Half a day, Aloha, Kamusta, Anyong, and Konichiwa. Just a few ways to say hello and give a small representation of the more than 2,500 languages spoken in the region. I am Colonel David Kaola Aragon, your 36-wing Vice Commander and proud Asian American Pacific Islander wingman. For those of you who may be wondering, my middle name means life in Hawaiian. My father is a Hawaii native and my grandparents are from the Philippines. It is among these reasons that I want to express my excitement for the month of May. Your Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Committee has an array of events planned this month and I invite you to take part in and enrich yourself with the culture. I challenge us all to cultivate our relationships and ties with the Guam community, starting with the Sister Village Sister Squadron Program. Explore how you can engage, whether it's through a beautification project, participating in village events, or just getting to know your neighbor. Throughout the month, weekly updates will be shared with Team Anderson. If you have personal stories rooted in the heritage, I encourage you to share them to inspire solidarity, acceptance, and community. Lastly, I hope you take advantage of this month to learn more about the unique culture of your Asian American Pacific Islander teammates within your unit, within the wing, and within your community. I look forward to seeing you out there enjoying the local beauty of Guam, learning about the rich heritage of the region, and indulging in all the wonderful food as we continue to strengthen our local and regional partnerships from the forward edge of the Indo-Pacific.


they may uniquely identify you. A few interesting facts about entropy. You can calculate it with a formula that's based on probabilities. For example, about 32 bits of entropy are needed to uniquely identify a single web user. But, and this is the tricky part, you mostly can't just sum the entropy of different pieces of information from APIs to understand if a set of APIs would be identifying. For example, if it would expose over 32 bits of entropy. Because entropy is about probability. So APIs can correlate. For example, if a user speaks Greek, the probability that they have a specific font installed is much higher. So if you already know that they speak Greek, that font in the local font list doesn't give you that much more information or entropy. Browser fingerprinting isn't new. There are even libraries out there. You can check out with this demo. And this can be used for legitimate purposes like fraud detection, but also for user tracking. And not only is fingerprinting based tracking covered and easy, but its usage may increase because it's an alternative to third party cookies that are being restricted in Chrome and other browsers. So what do we do about this? Well, web APIs like Canvas, local fonts and others unlock great capabilities but can hurt user privacy. So keeping the web as it is is not an option. Now we could remove support for highly identifying APIs or not implement support for new APIs. Or we could add noise to all API outputs. But this risk hurting the ability to build amazing web experiences, including for sites that have no intent of identifying users or sites that are only using one or two APIs. What if there was a middle ground way to get both capabilities and privacy? What if sites could continue using powerful APIs normally, but if a site uses too many highly identifying APIs, the browser could impose limitations to prevent the site from moving beyond the red line, namely to prevent the site from entering the red zone where it could uniquely identify users. Well, that's the idea of the privacy budget. As a developer you would decide how to spend your site's budget a bit like performance budgeting in a way, but the browser would define the upper limit and enforce it to protect user privacy. Now parallel to the privacy budget, Chrome is working on other measures to help move sites further away from the identifiable line. By reducing entropy were possible like for some sensor APIs. By refactoring existing APIs to make them more focused, more purpose-built and less identifying like user-agent clients hints instead of user-agent string and by transforming passive fingerprinting surfaces, information all sites can access without running any client-side code, like HTTP headers, into active surfaces information sites can access only by requesting it or running code on the client-side, like Canvas. This makes it easier for the browser to measure and control the budget. Back to the privacy budget. Where are we and what's the status? Well, before the privacy budget can be enforced some key questions need to be answered. Question one, where is the line? Well, very likely quite high initially so we can monitor impact and limit breakage and then it will gradually move down toward 32 bits the entropy needed to uniquely identify a web user. Question two, which sets of APIs move your site closer to the line and by how much? And question three, today how many sites are above or below the line? We are hoping that most sites are already below so that the privacy budget enforcement only affects a small number of sites. But to answer these questions, we need data like a lot of data from the web. Which is why a large-scale identifiable study is being run by Chrome. What's really exciting is this study is being run in real-life conditions. Right now there are some great sites that calculate how unique your browser is but only compare to other visitors of that site. But the privacy budget needs to work for any user and any site at scale. So, the Chrome study is run for real Chrome users visiting all sites in a privacy-preserving way. We're looking at small subset of surfaces that are randomly selected. We're excluding highly identifying surfaces and the data will be deleted after a short period of time. And across these users, the team is looking at how much identity every single site is accessing for all 300-plus identifying APIs. So, how is the team doing this? Well, first, they measure how much identity each API exposes. For example, they look at how locally installed font files differ across users. Second, they measure how APIs correlate. Remember how we said entropy couldn't be summed? Well, this is another special thing this study does. The team is looking at how APIs actually influence each other in practice. From here, they derive how much identity subsets of APIs expose. And in parallel, they're measuring which subsets of API sites are using. And finally, they combine these insights to find out how much identity is leaked to each site. So, what's next and what does this change for you? Well, nothing yet we're in the exploration phase. And Chrome's goal is to find a path for the web that's private by default and some sites will need to change. But we know we can't just overnight impose limitations on the APIs you're using because we also want to keep the web powerful. Which is why the team is running this in-depth large-scale study to strike the right balance between usefulness and privacy and find the line. We're pretty excited about what this will tell us. Privacy sandbox changes are rolling out gradually and developer tooling will be made available for the privacy budget to help you out. We know you'll have lots of questions about this. So, if you're interested to hear more about the results of the study stay tuned by subscribing to BlynkDev or following ChromiumDev on Twitter. And use these channels to share your feedback. Also, take a look at some of the new less identifying APIs that are already available. For example, user agent client hints. And by the way, we have other new APIs that support third-party use cases without cross-site tracking including an API to measure ad conversions. And on this, check out Charlie Harrison's video about the conversion measurement API. And that's it. Thanks for watching and I'll see you around. Hey, everyone. I'm Charlie Harrison, a software engineer working on the privacy sandbox. The privacy sandbox is a set of proposals to satisfy third-party cookie use cases without third-party cookies or other tracking mechanisms. I'm here to talk about one new API we're developing to enable conversion attribution for ads without the need for third-party cookies. So what is conversion attribution? This is all about measuring which ads lead to things like purchases or other valuable actions on an advertiser's site. This is effectively measuring the efficacy of online advertisement. And it can answer questions like how well is a particular ad campaign performing? Or is the campaign a good return on investment for advertisers? These are questions advertisers and ad tech companies need to answer. And we know this information is critical for a functioning ads ecosystem that helps fund the open web. Without it, advertisers and publishers are completely in the dark. And it could even lead to perverse incentives where ads optimize for clicks rather than actually providing value to the people who click on them. The privacy sandbox is a project about making the web more private by default while still supporting critical use cases like conversion measurement and we're committed to making this use case possible. However, before diving into the technical details of the API, it's useful to recap how this is done today using third-party cookies. Conversion attribution at its core involves connecting two events an ad being served to a person and a future event when that person later converts or buys something. With cookies, this is easy. As long as the same party observes the ad served and the conversion, they can use a cookie with a unique ID to link the two events together on their server. In this example, the ad tech company can use the cookie to see that the very same person that saw the ad on the news site later purchased the shoes on the shoe merchant's site. As Ma discussed in her talk, we're working to improve the status quo here. The information cookies provide is so powerful that it can be used to track a person as they browse across many websites. In the example here, the ad tech platform that uses the cookie learns detailed information about both the ad event and the conversion event joined together. That's the kind of data that could be used to build a profile based on a person's browsing history. In particular, we risk linking auxiliary data about each of these events. Let's say on news.example I use one email address to login and to purchase shoes I use a different email and also share my shipping address. With the power of a cross-site identifier, it is possible to link up all this information to build a profile of me online. Now, how could we improve things here and allow for this important use case in a more privacy preserving way? The biggest change we can leverage in a new browser API to preserve privacy is to perform attribution between the ad click and the purchase all on your device locally within the browser using a cookie.  Firstly, instead of the advertiser learning what conversion happened after an ad click, we can limit the advertiser to learning only a little bit of information about that conversion. Unlike with cookies where you can learn an ad ID alongside an associated purchase ID, in our API we drastically limit the amount of information you can learn about a purchase. The conversion data to only a small enum that describes it like what type of conversion it is or maybe a broad product category. This protects by default your identity on the advertiser site from being revealed to the context that served you an ad and avoids the problem cookies have where arbitrary information can be linked. Secondly, the browser can decide to sometimes randomize that little bit of conversion information. The goal here isn't to mislead the advertiser. In fact, we'll tell them exactly how often we plan to randomize. But they won't know exactly which conversion reports are accurate and which had some noise added by a random number generator. This will let advertisers see the big picture without them being sure about any one particular action any person did. We understand analyzing data with this kind of noise in it can be challenging. We've added a script in our repo which illustrates a technique to correct noisy data. Third, we add a delay before sending out information in conversion reports. This helps us further disassociate information about the ad click from information about the conversion or even what day a conversion occurred. All of these mitigations help us provide conversion measurement as a capability of the web platform via a new purpose built API designed to provide a certain amount of information while ensuring robust privacy guarantees on a technical level. Note that currently the API we've built only supports attributing conversions to clicks and not yet views but this is an enhancement we're working on supporting. Here's a diagram showing the overall flow of the API. The API allows the ad on the publisher site to register its impression with the browser and for the conversions to be registered on the advertiser site. All this information gets stored internally by the browser and sent in a report at a later time linked together. Here's some code pointers for how to enable impression and conversion registration. Impression registration involves adding a few new attributes to the anchor element leading to the ads landing page and conversions are registered by responding to HTTP requests with a redirect to a special URL the browser recognizes. We'll go over these in more detail in a quick demo. Remember, the two key pieces needed to use the API are configuring ad creatives and conversions such that the relevant data can be registered and stored by the browser. Let's start on a publisher page which embeds an ad iframe. Within the iframe there's an anchor element that controls navigating to the advertiser's landing page. To configure this ad for measurement this element needs a few new attributes. The impression data specifies an identifier for this ad that will show up later in reports. The conversion destination specifies the intended destination of the resulting navigation from clicking the link. The reporting origin specifies which origin should receive the report in the result of a future conversion. Once someone clicks on an ad with these attributes specified, event data is stored in the browser and eligible for distribution. For debugging purposes these ad clicks can be seen in a special internal page built into Chrome at chrome colon slash slash conversion internals. Ultimately at some point in the future there will be dedicated developer tooling but for now this Chrome internals page gives us what we need. It displays all the information from the API that is stored in the browser. Now, let's convert on the advertiser's site. We can check out as a guest. Clicking on the buy now button takes us to the order confirmation page. This page includes a hidden single pixel image from the reporting origin. In other words, once our purchase is complete a request is made to the reporting origin confirming that a conversion occurred. To signal a conversion the reporting origin servers need to respond to this request with an HTTP redirect to a special URL recognized by the browser. We can see this in the network panel if we look at the request for this pixel. This signals to the browser internally and any impressions targeting this advertiser's site are marked as converted with the conversion data set to two. Just like for the ad click you can view the conversion in the conversion internals page two. Here you can see all the information that will end up in the report. As you can see these quick conversions that occur right after the ad click will be delayed for a few days from the click. For debugging purposes however, waiting this long is pretty inconvenient. We built a mechanism within the internals page to send reports manually. Let's do that. At this point Chrome has sent reports via an HTTP request to the ad text servers. Let's navigate to a page that displays all the received reports. Here we can see all the information embedded in the report. The impression data, the conversion data or the ad was the last clicked on or not. And there you have it. At this point the advertising platform can say that the ad associated with the given click ID led to a purchase. Maybe they'll use this information to show more ads on the publisher site. If you're interested in trying this API there's a few things you can do. First, you can test this out locally in Chrome today by setting a few Chrome flags listed here. The demo shown here should also be publicly available along with an open source code on GitHub. If you want to run this in a production experiment you can register for an origin trial. The conversion measurement trial also supports our new third party origin trials. Please try out the API and give feedback. We'd love to hear how the API works to enable your measurement needs using attribution on your device without the need for cookies or other tracking techniques. And we welcome engagement on issues and other issues. For more information and documentation take a look at our web.dev article and check out our GitHub repo for future enhancements we're working on like support for view through conversions and aggregate measurement. Thanks very much. Have you ever tried to create an account and log into a website and found it surprisingly difficult? Now in this video you'll learn some simple techniques to make sure your site does a great job of handling but before I start, do you really need your users to create an account? You know the best login is no login. Don't gate features behind login just because you can. Asking a user to create an account is asking them a favor. And remember that every password and every item of personal data that you store carries with it something I call privacy data debt. If you just need to save information for a user between navigations and browsing sessions, use client-side storage instead of forcing the user to create an account. You can find out more about client-side storage on web.dev. For example for shopping sites, forcing users to create an account to make a purchase has been cited as one of the major reasons for shopping cart abandonment. Now if you do run an online store make guests check out the default and offer to save customer details and create an account once a purchase is completed. With all that out of the way if you must get users to sign in make it as quick and easy as possible. Firstly make it really clear where to sign in. One big login or sign in button is good not just some obscure icon or vague wording. And once users have signed in make it really obvious how they can access their account details. In particular make it simple to change passwords. Now you may be wondering whether to add buttons or links for account creation as well as to sign in. Well many sites now simply display a single sign in button and when the user clicks on that they also get a link to create an account if necessary. Now that's a common pattern now and most of your users will understand it. Make sure to link accounts for users who sign up via an identity provider such as Google or Facebook and who also sign up using email and password. That's easy to do if you can access a user's email address from the profile data from the identity provider and match the two accounts. Now I keep saying this but whatever you do make the most of the powerful cross-platform functionality that's built into form and input elements on all modern browsers. You can find out more from our article and video about sign-in form best practices on Web.dev that also has lots of great tips on how to improve form design, layout and accessibility. You know in the sign-up flow your job is to minimize complexity so cut the clutter and keep the user focused. This is not the time for distractions or temptations. Collect additional user data such as name and address only when you need to and when the user sees a clear benefit from providing that data. Every item of data you communicate and store incurs cost and liability and you need to remember that and by the way don't double up your inputs just to make sure users get their contact details right. With autocomplete that makes no sense. Instead send a confirmation code to the user once they've entered their contact details and then continue with account creation once they respond. That again is a well known sign-up pattern now and a good approach. One simple technique you might want to consider is to allow password free sign-in by sending users a code every time they sign in on a new device or browser. Sites such as Slack and Medium use a version of this. As with Federated Login this has the added benefit that you don't need to send passwords. Now in this case you'll need to make a careful decision about session length how long the user remains logged in and what might cause you to log them out. But you'll need to do that whatever approach you take to user identity. There's no one hard and fast rule here but you need to consider mobile versus desktop and whether users are sharing on desktop or sharing devices. You can get around some of the issues that you might face by enforcing reauthentication for sensitive features, for example when a purchase is made or an account updated. So here's the elephant in the room. You know what's up with passwords. Passwords I say last century we need to wean ourselves off passwords but that's not going to be an easy journey. You should of course offer Federated Login via identity providers but the reality is that some users are more comfortable with email and password login. The problem of course is that users may give up on your site if they forget their password and especially with a new phone or computer and on shared devices. So what can you do? Well you need to help third party and built-in browser password managers do what they do best suggest and store passwords so that users don't need to choose, remember or type passwords themselves. Password managers work really well in modern browsers syncing accounts across devices across native and web apps and for new devices and this means the single most important task for you is to make sure you code your forms correctly. If you do one thing after watching this video please double check your HTML to make sure you're using the correct auto-complete values in your sign-up form. The sign-up forms use auto-complete equals new password for new passwords and auto-complete equals email for email addresses. Coding forms correctly enables browser password managers to understand your code in order to save and to suggest strong passwords. Now enabling password managers to suggest strong passwords is the best option but many users want to enter their own passwords so you need to implement rules for password strength. I won't go into the details here but the US National Institute of Standards and Technology also known as NIST provides full guidance. Now whatever rules you choose for passwords you should never allow compromised passwords. Once a user has entered a password you need to check that it's not a password that's already been compromised. The site HaveIBeenPwned provides an API for password checking or you can run this as a service yourself. Chrome password manager also allows you to check if any of your existing passwords have been compromised. If you do reject the password that a user proposes tell them specifically why it was rejected. Show password problems in line as soon as the user has entered a value not after they attempt to submit the sign up form. You should however allow password pasting. There are a number of sensible use cases for copying a password from one context to another. Now just a couple of quick things about password policy on the back end and the single most important rule here is salt and hash your passwords please. In other words do not store or transmit passwords in plain text. And don't try to reinvent like your own hashing algorithm. Also don't force users to periodically change their password. Research has shown that forcing password updates can be costly for IT departments of course and doesn't really have much impact on security. It's also likely to encourage people to use insecure memorable passwords or to keep a physical record of passwords. Instead you should monitor for account activity and warn users. You should be doing that anyway. If possible you should also monitor passwords for your existing users to check for passwords that have become compromised because of data breaches. You can also give your users access to their account login history showing them where and when a login happened. You should of course make it really simple for users to reset their password if they forget it. OWASP that's the open web application security project provides detailed guidance for this and lots of other identity use cases. You certainly should not use password hints to re-ferrify accounts. These are highly insecure. You should consider supporting multi-factor authentication especially if your site handles personal or sensitive information. I really recommend taking a look at AG Kitamura's work on this including his new video about SMS OTP best practices. So you know in the real world you'll need to implement password handling. However you should also enable your users to login via a third party identity provider also known as federated login. Now this approach has several advantages. For users who create an account using federated login you don't need to ask for, communicate or store passwords. You may also be able to access additional verified profile information from federated login such as an email address which means the user doesn't have to enter that data and you don't need to do the verification yourself. Federated login can also make it much easier for users when they get a new device. And you really need to think about this to consider first day experience. Now remember that many users are now expecting login from their phone, their laptop, their desktop, tablet, like TV in the car and you know on other platforms as well. And this is a moment where you risk losing users or at least losing contact with them until they get set up again. You need to make it as easy as possible for users on new devices to get back up and running on your site so this is another area where federated login can really help. Whether users access federated login or not, you should make account switching simple. Many users share devices and it really reduces friction to be able to easily swap between accounts. Now here's a thing that's crucial for keeping your users and your business safe. On many sites it's surprisingly difficult to work out how to change your password. It's especially important to help your users change their password if they discover that it's been compromised. To make this even easier you should add a well known change password URL redirect to your site. This enables password managers to navigate your users directly to your password management page. This feature is now implemented in Safari and Chrome and is coming to other browsers and you can find out more from our web.dev article. You should also make it simple for users to delete their account if that's what they want. So let's talk about names and usernames and the first rule here is don't insist on a username unless you need one. Well if you do need usernames don't impose unreasonable rules on them and allow users to update the usernames and other personal information. It sounds obvious but that's why on the back end you need a unique ID for every user like not an identifier based on user data and user name. Now you might want to validate names and usernames on the front end but you need to be as unrestrictive as possible with characters and alphabets. So here's a top tip for names, addresses and usernames don't use regular expressions that only match Latin characters. Use Unicode letter matching instead and your back end storage should support that securely as input and as output. Okay one last thing for sign up forms it's crucial to implement analytics and real user measurement. For your sign up forms you need to monitor page analytics for page views, bounce rates, exits and so on and make sure to add interaction analytics such as goal funnels you know where do your users like abandon sign up and so on and events like for example what proportion of users click your forgot password link and lastly track performance metrics so you can understand the real experience of your users. You can check out web vitals on web.dev to see how you can access real user performance data for core metrics. So that covers some of the basics to find out a whole lot more take a look at the article and the codelab that go with this video and thanks so much for watching. Hi everyone I'm Eiji in this session I will tell you how to improve your sms RTP forms. You will be able to make a huge difference to user experience with just a few small changes signing users in is a process to prove that the person trying to sign in is the same person who originally registered on your website and many websites choose to use passwords to do so however passwords are known to be vulnerable there are many traps waiting for your users and your website asking for additional evidence of ownership will help the user to prove their identity. One of the most popular ways to do that is to use sms RTP one time password as a second step for authentication the user can prove their ownership of a phone number by entering an RTP delivered via sms because phone numbers are universally unique and sms message can be used to prove a user is who they say they are let me show you how it works let's take a typical two-step verification as an example a user enters a username and a password and then the website asks for an RTP because the user has already registered their phone number on the website the service can send an sms message to the number with an RTP the user then opens the sms app and copies or remembers the OTP and enter that in the form the website examines the submitted OTP and verifies that user this is how sms OTP is used in a typical two-step verification there are a few more use cases for sms OTP phone number verification some services use a phone number as a user's primary identifier in that case users enter their phone number when signing in and enter an OTP received via sms to prove their identity sometimes it's combined with a pin to constitute a two-step verification account recovery when a user loses access to their account there needs to be a way to recover it sending an email to their registered email address or an sms OTP account recovery method payment confirmation in payment systems some banks or credit card issuers request additional authentication from the payer for better security and some of them choose sms OTP as a way to achieve that before diving into the best practices there is one caveat even though I'm speaking about best practices on sms OTP form you should be aware sms OTP is not the most secure way of authentication by itself this is because phone numbers are known to be recycled and sometimes hijacked and the concept of OTP itself is not phishing resistant if you are looking for better security I would recommend using web authentication you can learn more about web authentication from the talk I gave at the Chrome Dev Summit last year with that in mind let's dive into sms OTP form best practices Sam has already done an amazing job covering general best practices on building a signing form you can learn more on his article and the video but I will give you three specific tips on constructing an input field for an OTP don't use type number for the OTP input since that will add up and down increment arrows to the input on desktop which doesn't make sense for OTPs I recommend simply using text but it doesn't matter much if you follow the next tip use input mode numeric since typical OTPs are digits using input mode numeric helps mobile browser users enter an OTP by showing the optimized keyboard for entering numbers some good news is Firefox recently started supporting input mode which makes it available on most mobile browsers another important attribute is auto-complete one-time code this is only effective in Safari but as it helps the browser outfield I strongly recommend using it iOS 12 and later heuristically detects an OTP from the sms message and shows a suggestion on its keyboard for the user to enter the OTP to the form now let me talk a bit about sms text message there's a format you can align with to get the best out of OTP messages and the good news is that the same format works across Safari and Chrome just append the following information at the last line of the message the domain you are aiming to bind the OTP to preceded with an act and the actual OTP preceded with a hash by specifying a bound domain the browser will assist the user entering an OTP only when the domain matches by specifying an OTP in the format the browser can retrieve the exact OTP you intend to deliver and prevent the browser from picking the wrong numbers using heuristics starting from iOS 14 and macOS BigSar Safari will respect this format with a bound domain the message and assist the user to enter the OTP Chrome also uses the same domain bound text format but with a different approach which is called Web OTP API by using the Credential Management API the website can obtain an OTP via sms as an OTP credential upon a user consent and handle it imperatively in JavaScript you can check if the future is supported by examining if OTP credential is available simply calling navigator credentials get with a type of OTP and a transport of sms instructs the browser to start waiting to receive an sms message as soon as the user receives an sms with the domain bound message format a dialog is displayed after the user presses the allow button the API is resolved with the OTP which you can set as a value of the input field or unlike autocomplete you can pass the OTP directly to the server this is available in Chrome, Opera and Vivaldi for now but we are hoping this feature to be available on more browsers in the future as well there are a few partners seeing amazing results by adopting the Web OTP API Tinder a matching app improved OTP completion rate by 2.5% OIL, a hotel booking service reduced time to login by 37% Goibibo, a travel booking service reduced sign up retry by 25% other players like Shoppay from Shopify, Twitter Facebook are preparing to bring this feature as well I can't wait to see Web OTP API to be available in many websites finally let me recap when you are building an SMS OTP form use type text input mode numeric and autocomplete one-time code for the input tag use the domain bound message format for an SMS message delivering an OTP use the Web OTP API to assist the user entering an OTP you can learn more about these best practices at WebDev SMS OTP form and more about Web OTP API at WebDev Web OTP Thank you for watching Hello, it's Paul here Thank you for joining us today we've had a great time hosting you and we hope that you've enjoyed it Today, we covered two critical areas that we think you need to be aware of Firstly, our privacy improvements via the Privacy Sandbox and secondly, enhancements to user experience and performance through core Web vitals If you focus on these two areas we believe that you'll be delivering better experiences for people all around the world So, please join us again tomorrow at the same time to learn how to take advantage of the latest capabilities, PWA and modern design come into the Web And also, don't forget to like and subscribe to our YouTube channel to stay up to date with everything that Chrome team works on


I now come to the forensic kind of oratory, which presents the utmost variety, but whose duties are no more than two, the bringing and rebooting of charges. Most authorities divide the forensic speech into five parts, the exhortium, the statement of facts, the proof, the refutation, and the peroration. To these some have added the partition into heads, proposition, and digression, the two first of which form part of the proof, for it is obviously necessary to propound what we are going to prove, as well as to conclude. Why then, if proposition is a part of a speech, should not conclusion be also? Partition on the other hand is merely one aspect of arrangement, and arrangement is a part of rhetoric itself, and is equally distributed through every theme of oratory in their whole body, just as our invention and style. Consequently, we must regard partition not as one part of a whole speech, but as a part of each individual question that may be involved. For what question is there in which an orator cannot set forth the order in which he is going to make his points? And this, of course, is the function of partition. But how ridiculous it is to make each question an aspect of proof, but partition, which is an aspect of a question, a part of the whole speech. As for digression, egressio, now more usually styled exquesus, if it lie outside the case, it is merely an accessory or ornament of that portion of the case from which digression is made. For if anything that lies within the case is to be called part of it, why not call argument, comparison, commonplace, pathos, illustration, parts of the case? On the other hand, I disagree with those who, like Aristotle, would remove refutation from the list on the ground that it forms part of the proof, for the proof is constructive and the refutation destructive. Aristotle also introduces a nodrous light novelty in making proposition, not statement of facts, follow the exordium. This however he does, because he regards proposition as the genus, and statement of facts as the species, with the result that he holds that, whereas the former is always and everywhere necessary, the latter may sometimes be dispensed with. It is however necessary to point out, as regards these five parts which I have established, that that which has to be spoken first is not necessarily that which requires our first consideration. But above all, we must consider the nature of the case, the question at issue, and the arguments for and against. Next, we must consider what points are to be made, and what refuted, and then how the facts are to be stated. For the statement of facts is designed to prepare the way for the proofs, and must needs be unprofitable, unless we have first determined what proofs are to be promised in the statement. Finally, we must consider how best to win the judge to take our view. For we cannot be sure, until we have subjected all the parts of the case to careful scrutiny, what sort of impression we wish to make upon the judge. Are we to mollify him or increase his severity, to excite or relax his interest in the case, to render him susceptible to influence or the reverse? I cannot however approve the view of those who think that the exhortium should actually be written last, for though we must collect all our material and determine the proper place for each portion of it, before we begin to speak or write, we must commence with what naturally comes first. No one begins a portrait by painting or modelling the feet, and no art finds its completion at the point where it should begin. Otherwise, what will happen if we have not time to write our speech? Will not the result of such a reversal of the proper order of things be that we shall be caught napping? We must therefore review the subject matter in the order laid down, but write our speech in the order in which we shall deliver it. Chapter 10. Every case in which one side attacks and the other defends consists either of one or more controversial questions. In the first case, it is called simple. In the second, complex. An example of the first is when the subject of inquiry is a theft or an adultery taken by itself. In complex cases, the several questions may all be of the same kind, as in cases of extortion, or of different kinds, as when a man is accused at one and the same time of homicide and sacrilege. Such cases no longer arise in the public courts, since the preter alofts different charges to different courts in accordance with a definite rule, but they still are of frequent occurrence in the imperial or senatorial courts, and were frequent in the days when they came up for trial before the people. Private suits, again, are often tried by one judge who have to determine many different points of law. There are no other species of forensic causes, not even when one person brings the same suit on the same grounds against two different persons, or two persons bring the same suit against one, or several against several, as occasionally occurs in lawsuits about inheritances. Because although a number of parties may be involved, there is still only one suit, unless indeed the different circumstances of the various parties alter the questions at issue. There is, however, said to be a third and different class, the comparative. Comparisons of comparison frequently require to be handled in portions of a cause, as for instance in the centumveral court, when after other questions have been raised, the question is discussed as to which of two claimants is the more deserving of an inheritance. It is rare, however, for a case to be brought into court on such grounds alone, as in divinations which take place to determine who the accuser shall be, and occasionally when two informers dispute as to which has earned the reward. Some again have added a fourth class, namely mutual accusation, which they call anticategoria. Others, however, regarded as belonging to the comparative group, to which indeed the common case of reciprocal suits on different grounds bears a strong resemblance. If this letter case should also be called anticategoria, for it has no special name of its own, we must divide mutual accusation into two classes, in one of which the parties bring the same charge against each other, while in the other they bring different charges. The same division will also apply to claims. As soon as we are clear as to the kind of cause on which we are engaged, we must then consider whether the act that forms the basis of the charge is denied or defended, or given another name, or accepted from that class of action. Thus, we determine the basis of each case. Chapter 11. As soon as these points are ascertained, the next step, according to Hermagoras, should be to consider what is the question at issue, the line of defense, the point for the judge's decision, and the central point, or, as others call it, the foundation of the case. The question, in its more general sense, is taken to mean everything on which two or more plausible opinions may be advanced. In forensic subjects, however, it must be taken in two senses. First, in the sense in which we say that a controversial matter involves many questions, thereby including all minor questions. Secondly, in the sense of the main question on which the case turns. It is of this, with which the basis originates, that I am now speaking. We ask whether a thing has been done, what it is that has been done, and whether it was rightly done. To these, Hermagoras and Apollodoras, and many other writers, have given the special name of questions. Theodoras, on the other hand, as I have already said, calls them general heads, while he designates minor questions, or questions dependent on these general heads, as special heads. For it is agreed that question may spring from question, and species be subdivided into other species. This main question, then, they call the zetema. The line of defense is the method by which an admitted act is defended. I see no reason why I should not use the same example to illustrate this point that has been used by practically all my predecessors.  The fact is admitted. He pleads that he was justified in so doing. The basis will be one of quality, the question whether he was justified in his action. The line of defense that Clitimnestra killed her husband, Orestes' father. This is called the aetion, or motive. The point for the decision of the judge is known as crinomenon, and in this case is whether it was right that even a guilty mother should be killed by her son. Some have drawn a distinction between aetion and aetia, making aetion mean the cause of the trial, namely the murder of Clitimnestra, aetia, the motive urged in defense, namely the murder of Agamemnon. But there is such lack of agreement over these two words that some make aetia the cause of the trial and aetion the motive of the deed, while others reverse the meanings. If we turn to Latin writers, we find that some have given these causes the name of Inetium, the beginning, and Ratio, the reason, while others give the same name to both. Moreover, cause seems to spring from cause, or as the Greeks say, aetion excitiu, as will be seen from the following. Clitimnestra killed Agamemnon, because he had sacrificed their daughter, and brought home a captive woman as his paramour. The same authors think that there may be several lines of defense to one question. For instance, Orestes may urge that he killed his mother because driven to do so by oracles. But the number of points for the decision of the judge will be the same as the number of alleged motives for the deed. In this case, it will be whether he ought to have obeyed the oracles. But one alleged motive may also, in my opinion, involve several questions and several points for the decision of the judge, as for instance, in the case when the husband caught his wife in adultery and slew her, and later slew the adulterer who had escaped in the marketplace. The motive is but one, he was an adulterer. But there arises questions and points for decision by the judge, whether it was lawful to kill him at that time and at that place. But just as, although there be several questions each with its special basis, the basis of the case is but one, namely that to which all else is referred, even so, the real point for the decision of the judge is, strictly speaking, that on which judgment is given. As for the Sunecon, the central argument as I have mentioned it is called by some, or the foundation as it is called by others, or as Cicero styles it, the strongest argument of the defender and the most relevant to the decision of the judge, some regarded as being the point after which all inquiry ceases, others as the main point for adjudication. The motive of the deed does not arise in all controversial cases. For how can there be a motive for the deed when the deed is denied? But when the motive for the deed does come up for discussion, they deny that the point for the decision of the judge rests on the same ground as the main question at issue, and this view is maintained by Cicero in his retorica and partitiones. For when it has been asserted and denied that a deed was done, the question whether it was done is resolved by conjecture, and the decision of the judge and the main question rest on the same ground, since the first question and the final decision are concerned with the same point. But when it is stated and denied that Orestes was justified in killing his mother, considerations of quality are introduced. The question is whether he was justified in killing her, but this is not yet the point for the decision of the judge. When then does it become so? She killed my father. Yes, but that did not make it your duty to murder your mother. The point for the decision of the judge is whether it was his duty to kill her. As regards the foundation, I will put it in the words of Cicero himself. The foundation is the strongest argument for the defense. As for instance, if Orestes were ready to say that the disposition of his mother towards his father, himself and his sisters, the kingdom, the reputation of the race and the family were such that it was the peculiar duty of her children to punish her. Others again use illustrations such as the following, he who has spent his patrimony is not allowed to address the people. But he spent it on public works. The question is whether everyone that spends his patrimony is to be prohibited while the point for decision is whether he who spent it in such a way is to be prohibited. Or again, take the case of the soldier Erunchius who killed the tribune Lucius for assaulting his honor. The question is whether he was justified in so doing, the line of defense that the murdered man made an assault upon his honor. The point for the decision of the judge, whether it was right that a man should be killed uncondemned or a tribune by a soldier. Some even regard the basis of the question as being different from the basis of the decision. The question as to whether Milo was justified in killing Claudius is one of quality. The point for the decision of the judge, namely whether Claudius lay in wait for Milo, is a matter of conjecture. They also urge that a case is often diverted to the consideration of some matter irrelevant to the question, and that it is on this matter that judgment is given. I strongly disagree. Take the question whether all who have spent their patrimony are to be prohibited from addressing the people. This question must have its point for decision, and therefore the question and the point for decision are not different, but there are more than one question and more than one point for decision in the case. Again, in the case of Milo, it's not the question of fact ultimately referred to the question of quality, for if Claudius lay in wait for Milo, it follows that he was justifiably killed. But when the case is shifted to some other point far removed from the original question, even in this case the question will be found to reside in the point for decision. As regards these questions, Cicero is slightly inconsistent with himself. For in the retorica, as I have already mentioned, he followed Hermagoras. While in the topica, he holds that the crinomenon, or disputed point, is originated by the basis, and in addressing the lawyer Trebecius on this subject, he calls it the point at issue and describes the elements in which it resides as central arguments or foundations of the defense which hold it together and the removal of which cause the whole defense to fall to the ground. But in the partitione soratorii, he gives the name of foundation to that which is advanced against the defense on the ground that the central argument, as it logically comes first, is put forward by the accused and the point for the decision of the judge arises from the question jointly raised by the central argument and the line of defense. To view therefore of those who make the basis the central argument and the point for the decision of the judge identical is at once more concise and nearer to the truth. The central argument they point out is that the removal of which makes the whole case fall to the ground. In this central argument they seem to me to have included both the alleged causes that the restes killed his mother and the clitamnestra killed Agamemnon. The same authorities have likewise always held that the basis and the point for the decision of the judge are in agreement. Any other opinion would have been inconsistent with their general views. But this affectation of subtlety in the invention of technical terms is mere laborious ostentation. I have undertaken the task of discussing them solely that I might not be regarded as having failed to make sufficient inquiry into the subject which I have chosen as my theme. But it is quite unnecessary for an instructor proceeding on less technical lines to destroy the coherence of his teaching by attention to such minute detail. Many, however, suffer from this drawback, more especially Hermagoras, who, although he labors these points with such anxious diligence, was a man of penetrating intellect and, in most respects, deserves our admiration so that even where we must need to blame him we cannot withhold a certain need of praise. But the shorter method, which for that very reason is also by far the most lucid, will not fatigue the learner by leading him through a maze of detail, nor destroy the coherence of his eloquence by breaking it up into a number of minute departments. For he who has a clear view of the main issue of a dispute, and devines the aims which his own side and his opponents intend to follow, and the means they intend to employ, and it is to the intentions of his own side that he must pay special attention, will, without a doubt, be in possession of a knowledge of all the points which I have discussed above. And there is hardly anyone, unless he be a born fool, without the least acquaintance with the practice of speaking, who does not know what is the main issue of a dispute, or as they call it, the cause or central argument, and what is the question between the parties, and the point on which the judge has to decide, these three being identical. For the question is concerned with the matter in dispute, and the decision of the judge is given on the point involved in the question. Still, we do not keep our attention rigidly fixed on such details, but the desire to win praise by any available means, and the sheer delight in speaking, make us wander away from the subject, since there is always richer material for eloquence outside the strict theme of the case, and as much as the points of any given dispute are always few. And there is all the world outside, and in the one case we speak according to our instructions, and the other on the subjects of our own choice. We should teach not so much that it is our duty to discover the question, the central argument, and the point for the decision of the judge, an easy task, as that we should continually keep our attention on our subject, or, if we digress, at least keep looking back to it, lest, in our desire to win applause, we should let our weapons drop from our grasp. The School of Theodoras, as I have said, groups everything together under heads, by which they mean several things. First, they mean the main question, which is to be identified with the basis. Secondly, they mean the other questions dependent on the main question. Thirdly, the proposition and the statement of the proofs. The word is used as we use it when we say, it is the head of the whole business, or, as Menander says, ke fal ayon estin. But generally speaking, anything which has to be proved will be a head of varying degrees of importance. I have now set forth the principles laid down by the writers of textbooks, though I have done so at a greater length than was necessary. I have also explained what are the various parts of forensic causes. My next book, therefore, shall deal with the Exordia. End of Book 3, Chapter 11. End of On the Education of an Orator, Volume 1, by Quintilian, translated by H. E. Butler.


Hey guys, how are you today? We are here with another video for my creative year for September 2018 and this video release happens to coincide with the first prompt for September. So this is the book reviewer tip video and the first prompt video will come out also today. The topic for this month is stitches and the prompt for this week is clothing. So we're gonna kind of combine those for our reviewer tip. For those that don't know, I was a seamstress at one point and while I don't do that anymore, and I actually don't enjoy garment making, I do enjoy the occasional sewing project. I love making bags. I do, I should say I have over the years purged quite a bit of my sewing stuff that has to do with garment making and think parts of sewing that I don't enjoy. That being said, I have kept a few things. This stack of three books being three of them. I have a small reference sewing reference library still to this day. I did get rid of a lot of books, but I did keep a few things. This stack of three happened to be my favorite that I thought I would share with you. Now two of these are vintage books and the mixed media artist in all of us looks at them and goes, ooh, those would be cool collage material or that would make a cool mixed media journal, but these are from my reference library. They have unique and interesting information in them. They're good reference books. I want to share them with you. This first one, I had to Google the date because it's written in Roman numerals, and I wasn't sure what the date, what that meant. Not great with Roman numerals. So it's copyright about 1952. It's called Sewing Made Easy by Mary Lynch, and she is a author. I have a few books by and I do enjoy them very much. This is a general sewing reference. Everything from simple sewing and mending to garment making. And the nice thing about this book is she'll go through how to create patterns for things, not only how to sew them. And I mean, aren't the images so cool if you're a mixed media person out there and you're not interested in sewing at all.  They're going to have images like this in there and they're going to be really great for your work. Anyway, that being said, there's lots of great reference material in here, how to create certain things in garment making, how to create the pattern for them, how to sew them, how to put in zippers, how to create a finished bound buttonhole. She also has remodeling her clothes or refashioning, redoing, remaking your clothes, cutting them down, using the fabric for something else. You know, restyling them. We still do that today, adding lace edge and other trims, how to do that, how to do some basic embroidery stitches. So that's what I find with a lot of these books, especially the older ones, is they're really well rounded as far as needlework in general is concerned. Sewing and mending for the family, how to repair things, how to create things, how to re-weave, you know, a hole. I would, or darn, I don't do that. I mean, to the state age, we don't be, we can't be bothered, but it is fascinating reading anyway. And if I'm not mistaken, when we first bought this house that we're in right now in San Jose, we bought the house and we had no money left and we were on a budget for quite a while. So I had to create the draperies for the most part that were in the house. And this is one of the books I believe that I used as reference for how to do that. And we did have those drapes up for a long time. Um, proper way of hanging a curtain rod and hanging the drapes and what the different drapes part, how to create a slip cover, how to cover a lampshade, like everything is in here. I really, so this is one of my favorite books. I do have another one called the New Encyclopedia of Modern Sewing and this one is by Let's see. Francis Blondin. This is an older book. This is from 1947. And again, I really love this book. They're similar yet different. They have different things in them. And, um, but it is still a really good, um, sewing reference, general sewing and mending reference. And it has, I mean, look at that image. If you don't, again, if you're not interested in sewing, look at that image. How I mean, that would be great on a journal page. She just looks exhausted.  But it also has like, here's how to make some slippers, traveling slippers, how to cover your vanity, placemats, aprons. Um, there's also general sewing, um, information. How to sew a straight seam, how to, you know, make bias tape, what bias tape is, how to turn a tube, how to make a collar. So there, and there's some embroidery stitches in the, they all seem to have, the older ones seem to have a few embroidery stitches in the back. And I know from my grandmother, um, that was, embroidery was done on a lot of things. So, and what the basic stitches are and how to do them and some pattern designs. There was also, I just saw a pattern for a teddy bear. So that's cute. So I love, these two particular books are two of my favorites and I had a more modern version of both of these that I got rid of, um, when I was doing the purging. I really prefer these and refer to these a lot, um, not to mention the fact that I love the illustrations in them. This is the only more modern one that I've kept and this is the complete encyclopedia of needlework. Now this is not just sewing, which is why I kept it. Um, as you can see from the cover, it's cruel, applique knitting, tapestry, weaving, lace, tatting, sewing, linen work, and mending. Macrame crochet needlepoint embroidery, like all of it's in here, at least the basics of all of it.  I can go read it and remind myself, okay, how do I do that again? How to make embroidered lace, tatting, which I don't know how to do, but I find supremely interesting. And again, even this one, it's a more modern copy of a vintage book and it has interesting, um, pictures and embellishments and illustrations in it.  So this one is copyright, so it's a complete encyclopedia of needlework by Teresa D. Delmont, and I'm sure that's not the way you pronounce that because that's a French name and that's Therese in the French word, then that's not how you pronounce that. I know, I'm sorry for butchering the name. This one is copyrighted originally in 1972. This version I have is from 1996. So it's old. The original version is old but not quite as old as disease. And if I'm not mistaken, when I bought this one, that was a long time ago, but when I bought this one, it was because I couldn't find the vintage copy. So I ended up just getting it on Amazon. So I would really recommend the next time you're out shopping and thrifting or antiquing, look at some of those old needlework and sewing books. They make great reference material. Of course, they would make great mixed media and art journaling material too, but they do make great reference material. Maybe look at your moms or grandmoms bookshelf, see what they have, and ask if you can at least borrow something for reference and see what they have. So that's my quick tip for today. I would recommend getting at least one of these for your stash and collection, even if you're just using it to tear the illustrations out because you're going to use it for mixed media. They're really cool. This one here is not the oldest one, but this one is my favorite. So that's it for today. Don't forget to check out the other video for the prompt clothing for this month. Again, the topic this month is stitches and it's going to be a fun one, I think. If you want to join the Group My Creative Year and you aren't a member, the link is in the description below. All of my links are actually, there is a link tree link in the description of all the videos, and if you click on it, you're going to find every single place I am on the internet, including My Creative Year. So join. We would love to have you. It's a great group for teaching and support and community in the art field, and don't we all need that? So that's it for today.  Do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye, guys.


Medvedev world is on the verge of a new world war the world is sick and quite probably is on the verge of a new world war the deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council Dimitri Medvedev said in an address to participants in the knowledge educational marathon he said such a world war was not inevitable but the risks of a nuclear confrontation were growing and more serious than concerns about climate change all countries most exert efforts to avoid the outbreak of a new full-scale global conflict cannot say what the last straw what the trigger may be but it may happen at some point we all need to work to ensure that this threat of global confrontation of a hot full-scale world war three should not materialize he stressed speaking about the current situation Medvedev noted that Russia by no means wish to see this happen but the world tensions are white hot indeed he said Medvedev recalled that in his youth he and his age mates used to talk about confrontation with the United States about confrontation between the Warsaw Pact and the North Atlantic Alliance back then it seemed like some kind of hypothetical far-fetched an impossible scenario but I can't say that now however sad this may sound he concluded


Hey guys, how are you? I need a colored piece of paper or you are not going to be able to see what I'm talking about Let's see. Hang on Do we have anything? How about this piece of off-white paper? Will that work? No, that doesn't work Let me get something. Hang on. Now you can see. Woohoo! All right, so I have designed a number of New stencils for this year that have four designs and one stencil at the moment. We have five different designs and Coming up. There's at least two more that I can think of off the top of my head. Maybe three I think there's two. I don't know. Anyway, there's more coming. I like these because I personally like to have the option of Taking my stencils with me traveling and also working in a small journal. What do I mean by that? Like this little mullskin. This is a little mullskin one of the mullskin diaries. This is for it was for 2017 I don't use it for that. I use it to do art journaling and so I Like these you could leave these the way they're designed honest. There are four designs on a six by six stencil or You can cut them apart You of course can do it on a trimmer. Get the trimmer out Zoom out just a little bit. There we go. You could do it on a trimmer You might find That some of them You need to cut with a pair of scissors You're gonna have to eyeball it. They're not all gonna be like exactly three by three as you can see, right? But I have a spare set here I have one set I'm gonna leave in the six by six, but I've got a spare set here that I want to cut up They actually just came in from manufacturing Which is why this little piece of plastic is on here. Can you see that? Yeah? Yeah So you could do it with a trimmer or you could do it with scissors. You don't have to You don't have to have a trimmer this is one of them so if you look at this one you'll notice That if you cut it straight across here, you're gonna cut off the arrow So, you know, I Didn't think about cutting them in half until after I started designing them Okay, so I'm going to only do that one that way So you're gonna have to be you know a bit thoughtful with some of them and how you cut them If cutting them apart makes them too small for you and you don't have a big enough margin around the edge You could tape a bit of decorative duct duct tape around the edge of them Okay So then you can take them all you can put them in an envelope a pocket a ziplock bag You could punch holes in them and put them on a binder ring and you've got this whole set of mini stencils to play with and These are much easier to get into a small journal than in its bigger form of six by six So whether you have my stencils or someone else's that have more than one design on the stencil think about cutting it apart All right, that's it for today just a quick tip Don't be afraid to cut your you know to cut your stencils apart to get creative with your tools I've even been known to take stencils and Cut all of this border away To to release the image get creative with them whether they're mine or someone else's just have fun Make art enjoy yourself and above all go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it And I'll see you later. Bye guys


Well, that's the man who's just choosing to see you as a friend with benefits. Well, this is for all of you that are typically in long distance relationships, or you're in a relationship with someone where all you do is communicate via text messaging or telephone call. And what happens in most of these cases, a man is using you for his therapist. I had a woman write me today saying, why would a man say I could easily fall in love with you by the second date?  While there's some shred of truth to it, we men instinctually do want to financially take care of someone or protect them from the physical perspective, but that doesn't necessarily, but a true protector protects you from an emotional perspective.


Library Instruction – What is Information Literacy? Here in the library, we talk a lot about information literacy and developing information skills for all members of the K-State community. Information literacy is an individual's ability to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the information. These types of skills aren't just important in academia, but are needed throughout on an individual's lifetime, especially in the age of Google and information overload. We have found that many students and some instructors are coming to the university with very few competencies in this area. They are information illiterate. The primary goals of Library Instruction are to ensure that people can determine the nature and extent of the information they need, are able to access the needed information, are able to critically evaluate that information, and its sources, can use information effectively to accomplish some purpose, and can understand how to use information ethically and legally.


and privilege to present to you a distinguished gentleman who has served this nation for more than 30 years. After serving in the United States Navy for three years, in World War II Gerald R. Ford won election in the United States House of Representatives from District 5 in the State of Michigan and served from 1949 to 1973. In December the 6th, 1973, was sworn in to be the Vice President of the United States and on August the 9th, 1974, Gerald R. Ford became President of the United States of America. Throughout his career, Gerald Ford has served this nation with total integrity, outstanding leadership, and with great distinction. He is well known, well liked, well respected in Texas and I am pleased to present him to you tonight. Ladies and gentlemen, the 38th President of the United States, the Honorable Gerald R. Ford. Thank you. Won't you all sit down please? Thank you very, very much. Thank you, Walter. You are much too generous and far too kind in your introduction, Walter. And whenever that happens, I'm prompted to offer a prayer which goes like this with apologies to Reverend Criswell. Oh Lord, please forgive Walter for exaggerating so much. And oh Lord, please excuse me or forgive me for enjoying it so much. Walter, President Reagan, Rita and Bill Clemens, Leila, to introduce to all of you and many of you know Bill even better than I, your friend, the Governor of the State of Texas, Bill Clemens. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. President Ford, and of course, President Reagan, honored guest, former governors, all you great people that have taken of your time and made the effort to be with us tonight. Rita, thank you very much. Thank all of you. Thank you very much. Oh please. Thank you very much. Thank you. Chairman Walter and Reverend clergy, President Ford, all the past governors of Texas and our friends from south of the border, the governors who are here tonight, Senator Tower, and I think you all should know, you know, reaching 21 is a wonderful thing for anyone. It's kind of a historic moment in anyone's life. Few get to do it twice. John has, because now it's the second 21 for him, 21 years in the United States Senate. Sergeant Benavides, I was delighted to see you here and glad to have you with us tonight. And of course, the man we came to honor tonight, Governor Bill Clemens and Rita. All the other distinguished people up here and you ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for a heartwarming Texas welcome. I'm not surprised by your Texas hospitality, but still I am a little astonished by this event. When Bill Clemens mentioned dropping by for dinner that he was having a few friends in, I didn't think that I'd be going to a backyard barbecue, but I also hadn't pictured anything like this. Bill, you wouldn't like to have a little potluck drop by in Washington, would you? And we could balance the budget. You know, I'm beginning to believe some of those stories about Texas, that one about the good old boy from Kentucky. He was bragging that they had enough gold in Fort Knox to build a six-foot solid gold fence all the way around Texas. And the Texan he was talking to said, yeah, well you build it and we'll buy it. But seriously, I am delighted to be here to help pay tribute to a great governor of a great state. For one thing, I am glad to have the chance to thank him for all that he did to help me two years ago when I was looking for a job. Now, I know the fact that he gave me a hand is not a reason why anyone should vote for someone. You should just simply elect as governor of Texas, the present governor, Bill Clements, because he's the best man for the job. This is a political dinner, but it's not a partisan dinner and that figures. Last year and again in just the last few weeks, a number of Texas Democrats in the Congress showed they had the courage and the common sense to put the welfare of this state and this nation before partisanship even in election year. They have my appreciation and respect and I'm sure yours also. Both the Senate and the House have passed budget resolutions not too dissimilar, which means the conference committee should have little trouble in reconciling what differences there are. This budget resolution, like the one last year, sets us on a course of declining deficits which should in the next few years bring us back to spending within our means and then and oh what a dream this is of mine. We can look forward to starting to reduce that trillion dollar debt that was piled up over 40 years of economic irresponsibility. We've forgotten all those bromides that came to us under the title of the new economics in those decades. A little inflation was good for us. It was necessary to maintain prosperity with regard to the debt. No need to worry. We owe it to ourselves. The interest on the present debt, whoever we owe it to, is enough to balance the budget, more than a hundred billion dollars. Loud voices will be heard. In fact, some are tuning up already, denouncing this budget resolution. We're cutting too deep, depriving the elderly, the poor and the handicapped of the support they need. Our defense spending is out of proportion and should be cut back. But you know in all the confusing rhetoric of the term budget cuts, to describe what was done last year and now with the 83 budget, has led credence to tales of suffering imposed by quote, unquote budget cuts. There have been no budget cuts. The present 1982 budget is larger than the 1981 budget we inherited. The 1983 budget went past by both houses of Congress will be larger than the 1982 budget. What was returned, what we're referring to as budget cuts, are only reductions in the rate of increase in spending which had reached 17% a year before our administration began. We cut that rate nearly in half in 1982 and it'll be further reduced in 1983. Frankly, I'd like nothing better than to be able to offer a budget proposal that actually called for less spending than we had the year before. The last time that happened in this country of ours was one year during the eight years of Dwight David Eisenhower. Now this could be done if we were willing to destroy the so-called safety net which protects those who through no fault of their own must have our help. I have pledged this we will not do, nor do I think that Americans, the most generous people in all the world, would want us to take that help away from the people that need it. Of course, another way would be to reverse our defense buildup which has been made necessary by the dangerous decline in our security over the recent years. And this I cannot do without violating my constitutional responsibility to protect our national security. And I am grateful. I'm grateful to your Senator John Tower for the powerful support that he has given me every day that I've been there in meeting that responsibility for our national security. And now President Ford took us back a little bit in memory. Let me nudge your memory a little. We met here just 21 months ago during the 1980 campaign. Inflation had been running at double digit levels, as you've been told, for two years in a row. And that was the first time that had happened since World War One. The 1960 dollar in 1980 was only worth 36 cents. Let me nudge your memory back a little farther, about four years farther. President Ford has already told you some of the comparisons of what things were like in 1976 and then what happened to them. But in 1980, I was campaigning in cities where even then the unemployment rate was anywhere from 15 to 20 percent. In the Midwest and up in the Northeast and some of the industrial states were already, the trouble had started. In poll after poll, at that time the people declared that inflation was the number one problem in need of immediate solution. But as our administration picked up the mess, we were told by the pundits that inflation was so deeply entrenched that it could not be pried out of the economy for at least another 10 years. Well, being new to the job, we just didn't believe them. While we were submitting our budget plan for 1982, we managed to squeeze several billions of dollars out of the 1981 budget that was already in place. In addition to reducing spending, we promised to cut the tax rates for both business and individuals. And here again, we were only reducing an increase. The largest single tax increase ever adopted in our history had been passed in 1977. Austin O'Malley once observed that in levying taxes and in shearing sheep, it is well to stop when you get down to the skin. That rule had been broken pretty completely in the years leading up to 1981. Between 1976 and 1981, taxes had risen $300 billion and deficits in that same period totaled $318 billion, which is pretty good evidence that high taxes don't reduce deficits. We don't have the deficits. And we're not in trouble because we're not taxing enough. We're in trouble because the government is spending too much. Now, we didn't get all that we wanted in our economic recovery program in 1982 either in savings or tax cuts. But we got about three-fourths of it, and I figured that was a pretty good chunk. But some diehards are now declaring the present recession was caused by our program, just as Gerald Ford told us. May I just point out, we had the recession before we got the program. But the voices keep right on carping. Just the other day, I read where some astronomers predict that one of the largest stars in the Milky Way is going to explode sometime in the next 10,000 years. And a fellow who's writing this story said they weren't quite sure when, in these 10,000 years, the blow-up would take place, but it would be the result of our economic recovery program. So far, we've only had a 5% cut in individual income tax rates, plus some business tax breaks and new incentives for saving. In a few weeks, the income tax rates will be reduced another 10% across the board. In the meantime, however, the personal savings rate has increased, meaning a bigger capital pool for investment. Real wages are showing positive growth for the first time in three years, and retail sales continue to show an increase. And while we have an unemployment rate of 9.5%, which must be lowered, for the last six months, inflation, and Jerry told you what it was when we started, inflation has been running at an annualized rate of only 2.8%, and for the last three months, less than 1%. Now, that's quite a drop, and we've only used up one and a half of those 10 years the pundas told us that we had to get it down. This drop in inflation has meant over $1,000 in increased purchasing power for an average family of four with a fixed income of $15,000. When the special pleaders start campaigning against our budget cuts as penalizing the poor, when they assail our tax program as favoring the rich, the defense spending is too high. Here are a few points you might like to remember in conversations you may have in this election year. 20 years ago, during John F. Kennedy's Camelot, spending for human needs was 29% of his budget. Defense spending was 46% of his budget. In our proposed budget for 83, the social needs, the human needs, total 51% of the budget, and defense spending is only 29%. President Kennedy's tax cut program, which was phased in over two years and proved greatly beneficial to this country, oh, they told him, all of his advisers, he shouldn't do that, that it lose billions of dollars in revenue. Well, we gain billions of dollars in revenue by making the country more prosperous. But that was phased in over two years and gave 36% of the relief to corporations and 64% to individuals. Our program is phased in over three years and gives corporations 20% of the total and individuals 80%. I just say this because there's been a little demagoguery going around in Washington recently. In giving all these figures, please don't think I'm trying to minimize the tragedy of unemployment, which plagues us and which has been steadily increasing since 1979. As one who entered the job market in the depths of the Great Depression in 1932, I bleed for the man or woman able and willing to work but who can find no job opening. But we believe that economic recovery, not government social programs, is the best and most permanent solution to the problem of unemployment. The best social program we can have is a job. There have been seven recessions in recent decades and now the eighth. And the traditional liberal cure for each one has been to give it a quick fix, the artificial stimulative government spending programs. And every time that was done, the cure was temporary and led to another recession and then another recession was worse than the one before. In this recession, while the unemployment rate is higher, it is not accompanied by higher and higher inflation as the others were. Unemployment is concentrated in those industries most affected by high interest rates. And those rates are down now about 25 percent from what they were the 21 and a half that the president told you about when we took over. They must come down more. And with inflation as low as it is, they can. I believe final passage of the 83 budget will send the signal the money market needs to hear. In the meantime, there are other facets to our recovery program. George Bush has done a great job heading up a task force to eliminate unnecessary government regulation. He and his task force have reduced that blizzard of paperwork which came out of those regulations and which contributed about a hundred billion dollars a year to the cost of goods and services. By the end of this fiscal year, they will have eliminated 200 million man hours of paperwork simply by eliminating 23,000 pages of the regulations listed in the federal register. In that line, you'll remember, they told us oil prices would go up if we decontrolled oil. Well, we did and prices went down and there was an almost immediate increase in domestic production. In the areas of waste and fraud during the last year, the inspectors general have really earned their title of being meaner than junkyard dogs. Just this afternoon before I climbed in the plane to come down here, I got their latest six months report every six months. This was the third report since I've been there that they've given us in these six months, the six months that ended March 31st. They issued over 54,000 audit reports and handled over 13,000 investigations and the results, the kind of news that I know you'd like to hear. $5.8 billion in direct savings and better use of funds in just six months received by these inspector generals. A pizza vendor, for example, turned out to be overcharging a commissary by more than $50,000 and someone was selling the government brackets for $310 that could be bought locally in a store for $4. Now, this has to be better than raising taxes. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once said, keep government poor and remain free. 50 years ago in the campaign of 1932, Franklin down on Roosevelt charged that the federal government had usurped resources and functions that properly belong to state and local governments. In the 50 years since then, the federal government has come close to making states mere administrative districts of a federal government. Well, this too, we're determined to change. We have met continuously with local officials, state legislators and governors to work out a new federalism plan whereby functions that properly belong at state and local levels, plus the resources to fund them can be turned back to those governments that are closest to the people. And that's why the cause that brings you here tonight is so important. If government services that play an important part in your everyday life are going to be taken out of the hands of bureaucrats on the shores of the Potomac and return to Texas, then you want someone in charge here who will see that they're properly administered. Governor Bill Clements has demonstrated with hard work and leadership that state government can work and work well. He's reduced the number of state employees and cut taxes at the same time and has brought in corporate executives to lend their expertise to make state government more efficient. He has launched an effort to control waste and fraud. Texas parents can be grateful that he's put a new emphasis on basics and discipline in the classroom. And in that connection, I hope you will agree with something that we've said in motion has nothing to do with the budget. A constitutional amendment to once again let God back into the classroom and permit voluntary prayer. With protection of young people in mind, Bill declared war on crime and went on the offensive against drugs. And finally, a subject close to my heart, Bill Clements has been one of the most responsive governors in the 50 states in our efforts to promote volunteerism. Building on that frontier spirit for which Texas is famous, he has been encouraging people to get involved, to help one another, to take more responsibility for their family and community. He's promoted the use of volunteers and direct citizen involvement in mental health and human resource programs. Let me just say again, the best future governor of Texas is the present governor of Texas, Bill Clements. Now, if you don't mind, I'd like to mention an area of vital concern to all Americans, Republicans, Democrats, and I was going to say independence, but I'll say ticket splitters when in Rome. But I have, as the president told you, just returned from Europe where I met with our allies and discussed our common defense and economic concerns. I was never more aware of how important a strong and vibrant America is to the rest of the world and to the future freedom of mankind. Not too long ago, our friends and adversaries had begun to doubt our resolve. Our defenses were permitted to erode. We seemed paralyzed by self-doubt and a loss of confidence. Well, those days of self-doubt are over. While we didn't agree on everything, our allies understand our commitment, our sense of purpose, our strength of character. I was fortunate enough to be permitted to address a joint session of Parliament in the cradle of democracy and the Bundestag, the Parliament of West Germany. Now, I know you've heard about the hostile demonstrations. They were well organized and orchestrated, but they were no match for the people in each of the six cities that we visited who lined the streets to cheer as we went by. They waved American flags and they held up homemade signs that read, We Love America. Sure, I know that a great many of the peace demonstrators are truly sincere. Indeed, I think all of us share their desire for peace. But I'm equally sure that those who plan and promote some of the demonstrations have motives of their own. And I will believe in their sincerity when they promote or demand a peace demonstration on the other side of the Iron Curtain.  You serve to remind the rest of us about the true value of freedom. While many states look to government programs or federal assistance, you stress individual responsibility and free enterprise. What you've created here has captured the imagination of the world. Entrepreneurs, laborers, and men and women looking for opportunity are flocking here not expecting a handout, but knowing that with hard work, they can improve their lives. That's what Texas is and I hope will always be about. 150 years ago, there was a similar migration. They had tougher battles to fight. But they established a tradition of rugged independence that lives on today. Sam Houston once said, Texas could exist without the United States. But the United States cannot accept a very great hazard exist without Texas. Over the years, over the years through two world wars that in Korea and Vietnam, we've learned the truth of Sam Houston's words. And they're as true in peace as in war. We can count on Texas. So tonight, let me thank you for standing firm. Together as Americans, we can stand firm with that same pride. Together, we can keep this great and free country the way God intended it to be. And may I just say one thing? I can't claim that I told some people the other day that I know all the national anthems in the world. But I do know that the only national anthem I know that ends in a question is our national anthem. Does that banner still wave or the land of the free and the home of brave? And I know I know the answer to that question where you're concerned. You bet it does. And it's going to stay waving over that one. God bless you and thank you very much. Falling. Now may the grace of God and the sweet communion of the Holy Spirit rest ruled and abide with us all now, hence forth and forever. Amen. Texas. I want to thank each of you for being here this evening and making Victory 82 such a tremendous success. And to you, President Ford, you, Mr. President, thank you for making this such a historic occasion. I want to ask everyone to remain in their places as our honored guests depart the head table. Thank you for coming. It's been a pleasure to serve as master ceremonies. Good night.