV just can't come quick enough. And then the supply chain shortage as well. Not only that, but the entire SPAC space and the EV space, whether it be, got hammered for reasons that were justified and potentially being targets for shorts to put on some heavy short positions and really drive these companies down, really just didn't make it easy at all in 2021. It was a dismal year. Stock sentiment was pretty poor. So the first thing in 2021 review was just that. I think Kylian, from my perspective, gets a no score. I mean, if you want me to score it a zero out of 10, I can. But as far as stock performance, I can provide no credit whatsoever for the dismal performance this year. It's just been absolutely atrocious. And I don't know if the company came to public markets too early. I don't know. I don't know if they could have avoided this train wreck. I don't know if they forecasted this train wreck. I don't know if they offloaded shares because they knew the company was going down. It seems like most of the executives that have offloaded some shares have done so around the $10 mark or below anyway. Of note, Thomas Healy, the CEO, liquidated a lot of shares in 2021 on a pre-assigned or pre-scheduled type of a process. And I was okay with that. It didn't bother me as much as it bothered a lot of people out there. I thought being that it was pre-planned actually kind of reduced some of the scrutiny that he may have received had he unloaded shares or was able to unload some shares at the higher price. You notice how a lot of the share liquidations sales took place with the stock pretty recessed. So stock sentiment really, really poor. And I'll talk about going into 2022 what we need to do to kind of improve upon that. The second is the order book continues to grow and it has grown in 2021. I thought this was a positive, not only from public companies but non-public companies like Debtmark who's really kind of an amazing advocate for Healy on. And I'll tell you what the value proposition of acknowledging how important it is in what they're doing in the frack sands business down there and running the EX solution got their order in for 300 additional hyper truck ERXs. It's going to be a lot of fun to see some of these orders and how highly on deals with this backlog now, which is what it is. It's a backlog of an order book. I've said many, many times, I think over the next 2022, look if they can't make sales until the supply chain really shakes out and gets a better indication that they can really start to expand and deliver this product that needs time for validation anyway could really be a blessing in disguise. I know there's a lot of stock owners out there that don't want me to say that but is Healy on prepared for a 10,000 order from Amazon? The answer is no, it's going to go backlogged anyway. So I think it's in Healy on's best interest to get this product as fine tuned and as perfect as it possibly can be for the time to ramp up. In the meantime, what they can do is that they can backlog these orders and I'd like to see multiple thousand HyperTruck ERX 500s, the 250s. I liked the Monet order of 40. It just, for each of these fleets that are putting these placeholders in the line for the HyperTruck ERX, it's one strategic look at each of these companies and Healy on will, of course, sit down with each of these companies and understand what out of those committed orders or pledged orders do they want to put final and go ahead and start in their fleet rotation. In other words, are they going to take delivery or agree upon delivery of five, 10 trucks on the onset with multiple orders being backlogged into future years so that all of the fleets can have a nice shot at that initial integration into the rotation of their their fleets as they're looking to rotate out the older trucks and replace some of those and start the data collection on the electrified powertrain Healy on brings to the table and start those cross comparisons themselves because there will be. There will be internal scrutiny. Each and every one of these units that are sold to each of these fleets are going to be a data driven type of initiative on each of these companies. I don't care how big or how small each and every one of them are going to track the amount saved potentially on the fuel side, the amount saved on the payload side, the ease of drivership, a lot of different topics when you're looking to evaluate this product when it gets integrated. Are they all going to be good? I hope so. But there's going to be a multi-point type of evaluation once these hyper truck ERX's are introduced to the fleets and it's going to be a lot of fun to see those validated. Can they carry more payload? Can they make that thousand miles plus of range? Is it a better truck to drive? Are there benefits to not having so many mechanics? In other words, a transmission to maintenance, oil changes to make diesel fuel costs, etc., and down the line as those costs are being evaluated to the bottom line. Once they're integrated into the fleet, then they can really make that educated call for follow-on orders into the future and look to really build up and say, you know what? We could see our entire fleet going full electrification. Evidently, Matt Depmar has already seen enough to say, look, I want my entire fleet electrified. That is the goal that we're looking to get to, to say, look, a fleet like an Amazon could say, look, we want a goal by 2027 to say, we want 50% of our fleet electrified. Well, Hylian can step in and make that a reality. But until they get that product verified, 2022 is going to be a touch and go year for sure. I'd love to see a couple bits of appreciation just to get the stock price to a respectable level, because right now it's just not. It's not even respectable. I mean, they're being laughed off in so far as the technology isn't going to sell. It's not going to be integrated. Somehow, all these other companies are just going to dominate the world, and this company is going to go by the wayside. I think that's contrary to everything that I've done on my deep dive and understanding what Hylian brings to the table. And I think it's really an oversight if that's the perspective to not put any type of value in the prospects of the company going forward. 2021 saw the team expanding highly on a lot of high profile board of directors additions. A lot of people think that this is no big deal. I beg to differ, okay, until we have a product that is tried and true, verified, ready to go, ready to to break down and put into assembly line style and make sure that the product is really perfect, those connections cannot be leveraged. And once they are leveraged, that's going to be the key right there when those directors who know people and they're brought on these boards of director for their connections and their guidance and their experience in their respected industries. You read the dossier on these boards of directors, and it's fantastic. Gostanski, Elaine Chao, and many others, really impressive. They've done a great job in 2021 in building out not only their executive team, but their board of governance as well. It's been really fun to watch. And these will pay dividends down the line. These are small strategic pieces that in a day the stock pops a little bit when Elaine Chao was added to the board. The stock popped only to digress back lower than levels that had previously seen. I mean, the stock's at all time low right now. So any type of good news that has come out in 2021 has been discounted in the eyes of the market. And if that's fair in the short term, no problem. The question you need to ask yourself is whether or not that's fair over the long term and whether or not these folks have the ability to step in and offer their strategic vision at those right times in the company's evolution, which it's very, very new. But those people are going to pay off in the long run as they are leaned against when making critical decisions about the strategic direction of the company. I think it's going to be fun to watch. 2021 was the year that the hybrid EX was finalized. Million miles of road validation. Many different pockets of validation. The Northwest validation comes to my mind. Depmar and what they're doing strategically actually provides me a ton of different validation and that they are running the trucks and they love them. It does provide everything that they needed. The improved EX version so they were able to leverage that time that they put into the product to make sure that it was a better product than initially what they came to market with. The idea was wonderful but they needed to clean up some of the install things, the ease of install. They've done that. So that product is finalized and I would love to see on the Q4 report here a little bit more in-depth on the EX and not an admission to just rolling over and allowing Cummins to dominate them. There's no reason to do that. You have to show strength in the product that you've devoted this much time and effort and research and development to bring to market. I don't see how the hybrid EX product to be honest with you is a direct competition to the Cummins CNG engine. I just don't see it. Now if you want to make the argument that the additional 120 horsepower that the hybrid EX on the CNG side was aimed at supplementing, certainly I would hear that out but the difference is that you have to buy an entire unit from Cummins as opposed to take an existing vehicle whether it be an existing or a new and just add that extender or in this case the horsepower improvement to it through the CNG hybrid EX and it works wonderful. I don't even fail to see how the competition is really there and especially when the CNG engine is only aimed at 10 percent of the total overall market. If 90 percent of the total overall fleet is running diesel anyway, wouldn't it be beneficial to actually look at that hybrid EX product as a game changer for those existing fleets and even new fleets that have seen how awesome those EX hybrids are in going full natural gas and being able to either go full natural gas or to supplement with the cost savings on the diesel side by adding that hybrid EX to that product and I just have a hard time understanding why we keep doubling down on this. I've heard Thomas Healy talk about it twice now and I wish he would focus a little bit more on how that product does have its place in the market whether or not it's accepted in the market is yet to be seen but I'd really like to see a surprise to the upside on the hybrid EX which was finalized in 2021. Something that was again discounted by the markets the zero emissions credits and the 75 miles above these were released at the same time when they talked about the different versions of the hybrid truck ERX and putting them into strategic applications specifically California and the New York markets that are having to accommodate for the inner city driving use and the strict emissions guidelines in that they're wanting these trucks to be able to go full electric and that 75 miles of range will allow them to qualify for the zero emissions credits I thought this was huge again to be discounted by the markets I said this a lot in 2021 it just a really really double down on the disconnect between the company and the announcements that they were making I thought they were firing on a lot of cylinders I thought they tailed off at the end of the year for whatever reason I thought they entered into kind of a dry spell a little bit doing a little bit more outreach through the road show that's totally understandable but I think in 2021 I think that was a positive as well to get to that point where they had the hyper truck ERX ready to showcase and they have been through their demo units it's really nice they had four more demo units that look like delivered toward the tail end of the year few late deliveries for endpoint to depth mar logistics for the hybrid EX so both of the products are slowly gaining traction here I think in 2021 there would have been no way for them to finalize and get to a point to really be excited about because all of this groundwork and all of this preliminary verification of the products is absolutely necessary before the company takes that next step into the mass scale up and integration into the fleets out there but I thought the last thing for 2021 in summary was the outreach there was a few councils that were sat by Tomasili and Sherry Baker the CFO highly on they were all very good trying to get the word out to the company to say hey look we're a player in this space as well I thought they did a great job of doing that their public outreach as far as that goes the forums the expo's the ACT expo some of the investor conferences I thought those were fantastic I thought they did everything they needed to do to say hey here we are you know I just think they're in a bit of a quandary right now little bit of a flux period right now and that's why chalk up 2022 as being kind of a critical year and acknowledging that you know they're going to need to bridge the gap to those first initial sales at least that hint that there is going to be some real demand some real demand where that real demand puts the stock price is going to be anybody's guess the stock market is going to throw fits on this company if if they start to place hundreds of orders back to back to back multiple companies companies that could not be foreseen on the onset or into the start of 2022 those are going to be some of the catalysts that are really going to take hold some of the additional catalysts could be larger whale investors not institutions representing indexes stepping into the company and making huge share purchases in these companies just like as of late hyzon has enjoyed those are going to be some of the catalysts as well that that could accelerate the stock but in 2022 looking forward here the first thing I'm looking forward to is the February Q4 earnings report I'm overdue quite frankly and I speak on behalf of most of the investors out there I don't know if the institutions would really care to hear my opinion or not but I know that there's a pretty good sample size of retail investors that do enjoy my commentary on this topic and we are chomping at the bit here to see some proof because putting a donut in the revenue category for this many quarters even though it was forecasted it was to be expected certainly I think the last Q3 I think there was some maybe some false impressions that Q3 latter half of the year would actually mean that the revenue was recognized on the Q3 report and it just wasn't it was some accounts receivable obviously that showed up there on the balance sheet that maybe hinted to some of the either some old or new hybrid orders whether it be the new EX system you know 380,000 I think is what hit the books on the Q3 I would love to see improvement on that category and then actually realize some of that revenue I do come back to Sherry Baker's point about earnings all the way into 2022 being immaterial so my expectations are very low very low and if there's any catalyst at all on the Q4 I'm ripe to surprise because I'm not expecting anything I don't expect the Q4 is going to somehow speak positively about what has been a very very dismal year for the company it's been atrocious it's been horrendous like I said I gave him a zero on the stock score as far as the company goes fantastic strides on all on all facets improving on multiple categories you cannot expect that this company is going to go from 1 billion to 10 billion overnight it's just not going to happen I think what you need to look at is the deeper potential for the company to really start to cash in on some of these catalysts that they have product team addressable market right hyper truck innovation council right they're doing it right on all fronts and these are big fronts each and every one of these categories they're huge and every now and then they'll put in a small little taster of progress in each one of these categories it's just that through 2022 and going into 23 and 24 these pieces are going to have to really start to get come together and gel into a lot more of an efficient machine here with highly on and the stock will follow there won't be any type of anything left really to hang their hat on with highly on to say look if they're going to continue to make no sales then the stock is worth well zero let's just drive it into the ground and hopefully they shut their doors and fire everybody and they sell off the hyper truck ERX's that they have to tesla and everybody goes home and that was a great three years of effort I don't see that happening I don't see that happening at all and the q4 I'm going to be monitoring for whatever revenue they're able to to provide whether or not it's 150,000 bucks I mean you know I can't imagine that that half of those accounts receivable aren't going to come in way of payment you know I'd be hot on the phone to try to get those accounts receivable at least 50 paid up so I could at least report some bottom line earnings on the q4 report we'll see how it happens like I said my hopes are super low as a matter of fact my soup my hopes on the stock right now are just about as beat down as they can possibly be so when that typically happens the only direction that you can head is is up and that's what I'm hoping for is to see some of these catalyst or a collection of catalyst through 22 22 give us enough to bridge us into that that scale up which is the direction that we all know that we're marching in and will inevitably be there at some point in the future and we're close we are if we're a matter of 12 months with supply chain issues no problem it is what it is there's there's nothing you can do to speed up the process and you just have to wait until that finalization and verification of the product is is complete and highly unfills 100 confident before they start to ramp up and introduce these into the fleets that the the problems that can be foresaw could have been potentially prevented and mitigated during the validation stage that they're in right now the number two thing I'm going to be watching into 2022 is going to be the subscription based monitoring something that does not get talked about at all subscription based businesses are fantastic and highly on has one they sure do and they don't talk about it a lot either in that a lot of fleets have been have been really quick to acknowledge how knowledgeable the highly on staff is with regard to their trucks in some cases that they know more about the trucks than the companies that own the trucks and I think that speaks to another sub market here in that what if through preventative monitoring highly on could forecast potentially when the new batteries needed to go in when certain components on the solutions needed to be changed out wouldn't that take a lot of the logistics piece off of these companies that are shipping goods and and to be taken on by highly on through a subscription based mono monitoring system if in fact they're running the highly on solution anyway the software engineers are the perfect ones to be familiar with the onboard systems the data that's being stored in the cloud how to extrapolate that data how how really to provide that as a presentation back to the companies themselves as to hey we recommend that this particular product is in the yellow it's just a warning you know it'll it'll enter into the red and then you'll have kind of a critical stage where it needs to be changed out otherwise you could have problems that you know we're trying to prevent and and avoid that downtime I really think the subscription based model is going to be huge and I remember the CEO of Dana logistics many years ago actually a couple even before the SPAC it became public as a SPAC talked about the real value in highly on actually being this element of the business itself and be just awesome to be able to provide that as a service to these fleets and and really integrate that if there's some level of pedigree that I've taken from highly on it seems that they're really looking to establish themselves with their customers and not just sell them a product and then forget them well the onboard monitoring system allows them to do that it allows them to partner with for a lack of better terms and really establish that monitoring and logistics capability on behalf of their customers of course getting paid for it and I think highly on will benefit to the bottom line for initiating this robust monitoring process and really kind of integrating with their customers in the manner that I think they want to anyway so I'm going to I'm going to closely be monitoring throughout 2022 when this is going to happen how this is going to happen I don't know but I have a feeling that this is going to play a critical part in partially writing the success of the highly on story going forward okay it's the technology piece of this company that it doesn't get a lot of credit for a lot of the time I even sometimes make the error in thinking about this as strictly an industrial company and I think that's an error in doing so I really think that there's more to the story than this and it'd be fun to see how they roll that out number three going into 2022 this is the big one I mean the hyper truck ERX verification process I can't really justify why it is that certain phases of the verification process couldn't have happened sooner I know that there's shareholders out there I'm one of them that are the fried for patients they're done the patients are gone they're gone and highly on as a company is easy to invest in the problem is to be able to invest in highly on company you got to invest in highly on stock which is absolutely a train wreck it's horrible if there's really if highly on is going to do half of the things that we talk about in their potential in meeting some of their goals whether it be 50% of their goals whether it be 25% whether or not they blow the goals out of the water in any of those situations the stock price should not be trading at $6.50 there's just no way in hell there are companies on the pink sheets that get the favor all the time there are companies in the major markets New York Stock Exchange the NASDAQ and alike they get all the favor with regard to where they could potentially go into the future and having to pay a healthy premium to pay into some of those companies I mean Nvidia trades at 100 times earnings many of the companies are trading in triple digit PEs right now with the promise that those businesses are just going to continue to rip out those earnings and drive those catastrophic multiples for the company right now highly on is trading at just about one and a half times cash and that to me is extremely discounted if you just want to give them credit for the cash which this is the stock market guys companies don't get valued in that manner okay nobody gets just valued by the cash they have on the on the hands we'd be talking about a $3 and 50 cent stock what what is the difference really between 6 and 350 honestly I mean this thing has come from 58 all the way down sub 10 350 I guess that would make the talking heads happy if it would just valued at cash and the rest of the business everything that I've just discussed with regard to 2021 announcements that were discounted in the face of the market will not be given any type of credit at all in other words the BMS system is no good the board of directors is not existent the executive management there is no value the expertise the expertise of the team is not existent the ex hybrid doesn't work the hyper truck ERX doesn't work the Bev and Zev credits they they don't none of those are none existent you see what I mean I'm cash is cash it's the only thing tangible within a business but there's going to be a catalyst where all of this pedigree that's put into the highly on project as as it goes toward this commercialization there's going to be a realization that hey maybe some of this stuff does work and maybe there is a pent up demand on behalf of industry to actually start to drive a quantifiable metric when we're talking about highly on holdings even into as early as 2022 okay but the hyper truck validation process needs to continue in whatever capacity I know it's difficult by their admission I guess it's impossible orders for the hyper truck ERX demo models have been delivered if those were the demo models that were delivered well then that forex is their ability to kind of show and tell to the fleet and really show them what it's all about my my charge to highly on is stop accommodating to sell side analysts I don't understand that you don't need to bring them down to Austin to show them those those folks you advertise them on your website as well if this is me off I don't understand it one bit you don't need to show what analysts are covering your company I think you're doing that so one day you can say see I told you so these these folks were sell side now and now they're strong by conviction by for the foreseeable future but you don't need to try to sell them right now their conviction is not going to change they have basically put the charge to you to say look we have a sell rating on the stock and unless highly on can sell product that they're not going to get any higher of evaluation than what they are at right now and that is a one billion dollar company that's it so you don't need to try to sell them I heard there was a small snippet that there was a sell side analyst that got the royal treatment down there and got to ride in the hyper truck ERX yeah I I'm not cool with that at all you know the real champions of highly on it a bag holders in the retail community that did not get sweetheart deals at the at the onset of this this thing coming to a SPAC and coming to public markets as a matter of fact anybody who's invested in this company 100% across the board has not made money and that that that is an embarrassing statistic and I think a lot of it is because of a lot of the negative sentiment that has been derived in the open marketplace for your inability to deliver product in a way that the market expected it to be delivered and if you can't do that no problem you just don't have you we don't have to cater to sell side analysts and bring them down verify the hyper truck ERX get it ready for sale get it through all of the internal verification that you need and the rest will fall into place number four going into 2022 something that I'm going to monitor is to continue to ramp up that backlog I've put a nice round number of 10,000 why not have a backlog of 10,000 going into 2023 when you're anticipating being able to roll out the initial hyper truck ERX is to the fleets and put them into into service wouldn't that be lovely whether or not they've taken their foot off the throttle whether or not the sales department is is is chomping at the bit is is only only speculation on my part but that there is only one answer as far as I'm concerned is putting the aggressive press on making sure that they're doing everything they can do to not only fortify the backlog of uncommitted orders but to follow through with those uncommitted orders and make sure that none of those companies want to go ahead and jump in line with an LOI for 10 hyper truck ERX is and and and I know there's companies out there that would probably be willing to do that even in an unverified state Thomas Healy speaks all the time about industry having to have it validated yeah I don't know I don't know they were good enough to pony up a thousand uh hyper truck ERX orders from Agility, ANG I think they're ready to go I think if they're willing to put 250 of an unreserved out there to the public markets and let people know that they were willing to walk side by side in this solution with Hylian I don't think it's too much as an innovation council to to go ahead and solidify 10 or 15 uh hyper truck ERX isn't really start the ball rolling on that second phase okay you've got 250 of of reservations but how many are we looking to take delivery of in year one is it five is it 10 is it 12 you know there's got to be a number on it so to get those LOIs in place to make sure that hey that relationship with ANG is continuing to be fortified here's what we're going to do here's the anticipated long-term plan here's the total overall fleet with ANG here's why we're doing 12 we expect to ramp it up to 15 the next year we expect to ramp it up to 20 and 50 and so on so we can fill out that order reservation book and that order of reservation book doesn't have to be set it can be 250 now in the onset only to be expanded upon as those orders are delivered and checked off then they can expand and making sure that they're electrifying the fleet in a strategic manner in a manner that the fleets want to introduce that electrification to their specific fleets so to continue the backlog is big in 2022 number five in 2022 I'd like to see it can improve stock performance I've got a price target at $24 I don't think that that's too far-fetched I don't I would be the only one certainly a laughing stock no doubt about it that's fine too laugh it up it's no big deal man that's what makes me independent see I don't have to answer to somebody that's paying me to somehow put a token $5 price target on there on a company that receives an awful lot of scrutiny for a company that by that token is said to be probably going out of business and not existing not to mention that if Hylian actually succeeds it's going to be better for the planet so I'm not really sure I understand the motives of some of these folks other than the fact that my presumptions that I've continued to call out in 2021 and I'll continue to do that into 2022 I'm the only analyst out there see that's the thing is I don't put a whole lot of value in the word analyst I don't put a whole lot of value in the word fiduciary I don't put a whole lot of value in financial planner specialist I don't put a lot of value in any of that crap because a lot of it pays credence to people who have motives not in the best interest of the people that they serve in other words who does that benefit when the stock is trading at $7 and somebody comes out and says I'm coming out with a brand new bearish price target on the company and I'm putting it at $5 now I've said this many times had you done that and the stock was trading at 20 and you put a $5 price target now you've got my attention but nobody has the ability to do that furthermore nobody does that without any type of objective and the irony in the whole thing in 2021 is the big companies big institutions so we're accumulating shares of highly unholdings it's just that simple they accumulated shares in 2021 even as specific as the the executives at highly on the upper management cherry baker specifically Robert Knight as well accumulating large positions with internal buys so where is the conviction is it to the sell side and and that was some of the scrutiny that I also offered in 2021 but something I'm going to be monitoring here closely and I don't care I don't care if we close 2022 at a stock price of $12 $11 anything above 10 15 17 if it blows my target out of the water which it absolutely could do with the right catalyst $24 is my price target before it reaches there when it gets 12 I'll adjust mine I'll adjust mine up to 42 because this thing is going to 100 eventually going to 100 and so it's really simple and all the analysts they'll follow suit as well when it's convenient for them to do so and they have the greatest percentage of being right and they can conveniently put that out there for the benefit of people when the when the tide has changed and the momentum has changed on the stock but in 2022 the stock performance at highly on has to improve and I earmark this all the time they have to drive shareholder value they're driving shareholder value in the wrong direction it went in the wrong direction for the entirety of 2021 in 2022 they cannot continue to do that and expect to navigate and have any type of investor confidence going into these years of 2023 and 2024 I'm not saying it needs to be roses I'm not saying that what I'm saying is they need to do everything and I'm talking everything in their power to try to really put this out there and let investors understand that yes they in fact believe in the solution in what they're doing at the road map that they've paved going forward as a strategic direction to shareholders to instill that confidence in the shareholder base and a lot of people might be thinking now they're doing everything they need to do Ryan you don't have a right to know you don't have a right to scrutinize bullshit if the company wants to go private they can go private no problem this is a publicly traded company and they are absolutely absolutely at the whim and scrutiny of investors in this company the investors own this company okay there are institutions that own this company and our there are executives all the way at the top Mr. Thomas Healy the CEO of the company we own all own a piece of the company okay the shares dictate the level of opinion of strategic direction that you may have at the company yes but shareholders have a place in the company as well if you don't like that arrangement then go private it's just that simple but as a publicly traded company there has to be demanded answers and those answers have to be provided to satisfy the strategic direction of where this company is going and driving shareholder value something I'm going to be monitoring in 2022 number six you know in 2022 they've mentioned the path to hydrogen fuel cell going fuel agnostic which means I guess you can go go with both I'd like to see a little bit more on this it seemed like 2021 I would give the nod to Nicola as far as eating highly on lunch now all of the EVs got crushed Hyzon and Nicola seem to do a better job of selling their story and it all seemed to surround what was the more acceptable story through hydrogen fuel cell now if the solution is as good as they say it is and all it requires is just supplementing the RNG with the hydrogen fuel cell to fuel the solution and highly on this should be a slam dunk and I don't know why they don't start flying the flag of hydrogen fuel cell right now change change change this leaf and I'm going to point in the right direction change this leaf to blue I don't know what else to say because seemingly and this is just my impression is that the the RNG that is that is put out there as a solution for highly on is one that is not necessarily in the most of favor in my opinion and it seems like everything that is mentioned with hydrogen fuel cell gets the nod it's more expensive than diesel there is no current infrastructure in place to actually put this this thing in play and and that's the misery of it is watching highly on with a more applicable solution right now is actually getting the the disfavor in the market which I think is really really a disconnect but I'm not the one who makes the rules the open stock market does all right number seven EPA certification needs to be met needs to be obtained from the hyper truck ERX that's going to be fun once that gets done and put in place then it can be sold as a product to these these fleets knowing that it meets all the rigors of the environmental protection agency very cool I don't see any of the other EV companies talking about any of this I guess they're not subject to said scrutiny or they've already made it through certification I don't know because they don't say anything about it evidently highly on has mentioned this at least on the last Q3 earnings call and the transcript as well doubled down on the importance of achieving this over the road certification and and I have to agree they're the experts in the field but to gaining all of those approvals whether it be certificate engineering certifications and I think this is maybe where FEV has helped out immensely in the highly on story is the EPA certification be something that I I'm listening for in 2022 I don't expect it until latter 2022 if at all but it will be something that has been previously mentioned and therefore is an open action item and once we receive closure on that it'll just be another checkbox that's on the way to mass scale up which is where we need to go the last and final thing I'll mention into 2022 is OEM integration this is something that I talk about all the time and in let me break it down to you really really simple highly on is not going to be able to produce a thousand or 2000 units sold per year and expect to do anything other than keep the lights on that's it okay for this company to make it they need to partner with OEMs to my knowledge they have partners with one I hope I'm wrong I hope that there are relationships that are pending I hope there's robust discussions with bubble penta with Mac with Freightliner all of them because if they cannot bin those OEMs that represent their respected fleets and customers and have been solidified for decades this story remains a story of providing electrified solutions but not being a leader by any means providing solutions and limping by as a three or four billion dollar company and that is it if they cannot produce orders in the upwards of 10 to 15,000 and that is to get them to a respectable mark respectable doable absolutely once this company gets it nailed down in the US let's just say that the US market is capable of contributing to the bottom line five to 7500 of those initial hyper truck ERX orders right represented across all OEMs and it will absolutely Peter belt cannot do it all they can't it has to be a representative sample of each of the OEMs producing X number of units per year for the respective customers but to get the stock respectable that's the bare minimum that's going to be required and we're not there there's been no talk at all about how the OEM hubs are going to be utilized to integrate are the OEMs willing to actually take them on for what the benefit of offering the solution to their customers I don't know what the incentive is there for the OEMs I don't know because it hasn't been discussed and I think through 2022 I think it's just as good a time as any to really start to put the crimp down if the idea is to deliver to customers first and then allow those customers to put the pressure on the OEMs I like that strategy I do because then there's not going to be any selling that's necessary it's going to be like hey we prefer Mac or we prefer you know Peter built to be easy it's already there but freight liner we prefer freight liner and we want 10 of these highly on hyper truck ERX solutions to be honored how can you make that happen for us well we can't okay then we'll switch OEMs and go to Peter built that can because it's that good of a solution okay hold on time out wait a second we'll go ahead and oblige request that's going to be the domino effect that's really going to help with the the OEM manufacturers and the mass integration that I think that needs to happen when I say mass integration when it gets to 5000 to 7500 units per year which is half half of what the projections were on the original investor presentation for 2023 and then for 2024 I think they need to do at least 15 000 perhaps maybe 25 to 30 000 units and that's where the global scale which is where the 800 billion to 1 trillion dollar addressable market comes from in the first place if they can't turn out 15 000 to 20 to 30 000 units this stock is not going to be a 10 to 15 billion dollar company it's going to remain a 1 to 3 billion dollar company piecing together hybrid ERXs at 5 to 10 a clip and maybe potentially doing 40 50 100 500 ERX orders per year that's it unless they can mass scale up we are not talking about a company that's going to revolutionize class 8 trucking we are not talking about a company that's going to be a leading powertrain solution in the class 8 space we are not talking about that we are talking about a larger than an arts and crafts project that has went to public markets on a lot of SPAC dollars raised through the issuance of warrants and stock sales to come to public markets to provide a solution that works on a very very small scale so unless we can take this solution and mass scale up the dream and vision of seeing highly on solution on the road which can happen with proper execution it absolutely can happen but the clear catalyst for me is any type of progress that's being made and it just has to happen the pillars have to fall we have to see some news releases and some some progress being made and those things can be happening right now there's no there's no need to wait until the hyper truck ERX is perfect and ready to roll out in 2023 all of those relationships can be solidified right now and I think that's where the hyper truck ERX demo models play an extremely important role in giving the innovation council enough taste of the potential within their fleets to help bridge the gap toward those mass orders guys I appreciate you tuning in not only to this video but throughout the totality of 2021 do my very best absolutely a lot of self-study on my part to be able to talk off the cuff on highly on holdings easy company to invest in stock downright difficult hoping things improve into 2022 guys if you're new to the channel make sure and subscribe to the channel definitely leave your comments man if I've missed something on expectations going into 2022 leave those comments in the comment section man love to strike up a dialogue on this video these videos it's a lot of fun to cover this company remember we are ground floor investors on a company that I do believe can revolutionize the class 8 space in electrifying the powertrains for many of these companies in the shift from a diesel era into more of an electrified fuel agnostic and even hydrogen fuel self future or RNG whatever it is that the fleets need as far as their solution goes to transport goods in this country and abroad highly on absolutely has that solution and it'll be fun to actually monitor the progress going forward so if you know anybody that's interested in the topic bring them onto the channel man tune them on appreciate you guys tuning in to the message and as always good luck in your investment future


Hi, how are you? Hey, can you guys hear me? Hello? Hey, hi. Yeah, yeah. All right, awesome. All right. Apologies. Normally I try and get here five minutes early since the meetings are not starting with the host anymore. But I had one. What? Hey, nice. Hey. Welcome. A few minutes for folks to turn up. So Frederick is coming. Okay, let's go ahead and get going. Let me go ahead and share off. Well, first of all, before we start walking the board. Talk to me about the things that you guys need help with. What are you working on? How can I be of assistance? How can we work together? Hmm. I think at the moment there is no help actually required. Probably just. Denise is waiting for a document. I know, I know. Solution for wheel three. But. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I have plenty of work. Which needs to be done. In areas of open policy. Our garden so on. Excellent. Okay. That's good to know. Have a day. How are you? Still waking up, but doing well. How are you doing? So the question Andre on the, on the network service manager stuff. I know that you're starting with the device plugin version rather than the callback version. I was just kind of curious why. Yeah. I've not yet added the cool back stuff. Here's my general attitude, right? Which is, I know we have this weird, racy thing that's shown up in CI that's hard to reproduce. Right. But the callback approach looks much better to me than the device plugin approach. Quite frankly. Yeah. Actually, at the moment I wanted for both. Device plugin and the callback. To be unified in one code base. So it's just possible to start using both variants. So, I mean, you would like to have it. Yeah. My gut sense is that's right, which is that the callback stuff can work and it certainly looks quite reasonable. It also looks very, very nice and easy to use. And there are a few questions. I've got a big, a lot in my own head about being able to properly get the identity of your peer, but it looks fully resolvable to me. I just haven't got the immediate set of code in hand. But if we can get that stuff sorted out, I would kind of frankly almost prefer just doing the callback from the network service manager and move the device pluggy bits for MIF down to the forwarders. Does that make sense? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I will update my PR with a callback with one single entry point for an S manager. Optionally, if user will use a device plugin, it will be additionally allocate workspace for use with and so on. So question, what is the advantage to supporting the device plugin if the callback is working? To have MIMEF interfaces to be also supported. But if callback is working, then MIMEF would probably be more properly something that came from the order. Since it would be the one that would deal with it. Yeah. Cause I'm also thinking in terms of sort of like simplicity of the code base and also the dependencies involved. Cause the network service manager is using callback. Then basically it's, you know, that it's a pretty light thing. It doesn't actually need to bring in any of the Kubernetes dependencies into network service manager. Yeah. Yeah. I agree. So, and one of the things like that I keep running in my head is I, when things become too large and when the extent of a single thing becomes too large, when the single thing tries to do too much, its dependencies will almost inevitably blow it out. And so I keep an eye on dependency scale of the thing, not because it's good or bad intrinsically, because you can have things that are very good with very broad dependencies and things that are very bad with very narrow dependencies, but something that has a huge number of the more as the dependencies grow, the probability that you have scope creeped beyond a good idea is, does that make sense? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Great. You know, and it doesn't, like I said, it doesn't, there are really a lot of exceptions to this rule in both directions. So it's not a thumbs up, thumbs down. It's a probability thing. I tend to think of rules of thumb for me as things, having to do with probability rather than certainty. Right. So if you're, if you're doing X, the probability of Y is much higher. It's literally the way I think of my rules of thumb. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Cool. Probably. Does that also send to the rest of you? The moving towards having the callback, um, using the callback stuff for the network service manager and then moving the MIF, the device plugin stuff to MIF. To the border. Yeah, I think. I think that definitely sad. I need to take a little bit more through Senator, some of the implications, but it sounds like it's a good idea. Cool. Yeah. Okay. Awesome. Nice. It is. Okay. Fine. Oh, I have one question. Um, related to well, three NC. Um, here I don't quite understand where we should start work on well, three in the sea. Uh, because we have two entry points. For example, is the K repository and one area per repository.  And Frederick when start, uh, in, uh, is the K repository. Yeah. So I think actually it's. You got us. You got a strange answer that sounds like Frederick and I disagree because the nature of the question that was asked. Um, I think that's a good question. Um, I think that's a good question. Right. Because your question is very rational. Where should I start this? Um, and the place that I went to, and the, your, your first suggestion was let's go lift and shift the internet main work. And the internet main work is going to have to be subtler. It works, not just lifted and shifted. Uh, as we move the SDK. And so I'm actually wholeheartedly in favor of starting the BL three work in the SDK. And then we'll move it to various pieces that we don't want to move. Does that make sense? Oh, yep. Uh, does that, does that make sense to you, Frederick? Does that line up with your feelings? Yeah. My concern with the, with is landing in the Edison. Mono repo first is that it'll end up with. Uh, a very strong dependence set of dependencies to that repo. And then we'll have to redo everything again to get it to land it back into the SDK. And I think we're close. You have exactly the mirror image of my concern in the other direction. Exactly. And I think that the SDK is far enough and long now that we can safely start building on it. There's one last part that I'm working with on the ICMP responder for the SDK that's built on the SDK, which is I just need to get that connection working between the network surface endpoint and the NSM manager so that we can communicate over the socket. And once we get that part done, and then I think it should be trivial getting the rest of the system up and running. For Artyom, he's in progress with a wire guard. He's trying to implement, move the implementation of the wire guard handshake into a protocol, into a plugin he already had. So probably, I hope in one or two weeks, we'll have a handshake working and we'll move to the security to be implemented in plugin. And for Dmitry Sergei, Dmitry is working on SRIOV stuff. So we're putting all together and working on document to describe use cases and how we see it should work. So after it, we could discuss with you guys. Probably we could share or start another meeting to discuss how it should be. After understanding, we will be more deep. And we have some specs regarding open policy agent examples. So guys plan to share with specs as soon as possible, probably in the next few days. It's more interesting when I unmute myself before I speak. No, that actually sounds fantastic. Cool. So it sounds like things are more or less going smoothly. Is there anything that, other than the noted, if they issue MVL-free, is there anything that folks need in terms of assistance guidance, Pierre, I'll walk through, et cetera? Yeah, if you have any documents describing SRIOV, it'll be good if you could share with us. Ah, thank you. I appreciate the reminder. I'll go through there.  Yeah, this will be helpful. Also, we already discussed, if you want to slack a bit, I'm trying to unify the building and the testing approach for all same applications like Forward Air or NS Manager. And plan to push initial things into my pull request today, so we'll share pull request if it. Cool. So from our side at the moment. Cool. Guys, do you have any other questions? Miss, on my side, I have provided two PRs to SDK repository. They are ready for review, so please take a look. Also, I went to fix one bug related to floating inter-domain related to monorepo. I have provided a link to the issue you can take a look. Cool. We'll definitely do that. One other thing I do want to comment on, which is I do appreciate the proactive way in which people are picking up issues and bugs related to the stuff in the monorepo. Part of what gives us the space in terms of interest to do this refactor is that we have a really solid code base to begin with in the monorepo. We're just modularizing it, improving the various things so we can bring some more advanced features through the modularization effort. And the world is very patient with that, given that it's a really solid code base. I mean, I had some people who wandered up to me and said, hey, yeah, we looked at this. And we were really kind of shocked, because we went and got the code base and it just worked. And it did what you said it was going to do. And so that's very good. And the fact that we're very responsive to all the people who are kicking the tires is also incredibly important. Very much appreciated. Anything else before we conclude for today, and then we'll reconvene at the next call? Yeah, sounds good. All right, talk to you later.


Hi, I'm Denshi, and I'm sorry that the webpage didn't load correctly. I don't know what's wrong, but the InstantOS logo isn't really showing up. And as you can guess, in this video, I'm going to be talking again about InstantOS, and there's a reason for this. So let me just open up my desktop folder, the video rank little image that I have over here. It details the ranking of the videos that I've most recently released, and not really, but the recent seven days of video views. And the most viewed one by far has been the InstantOS Manjaro-based minimal distro video. The reason I want to follow this video up is because there's been two more betas released of InstantOS, and, believe it or not, it's not even based off Manjaro anymore. It's based off Arch, and I want to show it off, and I want to show off a couple of cool things that Paper Benny the developer has added, and various things. The webpage is still generally unchanged from before. There's been a few UI changes, and there's more information about it. For example, there you go, it just says Arch-based distro. It's no longer Manjaro-based, but the beta trailer still says it's Manjaro-based, so that might need some updating. You know, all the various things. I guess I'll just go directly to a virtual box and show it off. So let me just open up virtual box over here. As you can see, it's based off Arch. I'll make that a full screen real quick, and we can boot Arch Linux, and then it will boot us into the graphical environment of InstantOS, which I have been informed correctly. I knew this before I made the original video, but I just got it wrong for some reason, is Instant Window Manager, which is a fork of Suclis's DWM, which is a very, very minimalist window manager, and a very, very good one as well, very customizable. However, as Paper Benny notes on the website, I think you can go over here. I think it's about, and you'll check, Suclis is not a Suclis distro. InstantWM, InstantLog, and InstantMenu started out as Suclis forks, but contained less than 40% original Suclis code. So they're so heavily modified, they're basically not even that anymore. It's sort of like, I don't know, Ubuntu and Debian. Virtual Machine Detected. This is a great feature as well that's been added now. You can automatically get high resolutions on Virtual Machines when automatically detected. Not even Ubuntu has this, I believe. You got to go there and change it as if it was a regular computer. I guess I'll make this full screen, so this all just makes much more sense. There we go. And the first thing you'll notice is the fact that now, you didn't really catch that, but the windows are animated. So I don't know, you know, this window over here, I can move this around. If I open up the application menu and open something like, I don't know, let's say, Xterm, open up Xterm, it animates as you can see. I'll quickly, I believe it's Control-C to close things or Control-Meta-C to close things. So I believe there's a specific command, maybe Control-Shift-C. There is a specific command to close windows. But anyway, if you open a batch over here, this is just a terminal. I believe you can scroll, but I don't know all the key bindings yet. Anyway, so that's the thing that they've added. You can now, for example, let's say I open up a window, since this is a window manager after all. I'm going to open up a window like, for example, yeah, Pabu Control, there we go. That thing, that will open up. And then I can open up something like, maybe if it wants to actually open up, there you go. I'm going to open up something like URX-VT, and it doesn't open. I don't know why. There's two file managers here. There's Nautilus, so you can open this up and it will open up Nautilus. There you go, Nautilus. And there's also Nautilus in this. And you can also have, if you feel like Nautilus is a little bloated, you can uninstall Nautilus and you can maybe, if the application menu opens. I don't know, I think there's something wrong with my virtual machine, because this should work perfectly well on real hardware. Let's say I can use what's it called Ranger, Ranger File Manager, which I think is written in Python. As you can see, the windows themselves animated. So this Nautilus window kind of squeezed over to that site. I've never seen animation like this in a Window Manager before. And that's very, very nice. I really do like that. And Instant Window Manager, well, it is obviously still in a beta. I don't even know all the key bindings yet. You can see them on the website. There's some really comprehensive guides. So this is, as you can see, the Ranger File Manager written in Python. I guess you could install N and N if you like that one better. And yeah, so there's that. There's just general, you know, shortcuts things and terminal. There you go. As you can see that they're animated, which I really like. And then if you want to move things, you hold down the meta key or the super key and you can grab Windows and they detach. That's pretty cool. So I don't know. Let's do a nice, is Yay installed in the system? Yes, it is. That's very, very good. I love how the little terminal shows what program you're running. I think that's a feature of, I'm not sure what shell it is. I think it says here it's, I think it's bash, but it's some extra plug-in. I like that for the terminal emulator. It's pretty smart. The mirrors are obviously quite slow. So I'm not going to actually update the system, but you know, it's pretty cool. Speaking of updating the system, let me close this. There's Instant as well. They have that as a repository just for all the various instant things. Speaking of that, wait, just kind of clear this. I think it's Control C, maybe Windows C. That's to close, I believe. Is it? Or to change arrangement? I'm opening my own. I can close things like that. I know there's a way to close things pretty clearly. But anyway, no. I want to talk about something else that's pretty cool in the system. We'll just open up a different window. It's the installer. It's a new installer that there is. So this little shortcut, maybe if I can close this up. Okay, I don't know. I still don't know all the bindings. It's all annoying. But if you click on the installer, it will open up here, I believe. Somewhere. There. Maybe. I don't know. There it is. So something appears to have gone wrong. Uh-oh. That's not good. Maybe it's what we did before. I hope I can show off that installer. It's quite good. I like the installer. I want to be able to specifically close the... Let me just wipe that off. Close everything else and then open the installer. Because I really want to show the installer. God, this video is going horribly. Uh, let's see. Documentation. Guess we could check that. Is that opening? I think it uses a web browser or something. I don't know. Keybindings. There you go. That's useful. Temp hotkeys. Internal server error. I think something's going genuinely wrong with the system. Uh, whoops. Probably my fault. Virtual machine and such. But you get the idea. I'll just quickly restart the virtual machine. So here we are booting back into the machine. It should, uh, you know, boot now. There we go.  Whether it be pressing something I didn't need to press or running a command. It was probably that EA command that messed things up. There we are. Instant window manager is opening. There you go. And, uh, it should, uh, change to 1080p. It will ask me to do that. There you go. So, you'll notice that there's these little text menus. That's what's used in the installer. So now I'll quickly open up the installer. I'm clicking this button over here. Install into OS. Beginning installation. We'll open up this terminal window and it will give me a graphical user interface as well. There we go. Something appears to have gone wrong. Uh-oh. That's not good. Bashline 1500 command not found. Hmm. I think it was because we tried to update the system. That shouldn't happen because everything should be working. But you get the idea. The installer is all text based now. The thing I'm trying to get across is the fact that they don't use the Calamari's installer anymore, which is what was used before. I personally think the Calamari's installer is okay. Like, uh, because you're not really going to be installing the Calamari's installer itself. You can customize what the Calamari's installer installs. So it's not like you're going to have a more bloated system because you're using the Calamari's installer. I guess writing your own installer has its own benefits to some extent. But I feel like it's sort of unnecessary and I would have preferred for this system to come with the Calamari's installer mostly because if it's supposed to be intuitive, it's better to use the most intuitive installer there is, which is the Calamari's installer, which can handle partitions really, really easily. And I'm pretty sure, let's, I tried this installer before and it doesn't really give you an option to, I think you can do it if you go to the advanced settings, but it doesn't really give you an option to specify which partition you want the EFI, like, you know, bootloader to be installed to, which partition you want this. It's kind of, it's sort of, how do I explain this? It's very clearly incomplete, at least it appears to be. I'm not sure. I brought, might have missed something, but I would have preferred the Calamari's installer. I feel like having this own little custom installer is sort of unnecessary, but you know, that's just my thoughts. The fact that it's based off Arch as well, that's a great thing. It means that now you're probably going to have more updated repositories, you know, that's pretty good and more specifically, it's less bloated because Manjaro itself is a relatively bloated system when it comes to just being Manjaro. It has, I know when you're even doing a base install, it does install various things that you probably don't need. And it also has different commands. It has, like, different types of commands. So, for example, let's open up Terminal, like, I think it's UX term as a default? Well, I'm not sure. Okay, it's definitely not. But something like in Manjaro, you don't do gen fstab. You do fstab gen, which obviously is in here, which is confusing to new users. So it's good to know that, you know, gen fstab is in here because it's an Arch-based system, but same for other functions that you would have in the Arch installer and other things that Manjaro has that are weird. The PAMAC package manager especially is just generally very, it feels user-friendly to some extent, but it doesn't really use many shortcuts. You have to type out a PAMAC update program, like a command. It's sudo PAMAC upgrade, right? When on Arch, you do sudo pacman minus, well, minus or dash capital S, and you can customize things. With PAMAC, it's just generally not as good. So that's why I don't like distributions being based off Manjaro and basing something off of a base thing, basing something off something that is based off something else is generally bad when it comes to this kind of stuff. I'd rather, if I had to make a distribution, I'd probably base it off Arch or Debian or the core distribution with the main package manager and that kind of stuff because it makes things generally easier and more understandable and more specifically. It means you have to worry about less things. It makes things less complicated.  So yeah, that's my look at InstantOS, the animated Windows, the fact that it's based off Arch and the new installer, I believe are the biggest things and the fact that it automatically detects virtual machines, but then again, like, you're supposed to install this kind of stuff on real hardware. I'm assuming that's the target demographic, not a bunch of people running in on virtual machines, although it does run pretty well and it's all smooth and stuff. So thanks for watching the video. Goodbye.


In this final lecture on surface reactions, we will discuss today complex formation and the phenomenon of penetration into monolayers. We will also look at some aspects of thermodynamics of penetration and adsorption from vapor phase. This will be followed by a little introduction to mass transfer in the interfacial systems. So, we go back a few slides looking into penetration. If under a monolayer, we inject another solution of a different molecular species, a number of different things can happen. The simplest happening could be interaction between two types of molecules mainly electrostatic and that would lead to changes in the surface potential, but not much change in surface pressure. That could be for example, done when you inject very dilute solutions of long chain salts under monolayers. This gives you the pictorial field for what may happen. We might have on one hand anchoring of the injected molecules under the monolayer and there may be interaction between these injected molecules and monolayer molecules, but the molecules only can interact weakly with the monolayer molecules. They cannot actually penetrate into the monolayer. As opposed to this, we see the penetrating molecules over here, which make way into the monolayer displacing some of them, some of those monolayer molecules to find a place in the surface space. And if the energy of desorption is not very high, then it is possible that a mixed monolayer may be made to eject the additive from the surface pressure, from the application of surface pressure. It might be this situation after penetration, but if we apply a compressive surface pressure, these additive molecules may be made to eject into the bulk of the liquid underneath. And generally, the penetration within the monolayer will be characterized by large changes both in surface potential as well as surface pressure. Now, you might have additivity for the contributions of the individual molecular species, the two types, to both surface pressure and surface potential, which means there is an independent interaction leading to the contributions to surface pressure and potential. And we may say that this is like just a physical mixture of the two species in the surface phase. Therefore, you get contributions coming from both. Such may be case for astacine as one species and oleic acid another, spread on 100 normal HCl. You would find that low pressures, there is independence and we may say just a mixture of the two species will be present in the surface phase. But then there could be cases where such an independence is not formed. There by implying that now additivity or superposition of the contributions is not possible. And we have what we call akin to chemical reaction formation of a molecular complex between the two types of molecules in the surface. This kind of complex formation would be of course a function of several things. The polarity of the head groups and the characteristics of the hydrocarbon tails including the lengths and shape. And if we take this example of injection of dilute solutions of substances of this general structure C H 3 C H 2 11 times X under monolayers such as of proteins and cholesterol present at air water interfaces, we would find this order of reactivity. The ammonium, if X is ammonium ion we get the greatest reactivity. And for quaternary ammonium compounds like N C H 3 plus whatever we may have derived from this as the least reactivity in between we have sulphate sulphide and carboxylic contributions. So, we move into the subject proper for today's discussion. We expect a strong interaction between the hydrocarbon and carbon chains especially if these molecules contain long saturated hydrocarbon chains. However, you would expect that strong interaction cohesive interaction would be weakened considerably should there be a double bond in these chains. You know that the double bond would correspond to a significant dipole moment which will lead to a repulsion among the molecules. So, things like oleic acid containing a double bond between 9th and 10th carbon atom in the chain that would correspond to a weaker interaction compared to the corresponding comparable molecule steric acid which does not have a double bond. So, under certain conditions we might have stoichiometric complexes forming. Some examples could be given digitonin and cholesterol and sodium setyl sulphate and cholesterol. These form one is to one kind of complex whereas digitonin and setyl alcohol form one is to two kind of molecular complex. So, there are definite ratios in which these monolayer species will be present in the monolayer and they would not contribute in a linear fashion to the surface potential or surface pressure. We then broach the topic of thermodynamics of penetration. We need to think a little bit about this. In this slide you think of the factors being numbered from here. So, when a molecule in bulk makes its way into an uncharged monolayer then we expect several energy changes to occur. So, the first factor that we may think about is the energy of removal of the hydrophobic part of molecule from water. After all it has moved from bulk of water into the monolayer. So, they must be associated energy change of taking this hydrophobic part from bulk of water into the monolayer because once it goes into the monolayer it will flip away from the water and therefore, we have energy change associated with this removal of hydrophobic part. That is the first contribution. This is what also makes the spontaneous adsorption of an amphiphilic molecule favored energetically because it is taking it away from the structured highly hydrogen highly associated hydrogen bonded water. This chain is taken away from that unfavorable environment into the vapor phase or air in contact with the liquid. The second energy change that you may think about is the energy to make a hole in the monolayer compressing the monolayer molecules into the surrounding areas. So, penetration will mean necessarily creating that space for this particular molecule which has moved from bulk into the monolayer and therefore, that will cause certain energy that is the second factor that I would like you to consider. The third one is the energy of interaction of the penetrating hydrocarbon chains with the molecules of monolayer. Now, you can visualize this may be accompanied by a complex formation. Should there be a possibility of complex formation that should also be included in this term corresponding to energy of interaction of the penetrating hydrocarbon chain into the monolayer and therefore, resulting interaction with the monolayer molecules. Then we have the fourth term which is the dipole interactions between the head groups. Head groups will be associated. There is a uncharged monolayer that we are talking of. It will be associated with certain dipole movement and the penetrated head group will have a dipolar interaction with those head groups. Sir, one day we are going to change for the hydroglyph part as the hydroglyph part is asounded in the bulk from all the direction. It will come. There will be a associated change, but the hydroglyph part is generally the head group is generally small. It would come to the surface. It will be surrounded of course asymmetrically. So, there will be associated change of moving from the bulk to the surface. So, that will be reflected in the last factor and it will come under the category of electrical factors, especially if we have long chain ions penetrating into the monolayer. Then there are two energy terms. One is energy of formation of ionic double layer. Once the ionic chains are penetrating, then at the interface there will be a double layer forming. The energy of formation of that ionic double layer will be one contribution. The other contribution will come from this energy and especially entropy. This is what we have been talking of because of asymmetry in the environment of the partial dehydration. Because once you have a head group coming from the symmetrically placed position in the bulk to the surface, on one side there is no water now. So, that is a partial dehydration. That will mean there will be energy change and associated entropy change. That is also important. This is important for ionic head groups. This happens because of the lower dielectric constant that now we see around this head group. Now, if the original monolayer is ionized, that is another situation. We started with uncharged monolayer, but should the original monolayer be an ionized one, then we will have the fifth term corresponding to energy of alteration of the ionic double layer. Ionic double layer will already exist there, but if you have a penetrating molecule, energy of that ionic double layer will be modified. In practice, this factor 3, energy of interaction of the penetrating hydrocarbon chain and the molecules of monolayer can be appreciable. Now, think of another scenario. Think about the energy of desorption for the penetrating compound. It could be actually higher if a monolayer pre-exists compared to a situation where that monolayer is not present originally. This would be because now the desorption will have to overcome the energy of interaction of this penetrant with the existing monolayer molecules which otherwise would not be present in the comparable situation. To get some idea about the numbers involved, if the original monolayer is closely packed, the energy of desorption per CH2 group could be as high as 800 calories per mole. Therefore, one may be able to compress certain penetrated films to a higher surface pressure than would be possible if the penetrating substance were alone present in the surface space. Similarly, we could argue for complex formation. Although, in case of complex formation, it might be very difficult if not impossible to get the complex penetrant to disengage from existing monolayer molecules. I hope this point is clear to you. Let us say we have air and water and we inject certain molecular species with the which can make its way into the surface. So, we might have eventually these molecules moving from the bulk position into the surface. Now, if this is the only species present at the surface coming through diffusional process after being introduced into the bulk, we can think of having such a system in a Langmuir trough where one barrier is fixed, another one can be made to move exerting different extents of surface pressures. We might be able to compress them so that they come into close proximity by overcoming whatever is the film pressure of this monolayer. And by compressing it further, we will be able to get these back again into the bulk, desorption. You will require certain amount of energy to squeeze out the penetrating molecules which would spontaneously make way into the interface to force them back into the bulk. You will require certain amount of energy here. As against this, you think of a pre-existing monolayer and the same species is a monolayer. It is injected underneath and eventually makes its way to form a mixture with the pre-existing monolayer. Then again, you can do the same thing between a fixed and movable barrier. You can compress this mixture and eventually force penetrating molecules to go back into the bulk. Because of the additional interaction here with the existing molecules, we expect the pressure required to force these penetrant molecules back into the bulk to be greater. This would happen if there is a physical mixture, just a simple mixture of the two species, existing monolayer molecules and the penetrating molecule. Should there be a complex formation, then you probably will never be able to get the penetrating molecule out in the bulk unless of course, you can overcome the energy of desorption for the reacted surface active species. Then you will be able to force the monolayer molecules together with the complex one into the bulk. But it might not be possible to just get the penetrant molecules alone once they have formed the complex. Or it could be a situation in between, the application of surface pressure or imparting higher energy to the surface molecules here, you might be able to split the complex back and then in that case, these penetrating molecules can be forced back into the bulk. In any case, we expect we will require higher energy expenditure for desorption of the penetrating molecules, should there be already a monolayer present. That is what that is the point I was trying to make here. There could be another situation, if the penetrating molecules have only a short chain such as maybe C 4 or C 5 species is the hydrocarbon chain, then the lateral cohesion among the monolayer molecules is so reduced because of the weakening of the nearest neighbor interaction by virtue of the original long chain molecules or long chains, then the film could become almost gaseous. So, this is a situation there could be otherwise expected strong cohesion or moderate cohesion among the penetrating molecules, but because now existing monolayer has chains which separate these penetrating molecules, the surface equation of state for the penetrating molecules may behave or show a behavior like a gaseous monolayer. So, this is another situation that could give you a different picture about the surface behavior of the penetrating molecules. The importance of the second factor energy to make a hole in the monolayer could be assessed from the low rates of penetration which are observed experimentally. Originally, the monolayer may be expanded five times and we may have energy of activation which will permit completion of the penetration rapidly. We may be able to compress this film subsequently again. The number of adsorb molecules which have penetrated the original insoluble monolayer of any substance I at constant area can be found from increase in film pressure. The equation which would be relevant will be this dou ln A by dou pi at constant temperature equal to A bar I where this I you should read as a subscript for A bar partial molar surface area of I. That brings us to the last topic in context of reaction that is penetration from vapor phase. Instead of the penetrating molecules coming from the underlying liquid phase they could be adsorb from the vapor above. We could take example of a monolayer of steric acid. Monolayers of steric acid could be easily penetrated by such vapors as of benzene or hexane even at very high film pressures. Even if we have steric acid compressed to a high surface pressure, if such a surface is brought in contact with a vapor like a benzene or hexane then the monolayer gets penetrated. It might appear that this discussion is very theoretical and probably not of much significance in practice. But to end this lecture I will give you an example which has been taken from industry and shows a dramatic influence of low very low or ultra low vapor pressures of adsorbable or penetrable species on certain practical circumstances. Let us discuss the theory first. So, we have this steric acid monolayer compressed to high surface pressure and yet if the vapor of benzene or hexane is present then you see the vapors actually making way into the monolayer. The adsorption of normal hexane from vapor remains between about 3.6 to 4.8 into 10 raise to 14 molecules per centimeter square for a range of molecular areas of steric acid and corresponding range of surface pressures. The result will be if you maintain the area constant as a result of adsorption of normal hexane there will be increase in surface pressure. Or if you maintain constant surface pressure then there will be a resulting increase in surface area. We could use Gibbs's equation to interpret the results like earlier and we may find that the chemical potential of the monolayer of steric acid itself may be changed because of these penetrating molecules. Will be interesting to see what happens if you continue to have such penetration to a large extent. Initial heat of adsorption of hexane on dilute steric acid monolayer is a high value about 14 kilocalories per mole. That corresponds to effectively a two dimensional solution of steric acid in hexane ok. Because we are talking of now the hexane and steric acid and when hexane is getting into the steric acid we will have this mixture. So, it is a two dimensional mixture or solution of steric acid clusters in hexane. However as the penetration continues from the vapor and we have much more of the surface covered with hexane, the value of heat of adsorption will fall to about 7 kilocalorie per mole from 14 kilocalorie per mole at low extents of adsorption. And that would be the opposite it will be close to the heat of condensation of pure hexane. When lots of hexane is there it is equivalent to hexane condensing in itself later. So, it may be looked at as the heat of condensation of pure hexane in itself near the end. So, in between of course, you will have a range of heats of adsorption. That brings us now to the introduction to what would be the subject proper for the next module and that will be devoted to mass transfer across interfaces. It is evident that much of chemical engineering practice may see introductory undergraduate courses where concepts are simplified, but here since we are focusing on interfaces we have to look at a more detailed picture. So, you are surely going to go ahead of your undergraduate days and many of you beyond the master's phase. So, let us think of what we have here mass transfer means we have one species moving into another and the another species may be a mixture of a number of components. So, we will have transfer of a substance across an interface from one phase into another phase. This part of crossing the interface is a must when we talk about mass transfer across interfaces. So, when a molecule actually passes across the gas liquid interface for instance it would encounter a series of resistances. First it will encounter resistance in the gas phase moving from gas to the interface. Then there will be possibly the resistance offered by the interface and third there will be resistance in the liquid phase. That is what is being indicated by the total resistance here R which is the sum of R G, R I, R I and R I. R G is the resistance due to diffusion in the gas phase, R I is the resistance for diffusion across monomolecular region which makes up the interface and R L which is the resistance to diffusion through the layer of liquid below the interface. So, we might just show this diagrammatically. Let us say for simplicity I show an interface over here, gas phase over here and a liquid over here and you have some species moving from the bulk of gas to the bulk of liquid. This arrow is only supposed to indicate the direction of transfer, transport from gas into the liquid across the interface. So, the three resistances we are seeing are the resistances which may be represented this way that is your R G. The resistance which is offered by the interface R I and the resistance which is offered by the liquid here R L those are the three resistances. Now, what exactly will be this resistance in the gas phase? The one at interface and liquid will depend on how we want to look at it. Experimentally of course, it will depend on number of conditions. Those conditions may include the hydrodynamics of the gas phase and the liquid phase and what is happening at the interface. One may go on to say that hydrodynamics of interface also will play a part apart from the compositions. So, to give you some flavor for the basics, in general we may say that the bulk of gas and liquid they are very well mixed. So, we may represent that by this agitator. The gas phase is kind of mixed with this agitator. This may not be physically present as an agitator, but the mixing may arise because of the flow itself characteristics of flow, but we symbolically represent the mixing in the bulk by this agitator. Similarly, in the liquid they will be mixing for whatever reason. So, in the bulk of gas as well as liquid we have agitation or mixing, but at the interface we might have relative stagnancy. They might be a certain film near the interface in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. As a rough indication we may show these films where the resistance is contained. We might actually say that this is a hypothetical thickness of gas phase and this is the hypothetical thickness of the liquid phase which offers the entire resistance in the gas phase what is indicated here or in the liquid phase. As a simplest film theoretic picture at the interface we will have resistance depending on the hydrodynamics there. One would be interested in knowing what are these resistances and how one could possibly obtain predictions for these resistances for certain representative cases at least. The diffusion in the interface will be possibly across monomolecular thick region. What are the thicknesses of the liquid and gas films would depend on the conditions corresponding to the mixing or hydrodynamics in the gas phase and liquid phase. This is the same thing shown. We have the resistance in the gas phase, resistance in the liquid phase and the resistance at the interface. This is the unstared layer within the liquid and similarly there will be a region here which will be unstared liquid layer, unstared gas layer above the interface. Now, let us get the broad idea about these resistances. First you should remember that it is the liquid phase resistance which is generally the highest molecular diffusion of solute through a non turbulent liquid layer adjacent to the surface is therefore the slowest step. The greatest resistance lies in the liquid R L is highest but you can have interesting exceptions. R L can sometimes be made so low that either R i or R g may become higher than R L and therefore either R i or R g the higher resistances could become controlling rate controlling in comparison to the interface. For getting a broad field remember that these resistances could be imagined to be the resistances to the flow let us say of water through a pipe. Each resistance is linked with a certain wall. The wall which has the greatest resistance will become controlling even when fully open it just does not permit whatever flow rate of water as is permitted by other two walls. So, that becomes the limiting one. The greatest resistance will be the resistance of that particular step which is highest. So, generally the liquid phase resistance is highest but you might be able to tailor make situations where either the interface or the gas phase could become rate controlling. Let us consider the orders of magnitude of these resistances R g, R i and R L and also the units in which they may be expressed conveniently. We later consider some specific examples. Now the first basic differential equation describing transfer of a component across any plane is this equation 2. d q by d t is equal to a k delta c where q is the moles of the material transferring q is the moles of material which is transferring from one phase to another maybe from gas to liquid. T is the time in seconds a is the area perpendicular to the direction of transfer and so we are looking at the flux of a or rate of transfer of a across this area which is perpendicular to the direction of transfer and delta c is the concentration difference in the units of moles per centimeter cube and delta c generally would be the concentration difference in that region for which k is the permeability coefficient in units of centimeter per second. We could identify k to be mass transfer coefficient as we will see later. Reciprocal of k is a measure of resistance in seconds per centimeter. You can look at this equation slightly differently. We are saying the rate of transfer of moles of species is d q by d t and that is equal to the total area across which transfer is taking place a permeability coefficient into the mass transfer driving force concentration difference. Let me give an example. If this is the interface and that is your liquid phase if the greatest resistance as is commonly encountered is in the liquid. So, R L is the controlling one the greatest resistance in the liquid is in the liquid and the solute is moving in this direction. If we look at the concentration of this solute it will be highest somewhere here let us say c sub i and in the bulk it will be lowest which will be c sub b and that may be the concentration profile for this species which is moving. Then this difference c i minus c b is your delta c interface concentration minus bulk concentration that is your delta c. Corresponding to the liquid phase resistance we will have a certain film which may be presumed to offer all the resistance to transport in the liquid and corresponding to that you have the permeability coefficient k in units of centimeters per second. Now I would like you to think of mass transfer as just one of the many possible rate processes so that generalization is important for a proper understanding. For any rate process whether it is transfer of mass from one phase to another or it is transfer of heat or it is the flow of a liquid or it is the flow of charge like electrons through metal and so on including chemical reaction every rate process will have a characteristic rate and the rate will depend on two generic factors one is the driving force and the other one is the resistance. For heat transfer the driving force may be delta t temperature difference for mass transfer delta c is the driving force for flow of a liquid or a gas it may be delta p the pressure difference for a chemical reaction it may be the difference in existing concentration minus the equilibrium concentration equilibrium concentration could be zero if the reaction is irreversible and for transfer of electrons or flow of electrons to a conductor it may be the potential difference and so on. So the driving force is responsible for that rate process to occur rate of that rate process will be equal to the driving force by resistance and this is the generic equation that you always should keep in mind. Looking at mass transfer specifically what it means is that we can identify d q by d t as the rate that is your rate on the left hand side delta c is the driving force so keep it in the numerator and this term a k will be the resistance for the total system. If you in particular have area equal to unity then it should be this right delta c divided by 1 by a k if it is to be equated to be if it is to be equated to a k delta c when you take a k in the denominator it will have to be 1 by a k correct. So, this goes in that position if the area is unity then 1 by k is your resistance if the area is the total area 1 by a k is the total resistance. If it is mass transfer then for total area 1 by a k is the total resistance if the area is unity we are talking of flux rather than the rate rate of transfer and therefore the resistance that we see here for unit area is k raise to minus 1 because k is centimeter per second this will be seconds per centimeter you could look at this restriction of unit area over here if area is unity then k is like a rate constant and that rate constant is reciprocal of resistance that is 1 by k inverse that is k right. So, that is a picture you can have for understanding the concepts in a bigger picture of rate processes in general. We could return to the slides and therefore conclude that k inverse is the resistance r in seconds per centimeter. So, depending on which phase you are looking at this resistance we will have corresponding possibility of relating k inverse or r to the corresponding transport property transport cohesion it could be diffusion cohesion in the liquid or diffusion cohesion in the gas or it could be corresponding reciprocal of resistance of surface resistance corresponding to the surface phase that is what is shown what I have already written k is 1 by r and if this transport is in the liquid phase diffusion through the liquid will be characterized by diffusivity D and a thickness of the liquid layer delta x you can show that k is D by delta x. So, if you say that we are looking at d q by a by d t we will have k times delta c and what we see on the left hand side is the moles transferred per unit time per unit area that is the flux the flux of a whatever species not the area a is a species which is diffusing. So, flux of a is moles of a per unit time per unit area and that will be if diffusion is the controlling mechanism minus d d c by d x or we could write d delta c by delta x where d is the diffusivity delta c is the concentration difference delta s is the thickness of the liquid layer across which we have all the resistance in the liquid that is offered. And therefore, what you have found here is that by comparing the diffusional expression with the generic rate expression in terms of rate constant you find that the rate constant is nothing but D by delta x k is equal to D by delta x that is what is shown in this slide as equation 3. Reciprocal of resistance corresponding to diffusional resistance in the liquid is k and that is equal to D by delta x or in terms of the rate we write d q by d t is equal to a times D by delta x delta c or a d into delta c by delta x this is the concentration gradient which is responsible for the observed mass transfer. I may end the lecture here, but not without adding the following that in general you might be safe to say that is the concentration gradient which is responsible for mass transfer, but not always the more fundamental understanding should be it is the chemical potential gradient for a particular species not the concentration difference, but the difference in chemical potentials which is responsible for mass transfer. Otherwise you may not never be able to dissolve a solute from a gas phase at a very low concentration in the gas phase moles per volume into a liquid which has a high solubility for that component because liquid phase concentration in any case will generally be incomparably high relative to the gas phase concentration, but it is a chemical potential which is decreasing when you have this solute species moving from the bulk of gas to the interface. So, we could stop here for today.


This study compares the mechanical factor of soils reinforced with four different fibers, utilizing an integrated methodology that includes 351 laboratory experiments and extreme learning machine technique to develop functional relationships between mechanical factor and soil and fiber parameters. Soils reinforced with synthetic fiber, polypropylene and natural fibers exhibit different characteristics when subjected to the same variation in soil parameters due to differences in surface morphology and water absorption capability of polypropylene compared to other natural fibers, with polypropylene soil composite showing maximum sensitivity to soil moisture and least sensitivity toward soil density and fiber content among all tested fiber soil composites. This article was authored by Ankit Gogh, Sanandam Baudeloy, Somnott Mundal and others.