I would now like to introduce Kate Maher. Kate is a professor in the Department of Earth System Science at Stanford, and Kate will be facilitating our session on carbon mineralization and introduces two speakers. Over to you, Kate. Great. Thank you, Sarah. Good morning, everyone. It's my pleasure to introduce the topic of mineral carbonation and our two speakers. So the idea that carbon dioxide reacting with silicate minerals to form stable carbonate minerals, the idea that this can present a nearly permanent sink for carbon was first proposed in 1845 by a French mining engineer named Jacques Abelman. If we fast forward 180 years, we now know that the general process of mineral carbonation has been responsible for the long-term stability of Earth's climate by setting the base level removal rate of atmospheric CO2. We also know that the rate at which carbon is processed naturally through the scheme of CO2 reacting with silicate minerals is about a factor of 80 to 100 times slower than the rate at which we are emitting CO2 today. So you can really think about what that means in terms of volumes of reactants and products to scale this idea of mineral carbonation up to the level that we need it to be. And so I know we don't have a lot of geologists in the meeting, so one of the additional things that I'll add as context about mineral carbonation is that many of the minerals and glasses we would like to react with CO2 for alkalinity and base cations are actually really similar in structure to materials, including the glasses and ceramics that we think of or that have been proposed for permanent storage of nuclear waste. And so we're dealing with materials that, at least at the level of the rocks that they're encompassing, tend to be very, very non-reactive. And so that's an overarching challenge that we will discuss and consider in this session. And so given these constraints on volumes and rates, how do we scale this natural process to be part of the solution? So to that end, our speakers will introduce us to two strategies. The first will be in-situ or geologic storage in igneous or volcanic rocks. And the second speaker will talk about ex-situ or above ground storage, largely working with waste products. And then of course at the end, we will have a conversation about the areas of convergence and divergence in terms of technical and technological needs. So please feel free to hold your, to provide your questions now or hold them at the end and we'll do our best to address them. And so with that, I want to introduce our first speaker who is Don DePaolo. Don received his PhD in geology from Caltech and he's been a professor of geology and geochemistry first at UCLA and then at UC Berkeley. He is now currently the graduate professor of geochemistry and the chancellor's professor emeritus at UC Berkeley. Don is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and is widely recognized for his research using isotopic measurements as tracers and kilometers. I'll also just add quickly that Don was director of the LBNL or Sciences Division as well as associate laboratory director for energy sciences at LBNL. So you have a long history of thinking about the context of geology and energy systems and including leading a US DOE energy frontier research center on nanoscale controls on geologic CO2. So thank you Don and feel free to share your screen and take it away. Okay, so let me start with this perspective. So this is kind of the challenge with mineralization and Kate mentioned this. We're currently putting CO2 in the atmosphere at about 37 gigatons per year and this diagram comes from a paper that I did a few years ago and we're just dumping it into this upper box here that has the atmosphere the biosphere soils in the surface ocean processes within those redistribute it but the only output back to the geologic reservoirs is the natural carbon mineralization by rock weathering and that's estimated to be about one gigaton per year. So the problem basically the climate problem is that one is a lot smaller than 37 and the challenge for carbon mineralization is scaling it up to the point where it can make a difference and I think that you know the way to look at this is that we've managed to increase the emissions from one which is the normal background to 37 and it might very well be possible to increase the mineralization from one to at least four or five so that it's contributing to this to mitigation. So a few statements that show where I'm coming from with this. Subsurface mineral carbonation is kind of a form of carbon storage but it's maybe attractive because the CO2 ends up in a permanently immobilized state. Rocks that are appropriate for mineralization as Kate mentioned have sufficient abundance of calcium magnesium and iron so that they can combine with CO2 to make carbonates and those rocks are typically basalt andesite and puridotite. To achieve subsurface mineralization this is a point that I think is important takes a little time probably hundreds of years at scale and it's not generally instantaneous so some people have been sort of selling this as an instant way to turn CO2 into rock. I think at the scale we're talking about gigatons it won't be instantaneous I'll show you some modeling on that. To achieve extensive mineralization requires getting the CO2 charged water into intimate contact with a large volume of rock that's not easy but it's possible and keeping the CO2 and the subsurface long enough to allow the mineralization. So this is a key issue here how do you keep the CO2 down there long enough to allow it to react and I think another general point that I'd like to make is that using igneous rocks, volcanic rocks largely for CO2 disposal may be important because many populated areas around the world do not have appropriate geology for saline formation geological carbon storage. You saw the nice maps that were shown in the context with BEX of the United States which has lots of storage potential most places in the world are not like that. Okay so here's a simple actually a little bit complicated table of various targets for mineral subsurface mineralization and then some of the characteristics that you'll have to deal with. So what I've listed here is onshore basalt formations, onshore volcanic sedimentary formations and onshore ultramafic rocks and then if you go to the marine settings you can look at coastal volcanic rocks and volcanic sediments and deep sea basalt. So things that you want to think about is are there any opportunities for structural trapping that will keep the CO2 down there and actually one of the things that comes into play in submarine environments is that the bottom of the ocean is very cold and actually below about 500 meters it's cold and at those temperatures CO2 hydrate is stable so CO2 may freeze in the presence of water. Perosity permeability and I could have written injectivity there probably it's about the best you can do for these rocks because unlike sedimentary rocks where you can potentially produce oil they haven't been drilled a lot and characterized a lot in detail so we're guessing a lot on how permeable and what the injectivity might be. The other question is whether you need to pre-dissolve the CO2 in water before you reject it. You may be familiar with the carbfix experiment in Iceland. Their strategy is to pre-dissolve the CO2 before and then inject CO2 charged water into the system. This means that you don't have to worry about structural trapping but it reduces the amount of CO2 you can you can inject per well by a large factor partly due to the fact you need to use a lot of water. So the injection rate I put here are numbers that have come from the people working on this for onshore basalt like at carbfix it's about 10 kilotons per year which is a pretty small number but I think there are places where you could potentially inject supercritical CO2 directly and maybe get up to half a gigaton or half a megaton or am I talking about 500 kilotons half a megaton per year per well. Okay let me sort of talk about this in terms of a standard CO2 storage situation this shows you the sort of context of a reservoir scale simulation where you have an injection well you have a layer of a reservoir porous permeable sandstone at about two kilometers depth that's maybe 40 meters thick and it's got a lid on the top of it a so-called seal formation with very low permeability and you just inject the CO2 through the well and let it go out into the formation and imagine this being sort of a radially symmetric situation and so to test the mineralization efficiency we can just sort of vary the amount of reactive minerals that have calcium magnesium and iron in the sandstone and we can do this in an imaginary fashion you're going to have to have a real sandstone and just see what happens and if you look in the literature this has been done quite a few times and I think the figure on the left here is the main thing that I want to I want to show you which is that if you plot the percent of the CO2 that's been mineralized after 500 years in the simulation against the volume percent of reactive minerals in the rock you get a very simple relationship here now most of these people are using similar software in fact the same software in many cases but this is what you expect that there aren't any very many other factors coming into play other than if you have the right minerals there you have the availability of these cations you will mineralize the CO2 and the finger on the right tries to give you an idea of how variable the time scale is for the mineralization and it varies if you don't have very much mineralization going on it's a little variable but once you get up to the point where you are it's not variable it's pretty well determined okay so one of the issues is how fast is that mineralization process actually happen there's about three or four factors that go into calculating that but one of them is the inherent dissolution rate of the key minerals so two of the key minerals are clino pyroxene and plagioclase and these other chemical formulas in case you've forgotten them and this is a plot of the reactive or the dissolution rate constant so basically this is one factor that you need to know in order to predict how fast these minerals are going to dissolve it's on a log scale and basically at the temperatures of typical CO2 storage you're talking if you look at the range of values that are have been used in the literature they expand about three or four orders of magnitude between 50 and 80 degrees C so this is a kind of problem so if if you have a model like the previous one I showed you if you pick reaction rate constants that are close to the top of this range you'll get a lot of mineralization in a hundred or 500 years if you pick something near the bottom you won't get any mineralization so this you know looks like a big problem but I think this is something we can address there haven't been very many recent experiments done on this but this is something we could firm up I think okay the last thing I want to talk about is this the idea of how do you keep CO2 in the subsurface long for a long time and I want to tell you about a project that we're working on in Hawaii the idea of injecting CO2 into volcanic rocks in the oceans this little dot here is the right at the Hilo airport if you've ever been there and this is offshore bathymetry up in the upper right here's a sort of picture of what the subsurface might look like and what the temperatures are and and the density of CO2 so because the temperatures happen to be low because there's cold seawater circulating through the rocks the CO2 is pretty dense so the the attractiveness of this type of environment is that the low temperatures make the CO2 less buoyant there's a huge amount of basalt there there's actually six kilometers of thickness of basalt under Hilo you could presumably inject pure CO2 you don't have to pre-dissolve it and there's a combination of dissolution capillary and mineral trapping as well as CO2 hydrate formation that could come into play in immobilizing the CO2 so I mean just as an example we've done some injection models of this we've simplified the geology here this shows how cold it is in the subsurface in this drill core that we have there and and basically we we've done a simulation of injecting 50 million tons of CO2 over 100 years and it stays down there and over on the right you can see that about somewhere between 50 and 75 percent of it gets either mineralized or dissolved over 500 years so this is an environment that hasn't been considered very much but I think has potential and could be you can find similar places around the world so the summary is there are a number of different onshore offshore and coastal options there's a trade-off between injecting as pre-dissolve CO2 or as supercritical or liquid CO2 pre-dissolving CO2 limits the amount you can inject per well and requires a lot of water the mineral dissolution rates at low temperature should be firmed up mineralization in general will not be instantaneous when injection is at the scale needed to make a difference and these low temperature marine settings may have some advantages for results so our next figure is Greg Dippel from the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of British Columbia Greg studies processes and driving forces for mineral fluid interaction and you know students over the years have conducted a bunch of really wonderful field experimental and modeling studies to show that weathering of alkaline mine waste is vastly accelerated over background levels and so getting at this problem of these slow inherent natural rates and so thank you Greg and feel free to start great thank you Kate good morning everyone yeah I'll continue on with a discussion of carbon mineralization focusing specifically on XC2 mineralization and I thought I would just take take the title and dissect it a little bit to explain what I mean by that so we're really looking at processes that happen above ground in mineralization we're taking cations such as calcium and magnesium predominantly and we're combining them with carbon dioxide in the context of carbon removal we need to do that from air either directly or indirectly the cations are derived typically from minerals or industrial solid waste and the co2 can come directly from the air or it can come in more concentrated streams like we might get through DAC or BEX as we saw earlier this morning the ultimate fate of the minerals can depend on the deployment they can end up in soils essentially in the process of weathering within soils they can end up being stored long-term within the industrial waste storage facilities these are large facilities that already exist on the scale of billions of tons per year tens of billions of tons per year there's a potential utilization component in terms of developing building products that may have some application and finally some some people actually consider that the this material could reside or reside long-term as alkalinity within aqueous solutions such as rivers or oceans but I won't focus on that today given that mineralization to me generally would mean that we make minerals not dissolved minerals hit one here so I'm going to quickly go through the take-home points that I wanted to make today and then I will maybe highlight a few of these points one is the the capacity in the long term is probably going to be on the order of five to ten gigatons per year probably closer to five the cost is typically quoted at thirty two hundred dollars per ton for a number of reasons including some raised earlier today I think you know we really should be thinking about processes that are closer to two hundred dollars a ton especially if we're doing both the capture and the mineralization this increases the capacity and it also highlights that mineral storage being effectively geologic means that it's extremely durable and would have potentially fairly high value the capacity that's listed on the order you know five to ten gigatons per year the real issue here is that most of that capacity currently isn't deployable at a rate that's significant so the issue here is around finding ways to use that capacity and accelerating processes so that it happens at a rate that means something and generally we can do that through either prospect prospecting or seeking out the reactive material that's inherently highly reactive or using treatment treatments or enhancements to create that reactivity in terms of research needs to move this forward we need to think about capacity in terms of rate and so we really need to start to look inventory what is being produced what exists historically and what might be produced in the future we need to we need to figure out these treatments or enhancements for reactivity and be able to deploy them at scale and at relatively low cost and lastly many of the models being or the methods being put out for for carbon mineralization are relying on relatively simplistic geochemical models and we need to we need to really up the game on these reactive transport models that involve exchange between the gases liquids and minerals and we need to validate and calibrate them with with large-scale field studies and with those kinds of tools we can I think better assess the issues in terms of impact for land water usage cost potential pollution and other impacts. Permanence as I referred to earlier is for virtually geological so it's highly durable I'll talk a little bit about verification and maybe some paths forward for this for this approach. So the process here is one whereby we dissolve cations we combine them with CO2 and we use them to make carbonate minerals which gives us virtually permanent storage. The idea here is that in capture from air we're typically limited by the rate of CO2 capture and when we supply concentrated CO2 like you might do from Dacrobex then we really are limited by mineral dissolution so to increase rate we need to make those minerals dissolve quickly. The capacity numbers are typically thrown out come from papers like this from Renforth and Birling this looks at rates of alkaline waste production for several different scenarios into the future. Another thing that's talked about is mineral amendments to soil this is actually an amalgamated figure I put two figures together from the Birling et al paper and the point here is it really shows in the green lower numbers on a country by country basis the amount of capture gigatons of CO2 per year as a function of deployment versus the actual amount of solid material needed. So the mineral amendments isn't really included in that 5 to 10 gigaton scale it has a total of about two gigatons per year but it's going to require a lot of mining to get there not a lot of new mining to get there. So these are some data from some studies we've done when we look at mineral dissolution rates we see typically that that industrial materials and mine tailings which are finely crushed rock as a waste stream from mine really have two classes of reactivity we have a fraction that reacts hundreds of times faster than hundreds of times faster than bulk stoichiometric mineral dissolution which would kind of be your textbook rate. So the key here is finding those materials where a significant fraction is in that labial fraction and so in this case here the plot on the left is an actual mine tailings from a mine that produces 11 million tons of tailings per year and if five to seven percent of those tailings reactive capacity is labial that means we have an option for actually using it for direct air capture and the plot on the right just shows some of the diversity across a number of different minerals, mines and industrial waste types that we've looked at and we can see that it's extremely variable and that the reaction rate varies over many orders of magnitude and these data come from far from equilibrium of flow through dissolution reactor studies that we do at UBC. Just as we can we can prospect for these highly reactive materials we can also move curves from the left to the right through chemical treatments and enhancements. So it's just a quick point on how we might look to prospect for these materials this is a result of a recent study Mitch and Synodallic preliminary report was released late last year final report and do it later this year and by Geoscience BC which is government funding agency this map on the left runs through Central British Columbia from the Washington border all the way up to the Yukon border and this study basically looked at existing geological and geophysical data to do inversions of over 200 ultramarific rock bodies to identify those that were highly serpentinized because we find that serpentinized ultramarific rocks have a much higher proportion of labial magnesium and from that we estimate that there's enough serpentinized the left enough labial magnesium and serpentinized ultramarific rocks in the top kilometer of the crust within British Columbia to mineralize 56 gigatons of CO2 in total this is about 800 years of BC's greenhouse gas emissions to put it in in perspective of course we don't want to mine all the thousands of cubic kilometers as that implies but it allows us to identify opportunities where we might be able to co-develop this with development of precious or battery metals or other opportunities so this is the idea that we can use tools from mineral exploration to identify optimal areas to deploy carbon mineralization as well for large-scale validation we really need to to do reactive transport modeling in these complex systems but we need to do them at large scale and deploy them with with validate them and calibrate them against field data this is a result of one such model which just looked at the effect of of moving a mine in western Australia to different climates around the world and showed how the anticipated rate of CO2 capture from air can be substantially affected by climate in this particular instance so as we develop and improve and calibrate and validate these models they're going to give us a lot of important information on impacts as well as permanence and durability monitoring and verification I think is in mine tailings is relatively straightforward we certainly deploy a combination of geochemical techniques measuring solid carbonate content before and after large-scale fields experiments and we couple them with soil gas chamber flux systems and eddy covariance systems essentially we're comparing mass balances from the gas phase and the atmosphere above the mine tailings and contrasting that against cumulative carbonate uptake as measured by the total carbonate content in the material after a period of time and when we find good convergence between those methods essentially comparing mass balance in the solid mineral phases against mass balances in the gas phase above it when we find convergence we have a fair bit of confidence that the carbonate is being sequestered and mineralized in real time the last point I was wanted to make was that you know there's a lot of complexity within these individual systems I thought I'd use the example of battery middle mining in particular nickel mining to show some of the complexity so these bars here are tons of CO2 mineralized or emitted per tonne of tailings finally ground rock per year the red bars on the left show three different existing mines depending on whether or not it's high pressure acid leach laterate nickel mine versus a nickel sulfide mine versus a nickel mine running in a jurisdiction like British Columbia where the electricity generation is by hydroelectricity we can see that the carbon footprint there's there's fleet emissions which are difficult to grab as a point source often we have electricity generation on site within a mine so we potentially can use electricity generation as a point source of CO2 we find that the labial fraction or the reactivity of tailings actually depends on the concentration of CO2 so single tailings sample will have a different capacity or a different labial magnesium fraction depending on whether or not we're feeding it air flue gas or a hundred percent CO2 but a lot of the reactivity it comes can be can be accessed simply with reaction with air we can think that we can match the dark colors against across the horizontal axis here and we can use air captured offset truck emissions point sources to for flue gas capture and if we prospect for the highly reactive tailings that would be the green column on the far left that represents an opportunity for many of these mine operations to operate negative in terms of CO2 emissions and on the far right I show a you know where we're going to into the future so first of all I think that we will be driving we will be driving the mining of metals like nickel that are essential for electrification of transportation away from deposit types like laterites which inherently have a high carbon footprint towards the sulfide type deposits which have an inherently lower carbon footprint of mining once we move them across to renewable energy and we look at transformation of the haul fleet away from fossil fuel combustion we and if we also combine that with prospecting for highly reactive mine tailings materials we have the potential to create a significant capacity to not only completely offset the emissions of mining but also generate net negative mining and carbon removal from the atmosphere in the same industrial processes that we are using to generate the nickel which we need for our Teslas and our car batteries so I put this forward as an example that I think these kinds of these are the shorter turn up term opportunities that will give us confidence and pathways to deploying mineralization at larger scales so with that I will leave it at that just again emphasizing the points some in from five through ten really emphasizing some future needs and areas of focus for future research great thank you Greg we're going to go ahead and turn to the panel discussion and I want to I want to ask both Greg and Don for their perspectives on mineral kinetics but I want to start with Greg because you talked about the need for either prospecting to find these more labial materials or developing treatments and so I'm curious if you could comment on you know what are some of the treatments that seem most promising what are the different factors cost energy that need to be considered are there any that look like they might be cost effective and then on the flip side of that in terms of the prospecting what controls the label labial magnesium fraction and are the mining companies at all incentivized to help map out that potential quality great thanks yeah no good good questions you know in terms of um accelerating mineral dissolution to create more labial cations um you know the the the the gold medal there would be to to optimize uh feldspar discussion because there's feldspar and so abundant in the crust and also so many of the largest metal mines in the world are in feldspar and feldspar rich rocks that's an incredibly hard nut to crack I'm not sure but if someone could figure that out that would be a massive game changer in terms of of of mineralization I think you know we're currently going back and looking at at modifications or treatments that we dismissed five or ten years ago as being too expensive because now we really see the long-term carbon price at being closer to 200 per ton and that actually allows you to think about using techniques that you know we certainly had set aside previously because we were focused on sort of $50 per ton solutions I think if we're doing capture and mineralization we should actually be targeting the one to two hundred dollar per ton processes because those would be deployable at a significant scale and maybe generate the benefit that we the benefit that we need in terms of the prospecting for our um labial cations it's very much it's predominantly mineralogically controlled and we're starting to build a good understanding of that we see that it's highly variable we've done that we've we built sort of proxy models where we can compute mineralogy from exploration geochemistry and we've developed um you know based on eight or ten thousand exploration analyses we've built three-dimensional models of the distribution of labial cations within say a billion ton nickel deposit we find it's highly variable and that the top you know two to three percent of the material has extremely high labial cation contents and and we've validated that by by going out and collecting that material and analyzing it in the lab so there are as a small fraction that's highly reactive within individual deposits and continuous over several meters of drill core length when these when these deposits are grilled if those really if that few percent of these ultromethic rocks can if we can figure out how to mine them selectively in a way that has a low carbon footprint and not and not to not a large stripping ratio then we really are enabling you know that would be that would be a game changer within these deposits you can imagine if you had capacity within British Columbia alone for 50 plus gigatons you only if you only got one percent of that that would still be a very significant rate of carbon mineralization within within the context of British Columbia alone and also you'd be really reducing the amount of mining if you can if you can find ways to do this selective mining so those are technologies and approaches that the mining industry has to come up with in reference to your last question they are strongly motivated you know several of the biggest mining companies in the world have declared that they will become carbon neutral and they have no idea how they're going to get there by and large I think but also there's a significant players in the mining industry are the junior companies they're the ones that actually find the deposits most of the nickel deposits we work on are being developed by junior companies and they just want to sell it up the food chain to the larger companies and if they can demonstrate high really high reactivity to CO2 in the last 12 to 18 months that's become a game changer in how the interactions between the juniors and the multinationals go so there's a huge amount of motivation within the mining industry to figure this out. Interesting thanks Guy. Don I want to turn to you with a similar question in terms of your perspective on you know chemical treatments or other physical treatments that you guys have been thinking about for volcanic rocks to to manage some of the injectivity problems that you might face you know what do you see as being potentially important to address in that in that area of the kinetics of in situ injection? Well I think the the biggest problem is to get some reliable data on what the rocks are like as they are now. You know if you're working on materials sitting at the surface you can do some tests on them but you have to work in wells and you have to it's expensive to work downhole and so the question is whether there's going to be enough interest from people who are willing to fund this kind of thing to do the downhole work that's going to be necessary to characterize things like reactivity and injectivity in basalts as you know the ones that we think might be reasonable targets. Once we have that information we might have some ideas about how to improve it but I think you know the problem with operating at scale is that if you're going to do gigatons you sort of have to have the natural resource giving you what you need. It's hard to change it and do that economically especially if it's underground. And kind of related questions on you know you've mentioned the majority of demonstration sites, CarpFix and the PNNL site were really low injection rates and often CO2 mixed with water. If you really were able to propose you know what's the next step up in scale that we should be thinking about to understand this process better. Do you have like a conceptual model on hand in terms of a field test that you would like to see happen? Well what it comes down to is what is the vertical permeability of sections of basalt that are thick enough that you would be confident to be able to inject into them at the appropriate depth. You know right now CarpFix, the other problem is you know if you could instantly mineralize the CO2 then you wouldn't have to worry about it. I just don't think that that's likely. CarpFix in their second you know the first version of CarpFix they only injected a couple hundred tons of CO2 and they got most of that mineralized I think but now they're injecting about 10,000 tons per year but they're injecting it into a geothermal system at 250 degrees C where they can pretty much guarantee that the reactions are going to go fast enough to mineralize the CO2 but you know restricting the that strategy to geothermal systems in basalts is very restrictive. I mean that's not going to be very many places around the world where you can do that or would you where you would want to and they're still only up to 10,000 tons per well per year so I think we need to find places where we can you know throw the CO2 in there as pure CO2 and expect it to stay down there and be dissolved mineralized frozen into hydrate or whatever it takes but I think in the long run it will get mineralized but it might be a thousand years before it gets mineralized. The main point is to make sure it doesn't come back up and you're not going to have a shale or some you know really low permeability sedimentary rock to cap it but there may be enough variability and low permeability layers in these basalt sections that it will stay down there but we need to do those those will be field tests and again once there's a commitment from you know in the U.S. it would be the Department of Energy or some private you know philanthropists to say well okay we've got to figure out what we can do with basalts then the this level of funding might be available to do the downhole test to get started. You're making me wonder too about characterization methods because I my understanding of seismic characterization that's so widely used in oil and gas does not work very well in these basaltic basins. Where do you see as a sort of characterization need in all of this? Do you have to do it from wells or are there other things we could be trying to to develop to really map these basins and their potential? I think they're you know obviously if you can do seismic you're a lot better off because you can characterize large volumes of the subsurface that way. Electromagnetics might be helpful too but eventually you have to ground truth some of it with well data so the whole thing needs to be done. We need more well information coupled with tests on what we can do with seismic and electromagnetic. Greg I also had some some questions for you thinking about sort of the second step in the process so we've talked about reactivity and kinetics there's this CO2 delivery stage and I think you mentioned both being able to use tailings as direct air capture as well as kind of point source. I'm also curious how those would differ and what opportunities there might be from a more industrial type of setting but also you know you've sort of touched on this but I'm really curious about water how much water do you need to really make the direct air capture an efficient process for these tailings? Yeah, no water is a major issue so we're kind of pushing two different technologies one is reaction definitely with the atmosphere and for that we are manipulating and managing the surfaces of these large tailing storage facilities so at a typical nickel mine the tailing storage facility might have a surface area of about 15 square kilometers. So there are large industrial storage facilities and we can substantially increase the rate by which they capture CO2 from air by managing the water content and by doing essentially churning or stirring so that we're bringing up fresh material keeping in mind that these tailings storage facilities they continually laying down fresh material so on the time scale of months or so the surface will be refreshed with new reactive material already but on the basis of the industrial process and so it's really the water content that we manage for is you know 10 to 20 percent of tailings by mass which is what it will normally inherently hold if it's drained so usually the water issue for air capture is too much water not enough and then water is recirculated within the process circuit within an operating mine so that it's it's not new water usage it's more the usage of the of the process water unfortunately almost all mines have a water problem either they have too little water or they have too much and so there's always water management is one major issue for mines generally and so it will have an impact on operations if you're trying trying trying to do that for the capture at higher concentrations we rely basically on injection and so for that to work we really need the higher concentrations of CO2 and we also need pneumatic permeability within the tailings so we typically look at you know some mine types like diamond mining they already generate both a fine and a coarse stream and we find that by blending those back together in the proportion at which they're produced produces a material that's both reactive but also has relatively low permeabilities at these similar water contents so the technology that's being scaled up and starting to be used in mines is is something called dry stack tailings that's where the industry is moving because it gets rid of the need for water saturated tailings and large dams which have huge safety risks and so the industry is moving towards new storage technologies that are actually quite well situated to allow for injection within those materials if the tailings are reactive respond is there any calculation method to predict the release or behavior of cations in different rock structures um if i understand the the question right i mean at what rate will they be released from the minerals to be available to make make new carbonate minerals yeah i think the question is is related to your maybe your slide don where you were talking about you know we know the kinetics of these different minerals we have a big amalgamation of different minerals how can we what methods do we use to predict the release from those rock packages um well what we do is use the parameters that we can get out of literature that come from experiments and apply them to the rocks and the way this works is that if the reactions are going really fast then there's a lot of things that can come into play to slow them down but if they're not going that fast then you we can predict it reasonably well and it comes down to whether we know those reaction rate constants well enough and um so my view of this is we can predict these things but we need to need to be a little bit more confident in the basic data that we're inputting and i think also just to add to that the surface area that's actually exposed to the fluid in a real porous media is also a challenge that's very hard to characterize we can do things for some single minerals but it's hard to get to that composite porous media without adding a lot of uncertainty yeah i mean if the reactions are going fast the surface area term is going to be really important if they're going slow that may not be the limiting issue because the surface the surface area that you need is going to be going to be exposed on a long time scale so um it depends on what you're trying to do if you're trying to do what greg is trying you know talking about at the surface you want the reactions to go fast you need to know the surface area that you're exposing to the to the reactive liquids think of the subsurface you'll get the exposure on a hundred year time scale thanks don i see sarah popping on which probably means that we're out of time and needs to move to the next panel great thank you uh greg don and kate that was a wonderful discussion


everyone and Taja Hao in Chinese. I'm Humiko Kato, the founder and CEO of The Amazing. The Amazing is a startup company providing service for inbound travelers. Inbound travelers means that travelers from all over the world coming to Japan. We started a service one year ago and today I want to talk here about The Amazing Challenge. How Japan could access 40 million travelers from the world. A question. How many of you here have experienced like that? Leached as a part of your destination abroad, pull out your smartphone and find that you are out of your service area and can't use this. Won't you hate it if when it happens? The same problem inbound travelers facing on every day in Japan. Lack of free Wi-Fi location is the biggest problem for inbound travelers. The Amazing can solve this problem with this single package. A SIM card is included in this box. Travelers need to do is just pop on the SIM card into their smartphone and easily connect to the internet with The Amazing app. Wait a second. Yeah, big cities like Tokyo, we have so many Wi-Fi location spots, but rural area or local area in Japan, still now we had very few Wi-Fi spots. But with SIM card, inbound travelers can connect to the internet wherever they go to. Let's take a look how our trip might start out with The Amazing app. They show QR code with The Amazing app and push the button. They can get this box and pop in the smartphone easily connect to the internet. Wasn't it cool? Wasn't it cool? So easy. Yes, The Amazing app has some functions. One of its function is controlling SIM card. They can activate SIM card by using The Amazing app so easily, and they can also make reservation of hotels and activities through The Amazing app. Yes, The Amazing is a service that introduce people from all over the world to the wonders of Japan, like nature, food, culture, hotels. The complete Japanese experience, the biggest problem is how to introduce people to this service. This is really good, cool service, but nobody knows this is nonsense. So we decided to offer free incentive. In fact, we provide this SIM card for free up to 15 days and up to 500 megabytes of data communications. And The Amazing SIM card is really easy to pick up. The Amazing started at Narita Airport one year before. The Amazing machine set up at prime locations right next to the rival lobby. And The Amazing service is growing up now, so you can pick up Amazing SIM card at 15 airports across Japan now, including Haneda International Airport, Narita, and the Central area near Nagoya, and Kansai International airports. By doing this, The Amazing can reach over 80% of inbound travelers. When we started The Amazing service, our goal is reaching 80% of inbound travelers. Now, we did it within only one year. Our service started in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and additional to big news next week, we will start launch our service in mainland China. Why we choose this service to launch in Hong Kong and Taiwan and mainland China first? Because neighborhood country, Asian, major inbound travelers coming from these three areas. And I said we decided to provide this SIM card for free to spread our service to all over the world. Let's see how it worked. On the very first day we launched our service, the Hong Kong media talked about The Amazing on their Facebook, and it quickly gained over 12,000 likes and 3,000 comments and the 6,000 share. The numbers up and stores continue to grow, as you see. So as a result, we had had have this type of crowd in the front of The Amazing machine every day in the everywhere at the airport in Japan. Yeah, we introduced people all around the world to the wonders of Japan on The Amazing app. The strength of The Amazing, before inbound travelers coming to Japan, they have already installed this app, registered personal information like email, name, nationality and set their travel schedule and also which airport they are arriving and get out. So we can recommend personalized suitable travel plan to them. Have a mobile travel agency in their phone. They can find nice restaurants or activities in their smartphone and they also can book make reservation of hotels or activities through The Amazing app. For example, in this winter over 10,000, over more, so many inbound travelers enjoyed snow activities in Japan's snow resort through The Amazing app like this. And additional to that, if they book hotels or activities through The Amazing app, they can get extra data charge of SIM card. In fact, this market, inbound travel market is guaranteed to grow up reaching over 40 million travelers in 2020. Its total consumption would be 80 billion dollars. It's so huge. I want to grow our app to be used by 5 million of these 40 million users. I believe Japan has really rich resources in tourism in the world and yet most travelers coming to Japan simply don't know enough of them. The Amazing can solve these problems too. The Amazing can make best match with Japanese rich resources of travel and inbound travelers. I started The Amazing company one year and a half ago with five members. Now more than 20 members from various areas, different areas, join our team and make work hard to make our dream. Many different areas, international Eastern Asian international team members come from Hong Kong and Taiwan and mainland China. The Amazing means the combination of the world, Japan and Amazing. Yes, we want to make the tourism industry a key industry of Japan in the 21st century. This market has benefits for everyone. Inbound travelers can benefit by enjoying Japanese rich resources and Japan industry can benefit by bringing them in their business. The Amazing would be a platform to combine the both. So please connect with The Amazing and challenge, let's challenge together to the huge and new and growing this market. Thank you.


Hi, this is Stu Miniman with wikibond.com, here at the work bar in Cambridge, Massachusetts, digging into some of the areas of open source contributors, coding, and joining me really are my, you know, advocate for this session is the developer advocate from Bashow. Matt Brender. Matt, thank you for joining me. My pleasure, Stu. Thanks for having me. So, you know, Matt, you know, I've had you're a podcaster, you're heavily active in the community, doing a lot with the meetups, and for some reason I don't know how you haven't been on the Cube yet, so thank you so much. Welcome to the community. You'll be a Cube alumni after this. Honored to be joining the ranks. All right.  There's lots of events going on, and we know that open source is having a greater and greater impact on what's happening in the community today, a quote you hear sometimes as software is eating the world and open source is eating software. And as that, there was actually a new survey that came out last week called the future of open source, excuse me, and that really looked at, you know, it was a couple of thousand people, what companies are doing, who's contributing and the like. So I wanted to start, Matt, get some of your feedback on what we saw there. The actual, the webcast of the event was held here in Cambridge. I think it was North Lakes, I believe is the venture, and Black Duck is a company that helps companies understand what they're doing with open source and manage that environment. So let's start with the survey if we can. You know, open source has been around for, I mean, a couple of decades now. It's not new, but really feel that in the last few years, it's hitting a new inflection point. More companies are using it, and more importantly, more companies are contributing to it. So if I say, if I say to you that, you know, it's now 64% of companies are contributing to open source, does that resonate with you? What's your feedback from what you say? Yeah, absolutely. When you say 64%, I just think, wow, I think there's a 36% of people that didn't get polled correctly, because whether you realize it or not, a big chunk of what is contributing to people's productivity and ability to develop the new application stack, which is very integrated and layered and modular, people, if they're not directly taking open source and integrating it, they're being inspired by the way open source is progressing and using those heuristics and algorithms in their own work. Yeah, I mean, another stat that was interesting, it said, you know, how many companies are actually using open source? I think high 60s, low 70s, I don't remember the number, but the counter to that is how many companies say they aren't using open source was like 3%.  So, you know, how important is open source to companies that you talked to? I mean, if one way of taking a look at that is to think about how ever present it is in our conversation in industries that haven't always been speaking about open source. So open source, you know, there's certainly a lot of presence in the front end web development world. It's been a large part of the conversation and then the operating system layer, you know, with Linux and far before even, but what's really fascinating to me is to see this trickling into the enterprise IT land, in particular, I mean, VMware has open source projects available now including Photon, which is getting, I'm happy to say more of the early people that opened a pull request against Photon trying to add some value to the ecosystem and just every big tech company and Docker is just the absolute like presence there. Anyone that is evolving in a large scale, they're growing through this large ecosystem of users online and, you know, that is all kind of taken under the phrase open source. Yeah, so, you know, my background is heavily on the infrastructure side. I'm a networking guy at heart and standards were what defined so much of what we used in enterprise IT for the longest time. And one of the challenges is standards. They take a long time to develop. There was always that argument of, is it proprietary? Is it standard area? Can we wait for the standards to come in and get? And open source is very different. It's more about it's about speed, it's about collaboration. It's about, you know, delivering value back to the companies that are participating in any comments on that? Well, yeah, you said it from a particular angle. You said it from like the value is in the company is getting a return in some sense of technical skill. I like to, I mean, as a developer advocate in particular, I focus on the individual. And the more individuals I speak with that are either contributing to the React community that Bash was a part of or to a broader ecosystem, they generally have some skin in the game, but they want to give back and they want to increase their skills and learn from others. So the collection of those different assets or those different intentions adds up into something that's incredibly valuable to companies that can foster it well. All right, so Matt, let's tell our audience a little bit of a story here.  Absolutely, yeah, the nonlinear career path comes to mind as we talk about this. Yeah, on your podcast, Keith whispers, we said they are all nonlinear, right? Yes, exactly. So I studied computer science in college, mostly just because I found it interesting that when you code something correctly, it works. And your computer does something that it couldn't do before. And I just, I love that creation period. I think there's a maker deep down inside of me that loves to do that. But I found the closer I got to graduation, the less interested I got in development because it was, you know, low level kernel hacking type programming, a lot of compilers and going to work for a manufacturer where you're just sitting in a cube all day. It was an isolating career path from what it looked like as a college student. So I actually pursued infrastructure because of CIS administration and the community behind CIS administration. And that led me down a path where I got to meet incredible people like yourself in the virtualization community, which is fundamentally a group of people that are all making each other better at something. What I'm really happy about right now is that I see that up and down the stack these days. And that's why I'm getting closer and closer to developers because we're all developers. Anyone that has been writing a script for an application is a developer in a sense of the phrase. And they're building something that they can share. And what I really love is that that isolating sense of what it meant to be a coder professionally has evaporated. That's no longer there's lone wolf programmers in the wild, or if there are, they're working on their own and then selling something. Most people are coding collaboratively. And it's about how you communicate with others as you're building code. And I love that change of pace from the individual creating their own thing and that's all that matters. And I don't need to communicate well to others to it being fundamentally a communication problem. Yeah, it's real interesting. I think about when I was blogging personally or being part of the VMware community, a lot of times you're taking your own time. You're helping participate as part of the community. What's that kind of internal equation, though, of how do I spend? Time is hugely valuable. I mean, it's all about time or money, right? And from a company standpoint, too. So how do most people that you talk to, how do they make that decision that this is a path I want to do? This is something that either I'm doing partially for work or on my own? And what is that, Max? It's hard to summarize a lot of different people's approach, but I have to think of the one theme that runs through all the stories that have come across is a classic Tim O'Reilly quote of what the goal of O'Reilly media is, which is to provide more value than you're capturing. And I think that's what drives people. It's that they're looking for value themselves. Everyone wants to build a skill set, build a career, build some sort of talent, or maybe just give that happy feeling of knowing that you helped somebody that day. So were you saying that there's just karma in the natural IT world and we give back and some of it will come, or am I missing the point? No, I think you're missing the point. I think it's very intentional, actually, that people are doing something for themselves first, like maybe you're an infrastructure person that is now familiar with coding in Ruby and you want to start using Chef to automate your infrastructure. You don't know how to do that stuff by normally, but people, you get on GitHub and you start searching and you find a bunch of code that does exactly what you want it to do. That was ultimately like a selfish need. But I think a lot of people have that moment where they're like, oh, I get it a little bit more, that's great. Now, how do I add my own value to this? Or how do I keep giving back to it? Because it's a mutually beneficial equation there. Yeah, so if I can unpack that a little bit, I think of, say, let's take Salesforce, an example. Great SaaS company. One of the huge values that they had is if a company asked for a feature and they would develop it and then anybody could use it. So it's kind of that shared wisdom. And we can take those pieces together. Is it building on that? Or once again, are we missing a piece? No, that's an element of it. I think what's interesting is it's difficult to unpack all the complexities. So there is that element of somebody building a tool that benefits themselves and then they give it to this other kind of group, Salesforce in this case, and then they standardize it across others. Why did that person want to do that? Well, the great opportunity there is by giving that code to a larger organization, you have a broader audience of people that can collaborate and build it and improve it, thus improving your own investment without taking more cycles out of your time. So it's that idea that if you build it for yourself, others may use it. And if they start adding to that adding value on top of your value, it will also benefit you. So it's not just out of the kindness of our hearts that we're throwing code on the internet. No, I get it. Yeah, it certainly is. So Matt, you've been spending a lot of time with the meetup communities. Probably lots of people know meetups from kind of personal standpoint. Everything from my wife is used for exercise or getting kids together. But from a developer and a coding standpoint, talk about what's happening in meetups. And maybe a lot of our audience are probably familiar with kind of the Vmugs and regional user group type situations. Maybe you can give us a little compare contrast of the user group versus the meetup. Yeah, so think of early day user groups as a nice wide breadth understanding of what a lot of these meetups are. Like I think John Troyer on the Geek Whispers and well-known in the VMware community said it's a user group if you have more than one person in the room and a box of pizza. And that's very much a meetup at times. Like sometimes it's just a few people talking about some sort of coding aspect, whether it's about a programming language that they're passionate about, whether it's Python, Ruby, or new ones like Rust and Go, or whether it's more specific to an application that you're trying to build on. Apache Spark is very popular. Hadoop has a great following. We have react meetups all throughout the United States and Europe. These groups gather together, self-selecting, and then have some sort of food sponsor. That's always nice. Geeks gotta eat. And then it's centered around solving a problem usually. What's a common problem that we're all trying to fix and how do we get there? So it's not the full day event that you would get out of a user group these days, but there's something just very organic and beneficial to everyone out of it. All right, so we've got a lot that we need to cover, Matt, but I appreciate you're bringing in some people that are contributing in various aspects of the communities. For somebody that's just starting to look at this, I don't know, I haven't seen a mind map of what's out there, but you've got things like GitHub as the place where I can add and remove codes. There's so many projects, everything from Linux. We talked about things like Docker. Do you have a hierarchy that you look at as opposed to the tools, the big projects? I know I've seen on GitHub as some of the big projects that you want to get. Linux, Docker, OpenStack, or some of the infrastructure ones. Give us a quick rundown as to what you see today. I mean, I'm still learning constantly here, and so it's incredibly overwhelming to think like, I'm just gonna go to this project that I love, like OpenStack and work the repository and start coding and they'll accept my code, right? That's like, wait a minute, I haven't ever developed this before. So I think starting with iterative and small expectations, find people that share common interests, find something that you can fix right away, and just the basics is really you gotta understand how Git works. I think Git is a fundamental part of GitHub and the version control that allows you to have the distributed version control. Then on top of that, another thing that's constantly overlooked but has a little bit of a learning curve is markdown language. All the different texts that's on GitHub that's rendered nicely is done in markdown. So these are two incredibly, they seem trivial, but are really important base elements that if you try to jump right to being a great Ruby developer, you're going to be frustrated at trying to understand Git and markdown along the way. So start simple, meet some local people and start building some sort of something of value for yourself and for others and it'll take off from there. All right, well, Matt, we're gonna catch up with you a little bit later. Thanks so much. Good introduction to what we're gonna talk about today and cube on the ground, we'll be back with some more guests real soon. Thanks.


It's the 20th anniversary of Operation Northern Delay, where therefore we went in with 15 C-17s and dropped equipment and 1,000 soldiers from the 173rd Airborne Group into Northern Iraq. We were invading Iraq from the south, and obviously Saddam Hussein had a pretty big standing army still, so the idea was we dropped a bunch of soldiers up north and that would delay.  So it kind of really split his forces up by a large amount, which helped the invasion from the south, and I guess it was a full success. The 173rd, they did a great job today, and the crew on board today did an awesome job too. I got a chance to see some of those members who were on my aircraft. I was really looking forward to seeing if I had any jumpers today who were there 20 years ago, and there was one. So he was on the first drop today. It was pretty cool. What a monumental event that was backed in and still arranged today in the United States Air Force and US Army.


For our Australian Championship teams, and after your dramas of yesterday, here's our winner of leg two, fantastic job, Brendan Rees, what an effort. Yeah, we got in that car this morning, Nambucca, 48Ks, we'd hardly driven all day yesterday so we had to turn it on and it worked well, the car was comfortable, we won all the forest stages, I think Scotch just got me on the Super Specials there but that was just a quagmire and we were getting through with a bit of an oil leak now and the boys are going to fix that, we've done a great job to get that car out there today with the problems we had yesterday and I was really happy with the round and my pace today. Last year, leg two, Rally Australia was your very first sort of heat win or leg win in the Australian Championship so you've done it again, hopefully it continues on upwards from me a minute. It'd be nice to get another one tomorrow but it feels good to know the long stages really do suit me, I won them both last year, I won them both this year so that shows how good the car is with that endurance sort of level and on the hard tyres, the Kumos work really well on the car I think the MSA suspension gets the grip really well through them and the second pass there was just nothing left of the tyres and we're really happy with that, it was really even wear and it just shows we're getting everything out of it. Brendo's going well, he drove very well today so you know he's still a chance we need to push on and try and find that extra stage win just with extra point and maybe put some pressure on him tomorrow and just you know continue to drive the same pace we have and that's obviously the overall in mind but you want to try and clinch some heat points as well. Something about WRC's to just make it so hard, I don't know if it's them in front and I've been in your position as well but the days are long, it's tough you'll be getting up early tomorrow so it is really a big test and a big endurance event isn't it? Yeah I mean it is an endurance event and it really is that word you know it's it's long days, it's a long week, the roads are very tough and the roads change very well because the WRC cars just make new roads you know it's fantastic but it's a fantastic experience you know every every Australian driver should aim to compete in WRC you know to to be competing even near the likes of the OJs and those sort of people is a fantastic experience. I thought at first we had a flat, I said to him we might have a flat which is never a good thing in a 50k stage but it started to feel good, came good again and then it got worse and you know something I think with the well at the front left amperage blown out there's oil on the strut top and whatnot so it was just a pig to turn right under brakes I wanted to pull left like it was just all over the shop so we managed it, we got through, we didn't lose too much time but we didn't make any time and we got through this super special with it and the boys are throwing one in now. The car really has gone fortlessly all day, Michael's driven really well and I think his confidence is up because the car's going well which you know it just makes it all smooth. When the event's starting to get closer and closer you're in second position the nerves build up you're listening to everything you've got one leg to go, your teams work so hard everyone's hanging off this result aren't they? Absolutely look we haven't had a great 12 months so to if we can get on the podium tomorrow afternoon we'll be ecstatic it'll be really really good so fingers crossed. Another good solid day the results beckoning there, a podium how would that be for you and Bernie and the Repco team? A what a podium okay look mates um look that'll be fantastic but we've got a long way to go at this point in time so we'll just concentrate on getting the car ready again tonight and duck out there tomorrow got caught this morning uh yeah sort of not doing what we normally do and sort of waiting to see what happens and all that sort of stuff so tomorrow we're going to go back out and get back onto our plan which is you know what we did in the afternoon loop and they'll all work for us again as per usual so it's good. Absolutely right you've got to keep the concentration up but come on somewhere inside there you'll be a little bit excited come on. Getting there mate getting there there's a few hours of sleep first and then there's about six or seven hours of driving but um we're getting there. If we saw you at the end of the long when you had the off on the bridge you lost some time there of course in the super stage I spoke to you at the end of that you lost the wheel no idea why running around on three wheels. Yep exactly I think they're probably related because it was that that wheel that was hooked up on the bridge somehow along the lines probably bent something really lucky in that respect that didn't happen on the stage before or the first stage tomorrow when we're you know warp seven trying to make up time so you know at least we're close to service you're going to be optimistic. The other thing is the boys are frantic because unlike our normal super series rules you'd have two hour service this is WRC you got 45 minutes only so the boys run to the pump. Oh no exactly and there's a lot to do because there's a lot of you know end of day stuff oil changes and things that normally have to be done anyway and then you've got all this extra stuff to throw at it and you know I've managed to knock a few bumper bars here and there which take time they don't look pretty but they take time to do so we'll get on to it.


Hey guys, RealisticGaming here. Welcome back to another Roblox video. Oh my god. Did you guys hear that? That sounds pretty mad insane. And today we are back on the haunted elevator in Roblox. Alright, so let's go up in this elevator. Dude, look at this lobby. It looks pretty insane, right? Oh my god, there's like a meteor crashing in here. And then we got like all the killers over here and these demons roaming around in the lobby. It's pretty frightening. Okay, so let's go in this bad boy. And let's see who we get as a killer. Yo, what's up guys? We got Blazer, Anita Cole, Spider-Man, Tino and Kristen Rose. Uh-oh, Michael Myers. Oh my god. Yes, I love Michael Myers. Dude, he's just chasing Anita. Oh my god. Okay, well, rest in peace to Anita because he got him. Oh my goodness. Dude, this guy's just running around with the knife stabbing everybody. Look at this dude. He's a savage, yo. Michael, don't do it, bro. Come on. I thought you loved bacon, Michael. Poor bacon. He's just being chased by Michael Myers. Okay. Oh my god, let's help this guy out. Yo, oh, okay, never mind. You can go back to chasing the bacon. Dude, he stabbed me because I was trying to help out my friend bacon over here. Who's Spider-Man, should I say? Oh my god. Dude, okay, rest in peace to Kristen Rose. Okay, I'm going back to the elevator, guys. Okay, no, don't bring him in here. Oh, great. Now he's in here. Oh, dude. Oh my god. He was in the elevator with this. It would have been funny if the game glitched and they kept him in here and he would have been killing all of us.  Oh, rest in peace, my boy. Hey, share some of your candy, man. I want some candy. Give me some candy. Let's see what kind of candy we got in here. Okay, it seems like we got... Bro, you can't even tell. Okay, there's a lollipop. Can't even make up what that is. Okay, ooh, SCP-173. The Potato Man. My god, there he is. Yo, oh! Okay, I was like, why is he just staring at the corner? But now, he's on the loose. Uh-oh. Run for your life! Don't let the Potato Man grab you because it's not going to end well for you. Potato Man, yep. Oh my god, okay. It seems like the bacon is very fond of the killers and now he wants to get chased. Spider-Man. All right, let's go over here. Hey, leave my friends alone, man. Oh my god, okay. It seems like he wants to give us a hug, guys. I don't know. Oh, okay. We definitely do not want to give him a hug because we just saw what happens. Oh my god. Why does he have... Oh, he vanished.  Why is there like a loud noise? Oh my goodness. All right, let's go over here. Oh, dude, he snapped on his neck last second. That didn't sound too good. It sounded pretty painful, actually. Uh-oh, okay. What do we got here? Oh no, SCP-49. He's right there. Yo. Why is there anymore? Oh, okay. There you go. Dude, why do they do that? They just stay there. Then once you get close, they unleash their evilness upon us. Uh-oh. Oh no, she got stuck in there. Okay, I don't think you can go in there. It doesn't let you go in all the way. There's like an invisible wall here. What? No, oh, okay. So the game almost trapped me there. Pizza, I want pizza. Dude, watch out. That's what you get, you guys. You never eat pizza in a haunted elevator or scary elevator because that's what happens. You get wrecked by the killer. Oh my god. Okay, I guess we're just gonna daisy this guy so he like, pow. What? How in the world did he smack me? Okay, so the killers here are pretty OP. They get you like in one or two smacks, man. Okay, what is this over here? It says more games. There's like a second lobby. 2015 lobby? Okay, so I guess this is how the lobby looked in 2015. Wow, it looked pretty dry out here. Good thing he updated it. And I guess this was like the second lobby he made. The Shadow King. All right, so let's go back. Oh my god, there's another SCP. Oh, look all the killers are right there. Okay, let's see. Oh, not the Potato Man again. Oh my god, no. Dude, he's in the elevator. Okay, I'm out of there. Yo, get out of there, man. You don't belong in the elevator. You do not belong in the elevator, Potato Man. Oh, he even got the guy up there. Man, my boy got hops. Okay, so this is the Shadow Queen and then the Shadow King is over there. And then who are these? Gabriel and Mia. I think there's like a storyline behind this elevator, you guys. That must be pretty cool. Okay, so we got Inkedemon Bandit. We got Jeff the Killer. Dude, what's up with Jeff? It looks like you got a bad haircut or something. Oh my god. Now we got Kate the Chaser. What? We got Pennywise, Michael Myers, SCP-49, SCP-106, the Krusty Man. We got AO only. We got Jason, we got Shrek. We got SCP-173. We got Freddy Kruger, the Devil. Oh my god. We got SCP-96. We got Crosser from Eyes. Charlie the Chaser. SCP-87. Who's Maxwell and Jordan? He has like a pet skeleton. What? Okay, whatever. And the last one is Slenderman, the one and only Slendy. Right, so let's go back in there. I can't stop laughing at that Jeff the Killer, man. His hair cut is so bad. Okay, oh my god. Why is there body parts in the elevator? Uh-oh. Not this one. Come back real, what's up? I'm back. Oh my god, there she is. There's Crosser from Eyes, the horror game. Okay, she looks a little slow here, whatever. Let's go around her. I mean, we can't break her ankles here because he doesn't have any ankles. What? How in the world did I just die? That made no sense. I think she has like superpowers, yo. Oh my god, what is that noise? That's terrifying. Okay, so you can't go in there. Uh-oh, the lights are flickering out. No. Can we go in here? Oh, something kills you in that door. Don't touch the door.  Oh, can we go in the gallery through here? Oh, you can. Nice. Uh-oh, no, no. Okay, nice.  I died to the door. I guess, overall, the door was more deadly than Crassu. Oh my god, dabs.  All right, so you are at what? No. Mine is not. Okay, oh, SCP-96. Seems like whoever created this haunted elevator loves SCPs. Uh-oh, he's charging up, yo.  Oh my god, he's going to charge, no. Okay, I'm out of here.  Guys, I would not get close if I were you. Uh-oh, he's charging. I hear it. Oh, great. No, no, he's coming. Dude, his legs like foam all the way up. Oh my god, he's coming to me. Oh my goodness. Yo, why are you screaming? No, no, no, no, no, no, leave me alone. Great, he got us. Dude, that guy's a savage. You guys see the way his legs fold? They like go like that. It's pretty hilarious. Oh my god, okay. So what other game is there? Slender Survival. Coming soon, hopefully. Great. You know, you never know when soon is. It can be like a year or weeks or months or an eternity or maybe just never, man. Great. Okay, so I'm in here by myself. This is very spooky, you guys. Okay, nice. Now we got to know Christie in here. I'm not alone. I was scared in this corner by myself. Don't trip. Nice shirt, Christie. Okay, let's see what floor we get. Okay, what is this? Oh, just a killer. Let's see his bad haircut. Uh-oh. Where is he at? Oh, there he is. Oh, God. Oh, God. Jeff, what happened to your haircut, bro?  Oh my God. Okay, I need to fix you up, my boy. Let's go to the barbershop. Come in here. Let's go to the barbershop. I'll take you to get a fresh cut. No. Okay, nice. Go after him. No. Dude, he tried to get me killed. What is wrong with you, man? Oh my God. Okay, I cannot trust my old subscribers because they're trying to get me killed out here. Guys, they're savages, man. Okay, Jeff, I just noticed the room is so humongous. Like Jeff is so tiny and the room is like so big. The bed is like 20 times bigger than him. Well, Jeff, you have a big room, man.  Uh-oh, we got Ayo Oni. Why is this door open? Oh my God. Dude, the room is upside down. Uh-oh, he's out and about. What? He murdered me.  I feel like him and the Kudai man are like distant cousins. They kind of look like... Okay, so we can't go in here. Oh my God, where's the purple-headed guy? Oh, there he is. So I guess Ayo Oni sleeps on the ceiling. Instead of sleeping normally like a human being, he decides to put his bed on the ceiling and sleep like that.  No, no, no, no. Are you trying to take a nap, Cole? Dude, what is Ayo Oni doing? Alright, he's stuck on the bed. Look at this door. Somebody help this man. He is stuck on the Minecraft bed. I guess they're Minecraft bed partners now. Okay, great. Let's see what's behind elevator number two. This dude again? He's just chilling down there and just all stale. Hey, what's up, man?  Okay, let's go give this guy a hug. Yo! Okay, now he's charging up. Let's go to the back. Everybody head back. And there he goes. Oh my God, no! That's the crazy legs. Don't do the crazy legs, Ayo Oni, please. Okay, so I don't think I can break this man's ankles because his legs just seem to go all over the place when he runs. It was so hard to predict his movements. Oh my God, no! No, please don't! Okay, whatever that was, but he got me. Okay, GG, man. It's SCP-2 real what? I mean, zero. My God, he's beating us. I think he's like the only killer that I haven't survived yet. Okay, so I really want to get Shrek because he doesn't like Shrek, right? Hopefully we get Shrek next.  Wait, is he a Hershey's chocolate bar? I think he is a Hershey's chocolate bar. That's hilarious, man. All right, hey, who's eating something over here? Dude, you're eating candy and you're not sharing with me, man. What kind of friend are you? Come on, let me have some, bro. Let me have some candy. Oh, he's getting lit. All right, I think you have too much candy now. He's getting crazy. Okay, what is this? Okay, what is this place? Oh my God, is that Jeff the Killer? Oh no, that's Charlie. Oh my God. Oh my God, he looked pretty frightening, yo. You guys saw his face? He looked pretty demonic. All right, you guys, so thank you guys for watching. Thank you guys for the amazing support. If you guys enjoyed the video, make sure to slap the like button. If you're new to the channel, make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell on. And I will see you guys in the next one. Bye.


I'm going to actually start with a poem that is not mine. It's a poem by Gwendolyn Brooks. I'm terribly excited by what's happening in the publishing world right now and the literary world, all of the wonderful boundaries that are coming down. And as we can just look around this room and see, it's just an extraordinarily exciting time in the history, not only of American literature, but Western literature as well. So, and even if that were not true, it's always a good thing to begin any reading with Gwendolyn Brooks, Kitchenette Building. We are things of dry hours and the involuntary plan. Grayed in and gray, dream makes a giddy sound, not strong like rent, feeding a wife, satisfying a man. But could dream send up through onion fumes, its white and violet, fight with fried potatoes and yesterday's garbage ripening in the hall. Flutter or sing an aria down these rooms. Even if we were willing to let it in, had time to warm it and keep it very clean, anticipate a message, let it begin. We wonder, but not well, not for a minute since number five is out of the bathroom now. We think of lukewarm water, hope to get in it. I'm just curious, have any of you heard that poem before? One person, wow. So Gwendolyn Brooks was, of course, one of the most canonical African-American poets in American history and this is one of her most iconic poems and it's about what it means to grow up in a building that doesn't have, to grow up poor in the south side of Chicago and in a building that doesn't have bathrooms, the apartments that don't have bathrooms so that people have to share bathrooms and so when she says, we wonder well, but not for a minute since number five is out of the bathroom now, we rush, we hope to get in it. Families are trying to rush to get in their bathrooms, to share their bathrooms. So I love Gwendolyn Brooks. Please, I encourage you all to read her. She's an extraordinarily talented poet and her breath goes across the entire, I would say, modernist American sentry all the way into the postmodern. She's really extraordinary. So I decided, since I love her so much, to apprentice myself to her work and in doing that, I decided to rewrite Kitchenette Building with a poem called The Mothers and this is that. We meet, yes, ma'am. I sure can. Thank you for asking. Is this better? Is this better? I'm so sorry. Thank you for asking. I appreciate that. The Mothers, for and after Gwendolyn Brooks. We meet sometimes between the dry hours, between clefts in the involuntary plan, refusing to think of rent or food, how civic the slick to satisfied from man and democratic. A lucky strike each we sponge each other off while what's grayed in and gray slinks ashamed down the drain. No need to articulate great restraint. No need to see each other's lip, mouth, the obvious, giddy. Fingers garnish with fumes and onions and garlic. I slip back into my shift, then watch her hands, wordless, reattach her stockings to the martyred, rubbered moons wavering at her garter. Summer.  Being post-modern now, I pretended as if I did not see them nor understand what I understood, what I knew to be circling inside me. Instead, every hour I told my son to stop with his incessant back chat. I peeled a banana and cursed God, his arrogance, his gall to still expect our devotion after creating love and mosquitoes. I showed my son the papery dead skins, so he would know too what it feels like when something shows up at your door twice, telling you what you already know. The title poem of my collection is Voyage of the Sablevenus. It's too long to go into around the kind of huge arc of the poem. It's a 70-page poem, and it spans 38,000 BC to the present. It's about the history of how Western art has used the black female figure as a subject and object. The crux of the matter, however, is that I used the titles of the artwork themselves after years and years and years of research. I culled all the titles and then rearranged them all. I rearranged them all to create a narrative of the history of that representation. The rules I set for myself were quite simple. No title could be broken ever. I could not fragment them for my own convenience that pushed some pressure on what a narrative meant. The concept of art had to be expanded to include lots of horrific things like a tripod leg, the bathroom foot, things like that. It was terrifying to realize how long black women's bodies had been used in art to decorate it. I also used the work of black women artists when I got to the postmodern section and the work of black queer artists because I felt that the contributions that these artists had made to Western art was some of the richest and most elegant in terms of engaging ideas about race and representation and desire.  In the case of Henri Matisse's work, I often think that a lot of his figures are actually black. And then finally, no title was repeated. It begins with two epigraphs. I'm going to quote those epigraphs, and I'm going to read two short poems. One is from, so there's eight catalogs. One is from the catalog one, which is Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And the second one is from catalog eight, and it's a self-portrait, but I'll tell you about it in a little bit. Here are the two epigraphs from the long poem. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Employees Association, Minstrel Show and Dance will be held in the American Women's Association, 36 West 57th Street, Saturday evening, October 17th. Happy anniversary, Minstrel Show, 1936. A second is an ad from a paper. I am anxious to buy a small healthy negro girl, 10 or 12 years old, and would like to know if you can let me have one. From catalog one, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.   This is from the postmodern catalog and it begins with another epigraph by our beloved Lou Reed and the color girls go do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do. Landscape, Western hemisphere, Le Timot Noir. Spiral odories in the female body, evidence of accumulation, empirical construction, extending horizontal form. Delirium wake and resurrection, landscape allegories, suprematist evasion, black city convalescence from somewhere. My irony surpasses all others. Have you any flesh colored silk stockings, young man?   I have special reservations between me and the rest of the land. There are bar, something brown, Carmine and blue, middle gray, gray area, green heads, brown heads, untitled brigade, stadia circulation style in spades, rotopistic, trouble island, zero canyon typology. Do you think A is B, boy is girl, red ball slave girl in holiday attire, slave girl with jave duds, comb with birds, phoenix segregation, enough, refrain in the past. I sell the shadow to support the substance runway. I'm gonna read two more poems and then I'll stop. Actually, I'm just gonna read one. I think time is up, yeah? Okay, I'll read two more. Self-portrait in studio, this is also from the postmodern section. Self-portrait in studio, courtesy of the artist, the upper room one. I should also say, in addition to all the words you're hearing from this poem that are titles, the titles, the subtitles of the poems are also titles from art as well, so it's all titles. So self-portrait in the studio, courtesy of the artist, the upper room one. My grandmother and aunts outside of church, sisters of the holy family, three seated figures, guarded conditions, firefighter, fire birds, light in the window, portraits with sunflowers, nine lives, pageant of birds, torchy in heartbeats. Anonymous homage to an unknown suburban black girl, self-portrait with Mingus mask, untitled self-portrait spirit, untitled book page, untitled woman in a sardine can, emerging, rocking, merry woman wearing a fish hat, black wear, pot maiden, fatiche et fleur, lay on top of me, baby, untitled woman laying down, anonymous, touching her breast. And then I'm gonna close with the first poem of the collection, titled Plantation. It's not a part of the project, Voice of the Sable Venus. Thank you again for letting me be here. It's pretty amazing to be back. Plantation. And then one morning we woke up embracing on the bare floor of a large cage. To keep you happy, I decorated the bars.  I realized this is perhaps the one reason why I love you because I told you this and you still wanted to kiss me. We laughed when I said Plantation, fell into our chairs when I said Cain. There were fingers on the floor and the split bodies of women who had been torn apart by horses during the Inquisition. You'd said, well, I'll be damned. Every now and then you'd change from a prancing black buck into a small high yellow girl, pigtailed, patent leather, eye-spitting gossamer, begging for egg salad and banana pudding. Or just as quickly you'd become the girl's mother, pulling yourself away from yourself. Because my whole head was covered in a heaving beehive, you thought I didn't notice. I noticed. I cried, honey.  To brag, you rubbed yourself against me. Then your tongue was inside my mouth and I wanted to say, please ask me first, but it was your tongue. So who cared suddenly about your poor manners? We had books and a waterfall was falling in the corner. I didn't tell you, I couldn't remember what that thing was. You said to me once, that tender thing you'd said, I should never forget. The moment you said it, I forgot it. I wondered if you thought we were lost. We weren't lost. We were lost. And meanwhile, all I could think about were the innumerable ways I would've loved to have eaten you. How being devoured can make one cry. And I hoped you liked the fresh, pleasant taste of juiced cane. You pulled my pubic bone toward you. I didn't say, it's still broken. I didn't tell you, there's still this crack. I stayed silent. I was sore because you were smiling. And you said, the bars look pretty, baby. And pulled my hind legs up against you. Thank you.


Never look up to anybody, never look down on anybody. Just learn to look at life for what it is. You will effortlessly navigate through your life. Sir, Guru, all through school and college, we are taught to give importance to our self, self-love, self-confidence, self-esteem. What is a self-love? What's happening in your school? In society, I mean in general. They teach us to give importance to our self to such an extent that we no longer know how to be humble. So, can you please tell us how we can become humble again? Oh! See, there is no need to be humble or there is a need to be arrogant. Now that you're asking me this question, let me tell you, my daughter travelled with me, along with me in the car. When she was three-and-a-half months old, I drove all over the country with this little baby in the car. So, she grew up in many people's homes. I made one rule, because everybody, this is a problem with adults, when they see a child, they pounce on them like... like predatory animals, they want to teach something. It is such a... Everybody wants to teach one, two, three, four, or A, B, C, D, or Mary had a little lamb. I said, see, I don't want her to know A, B, C, one, two, three, nor do I care whether Mary had a lamb or not. So, nobody... one rule is you can play with her. Nobody is going to teach her anything. So, she grew up happy. By the time she's eighteen months, she was fluently speaking three languages.  No rhymes, no language, no mathematics, simply life. I thought I'll never send her to school, but only reason was because, you know, her age group is important. So, she went to school and when she was around twelve years of age, she came home one day, little disturbed about what happened in the school. Then she said, you're teaching everybody so many things. You're not teaching me anything. I said, see, I'm not known to do things unsolicited. Now that you've come, let's see. See, this is all you have to know. Never look down on anybody. Never look up to anybody. And she looked at me like this. What about you kind of thing? I said, not even me. If you look up to me, you will completely miss who I am. If you look up to me, probably you will make a picture and nail me to your wall. But you will miss the whole point of who I am. You must look at me as I am, not looking up. Never look up to anybody, never look down on anybody. This looks very simple, but try it and see. In your mind, you've decided what is good, what is bad, what is high, what is low, what is virtue, what is sin, what is filth, what is wealth, everything. Everything is already determined. Once you've done this, there is no way you cannot look up at something or look down on something. What you think is bad, you will look down. What you think is good, you will look up. If you remove this and just learn to look at life for what it is, you will effortlessly navigate through your life, effortlessly. Right now, this is the problem. You are looking up to some people, looking down on some people and trying to be humble with them. There is no need to be humble. Treat everybody as rough as you treat yourself. That is if you're treating yourself rough. If you are pandering to yourself, try with others, then you'll get tired, then you'll treat them rough anyway. Yes. So, this is simple. I'm telling you the same thing, what I told her. Worked miraculously for her. Never look up to anybody, never look down at anybody. Just see everything, the way it is. This is the fundamental of this culture. If you go to the temple, what do you do? Hi, what do you do? If you ever go to the temple, what do you do? Namaskaram. If you see a man, what do you do? Namaskaram. You see a woman, what do you do? Namaskaram. You see a tree, what do you do? Namaskaram. You see a rock, what do you do? Namaskaram.  Everybody, Namaskaram. Because fundamentally this is what it means. This is called vairagya. Vairagya means there's not a... Vairagya does not mean giving up your life and going somewhere. There's nowhere to go.  Otherwise, where is there to go? Wherever you go, it's still life, isn't it? So, vairagya means this. Literally means vairagya means beyond color. That means you become transparent. If you're transparent, every dimension of life can pass through you, but leaves you untouched. You can handle life to the extent you wish. What you can handle, you handle. What you cannot handle, you don't. But in your life, if you do not do what you cannot do, that's not an issue. But if you do not do what you can do, you're a disaster. The moment you think something is good, something is bad, somebody is high, somebody is low, many, many things that you can do, you will not do in your life. Simply because you think it's bad, simply because you think it's low or high or whatever nonsense. So in our lives, this is what is most important because it's a brief life. It's a limited amount of time for the human potential to flower. In this life, here if you're choosing what to do and what not to do, no, everything that you can do must happen. What you cannot do, it doesn't happen, it's okay.