You are tuned in to the COVID-19 community report here on KDRT 95.7 FM in Davis, California. I'm Autumn Lab A Renault and today is Tuesday, July 7th. We are sharing local news and resources focusing on what's impacting Davis and nearby cities in Yolo County during the COVID-19 pandemic. The show airs live Tuesdays at noon and repeats at 5pm and also on Sundays and you can listen online anytime at kdrt.org. My guest today is Reverend Beth Banks, who is the senior minister at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Davis. We'll be taking a look at the pandemic's effects on one local faith community and we'll get to that interview shortly. COVID-19 by the numbers. On July 5th, California reported 5,699 new cases of COVID-19. The state now has a total of 271,684 positive cases and I want to say when I last reported these numbers it was about a week ago, maybe two, that number was about 100,000 less. There have been a total of 6,337 deaths in the state. Vox published a piece over the weekend that examines why California, which seemed an early success story back when New York's numbers were so bad a few months ago, now seems to be spiraling out of control. Our total coronavirus cases are at more than 90% over the past two weeks and the test positivity rate and indicator of how widespread infection is is also increasing. Rates of infection are highest among adults aged 18 to 34 and among migrant farm workers who are deemed essential employees. Hospitalizations have also jumped by 50% with Los Angeles warning its near capacity. And if you think in terms of the economies of Southern and Northern California, it's easy to understand the wide divide in these case numbers. In hardest hit Imperial County, which is in the Southland and has been placed under shelter in place orders again, agricultural workers by and large constitute the workforce. And in Northern California, with its tech sectors, many more people have been able to work from home, thereby remaining more isolated. That has a lot to do with it. The long and short of it, public health officials say simply we let down our guard. The numbers looked good and we relaxed too much, possibly opening too quickly. People flouted the guidelines to reconnect with family and friends as summer kicked off. And at the same time, we've seen major outbreaks in nursing homes, prisons and among migrant farm workers. And prior to the 4th of July weekend, the state shut down various indoor activities and venues, including restaurants, bars, movie theaters and museums. And Yolo County preemptively followed suit. And yet California's numbers of infection right now are not as bad as the massive outbreaks currently happening in Arizona, Florida and Texas. And that health officials attribute to California's slower reopening and to having a leader who models mask wearing and the importance of social distancing. Enough said on that. Here in Yolo County, we're at 705 cases and 26 deaths. And although our numbers are low relative to other counties nearby and across the state, they have been increasing steadily in recent weeks. Over the weekend, three skilled nursing facilities in Yolo County let it be known they're dealing with coronavirus outbreaks. And this is according to the county's online COVID-19 dashboard. And for that and all other county level information, I will continue to point you to YoloCounty.org. Given the ability of the virus to spread easily and close congregate settings, as well as the risk of infections among older adults, this is no surprise. In addition to Courtyard Healthcare Center in Davis, which has reported six cases over the last three weeks, facilities in Woodland and West Sacramento also now have confirmed outbreaks. And that is at the Alderson Convalescent Hospital in Woodland and the River Bend Nursing Center in West Sacramento. We're going to take a moment for music and we'll be back with our interview. All righty, the Reverend Elizabeth, or as she goes by Beth Banks, is a lifelong Unitarian Universalist originally from Massachusetts. She taught English to political refugees in Washington State and her work with cultural studies took her to South Korea, where she taught college level English conversation. She served as interim minister for religious education and then parish minister at the first Universalist Church in Rochester and then a campus chaplain at the Eastman School of Music. And Reverend Banks has been with the Unitarian Universalist Church of Davis since August 2000, where she serves as the senior minister.  Hi, Autumn. I'm glad to be with you today. It's good to hear your voice. So I want to be transparent moving forward. I am a member of the UU Church of Davis and Reverend Banks is my minister and weaving together a narrative about the impacts of the pandemic across Yolo County. I've really wanted to include a minister's perspective and it made sense to start close to home. So, Beth, for those unfamiliar with Unitarian Universalism, please tell us a bit about the UU faith and what the Davis Church offers in normal times. Yeah, I think it's easiest to say that Unitarian Universalism is a non-cretal faith, which is confusing for some people. Not having a creed that people would have to ascribe to to belong to the church. We are what is known as a covenantal church. So there are some beliefs that are commonly shared among us. However, the most important thing for us is a covenant that is created for how we will be together and how we will live those beliefs. And that is not a new thing for us. It goes way back into 1649 in our own country. So we're a covenantal faith. Right. And the church's website, Banner, reads, UUCD Covenant, creating and living within a spiritual community with actions based on respectful conversation, receptive listening, and open-hearted presence. Exactly right. Yeah. So that's foundational for everything we're going to talk about today. Right, right. So within that community, just to say there are people with many different belief systems and who identify even sometimes let's say Muslim may come from a Catholic background, Protestant background that could have been raised in the Unitarian Universalist. There's a wide diversity of faith traditions within the same congregation. Right. Also including humanists. Absolutely. And atheists. And atheists, yep. Yeah. And Christians. We are an interesting mix. True. So churches are more than just buildings. They are faith communities where people come together to meet all sorts of needs and objectives. I'm going to ask you to think back, if you would, to when you first learned that you'd have to shut down the church campus. I know it was an extraordinarily difficult moment. What kinds of things went through your mind? Who was involved? And how did the church manage the transition? Well, my goodness, it was a moment that was quite shocking because we were planning a big fundraiser actually for the pledges for a full year's budget. And that was coming up in just about a week or 10 days. And we were at the height of our planning. And to realize that we really should not have that. And at that point, we didn't know how long the virus would change our lives. We just knew that it was likely that things were going to be closed down for a month. We thought maybe two months. We didn't really know. But even at that, we knew we could not have this event. So we have a second minister who works with the congregation, Morgan McLean. And so, of course, she was a part of that decision. The board chair was also part of the decision. And we just very quickly made that decision that we would need to close things down. It was not a democratic process because it was for the health of all. Very much against our normal process. We just needed to make the decision. And the point we're thinking about, what will we do for this fundraiser? How will we meet with the needs of all the people in the congregation? How will we do worship? We haven't gone online yet for worship. We talked about doing it, but we hadn't done it yet. So where will we get the equipment? How would we learn the technology? How would we deal with people who were ill or dying if we couldn't visit them? And all these things were revealed over the course of days. So we think we understood what was going to happen. Then we'd realize the severity of the situation. And we'd have to retool and replan. So the first couple of months were very high anxiety because it seemed like the ground was shifting underneath us constantly. And we stripped it more and more restrictive. And back in May, I believe it was, the county said that churches could open. First they said that drive-through religious services could open. And that was the thing that most of us had never heard of. That was new. And then some churches began opening. And the UU Church of Davis decided to remain closed. Why was that? Well, this is also not like our denomination, which usually of congregational policy, which means the congregations make their own decisions, not from some higher body. However, we do have a denominational headquarters. And they said, please, we are giving guidelines. We ask you, please, follow these guidelines to stay closed until May of 2021, the building to stay closed, not the ministry of the church, not the functioning of the church, and find other creative ways to answer the needs of the congregation. And this is so unlike our denomination, but it really helped us because we then knew we could put resources in time and financial resources into planning to be online with the congregation, not have one foot on the gas, one foot on the brake, and always fluctuating between the two. Well, let's talk about Zoom. You and I have personally talked about the joys and challenges of Zoom, but a quick read through the bulletin reminds me that not only are church services, but there are small groups happening on Zoom, there are meetings, there are even social hours. So tell us about some of your challenges and joys working with this technology. Yeah, well, the challenges are just representing one of the things we give up. I mean, worship is different. There's a pastoral element of worship. It's being together, just taking someone's hand if they're in a time of sorrow or just seeing everybody and being in their presence of their joy. The singing, you know, just having voices around us is no other place that we can do that. And in using Zoom, it's a very different process. And so there are all these things that we have needed to give up to be a part of a Zoom worship service. But there are some other things that we are noticing that are really positive in ways we've found to connect people together. And so sometimes, let's say after the worship service, we'll want to have breakout rooms and we call it the coffee hour, quote unquote. And people are mixed up with others they don't necessarily know. Now, if people are really shy, they might find this to be more anxiety producing because they might have already just kind of headed out the door. But those who are brave enough to try it have been really excited because there's like an open-ended focus question and people will meet people they never would have sat down with. They thought they shouldn't, but they just didn't do it so it's that little extra news. Or after the service, there'll be a time, 30-minute discussion to go deeper into this subject and share your experiences. Well, right now we can offer that in a different way. So we're seeing some things that are positive. So I'm trying to hold on to that. It is definitely not the same. But what can we put in to balance what we're losing? And in some ways it's proximity in a different way. It is kind of wild to be there on the Zoom meeting on Sunday and to scroll along. And there's a couple pages you have to scroll through to see everyone who's there. And a lot of people are there on video because they want that interaction with others. And some just have a picture up or just their name because it's a bit much. And that's okay too. So you mentioned... There's a positive thing I want to mention and that is that we didn't realize who we were excluding by not having some kind of live streaming every week. And we have one member, Mel Tilda Brandt, who's 102. And he is there every week. And he doesn't have to leave his home. And there are other people who have joined us that have moved away. And all of a sudden they're celebrating that they feel like they haven't lost the space community. So inadvertently, by not having to some line or some form online, we were excluding people and our seniors have said that they feel as if they are fully included in the community. We never realized that they had not felt that way. That's kind of lovely actually. You mentioned pastoral care, the pastoral care element of a religious service earlier. And there is that. And there's also another level of pastoral care. And that is how we care for each other when we lose a family member or someone close to us. How we celebrate life's transitions like graduations from high schools and new babies. And I am very aware that ministers carry a very heavy load, a pastoral load already. It's the weight of caring for many. And one of the things I'm very worried about right now as I look around the people in my life and the people in my community is the mental health toll that this pandemic is taking on so many. I just think there's a lot of people in pain and pain that's yet to be expressed. And so how does a church community rise to answer that in a time like this? With as much creativity as we can. In part because those who may be suffering, let's say with depression or anxiety, may find it hard to negotiate the technology. And so the best thing we have been able to do is to have people who have the patience of Job, and this is one of the qualifications for folks who can do this, and companion with people who are anxious about technology and help walk them through the steps calmly and repeatedly so that people can access the staff and each other through Zoom primarily is what we're using. So that's one thing. It is not recommended that we even meet in small groups right now, especially because the numbers are rising. We would love to think that we could meet in small groups but not right now. And I have, in one occasion, spent time with someone who was, they said actively dying, was deep into hospice, and I was able to spend time. I had to balance some other things to be able to do that. So I could not go to uprisings and protests to be in contact with many people if I was going to make myself available to situations like the one I just described. Tough decisions, tough decisions for all of us. Every day. Every day. But you know what we can do is to make groups available again on Zoom for drop-ins, for a specific group. So we have one for parents of young children and it's timed after kids go to bed so the parents can get together and tell stories. And we try to do spiritual practice groups. We have what we call deep listening circles so people can gather in groups of let's say eight to ten. Intentionally they know that's there for them. But it isn't all on the ministers because we have to care for each other no matter who is in the community. So we have this pandemic intersecting with a major social uprising in our country as more awareness comes to the Black Lives Matter movement. Our church has, and I was there the day we placed the sign that Black Lives Matter. Underneath the sign at the entrance to the driveway to the church campus. And the Unitarian Universalism denomination as a whole is very focused on things like social justice and climate justice and other issues of the day. So where we have these two major forces coming together, I'm curious about what Unitarian Universalist leadership has to say to its ministers. We've talked a bit about how you juggle all the different forces. But how do you care for yourself so that you can keep caring for others? Is there any direction there? We get regular emails from our denomination from our Department of Ministry asking us to please take care of ourselves to take time out of our formal role as ministers to eat well, to sleep, to increase our spiritual practices fourfold. That is more difficult to do in reality but I'm so glad that they remind us to do that. Everything right now takes so much longer to accomplish. But for us, they also do not give us specific direction about whether we would be in the protest or not. That is a personal choice for us but they ask us to please not make ourselves overly vulnerable because our congregations count on us to be there for them. What they are encouraging us to do and what I've learned from this process is that we need to ask questions of who are we intending to be? Who do we yearn to be? How inclusive can we be? And that for things like the protest, the role I'm interested in taking right now is how many ways can we make it possible for people to have their voice heard to make their presence known to express our values. Yes, we can be on the streets and that is good for some people. These people cannot. Are there other ways that ministers, congregation members, all leaders can express their values and ways that can be equally as valued. And this is where we can go in the future, I hope. There's a group active within the church. I guess it's a chapter of a larger organization called Uniting for Racial Justice. So I know that that work has been going on at the UU Church of Davis for some years. This is not a new development in the wake of recent protests. And so I'm going to... Let's go ahead and give the website for the church where people can of course always get more information. They can also connect to the Zoom services. The link is right on the front page and it's uudavis.org and there's a message there. The services are right on the front page. Anyone can join the Zoom, right? Anyone? Absolutely. Alright.  You know, there's always a moment where we say you are welcome if and then we list off a whole list of qualifiers.  So thinking, what would be the message? The message is still the same, right? But in terms of accessing, if you've never come to this church before and you want to check it out by Zoom, what would you say to someone? I would say that you are welcome in the wholeness of who you are, especially to name gender inclusivity, sexual orientation, race and class. Your theological perspective all are welcome to this service. If you come with a curious mind and respectful listening, that's what I would wish for people. All right.  So I want to thank you for taking a few minutes to come on and talk with us today and share about your profession and your faith and how the pandemic has effected. It's been very good to hear from you. Thank you, Autumn. It's been great to be here. All right. Take good care. Bye-bye. Bye. All right. We have just a couple minutes left. I want to thank, again, that was Reverend Beth Banks from the UU Church of Davis Unitarian Universalist Congregation here. We have just a couple more minutes, so I'll squeeze in a few more announcements. I am staring at a bottle of hand sanitizer. CBS in Boston broke a story over the weekend about the toxicity of nine brands of hand sanitizers, all of which are potentially poisonous because they contain methanol, which can be dangerous when absorbed through the skin. I'm going to direct you to CBSBoston.com. They have a list. They have links there, and you might want to take a look at what you're using. Ethyl alcohol is okay. Methanol is not. And finally, scientists from the UC Davis Environmental Health Sciences Center are conducting an online research survey on how COVID-19 has impacted workers. That kind of feels like the theme of this show. If you've been working during this pandemic, if you're unemployed or are now doing your job remotely, they invite you to participate in this study. By following the link, I'm going to give this out twice. HTTPS, colonns, forward, two forward slashes, is.gd-slash-covid-19-worker-survey. I'm going to suggest that if you can't get the link quickly off the air, you can go to UC Davis Environmental Health Sciences Center and click on Survey. The purpose of their research is to better understand how this disaster has affected jobs, workplaces, and home life. The Center collaborates with unions, worker centers, agencies, and nonprofits to help identify the health impacts and unmet needs of communities. What they earn will help employers and policy makers implement changes to ensure workplaces are safer. In the survey, averages about 15 to 20 minutes to complete. All right. I want to thank you for tuning in to listening to this radio station, supporting this radio station, and from the KDRT studio. I'm Autumn LaBea Renault, and this has been the COVID-19 Community Report.


Hello everyone. Happy Memorial Day weekend. This is Dr. Michael Gregor coming to you live from my treadmill. Every month I'm doing live Q&As on Facebook and YouTube. Just did Facebook a little bit a time ago. Now here on YouTube, for those of you who are familiar with my work every year, every issue of slain nutrition journal on the planet, so busy folks like you don't have to. I think the most interesting, most groundbreaking, most practical, finding some new videos and articles I upload every day to my non-profit site, nutritionfacts.org. Everything on the website is free, no ads, no commercial sponsorships strictly, and no corporate sponsorships strictly on our commercial, not selling anything, just put it up as a public service, as a labor of love, as a tribute to my grandmother actually who's recently why I became a doctor in the first place and the reason I practice the type of medicine I practice today which is lifestyle, medicine. Happy to answer your questions. I'm going to go and just start at the top of the list and go down. There were some smart folks here already piling on the questions before it even started. That's a good way to get your question answered. Start at the top with no exit love now says so many health foods contain manganese and it all adds up. Do we have to worry about getting too much manganese? I think the only source that I've seen that would be a problem is that is a hibiscus tea is such an extraordinarily high manganese content that I'd encourage people not to drink more than a quart a day. There's about a liter, four cups a day, but hibiscus tea one of the healthiest, one of the three healthiest beverages that's water, hibiscus tea, this herbal tea which can bring down blood pressure, have also show the wonderful benefits and then green or white tea. But there are certain green tea limits based on fluoride content and based on lead content if it's imported from China and depending on whether you eat it or not depending on whether you're kid depending on whether you're pregnant I've got videos and all that just type in the lead and tea pop right up to see how much is too much and for a hibiscus tea just a little heavy on the manganese so you want to moderate your intake but still drink it. It's fantastic. I have a picture brewing as we speak what a fantastic refreshing summer drink for those of us in the northern hemisphere but for all our southern hemispherians happy winter which is starting in four days for you. What brand of B12 do I take vitamin B12 it's critical to get a regular rival source and encourage people to get the cheapest source and so whatever is cheapest that's what I take. The astronomy freak 95 asks despite food is being healthier what I consider white potato is a health food part of a healthy diet as I mentioned on Facebook foods aren't healthy or unhealthy per se they're healthier or less healthy and so our white potato is healthy compared to sweet potatoes no compared to you know ho ho's yes and so if you so if you have access to either you're at the grocery store so white potatoes there sweet sweet potato and then if you have orange sweet potatoes or purple sweet potatoes choose the purple sweet potatoes right minus well you know just like is green cabbage not good for you well purple cabbage is better not saying green cabbage is bad for you but compared to purple not as good so you might as well go for it God Vlad asks Vlad from Romania asks doesn't ask anything just says they sent me an email okay Cynthia says cyanicobalmint or methicobalmint for vitamin B12 and the answer is cyanicobalmint unless you are a heavy smoker or are in kidney failure or sent to your diets around cassava in which case you should stop all three of those if possible and stick with cyanicobalmint okay BJ K says that his mom been following healthy my daily dozen recommendations and even the same foods but she is experiencing bloating so what should we do well you know some people are in tall into certain foods and depending you so we say in the same foods how could it cause different effects well we each have different gut microbiomes we each have different good bacteria in our gut and so presumably if you eat the same foods you'll foster pretty much the similar types of bacteria the growth of similar types of bacteria and so if after eating a year like this you should have lots of fiber-eating bacteria versus starch-eating bacteria and they should take care of all this stuff and you should be wonderfully healthy but if you're bloated then obviously your one possibility is that your microbiome is just not happy with something and other things a food intolerance kind of thing if it's so I you know I would one thing she could do is she could experiment so she could do what's called elimination diet where you basically stop eating everything except the tapioca sweet potatoes and water which is essentially no one's intolerant to and then start adding food slowly back in your diet and see if it causes problems so for example you'd be gluten intolerant so if you start eating bread and all of a sudden you feel bad then that may be a sign although of course you'd want to make sure you don't have something called celiac disease which is serious disease and you'd want to get tested for before just going on a gluten-free diet John has a daughter with heavy periods and the thing she may need to eat meat well what should John tell her well as with anything you have to treat the cause why so presumably this is a question about iron if you're losing so much iron might want to eat meat kind of which has very very readily absorbable iron in it well what you do is you treat the cause well I mean why is she having such heavy periods does she have fibroid tumors so something even something like ginger we found not only to to fight painful menstruation but actually decrease flow significantly you know maybe that would take care of itself and then you wouldn't be losing on the iron and have to worry about iron if however she really does have iron deficiency anemia the answer is not to eat meat the answer is to eat iron rich plant foods like beans and greens and eat vitamin C rich foods plant foods along with those iron rich plant foods to maximize absorption so we're talking about tropical fruits and citrus fruits and broccoli bell peppers along with iron rich foods maximize the absorption of plant-based iron should get the best of both worlds all the iron you need for blood formation but without the negative aspects associated with excess meat consumption oh and by the way people that don't eat meat have no higher rates of iron deficiency than people that do eat meat but that's not saying much because the rates are pretty bad I think about spainable population about one in seven reproductive age women menstruating women have iron deficiency and so may need to go out of the way to eat iron rich foods healthy iron rich foods BJK is back drinking water or herbal fruit teas best before during or after a meal doesn't matter it doesn't matter unless you're talking about non herbal tea talking about black tea green tea or white tea which can actually interfere with iron absorption so you don't want to drink it with a meal but these other like fruit trees some like obesity you can drink with your meal no problem smart dogs smart dogs asks could I see the reasons for why smoking weed is bad for your health versus vaporizing oh so any kind of smoke in your lungs is bad forest fire smoke house fire smoke incense cigarette smoke marijuana smoke there are things there are like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons basically products of incomplete combustion which are toxic and so for people that want the effects of marijuana but don't want to suffer the concept the adverse health consequences on one's respiratory tract then vaporizing cannabis on where they where it's heated up to a point that doesn't actually combust doesn't actually go into flames but the THC the kind of psychoactive component is released at the same level as if you actually burned it and then it kind of comes up into a little balloon and then you then you sniff up the kind of steam of the vapor and you get the effects without these these toxic components and so what is that what talks most what's the really thing to worry about chronic bronchitis so a significant number of people who who smoke weed oh marijuana kind of on a regular basis suffer from chronic bronchitis symptoms such as excess flame production chronic cough shortness of breath and but the good news is is that they they go away those symptoms go away so you stop and they get better as opposed to smoking a long-term smoking tobacco we actually get something called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease emphysema leading killer though chronic marijuana consumption does not seem to lead to obstructive lung disease and so has reversible as opposed to irreversible scarring they get with tobacco smoke but but you can still get these chronic bronchitis symptoms if introducing any kind of smoke into your lungs bjk is back any concerns with homemade almond milk which is basically crushed almonds and water or even easier you can take a you know spoonful of almond butter and just blend it with some water and poof instant almond milk of course there's no fortification most almond milks in the market have added you know fortified with calcium and vitamin d and b12 other things um but anyway does almond milk inhibit the cocoa flavonoids like dairy milk or store milk might the interest we don't know so this is experiments showing that one of the reasons you don't get the benefits of these cocoa flavonoids of don't get benefits of dark chocolate when you're eating milk chocolate in terms of improving artery function is that these phytonutrients found in the cocoa mass itself the cocoa are bound up by the by the milk same thing with tea when you add milk to tea you bind up all those wonderful phytonutrients in tea um and but it turns out the same thing appears to happen with smoke so maybe it's something to do with just approaching reaction we're not sure and so does have a lot of milk we simply don't know um so uh good question um if i find anything about it i'll do a video about it on johnny says yeah white potatoes are healthy they have lots of vitamin c okay um lots of things have vitamin c um i don't think anyone got scurvy because they didn't eat white potatoes and uh sweet potatoes have vitamin c too smart dogs is back asking calcium supplements for osteopenia plants enough oh so i actually have videos on whether or not the calcium supplementation um uh may prevent bone um fractures um and so uh the video one is our calcium supplements effective and another one our calcium supplement safe i believe so check out those two videos and um and uh i if you're like me you'll be surprised at the uh findings brussel the raw man asks what do i think about honey uh it's interesting i just did a video i just scripted a video so when i say i just scripted a video it may not appear on the website for weeks um so you're like wait a second you said you just scripted i didn't see it on monday or whatever um but that's just because there's a buffer you know it's a whole process here um but um just did a video about honey as a treatment for canker sores what's called aftis ulcers these some people i mean most people get you know canker sores once in a while you know these little shallow ulcerations unlike your inner lip but some people get chronic recurrent canker sores seem to be very painful even for their quality of life and so there's been kind of a desperate search for things you can do about it there's all sorts of drugs and things laser treatments and all sorts of crazy things but um but one of the most effective treatments i've ever been able to find was this amazing study using honey basically a q-tip dipped in honey they just rubbed the honey on the canker sore uh three times a day something like that and absolutely shocking results um wait till you see the video you will be impressed um but in terms of eating honey it's sugar it's like uh you know eating you know agave syrup or brown rice syrup or half fructose corn syrup or table sugar uh lots of empty calories which we don't need we should have nutrition with our calories um and so i do not recommend eating honey if however the only way you're going to drink that green tea is with some honey in it um it would probably the benefits um would i mean i'd want you to drink the um i'd want the that the teaspoon of sugar to make the medicine go down in other words um but if you can drink green tea straight even better or white tea even better than that ace life asks can a vegan health coach help better patients better than a traditional doctor okay um uh so if we're talking about i mean there's some things that doctors do awesome not uh i mean no and so look acute conditions you break your leg you want a doctor you don't want a vegan health coach you have an infection for which you need antibiotics you want a doctor not a vegan health coach um however so for acute conditions phenomena um again a car accident you know you want a trauma surgeon uh but but actually about 80 percent of the things people see doctors for are chronic lifestyle diseases and so if we want to treat the cause if the cause is lifestyle then the cause isn't a drug deficiency isn't a surgery deficiency well then traditional doctors may not be able to help as much as someone even if they have no medical credentials or health credentials whatsoever who will take you to the grocery store and say this is the healthiest food right here let's let's let me show you the wonders of the produce aisle um may actually be better in terms of reducing one's chronic disease risk and those are the leading killers leading causes of death and disability so for example global burden of disease study the largest study of disease risk factors in human history funded by the bill melinda gates foundation number one cause of death in the united states is what we no more cause of disability in the united states what we uh bumping tobacco smoking now to number two cigarettes only killed about a half million americans every year whereas our diet kills hundreds of thousands more so obviously diet is the number one thing taught in medical school right the number one thing your doctor talks about it every thing they'll visit right way to say i mean so i mean unfortunately um the amount of nutrition education gotten in medical school i mean continued medical education is insufficient to deal with the ravages of chronic lifestyle diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity and hypertension and high blood pressure um the heart disease um and so what we need is advice on healthy eating and for that a health coach may be better informed vegan or not than a doctor um and so you use what's good at right i mean you you know you don't take your um your dog to the auto mechanic you take your dog to the vet right i mean so if you have a problem you take it to the right person so if you have a problem with a lifestyle disease um then uh you need someone that can help you with your lifestyle ideally you'd have a lifestyle medicine doctor um who uh get offered the best of both worlds all right chukapakabra i'm sorry if i mispronounce that um uh says ask eating healthy um exercising a lot but still high blood pressure 125 or 85 um what uh how can i get down to 110 over 70 and for those of you thinking wait a second 125 or right about that sounds pretty good to me i mean isn't the definition of high blood pressure like 140 over 90 so it sounds like they have normal blood pressure yeah but having a normal blood pressure and it's decided where it's normal to drop dead from diseases like heart disease and stroke and kidney failure um is not necessarily a good thing in fact showing that even people so called normal blood pressure like 120 already benefit from blood pressure reductions to the ideal blood pressure the no benefit from reducing it further blood pressure 110 over 70 wow it's even possible to get down that low absolutely if you um eat and live right now it sounds like this person is um uh eating very well um so basically if you're eating a plant-based diet i would cut out processed foods um um not add um salt to one's diet um and if you still don't get down to an ideal then i would uh move to add foods to your diet that specifically lower your blood pressure even further for example ground flaxseeds and hibiscus tea will um should bring your pressures even lower though you may be doing better than many americans in fact most people over the age 60 are actually hypertensive actually over 140 over 90 nicole the name of my favorite cousin uh thanks me for everything i do thank you you're absolutely welcome uh nicole um bjk is back asks possible to include too little sodium um um and uh uh you don't have to worry about eating too little sodium it's a little bit of sodium in everything um and so just whole healthy natural plant foods um should supply all the sodium one needs um and as fed asks um been on a plant-based diet for years how do i treat menopausal hot flashes without medications do i recommend hormone therapy i do not recommend hormone therapy um and uh oh for us here process um do i recommend some of these injectable drugs so uh for menopausal hot flash symptoms i'd recommend soy food consumption um if you just type in menopause in nutrition facts.org a couple videos will come up and talk about the efficacy of soy foods for helping with that um so the reason i don't recommend hormone therapies because um whether it's those uh so-called plant-based hormones or not um they uh they they um you know these like uh these uh you know horse estrogen um uh hrt um uh therapies have been associated with increased risk of blood clots and and breast cancer and heart attacks and so i would not do that um for osteoporosis oh um a good question i have so i have some videos on preventing osteoporosis but um i don't have any videos on treating it that is uh an area that i am going to do more videos on and when i do i will compare my natural therapies to the current leading um of pharmacological approaches and so stay tuned bjk asks uh following the daily dosing recommendations um one might get an excess of protein um is that a concern um excess of protein um so i think you're eating um plant protein right i mean so you get a lot of protein because you're eating legumes being still these ticklies and lentils i would not worry about eating too many legumes steve asks there are a little bit on the amount of dates one should eat on a whole food plant based diet um i mean the only kind of theoretical limit is that you need so many dates because it's so uh calorically dense that you just kind of um you'd uh i mean you only have about you know two thousand calories in the calorie bank every day um is that you would kind of push out other healthy foods from your diet um so i mean if you ate it you know a thousand calories of dates um then you know you just maybe so that um you're not going you just uh you don't you're satiated and you don't feel like eating that big salad um and so that's the only i'm really concerned dates are really healthy for you but we should um have dietary diversity to add all sorts of really healthy foods into our diet um ace life asks what medical school program is good for poor kids you mean like getting in like a medical school that poor kids can attend a cheaper medical school um usually um state school so if you're in california the state school system i think they're all expensive um but uh it should be easy to get a loan i mean get student loans i mean they just know that doctors make such obscene salaries that you'll be able to pay back whatever loans you get um and so everybody should be able to go to medical school it's just a matter of how long it'll take you to then pay back your loans bjk asks nitrate plus vitamin c equals good what about nitrate plus vitamin c plus fat from nuts and or seeds um from pub med fat transforms ascorbic acid from inhibiting to promoting acid catalyzed and nitrosation nitrosation um i will check out that uh article and get back to you um uh vlad asks uh oh just says i want you on my podcast nas ask do you recommend drinking hard water or a uh recommend water softeners or bottle water i recommend drinking tap water straight from the faucet although um you know some plain carbon you know activated carbon filter like a brittle or pure um to make your water taste better which will make you drink more of it which is a good thing um though have a whole series actually have a series of uh uh videos coming about out about arsenic and rice and i talked a little bit about arsenic and water in terms of if you live in an area which has high arsenic water then you might um um then you might think twice but uh other than that um i think uh just straight tap water should be fine um bjk is a face safe to buy toothpaste compared to calcium carbonate um uh yeah well no that's just chalk um so the reason i add calcium carbonate is just as a as a mild abrasive it's just powdered chalk and so that you know so um is it safe yeah i don't think there's anything um there's any downside to calcium carbonate um there is however i have uh some videos coming out about sls sodium laurel sulfate as an irritant i'm increasing risk of i forget what it was maybe that was part of the apthas ulcer video series um anyway that uh so uh that that's a concerning agreement agreement not for cancer which was some email fraud thing from the 90s um but uh as an irritant um uh yeah um i forget indications for one uh make sure you're subscribed to my emails and of course subscriptions are free everything is free um so you won't miss those videos coming up um ace life is anything medical schools should lower the tuition fees tuition fees are pretty outrageous um i think i forget i i forget how much uh my uh uh the tuition it toughs was i actually got a free ride through the medical science training program um was offered a free ride actually ended up not taking it but that's a whole another story um but uh do i think they need to lower tuition fees i'd like to see them lower their tuition fees most countries medical school like all uh uh graduate training all college is free um uh but um but again it shouldn't be a barrier since you can get any student loans you need and pay them off uh right harry asks what is my take on intermittent fasting like 16 hours fasting eight hours feed window um for diabetes that's a fantastic question and i'm gonna do a whole series of videos about it um and uh because there's now a whole body of evidence and there wasn't before last time i checked but now there is and the uh and it's not like i'm trying to hide anything from you i just haven't read it i have it all sitting in the folder looking forward to doing series of videos i know that's a topic of interest folks and so it's high on my list of priorities um smart dogs as one's the next q and a the next q and a is i believe let me look june 29th thursday june 29th um 12 30 and 130 12 30 facebook 130 youtube folk folk b asks with people taking talking although talking a lot about soylent and lab grown meat so i think we'll ever be able to synthesize the complexity of plant foods well on nature does it right takes the little seed explodes into an oak tree right everything just comes out so there's no reason we won't be able to kind of figure it out one day but um you know they uh plants do all the work for us and so no need to uh to uh to try to synthesize in the lab unless you're trying to patent something because obviously you can't um well until recently you hear they can't patent much of life i think one santo patented some broccoli stream or something but most broccoli uh unpatentable which is good because then it's cheap but it's bad because no one's going to research in broccoli they can't make a lot of money out of um so we should support public funding of medical research through for example the national institutes of health bjks following the daily dozen guidelines oh we already talked about that got it harry sends me an image of watermelon that looks delicious you're making me hungry and it is 3 30 that brings us to a close sorry i didn't get to move your comments um or get those questions in early i'm in fact the next youtube event page is already up you could put your questions in right now virgin 29 and be sure you get the answer um uh thanks everyone for joining me on this wonderful holiday weekend and have a fantastic uh month and i will hope to see you soon


In today's class on advanced characterization techniques, we are going to touch upon reflection high energy electron diffraction. In the last class, we had studied how does low energy electron diffraction works. I would like to mention that reflection high energy electron diffraction is a sister technique of low energy electron diffraction and shares a lot of principles in common with low energy diffraction. So as I had already mentioned reflection high energy electron diffraction is very similar to low energy electron diffraction. However, unlike low energy electron diffraction which essentially comprised of back reflection if you remember we had a source coming over here for x-rays and the sample position over here and we had this entire grid along with our screen position somewhere over here. So essentially it comprised of back reflection unlike low energy electron diffraction we are now going to talk about reflection high energy electron diffraction wherein we talk more about or rather we talk only about forward scattered electrons. As I had already mentioned if at all the electrons are going to scatter in the forward direction we have to ensure that the geometry of the electron beam that we are using is essentially grazing incidence geometry. Now the geometry that we are going to talk in reflection high energy electron diffraction is very similar to or rather same as that of what we used in grazing incidence small angle x-rays scattering. By now I hope you must have you know developed an understanding about how we play with the geometry of say x-rays or electrons or for that matter say even neutrons which we are going to talk about in a couple of lectures from now on to get relevant information or to achieve relevant diffraction condition. Talking about forward scattered electrons the major advantage that it offers is that it gives us a large elastic cross section at the same time it gives us excellent surface sensitivity that was precisely the reason why we had opted for grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering over simple small angle x-ray scattering. So I hope you understand the geometries now we are going to use the geometry of you know grazing incidence for our own advantage in reflection high energy electron diffraction. Now as we had seen any technique that works with grazing incidence provides us important information about the surface crystal structure the orientation as well as the roughness of the surface as well as any adsorbate or any entity say thin film or quantum dots which are mean grown on the substrate. So we had seen earlier that you know the output of low energy electron diffraction was nice diffraction spots we could actually envision the reciprocal lattice in low energy electron diffraction. Similarly in reflection high energy electron diffraction we also see the reciprocal lattice however I hope you appreciate that the diffraction condition is relaxed in a particular direction and this precisely happens because the thickness of the film or the entity that we are talking about is very less. Now once we go to the reciprocal space the lesser distance in real space gets transformed into higher distance in the reciprocal space and therefore instead of getting diffraction spots we end up getting diffraction streaks in reflection high energy electron diffraction. Now similar to low energy electron diffraction where we had used the position of the spots the position as well as the spacing of the spots to decipher the structure we can use the position as well as the distribution of the streaks to find out the crystal structure of the entity under consideration. At the same time I should mention that the theory for reflection high energy electron diffraction is not very well developed though I am going to show at the very end of this lecture a couple of examples where we use you know the theory and carry out simulations for reflection high energy electron diffraction on a routine basis the theory is not as well developed as that for low energy electron diffraction and therefore generally we do not account for the intensity variation that occurs during occurs in the spots obtained in low or rather streaks obtained in reflection high energy electron diffraction. Another basic advantage that reflection high energy electron diffraction offers is that it can be coupled with any thin film growth technique for that matter with a technique like say molecular beam epitaxy to monitor the growth of the epitaxial layer in situ so wherein we can play with the deposition parameters at the same time by seeing how the thin film is growing. So this is one of the biggest advantage that reflection high energy electron diffraction offers in the processing as far as semiconductor industry is considered. So let us look at the geometry of reflection high energy electron diffraction as you can see over here the source is shown over here and here is our sample you can see that the electrons are incident at a very small angle I would like to mention that this figure is a bit exaggerated and this angle what I am showing with the normal is very close to 90 meaning this angle the angle with the surface is very very small. So once the electrons which are incident on the sample get diffracted from the surface we put a grid over here and give a negative voltage so that it repels all the inelastically scattered electrons and only the elastically scattered electrons are able to travel and hit the screen and give rise to the diffraction pattern. Another important thing that differentiates reflection high energy electron diffraction from low energy electron diffraction is the energy of the electrons. I hope you remember from our last class that we had used the energy electrons with energy of 20 to 500 electron volt in case of low energy electron diffraction. However when we go to reflection high energy electron diffraction we use energies in the kilo electron volt range. So we start with energies of the order of 5 kilo electron volt to a 100 kilo electron volt. I would just like to draw your attention to the fact and particularly at the energy levels that we are talking about. If you recollect we can use these energies in the kilo electron volt regime in a simple scanning electron microscope. At the same time the higher spectrum is for a very low kv transmission electron microscope. So I hope you appreciate that the essential thing or essential difference between reflection high energy electron diffraction and low energy electron diffraction is not just the geometry but also the energy of electron beam that we are using. As we had seen the incident electrons are directed at an angle which is almost normal to the surface that is the electrons are incident at grazing angle. These high energy electrons are restricted to the surface due to this very grazing incidence geometry. Now as I had already mentioned these electrons which are getting diffracted or scattered can undergo elastic as well as inelastic scattering. So we do not like the inelastic scattering because they contribute to background and therefore we put a grid and like similar to what we had in low energy electron diffraction give it a negative bias so that we get rid of all the inelastically scattered electrons and the diffraction or the elastically scattered electrons that are able to reach the screen they contribute to diffraction which is occurring from a very small thickness of the order of few atomic layers from the surface. So because of this relaxed diffraction condition that I had mentioned earlier the reciprocal points are replaced with reciprocal rods or rel rods. This essentially happens due to relaxation of diffraction condition in one particular direction. Now what are the consequences of the geometry we have already seen that you know everything is restricted only to a few atomic layers however another important difference that we had mentioned was the tremendous difference in the energy levels. So what does the energy level contribute to when we compare low energy or for the compare low energy electron diffraction and reflection high energy electron diffraction well the high energy used in reflection high energy electron diffraction leads to a very small wavelength of the electrons. I hope you appreciate that electrons at such a high energy can be easily considered as a wave. Now the basic importance that or the basic consequence that it has is in determining the evolved sphere radius. If you remember we had talked about this even in x-ray diffraction and during low energy electron diffraction that the radius of the evolved sphere is nothing but 1 over lambda or for that matter it is 2 by lambda. You can imagine that if the wavelength is very small the evolved sphere will be very very large. Now you can also imagine that if the evolved sphere is very very large the circumferential part of the evolved sphere can be as good can be considered as good as a straight line and that is what essentially happens say in a transmission electron microscope and similar things happen in reflection high energy electron diffraction. Now what does this you know flat nature or planar nature of the evolved sphere uses well it leads to diffraction at multiple points. This is essentially because the diffraction condition is satisfied we have more and more you know diffraction or reciprocal spots or for that matter in reflection high energy electron diffraction the rail rods or reciprocal rods lying on your evolved sphere and this leads to many diffraction spots separated by small angles in case of reflection high energy electron diffraction. So the image showing the actual you know geometry of the process is shown over here I hope you remember this is what corresponds to our you know planar reciprocal space where you have the 0 0 bar 1 0 bar 2 0 over here and 1 0 2 0 3 0 and so on. So here as you can see the evolved sphere which is shown over here having wavelength of 2 pi over lambda we see that the Bragg's condition is satisfied not at a particular point but at multiple number of rail rods not only that we get diffraction condition not only for the 0 0 but also for the 1 bar 0 spot we do not get either of them but most of the time we do get diffraction from the 0 0 or 1 bar 0. Now as you can imagine for such from such a figure that the diffraction condition is very very poorly defined and therefore it is very difficult if not impossible to do any quantitative estimate of diffraction from such a diffraction condition. Having said that these diffraction pattern obtained from reflection high energy electron diffraction comprises of streaks and not reciprocal spots. Now what information we get from this diffraction pattern that we are getting in reflection high energy electron diffraction well we get the periodicity of orthogonal to the diffraction plane using this the diffraction pattern that we get in reflection high energy electron diffraction. Now this information is essentially obtained by measuring the separation between the streaks and it can be easily for very small angles you know we can always determine it using the similar formula like your tan theta is equal to sin theta which is equal to s where s represents essentially your distance between the two streaks and l represents the distance between your sample and the screen a better figure is given over here and here you can clearly see what exactly I meant. So we have a situation where we have incident beam which is coming at a very small angle right from the surface of the sample and you see how we get diffraction you see the 0 0 spot the 0 bar 1 spot and the 0 1 plot you can see that in this plane of diffraction you do see a lot of streaks which are seen over here also now the distance between the streaks sorry for that the distance between the streaks is s which is given over here and what we figured out was that the angle what we are having in the plane is essentially proportional to s and the distance between the sample normal and the screen. So going back again we can clearly see that for information in normal direction eval sphere must intersect several red rods and that is what essentially happens now for a fixed wavelength if we increase theta you can ensure that the streaks will be replaced with a row of blurred spots now this essentially happens because over a diffraction condition itself is changing. So if you go back to the this figure you can see that this particular angle over here which is shown or you can say that the phi angle which is shown over here is changing and if the phi changes we can see that these diffraction spots are essentially changing and from this we can get information about the kind of symmetry we are having in the normal direction. So this is what we mean by changing the angle phi you see that instead of getting streaks we do get these blurred spots having said that this is a bit of an exaggeration and you can consider that you get only one of the lines over here so you end up getting only one such set now this therefore by varying this angle it is possible to obtain intensity as a function of this angle now this is very similar to rocking curve now I would like to remember we did not touch upon rocking curve essentially but what we do in rocking curve again we have to go back to x-ray diffraction and if you go back and if you remember in rocking curve all we end up doing is we go at a particular 2 theta we fix the 2 theta get a peak and now we vary omega right just to ensure that what all how is what is the quality of the crystal or thin film that we have grown. Similarly here also by changing the phi angle all we are trying to see is what is the quality of the crystal or the thin film that we have grown on the surface. However there is a considerable effect of dynamical diffraction is that that is what was happening when we talked about getting rocking curve in case of thin films using x-ray diffraction. However as we see again that as rather I had mentioned earlier the theory of reflection high energy electron diffraction is not very well developed. In fact there are some groups who claim and rather it is I will show at the end of the lecture some calculations which account for dynamical diffraction but having said that this is more of a qualitative technique rather than you know getting quantitative information from reflection high energy electron diffraction and therefore the results are slightly difficult to elaborate. So as I had mentioned and the entire focus of going for reflection high energy electron diffraction is that the technique is highly surface sensitive and as I had already mentioned the theory is not as well developed as low energy electron diffraction and does not account for multiple scattering events. Having said that it is also characterized by plenty of inelastic scattering events and therefore quantitative estimate from reflection high energy electron diffraction has not achieved as widespread use as that for low energy electron diffraction. As I had already mentioned that one of the biggest USB that reflection high energy electron diffraction has is concerned with its ability to be incorporated in thin film deposition techniques. So the biggest advantage that reflection high energy electron diffraction offers is that we can actually monitor in situ during deformation the kind of layer or rather the kind of film that we are growing not only the kind but also the quality of the film that we are growing. Now this gives us a lot of advantage particularly for industries for semiconductor industry where they are very interested in growing the thin films of very high quality. Here in Reed offers a very robust tool where you can do in service monitoring of the quality of the thin film which gives us a very handy tool to play with the processing parameters. Now this also ensures that there is no need of doing post processing characterization. Now this makes life much easier for process engineer. So as I had mentioned the biggest advantage of reflection high energy electron diffraction is in thin film deposition setup. Now the basic advantage of reflection high energy electron diffraction is that it can be incorporated in any thin film deposition setup for say something for various deposition techniques like MOCVD or molecular beam epitaxy. The biggest advantage that it gives to semiconductor industry is that you can really monitor in situ the quality of the film that we are trying to grow. This gives the process engineers a wonderful tool to play with. Therefore they do not have to do process optimization after the processing has been done. Instead we can monitor the evolution of the thin film under consideration while the thin film is growing and we can control the quality of the thin film which we are going to get. Therefore this is the case where reflection high energy electron diffraction gets the maximum importance. A schematic showing the actual assembly having a thin film deposition technique as well as reflection high energy electron diffraction is shown over here. As you can visualize generally reflection high energy electron diffraction is used only as a qualitative tool to determine the kind of films that we are getting. And therefore you can understand that during the processing of thin films there is no way we are going to stop and do entire analysis from the reflection high energy diffraction pattern that we are going to get. And hence generally in most of the practical applications reflection high energy electron diffraction data is essentially used to get qualitative information about the quality of the thin film. A brief comparison between low energy electron diffraction and reflection high energy electron diffraction is presented over here. As we had seen reflection high energy electron diffraction offers much better access to sample while collecting the diffraction data that aids in observation during growth. This is the biggest USB of this technique. Having said that the we have the ability to monitor layer by layer deposition of epitaxial films using reflection high energy electron diffraction. I am going to show you some data at the end wherein we see how we can go as small as you know 4 or 5 mono layers and obtain precise data, precise qualitative data from reflection high energy electron diffraction. And as we had seen earlier it is integrated with thin film deposition techniques like molecular beam epitaxy and used on a routine scale in semiconductor industry. However there are some disadvantages that reflection high energy electron diffraction has over low energy electron diffraction and that include the quality of the diffraction pattern that we get is not as good in case of reflection high energy electron diffraction. Having said that in order to obtain complete information about the film in the plane or the symmetry and the structure of the film in the entire plane we need to rotate the sample because if you remember we had got information only in one direction. In order to get complete information in two direction we also need to rotate the sample. However this will give us a lot of information about how exactly the quality of the film is in the plane. Another important thing regarding the geometry of reflection high energy electron diffraction is enumerated over here in this figure. So this is very similar to the earlier figure that we had seen but this clearly shows that how exactly we get diffraction from different spots and on the real screen each and every spot over here corresponds to a particular you know any diffraction spot corresponds to a reciprocal spot in the which in turn is again related to a real lattice point in the diffraction pattern. So here we see the zeroth law is on of the film under consideration and how it gets reflected or rather manifested on the read screen. Again similar to what we had seen earlier the distance between the two spots as I have shown over here is proportional to a star which is nothing but the reciprocal lattice parameter and L where L is nothing but the distance between the screen and the law way zone. I would like to remind you that this entity that we have shown over here is essentially in the reciprocal space. So let us not get confused if you remember we had got parameter S by L and that is what was equal to R. So the same equation that we had got only differences in this case I have represented everything in terms of the reciprocal lattice vectors. And this is why do we do that do the you know aforementioned exercise is to essentially simulate the read pattern that we are likely to get. So here in you can see the kind of read pattern that we would obtain for a silicon 001 peak in 100 or rather this is the silicon 001 crystal in 100 direction. So you can see depending on the different you know zone access you get these all spots which you are getting over here and these can be indexed. Now below is given an experimental read pattern. So just by qualitatively comparing these two patterns we can see that what are the diffractions that we are getting in the silicon film and from this we can comment about the quality of the film. I would also like to mention that here you can see there is only one spot and there is a bit of streaking but here you see there are two spots and this is what I had shown you earlier. Now this is one of the aspect that happens over here right. So you see instead of having just one spot you are having two spots. So this is what happens essentially because in experimental condition the diffraction criteria is relaxed in one dimension. Having said that I have just showed you how we can get a qualitative estimate. Now let us go ahead and see what all we can do using reflection high energy electron diffraction. But before we do that if you remember in low energy electron diffraction we had seen we had considered different you know unit cells and we had seen how they will look like in the reciprocal space. We can do a similar exercise for reflection high energy electron diffraction. But what differentiates read from low energy electron diffraction is that instead of having diffraction spots we do get diffraction streaks and this is what is shown over here. So you see different lattices and how they will look again this time also there in the reciprocal space. But because of the geometry of reflection high energy electron diffraction how do they get modulated. So mind you this is your real space which is shown over here. This is your reciprocal space right and this is how the pattern will look in reflection high energy electron diffraction. So let us go back and this is why I had shown you this figure where actually I showed that you know how your reciprocal lattice which is shown over here gets modulated into your read pattern which is shown over here. So the same concept which when you can extend see this is something that we had covered in the last class.  But what we get in reflection high energy electron diffraction is not actually this means in low energy electron diffraction we got all the spots right over here. But here no because of the grazing incidence we do get a streak pattern and this is how the pattern looks like. Now similar example for different unit cell configurations is shown over here and these can be easily computed. Now let us go and look at some real examples. So just to show you the read sensitivity or I have given an example of growth of gallium arsenide by molecular beam epitaxy on a silicon substrate.  And you see here you see that the gallium shutter is open and after the particular amount of time you switch off the gallium shutter or you close the gallium shutter and you see as a function of time you see that the there is damping of the oscillations. Now what does these oscillations correspond to? Well these oscillations actually give us information about the surface disorder. Another important thing that I had mentioned that each oscillation this each oscillation corresponds to each high intensity you see over here the intensity each oscillation or each high intensity actually corresponds to one single atomic layer. So you can imagine the sensitivity of reflection high energy electron diffraction. So here in we have a very simple technique which gives us information about deposition of single atomic layer mind you single atomic layer and here another thing that we can see that the intensity is gradually reducing. So now when does the intensity of diffraction reduce? Well when most of the material that is being deposited is not satisfying the diffraction condition and therefore we can conclude that with increasing time there is a decrease in intensity which essentially indicates that the defects which are incorporated or which are getting incorporated in our gallium arsenide films are increasing with the deposition time. Now this may affect the quality of the film and we may not get finally good quality epitaxial films. So here in we have a situation or wherein we can monitor in situ the quality of the film and control it and use this information that we are obtaining to control the process parameters. Another important example is for deposition of germanium on silicon. Now this is a classical example where we are going to look at a case wherein we are going to use simulations also. So there are certain groups who have developed you know something similar to what the simulation tools that we had seen in the last class for low energy electron diffraction for reflection high energy electron diffraction also. So in this case we are depositing germanium by evaporation on a silicon 111 7 x 7 substrate. I would like to remind you that the 7 x 7 substrate is essentially you know a substrate on which there is restructuring of the first 7 atomic layers because of the dangling bonds. Having said that the read or reflection high energy electron diffraction was carried out on the germanium deposition at 18 kilo electron volts and here in also you see that how the oscillatory nature is seen experimentally. Now what all things we can do actually you see it is silicon 111 and you see the incident electron beam is at 112 direction and at an angle of 1.2 degree to 112 what essentially happens in the actual experiment is shown over here where the angle was varied to 7 degree and here we see that there was damping of oscillations after 10 monolayers of germanium and what we could do was actually incorporate these things in the simulation and obtain a good match using between the simulations and the experiment using a particular parameter. I will not go in details of how exactly it is done because that is beyond the scope of this class but I want to just impress upon you that there are certain groups who claim that we can do not just qualitative but rather a semi quantitative analysis using reflection high energy electron diffraction. Now this is again another classic example from a paper by Chen Etten. So in this case there was growth of a epitaxial gold crystal on titanium that is TiO2 substrate. So that is where read is of very very great use to us because read offers us not just information from the thin film or a quantum dot that we are growing but also from the surface under consideration. So here you see nice specular pattern as well as normal diffraction from the titanium. Now as we grow you see that some additional spots appear. Once we try to index it we do see that these corresponds to FCCAU. Not only that if you look at the pattern in detail which is shown over here you can go back and assume a particular shape of your particle that is being grown and back calculate the diffraction pattern from it and if you see that there is a good match between the simulated diffraction pattern and the obtained diffraction pattern we can believe that the not only the shape but also the size of the epitaxial gold particle that has grown on the titanium substrate. So this is how you know I talked about you know getting qualitative information from read and here in I am presenting how we can get a lot of quantitative estimate not only about the shape but also the size of a single particle using reflection high energy electron diffraction. So this is one technique which is you know growing very fast. So as I had mentioned we always end up getting some diffraction from the substrate. So this may be used in a very advantageous way as I showed you in the last example. However having said that in most cases it contributes to reduction in intensity it also leads to additional spots in the diffraction pattern and it is best suited for monitoring thin film just a simple qualitative way and other simple qualitative way rather to get more quantitative information things are a bit involved. But having said that there is no technique which comes even closer to reflection high energy electron diffraction when it comes to semiconductor industry where it is used on a routine basis for growing epitaxial films using metal organic chemical vapor deposition or molecular beam epitaxy. Another important thing now that we saw in case of low energy electron diffraction that at the end of the day we are having a electron beam and if you remember we had also used low energy electron diffraction to get some images. But having said that the energy of electrons in low energy electron diffraction was very small 20 to 500 electron volt. Now we have energy as high as a low kv transmission electron microscope. So what we can do essentially is actually use this high energy electron beam to get convergent beam electron diffraction. So here again I have shown you different geometry. So you see what kind of geometry we are having over here when we are doing normal reflection high energy electron diffraction beam is not at all converged. However if we want to do convergent beam electron diffraction as we do in a TM what do we do we take the electron beam and using the voltage of the lenses we actually converge it. Now what are the advantage that we get well we do get a smaller probe not only that this is equivalent to getting a rocking curve information and you see unlike the read pattern that I had shown up till now here you can see these nice lines. Now these lines are in fact the same thing that we get in a convergent beam electron diffraction and carry information about the symmetry that is existing in the entity under consideration. And here in we can clearly see for a silicon 0 0 1 2 cross 1 substrate that there is a mirror symmetry and what actually we are seeing in this particular slide is actually the higher order Laue zones and what we see here in this particular example is the half order Laue zone that represent the super lattice discs from 2 cross 1 domains of silicon 0 0 1 which clearly indicates that there indeed is a mirror symmetry for this reconstructed surface. So you see we started from normal reflection high energy electron diffraction and understood that we are not going to get much of quantitative information and at the end of the lecture I have contradicted myself and presented to you what all quantitative information that we can get from reflection high energy electron diffraction however it is to be mentioned that one needs to take a lot of care before extracting so you know such in depth information from reflection high energy electron diffraction. So to summarize we have seen that reflection high energy electron diffraction offers excellent in situ monitoring tool it is very simple and inexpensive however it provides information only in one dimension. If you want to get information in say the entire plane of the paper or rather in the plane of the sample we need to rotate the sample. We have also seen that how it can be embedded in thin film deposition techniques like MBE and MOCVD and can be used on a routine basis it gives us a rapid simple qualitative analysis we have also seen that we can get information not only about CBED bus but also rocking course however these things as I had already mentioned are very difficult to analyze but it is something that can be done using reflection high energy electron diffraction. Having said that I should also mention that one of the biggest disadvantage of reflection high energy electron diffraction is that it is very sensitive to the surface roughness and therefore it is very important to see what kind of sample we are using and therefore it is very very useful only for in situ growth. Having said that I hope that I have been able to present you how does electron how can we use electron diffraction to get similar and at times even better information than what you obtained using x-ray diffraction. In the next class we are going to just change slightly the course of our training and go from diffraction and scattering we touch upon scattering but we leave aside diffraction for some time and for one lecture we go and study about spectroscopy then we again come back and do neutron diffraction till then have a good time thank you.


And we are back and now it is my pleasure to introduce you to Adam. Thanks, mate. Hey, good afternoon, everyone. All right, this is on. Good afternoon, everyone. This talk is about how we as engineers can reach out to a number of colleagues in a traditional federal, like, defense contractor to really help wrangle compliance in a reasonable manner. It's a dawning task, a war on two fronts, at least. But what we'll see is that a lot of organizations already have the fundamentals already in place. Once that's understood among or across the organization, I think some documentation, a little bit of process improvement here and there, and metrics can exceed compliance and even make security a business enabler. It's security to make the CFO happy. I don't think it would be a DEF CON talk without some colorful language, so I'm going to hit you right up front. There it is. So just by a quick show, yeah, look at that. That is some raunchy technical gibberish there. So real quick, I'm sure most of you are familiar with some of these terms, but a line by line, so basically the top one, security controls. The next one is DoD standards for training. The next one is how organizations are supposed to protect controlled, unclassified information. The next one is how the Department of Defense has so many DEF CON groups that they go with entire phone numbers, just not the trunk. Just kidding. That DFAR clause is what folks in our contracting departments, or maybe even legal, are going to use the trace win standards actually go into contracts as they go out to the federal contractors. And then last, we have two maturity models from the kind of the origin as the Software Engineering Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They are the capability maturity model integrated, and then the cybersecurity maturity model certification, which is currently in development. So whose ears are burning? Who would be offended by that technical gibberish? Well, it's the entire DoD supply chain for starters, and as you can see, that's quite a few companies. We're here at Hacker Summer Camp. So folks that live and breathe business efficiency in companies, to them, the Department of Defense is the advanced persistent threat, and they are a tough and determined enemy. It's Hacker Summer Camp, so let's do some threat modeling. And we'll start out with our targets, or maybe our potential victims, subjects to attacks from this APT. So business side, we're going to see business development folks. So these are the capture leads trying to capture new business and new customers. And then there's program managers who execute existing contracts. On the internal support functions for a company, we're going to have finance, quality assurance, IT managers that are going to be targeted by these new standards and things. All right, so threat vectors. What forms do the threats come in? So for the business side, we're going to look at data calls, which are from other companies that want to partner on efforts. We've got requests for information or requests for proposals coming in from customers, and we've got statements of work and supplier statements of work. On the organization side, we have certifications that they may choose to go out and try to get approval for. And then audits from folks like the Defense Contract Management Agency. The third one is kind of a catch-all, and it can hit both the support functions and the business, and that's the questionnaire. So why is it so scary for these company leaders, so these department heads and business directors? Why would it make the CFO unhappy? And these are a list of pain points. So poor communication, possibly from business project to business project, as well as poor communication between the customer, so the DOD customer and the business. The reason for that is it's simply a lot of times it's a flow-down issue from the DOD to departments and agencies and so forth down our program office, and they really don't know how to communicate that to the contractor. The second thing is the security language. I think literacy is a big issue when we look at the security controls in the NIST Special Publications and kind of map that to what we do to provide services and systems to the government. Security that comes in at the end, I would argue, is the classic example of unplanned work if you're familiar with that term from DevOps practices. And lastly, a lot of these mandates and requirements, they kind of run counter to traditional contract execution work, cost schedule and performance count, but there's no real way to measure how well you did security, right? So they tend to get dropped. And fortunately that security is changing with this CMMC, which we'll cover again. So we've seen some potential victims in our organization. We know what the threats are. So what can we do to help out? Well, first of all, this is supposed to be a picture of, we're going to teach the victims how to out swim the shark for one. So how do we do security in our process faster and more efficiently, right? Because that's how we know how to do business, is to do things on time and on budget. It's just familiarity. Secondly, I would argue that really wrangling the compliance, not just taking the standards at face value with written form, but finding out how they apply to us and how we can tailor them to our processes that we have already, how we do things. To be a good lifeguard in your business, you have to enjoy working with other people across the organization, especially if there's few security folks in your group. But swimming preferred, but not necessary for this job. We've got a lifeboat. So training is a factor in this talk. One point that I wanted to make is this is kind of the view of security right now to a lot of people.  So if it's not clear by now, we kind of need to train up to these business leaders to say, this milestone that we're going to have this compliance fire drill, that's not the end of the day. We want to do this easier the next time and get better and better at it. So there are many maturity models. This one is mine. There is no settled on cybersecurity maturity model yet for the CMMC. There are some out there, but this one's mine. So I already argued that level one is awareness. Security is the thing. And I think most people achieve that because they're afraid of it. Number two is the literacy. So really understanding the documents. Once we understand it, we can engage both tactically with our customer and really help them understand because sometimes we may be ahead of the curve in kind of knowing, you know, it's our systems, the things that we build. We should know how to put security in the right way and then strategic. So interacting with things that are ongoing, like the cybersecurity maturity model certification, which I think we all just missed a listening session hosted by NIST like on Thursday. So there's another three or four sessions. If you look at the CMMC website, you'll see their schedule. They have what they started this summer. Lastly, for our purposes, security needs to be a measurable cost. And this is a playoff. The CMMC, their kind of bumper sticker is security. They want to make security an allowable cost, which is a change from the past. So I say we make it a measurable cost. A history lesson. We are not going to be the first techies to have to work across the company to kind of satisfy process improvement or certification. Just a quick reference. This is the information assurance baseline. When we look at the 8570, 8140, this is a matrix of various technical and managerial roles and security-specific roles. I put this up here. I wanted to show that, well, generalist certifications get a bad rap. If you don't have a well-defined security group yet, the generalist certifications give you a lot of bang for your buck to kind of start wrangling compliance. One in particular is CISSP. I'm not endorsing that one. I'm just saying it's in a lot of boxes. Next to that, you have Security Plus. And I'll also point out real quick if you can see anyone of the Security Plus Network Plus. You also have the CE. That's for compute elements. The point there is that technical proficiency matters, and as we go to 8140, it seems like it's going to matter more. So how do we get the best value out of our training dollars? So we've been talking about roles in our company, and they tend to be senior, at least senior to me, a mid-level engineer. In triaging security control, traceability to various projects.  So if we know the milestones that our customer expects, and we kind of go to the higher-ups, the business directors who have visibility across the company, let's line up these milestone dates that the customer has with our existing program schedules, right? Too many times I've seen security come in at the end, and it's kind of like getting T-Bone in a car accident. The schedules are orthogonal. They're not in lockstep. Once we do that, we're definitely going to be more efficient in executing on these security tasks, whether it's a technical hardening effort to fix a web server, or to answer a question or something like that. The next bullet, maximizing existing contracts. I would say that's both maximizing the resources we have from our customer. We may have to pull on them rather strongly, maybe even reach through the customer to their next level up, but they're going to provide valuable guidance, whether they know it or not, on how we can do things efficiently. Secondly, there's our vendor relationships, and that brings me to some of the relationships we'll see on the ground in our company. So the first one is purchasing. So I know in my case, initially purchasing with the people that maybe I make a purchase request for some software and maybe have to wait a long time and eventually it gets approved. And then when I go install the software that I just got approved for, I get to a certain point and ask for a license key. And then I have to go back to that person too because they got the email with the license key. So the purchasing folks are more than that. They have the contact with our vendors. They're going to help us maximize that relationship to get the most out of our SIM or vulnerability management vendor in terms of training and technical support and things like that. They're also going to have visibility on what other programs or what other groups are actually using the same software, right? Because they've got basically high level visibility into all the purchases in the company. That's going to save us from making painful decisions about buying a new or opening a new account so we can just get maybe an entitlement with an existing account that we already have. And one last thing about purchasing, it is a central point of having good supply chain risk management plan. So I would argue that the purchasing folks, a lot of successful SCRM, which is really about what the CMMC and some of these standards are about is protecting the supply chain. A good program is going to ride on their backs and those folks are already doing some good work. It's just a matter of them maybe adding a little bit there. But they're going to help us a lot. The second relationship, it should be pretty obvious, but engineering and IT, that's two technical groups, should be working together. We might have different tech stacks, but otherwise this relationship should make sense. And the security focus of it, I would say if we can focus on getting together for some CIM training, for that vendor we haven't really maximized that relationship, that's a really good idea because one, we're going to have more folks to consult on when we're troubleshooting problems with our CIMs. And the other thing that's just going to bias, if we don't have a CIM yet and we don't really do metrics really well, the CIM is going to be that data aggregation platform to get metrics. And frankly, as an engineering group, yet it's going to help us up level to like a level in terms of the capability maturity to like a level four if we're at a level two or three previously. The third relationship is human resources. I think there's plenty of ways that this one could go. For me personally, what I saw was this kind of value thread here which is up on the screen now. I had a situation at work where the data call came in from another partner. The Senior Business Director saw it. He kind of put out an email with HR and some of the cyber people. And HR could kind of figure out who had the right cyber search or experience. It was kind of like a company resume to be frank. HR now has that. They can develop some kind of talent database so the next time the next data call comes in, it doesn't have to be an email exercise. They can also start tweaking their education reimbursement policies to include cyber training. That's a win for HR because now they have one more perk to attract new talent. And it's a win for us because it's a way for us to basically with new talent, we get new allies. And if you're the one engineer that was doing security, now you have folks that can help you with that. Just a quick summary. The CFOs, they're about, I would say, time is money, that will cliche. I would say that security literacy saves time. Security, especially organizational security, is going to be team effort. Don't throw the baby out with a bathwater. So our existing groups are probably already doing a decent job. It's just about documenting that and maybe refining it to the engineering process that we're already doing. And then lastly, where you want to get to is that security enables quality. Security for its own sake, but there are many practices, good security practices that are going to make your engineering process stronger. And that's it. So like they say, you really do zip through the slides fast and live. So open up to questions now. Any relationships that people want to work on a little bit more? Not personal relationships. Oh, that's good. Yeah, so physical security. So when I'm doing security controls like the NIST 800-53, when I say disaster recovery and business continuity, that might be the CISSP term. But you know what I mean? To me that seems like that says facilities, right? And then facilities is going to work with IT because if power goes out, what kind of apps are they running and stuff like that? So yeah, that's definitely a relationship that's going to extend out. And then with the supply chain on the extending relationship, manufacturing or shipping and receiving is definitely going to factor in the supply chain relationship. Say the last part. So one thing I think disambiguing IAM is information assurance manager, not identity authentication management. I hope that was maybe not clear. Does that make sense? So one thing I have to abandon is a security minded person. Sometimes it helps to be just being aware and literate of the security requirements that come down the pipe or these compliance things. You know, it's something to show like, hey, you know, we have programs A, B, C and D and we know that we have engineers that touch the systems that require those kind of certs. So one is showing that official compliance. Now, you know, if you want to hear a weird thing about those DOD 8570, that baseline matrix comes from that, but the new standard is 8140, which is not quite done, but it's re-labeled 8570 cube to cover 8140. So dealing with those lags sometimes, that's why I say those DFARS clauses matter, because that's when the rubber hits the road for when you actually see new security language in like contract documents. Well, that's it. Thanks everybody for coming. I appreciate your time.