Aloha and welcome to Ehana Kako. We're here every week on the Think Tech Hawaii broadcast network. I'm Kili Ikeena, president of the Grassroot Institute. Well, there's a revolution taking place amongst us, and it's transforming our economy. But it's a quiet revolution, and frankly, it's been going on since the dawn of man. It's the sharing economy. Now, what exactly is a sharing economy? To some, it means Uber and Lyft, ride sharing. But it's a much broader concept than that. And today, we have an expert who's been studying the sharing economy and advocating for it for quite a while. He used to be with the Manhattan Institute, but now he's with the Foundation for Government Accountability. His name is Jared Meyer. Jared, welcome to the program. Thanks for joining us. Hey, thanks for that. In fact, we're broadcasting you all the way from what state? I'm in D.C. right now. There you are, Washington, D.C., and we had a good meeting together there. Quite recently, talking about the sharing economy. Jared, when we talk about the sharing economy, help us define exactly what we're talking about. Well, I think to understand the sharing economy, you need to look past the popular companies that a lot of people use, Uber and Airbnb. While those are definitely parts of the sharing economy, it extends to nearly everything that we touch today. And why I say this is the same trends that make it possible for you to call a car from your smartphone are allowing millions of people to work independently and work for themselves all across the economy. So when we have technological progress through the Internet where we can connect easier than ever before, we're seeing those trends extend to the whole economy, and I think that's why people are talking about the sharing economy. Now, there has been some debate. There's no denying that there's some controversy over the sharing economy and vested interests in some cases find it a very nervous thing that work is being democratized so much. But a recent study done by one of these vested interests showed that the sharing economy is actually shrinking. They tried to show by looking at the riderships as well as the actual workers for companies like Uber and Lyft that the sharing economy is going down in terms of its proportion in the economy. But from what you say, I would suspect otherwise. What do you find is the case? Yeah, so it's true that if you look at a select few companies, their growth has slowed down, especially on what's known as capital platforms like Airbnb or eBay where you're selling physical goods. But that's taking a very narrow view. The sharing economy, as I said, isn't just about a few companies, but rather a better way to measure it is the amount of people who are working as independent contractors, those 1099 incomes, where you can work for yourself. Why this has always existed, we've seen an explosion in independent contractor status since the 1990s, really when we've had connection over the internet. A story I like to use is my mom, she would make mittens out of old sweaters that she'd buy at garage sales. And she'd sell them at craft shows around Christmas because, you know, here in D.C., it gets pretty cold in the winter, unlike in Hawaii. But what we saw was it was difficult for her to build up her business and sell her mittens. You can only sell so many in a craft show. But now, today, she could hop online to one of the hundreds of services, Etsy, eBay, and sell her mittens to theoretically anyone in the world. This was simply not possible just a decade ago, and that's the kind of thing we're seeing with the growth and how the sharing economy, I would argue, is expanding at a faster and faster rate. So we started to talk about the sharing economy in the past several years, and then on ride-sharing companies like Uber and Lyft, as well as home-sharing companies that facilitated people to rent out a room and so forth, such as Airbnb. But you're saying independent contractors. You gave an example of your grandmother. What are some other examples of common sharing of work today? Well, I think an example I like to use is graphic designers. So let's say Grassroot Institute in the past wanted to make a new logo. They might have brought on a graphic designer full-time, even if they only had maybe 20 hours of work a week for them, because it'd simply be too expensive to go out and find a new person every time you wanted a new tweet to your logo or a new report was coming out and you needed it formatted. But now, rather than hiring that one graphic designer full-time, what companies can do is contract out a lot of this work to professionals who are able to work on that one skill full-time. And this is great for companies. It's more efficient, but it's really great for workers where they can focus on what they're great at, hone their skills, and really be their own boss. And that's what a lot of this is about. We're moving away from the structure where everyone has a boss, everyone punches a time card, and people view that you have to join a union to have any power to one where work is now flexible, individualized and mobile. It's really a way for people to follow through on all those entrepreneurial dreams that they have. Well, in many ways, the sharing economy, while it seems new to us in our way of talking about work today, is actually something very, very old. In fact, it's universal as well. I'm thinking of the Hong Kong experience. Hong Kong 100 years ago was just bustling with people who were bartering and who were sharing in terms of their labor and so forth, and with low levels of regulation, it just turned into a mecca for business. Do you think that there is a relationship between low levels of regulation and the flourishing of the sharing economy? Undoubtedly. If you're looking at the sharing economy, one of the reasons it was able to grow so fast is because the United States specifically put a very light regulatory environment on the Internet. And that's why we've seen the massive growth to where we have computers that are better than any computer that existed just two decades ago walking around in our pockets. This was the innovation we saw because of a light regulatory touch. But what you're seeing now is that when this innovation and the Internet starts to interact with the real world, like with ride sharing or home sharing or disrupting business models or labor regulations or labor relationships, you're seeing pushback from entrenched interests and from regulators because now the Internet's butting up against regulations that, let's say, were written in the 1930s like much of our labor law or a lot of the law's governing taxis, which Uber has been going up against for a few years now. So you're seeing that regulations starting to catch up to these entrepreneurs who before had just run out leaps and bounds ahead of where any regulator thought the economy was going to go. Well, let's take a look at one of these industries, in particular the ride-sharing industry. On a very simple pass, it's all about somebody who has extra space in their car and some extra time making some extra money. It's a transaction fundamentally between two people. But regulators and those who are protecting some of the taxi industries say that there needs to be greater regulation for the sake of safety. How do we determine what level of regulation is appropriate for a butting industry or for any industries whatsoever? I think before I answer that, I want to talk about what's not appropriate for regulation and that's taking these old antiquated systems that may be made sense in, again, the 1930s and applying it to new technology. That's what you see regulators doing time and time again. So what I would like to see is rather than, let's say, leveling the playing field by bringing up the regulations on new technologies, why don't we just bring down all the pointless antiquated regulations that hold back taxis from fully competing? So I would say when we're looking at regulation, we should think, who's really being protected? Is it the public that's going to be safer with this regulation? Or is it about protecting an old way of doing things? So the best way to look at this is innovators should be able to be free to change business models until they actually harm someone. We don't want to just listen to fear-mongering and all these other scare tactics that a lot of entrenched interest will use or else we're not going to progress as an economy at all. Now, you talk about harm being brought to people and you're talking about protecting people after some level of harm has occurred, presuming, of course, that we have laws that are applicable. But don't most regulators and don't most licenses of industries try to protect people before the occurrence of any harm from business activity? Well, if there was something where it would be a clear case of leading to harm, I could see an argument for regulators. But when we're talking about ride-sharing specifically, I think what we need to do is look at the existing option that was out there before, taxis. And taxis are much more dangerous than ride-sharing. Look at the data. Believe it or not, being a taxi driver means that you're twice as likely to be murdered while on the job as a police officer. Another very dangerous occupation. And if you think about it, this makes perfect sense. For one, taxi rides are completely anonymous. You have no idea who's getting into your car. And secondly, the drivers carry lots of cash.  On the other hand, we can look at ride-sharing where identities are verified before the trip. The companies track both parties throughout the trip and you can easily complain after the trip if something went wrong. I mean, seriously, if you commit a crime in an Uber, you must want to get caught because you are going to get caught. So this is one way to look at it where if something goes wrong in, let's say, an Uber or a Lyft car, it's great that now we can hold people accountable. But beforehand, with taxis, I know in New York City, the police commissioner actually advised women against taking taxis by themselves because taxi drivers are the number one cause of sexual assault by strangers in New York City. So whenever you hear a scare tactic or some fear-mongering stories about ride-sharing, regulators have to be part and look at the existing option. We're never going to be 100% safe. We've made a lot of improvements from technology in making it safer and giving us more options. Well, you mentioned scare tactics or fear-mongering. We do, from time to time, see in the news stories about people who take ride-share cars and something disastrous happens to them. They're taken advantage of by the driver. How does the person in the public sort this through and come to the correct analysis or assessment of how safe ride-sharing is compared to taxis? Is it really a matter of data that's out there? I think it is. An additional benefit of ride-sharing in many cities, there simply aren't enough taxis to take care of demand that let's say are closed or on a holiday like New Year's Eve. So what we've seen and data has proven this is that after ride-sharing enters a city, drunk driving arrests and fatalities both drop very drastically. And this is common sense. When people have more options, they're going to make better choices. So taking away this option through excessive regulation or even limiting the availability of different ride-sharing services, that's going to lead to more people being harmed. I think policymakers, if they want to, they can make a very, very strong case that ride-sharing is not only as safe as taxis and the existing options, but it's safer. It helps public safety. Now there are a good number of online services that match people who want to provide labor or skilled work in exchange for people who want to buy it. And you can find someone online to fix your faucet. You can find someone to help you get a good hairdo, almost anything that you need whatsoever. And this has ruffled the feathers of those protecting certain industries with licensing. How do some of these concepts... Well, how do you respond to some of the criticisms that are raised? Well, I think when you hear criticisms of the new economy, where people can, let's say, go on Yelp or go on Google reviews to find out where they want to eat or get their hair cut, what they're saying is that consumers aren't being protected because in a lot of these new business models, regulation that was written decades ago doesn't apply. Well, I like to point out that government isn't the only one who can regulate. Now, because of the increased access to information that consumers have, they're more able than ever before to hold companies accountable. I'm by no way saying that businesses will regulate themselves, but what I am arguing is that consumers, empowered with all the information that today's technology gives us, they can hold companies accountable.  If you had a bad experience at, let's say, an airline or a hotel and you start tweeting about it or posting about it on Facebook, I guarantee you'll get a response from that service provider. Whereas a few decades ago, good luck trying to get their attention using a call-in line or something like that. So I think what we're seeing now is a fundamental shift in how consumers are able to hold businesses accountable and now we need regulators to update their minds and realize they don't have to be the ones always stepping in to provide consumers some level of protection. Well, Jared, we're going to take a short break now and after that I'd like to explore a little bit more with you because the free market helps to ensure what regulation really can't ensure in terms of quality assurance and safety and so forth. Thank you for being with us. Just hold on for a moment. I'll say to the audience, we're listening to Jared Meyer who is with the Foundation for Government Accountability in Washington, D.C. and we're talking about the sharing economy. I'm Keeley Akina with Grassroot Institute and we'll be right back on the Think Tech Hawaii Broadcast Network after this short message. Don't go away. Hi, I'm Chris Leitham with The Economy and You and I'd like to invite you each week to come watch my show each Wednesday at 3 p.m. I pity the fool who ain't watching this show at 12 o'clock on Friday afternoon. Stan, the Energyman, watch it. I'm Jay Fiedel and with Ray Starling, I host Hawaii, the State of Clean Energy, 4 o'clock every Wednesday, the Hawaii Energy Policy Forum, making discovery of what's going on in energy in this community. Ray, what do you think? We've got a great group of shows coming up, finishing out this year and starting next year. Dean Nishida has been with us today. He's the new consumer advocate and he has told us a lot, but he's got a lot more to tell. So we're going to have him back and others like him in future shows. And Dean, how much of that do you agree with? There's a lot to be said and I'm interested in seeing some of your other shows. Okay, we'll be back. 4 o'clock every Wednesday here on Think Tech Hawaii. Welcome back to the final segment of today's Ehana Kako broadcast on the Think Tech Hawaii broadcast network. Ehana Kako, that means let's work together. At the Grassroot Institute, we like to say it's time to work together for a better economy, government and society. And that's what people are doing in the sharing economy, which is such an important and vibrant force for us today. It's important to understand that the sharing economy not only expands the free market by putting together people who want to provide services and work with people who want them, but it also provides free market solutions to knowing what the quality of services is. And that's what we were talking about with Jared Meyer from the Foundation for Government Accountability. Jared, going back to that last topic we ended on today, you are absolutely right. It is far easier to find the kind of restaurant you want or if you're looking for a hotel to be able to tell what kind of experience you'll have because so many people are putting information out there in social media with their experiences and so forth. It kind of reminds me of something my daughter said around the dinner table once when we were watching television about restaurant inspectors and the shortage of restaurant inspectors and the bureaucracy in getting a restaurant certified and so forth. And she said, Daddy, why do we need restaurant inspectors? If the food kills people, people will just stop going there and to some extent the spreading of that kind of knowledge is intuitive to a child, but that's what happens every time we use a service like Yelp or Expedia and so forth. What are some of the broader considerations here in terms of what's happening in the digital world? What's happening in terms of democracy as the free market expands through the sharing market? Well, I think one of the coolest things we're seeing is that services that were truly a luxury for the 1% just a few years ago are now democratized and people of all income levels can enjoy them. Uber's an easy example.  And I lived in New York for a few years before this and I can tell you before Uber started when I was out in Queens in the outer borough, I never saw a taxi just cruising around on the street. But what I did, I was able to get ahold of Uber's ride data for an entire year and as Uber grew, its fastest growth was in those low income outer borough neighborhoods that I was living in. And what this shows is that when people didn't have options before and now have access to affordable, convenient, transportation in this case, they're going to take advantage of it. But yet when you have policymakers like in New York City, the mayor, Bill de Blasio, he tried to limit Uber's growth and Lyft's growth. But he was saying that it was because of congestion in downtown and Midtown Manhattan, which was proven to not be the case. But anyways, even if it was putting the needs of, let's say, pretty wealthy New Yorkers who had jobs in the financial district or Midtown, he was putting their needs above those low income families out in the outer boroughs who truly needed another way to get around. That's fascinating. Yes, you know, Jared, that is fascinating, but I want to give a note to our viewers that we're having a few broadcast difficulties and you'll fade in and out. And that's simply because of the internet connection. We're communicating with you through Skype all the way to Washington, D.C. Now, Jared, when you talked about New York City, you talked about the very wealthy and the very poor. And in some ways, some have conceived of the sharing economy as something that yuppies and millennials can take advantage of using new technologies. But in a very real way, the sharing economy provides new possibilities and opportunities for the poor. And you've done a little bit of research on that. Yeah, I think obviously millennials benefit from this. They love the services. You can't find one who doesn't use it. But also, I would say people who are retired, they benefit from the sharing economy immensely. Not only do they benefit as consumers who can go and now get these services delivered to them or have more mobility and freedom because of being able to get around in other ways, but they can also work when they're retired. It's something about working when you want on your own terms.  And we see this in certain platforms like Uber and Lyft, for example. Half of Uber drivers work with the company for under 10 hours a week, and 80% of Lyft drivers work under 15 hours a week. This is because they either have other jobs or maybe they only want a part-time gig to go on. But the best part of the sharing economy is people can use this technology for whatever means they need. They can make it fit into their life, not having to try to make their life fit around work. Tell us a little bit more about your research you did in one of our major urban centers, New York City, with respect to some of the ride-sharing going on there. Yeah, the main thing is that as ride-sharing expanded, it expanded the fastest in those low-income communities that are away from downtown and midtown Manhattan. So it's something that policymakers need to keep in mind when they're trying to push out the sharing economy. They're taking away an option to not only get around when it comes to Uber, but also earn money for these workers. A lot of the workers are doing it so that they can make their rent or pay the bills they need to. And speaking of another sharing economy company with rent, Airbnb is a way for people to stay and afford those sky-high rents that are going on in cities all over the country. So when you can turn your unused room and turn that into money, that's something that should be welcome. This is what economists love. It's about being more efficient, putting what's known as debt capital to productive use, and it really empowers you to turn your assets into industry. In your work in the public policy think tank world, you've helped individuals fight against the growing encroachment of regulation upon the shared economy or the sharing economy. Do you have any war stories there to tell us? Quite a few. It's amazing what almost every state has tried at some point to limit Uber in one way or another. Right outside the Beltway in Maryland, now Uber and Lyft might be leaving because the state is going to require fingerprint background checks, which I think policymakers have been watching a little too much CSI because they think fingerprint checks are just this catch-all, perfect way to ensure compliance. But what it turns out is this is a way that really discriminates against a lot of people. Because while police departments are great at fingerprinting people who get arrested, they don't keep these records up to date. So we get a lot of false positives when running these background checks. And also, surprisingly, in Maryland's case, the fingerprint system they're using doesn't even catch DUIs or aggressive driving convictions if they happen out of state. So this is something that it could lead to people being less safe. But what you have is taxis who have been fingerprinted for decades. They want, again, that same regulation applied to the new technology, where I just wish policymakers would look at how fingerprint background checks really don't work and are just a hindrance and allow taxis to then use the name-based, more thorough and faster and accurate background checks that the ride-sharing companies use. So it's all about pretty much everywhere you go, at some point or another, there were entrenched interests fighting back against the sharing economy. On a very practical level for our viewers today, how does one dive into the sharing economy? Suppose somebody goes to a typical eight-hour-a-day job, isn't making the level of income that they'd like to make, which is really virtually everybody here in Hawaii who's watching this and perhaps across the world. How do you get involved? What are some first steps? How would you advise somebody going about it? Well, I would say do your research. Figure out the skill or the asset you have, and maybe your asset's just time. You can do something that's maybe a lower-skilled job that you can get right into just if you have the extra time. But also you can use services. Thumbtack is one of them for highly skilled professionals where you can go and make a good amount of money working at your craft, whether that's, let's say, a personal trainer, a personal chef, an interior designer, like we mentioned. But also there's other things like Mechanical Turk or TaskRabbit or Postmates. All these other services that connect service or good providers with end users. And the easiest example to use is just Craigslist and eBay. Craigslist, especially, is an early example of the same technological trends that made today's sharing economy possible. It was about connecting two people through a middle platform. And so if people want to get into this, I would say look at what skills or resources you have and think about how much time you want to devote to it. Then check out how a platform works best for your lifestyle. But the great thing is you can work one hour a week or 50 hours a week. It's completely up to you when you're an independent contractor It sounds as if we're talking about a totally new way of looking at works and jobs. And I can't help but wince a bit when I think of the way our government typically approaches employment. Government programs set about to create jobs and then to fit people into those jobs. But we're actually looking at a different direction. If jobs don't create work, it seems that in the sharing economy work creates jobs. So what do you... Yes, go ahead.  Yet our government tends to think especially when you're looking at let's say our welfare systems, it's that you need to rely on an employer in order to be able to start. This is about overlooking much more than just our employment law but also our government programs when it comes to government assistance. I mean, when people can go out now and start earning money on their own, we should switch these programs and rely on just government independence to really government assistance to help you figure out how to use these services, how to advantage the new economy and maybe subsidize the wages you're earning when you're not making that much. But it's a complete big thinking of the New Deal style of welfare which is what we continue to be stuck with. That's right. In a final minute now, Jared, tell me the vision of the future. Where is work going in light of the sharing economy? Well, it's going towards work. It's much more individualized. It's going to be very mobile and the key is flexible. And why I'm excited is this is something that especially young workers want. Two-thirds want to work for themselves. Yet surprisingly, less than 4% of businesses are even partially owned by someone under the age of 30. So millennials have these entrepreneurial dreams that they're not following through on and the trends that make it possible for you to call it Uber from your smartphone are going to allow them to fill the gap. Well, it sounds very promising both for the economy and for democracy. Jared, thank you very much for being with us today. Hey, thank you for having me. My guest today from Washington, D.C. is Jared Meyer with the Foundation for Government Accountability. He's part of a network of think tanks doing good work across the nation of which the Grassroot Institute is part. And we'll be back again next week on Ehonokakko Let's Work Together talking more about issues that matter to you. Thank you very much.


The Senate Committee on the Review of the 1999 Constitution has concluded its public hearing in the southeast, with the chairman, Senator Ulu Remy Tinubu, assuring Nigerians of fair treatment of memorandum. Plus TV Africa's Jacinto Buchu was there and now reports. The last day of the public hearing commenced with the resumption of the precedents and presentations, which included local government autonomy, police reform, unbundling of judicial system, abolishment of immunity of public office holders, among others. We are in support of the local government autonomy and we are in particular saying that five percent special allocation should be given to local governments in Nigeria for the purpose of financing primary education and internal security. The provision on criminal immunity should be removed. If a governor has committed a crime, it should face the law. We also suggest that the Office of the Attorney General and Minister of Justice or Commissioner for Justice should be separated to remove undue influence. And anybody who has been charged to court undergoing any criminal prosecution should not be allowed to contest for the exalted office of the president or governor. It's a position of trust. Why the population that is highly educated? Why should we still be maintaining a situation in which second viscous certificate is what


Looking at figures in the scientific literature, one of the things I get the sense of is that people really don't know what to do with the text that appears in a figure. Whether that's axis labels or the legend or annotations or the title of the figure, people really just seem kind of at a loss of how to work with that. And why do I get that sense? Well, as I've said in the past episodes, we still see those blasted underscores. We don't see proper italization. And I think sometimes people don't realize what tools are out there to make that happen. We've used a tool to do those things in the past using the ggtext package and we use the element markdown function within the theme function, right? And so that's again part of that ggtext package. Well, there's a lot more we can do with ggtext, and that's what we're going to dig into in today's episode of Code Club. Over the last several episodes, I've really enjoyed working with the element markdown function as part of the theme function. Element markdown comes to us from the ggtext package, which is developed by Klaus Wilka. I've talked about using element markdown in the past, and that allows us to italicize our bacterial taxonyms by using markdown, which is a very simple markup language, where we could put stars on either side of a word to make it italicized or to make it bold and so forth. We can also use it to add HTML and CSS styling to titles. So we could perhaps, you know, highlight an individual word, make it bold and make it a certain color. The ggtext package also has other functions that allow you to create annotation text boxes. So you can put text boxes at different places in a figure. Now, of course, ggplot2 comes with geomtext and geomlabel that do very much the same thing. But the cool thing about doing this with a function called geomrichtext from ggtext, getting all my ggs confused, so geom text, geomrichtext, can't get them straight. So geomrichtext is that we can add markdown to those labels, so that, again, we can have all the power of styling that we have from that element markdown button data that we're plotting into our figure. So I've been thinking more about the ggtext package in light of the last episode. Now, in the last episode, what we did was to produce this LDA score plot, which, again, are the LDA scores coming from a LEFSA analysis that we ran in mother. If you want to go check that out, go see that other video after you finish this video. And so one of the things you'll notice about my version of the figure is that the bacterial taxonyms are on the y-axis, kind of in the traditional placement for a y-axis. One of the things I kind of thought was cool about the figure in the published paper was that they put the taxonyms right next to the bar. Now, I really am not a fan of this figure. I think there's issues with it. But at the same time, I thought it was kind of a cool question of in our, how could I put the taxonyms right next to the bars? Now, what we're going to do is we're going to use geomrichtext. I got it right that time. And we're going to use that and put it right next to the bar. And we'll see how we can do that. I'd also like to kind of think about what are the other ways that I can make my figure look more like theirs. Now, one of the things we did in the last episode is we immediately who rejected this red green color scheme, because it's problematic for people that are color deficient and that they can't differentiate between red and green. They see it as just gray, right? And there's a few other things that I might like to tweak about the figure as we go along. But the main thing that I want to do today is put those taxonyms right next to the bars and see what we can do otherwise to make our figure a little bit more attractive and perhaps look a little bit more like the original figure. Going over to RStudio, I've got my Schubert tax analysis dot R script, which you can also get down below in the description is a link to a blog post where you can get this code that I'm starting with so you can follow along. Also, if you want the data and to figure out how I've got things set up, I'll put a link to a video where I did just that. Anyway, looking at this, we've got our variety of packages from the tidyverse. I think all four of these are installed when you install the tidyverse. But again, we need to run the library function to load their functionality. We get the taxonomy information. This is where we do a variety of formatting. You'll notice in here already, I've got br, which is a HTML tag to put in a line break. We've got these stars to do italization and other things. So we might come back up to this to do some tweaking later in the episode. We get our metadata, the shared file. We then run everything through lefse. And we then have this code here to generate a LDA score plot comparing data from people that did not have diarrhea to people that did have diarrhea and were C difficile negative. I'm only going to be looking at this one comparison. Again, one of the problems with these LDA score plots is that I had three groups, which would mean that I would need to create three LDA score plots. And why bother when I can show all the data on a single plot with relative abundances, the variation and statistical significance. So again, I'm not a fan of the LDA score plot, but I think there's some things we can learn from it that perhaps will be useful to learn so that we can apply them in a future project. As we saw earlier, this is the figure that the code generates. It looks a lot like the left LDA score plots. Again, we change the colors to be consistent with the scheming for other figures we've been generating. One of the things that I also notice as I look at it right now, though, is that this legend, it kind of takes up like a third of the real estate in this figure. And that if I kind of put those up at the top or got rid of them somehow, then I'd have a lot more lateral space to kind of see more separation of the data and perhaps make it easier to see how similar are these four bars to each other or these three bars. You can just get more separation, more air to breathe. So we'll deal with that before we finish today's episode. But for the first thing that I'd like to do is I'd like to go ahead and put these taxenames right next to the bars. I want Enterococcus and then the blue line. And I'd like to have this like unclassified room in a Caucasian OT8, just to the right of this gray bar, right? And then the same thing for everything else. Back in our code, we can come back to our geome call. Again, I like to put all my geomes together. I can do geome text. And that will then plot text at the x and y position. I'll go ahead in here and put label equals taxon. So I'm going to have the x axis be the LDA, the y be the taxon, and then I want the label to be the taxon as well. One thing that I'm thinking about here is why don't we go ahead and put x to be zero. And so that will put things at the zero mark, and that'll be a good place for us to get going. So great. We now have our labels right smack dab in the middle of our figure, and they look pretty bad. And so that allows us to think about, well, maybe not geome text, but maybe we could put in here geome rich text. What we now have from geome rich text is the formatting is observed, right, from our markdown or HTML. We use the HTML to put in the line breaks, and we use the italization with the markdown. And so we see that one of the other things you perhaps notice kind of on this unclassified room in a car case, is that the label actually is a rectangle with a rounded black border around it and the fill for the background.  But before we get to that, let's not get too far ahead of ourselves. Let's go ahead and kind of move the labels, the blue labels to the left of the blue bars and the gray bars to the right of the gray bars to go ahead and move those labels to either side of the bars. I'm going to come back up here to my mutate. And I'm going to create a variable that I'll call label underscore x. And I'm going to borrow this if l statement from up here with the LDA. And so if the class is non diro control, those are the gray bars going off to the left. Then I want my x position, I'll make that say one. Otherwise, I'm going to make it minus one, right, so that again, I have the the labels for the gray on the right, the labels for the blue on the left. And so that's good. I'm down here then in geome rich text, I have x equals zero. So I'm overriding already, the AES that we have up here for LDA. And so I'll do AES x equals label underscore x. And here we can kind of see that the labels are dodged that they're not totally lined up at that zero position on the x axis. And so what's going on is that the labels are centered that H just is centered at that position. So what I'd like to do then is make my blue bars to be right justified at the coordinate I gave it, and my gray bars to be left justified, right? So how do we do that? Well, to get that justification right, I can add to my AES statement here in geome rich text, h just argument and the aesthetic and I'll create a variable then that I'll call label underscore h just. And now I need to define that and I'll do that very much the same way I did for label x. And again, that will be label h just. So again, if non-diarrheal control is the class, so those are the gray bars, then I want to be left justified. So I'll put a zero. And if it's non if it's the diarrheal control, so it's the blue, then I want it to be right justified. And so I'll make that positive one. Wonderful, it's still messy. But we can see we have our labels next to our bars. So the next thing I'd like to do is to go ahead and remove that fill color as well as the border. Coming back up to geome rich text, I can say fill equals na. And so that will give a blank fill to the background. That's better than white because white isn't empty, it's not transparent, whereas na is transparent. And then I can do label dot color equals na. And that will give us get rid of those black borders. So now we can see that we've gotten rid of the ornamentation, if you will, around those labels, and things look pretty decent. Let's go ahead now and get rid of those y axis labels and that y axis bar, and see if we can't work with things a little bit more cleanly. So I can then come down to my axis text dot y, which I previously had as element markdown. And I'm going to make that element blank. So they got rid of those labels on the y axis, I'm going to go ahead and get rid of that line as well as the tick marks. And I can do that with axis dot line dot y equals element blank, as well as axis dot ticks dot y equals element blank. So I'm happy with the way this looks for now. We did get rid of that y axis. A couple of things that kind of stand out that I'd like to kind of solve in this next iteration is maybe bringing in the labels a little bit closer to the bars, maybe making that font a little bit smaller. This unclassified room in a car case, it goes over three lines and just takes up a lot of space. So maybe you can shrink the font a little bit there. Also, I'm going to go ahead for now and kind of turn off the legend so that we can have the full width of that legend. We'll see it soon enough. Don't worry, we're not going to totally get rid of it. So what we can do is we can come back up to geom rich text. And I'm going to make it smaller, let's do size equals four. That's a guess, we'll see we'll see what that does. And then also for label x, I'm going to make this 0.25. And then minus 0.25 to again, bring it in a little bit closer. And then I'm going to come down to my theme actually and show you another way that we can remove the legend. So up above in the geome, you could do show dot legend equals false. Also here in theme, we could do legend dot position equals none. Good. So we have more lateral real estate by getting rid of that legend. We did bring the labels in a little bit closer to the bars. My font change didn't really do anything helpful. So I think what I'll do is I'll actually put this unclassified room in a car case on two lines, rather than three lines. And that should make things look a little bit better. So coming back up to the taxonomy data frame, where we create that up at the top, I'm going to go ahead and remove the break between the genus name and the OTU, but leave the break between unclassified and the name. And now we see we have a much more attractive figure where we've got our taxa names on one line. I think that looks okay. It's right next to the bar. Maybe it could even be a little bit closer, but it's good. But certainly this unclassified room in our car case is no longer going over three lines. And I'm pretty satisfied with the way that looks looking again at this figure that I'm trying to emulate. I noticed that the x axis here, there's no line on the x axis. So let's go ahead and turn that off. Also, let's go ahead and put on these vertical grid lines on the major marks to get rid of the x axis. We can copy this line here, we had axis line y, we can also do axis line x. And we can add grid lines. We can add grid lines a couple ways. So let me show you two lines, two ways. So first we can do geom v line for vertical line. And we can then say x intercept, like we did before, seek from minus six to six by two. And I can make that line type equals dotted. And I can do color equals dark gray. And make sure I have a plus at the end of this line. So I'll put this over a couple lines. So it doesn't scroll all the way off. So good, we see we've got those dotted vertical grid lines, as well as getting rid of that x axis line. I'm not sure what I think about removing the x axis line, kind of like having it there. It's just kind of, it supports everything right. But we'll go with that. And so you can see that the grid line is now on top of the bars. We could of course put that behind by putting geom call after geom v line, right. And so now we see the bar on top of the grid line. If we look at the original, you'll see that those grid lines are actually on top of the bars. If you zoom in close enough, you can kind of see it's there, it gets pixelated if you zoom in too far. So that was one way of doing the grid line. I'm actually going to turn this off now by commenting it out and show you another way that we can do it within the theme. And so what we could do would be panel dot grid dot major dot x equals element line.  And I'll throw that into here. And again, we get those grid lines. In this case, they are behind the bars. So with theme, how would we get those grid lines to be on top of the bars if you wanted to I kind of see a value in having the grid line on top of the bars? I don't know, we can go either way, right? So how do we do that? So to get those grid lines to be on top of the data, we can use the panel on top and then say true. And so the default is false. So the panel is not on top of the data. So what we now see is that the panel theming is on top of the data in all the GMs that we can't see it here, right? And so again, what's happening is that this is a panel window. And the color of the panel window is actually white, right? So remember before I talked about fill equals na. Well, this is a case where we had fill equals white. What I'd like to do is make my panel dot background to be an element rectangle. And then make that fill equal to na. And that way then it'll still be on top of the data. And so as grid lines will go across our bars, but because the fill will be transparent, we'll still see the data. And I'm getting an error that it's wrecked not rectangle. And so we sure enough see now our grid lines on top of the data and on top of the GM. And this is much more in keeping with what they had in the original figure. One thing I want to point out to we talked about this before with heat maps, but I kind of see it here, is that again, the color of my grid lines is the same across the whole plot. And to me, over here, this point, the grid lines that across the gray bars looks a lot darker than the point crossing the blue lines, right? So again, our eyes do funny things, right? When we're trying to perceive what's going on with these visuals and with colors and the context that we see the colors. Okay, so one other thing that we did was we removed the legend. So let's go ahead and put the legend on top, because if we put the legend on top, then we'll still get that full lateral space. So we'll go top. And so now we see that we have the legend on top. And that looks pretty nice. That's also kind of the way that that lefts a figure from the paper looked. Maybe we'd like to move it over to the left. So it's not centered, or maybe we'd want it to be on the right. We can move the legend around by doing legend.justification. And I'll say left. And we see that it's justified over the left. And as you might expect, if I say right, and now it's justified over to the right. I think for a paper, I would prefer it to be to the left. I kind of like that look a little bit better. I think I prefer it over to the left. I'm not quite sure why, but it looks pretty good. You know, maybe I'd even want it on the bottom. Well, how about that? Let's do bottom. Yeah, that doesn't look so bad. I guess the downside there then is that you have to look to the bottom of the figure and then look up, right? At the same time, if we put the legend on the right, we're still looking to the right and then going back. So anyway, what I would really like to do though is get rid of the legend and give this a nice title. So I'm going to go ahead and turn off my legend and I'll say none. And we will then come back up to labs. And I'll do title equals these OTS are the strongest predictors of people who are healthy or who have diarrhea. Okay. And so let's go ahead and do that. And we'll get a title. And so what we see is that the title now runs off the right side of the screen. We can actually use another function from GG text to get this to wrap and to use our nice formatting. So I can do plot dot title equals element text box simple. And that should then get me the wrapping. And so that title wraps very nicely. A couple things I'd like to do here is I'd like to go ahead and make people who are healthy or healthy be dark gray and diarrhea be blue. We can do that by inserting HTML into our title. I can also put this across a couple lines. So we'll go ahead and do span and then style equals and then we'll do color equal or colon. And I'll do some hexadecimal here. So we'll do like 88888. So that should be a good dark gray. And I'm noticing that I'm getting some weird syntax text highlighting here coloring. And that's because I've got double quotes inside of double quotes. So I need a double quotes on the outside and single quotes on the inside. So let me go ahead and clean that up. So I'll put my my CSS in single quotes. And then I need a closing anchor for that. And then we will then I'll go ahead and put diary on the next line with span style equals single quote color. And then blue. So it goes red green blue. So it'll be 000ff for blue. I think we'll see. And then we'll close this out with the backslash span. Great. So now we've got the gray for healthy and the blue for diarrhea. I'd like to this to be kind of bolder and perhaps a little bit bigger. It almost seems like the same font size as my label. So I want this to stand out a little bit more. So down here in element text box simple, I'm going to add some arguments. So let's do size equals 20. Let's do face equals bold. Very cool. Now we have this bolded and the text is a bit bigger. The lines look a little bit funky just because I think of where the natural line breaks are with the words that are in the string. I'd like to go ahead and put a margin in to separate the title from the data a little bit. It just it seems a little bit close. So we can do that with a margin argument in element text box simple. So we'll do margin margin. And then we give it it's that goes top right bottom left. I guess it's the opposite because you're watching me whatever. So we'll do 0050. So good. So we get a little bit of separation now between the title and the rest of the text. I think what I'll do is maybe make that size a little bit smaller to see if that kind of fixes those weird line breaks. Good. So that gives us a little bit better formatting of our text on the title. I'm pretty happy with the way this looks. Again, I think we've done a pretty good job of emulating what the original figure had from the left of paper with those grid lines and the axis labels. Again, I'm not a fan of this figure of this way of representing this bit of information. What I wanted to do was learn more about gg text. And so hopefully you can see the value in that that even if we're making a figure that we don't really like, we can learn about our package like gg text by kind of saying, well, you know, I don't like the overall look of the figure. But I do like this one thing they did by putting the text right next to the data. How would we go about doing that? And so I think this was pretty useful for doing that. I'm not totally sure about the grid lines here. They kind of do get a little bit busy with the words. Maybe I would put them kind of behind, I don't know, whatever. But again, wanted to learn about gg text. And so we got that with geome rich text, as well as then using the title with that element text box simple to get us our nice wrapping. So we didn't have to worry about doing that. In previous episodes, when we put a title in like this, we used element markdown. And I actually then manually put in the BRs to dictate where the line breaks were. And that was a bit tedious, because I would put in a break, render it, look at it and say, oh, I need to be over a word, right? And then I'd kind of iterate that a bunch. Whereas here, it does it for me, right? It's a lot more simple and easier to work with. So that's pretty cool. And I'm happy with the way this looks. I think this would be a nice figure to go into a presentation or if I were to tweet this out or so, you know, the title is descriptive of what's going on. Clearly, if we're publishing this as part of a paper, we would want to put in a legend. And as we saw, we could put that the bottom top left, right, wherever to get whatever look we want. Hopefully you find this useful and interesting to learn more about GG text as a package. I think it's really cool that we can use HTML markdown CSS and put that into our figures to get any type of syntax you want. Anything you can do with HTML, more or less, I think you can do with these titles. Again, if you are out there reading the literature and you come across a figure and you say, gee, that's pretty cool. I wonder how you do that. I'm not really sure. Well, let me know. I would be more than happy to take that on and to learn how to do it myself if I don't know, and then to share that back with you and the rest of the community.  Why can't I figure it out? It shouldn't be so difficult. Let me know. Again, I'd be happy to take that on, help you out and then in exchange, help the rest of the community. I really would like to do more of this give and take between you all and me. I have no idea whether or not people are going to be interested in the video until I post it and I see how many people watch them. So I want this to be as helpful to you all as possible. Please keep practicing with this material. Really try to make it your own by applying it to the visuals that you are generating.  I've really been excited to see the growth of the channel. I really want to get this information out to as many people as can benefit from it and you can help me make that possible. So thank you for all your efforts to doing that and thanks for making it to the end of another episode. We'll see you next time for another episode of Code Club.


Such excitement here too, over 3000 delegates present here for youth con 19, the Honourable Prime Minister of India will interact with them, a great opportunity also for real estate developers, the established ones and the ones who are the stars of the future. There is so much to learn and to share with the Honourable Prime Minister of the country. The real estate sector contributes to 11% of India's GDP making it the second largest sector after agriculture in our country. These are moments of great joy as the developers of real estate, the youth of India are enjoying these moments of rap songs here in the Tal Katora stadium and the future for these developers is far brighter than the light that we see on their phones at this moment. India Youth is also about taking new initiatives, of being very open to new ideas, to be disruptive in their approach towards the future, towards building India's future, whether it is in urban India or in rural India. In a few moments, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be here on stage and we can see the first visual of the Honourable Prime Minister as he arrives to a warm welcome on to the days. Ladies and gentlemen, to begin the proceedings this evening, I am going to invite on stage the very young and dynamic President of Praday, Mr. Jaksha Shah who will now welcome the Honourable Prime Minister in our Mr. Shah's thoughts with us on this occasion. Mr. Jaksha Shah, everyone! Thank you very much for your time, Mr. Jaksha Shah. Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah. Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah. Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah. Mr. Jaksha Shah, Mr. Jaksha Shah. Thank you so much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. 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Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much.


Listen, the trickle of water, snow melts in the Valdai Hills and the river begins its odyssey. Down through the foothills, far down through Smolensk and legendary Kiev, down through the freshening meadowland of the Ukraine, down to the distant sea, 1400 miles of broadening, swelling power, river Dnieper, wild river of Russia. Giant river, your voice is of many voices, blending into one. But above all swells the deep chorus of the people. Listen, you men and women, everywhere, and I will tell you a story of love and toil and sacrifice and faith beyond all understanding. The story of a wild river and the Soviet people. The National Broadcasting Company, in cooperation with the Council on Books and Wartime, presents another program in the series Words at War. Tonight's script, written by Charles Newton, is a radio impression of the novel Wild River by Anna Louise Strong. Now let me review your argument, Nikolai Petrovich. It is your view that wild river is potentially a source of great wealth. It is today making beggars of us all. Exactly your excellency. Once each year, sometimes more often, the Dnieper overflows its bank. Thousands and thousands of peasants and landowners lose their crops and often their homes. It is a great waste to the nation. And you propose that this dam of yours set up a system of flood control? The dam would accomplish that and many other things. Now, for instance, boats from the Black Sea can navigate upstream only so far as Zaporozhye. Then 60 miles of rapids cut the river in two. And with a dam and lax there, the boats and barges can travel almost a thousand miles further north. That might be very profitable. And most important of all excellency would be the dam's hydroelectric station. With electric power, we could remake the whole country. Nikolai Petrovich, you engineers sound like professional visionaries.  Where do you describe all this plan? Here, excellency. First plans for a hydroelectric station on the Dnieper were drawn up at least seven years ago in 1905. That is the Grand Duke Mikhail speaking, brother of the Tsar and greatest landholder of the Ukraine. Even if he were alive, the Grand Duke would not recognize me. But I, Stepan Bogdanov, remember him well. My grandfather was his surf. My family and myself were once his ragged starving peasants. Hold on. Look. You see here, the lake formed by rising water behind the dam would stretch a mile wide for 80 miles upstream. Yes, your excellency. But that would flood my land. I own that land. That's why we came with this proposal to buy it from you. But it's the richest land I have. Why would I sell? But think what our dam would do for millions of starving peasants. Think of what it would do for the whole Ukraine. But that is hardly my affair, Nikolai Petrovich. We're not asking you to give the land. Name your price. All right. A hundred million. Excellency. Yes. As early as 1912, the Grand Duke Mikhail destroyed the dream of our greatest Russian engineers and the hope of millions of our people very quietly and effectively with a patient smile. He did not refuse to cooperate. He merely named a prohibitive price for his land. Yes, the dam would have to wait. And time went on, measured by the seasons and the destructive fury of the wild river and the growing poverty of the people. But their dream was not ended. It lived on in the minds and hearts of many Russian men and women who, at last, to realize this dream and a thousand others of the people's destiny, rose up and cast off their chains. Revolution. But the fight was long and bitter but at last even the strong, the leaders, were filled with foreboding and doubt. And the next few hours will tell us it. Yes, Vladimir, our fight against the white Russians and the foreign powers hangs on the balance. And the whole revolution is at stake. And all we can do is wait. Everything is ready. Yet of all the years we fought for a free Russia, this day is the darkest. But even in that critical moment of history, while others doubted, one doubted not. Have faith, comrades. I have faith.  This morning, we completed final plans for the great new dam on the Nyepa River. It's been the dream of our people for many years. Lift your eyes to that horizon. The vision is dazzling. Have faith, comrades. We cannot lose. Thus spoke Nikolai Lenin. But even when the victory of the revolution was won and the few could no longer stand in the way of the many, even then the dam had to wait. First, food must be found and minds developed. New factories must be raised above the rubble of war. Engineers must be trained and workers. Only then would there be strength enough and skill enough to build the giant that would tame the wild river. A long night of years lay ahead. A night of want and privation and suffering and death. The hungry year of 1921. There were no horses in the land and we hitched ourselves to the wooden plowshares and stumbled across the fields till at last we fell. 1922 and 3 and 4. Flood and famine.  This Ukraine could be the richest land in the world. We clutched our rags about us and laughed. And the taste in our mouths grew dry and bitter. Yet still the dream persisted and strengthened and grew. It was in the spring of 1927 that the first explosions thundered through the canyon of the river. I had just come from the Red Dawn farm to the city of Zaborosia. I sat in the office of my friend Ivan Kapovic and jumped suddenly from my chair as I heard the distant roar. Good. You bolted like a shy cold saffron. Just the effect I'd hoped for. What is it? You peasants never hear anything. You might as well live in another world. What is it, Ivan? They are dynamiting in the river canyon. That's what it is. You mean the dam? Then all the rumors we've heard are true. We've started it. We? Yes. I've been studying at engineering school for the last six months. They're going to make me a drill foreman. Ivan, is there a chance could I get a job? Of course you can. Need everybody we can get. You can work under me if you like. Hey, what's this? A man of your age crying?  Me crying? And the long night of waiting vanished into light. And I, Stepan Bogdanov, was in the start of things. The explosions we set off roared in triumph. Our people had set to work to remake its heritage. And I suppose perhaps we were beginning to remake the world. 30,000 workers were needed. And in the year that followed, they flocked to us from every corner of the Soviet Union. Few were trained. Few could even write or read. But they joined up with a smile and they worked with a will. By 1928, as boss of a drill section, I was signing them up by the score. Some were from the Ukraine. Anya Kuzereva. Yes, and many of them were women. My mother thought it was wicked for a girl to become a worker like this. But that's only because she still thinks the old way from the habit of the years. Why shouldn't we women have built our new world? Are we going to be part of it too? I'm young, I'm strong, I'm free, Stepan Bogdanov. Sign me as a driller. They came from every corner of the land. Men and women, young and old. Still the truth, son, I'm here on forced labor. I'm a convict. Just stealing. Got sort of in the habit. About 30 years ago, stealing from the czar and the landowners. How did that cause I hated them? I only stole this last time because I thought I needed something close. Didn't stop to think we're all in the same boat these days. Then I might have been taking something somebody else needed, just as bad as I. Ah, maybe here's my chance to make up for what I've done. Girls and boys, peasants and convicts, old and young from every corner of the land they came in. Yes, sir. My name is Vasili, and I'm from the Georgian Republic. I was a shepherd, but there's too much going on today for the young to stay at home tending sheep. You'll take me. Say, I... Do you know anybody who can write? I promised I'd let my brothers know if there were plenty of jobs here. They want to come up, too. And besides all the regular workers, we've found other help, too. There are six of us, and we're all students from the Conservatory of Music in Moscow. You see, we've just started the vacation trip to some of the biggest projects of the five-year plan. But now that we've been here a couple of days, we think maybe we'll call off the rest of the trip. If you need help, we'd like to spend the rest of our vacation working on the dam. Yes, they joined up with a smile to work on the Dnieper Dam. And for so little, some food and shelter, some sunlight, a word of encouragement at the right moment, and a chance in the evenings when the long day's work was done to sing and dance. Tired though we were, that's when our spirits lifted and our hearts were gay again. And the music and the voices blended to a rhythm set by flying feet. And perhaps Vasily would do his dance while Anya, who Vasily had married, clapped her hands to the measures. Her smile happy and proud. And the tears down the backs we live in aren't even finished. Yes, 20 men in a room big enough for five. And crawling with rats and roaches and lies. Things getting worse all the time. Oh, I'm quitting. Me too. I'm going back home. Some were paid enemy agents. Some were relics of the old system, not yet cleansed or winnowed out. And some were merely men of little faith, ready to sacrifice their heritage in the heritage of all mankind in a slab of butter and a comfortable place by the master's fire. Oh, don't mistake me. I mean, the things they grumbled about were true. The housing conditions for many of our 30,000 workers were frightful. So was the food for that mother, even when there was enough to go round. And as the months and then the years rolled by, the turnover of workers grew higher and higher. When one man whined. I'm quitting. Going back home I am. Another would step forward to take his place. Sign me up, comrade. This is my fight, too. What worried us most, though, was not the labor turnover, but the cost of the dam, the cost in time, and the cost in life. Our country was so new. And in many ways we were so far behind. It was during the second year of construction that I took the visiting American engineer, Mr. Wood, on a tour of the dam site. He was astounded at what we had done and at the way we were doing it. Why, Mr. McDonough, you need tools here. Tools, but we have lots of tools. Your workmen don't even have picks to work with. They've got to beat at the earth with these heavy iron bars. Your shovels are no good. They've got short handles and give little perches and a small flat blade which is only a little dirt. You should have what we use in America. Long handle, large curved blade, and good heavens, I haven't seen a single wheelbarrow. A wheelbarrow? You use that... No silker. Yes, to carry the data way. It takes two husky men to handle a fifth as much as one man could take in a decent wheelbarrow. I know we're far behind you in technique, but still we've managed to accomplish a lot. But what a cost in time and labor. Yes, that's true. Even I sometimes wonder if this fantastic pace we've set for ourselves is worth that cost. Have courage, comrade. But the cost was great. And we watched the time tick by with growing anxiety. Could we ever complete the dam within the scheduled time of the five-year plan? Could we ever do it with a constant labor turnover and with inadequate tools? And as time ticked by, one obstacle after another fell hugely across our path. But the most dangerous foe of all, the foe that fought us with secret cunning and with wild fury, was the river. In summer, it reflected the sun's rays burning and blistering the skin of our bodies. In winter, it froze us. Its treacherous waters swept us from cofferdam and pier to smash and tear us against the rocks. It laughed and mocked us in the sunlight while we shivered or sweat with the fevers it gave us as we worked waist-deep by the rising pillars of concrete. Its rippling surface was like a shout of joy, but beneath the surface so many of our comrades slept in darkness and eternal silence. And in the springtime, the river cursed us with flood. The locks! The locks! We've never saved the public and brought the locks! It happened in the spring of 31. For ten days, we fought to save the locks and on the tenth night, the flood burst through. The men of the cofferdam! They've been swept to the river! That was Vassili shouting. The boy who came from the Georgian Republic and first worked on my drill day. The boy who had brought his brothers here too and married Anya, the girl from Kichkas. In the wild howling night, Vassili organized a rescue gang and struck boldly into the river when he knew that chances were even that it meant death. Is that comfortable, Cradd? Why didn't you do it?  I want to see my son. Yes, yes, yes. Help me, comrades. Help me. I must sit up. Thank you. Now, cover my wet clothes with the blanket. Surely. My son is a year old.  Here we are, darling. Will you hold him? No, no. Just let me look. Oh, silent young man. I knew he disapproved my coming in wet. But no, Anya. I want to leave you smiling. I mustn't say that. Yes, dear. And I am hurrying fast. Look at me, boy. You are going to take my place now. The dam has used up a lot of us old fellows. But what does that matter when there are boys like you to follow? Think of it, son. One day, you will see it finished. Yes, even the river couldn't beat us. And with a final spurt, we conquered it. One sunny day in spring in the year 1932. In every town and village of the Soviet Union, the people heard our proud report that... Today, the 28th of March, at 5.20 in the afternoon, the last cubic meter of concrete will be poured and set on Yemperdam. And the wild river swung to the oak, a scourge no longer but the hope, the promise of a nation. All that we had hoped, all that we had dreamed, began to come true. And by the early summer of 1941, 300 miles of roaring towns and giant farms testified that the heart of the Ukraine, its electric pulse in Yemperdam had become one of the richest regions in the world. True. It's the breadbasket of Europe. Wait. We could use that. The river transportation is excellent. We could float our freight in barges down to the Black Sea, into the Danube, all the way across Europe by water. Think of the mines and industry there. The iron of Krivoi Rog, the manganese of Nikopol, the steel and coal of the Donetsk Beeson. And all of it is furnished with power from a single force. Think of that. Seize the dam and you seize the key to the whole Ukraine. And seize the Ukraine and be acquired the means for world domination. By head and cloak, we will do it. For years they planned it, and on June the 22nd, 1941, they struck, flushed with victories from a conquered Europe, the world-devastating Nazis smashed ahead in bitter battles. The Red Army hit hard, but it could not stop them. There were three giant prongs and the southernmost was aimed at Nieperdam, of the Kremlin, late in the month of July. Who knows, comrade Commissar? I would like to tell you that no more cities will be lost. But who knows where or when we can make our stand. I'm thinking especially now of the case of Nieperdam. Yes, in the south. That is the enemy's chief objective. There are nine huge generators there. It'll take time to dismantle and move them. If the army plans to retreat east of the river, we should start work on the generators now. Comrade, the Red Army never plans to retreat. We'll cross the river only if we're threatened with encirclement. You're avoiding my question, general. What I want to know is should we start dismantling the generators now? I'm afraid I must say yes.  But comrade Commissar, not such a loss as when we blow up the dam. But comrade Stalin, we can't destroy the dam. Why should we leave it? The Nazis will bring their own generators. They already built them for just this purpose. But think what Nieperdam means to us. Think what it would mean to the Nazis. Why, it's our greatest monument to the people. It's a symbol of everything they've worked for, every sacrifice they've made. True, but they did not work and sacrifice to build it for the Nazis. For five years we worked to build the dam. We thought it would last a thousand. Comrade, you forget what this trouble means. And now because the army can't do a job, you're asking us to destroy the dam. Comrades, in the first place, let us not speak of destroying the dam. What the people built there can never be destroyed. What they did there will live forever. Alexei Alexich, find us a man who helped build the dam and who has worked on its operation since then. The honor of blowing up Nieperdam should go to the man who loves it most. That was Comrade Stalin. And I, Stepan Bogdanov, was the man they chose. For days we worked as the Red Army streamed eastward in silent retreat. Beneath the beautiful concrete piers we planted the dynamite we love in care. And we connected the charges with wires and strung them skillfully and secretly to a central detonator upstream. And the ache in our hearts grew and grew as we plotted tenderly the utter demolition of the thing we loved best. Day after day we worked till the last refugee had left and the last troops crossed to the further shore. It was the night of August 26, 1941 and the eastern sky was bright with flame. I don't think we can wait any longer. Too much of a chance. Maybe more troops will need to cross by the bridge. No, Comrade Bogdanov. Only the partisans are left and they will stay on the western shore. The refugees, more peasants will be using the bridge. They've all crossed over, too. Are you sure the wiring's all right? We can't put it off any longer, Comrade. I know how you feel. Would you like me to do it? No, I... I... I have courage, Comrade. I'll do it myself. Giant River, we loved you too much to deliver you in bondage to a hateful enemy. Roll free and wild again and we pray that you will flood our captive land as once you did the free. But remember, we'll be back again. We'll build again and you will serve us again and forever in peace. Oh, Wild River, your voice is of many voices blending into one. But above all swells the deep chorus of the people. We'll return to you, return in triumph. With such faith as ours, we cannot lose. You have just heard the 44th program in the series Words at War. Tonight, a radio impression of Anna Louise Strong's distinguished novel, Wild River. The script was written by Charles Newton. Stott's Cotsworth was heard as Stepan Bogdanov. A Russian chorus under the direction of Leo Rosotto provided the music, and the entire production was under the direction of Anton M. Lieder. Next week, Words at War will present an adaptation of a strange story entitled Silence of the Sea. Words at War is brought to you in cooperation with the Council of Books and Wartime by the National Broadcasting Company and its independent affiliated stations. American radio listeners are the best informed people on earth. They're interested in the history, future, and peoples of these countries which are now the battle fronts of a war for freedom. The National Broadcasting Company and the independent radio stations associated with the network use their entire facilities to keep America informed. New developments in world events, historical background, expert examination of current and future problems are available to the radio audience day and night. NBC is on top of the news. Radio listeners everywhere know that American radio brings them the truest information and the widest choice of programs. This is the American system, developed through free enterprise. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


Hi and welcome to the session. I'm Karika and I'm going to help you to solve the following question. A question says how many words with or without meaning can be made from the letters of the word Monday. Assuming that no letter is repeated if first part is four letters are used at a time, second part is all letters are used at a time and third part is all letters are used but first letter is a bubble. Let's now begin with the solution. In the first part we have to find number of words which can be made from the letters of the word Monday by using four letters at a time. There are six letters in the word Monday and these six letters are m o n d a and y. Since each letter is different and each letter has to be used only once, no repetition is allowed and four letters have to be taken at a time. Therefore number of words formed with four letters of the word Monday. The mutations of n different objects taken are at a time and the objects do not repeat as n p r. Here six different letters, mutations of six different letters taken four at a time minus four factorial and this is equal to six factorial upon. The six factorial can be written as six into five into four into three into two factorial. So we have six into five into four into three into two factorial upon two factorial. We can cancel two factorial from both numerator and denominator. So we are left into three. So 360 is our required only once. It's also given that no repetition is allowed. So number of permutations of six different letters taken all at a time is equal to and r is also equal to six. So six to six is equal to six five to six factorial and this is equal to upon zero factorial. Now six factorial is equal to six into five into four into three into two into one into zero factorial upon zero factorial is equal to six into five into four into three into two into one into zero factorial upon zero factorial. Canceling zero factorial from both numerator and denominator we are left with six into five into four into three into two into one. Unsimplifying it we get seven twenty. Hence our required answer is seven twenty. This completes the second part. Let's now move on to the third post but first letter is a bobble. Letters of the word Monday are using all letters at a time but first letter is a bobble. Commutations p is NPR. Here in different objects are five different letters as I've taken at a time and we know that repetition is not allowed. So number of permutations of rest of five different letters taken all at a time is equal to five p five. We know that is equal to n factorial and r is also equal to five. So five p five is equal to five factorial upon five minus five factorial and this is equal to five factorial upon zero factorial. Now five factorial is equal to five into four into three into two into one into zero factorial. We can cancel zero factorial from both numerator and denominator. So we are left with five into four into three into two into one. Unsimplifying it we get one twenty. Two vowels in the word and these two vowels are O number of rotations taken one at a time is equal to p one and this p one is equal to two factorial upon two minus one factorial. This is equal to two factorial upon one factorial of two factorial is equal to two into One factorial so we have two into one factorial upon one factorial. You can cancel one factorial from both numerator and denominator, so we are left with 2. Therefore, by the multiplication principle, total number of words is equal to number of permutations of 5 different letters taken all at a time that is 120 into number of permutations of 2 vowels taken 1 at a time that is 2. 120 into 2 is 240, hence a required answer is 240. This completes the third part. Bye and take care.


Was there any kind of inappropriate relationship at all between you and Rachel McGregor? No, look, all those matters have been dealt with. In hindsight, on some occasions our conduct was inappropriate. Was there any kind of inappropriate relationship at all between you and Rachel McGregor? No, look, all those matters have been dealt with.