Hello everyone and welcome to Spokes, the Urban Cycling Institute podcast. Today here I have with me Justin Spinney from Cardiff University. Hello. Hello. And we are here at the Cycling Research Board second annual conference in the city of Delft. So happy to have you with us, Justin. Very happy to be here, George. Thank you. Cool. So tell us a bit about what you're presenting today. Okay, so presentation today, well actually tomorrow, is going to be on some work that my colleague, our Wenny Lin, at National Taipei University have been doing on public bike share in Shanghai, which has really led us to looking. We've been looking at Doppler's public bike share there and it's really kind of led us to looking at data of all things. When we started the project it wasn't what we thought we'd be looking at, but we've been looking at how as a form of surveillance capitalism effectively the likes of mobile and OFO are taking our data, our behavioural surplus as Zuboff calls it and turning that into predictive products, whether that be transport models or selling to advertisers or finance companies, because it tells them something extra about us and our habits, likes, dislikes and those kind of things. So it's really kind of an investigative exploratory piece of research, just looking at how the humble bicycles of vehicles become a vehicle for harvesting of our data effectively. So time cycling into these other kind of economies, things like the data economy. So yeah, that's it. Wow. And so in this research, who's doing the selling and who's doing the buying and what's problematic about the current situation? This is the thing and you know, it's partly a descriptive piece of research in some ways. So I'm just trying not to crash. It's probably a descriptive piece of research in the sense of we're just, we're not saying this necessarily will come to pass. It may be that the likes of mobile and OFO and these other companies won't be to monetize their data. And so one of the scenarios is that they just go under. They can't make money out of the business model as it were. But you know, we're more interested in the sort of governance implications of it. The fact is that maybe it was before, make a right, perhaps before it was the municipality who owned that transport data and could make that model of cyclist behavior, whereas now that's now owned by a private company. And so they'll be selling that to the city. So partly it's about rights to ownership and governance of data, but also in terms of us as citizens, you know, we hire that bike, we get a service, but there's no real transparency about what data is being collected on us, who it's going to, how it's going to be used as it were. So we're just kind of trying to ask those kind of questions really. Here we're coming up to a construction site. So they still take care of the bikes generally when they do construction. And then we'll take a bit of a route back into the city center, give our viewers a nice look at the historic center of Delft Hill. So we'll make a right up here. And I want to also talk to you about your paper in 2011, Meaning Methods, where you write about video ethnography, and you really pioneered it back in the days when you had to use a handy cam, right? And you had to really rig up something very specific. And that was before the era of GoPro. So how, how complicated were that piece of research?  So yeah, I feel like a bit of a dinosaur now when we actually think about it in the days before the GoPro definitely says something. But yeah, you know, it's funny because like so much research, it's kind of contingent. It never seemed in any way innovative. And, you know, like a lot of things wasn't necessarily completely thought through. I just, I had this mission, this idea that I wanted to try and get to the experience of cycling. And so I was just trying different ways of kind of doing this and seeing what each method gave me and what it didn't.  So we kind of ditched that. And I mean, it says something as a method, you know, the brokenness of that. And the kind of fraughtness of it says something about cycling in London at the time as a method. But yeah, we ended up on this, this idea, okay, we'll film the journey and then we'll play that journey back and we'll be able to, you know, talk about that in a kind of, in a safer interview context and what that might, what that kind of might, you know, offer us. Right. Because what we're doing right here would not be at all possible in London. We'd get honked at, you'd probably be passing really close to buses and stuff. I'm new to this town. This is kind of day two in this town. But already I feel like I can do this on a bike that I'm quite familiar with.  I've got enough bandwidth in my head to kind of think a bit on my feet and talk to you. So yeah, it is a completely, completely different thing that as you say, could we just go into London and do this even now? I don't think so. You know, London's a different place from what it was 15 years ago in some ways when I was doing my PhD research there, but I'm pretty sure we can do this. You mentioned the idea of bandwidth and Marco Tobromastut and a group of people at the Urban Cycling Institute, we've been thinking about this idea of flow and how, you know, if we have a certain degree of mental workload, it actually helps us think. So it's like the zone where, you know, you're exerting physical energy, your paying attention to your surrounding, but it leads to a better conversation because there's more going on in your head rather than if we're just sitting down and talking to each other. What do you think about that? Well, we've had some nice presentations, I think, at the CRB talking about that and, you know, the ideas of sensory overload and our spatial awareness and things like that. So, you know, I think there is definitely a lot to be said for it. I think one of the things we have to be careful of, and it's easy to fall into a trap of when we're using things like video or doing anything, in fact, that we end up focusing on the key events, those things that really stand out to people and they really kind of remember. But actually, things are sort of uneventful or worth focusing on as well. And actually, I think video can be useful for that because, you know, there may be big sections where maybe there's not that much happening. But that's meaningful in itself, right? If you can drift off as it were, what does that say about your experience and how you're experiencing safety and your environment and all these different things? So, yeah, I think video, you know, and again, it becomes about your focus. If you become too focused on events as it were, then same with any method. But video, perhaps, video might lead us down that path a bit more if we're not careful because of the sort of visuality of the event, you know. Yeah, and when I do my interviews with my participants from the ride-along research, I always ask them like, come on, one to ten, how is the infrastructure? One to ten, how is the environment? We'll make it right across the bridge. Okay, cool. And just as some way to compare one segment or one moment of fleeting experience to the next, but it's not always fruitful. Even trying to left, trying to put this experience in terms of a momentary number, even when I give the instruction of like, let's say, for example, past 400 meters on a scale of one to ten, how was the infrastructure? Right, yes, yeah. I mean, and that, you know, I think that, you know, we've passed through so much in the last 400 meters that I couldn't tell you, you know, what it was, it certainly wasn't particularly fraught. It was probably a bit more fraught because I'm trying to think about what I'm saying as well, you know, in a way that we wouldn't normally. But yeah, I just think that's the problem with some of those kind of audit tools that you have out there. But it says, you know, what was the last 400 meters like? And actually, it was so varied that you couldn't really say anything. Perhaps the video announced us to remember that a bit more and sort of break that down. When you did your ethnographic study in the UK, you did the interviews afterwards, right? And there was no, did you record the ride at all? What was the relationship between the during the ride and after the ride? Yeah, so I mean, with each participant, I kind of first started by, you know, just getting a bit of familiarity, establishing a report, just talking about them in a kind of cycling biography in a way. And then with the actual... How long did that take, the establishing report? Yeah, so that was usually just kind of a couple of hours, you know, very leisurely. Oh, I didn't have that though. I just went like, boom, right in. Yeah, well, perhaps that was more important in some ways in the London context because there are more cyclists than there are people that just use bikes as it were. So, you know, it was more of an identity that had been consciously taken on. So it was looking at where, you know, how cyclists, being a cyclist, they come to feature in their lives in some ways. So maybe that's why that was a bit more important, I think. Yeah, and then the rides themselves, I tried to film three rides with each participant. That is in-depth. Yeah, well, at the end of the time, this is a note for everyone doing a PhD. Yeah, I certainly am that paranoia that there's never enough data. I must gather more data.  So I ended up with way too much, I think. Yeah, and I think that's interesting. Before you set out, my supervisor actually sat down and was like, OK, wait, but if we do the calculations, you said you're going to do 20 at three rides per person. You do the math and then you do the math on the transcription and you can really get yourself into a hole. Oh, I mean, the transcription was a hole, for sure. You know, that was towards the end of that. That couldn't end soon enough, really. But again, you know, that's always a valuable exercise, the transcription. It goes straight here. All right, yeah. This conference here, this year is in Delft, second annual conference. How is this experience different from last year in Amsterdam, especially in relation to the physical location that we're in? I mean, so I have been to Delft before. It was about 10 or so years ago. But I couldn't really remember any of it. I just remembered it was nice. Compared to Amsterdam, the physical situation, I think it's a calmer version of Amsterdam. You know, it's smaller, it's calmer. It's still got its bike rush hour and I still think you have to... What time is it? Is it rush hour? No, it is now 3.40, so no, we're not in rush hour right now. Maybe into the semi rush hour. But Amsterdam when I was there last year, that was my first time there.  Just because there was so many people, the kind of margin for error was that much less. If you can start acting like a tourist, whereas here it feels a little more... I can make a few mistakes and there's more margin for error. I can probably get away with that. I've already crashed into a few things already. Slowly, obviously. Me not so slowly. I want to talk about the future of cycling research. Because we just had a session where we really talked about whether this idea of cycling research is overproduced. But then we got the calendar argument that, well, automobile research is really where it's overproduced and where the capital and the budget is being spent on. I don't know if you have a take on how we should proceed as academics in the field of cycling. No, I mean there is no one take there. I think everyone has their own interests that they're pursuing. I think Samuel was right when he hit on that idea of institutions and maybe we know a lot of what we need to do. It's a lot of what we need to ask is why can't we implement it? Why can't we make it happen in these contexts? We know some of the answers there, but a lot of that is so context specific. The politics of it. How do we activate citizens? How do we promote cycling and smooth the path to creating cycling subjects whilst at the same time slowly but carefully making that driving subject because you make dramatic shifts there and people get crossed. And rightly so because they're just trying to go about their social lives. We all are. That becomes dramatically harder overnight and people get crossed and that incremental nature of it is hard. People forget that in the kind of Dutch context, you want to change your city to look like Delft in five years. No, Delft has taken a good 50 years and then some. So we have to realise the incremental nature of that and create these roadmaps. So I think the political and the institutional is key there. Perhaps getting beyond some of this slightly more simplistic policy learning and policy transfer. Let's go way back in your life to when you got interested in the topic of cycling. You yourself raced or did an ethnographic study of road cyclists? I did a bit around then because I think I was like a lot of people interested in cycling when I was younger, dropped it in my teenage years, got a motorbike, picked it back up again a bit later on. And so I was very keen and started doing a bit of racing and stuff when I was 25. And actually when I went to do a PhD, it wasn't until I was about 30, that I had no intention of researching cycling, my PhD. I did it for my masters because I thought, well, hell, I'll just do what I enjoy. And I was doing a lot of cycling. So the Model 1.2 paper came out of that. But then after it, I wanted to focus on, I think it was the political economy of news media. But my supervisor, I think quite wisely, said, why don't you do cycling? Stick to what you know. I think he was right. I think he made a good call. Thanks, Phil. And so that's how I come to be in the place that I am now. I'm quite glad about it. As you probably know, George is a privileged position to be in. It is a very privileged position to be in. Writing and researching about the thing that you like, it doesn't get much better. Wow. Do you think this cycling policy is going to get changed at all with the Brexit? No, there's too many things up in the air when you mention the B-word. So I don't know. The most optimistic version of myself says that the country could go in a really positive direction. But at the same time, I'm not sure that's going to happen. Yeah, I honestly, it's too hard to say what's going to happen with transport policy. My feeling is that we will just carry on doing much of the same. And a lot of the positive influence from Europe will dry up in the sense that some of those formal links will disappear. Some of the things that have made collaboration with Europe easier, may dry up. It's not that we don't want to collaborate. And I think when most of us will still try and collaborate with our European and international partners. But it will just be that much harder to some extent. So hopefully things aren't going to drastically change overnight, you know, I hope. But yeah, it's just another little barrier possibly in our way in terms of collaboration. There's not so much to learn from our European partners. And also, you know, we've had a few successes ourselves as well. Yeah, there was a study that I read two weeks ago. I realized that Great Britain isn't all that far behind the US in terms of obesity, especially childhood obesity is actually way up there. But then I looked at the urban form of most UK cities. They're quite historic. They got narrow roads. And it really puzzles me how a place that has such a different urban form than the US can then at the same time have such low rates of active transportation.  Then you look, you know, yeah, as you say, your average UK town. And, lo and behold, narrow streets but higher speed limits and more cars, less walking and cycling. So how does this, yeah, how is this kind of played out? We have priority here. So we just keep going. We'll go left. Oh, we're getting into rush hour. So this is the main route from the university basically to the train station. And we'll get to kind of high school. Start getting a bit busy. Any words for beginning researchers, people doing their PhDs or even the late stages of their masters?  Stick with that. I think with the cycling research in particular, try and stay engaged with central and local government policy. Even though that might be easier said than done. Yeah. Try and try and get in there. Maintain your voice in those kind of circles. It's something I'm still working on and it's quite sporadic. I think you're much better at that kind of stuff, George. You know, I'm going to take a masterclass from you. Well, Jess, I think we'll end it here on this beautiful riverfront of Delft. Thank you so much for joining me today. We're going to try this handshake while riding. So cheers, Justin. Yeah, cheers, George. I'll see you next time, eh? Yeah, take care. Bye.


Certainly making the most impact in the channel when we're talking about the reality of the investing landscape out there and how there's so many people that are wasting money. They're flushing it right down the toilet. I'm gonna jump in, I'm gonna talk about five ways of losing money in this way.  I think if you're gonna get some enjoyment out of your money and you're not interested in investing or saving for your financial future, at least get something out of it.  Investing is a long-term game and it's amazing to me the impact that we can make when we're identifying the options for individuals in the landscape. And I know there's a lot of astute investors out there that are looking for that path. And I just think in all fairness they need to be provided options. And I think all too often, I'm a very, very small fish in a very, very large pond trying to fight a battle here of institutions making money and individuals putting up all the risk. There's no doubt about it.  It really, retail investors out there really need to wake up. They really need to take some of the power back. And I think even in a small capacity you could justify a self-directed route becoming an independent investor channel just for the sheer principle of the matter, really. It's just the ability to empower yourselves and liberate your dollars going forward without subjecting those dollars to the modern day highway robbery and rat race that is the financial planning institution. I think there would be more empowered investors. I think retail investors would accumulate more personal wealth.  So let's get right into it. We're talking about five fees that are subjected to people's money in the financial institutions and that they are rampant. And we are talking assets under management in excess of hundreds of billion dollars and even in some cases, trillions of dollars of assets under management of people's money that day to day are subject to these fees. And a lot of cases people just don't understand the fees or they are accepted of the fees without understanding the ramification of those fees over the long term. So let's get right into it. Number one is the annual fee. Why should you pay $75 for Roth IRA? Why? Why if you have two Roth IRAs in the family should you pay $75 of an annual fee to an institution like a network Jones or the many other out there that have figured out that people are extremely naive about their money and they will give away the farm. In other words, they will flush it down the toilet. Charge for a Roth IRA. You say, Ryan, that's normal. People got to earn a living. BS, BS, you can open a Roth IRA free of charge in a number of different brokerage houses. So many financial institutions have really come to terms with the fact that they can't charge people frivolous fees without them going and seeking out the 50 other options that they have to opt for for free. But hidden fees are just a thing of the past and annual fees are just really some of those things that an individual does not have to accept. Challenge the notion of said fees. What do you get for it? What is the comparison between their Roth IRA and the next 50 options that you have out there? Remember, guys, an account is just a conduit to the market. A Roth IRA is a Roth IRA is a Roth IRA. It's just the umbrella that provides you the same tax protection, whether or not an institution wants to charge you an extravagant amount of money because they've sold you on the idea that theirs has a nice shiny red bow on the top of it. When in actuality, it's going to perform the exact same as any discount broker out there. Any broker out there that offers a Roth IRA of a self-directed nature should not be charging you annual fees to participate in that said account. It's just that simple. Number two, dollar-cost average fees. This is a good one. It wasn't until I became hip to looking at my statements and you guys might look at me and say, man alive, Ryan, you're an incredible investor. And I've learned to be a good investor to hold my own, but it is not by lack of making just a ton of mistakes in my past. And I tell you what, every mistake in the book I've made. So a lot of what I explain is by nature of me going through those learning processes, understand and questioning whether or not they were even worth it and whether or not they were even necessary to go through in the first place. So if I can impart to you some of the lessons that I've learned over time, you'll be more the wiser to it. Maybe you can circumvent some of those landmines throughout your life, but dollar-cost average fees, I really couldn't believe it.  This is true, yes, but they will take your $100 and they will split it up amongst the assets that they've got. Now what they can really get you on is if they sell you on multiple assets, one mutual fund or two is not enough. They've got to sell you on four. Sometimes I've seen situations that are just absolutely egregious and they will sell you on so many mutual funds so they can take five and three quarter percentage points out of each and every one of those dollars that are contributed on a monthly basis. This is modern day highway robbery.  Financial institutions times millions and millions of clients over and over again, make millions and millions of dollars per annum on these fees that they charge for doing nothing. Nothing, you say, come on, Ryan, they've got to be doing something. You're right, I'll tell you what they're doing.  It's highway robbery, it's one of those ways that people just flush their money down the toilet in a naive fashion. I'm here to turn the tables, kick over some stones for you and show you that there is a light at the end of the tunnel and that is the path of independent investing. Every dollar that goes to work in my account, they work for me.  I spent the first 20 years of my investing career screwing up and doing it wrong. Since I get into self-directed investing, it's amazing to identify the power of a liberated dollar and that's all I'm looking to do is share that with you guys. Take advantage, if you want to learn, open your mind.  Number three, trading fees. This is an interesting one. When I started the independent investor channel some many moons ago and 1,000 videos ago, trading fees were actually a thing. They actually were able to differentiate and sell people on the idea that there was a broker-assisted trade. Now, I've come to find out that that still exists. I cannot believe people still pay $24.95 and upwards of $49.95 or more for those broker-assisted trades and you're like, nah, Ryan, come on. We've got Robinhood. Robinhood has saved the day. Yes, but people still need to be aware that there are brokers out there, major brokerage houses, I might add, that still offer the broker-assisted trade to buy and sell stock and people need to be aware of that. The power of the ability to go in, use that conduit through their own brokerage to direct connect themselves to the stock market and trade for free. In a lot of cases, unlimited. There are no incentive thresholds anymore at all. You can be an investor with $500. You can be an investor with $500,000. It doesn't matter. You're both gonna enjoy the same benefits of free trades. Most cases, unlimited. You do not need to be paying for broker-assisted trades anymore. It's a complete waste of time and it is something that we will lay to rest here as something that has died in the industry. Sorry, financial planners. That's just another way that you've learned over many, many decades to attach your money to naive people who sign up and think that they're getting the best service and by lack of proper transparency. And I'm not talking about the disclosure that nobody reads. I'm talking about the lack of transparency where people are dubbed into thinking that you are the only option out there. And that is just not true. Number four, maintenance fees. Industry average from 1% to 3% in the industry. Cumulatively, these fees are coming from somewhere. And if you really wanna puke, go into the disclosure. If you think that your Edward Jones is something special, guys, wake up, go into the disclosure and look at it.  He doesn't know what he's talking about. Edward Jones would never do me wrong. Wake up. I'm talking to you too. I used to be with them. I have every intention of being transparent on the 43 pages of disclosures that you can find anywhere, open source, on the internet. Some of the things that you pay for through your hidden fees are appalling, retreats, company get-togethers, awards, corporate offices, all these things you pay for. How do you think a company like Edward Jones or any other of the major financial institutions out there make money? They make money off of you and they make money off of three specific, specific letters, A-U-M, assets under management. Now, some many years ago, they changed that term to be assets under care to sound a lot more soft than what it is. One to 3% fees assessed over the course of a lifetime. So investor starts investing at 20 and they look at their investment account at 60. They've invested for 40 years. Over the course of that 40 years, at a 1 to 3% fee structure that's assessed over the life of that fund, will render back the original investor 40% of their own money, 40. You will lose 60%, 60% gone forever, not to be used for your retirement, not to be left for your heirs and legacy, but to build more Edward Jones offices on every corner of every strip mall in this country because people are naive and they seemingly have not woken up to the fact that they are flushing their money down the toilet. Number five and the final is the products that they sell you Garner fees in and of themselves, mutual funds, mutual funds. You gotta have mutual funds, gotta have mutual funds. There's nothing out there that you can buy to give yourself a nice exposure to the market and a nice expected rate of return per year. I say that tongue in cheek because index funds and exchange traded funds have turned that on its cheek. You wanna start to invest in individual stocks, great. That's not gonna cost you anything either but I've seen mutual funds with fees in and of themselves all the way up in between 1.5 and 2% management expense over that. That money comes right out of the top it's absorbed right in the fund. It's a terrible thing. The more terrible thing is if there is incentive to provide or sell you that product when you're sitting down with them it doesn't really speak to the fiduciary responsibility to have your best needs in mind. They have their best needs in mind because somebody sold that young financial planner that has got all of six months of training in the market and looking at financial markets to sell you on an idea that that mutual fund is the absolute best for you. It may perform over time but there's no way that comparatively speaking they're gonna sell you the greatest mutual fund in the world. Furthermore, most of the money managers that manage inside those funds fail to meet the benchmark which is the S&P 500 every single year year in and year out. There might be a few anomalies. There might be a few anomalies where you do 12% the S&P does 11 and you're gonna have those hedge funds and mutual fund managers stepping forward and they're being like, I beat the market you've gotta come with me because I have the secret sauce that nobody else has out there. And that financial planner for recommending that mutual fund to you is gonna receive a kickback in the industry to recommend you the naive customer that's willing to flush your money down the toilet in five different categories that I just disclosed to you in 10 minutes that very products that then they can get a kickback and they can embolden their own lives and increase the assets under management within the firm that they represent. Guys, I appreciate you tuning into the message man. You wanna make sure, subscribe to the channel. You can find me on www.independentinvestorgroup.com Join the group, join the private WhatsApp group. Man, we talk all the time about stock investing. Different strategies, leave your comments at the bottom of the video or I respond to every single comment that I have when I have time. Really hope to strike up a dialogue on the right way to enter into the market which I feel the only way is to cut out the middle man and become an independent investor like myself. And what it could mean for you in liberating your dollars in your own account what it could mean for your family what it could mean for you down the line.  Guys, thank you so much for tuning into the message and good luck in your investment future.


So you want to anime shade your character but you have no idea where to start. Not a problem. Now there are as many shaders as there are styles of anime. The specific style that we are going to try and replicate is the one from Arc System's Guilty Gear. But this style really requires you to completely change your 3D model and workflow. And what I mean by that is the shader is actually a really small part of the look. You can dump the shader on your model right now but if your topology is not built for it and you didn't adjust your normals and you don't use Arc System's Square UV Texture and Techniques, it's just going to look like real, cheap, fake wannabe anime. So if that sounds like a lot of work and you really don't want to change the way you to apologize, texture and UV map, I highly recommend that you try an easier, simpler anime style like Genshin Impact. Just so you understand what the difference is, on the left side is a texture map from Genshin and on the right is a texture from Arc Systems. The left side is pretty much a standard texture map which means you can basically use any standard UV mapping and texture and techniques that you are comfortable with. Arc Systems however uses their own special square UV mapping technique and there are very good reasons for why it's set up the way it is. However, it does take a lot longer to create. Personally, I like the way Arc Systems looks a little better so that's the style that we are going to cover this month. I've spent a lot of time trying to figure this stuff out by talking to people like Rukikuri and Yuli who I believe do it better than everyone else. I'm a big fan of their work and I'm not sure if their commissions are still open. The photos for our character in Macrophage were actually done by Rukikuri herself. The members and the patrons were able to save up just enough money to hire her and we all think she did a fantastic job. So shout outs to both of them for being so awesome and helpful because a lot of what I'm about to show you I learned from them. Okay, so if you join me next video I'll tell you about some of the most useful resources that I think you should have or know about before we get into it. As always, thanks for watching and hope you have a fantastic day and I'll see you next time.


Thanks everyone. Just to start with I'm coming at this talk with two different hats on so I am the lead maintainer of Homebrew a Mac package manager anyone used homebrew ever cool. Thank you very much I So I didn't want to make a PR to homebrew ever by any chance whoo well done you thank you very much And I can confirm at least several of those people were not lying. I recognize their faces How many people have opened an issue on homebrew only to have me immediately close it and probably be rude at you? My mistake because I'm busy. Yep. Sorry. I'm sorry So if you want help submitting a PR to homebrew ever then get in touch with me And I will try and help you as best I can my other hat that I wear is github who has heard of github Cool So I don't think everyone who works at github in this room put their hand up Which is a little bit worrying I've been a gal for about four and a bit years and I'm trying to make it better for open-source software and better in General so if you would like to talk to me about making github better then get in touch as long as you are gonna be nice about it anyway, so I Told the title here why people don't contribute to your open source project. I'm gonna come at this from perhaps a funny angle What I'm talking to you Mainly is open source projects that have these things met already So your open source project is already open sourced Please if you're one of those companies who's like why is my open source project successful I'm planning on open sourcing in three months then don't come to speak to me. I Hope that you already have some users of your project. I you're building something useful, which is useful to more than just you and more than just your organization But you maybe don't have as many people contributing or as many people maintaining your project as you would like so You may ask yourself. Why is no one contributing to my project? But I would like to pivot this and think about a slightly different question so if you're a company and you're making stuff for money then if you're not making as much money as you would like then you Might ask yourself. Why is no one buying my project? Product even well, so we're gonna ignore the fact We're gonna pretend that your product is not terrible and instead Let's go and think about your product in the same way as we might think about the open source project before so I would argue that the it's open source that has users but not contributors and maintainers is not Terribly dissimilar to the idea that your project is created You have a decent product already. You have a bunch of people using it already But you've not actually tried to sell it to anyone and as a result not enough people are buying it So let's think about this Through the rest of this talk through four different ways of thinking about this, right? So we're gonna talk about grouping the people who are using your project already into different categories We're gonna talk about a funnel with a terrible metaphor, which I like We're gonna talk about upselling people through the funnel, which is actually going down through the funnel because I haven't really thought this through And how to retain the people who you have put either up or down through the funnel depending on which bit the talk you remember Right so grouping your users So firstly why are people interacting with your project at all? So I'm gonna say there's three different reasons basically or three different groups that people interact with any open source project We're assuming when I say interaction here that this is interacting primarily online primarily with Say a GitHub repo if that's the primary face of your open source project So you've got the users. These are the people who are using the software. They may be file issues They maybe don't we're assuming for this case. They don't write the code. They don't write docs They're not triaging issues for your particular project. They may you do it for other projects But your project is going to have hopefully at least one of these which is the person who wrote the software I you if you don't use the software you wrote then you perhaps have some bigger problems So the next group is your contributors So these I'm going to say again my definition may vary from other people's but my definition is these are people who have written code or docs or triage on your project and They need some sort of help from other people with getting their work included so If we're talking about a github repository here, these are people who maybe are helpful in your community They may be submit PRs, but they don't have direct commit access to make the changes They want to the project directly and then finally you have maintainers These are the people who review the incoming changes that are coming in they review issues that are coming in and They merge the work of contributors and if they're feeling kind They may be help users once in a while with the issues that they're having So again, you're going to have at least one of these if you start a project by yourself on github or any other similar platform Then the first person who started the project the first user perhaps as well is going to be the first maintainer So let's have a think about how you might put these three groups through a funnel, right? So firstly I'm going to make a couple of perhaps bold statements So I would say no one became a contributor without being a user first So this is something that maybe isn't always the case in open source But I would argue for healthy projects the best way of attracting and retaining contributors is Getting the people who are already using your software to get involved I realized this perhaps a growing movement of people who think it's a good thing to just get up here on an open source project for the sake of it who might go along and try and contribute to a project because they think it will look good on their resume or Whatever, I would argue that that person is Although they are a good intention They are probably not really helping either the project or themselves as much as they could be the best way I think you can get involved is getting involved with a project where you are helping both the project and yourself through your contribution Secondly, no one ever became a maintainer without being a user Even more so how can you merge PRs from other people? How can you support a project if you have at no time used that project? But really what this ends up being often is No one excels as a maintainer without remaining a user And I think this is an important part to think about when you're thinking about why you need new contributors on a project at all Because maintainers in a project are generally temporary if you wrote some piece of software Chances are you're not going to be using that on a day-to-day basis in five or ten years other people may be But you're not likely to be doing so anymore So as a result at some point there's going to be a time where it probably makes sense for you to hand off that project to other people But you need to make sure that when that time comes you actually have other people you can hand off to Because otherwise you're going to have a project which just dies when you stop being involved So let's go back to this really awkward metaphor I was talking about before about thinking about a product instead of an open-source project so In a sales funnel, I believe I haven't really done anything in sales ever other than this one time So this may be completely wrong, but please don't correct me because that would just be mean This is my understanding of a sales funnel So you have leads who are the people who may be interested in buying the product in buying your product You have prospects who are people who are interested in buying your product But have not yet bought it and then you have sales who are people who have actually handed you over some money and In exchange you have provided your product to them So I would argue is a sort of similar tenuous Similarity with those three groups I was talking about before you have your users You have your contributors and your maintainers so we have similar levels of involvement here You have people who are perhaps Potentially interested in getting involved you have people who have expressed interest in getting involved But haven't fully committed to maybe being a maintainer yet and then you have the people who are really really helping you run things so People wonder often in open source projects. They say well I've got a bunch of users But no one's really contributing or I've got a bunch of contributors, but no one wants to become a maintainer So I thought the numbers for homebrew may be kind of helpful So homebrew has according to Google analytics about four million users I reckon it's more like about a million monthly kind of users based on our analytics we have 6000 maybe seven thousand ish homebrew contributors That's point zero five percent of our user base and then of them we have I Don't know what the current number is today, but sort of 12 13 14 homebrew maintainers Which is point zero zero one five percent of our user base And that we have probably about 25 people who have ever been a maintainer on homebrew in the nine-year life of the project So that's a pretty dramatic funnel and hopefully again if you work in an open source project Hopefully you will have better numbers than we do but still that shows The levels you can perhaps expect you can't expect every user is going to be a Contributor to your project and you can't expect every contributor is going to be want to be a maintainer But what you can do is do your best to upsell to make sure that as many people as possible We'll pass through those groups so Something the I've experienced in open source is that most maintainers are not going me me please please I want to be the maintainer most maintainers are the people involved in a project who are being really really helpful and Then when you ask them to consider being a maintainer they Most of the talented maintainers I know say no at least once when they're first asked because they think no no no I'm not qualified to do this I've just submitted a few good PRs and that doesn't make me qualified to do this and I Can't help you because I I don't know everything that there is to know about this stuff Whereas the people who really really really want to be a maintainer. It's normally some sort of power a thing or other Potential psychology that I'm not going to do today So most of these folks need to be encouraged and they need to be invited to get involved with the project And that applies with contributors and that applies with users who you want to start getting towards this as well So let's look at some like upsell through screenshots here Right, so this is an example of us trying to upsell someone on Twitter So they submitted and I don't I probably should have blanked out their name So to be clear, this is not someone who I think is doing anything wrong But this is for example the type of issue that you might get where if you're not a very active software developer Or if you're not familiar with the project you're submitting the issue to it's not clear why it's not terribly helpful so what we've tried to say to them is Okay, here's somewhere you can go and we link them to the issue template there so they can go and see Okay, here's the type of things that we want when you're submitting a new issue So we're trying to upsell that person from basically just a tweet saying help me to an issue That will give us the information that we need for them to help us and hopefully that means again the next time They will jump straight to the next step because they say okay I know what is required in order for me to be helped So I'm going to follow these steps in advance and actually fun fact on our issue tracker If you follow the steps required to fix an issue so I to report an issue well often for us You will figure out what the problem is through doing so and then be able to help yourself Which is tremendously empowering So the next step is similarly on someone's issue tracker We might get an issue formed a filed and it's not it's not maybe as helpful as it could be So I have like a little text expand the shortcut that expands into this which Asked people step-by-step. Okay. Here's basically the information I need to reproduce this issue I may or may not have used this text expand the shortcut on my peers or co-workers in the past And if you saw that and you're my co-worker. I definitely typed that out by hand I definitely didn't just fob you for the shortcut So the next level we try and go to is trying to encourage people who show that they Had some level of understanding they may be submitted a decent issue already and try and upsell them into creating a pull request for us So again, similarly another little text expand the shortcut that expands into something where I can say okay It'd be nice if you could submit a PR now I think there's a common thing in open source that people can kind of say well You know Phobbing people off asking them to submit a PR is not very nice thing to do But I think it depends on the way you ask because I think if you just say to someone who submits an issue That's very well run now, and you just say patch is welcome. That's kind of rude whereas if you say to someone Okay, here's the docs on how to submit PR and if you get stuck We'll try and help you as best we can then that's actually helpful like that's good And that shouldn't be seen as being aggressive or rude or anything like that It's sometimes taken that way, but I think in open source again We're all trying to help each other through some form or another and we don't all have infinite time So if you can help someone help themselves, I actually think that's a tremendously valuable thing to do So if you click through to this we have a doc that looks something like this So we basically walk people through more or less step-by-step what's required To make a contribution to homebrew the type of things we expect We don't want to like tell people exactly every single command to run or the text to edit or the files to change or whatever Because a you can't write generic instructions that do that and B People need to learn a certain amount through going through this process And if they're not able to kind of figure out a certain amount themselves Then they're probably gonna struggle with the rest of what's required to make a decent contribution But then this can go further as well So if someone wants to be a maintainer then we have put documented pretty publicly the Expectations of what we expect from a maintainer how people become maintainers how people are invited to be maintainers and this step-by-step guide We follow ourselves as other maintainers when we are adding new people to join the project So this means that people can see okay.  Well, these are the public expectations that are written down for How you should be behaving so people can and people have in the past called me out and said well On the maintainer document it says this but you're not doing that and that means either I need to change my behavior or Probably more accurately the document needs updated because of course. I'm not doing anything wrong So the next thing that's really important to do is thinking about retaining these folks as well Like be they users be they maintainers be the contributors You need to ask yourself. Do you have a leaky funnel? Ie are the people who are traveling down? Are they actually making it down the funnel or are they popping out the sides because you've got big holes there? And they are people who want to contribute but can't or people who want to maintain the project But you're making it too difficult for them to do so So I'd like to think about a few little things that can kind of cause issues for each of these groups So users firstly so users want your project to be high quality I mean ultimately most of us controversially despite all evidence wants software that actually works and It's important to try and focus on that in your project. This is why for example People may disagree, but I don't agree with leaving bugs intentionally unfixed in open source projects to try and attract more contributors I don't think that helps Make the project better for users I know people may laugh about that but that this is a thing that is Being done more and more now and I think the intent behind it is great And that's why I won't ever Like name drop projects who are doing that because I think they want to have more contributors They want to bring more people into open source and that's really great But you need to think are you doing that at the detriment of the people who use your software? And I think there's ways of doing this That I have put it out and will try and continue to point out that do not involve making your software intentionally worse by not fixing things The next thing is relates to the first one The users don't want to hear that you merge something which broke their workflow Because you felt guilty because someone went and spent a bunch of time making a PR And you really felt bad because they're trying their absolute hardest and you merge the PR and then it breaks over 10,000 people that's not helpful to the project either. I understand again why people do that and it's a very valid Empathetic concern that people have that leads you to that and I've done that a bunch of times myself to be clear But it's something you need to try and resist to make sure that your users don't leave your project and the final thing I'd say perhaps fairly controversially is No v2.0 and what I mean by that is obviously not actually no v2.0 But I mean you see a bunch of open source projects that have decided that there's there's too much stuff broken Everything needs to be rewritten from the ground up We need to break compatibility and then we're gonna have this beautiful new future Where everything can be clean and nice and bug-free and with less code and a hundred percent test coverage And they'll be lovely and bunnies when flowers and etc like and this stuff often Again, it comes from a really well-intentioned place But what ends up happening in these case is you say to your users Oh, I'm sorry that we broke all of your workflows and you need to rewrite every single use of our application now But if you do so it's gonna be way better now and What ends up happening then in those cases is that your users end up either Sticking on your old version forever, which isn't great because then the incentive to get involved with your project diminishes Or they go off to one of your competitor projects who actually has an easier migration path from your v1.0 Then your v2.0 does So Taking along the same lines. So what the contributors want and what the contributors need So the first thing is no who's familiar with the phrase bike shedding Okay, some people not everyone so bike setting the is the idea that if you ask people to You know debate some complex technical implementation detail Then you may not get many people joining that conversation be an open source or in your workplace Whereas if you ask people what color the bike shed should be Everyone wants to get involved and everyone has very strong opinions But it's very easy to hold very strong opinions about things that are ultimately maybe a bit banal or things There are ultimately I don't know just down to individual preference So I think it's important when you're maintaining open source community to try as much as you can these things can't always be avoided But try to steer the community away from these type of discussions or at least direct them outside of for example Your issue tracker because these end up sapping the time of contributors They end up sapping the time of maintainers and then this is time that people are not spending working on the project But are instead debating something which often either doesn't really matter that much or Is not going to be decided by the people who are getting really involved in that discussion Perhaps the opposite of that it might seem but it is important still to have open discussions like Contributors particularly people who are maybe more power users and are getting involved with contributing to your project They do want to get involved with discussions around your project They do want to get involved with the development process and they may want to do that in a place that is open to them to do so Which isn't your issue tracker so having a chat room an IOC channel a slack channel a Discourse forum whatever it may be having an open space for those folks is really great to help them with you know They're their ability to get more involved with the community without needing to just stick on the topic all the time And the last thing I think is that it's important to try and and again This is a homebrew thing that I would like to see why they're adopted But maybe controversial is don't create hundreds and hundreds of issues and don't allow Your users to create hundreds and hundreds of issues just asking for feature a and feature b and feature c If these are not features that you're planning on working on if these are not features that you are actively planning on collaborating with your community on and helping people make a pull request so that feature is great that feature request should be closed You it doesn't make sense to leave this stuff open for contributors to go and submit a PR only to realize later on well I actually felt too bad about closing the original issue, but I don't really want to accept your PR That's not helpful have your issues that are open such that if anyone turned up tomorrow with a perfect solution to that issue You would be able to merge it and Finally on to your maintainers I think the first thing that I think is really important in any project is a code of conduct an expectation of what is The acceptable behavior on that project. I think that helps serve maintainers in two ways one way is it helps Give them a framework for how they can moderate community discussions I think often in open source you can get some very very entitled users who do not pay you any money But they expect you to answer their beck and call whenever they would like And I think it's reasonable for maintainers to have a document that says if those people step over the bounds And if they're starting to be rude that says no actually you can't be rude Here's the document you agree to when you agree to participate in our community please do not be rude or you're not welcome here and Similarly, I think it's on the other way around I think it helps the community keep the maintainers accountable because also maintainers should also seek to be helpful and polite and not rude whenever tool possible Secondly something I think is valuable in open source projects is having a private place for maintainers to have discussions I think it's good that a lot of things happen in the open and open source But I think it's helpful when Disagreements could sometimes be resolved privately between maintainers so that they don't have a peanut gallery necessarily watching them be rude to each other or With heated emotion or having a technical dispute in what one person that ends up looking foolish But that's not helpful for anyone I think to happen in the open and I think having it in the open could sometimes over inflate Emotions on everyone and it's helpful to have a private place Not always and as little as possible where disputes can be resolved without having to have people watching and Finally as I've alluded to we want to make sure that maintainers are always growing Both as individuals people should feel that when they join the project that in a year or two years time They've learned more stuff about the project Hopefully learn more stuff about software development and that they are getting better and better at doing their job But then also that the number of maintainers are growing as well that you are bringing new people into the project So when other people want to leave that you have more people who can come in and replace them and continue to keep the project alive hopefully indefinitely So thinking about those four things I was saying so think about grouping your users into categories think about when you're interacting with Anyone in your project are they someone using the project? Are they someone who has contributed in some way or they maintainer think about how to get them through the open source funnel Think about how you can motivate people who are interacting with your project me in a casual way So maybe get a little bit more involved and then when they're already getting involved to level up and then become a maintainer hopefully one day Think about upselling them through that where there's little nudges that you can do at each of those stages and how to retain them as well So that they want to stay being involved with your project and your community so that you can continue to grow Without losing more people than you have attracted So hopefully this time next year you will all come I want to know this answer to your project because we will have solved all your problems So thank you so much, and if anyone has any questions, I'll be happy to answer Yeah So the question was is it no useful sometimes to keep issues around in case you need them in a few years and for me The the beauty of that is you can always reopen a closed issue. So I generally I don't know how many people work as Commercial software developers, but in my experience often with commercial software development if something's not planned in the next six to eight weeks It literally will never happen So I would err on the side of saying okay It's fine to it's fine to reopen things later on But try and err on the side of assuming you're not gonna do stuff rather than assume you're gonna do stuff And then it makes it easier for your community to know what's important right now. I Don't I don't actually know if people actually mind can responses I I think my concern is that people may feel that I haven't given them enough time back But yeah, that's maybe an illegitimate concern really and but yeah, and I would advise people to use canned replies In general because I think it makes community management a lot easier and I found personally the more can responses I use the more very positive Like crazy messages I can give to if I'm merging 30 PRs in a day There's a limit to how much I can come up with creatively to be nice to every individual person Whereas if I have a can response to everyone. Yeah, okay, it's it's somewhat automated But it's genuine like I do genuinely think those people rock or whatever Yes, the question was is our project Text free to copy and yes, it's all under an open source license. So two more questions anyone Yeah, I mean the question was what you do if your project has a bunch of users But isn't necessarily getting a lot of community action. I think in some ways, yeah I would agree with I don't know if it was a joke or not the person said it's perfect But I mean in general if you have a lot of users and you're not getting a lot of bug reports, then well done You're better at writing so far than me Any last question I think it depends on what the question was They heard about someone who has given right access to the repo for everyone who opens a PR on what do I think about that? I think that depends on your project I think if your project is Something that require something that makes releases say a ruby gem or whatever where you're still gonna have a maintainer Who actually publishes that release and make sure it's not completely broken, then that's fine I think at homebrew's case it would be possibly the worst thing for security in the entire world so So I wouldn't do that. But yeah, but it's I don't think it's always a terrible idea


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I can put it into three main areas which I see. First area is like the beauty of the development of the institute is in understanding various different industries and then connecting it with a supply chain. So it's deep understanding on one side. The second thing is the thing of not only understanding and being, let's say, in a research phase, but going into solutions, how you can overcome the problems. And I see that as acceleration for every business who is coming and being the part of the organization and the events. And the third thing is like with sharing. And I think it's astonishing of how this form of forums has become a place where companies really share first-time experience, first-hand experience, sorry. So this is something which is amazing and which is valuable for everybody. And on the other side, the Digital Supply Chain Institute as well shares everything what they have created or learned so far around the world. So none of us can gather this much information on its own. So we can say that the Digital Supply Chain Institute is kind of an AI in business in the sense of human intelligence moving forward.


Well hi there, I'm Sandy Allknock Artist and Crafter here on YouTube and I'm going to talk about Copic green combinations today. Copic doesn't do the best job with greens I have to say. And I've got all these frogs to color and I thought it would be a great time to maybe really dig in a little deeper and try out some green combinations that I've never used before. So I have my little bag of greens and a color combo chart. This is one of those that you can get for free. Just order them over on my teaching site art-classes.com. There are a bunch of free things over there and this one comes with many pages in the color combinations download. And I just sat down with my greens and started playing around with them. And the difference between these first two was using the same color for the light and the medium. But changing the dark being from on the left hand side it's a warmer green and on the right it's a cooler green just to see what I liked. And that's one of the things that these color sheets are made for because it's kind of fun to have something organized to swatch your colors out on and to try them on. A small image so you're not spending a gob of time trying to get some colors to swatch out and see how they blend. But you can also put these in a notebook and save them for future reference so you have the swatching already done and you can try new combinations from that. And I've just kind of done some really simple shading on this little tack. You don't have to do it quite that advanced in trying to put highlights and shadows and things on it. You could just go top to bottom or bottom to top to do your blend. But you know me I'm an overachiever so I had to do that. Originally on the first couple I was trying to leave my whites and then I decided after that I would just draw the white highlights back in with a pen since I had one so I stopped overachieving after a while. And a couple of these colors are ones that I really haven't used. The light one in this combination I can't remember if I've ever actually used it before. I've bought all the markers because I wanted to come up with the text chart but it doesn't mean that I've actually used them all. So there's that right? So yeah G20 there you go.  I probably have used it at some point but I just can't remember the last time. So I can look at the combinations that I've got here and I like the cooler one better than the warmer one for frogs. I also like this combination for an old frog because I think I could make one of my frogs old. I was kind of thinking about these. I thought well let me just you know use some of these colors that I've already tested out and that G20 was just one that I thought I should probably check out and see. So there you go. This is the frog that I'm gonna make an old frog and this is the frog set from brand new frog set from Art Impressions. Links to all the supplies are in the doobly-doo and stuff but I am coloring him in and I wanted him to have a white belly so I'm just using a colorless blender marker to soften that out and then I'm just gonna throw in the dark colors. I was trying a little bit to work around some of the little spots. He's got like little warts and things on him and I debated whether or not I was gonna totally worry about that or not. By the time I put the mid-tone color in that stuff had disappeared but you could also put warts back in using the colorless blender marker to give him a little bit of texture and stuff but I liked this combination as an old frog and I don't know if frogs actually change their color over time but you know I know I've changed my color I don't have that like baby fresh cute skin that I had when I was a little girl so maybe frogs have the same thing I don't know but he's kind of old and chunky kind of like me so he reminds me of just an old frog so there you go and as I'm adding my mid-tone color I found that I was gonna have to add more of the light as well to kind of create that transition from one color to another and I do that a lot when I'm doing my coloring is just constant readjusting adding another layer of something you know re-blending something especially as things dry they dry differently then they go on at first so a lot of times I have to go back in and add extra onto whatever I'm coloring so then we have this tall frog and he's standing on his back legs I do not know that any frog or toad has ever been seeing standing on his hind legs have you ever seen that I think when I was a kid and we had like there were people doing science experiments and stuff and dissecting frogs and all that I think I saw stretched out frogs but I don't know that they stood up on their own and yes I have never dissected a frog that's just something I somehow avoided I remember like having to get notes written about the frog dissection lesson because I just turned my stomach to even think about doing that and somehow I got out of it I don't know how I don't remember what the excuse was that was written on the note I just remember it was a really big deal trying to get out of hurting a frog that just really bugged me and I also like don't like squishy things and that was just like gonna be way too much that was just too much over the top for me so yeah I never did have to dissect a frog in all of my my years in school so that's my crazy long tall frog story which was pretty useless but there you go a little something to chat about so this one I didn't end up liking the dark green as much in that combination so that's something I'm gonna write on my little sheet for myself maybe I'll put notes on the back you know if I'm doing a frog use a lighter green with that combination for the dark color because I found that to be a little bit much for what I was thinking of and then this is that last combination with that really soft green for the center of the frog and he goes all the way to a dark green as well and his greens match a little bit better I think so I didn't mind the dark quite as badly I'm not gonna show all the coloring for the rest of it because that would take forever but I did use like a bunch of oranges and purples because I thought that would be a fun combination and I made a light cake because I was originally gonna make a chocolate cake and that seemed like it was gonna disappear and the frogs legs would just kind of blend into it and everything so the lighter one seemed to work very well so there's my crazy card for today with my crazy stories and over on Instagram I've got this little froggy crazy nutty card in a speed video if you're interested in going to see that if it's not been posted by the time you go look it will be shortly and I will see you guys again very soon with another video because that's how I roll take care and leave me a comment with your frog stories and I'll chat with you later bye bye


Each year nearly 200 workers are killed at work and more than 100,000 workers are compensated for serious work-related injuries. Preventable work-related injuries and illnesses costs the Australian economy an estimated $61.8 billion each year. As a national policy body, Safe Work Australia shapes healthier, safer and productive workplaces. We do this by developing and improving national work health and safety and workers' compensation arrangements. Our 15 Safe Work Australia members form an inclusive tripartite forum. Members work together to ensure the interests of Commonwealth, state and territory governments, workers and employers are considered. An agency of just over 100 staff supports the work of Safe Work Australia. But our work can affect the lives of 12.5 million working Australians. Our work continues on from that of the Australian Safety and Compensation Council and the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission who led work health and safety in Australia from 2005 to 2008 and 1985 to 2005 respectively. Safe Work Australia is committed to developing trusted, consistent and evidence-informed work health and safety and workers' compensation policy so that every Australian worker can lead a healthy, safe and productive working life.


I am Dawn Wilkes, the UPU Security Program Manager, and I would like to welcome each of you today to our Road Safety webinar, which is the second in our series and the first to be held in English. Thank you for taking some time today to join this webinar on this very important topic, which affects each and every one of us in both our professional and personal lives. If you have questions, please put them into the chat box or the question and answer box. And both myself and my colleague, Ms. Lei Wang, who is online, will review them and get them to our speaker. If we're unable to answer them in the webinar, we will get them answered for you after the webinar and provide an entire list of the questions and answers. So without further ado, I would like to thank everyone again and hand the floor over to the chair of the Universal Postal Union Road Safety Group Expert Team to continue the webinar. Mr. Giherm, please, you have the floor. Thank you, Dawn. Welcome, everybody. I hope you are listening and seeing very well. And good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, depending where you are. This presentation has four parts, as you see. I will talk to you about compressed fluids around the world, about postal fluids, and the link with pillars of sustainable development. I will talk to you about the Road Safety Program of CTT. And at least at last, I will talk to you about the initiative related with road safety. So let's begin with the corporate fleets around the world. The world's car fleet has a dimension on the scale of the population itself. There are estimates pointing to more than 1.4 billion vehicles in the world. And this must be only the registered vehicles. I think there are much more vehicles than this. About 30% of this fleet, these vehicles, are cargo and distribution vehicles, or about 400 million vehicles. And we know that those vehicles have an important, intense activity in posts. We stop many times along our route. And so we know that these 30% of vehicles have much more impact when we think about the consumption. We can say that those vehicles have about 70% of the fuel consumption of all these fleets. The operation of this fleet has great difficulties when we think about urban operation, economic traffic, increased risks, not only safety but also security, an important impact on the environment, and road safety. So we must remember that we have about 1.35 million people die every year as a result of road accidents. And there are much more, about 30 to 40 million people injured, some of them, many of them seriously injured. The road accidents are a public health problem and it's a World Health Organization that says this. Because it's the leading cause of this for young people. So we lost many young men and women in road accidents. And the post companies have a strong impact also. We have about 5.2 million employees across all postal operators. And I'm talking, I think it's only direct employees. We know that we work with lots of companies that work for posts. So the total number must be much more, much bigger. We have a network of about 666,000 postal stores. And the fleet, I estimate that we have about 1.5 million vehicles in the young post. There is no official number. And I think also that we have many vehicles without register. And so the real number must be bigger. We have also a problem of information about road accidents. But this is not only a post, it's a global problem. But taking into account the type of this activity and the number of the fleet and the number of employees, I'm sure that we have some thousands of this and tens of thousands of accidents at work with serious consequences. So we don't have any doubt that we talk about fleets. We are talking also about STGs. There are 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations. I think that almost all of these 17 sustainable development goals are linked without accidents and are linked with fleets. Even the same that it's not direct, but like hunger and poverty and the planning, is we can have, we have links with road accidents. Because when we have an accident, we have a worker injured or dead. We have a family behind this worker. We have a family with problems for the future. We have children with problems in training and education. And later with problems in jobs. So we know we have a special paper, a special role on sustainability and post-companies. We must do everything we can. All of us, not only of course the post-companies, but all the fleets and each citizen must have this responsibility. We can do lots of things in companies and outside in civil society. And it's important that we have this in our mind. We live in a global world. And road safety is a global role. And the society and many people all around the world is working in road safety. And we had in 2020 the Stockholm Declaration, which declared a very important challenge for this decade. We want to reduce 50% in deaths and in injuries. And it's the first time we talk about reduction in injuries. Usually we talk about reduction in deaths. But we have, as I told before, 30 to 40 million people injured. And in a decade we are talking about 300 or 400 million people. So it's very important also to look at the injuries and work to reduce 50% to the end of this decade. It's 2030, it's missing, we have seven years and we have lots of things to do. Because if it won't work now, if it won't work every day till 2030, we will not have those goals in that decade. The Stockholm Declaration calls on companies and industries. It's not only for governments, for countries. It's also for companies, it's also for industries, of all sizes and sectors. All must contribute to the achievements of these SDGs related to health safety, applying safe systems principles to their entire value chain, including the entire practices, procurement, production, distribution, and to put health safety in our sustainability reports. We know that many companies have sustainability reports. It's nice to say in this moment it's very sexy to say we have 100, 200, 1000, 2000 electric vehicles, but we must also talk about health safety because I'm sorry, but sustainable needs to be also safe. So we have a big challenge in our next years, beginning now. And we must also, as a result of the Stockholm Declaration, we have now a global plan for the decade of action. This global plan will reinforce the importance of holistic view of health safety. And it talks about the importance of leads to achieve the proposed objectives. And we must have programs to ensure safe operation, avoiding excessive speed with driving time limits for its distributors and control of driver behavior through appropriative devices. As you know, we have lots of solutions like telematics. In the global plan, it's also the training for all drivers without forgetting the two-wheelers in fluids. You know that we have lots of accidents in two-wheel vehicles. I can tell you in CTT, most of them accidents are with two-wheelers. Including suppliers, we don't, we can't forget, we work with lots of companies, with lots of, that work for our companies. And we must also, such as we must tell them that they must have electric vehicles, we must also tell them they must have health safety plans and to reduce accidents. Now I'm going to talk a little about CTT and then I begin. I must tell you who we are. We are the Portuguese universal postoperator in Portugal. We are a CTT, we are a major employer in Portugal with more than 12 employees. We have also operations in other countries like Spain and Mozambique. We have 600 stars and more, almost 2000 agents that receive daily about 130,000 customers. We have one of the largest and most modern fleets in Portugal with around 4,000 vehicles and a global activity of 7,000,000 kilometers a year. And we have also one other fleet outsourced. We eat about the same activity, about 60,000,000 to 70,000,000 kilometers. We consider sustainability crucial in our commitment. And we start this program in 2015 looking for the accidents we had in the previous year, in 2014. In that year we had about 447 road accidents at work, which resulted in 17,000 dies lost with absenteeism. And we had also more about 1,200 accidents only with material damage without people injured. The direct cost of these dies lost and this material damage was more than 2.4 million euros. We know as people who know much more about road accidents and road safety that the global cost of road safety is 5 to 4 or 6 times the direct cost. So we know that we have a much more bigger cost to show this very recent study of the national agency of road safety in Portugal. It says that each death in Portugal has a cost economic and social of 3 million euros. We have thousands of drivers, thousands of workers driving every day in our streets and in our roads. So we must do everything on people. Our workers, city drivers and also the walkman of postmen and the other drivers and the other pedestrians, because we we must work for road safety environment, the streets and roads safe. We want to work road safety in CTT with all the components, all the help of all the departments of the company. A road accident is not a problem of a driver or a local manager, it's a problem of all the company. Human resources have responsibility, people who buy the vehicles have responsibility. The company must have the ability to highlight, to show the good practice and to reward the best drivers and the best teams. We need also a strong work of communication because we have thousands of workers across all the world, across all the country and it's important to go to every place to each of these. So we organized a set of working groups, seven working groups, each one on a specific topic, accident diagnosis, training and awareness, vehicles, new drivers, recognition, accident control and communication. Each one of these working groups has different departments working these working groups. We started looking for the accidents in 2014 and it was very important to know how the accidents happen, what kind of accidents and it's important to know what actions we need to do after. We also review and improve the control and information model because without knowing the exact numbers we can't manage nothing and the road accidents and road safety is the same. We need numbers, we need information to control and to manage these. Well, I'm lost. I heard the time has stopped. We looked also to the vehicles. We looked at the safety equipment and linked with the accidents. We made some changes in the safety equipment and the speed and the sensors reverse on the commercial vehicles. We looked also for new drivers. We have many accidents with new drivers and because they are usually young, they don't have enough experience driving, so we know that they don't know the risks they have. Also, they think they have more control on the vehicles and they don't. We defined a specific model for the new drivers and also for their local managers. It's important to tell the local managers what they must know about young drivers and what they must do about young drivers, so we prepared also the local managers. And recognition. We make this with choosing our best teams and making competition with road safety and eco-driving components and reward the best drivers. We do lots of things of communications, so we improved the control model also. As part of the control, we have a program of technical visits which site and we check the vehicles. It's very important to have the vehicles in good conditions and safe conditions. And if any vehicle has a high-risk situation, it is stopped and you only go to work after the situation is resolved. The most important of this program is to save lives, to reduce accidents, and this is the most important and this is our goal. Since 2015, we reduced about 80, more than 80,000 lives. If I consider 2022, we will reduce almost 90,000. And this is only what we reduced in absenteeism because we know that the whole accident has much more costs. As I told before, the total number is much higher. Socially, the reduction of accidents contributes to less surfing for the team, for their families and colleagues, and we don't have the power to need to hire other workers. And we have also environmental, financial and sustainable impacts. We have better use of vehicles. Road safety is closely linked with eco-efficient driving. When we make a safe driving, we make also an eco-driving. So the consumption is reduced. And we have also a recriminalization energy program for the fleet. And these two actions, road safety and recriminalization energy, are at the same time. And also, of course, this program has benefits for the companies who make works like this. We have several indicators and here we have the global numbers. We began with 17,000 lives lost and 44,447 accidents in 2014. In the last years, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we had about 250 accidents and we lost about 6,000 days. And we had at the same time a fleet activity increase. Usually, road accidents were the main cause of of absenteeism and CTT. It's the blue line. I can't do it. But it's the blue line. As you see, we were reducing. In 2019, we had a big accident and we lost here. The reduction we had, it was just in the last days of the year. But in 2020, 2021, in 2022, we are at the same level. And the other accidents, the yellow line is is more stable. We have one other indicator interesting that it's the number of days of absenteeism per million kilometers. In 2014, we had about 436 workdays lost by million kilometers. 2020, 2021, 2020 and 2022, we have about 100 days lost by million kilometers. So these tell us that we reduced about 75% of this indicator. And we must also look the numbers of participants in health safety training. In 2014, we had a very small number of participants. We were increasing and now we have about 30,000 participants each year. And we need to remember all the time. And we disseminate contents related to our accidents and also sharing the results and showing the better teams we have in CTT. In CTT, after or since 2015, this work was important to make, to develop health safety culture. Because after all these years, after hundreds of thousands of participants in health safety actions, sharing the response, showing that the responsibility is of all of us. We are with work here around safety culture. And the work is with all the others. We can't do these alone in operations or in food management or everybody has, is important for these results. And especially also the local managers, they have their vehicles, they have their drivers. And so we have lots of actions. Every year we make the diagnosis of the previous year. We, nicely, we see the trends of the indicators. And every year we make a new program for the next year. And we think we have some special, special actions that are important and are different in CTT program. This intervention of all the departments, a dynamic program. We learn every time. When we see the difference on the indicators, we go and we look for what happened when we learn something more. And we adjust new actions or new training actions to solve that problem. It's a problem with continuity. We are working eight years at this moment. Information is important, of course. Intensive cooperation with all levels of management, from the local manager, as I told you before, but also highlighting the top management and the strong support we have of our CEO, João Brant. And the recognition we make with a nice competition, driver's challenge, it's important to have drivers from different parts of the country in a nice meeting. And a nice competition, of course. And a very strong, important paper of communication. We, as I told, we have thousands of drivers across all the country. So we must go there. And we must use the older channels we have. And we use all the variable solutions. And the important message we have is that road accidents, road, it's not a fatality, it's an accident. Road accidents can be managed, road safety can be managed. We can reduce accidents, we can reduce deaths, we can reduce injuries. And it's worth making, fighting this pattern. Because it's the most important thing. We replace a vehicle. We don't replace a person. This is the old page of our project on CTT internet. As you know, as you see, my colleagues of communication had this idea. Because we must remember our drivers, that they have a family, they have children. And they must go home in the end of the day safe. So it's more important to go there safe than to have risks in the road. In this page, we have dozens more than one of the contents we make of all the actions in these years. And these documents are available all the time for local managers to, so they can develop actions on their own initiative. And when they simply think. And look in the time, okay. And I'm trying to show you a smaller, a smaller, yes, a smaller video, not the story. Yes, this is the video. I hope you are able to hear it. Yes, so first of all, thank you very much CTT for organizing and hosting this event. We understand the amount of work that you have to invest to have an event like this. So the recommendations, I don't have a lot of recommendations. I saw that the program is pretty, pretty complete, that you have taken the best exercises that also give a lot of learning to the drivers. So that's great. Our road safety is becoming for more and more members key. We are working on behavior and this is just the tip of the iceberg. Many posts are doing domestic and regional exercises on working on the behavior. And I think we are getting slowly, but rightly, moving in the right direction and getting better on road safety. Efficiency is not only a social program, corporate social responsibility. It's also a profitable question, a question of profitability. And what we see is the more intense the posts are working on CO2 efficiency. We also become more profitable, which is a key topic. And this can be done by investments in better technology, but it also has to do a lot with the behavior of staff. The biggest steps, I believe, in the future will be done by more better behavior of staff, and that will lead to higher efficiency steps. And that's why these exercises are truly important. Six percent to the one before, so 92 was the number second, 98 is the number one. Clear winners, so no doubts. We checked with all legal parties you needed to check with. And it is CTT. It's possible, in terms of... I think the important... oh, sorry. The important... sorry. This is important because we can show the best drivers. And this is only the end of a big process. We work training, good driving, safe driving. We choose our best teams that are... We began with dozens of teams. We have our national competition every year. And the winners of each country go to this international driver's range. Here we have the national... one of the national competition. And it's very important to do this and to show and reward the best drivers. And we have also special important days, like European health safety days. And we want to share with everybody our commitment with health safety. Each worker makes his own commitment and show in public their commitment. The words are important, but of course the most important are the results. But I must recognize that the words we receive are important stimulus for the work, for this work. I don't know if we didn't have these words, if this project would be just the same. We received the first award in 2017 from the European Health Safety Chart. And from the same year, from Istituto Pará, Brazil, we received the prize award from the European Transport Safety Council in 2018. In 2019, we received the manager with purpose from Pará, Brazil, and from the fleet manager of the year from the fleet manager magazine in Portugal. In 2021, we received the nomination for the DECMA award. In 2021, we received the Prince Michael International Heads Road Safety Award. And you don't see these small lines, but I have very important small lines. And in last year, we received a nomination for the European Health Safety Award. We have lots of challenges for the future. If we want to reduce for half the deaths and the injuries in the road accidents, we need to do lots of things. And we have small time. But we must look for, we must go on keeping a careful monitoring of the devotion. Continued attack training and awarding support, training for new vehicle models. And we have electric vehicles. Consolidate a model of recognition of teams and drivers. We have e-commerce, and e-commerce is a big challenge because it's very important for our companies, of course, but we must also think that it has more risks and we must work in reducing those risks. And the last, and I think the most important thing I can share with you is the initiative from UPU related with Health Safety. It's very important that in said year, we have many countries in the world with a high rate of road accidents. And we must look for postal companies. We must disseminate good health safety practice like in this webinar and inviting other operators with good, also good practice and sharing also. We want to have a guide for the development and implementation of a road safety program. It's only a guide, but it's important for the operators that doesn't have still a problem. We think we have also, we need also a strong cooperation between operators. If CTT can help other operators with this experience, we must do that. If other operators, I know, I think that other operators could also have important work in this road safety. Training the new, the responsibility in these operators to develop the new right to the new road safety programs. We would like to recognize the best work in this area with the creation of the UPU Health Safety Award. And we would like also to have annual global UPU Health Safety Conference to allow every post companies to share their own work. And finally, we need top management support in each operator and in UPU, of course. We have also a simple proposal like the commitment of postal operators and the acceleration of UPU Health Safety lines. I don't know, it's the end of my presentation. I think now Don must tell something. We have about seven or eight minutes yet. Okay. Thanks. Thanks, Josie. I'm Lay. So a very good timing. So for all you haven't know me, my name is Lay. I'm working for transfer related activities here in Universal Postal Union. And thanks, Josie, for your sharing based on your very profound analysis and profound insight. So I would like to know anyone online here would like to, you know, ask a few questions to Josie, because we maybe we can have a three or four minutes Q&A session because we maybe we need to close this webinar at four PM. So if anyone has a question, you can just raise your virtual hand so I can give the floor to you. And Josie can help take the answer, take the question. I don't see here. Maybe here. No. No one raised their hand. No. I think we have still about six minutes. Yeah, six minutes left. If someone has some questions, of course, later you can always contact me. I think my contacts are here, my mail, my phone. But we have four minutes now, I suppose. If you want, you can raise your hand and you can make some questions if you want. If you don't want, okay. Just wait two minutes. So if no one asks the questions, I will try to close this webinar by saying some a few words. Okay. Okay, so I would like to thank Josie first. You are very excellent. Thank you for sharing this, you know, with very detailed information and practical information. I'm really impressed by the case study you share with us. And let us know that road safety is everyone's responsibility. I think we all have our parts to do and we all have our role to play. So this is my, you know, very thoughts, understanding after your presentation. And also on behalf of my team, I would also like to express my gratitude to all the participants online here. I can see that there are still 24 participants here. Thank you. Thank you for coming without you. This webinar cannot be possible. I think it's very important that we all come together for such a dialogue from time to time and focus on specific topic and important topics like safety and security. And I do hope that some of the information you pick up today from this webinar and take home can be useful and can help you to some extent can better understand, you know, very complex situation and the very significant challenges when it comes to safety and security in our environment, especially in the postal sector and the supply chain. And just now we can see that there is a survey at the end of this webinar. This will tell us more about what your major concerns are and will also let us know what should be the top priorities to focus on this topic. So we would appreciate it if you can take a few minutes to go through the survey and let us know your point, let us know your voice. This will definitely help us to drive some activities forward. Okay. Thank you. Thank you very much. Take care. Bye. Bye.


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