dros ymlaennau, ond yr oedd yn gallu'r sloff mwy arna, ond rhai wobon wnaeth cyd-deithas y ddechrau yn cyd-doedd. Ar fy ydych chi'n gweld ymlaen, ond ddaw yn rhaid i'di'n ddŷch. Rhywbeth ymlaen i'w rhai ddau yn gallu stryd oedd. Mae'n ddod i'n ddod i'u cyfwyng y stryd ymlaen, rwy'n rhaid i'w ddod i'n gallu ddau. Rhaid i chi yw bod yn gweld i chi wedi wir i'ch canfwynt o'i ddweithbyddu yn mynd i cydweithio yn gynllunio i ddweud. Felly y peth yn ymmwneud o fylam a gyntafoligwyr. Felly ym mwyaf o ddweud y AME, a bod ydych yn dweud y sydd ei bod yn ymwneud eich cydweithio neu'r anestr? Mae'r anestr wedi rhoi'r hyn yn ymddangos. Mae efallaistaeth yMesafoligwyr pedigangol. Mae hala ffordd bob amlaen nhw yw yn amlir. Mae ffordd hynny i ddweud ymwneud ymwneud ym mwyaf ymwneud ymwneud. Mae brackets yn ymwyaf ymer. Mae'n meddwl gweld yn y gallu ches ar ychydig i'w gŷnol yng Nghymru. Mae'r bobl yn y gêmau no chenffol. Mae'r cyffredin iawn y gêm yn oed, mae'r gêm yn gwneud, mae'n gweithio'n gyda'r gêm. Mae'r gêm yn gweithio'n gyda'r gêm, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'r gêmau maen nhw i'r gêm. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. ond yn fwy a i datblygu'r lleidio llyfrigeidau o ran oedol iaidio—cant y gallu cyfroedd yn y cywir. Mae'r lleidio bwysig, mae'r lleidio bwysig, a'r lleidio bwysig, a'r lleidio bwysig yw gynhyrch chi'n gen reply. Llyrdoedd y lleidio lŵr o'r lleidio digad arerythio gyd. Mae'r lleidio bwysig o erioed, o'r lleidio'r lleidio arerythio, os y ddod y gallwch yn包 arfer. Mae'r lleidio arerythio arerythio, os y ddod y gallwch yn lleidio gael, os y ddod y gwaith. Dwi'n cael ei wneud pan i'w gweithio'r pethau ynglynig? Ieithu'r pethau i'r pethau i mi ac i'n cael eu pethau i mi yn gweithio ddydd. Felly hwnna'n ddysgraff y ddyddwch i'n meddwl. Rwy'n cael ei wneud i'r ddymnu ac hynny corei ddymnu. Felly mae gweithio'r ddymnu arall. Rwy'n cael ei wneud hi i hynny? Rwy'n cael ei ddymnu arall a ddymnu arall, ac rwy'n cael eu ddymnu. Mae y rhai amryl gwaith yn ychwyllfa. Chump is a game played on a grid. The red square is poisoned. You choose a square as a move, so it's perfect information obviously. It's an impartial game because obviously there's no player one moves or player two moves. The first player is usually called left. The second player is usually called right. By convention, I won't give the end away. I choose any square. The first player chooses that square. The idea is all of the things to the right and up of the square that you choose disappear. First person is moved. Second person moves. First person moves again. Second person moves. Now we're running out of moves. Remember the person who can't move loses. I've forgotten the parity. First person moves. Second person moves. First person moves. Second person moves. First person moves. Second person moves. Now the first person is lost, right? He or she cannot move, so let's get this right. First person moves. Second, first, second, first, second. Now it's the first person's move but there's no legal moves. You can't eat the poisoned one so the first person loses. Is that clear? That's how we play these games. There's a proof and this is really interesting. It's not a constructive proof but it's a nice mathematical proof of the fact that the first player should always win. My play then was suboptimal. There is a winning strategy for the first player. The idea is if there was, let's assume for contradiction, that there is a winning strategy for the second player, the first player makes this move in the top right corner, then whatever move the second player takes in their winning strategy, the first player could have taken it, couldn't it, because it's still a legal move for him. It's a bit subtle. It's not a constructive proof of a winning strategy for the first player but it's called a strategy stealing argument. If there was a strategy for the second player, the first player could steal it by making this move and then if there's a response that player two can give, he could have done that in the first place and he can therefore steal the strategy. That's one neat way of using a logical argument to show that it should be a win for the first player even if you can't quite construct it. One interesting thing for you to think about after the talk is what about the game chumpfinity, where it's on an infinite board so you can choose any n and any m as your first block and then you obviously disappear all greater than that. Does that change the nature of the game or does it or does it not? So chumpfinity an exercise for the interest of the munger. The first game I want to talk about, this is a game that was first solved I think in the Victorian times and the game is called NIM, the rules are as follows, you have piles of coins and on any particular pile you can remove any number of them and you can take up to all of them if you want so for instance I can take three on the left hand side row or I can take just one off the most right hand side and the idea is again we're in normal form, the player that can't move loses. So a NIM game with one pile is really boring because what is the winning strategy for the NIM with one pile? Take them all, the objective is to stop the other person being able to move, remember we're in normal form so yeah you're right, take them all, a little bit more subtle is the winning NIM strategy for two piles I'll let you think for a couple of seconds, go on, take all but one off one is not the correct answer but it's a good try and thanks for volunteering so quick, it's a non-trivial problem but I know if possible you have a good instinct maybe, is that a second guess? Again, equalise them, did I imagine that or did I hear it? Yes okay awesome is the right answer, I was going to say if I just hallucinate in the right answers then this is going to be really good only it might not actually be true so you all understand great yeah so yeah you equalise them and then whatever they do you can do on the other one so if she takes one or she takes, you take two off the right so she's left with three and three she takes two off the left one, you take two off the right one and then they're always balanced then and if they're always balanced at some point that goes to zero, you take the other one to zero, they've lost so we can solve NIM for two games now, two piles now excuse me so now a more complicated NIM position have these come in the wrong order? Yes, a more complicated NIM position so there's a little bit of subtlety here NIM can be considered as the sum of several different small games if you treat the sum of two games to be not like chess boxing where you have to do chess and then boxing or boxing then chess or whatever is the most difficult way round it's where at any point in the game there's two games so there's draft here and there's chess there and you choose for this turn which game am I going to play in I'll play in drafts and then I make my move and then you make your move and you get the choice which game do I play in NIM is somehow, it's four different games of NIM potentially you can choose am I playing in this one or am I playing in this one and I'll go into this in a bit more detail in a minute but the idea is if I was playing in the game with just these two I've got a strategy haven't I and if I was playing in the game with just these two if I was one I'd have a strategy so a good idea might be well I'll keep those two and I'll equalize these two and then presumably if my opponent makes a move in these two I'll do the winning game if my opponent makes a move in these two without this as the single ones I'll make a move in that winning game so somehow I've decomposed this four pile into two games that I know I can win and if my opponent plays in one of them I give the winning response in it does that make sense brilliant ok so much harder now whenever you read about this they always talk about binary arithmetic but I find it easier to actually think about it in terms of powers of two so the idea is you want the sum the binary sum without carrying to equal zero so it's binary addition but without it's modulo two it's you don't you don't carry so there's a one here there's a two here there's a four here and there's a two here and a one so the idea is the one and the one cancels the two and the two cancels and the best move for me is in fact to remove the four so I do a worked example in a minute but does it sound plausible that removing this four is a winning move yeah it does because if you think about what's left if I remove these there's three, two, one think about what the opportunities are for the opponent if the opponent takes this one you equalize those two if the opponent takes this one those two are equal and you can remove all of them if the opponent takes both of these you're in this one and this one and you can equalize if the opponent takes one of these these are equal and you can remove this one if the opponent takes two of these these are equal and you can remove that one if the opponent takes three of these these are not equal and you can equalize and then win so that does sound plausible that removing the four there is a win so yeah I meant to do that without you know what I mean, didn't you? You imagined that the fourth was gone then when I was speaking didn't you? Even though I was speaking fast. Ffadda mi? I'm a little deaf, I was unwell on Friday whenever I've got a cold, this ear completely closes so it's going to be the worst bit of audience participation ever. So let's say you had 17, 25 and 13 in a pile and they usually do it with binary 0 and 1 notation but I think it's much clearer. Yn what we're looking for, we're going to say the 16s cancel. We're going to say the ones there cancel. They have to cancel with a different row. So the 16s cancel, the 8s cancel, the ones cancel. It'd be really good if the four plus one wasn't there. And that's exactly what the winning strategy is. So all of those things cancel. It'd be really good if the four and the one weren't there because then everything would cancel. And the winning strategy at that point is to take the 13 down to an eight. So if you keep that, if your strategy is always make the But that makes you to make the sum, the special, so-called nim sum, which is binary addition without carrying, make that zero all the time. If it is already zero, you are screwed if the other person knows how to play. But if they are not, you make it zero. It is this argument of, I don't need to get the best move. I just need to make sure I've always got to move.的是 You, so if I know that I just turn it to zero again and that's a lose and then you, if what you do, if I can turn it to zero and then we just go down and because we're always decreasing the piles, at some point we're going to get actually to there be nothing there and hopefully that's when you've got it and there's a kind of parity type argument. keeping it, keeping this nim sum zero is kind of what is preserved ac mae'r rywbeth yn gwneud. Felly mae hyn yn gweithio bod yn dod o gweithio. Efallai 60 oes yn dweud, a 45 o gweithio. Rwy'n gofio i'n meddwl. Yr un gweithio ar hyn o'r ffordd, ychydig i ni, fel y dyma gynnogau rhai, yw'r ffordd o'r ffordd gyflym yn ei gweithio, ond rydyn ni'n ffordd o ddiweddu o'r teulu. Gweithio'r ffordd, rydyn ni'n bywch chi'n gweithio. Haid yna 100 o gweithio ar y rhawn. Ac efallai i'w gyd yn dod yn ddweud am arwain i'r ddweud i'r ysgol? Oherwydd? Dyma, ble yna'n fwy iddo i'r ddweud i fewn fod yn ddweud, mae ti'n gyfer 50 coen o model ac mae'n sefydl o'r rhiwp bob pryd yn ofen, mae'r rhiwp bod roedd yn cyffredig 50 coen o'r rheid i ddweud, oedd yr yn y ddweud gan y pwysgol. Mae'n meddwl i'n holl arwain i'r ddweud, ac mae'n z sixteenol yn ddweud i gryfbeth ar hyn o'r cyflwyn i'n gwneud. нихum. I add an extra rule you just waste in time this concept of reviewing будd some move some move actually are an option which just either take you back to where you were or actually give you something were so there is another game called kells so the game here is you have got a bunch of piles again similar to Nim. But this time you can remove any one or two adjacent bowling pins so I can take these two and leave one I can take these two and leave two piles, each of one, etc. So you can actually take any two adjacent and you're allowed to split the piles in this game. So a very similar game and the theory says, and this has been known for a while, maybe I wasn't so explicit, but these games are all impartial, right? There's no such thing as moves that only the left player can make. So in these impartial games, there's a theory called the Spray Grundy Theorem that says they're all equivalent to Nim somehow. So there's a really nice, really nice theorem that comes later. And some things that aren't impartial, there might be a sneaky way of making it impartial. So North Cuts game is played with on a checker's board and you can move your pieces up and down arbitrarily. And if the other, except you can't jump over the other people, you can move up and down in your row arbitrarily. You've got two of them here, say. You can move up and down arbitrarily. I keep saying that as if you haven't heard me the first four times. And then so the idea is sometimes you retreat, sometimes you come closer. But if he comes closer, this gap goes down, doesn't it? If this person comes up, the gap goes down. If this goes backwards, nothing really happens. It's these gaps are basically your Nim, aren't they? And going backwards is just like adding. It's like that silly, silly extra rule of Nim that does nothing. So this is a partisan game. I can only move my pieces and she can only move her pieces. But actually it's just Nim in disguise. So Nim in disguise is going to be the big idea for when we get to play the childhood game of Dots and Boxes. Is everybody... How do you win? How do you win again when the other person can't move? So if I keep moving up here, eventually white can't move because they can't jump past me. If I keep moving up here, black can't go this way. So I'm just closing the gap on black. And if they retreat, I can follow them, right? But they can't retreat forever. Yeah? Can you decide? No, sorry if I wasn't clear. It's up and down is the legal moves in this game. Sorry, I almost certainly wasn't clear if everyone's confused. I didn't actually look in detail at this put, to be honest. I just googled for one. All the blacks are on one side and all the whites are on the other side. This is a legit game. I'm not sure it is. Which one's bothering you? The point is, though, that actually it's the gap between the pieces. It doesn't matter whether black's on top or bottom. It's the gap between the pieces is important. And both players have got a choice, basically. Am I closing the gap? Am I increasing the gap? And someone's going to get trapped at either edge. It isn't the blacks on the bottom and whites on the top. Does that make sense? You can just close the gap. And if I get closer to you, your only move is to escape. And I just follow you up to the edge. Does that make sense? Can we just call this dealt with? I vote for just calling this dealt with. I googled for knock-out game, took an image. Didn't look at the context of the bounding page. Trust me, knock-out game is equivalent to NIM because Spray Grundy Theory says that all impartial two-person games of perfect information are equivalent to NIM. So I'm glad you all understand that. So moving swiftly on. There's a whole class of games called octal games. And they're described by a potentially infinite octal number like this. And the idea is a bit like file permissions in Unix. If the nth position says you can take n things off your pile and if you're allowed to leave zero piles, then you add one to the total. If you're allowed to leave one, then you add two to the total. If you're allowed to split and leave two piles, you add four to the total. So Cale's, if you remember, you're allowed to take one or two pins and you're allowed to leave zero, one or two piles, won't you? You could take the last of a pile, you could leave two piles or you could leave one pile. So Cale's is actually the game 0.77 because I can take one and leave zero, one or two piles or I can take two and leave zero, one and two piles. Audience participation. I want you to shout loud if you know the answer because I can't actually hear. What's the decimal number? What's the octal game number, sorry, for Nim? One, what makes you say one?  It's very, very, it's very, very nearly true. So can you leave two piles in Nim? No, we had no splitting, did we? Can you leave zero piles in Nim? I think you can, can't you? You can take some and leave none, yeah? Can you leave one? You can take some and leave some, can't you? So it's definitely three, but can you take, how many pieces can you take? In Cale's, you could only take one or two. In Nim, there's no limit, is there? So Nim is 0.3333 recurring. Yeah, so you can take any number and you can leave either zero or one pile, yeah? You can't split in Nim. And Spray Grundy says every impartial two-person game is equivalent to Nim. And the way you solve them is you find the Nim equivalent. You play in Nim. It's like you're playing two games at once. A move in this game is a move in Nim. You find the winning move in Nim and translate it back into the new game.  And there's the Nim equivalent values for Cale's. It's an unsolved question just yet. And this is, if anyone is wanting to get involved in some mathematics. After this, this is 72 plus 12. After that, it cycles and all of the octal games of actually anyone that's been explored has actually eventually become periodic in terms of its Nim equivalent numbers. So do you see what I mean? A pile of N Cale's is equivalent to these Nim piles. And you can add them the way I described, which is choose which one you're playing. And then you can take a move in any of the choices. So after 72 plus 12, after 84, I guess, the same cycle repeats the same. And everyone they've tried cycles, but they haven't proved that it always cycles. It's quite interesting. So another game called Cale, so-called because it's cold, which means what I'll explain in a minute. Red and blue are the players. Blue is left, but I might have forgotten that when I made the slides. So a move is to colour in a region and Cale, the rules are, if I colour a region, I cannot colour an adjacent region. So if red plays the outside, then he's kind of reserved this for blue because red can't go there, that makes sense. So when blue then goes, blue's kind of reserved this for herself, but she can't go there. So now this is kind of reserved for red, but what is a good move for red in fact in this case? Take the white one exactly because then blue's got nowhere to go. Oh, no, I'm lying, aren't I? Actually, blue can go in the one that's reserved for blue. Wow. So blue's response is this, takes it. Ah, no, you're right. I forgot to colour in. Yes, no, no, I didn't. I've just colour blind as well. I'm looking at this. So see how it goes gray? Gray is not usable by either. It's a difference between turquoise and gray, excuse me. It's traditional to do cross-hatches of the ones that you can't go on, but I just didn't have the gimp food to do it. So it's confusing me, excuse me. So yeah, it's reserved for blue. Now no one can go in that space and yeah, the man there is exactly right. That's a winning move for red.  So Snort now is a hot game. Snort is different to Col in that any time you move into a segment, the adjacent segment is reserved for you rather than for the your opponent. So the thing with Snort is you want to play in that game because the more moves you make in that game, the better, whereas in Col, the more moves you make. You're just reserving space for your opponent. So hopefully this is the right way around and I'm not colour blind. So blue now is reserved for himself. Red's actually only got one choice.   But now blue can't go, so blue loses. Is that clear? Yes, I forgot. You are paying attention. I forgot there was an outside. I originally wanted to make it the lozenge, but then I couldn't paste it into Google presentations.  It's not the lozenge you're playing and of course the outside, yeah, you passed the test. So quite often with these games, there's like a parody type argument and you would always say, I don't need to find the best move. I just need to ensure I always have a move. Every time you move, if I've got a move, then I win because you run out eventually. So the parody always comes into it and it's the simplest possible game. It's like she loves me, she loves me now, she loves me, she loves me now. You're really asking what's the parody of the petals, aren't you? You're not actually doing anything other than that. So yeah, I just wanted to remind myself about the parody type argument. So now kids game in school, you may well remember dots and boxes. So you've got a grid and you draw lines. Every move someone does a line. Eventually something like this happens. This is what professionals call a blunder because you would never actually let someone complete a square at this stage.  You want to avoid that as long as possible. And something like this happens to the board. And then unfortunately someone's unlucky enough they have to open a chain, right? So we're calling these chains. Somebody at some point has to open a chain. And from then, either then... Shit! This is... A bit of a... Hello? Okay. Just rewind it. Yeah, yeah. We'll take it out in post-production, it's fine. So... So... Important mathematics. Yeah, you avoid blunders basically and at some point you open up, someone's forced to open up one of the chains. And now level one play, I said level zero play is blunder avoidance. Level one play is oh well, I've got to open one of the chains. I'll open the smallest one first. And then someone takes the chain, they open another chain, and then... So you can't kind of alternate between who takes the chains. But one nice little trick, which as soon as you start doing this to people, they get the trick straight away, is if someone opens that chain, I don't take them all. I take them all except the final two and say, you have those two? And they take those last two and then they're forced to open another chain for me. I gobble up all of that chain and leave them the last two. So that's like level two play kind of thing. So also, there's two kinds of things. There's chains and there's cycles. So in here is actually a cycle, whereas this starts at the end and finishes at the other end. This is a cycle. In order to be sneaky with this one, if someone opens it up, I can't leave two, but I can leave four. So I say, I don't want those four, thanks. And then they go... four, but then they're forced to open this. And this gives me, in fact, one, two, three, four. And in this, I would gobble up five, six, right? If there was other things going on in other parts of the board, I would say one, two, three, four. You have those two and open up somewhere else for me. Does that make sense? So this is called the double cross. So anytime you take two squares simultaneously in dots and boxes, especially if you play it against me, you're losing, okay? So you've been double crossed. So let's make sure I can remember these. If you see any of these, it means you're losing because you've got basically no choice you should take them. In fact, if somebody gives you these, you should take them, it's a no-brainer because you've got no choice, you may as well take them and get the extra squares, but it probably means you're losing. Now, this is a bit of a blunder. If this is part of a game and the other board is not yet finished, if you give me this, I've definitely won. I may not know how, but I've definitely won because if the rest of the game is a lose for the person to move, I go there and make you play in it. Does that make sense? I close this two, leaving you these two squares. You take them, but then you have to play in the rest of the game, which is presumably a loss. If the rest of the game is a win, I just take them and then play in the winning game. Does that make sense? So, if you give me the bottom, then I've got control. I may not know what optimal play is. Which is actually quite an unsatisfying thing. It's knowing that you've won, but just not knowing how. Or knowing that you can win rather, but not knowing how is actually more annoying than losing sometimes. We've spoken about NIM because I said gaining control is important, keeping control is important, but I always give away two at the end of every chain and four at the end of every cycle. So, in the actual game of dots and boxes, it's a partisan game because actually the squares that are mine isn't there and the squares that are yours, and all our moves aren't necessarily the same. Also, I get an extra move whenever I complete a square. For those who haven't played dots and boxes recently, whenever you complete a square, you're forced to take an extra move, so I should have mentioned that probably. But what if it was impartial? If NIM string is impartial, the only difference between the version, if you're trying to play for whoever can't move losers, then do you remember here when I said, if this was the only game, I'd just gobble up all this and get the six points? In the normal form version, in NIM string, I take them all, leave you these four, you take that move, but then you have to go somewhere else and you can't move, so you lose. NIM string, the only difference in play between dots and boxes and NIM string is the final chain that I take, I don't gobble them all up and get the extra two points. I leave that bit for you and make you not have a move at the end. Does that make sense? It's a little bit subtle, so if you ignore the points in dots and boxes and play the equivalent game, I just want to control who is the first person who moves into a chain and then from then I win. You win in the normal game of dots and boxes or the squares, but you win in the impartial version by making them unable to move, which, by Spray Grundy theory, means is equivalent to NIM. So there is, when you're really, really good, now I'm not really, really good, you're not playing dots and boxes, you're playing, because the dots and boxes are kind of like a graph, and you know the graphs have a dual when you swap nodes for edges and edges for nodes, what really good dots and boxes play in it? It's a coins game, which is the dual of the dots and boxes, and they're no longer playing the game strings and coins even. They're playing a game called Dawson's Vines, which is a similar, you know we've played Dawson's Cales before, it's a similar game to that, so that's when you're stratosphericly good at dots and boxes, I'm not. I just like beating kids, and they're... I like winning against children. I'm sorry. I'm overrunning, I've taken too long. If you want to leave at the... Is it already gone? If you want to leave at the 8, was it? I won't be too offended, but I'll try and be quick. So another game is Domineering. It's played with dominos on a chess board, and the idea is one person is playing with dominos on a chess board, and the idea is one person left plays vertically, one person right plays horizontally, first and second player, and eventually you fill the board up, but there's certain strategies where if you look here, you see left has reserved herself this one, right can't move there, can she? So you've got... and also this part of the board is kind of separate to this part of the board, it's like two separate games, and would that be different to saying which of these games do you want to play in? If you play in this one, make a move in it, or you can play in this one, make a move in it. So we've got two disjoint parts of the game, which is kind of what our theory is about. So the next person makes a move who is right, the second player, left the first player, and now right moves, and now left moves and wins, in fact. So though there's two squares left, they're both zero, you can't move in them. So the idea is going to be the zero game where either the person to move loses or there is no moves, because then you've lost. Does that make sense? So these games here have number values. If left is the person who plays vertically, then that's one move for left clearly, isn't it? If that's part of the game anywhere, especially if it's isolated, I mean if it's isolated then that is a segment of the game. That's a move in the bank kind of thing, isn't it? And similarly this is a move in the bank for right, and this though is much more contested, isn't it? Either left or right can play there, they both want it. That's like a hot game, so we want it. This is super hot, isn't it? If left plays here, then she's got a free move as well. If right plays here, then she's got a free move as well. So actually that's even hotter. So of these four games you would ignore these. You wouldn't even go for that one. You would get this one but you wouldn't even get the extra move. That's somehow more desirable. That's the hottest. I'm going to go rather quickly through something slightly more technical. John Conway, the guy who also discovered the game of life and I think was also involved in categorising one of the finite simple groups. So an incredibly prolific guy. Serial numbers are defined as X's is a set of numbers on the left and a set of numbers on the right and the condition is that everything in this set is less than everything in this set. That's a slight abuse of notation if you're going to be a little picky about the notation. But the idea is we haven't said anything yet. So this is like a list of things on the left and this is a list of things on the right and the guarantee is that each of them here is less than each of them here so that's fair-wise. How do we bootstrap it and as always we bootstrap it with the empty set. So actually inserted here is no element because it's the empty set. That's defined to be zero and then you say well okay so what if I have on the right zero and then on the left nothing and then on the left zero and on the right nothing and then zero zero here. This is for now not a number but I'll let you into a secret it is a game. So day 2 you have several different ways of organising all the numbers you've seen before and there's an addition defined on these kinds of objects and there's a multiplication and there's an exponentiation so these objects are behaving like numbers. I won't go into it but you have on day 2 1 minus 2 and a half fill in and in fact I think probably 3 over 2 is filled in as well I'll check in a sec. So you get the dyadic rational so you start getting on day n of these numbers that are being generated you get all the numbers of the form something over 2 to the n so you're slowly building up and that's I'm bounded by above it's much clearer if I show you the diagram so here you've got day 1, day 2 and the idea is you start filling out all of these and you only have the so-called dyadic rational so they're only the lower part is always a power of 2 so the rule for deciding what the numbers are is it's the simplest number that was born on the smallest day so between 0 and 1 the simplest thing is a half the number that is the value of this strange notation is the number that's the simplest so it's bigger than this number and it's smaller than this number and it's the simplest one in between so that's the rule for determining serial numbers this is a non-unique description I could write 2,0 or minus 2,0 here as well but remember it's always greater than all the ones in the left and less than all the ones in the right and it's the simplest so games are similar the games are the same as numbers there's some number of left moves so when you choose a move of all the possible positions there's some number of moves for right games are similar the only thing is on all the numbers in the left being less than all the numbers in the right and games have this special property where unlike numbers games can be fuzzy or confused so a game of 0 is the person to move loses so that's the 0 game that's in the game you don't want to play in if anything's confused with 0 then it's not positive or negative it's like a hot game somehow so you do want to play in it if a game's positive it's actually a win for the first player and if a game's negative it's actually a win for the second player so I don't have tons of time to go into how it works but I hope I've wet your appetite I've got some book recommendations we said here this is for left so this is just one extra move for left this is right so this would be minus 1 these are actually equivalent to numbers because I said some games were numbers this is the same thing here this is 0 0 because left can take this and leave the 0 game for right right can take this and leave the 0 game for left this is our first it's an infinitesimal number it's smaller it's confused with 0 and it's smaller than all of the positive numbers it's confused with 0 from below as well it's greater than all the negative numbers somehow right close to 0 neither positive nor negative so these are the strange numbers that come in this one do you remember I said this was super super hot in the game you want to get into this if I say well if I'm left I can actually go here and leave 1 for myself whereas right can go here and leave 1 for herself so it's 1 and minus 1 this game is confused with all the numbers between 1 and minus 1 that with how confused it is is somehow the how hot it is and how much you want to play in it and even I was struggling to finish these slides that should say equals up arrow so we said star was and star coincidentally is nim again so a 1 a 1 star for nim because when you do nim addition and you say a nim heap of size 8 is like 8 star and size 6 is 6 star so you say 5 star plus 6 star etc so I probably didn't mention that I forgot excuse me but this is the same as 1 as a nim heap of size 1 which if you think about it is right isn't it because a nim heap of size 1 I can take it or they can take it and that's all they can do do you see how this piece of the game would be if you were playing it alongside nim and that's the whole point with the game addition playing nim plus this plus chess and you just choose for this move which game am I playing in make a move in it if this is a hot game then the person probably wants to reply in that game and what you do is you play the hottest game first is the best strategy and then you play the less hot game and all the cold games that no one wants to play in or if that games if you imagine the two games one game is the person to move wins and one person is the person to move person to move losers which is a zero game adding that game doesn't make a difference because whoever wins in this game makes the other person play in the losing games that makes sense that's why it's called the zero game you add it to another game and there's no point if you've got a game of nim with two a pile of two and a pile of two and another game is chess no one wants to play enough because it's a losing game right so we play in chess till we're done whoever wins chess forces chess isn't a normal form excuse me playing something else that's normal form excuse me sorry just imagine I didn't say chess imagine I said something else anyway I've waffled enough I hope you're well I'm worried if you're as excited as I am because I mean because I can't I don't think I've sold how awesome this idea is as well as hours worth of reading amazing books would do or doing a longer course or something so here's some references the dots and boxes gave if you want to get to the point where you're transcendently playing Dawson's Vines instead of the actual game there's been a recently recent book published the chapy coincidentally now works at Twitter a combinatorial game theme this is the sort of graduate studies one on numbers in games John Horton Conway's initial sort of 1970s description of the serial numbers there's amazing four volume work called winning ways for your mathematical plays which is incredibly fun there's one called I've forgotten lessons in play which is also excellent like a simpler introduction and there's one by Donald Knuth of the art of computer programming fame who actually he was the chap who named them the serials Conway always wanted to just call them numbers and they are the maximal ordered fields so it's defensible to just call them numbers and yeah I don't have a conclusion I hope you enjoyed it I really enjoyed giving it thanks for the answers sorry I couldn't hear 80% of them have you got time for questions or do we have to pack up and go find out cool thank you I'm not joking you will have to shout if you ask a question we've got a question absolutely I should have had a slide on it it's been used in chess end games and in go end games so there's a game by a book by David Wolfe Chappy wrote one of the books I mentioned which is lessons in play he's a co-author of that he's got a book called you know what I'm saying about things being hot there's a concept called chilling and there's a book called mathematical go chilling gets the last point or something and the idea is in a very close game it becomes amenable to this style of analysis so chess end games and go end games in particular and of course the surreal numbers are interesting mathematical field in themselves they do have an analysis within them and stuff like that so and it's similar to a concept called dedicated cuts so it's not without precedent to do that kind of thing for numbers I moved very quickly through that stuff but it was more to sort of wet your appetite I hope that answers your question no Wikipedia is actually very good for it so and the Knuth book is more like a Socratic dialogue between two people to find some oh sorry my style in this was to go from games to numbers and just dip into numbers because the treatment going from numbers to games has been done in on numbers in games by Conway and the surreal numbers book by Knuth just deals with the numbery aspects and it's like a Plato style dialogue, Socratic dialogue type thing I don't recall it being a love story but it is I remember one of them being female but I don't remember ha ha ha ha ha I'm probably 12 years off I've read the book I don't think I remember it's the tablets arrive and you go on this nice journey I don't remember any actual sex any last question anyone no ok another big hand for Tom Hall thanks for your indulgence


Compound adjectives in English from espressoenglish.net Have you ever noticed some English words with hyphens between them? For example, a well-known author, an English-speaking country, a three-hour movie, a part-time job, and a middle-aged woman. These are called compound adjectives, meaning an adjective that has two or more words. In this lesson, you're going to learn some compound adjectives with example sentences. We have compound adjectives with numbers. Three-second. There's a three-second delay. Ten-minute. Let's take a ten-minute break. Two-hour. She attended a two-hour seminar. Five-day. He went on a five-day trip. Six-week. We took a six-week course. One month. The penalty for cheating is a one-month suspension. Two-year. I have a two-year contract with my cell phone provider. Four-year-old. I have a four-year-old son. Twelve-story. We live in a twelve-story apartment building. Twenty-page. He handed me a twenty-page report. One common error is adding s. Don't use s at the end of compound adjectives with numbers. So don't say, let's take a ten-minute break. The correct sentence is, let's take a ten-minute break. We don't use s with compound adjectives with numbers. Another type of compound adjective is an adjective or an adverb plus a past participle. For example, narrow-minded. A person who is narrow-minded is not open to different ideas or thoughts. I can't stand narrow-minded people who are intolerant of new ideas. Well-behaved. They have three well-behaved children. Old-fashioned. We had lunch in an old-fashioned restaurant with decor from the 1950s. Densely populated. That means there's a lot of people in a small area. This densely populated area has the highest crime rates in the country. Short-haired. He was dancing with a short-haired woman. Widely recognized. She's a widely recognized expert in technology. High-spirited. This means with a lot of energy. The students gave a high-spirited musical performance. Well-educated. A lot of well-educated people are still having trouble finding jobs. Highly respected. Our speaker tonight is a highly respected scholar. Brightly lit. That means with a lot of bright light. We live on a brightly lit street in the city center. Absent-minded. If someone is absent-minded it means they are forgetful or they don't think about things. For example, his absent-minded comment hurt his sister's feelings. Strong-willed. A strong-willed person has strong desires, is stubborn and does not desist or give up.  Quick-witted. This means intelligent, clever, fast at thinking and discovering things. For example, the quick-witted detective solved the crime before anyone else had a clue. Middle-aged.  A lot of middle-aged men are dissatisfied with their lives. Kind-hearted is another way to say friendly and generous. For example, a kind-hearted stranger helped us find the train station. Another type of compound adjective involves having an adjective, adverb or noun plus the present participle. One example is good-looking. Someone who is good-looking is attractive, beautiful or handsome. Who's that good-looking guy over there? Long-lasting. This long-lasting makeup will keep you looking lovely day and night. Record-breaking. The athlete's record-breaking performance won him the gold medal. Never-ending. Learning a language seems to be a never-ending process. Mouth-watering. This word is used to describe foods that seem delicious.  For example, there was a variety of mouth-watering desserts at the wedding reception. Thought-provoking. Something that is thought-provoking makes you think. It was a thought-provoking novel. Slow-moving. I was stuck in slow-moving traffic for over an hour. Far-reaching. The new law will have far-reaching effects in the economy. Time-saving. These time-saving techniques will help you work more efficiently. Forward-thinking. This means someone who thinks in a creative and innovative way and is not stuck in old habits of thinking. For example, some forward-thinking politicians are proposing reforms to the educational system. Finally, here are a few other compound adjectives. Ice-cold.  Last-minute.  Full-length. The director produced his first full-length movie in 1998. World-famous. We had dinner at a world-famous Italian restaurant. Fat-free, meaning without containing any fat. These fat-free cookies are delicious. If you'd like to master the details of the English language and get feedback on your writing, check out the Advanced English Grammar course at espressoenglish.net. If you're an intermediate, upper-intermediate or advanced English learner, this course will help you take your English from good to great.


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Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that calculate the mode from the following data. The marks are represented by x and are given in the range of 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 20, 20 to 25, 25 to 30, 30 to 35 with the corresponding number of students represented by f given by 3, 5, 10, 20, 12, 6, 3. Mode is given by the formula m0 is equal to l1 plus fn minus f1 upon twice of fn minus f1 minus f2 into i where l1 is the lower limit of the modal class fn is the frequency of the modal class 1 is the frequency of the class preceding the modal class is the frequency of the class succeeding the modal class is the width of the modal class the idea let us proceed with the solution we are given the following distribution since the given series is regular we can locate the modal group by inspection and we find that the class interval 15 to 20 is the modal class since it has the maximum frequency that is 20 by inspection we can say that the modal class is 15 to 20 now from the key idea we know that mode m0 is given by l1 plus fn minus f1 upon twice of fn minus of f1 minus of f2 into i where l1 is the lower limit of the modal class fn is the frequency of the modal class f1 is the frequency of the class preceding the modal class f2 is the frequency of the class succeeding the modal class and i is the width of the modal class so we have mode m0 is equal to l1 plus f minus f1 upon twice of fn minus f1 minus f2 into i is equal to l1 that is the lower limit of the modal class which is equal to 15 plus fm that is the frequency of the modal class which is 20 minus f1 that is the frequency of the class preceding the modal class that is given by 10 upon twice of fn that is 2 into 20 minus f1 that is 10 minus f2 that is the frequency of the class succeeding the modal class which is given by 12 into i that is the width of the modal class which is given by 20 minus 15 that is 5 therefore we have m0 is equal to 15 plus 20 minus 10 that is 10 upon 2 into 20 that is 30 minus 10 minus 12 that is minus of 22 into 5 which is equal to 15 plus 10 upon 30 minus 22 that is 18 into 5 that is 15 plus 5 into 5 that is 25 upon 9 which is equal to 15 plus 25 upon 9 can be written as 2.77 so we have 15 plus 2.77 that is 17.77 so m0 is equal to 17.77 therefore the mode for the given series is given by 17.77 which is the required answer this completes our session hope you enjoyed this session


You're watching FJTN, the Federal Judicial Television Network. Orientation seminar for federal judicial law clerks. Welcome to the Federal Judicial System with the Honorable Fern M. Smith, Director of the Federal Judicial Center. Judge Smith was appointed as a United States District Judge for the Northern District of California in 1988. She served from 1997 until 1999 as Chair of the Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on the Rules of Evidence and in that capacity worked with the conference's standing committee on the rules of practice and procedure. In 1999, the Chief Justice and the Board of the Federal Judicial Center selected her to be the center's eighth director. Hello, and welcome to the Federal Judicial Center's Television Orientation Seminar for Judicial Law Clerks. First, congratulations. A judicial clerkship is a professionally enriching and personally rewarding experience. You will be an active participant in the administration of justice. I know that at this point in your new career, your main interest is in learning and understanding your responsibilities. This two-part television orientation seminar will help you get started. In this first hour, I'll begin with a brief discussion about two agencies that will be of service to you. I'll also describe resources available to you from the Federal Judicial Center that will teach you more about the court system and help you do your job. Most of this hour is devoted to ethics. Serving as a law clerk is a privilege that carries with it professional, ethical, and legal obligations. The center produced this program in cooperation with the Judicial Conference Committee on Codes of Conduct to introduce you to the code and to other authorities that govern a law clerk's conduct. We'll discuss a number of ethical issues that you should be sensitive to at the outset of your service. In part two, we'll broadcast a workshop on writing and editing. The writing workshop will help you achieve clarity and economy in legal writing and thereby serve your judge better. We hope these orientation broadcasts will complement the orientation you will receive in your court. These programs do not provide detailed procedures on every aspect of a law clerk's daily tasks. You should become familiar with your court's rules and operating procedures, with the various parts of the court, and the people who work in each part. Always keep in mind as well your own judge's practices, preferences, and expectations. Two agencies within the judicial system will be of service to you during your clerkship. The administrative office of the U.S. courts, usually known as the AO, administers the court system. The AO is managed by a director who's appointed by the Chief Justice. The AO administers the federal court's budget. It is responsible for space, facilities, and personnel matters. It collects and publishes extensive statistics on all aspects of the judiciary's activities. It supports the judiciary's automation programs and its libraries. It also publishes the guide to judiciary policies and procedures, sometimes called the red book, which provides detailed information on personnel, administrative, and financial matters. This is but the briefest outline of the AO's activities. The annual report of the director further describes the work of the AO, and it will show you the various ways that agency can be helpful to you. The Federal Judicial Center is the federal court's agency for continuing education, as well as research on judicial administration. The center provides orientation programs like this one, as well as numerous seminars, workshops, and other educational programs on a wide range of substantive and managerial topics. Center programs are developed to serve the needs of judges and their staffs and to train those who work in the several offices that support the courts. Several center publications and media programs can help you during your clerkship. Most of the publications I will mention should already be in your chambers. If not, call our information services office, and we will send them to you promptly. If you've not already done so, you should read the Chamber's handbook for judges, law clerks, and secretaries. It provides an overview of chamber's operations and the work of the federal courts. It also contains a basic description of the civil, criminal, bankruptcy, and appellate litigation processes, as well as a helpful analysis of legal research and writing techniques. Another center publication that will help your legal writing is the Judicial Writing Manual. This concise manual will encourage you to think critically about writing, not only about what to include and what to exclude, but also about how to write well. A wide variety of other center publications for district and magistrate judges are listed in your outline. All of these publications should be in district and magistrate judges' chambers libraries. Many of them will be in the chambers of appellate and bankruptcy judges, as well. If not, ask us, and we will send them to you. Clerks to appellate judges should read a primer on the jurisdiction of the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Bankruptcy judges' law clerks will find helpful the Case Management Manual for U.S. bankruptcy judges. The center also has a collection of monographs on substantive and procedural topics that can give you valuable research assistance. In addition to print materials, the center has an extensive library of audio and videotapes, which are available to you. These are listed in our catalog of audio-visual media productions and are available to you for the asking. If there's anything you need and we can provide, just ask us. I end as I began by welcoming you to this orientation seminar and to the federal judicial system. You've been given a unique opportunity to do your part and to serve our country while advancing your own professional development. I know you will find it challenging and rewarding. I wish you well. Ethics for Law Clerks An introduction. Hello. I'm delighted to welcome you to spend a little time considering the very important subject of ethics. The Judicial Conference Committee on the Codes of Conduct was very pleased to work with the Federal Judicial Center on this program, and we hope it'll be of use to you. To succeed as a law clerk requires more than just being a bright and skilled lawyer. It also demands that you have a clear sense of the ethical principles that govern your conduct in your very important position. In this field, you cannot simply rely on your instincts. Not all the rules are that self-evident. To avoid embarrassment to yourself and potentially to your judge, it's important that you educate yourself in this area. This program is not designed to give you all the answers, but to alert you to some issues that are likely to arise, to help focus on this subject and to stimulate dialogue between judges and their law clerks. You'll need to familiarize yourself with the Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees and the other references cited in this program. This video presentation and these materials cannot anticipate every situation that may arise. If you have an issue that you believe is not clearly answered or other materials discussed in the presentation, please feel free to contact the Codes of Conduct Committee for advice. Of course, you'll also need to learn your own judges' preferences. Every chambers is different, and something that is permitted under the Code may be prohibited in your judges' chambers. To those judges who are watching this program with your law clerks, I encourage you to fill in the blanks. Talk with your law clerks after the program about what's particularly important to you. And to the law clerks, I encourage you to ask questions without hesitation. Ask them today. Ask again as you've had more time to consider these matters, and yet again when the issues arise, as surely they will. As a new law clerk, you have a lot to learn in a very short time. I've moved to a new city and I was the latest clerk starting. So I had a bench memo do the day after I started, and I had no idea what I was doing or what I was supposed to do or what a bench memo was. I had never seen anything like the number of cases on my judge's docket, and I couldn't get my computer to work. And how the courtroom procedure worked was all new to me. How I might help the judge in the courtroom or out of the courtroom. Everything was new. With so many questions that need immediate answers competing for your attention, it may be tempting to put ethics on hold to worry about that subject when you run into an ethical dilemma. The problem with that approach is you may not recognize the ethical dilemma until it's too late. What do you need to know to prepare yourself? Well, to start. How about what are the areas where ethical issues most often arise for law clerks? The Codes of Conduct Committee has identified several. They are maintaining the confidentiality of the judicial decision making process, conflicts of interest, restrictions on outside activities of various sorts, legal, political, professional, social, and community, restrictions on receipt of gifts and honor area, and dealing with prospective employers. In this program, for each, we'll first take a quick look at any authority. Usually starting with a canon from the Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees. When they're relevant, we'll also refer you to advisory opinions from the Codes of Conduct Committee and the Ethics Reform Act gift and outside employment regulations. Remember though, that we're paraphrasing and summarizing for the full text, Read the Authority. The code is included in your materials for this program as is the selection of items referring to law clerks from the compendium of selected opinions from the committee. You can also find the code at the back of the center's Chamber's Handbook for Judges, Law, Clerks, and Secretaries. And all of these references can be found in Volume 2 of the Guide to Judiciary Policies and Procedures. How an ethical issue looks on the page of the code may be very different from how it feels when it lands on your lap. So to help you recognize situations in which ethical issues may arise, we'll also present descriptions of some of the ways in which other law clerks have confronted these issues. We'll hear some of these as recollections from the law clerks who were involved and others as recreations of events that have been described to us or to the committee. Canon 3D states that you should avoid making public comment on the merits of a pending action, should never disclose any confidential information received in the course of official duties except as required in the performance of such duties, and should never employ such information for personal gain. Many courts have local rules on the subject as well. People tend to think about the dramatic situations. Someone skulking through the chambers at night making copies of files. My brother-in-law kept turning the conversation around to this huge class action I was working on. He was asking some pretty specific questions looking for me to predict how things were going to go.  And then he started asking about the case again. I was just duh and it finally dawned on me. He wanted me to tell him things so he could invest. And I was so stunned that I just blurted out something like I can't tell you that. That probably won't happen to you although it could. But something less dramatic in a grayer area almost certainly will. Most law clerks have to refuse to disclose something to someone at some time. Your position will give you access to confidential information that many others will want for a variety of reasons. Lawyers want to know how their cases are going and they want an insider's view on how they can improve their clients' prospects. If an attorney calls and starts asking right away how my judge feels about something that's a real tip off. Generally my standard response is I am not liberty to discuss a case with counsel over the phone. If there's something you would like to convey to the judge you're welcome to come to Informal Matters and talk with them personally. I think a lot of the times the attorney who's calling doesn't realize that what they're doing has placed the law clerk in an ethical dilemma and that's why I think it's important for the law clerk to be able to recognize the situation and put a halt to it. Lawyers will call up and give their arguments to the law clerk to try to lead you into a discussion of the merits. They want to get a sense of whether they're on the right track or whether the judge will be receptive to their strategy. You just have to say something like if all those points are in your reply the judge will read it and consider them. It can be more difficult if the voice on the phone is familiar. I will give phone calls from people who are associates of my husband or who know my husband and say start off with a nice lovely social conversation and say by the way we have a case before your judge we filed a summary judgment motion a couple weeks ago do you have any idea how the judge might rule on it? Particularly in a court that I came from which was a very small town in Northeastern Pennsylvania it was sometimes difficult. You saw these people out on the street you knew them from past acquaintances but it was a situation where the professionalism had to play a part where they knew that they were calling you not as a friend but as a member of the court family. You know I think if somebody calls you that you knew in law school but that you just said hello to every once in a while and just had maybe chatted with once or twice during your three years of law school and all of a sudden they call up and are very friendly for me bells and whistles go off I'd like to think that I'm not a paranoid person but I immediately think to myself why? Why is this person calling me out of the blue? I think it sneaks up on you when a good friend or somebody that you hang out with socially outside the courthouse calls you up and engages you in regular social conversation like a million conversations you've ever had and then it starts to take a turn to oh by the way you know so and so in my firm asked me if you might know something about this case that he has before your judge. Sometimes there's a fine line between procedural information that it may be part of your job to give and more substantive advice that's of value because of what you know. A litigant would call or an attorney for a party would call wanting to know when a decision was going to be issued while that obviously is not a question about the merits of a case it still seems to go to matters that are not properly discussed with the parties in advance of a decision being issued by the court. A disclosure that seems quite harmless can backfire. I do know of a situation where it was an innocent enough new law clerk did tell the attorney how the judge was ruling because the order had been written and the law clerk had no reason not to think that the order was going out that day or the next day. It just so happened for whatever reason the order was changed and as you might imagine the attorney once they got he or she got the order was convinced it was a mistake and of course called and no it wasn't a mistake and it put that law clerk in an awful position. You may be involved in cases of interest to the press. Reporters may think that you have information that can make their stories more detailed more accurate, more compelling. In the past I've had reporters call me up both here in the courthouse in my office. I've even had reporters call me at home and start asking me about the case substantive questions about the case and I'm probably a little more direct with the media than I am if an attorney is calling and I'm probably a little more direct if they've called me at home. It was a death penalty case and reporters kept calling to confirm facts that they had heard elsewhere like did the judge call the prison to try to speak with the prisoner? It was tempting to go ahead and confirm really simple things or if it was totally false you just want to say where did you get that? But those kinds of facts can be important to appeals and the way you remember it happening may not even be right. The law clerk is an employee the law clerk may think well since it's just on background what's the harm? But there's always the possibility of being quoted when speaking to a reporter and it's something that may not reflect favorably upon the chambers even if what the law clerk has to say is actually entirely true since someone else is speaking for the judge. One reporter who always covered the courts who would come down that day to judge his opinion for what was issued that day and he would ask for us to highlight what would be good what's good in this opinion he didn't want to read it I guess and that was always difficult I said well you know I think he could just read the summary and that will tell you really where the judge was going and if you look at the back page that will tell you. I actually had a reporter figure out that since I was in the courtroom every day, all day long next to the judge and every time he left the bench I followed him out that I had a connection to the judge I actually had this reporter follow me out of the courtroom down the hallway yelling at me you know can I talk to you you seem to work with the judge I have a few questions about the case and I found it that somebody was just yelling at me down the hallway and I turned around and I simply stated I do not talk to the media if you have questions about the case you need to talk to the judge and I turned and walked off your friends and family want to know what you do all day usually you can give them a pretty clear picture of the life of a law clerk without talking about specifics the irony is that when family or friends asked about the court or about what you do each day and you can talk about those things when they got into specific cases if they read in the newspaper that a certain judge had a case they would possibly talk about what about that case and usually I always had a very trusted ant who would say he can't talk about those things but every once in a while you would have to say either plead ignorance or anything about it that's a sign to the other law clerk and the judge is working with him or her on that one very closely I can't even recall really ever telling my husband about a case and telling him who the parties were I may speak of we have a case involving a doctor and a patient from Illinois I may speak of we have a really interesting case concerning this company that manufacture whatever I try to keep it to generalities I think law clerks whose spouses are attorneys can't help but speak about law over the dinner table but I try not to mention any names sometimes it can be tempting when you happen to know the latest scoop on what people have read in the papers I was out with some old friends from high school it's funny most places I feel like my job commands some respect but with them it just didn't click it's so far into them they didn't even know they were supposed to be impressed but they do watch TV and so the conversation turned to the media star of the latest DC scandal which happens to be a case before my judge I was surprised at how much I wanted to say oh when she was in our chambers yesterday for the pre-trial conference she said but of course there are very good reasons to resist in order to do our job we need to know the judges thinking also we need to be fully aware of where he's coming from because it's very hard to work on an opinion when you're not really you need to know what the judges reasoning is and so the judge needs to have a very trusting relationship with his clerks and he needs to feel that whatever he says is confidential and won't leave the chambers it's almost like thinking out loud we're really there to help him think and then there are your fellow law clerks sometimes it may seem like they're the only people you can talk to freely but even there lines exist that shouldn't be crossed no discussion of any cases whatsoever outside of the chambers if you're out with your fellow law clerks even you think it's okay because you see them every day in the chambers and you're having a beer at the end of the day and you start talking about a case bad bad policy someone can overhear something you might have a slip of the tongue concerning what you think of a brief or what you think of the abilities of a particular counsel on it always to be excluded always everything that had to be anything to do with any case law should be done within the chambers and no place else if you're an appellate law clerk you'll have an extra set of issues to think about I was researching an area I wasn't familiar with I knew that judge X's law clerk knew it better I wanted to ask for some guidance but I wondered if I told him enough to make it clear exactly what I was trying to sort out it would be pretty clear how my judge was looking at this issue at this particular time did it matter? could I ask it in such a way that he wouldn't know? should I ask my judge if I could ask? I'd ended up just doing the research myself Canon 3F1 tells you to avoid conflicts of interest defined as a rising when you know that you or your spouse or other close relative might be so personally or financially affected by a matter that a reasonable person would question your ability to perform official duties impartially that section applies to all judicial employees Canon 3F2 adds additional restrictions to law clerks you should not perform official duties where you have personal bias or prejudice concerning a party or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts you or a lawyer with whom you have practiced has served as a lawyer in the matter you have a financial interest in the subject matter of a case or in a party or you or someone you're closely related to is a party, lawyer, or witness or has an interest that could be affected by the outcome some conflicts are predictable you may know now some things you'll need to watch for I worked in a local law firm a fairly large firm for almost three years practicing civil litigation before I began my clerkship so many of the attorneys with whom I'd worked regularly appeared in the court and before the judge so it was a limited part of the judge's docket that they might appear on and my usual role in that kind of work was to prepare bench memos for the judge when I would pick up a motion and identify that it was someone I knew or had worked with at the very beginning I would say to the judge here is Mr. So-and-so I worked with him and I might just not prepare a bench memo on that matter I've had instances where the corporate entity my husband works for was a party to a case we've had occasion I can only think of twice in the past couple of years where a lawyer my husband was working with actively on some type of litigation that his company was involved in was representing a party to a case that was not only before Judge Limbaugh but was a case that was assigned to me to work on and we felt that there was too much too close of a relationship there and we reassigned the case at the time of my clerkship my brother-in-law was also practicing law in the local area and although his firm didn't appear too regularly in federal court I remember on occasion when one of his partners was before my judge and I made sure that the judge knew other conflicts may be entirely unexpected my wife's mother started a trust for our kids and a lot of what went into the trust was one company's stock well wouldn't you know I was working on a case involving not that company but one of their major competitors if she had just given the kids the stock we would probably have sold it but the way it happened we couldn't do that without making a big issue with my wife's mother so we ended up reassigning the case it required some juggling and I felt kind of silly about it but the judge was understanding many years ago when I was young and single I've actually had on two occasions jurors, male jurors expressing interest in seeing me socially I've actually had parties to a case that asked me out and that really threw me for a loop it happened twice with cases that were presently being tried before the judge and that was definite I can't think of anything more improper for a law clerk to date the plaintiff or defendant in a case that's being tried before your judge I was, you know, you flattered but I was sort of taken back by it my immediate thing was no, I'm sorry I simply cannot engage in any type of social relationship with anybody who's involved in a case actively being tried I immediately went and told the judge only because I thought it was important that he should know it when I was a junior law clerk the first civil case that was given to me was also the first week that I came to work for the judge the weekend before I came on I was at a wedding with a number of friends and we had a wonderful time everyone was dancing very good time Monday morning I walk in the judge gives me the first civil case and says I want you to just participate in this settlement conference and watch the settlement conference and see how settlement conferences is conducted I looked down at the paper and realized that one of the dance partners that weekend was one of the litigants concerning a personal injury case and it would have reflected on their ability to at least dance in this case and it really needed to be very uncomfortable after I recognized the name and saw that there might be a possible problem so the first thing that I did was to sit down with the judge and identify the fact that I knew this person did not go into the context of how I knew them or what their abilities were physically or how it would even play upon the case but just that I recognized this individual and I felt uncomfortable about the situation keeping the judge informed is crucial you see the witness list and there's a name on it that's your next door neighbor or the parent of your child's classmate or whatever I think it's important you let the judge know it may mean nothing it may have no bearing whatsoever but that's up to the judge to decide Canon 4D generally prohibits you from practicing law but it does permit pro se action routine work on your own and family matters and pro bono services on civil matters certain restrictions apply such legal work can't present an appearance of impropriety it can't take place in your workplace or interfere with your responsibility as a law clerk and it can't be compensated there are also restrictions and appearances in court that vary according to the type of legal work I had worked at a law firm before I started clerking and had spent most of two years working on a piece of litigation which is the case the partner called me up in chambers to ask if they could keep me on retainer to help with the appeal it was one of those situations where I was thinking did I hear that right? did you really ask that? I was allowed to represent myself on a traffic ticket which of course I never would have hired somebody to do it was quite a change of scene to go to traffic court I volunteered at an AIDS clinic and what I did was help the clients get their social security benefits I was able to continue that work during the clerkship I just had to let the clinic director know that if a court appearance was needed they'd have to get someone else Canon 5 prohibits both partisan and nonpartisan political activity not just running for office yourself but also public endorsement or opposition of political candidates and contributions to political organizations candidates and events and see advisory opinion 92 it's not so much that I'm politically active but before I clerked I would give money to political causes or I would you know go to political events just because I feel like you should put your money where your mouth is and I have some pretty strong I still have some pretty strong beliefs but when you're clicking you're not allowed to give money to any political causes and you're certainly not allowed to go to any political events and raise you sort of have to cut yourself off from politics and at first I found that a little bit I didn't find that really intuitive you know what's the problem with just giving money to a cause that I believe in what's the harm in that but I guess you have to think of yourself as a representative of the judge and you have to think about what would it look like to the public if the judge were giving money to this political cause so we avoided it in many respects I'm actually a benefit in a small town because everybody and their brother might be running for an office and we would be solicited for money and we would say gee I'd love to contribute but I really can't because I'm a law clerk and it really wouldn't be appropriate my husband contributes regularly to some campaigns here in St. Louis it just so happened that a good friend of his that he had been in private practice with who's a lawyer is seeking re-election to a political office here in St. Louis and I wanted to make sure to judge that was okay for my husband to make a contribution and I ran that by the judge and the judge asked me a couple questions and based upon those questions it was okay for my husband to make the contribution out of his checking account which does not have my name on the check most law clerks will be law clerks for only a year or two and most feel that complete abstinence from politics for that period of time is an acceptable sacrifice but sometimes personal circumstances like the identity of a candidate can make it more difficult my wife was running for city council and part of her platform was being sensitive to the concerns of families so she didn't have much patience with me telling her I couldn't appear in a family photo that would go in her poster luckily it turned out that I could appear I just couldn't be identified as a law clerk and I had to stay away from the meeting she had at her house the need to avoid even the appearance of impropriety may lead judges to forbid actions that at first glance hardly seem to rise to the level of political activity it was easy to say okay I won't run for office I won't carry signs for a candidate or even give money but I'm just politically minded I think a lot of people who become law clerks tend to be so I had to be very careful even of what I said one day I was in our work area in chambers and I said to my co-clerk how can the mayor be such a cold-hearted idiot it was a spontaneous outburst but the judge who was in the secretaries area overheard and she reminded me that someone else would have been there too she suggested that I curb future outbursts I remember one day we went out to lunch and one of the local candidates because the courthouses in the downtown area was out there handing out I think it was sponges and it said Joe Smith running for mayor I'll clean up Scranton, Pennsylvania and it was on a sponge and we, you know, jokingly we handed this and we would take it up and we put our hands as we walked in with our lunch that day and we put them down on the table the judge came out of his chambers and looked down and saw these sponges and said guys, that's very nice but you got to get rid of them you just throw them in the waste paper basket no political signs, nothing even as harmless as a sponge can really should be in the chambers so we understood, ate our lunch cleaned up the table with the sponge and threw it away so we always stay away from the political process Canon 4A states that your outside activities should not interfere with the performance of your official duties or adversely reflect on the operation and dignity of the court subject to those standards and other provisions of the code you may engage in a wide range of activities charitable, religious professional, social and so forth and may speak, write, lecture and teach if the proposed activity concerns the law or the legal system consult first with your judge during the second year of my clerkship I was allowed to work as a legal writing instructor at Temple University and before I took that position I discussed it with Judge O'Neill and what guidelines he set out for me as long as that position would not interfere with my doing my work at the court and as long as I did it on my own time then it was acceptable it's a good idea to keep your judge informed of your non-law related activities as well even if you know of nothing that would take the activity off the approved list my friend who worked for the U.S. Attorney's Office had a holiday party a perfectly respectable event but when I asked the judge about it he had just been assigned a case from them so he said, maybe next year through casual conversation you would say, oh, this weekend I'm going to help them out with the rates for the cure and he wouldn't have any hesitation concerning that but actually, I think it was a good thing that you're getting involved in the community but it was really more anything that had to do with litigation whether the particular sponsor or what have you is before the judge, you'd always make sure that that was all right during the clerkship I did some freelance writing for a news publication I wrote a story about Camden I even wrote a story about Philadelphia which is where I was working and I also wrote a story about Court TV which, during the time of my clerkship was in its inception before I did any assignment from that magazine I discussed that with Judge O'Neill because of the nature of the work and the subjects that I was going to write about I would discuss with him in advance what those subjects were just to let him know who I might be talking to and what I might be writing about so that there would not be the possibility of improper communication with someone who would be was a party in a matter before the judge or writing about a matter that was say pending before either Judge O'Neill or some other judge in the court and sometimes you won't even need to ask during the time that I was a law clerk I began baking cakes first just for nieces and nephews, birthday parties things like that and it was starting to be a real hobby and something that I was sort of toyed with the idea of whether there could be a business in that friends of mine of course knew that I was doing that and one day I got a phone call from one of the office managers at my former law firm and she reminded me that the firm had monthly birthday parties and said I hear that you're baking cakes we just as well will buy our monthly birthday cake from you instead of a bakery and at first I thought and then without going to the judge I had to say no I guess I'd better not have a business relationship even revolving around cakes or anything like that with the law firm so I didn't do it before I went to law school I was an actress and even while I was in school in New York I did a whole lot of plays and I did a number of them and one of them was a very kind of controversial piece with nudity and homoeroticism and drug use and all sorts of things none of them by my character but they were in the piece and the director and the producer who had done it in New York was from the city where I was clerking and she wanted to do the play again while I was there and she wanted to do it while I was clerking and I just felt that that wasn't appropriate I didn't even need to consult with anyone it was sort of clear there's no harm in doing a play and there's no prohibition against artistic activities or anything like that but anything you do do is not supposed to detract from the dignity of the judiciary and I just sort of felt that any play that was controversial maybe was safest to stay away from I was a member of a local volunteer organization in the community where the court was and my assignment in that organization at one point was to solicit ads and donations for a booklet that was being put together for a holiday event and I said no to that without going to the judge and explained to the other volunteers I didn't solicit funds and I certainly couldn't make the calls from chambers in any event so I stayed away from that but I continued to be a member in that organization and just did different types of activities with them you need to be particularly sensitive to political overtones in charitable or community organizations and activities the trouble is that a lot of things bleed over into political activities law related activities or associations will have political positions and they might even lobby the state for those positions you know there are religious organizations that have strong political beliefs what if you want to be in a bar association that lobbies the state for gay and lesbian rights or for if you want to be in a religious organization that lobbies on issues like abortion or something like that these are all political issues so you can't just sort of rely on the label well this is a charitable organization so it's okay this is a bar association organization so I'm fine you have to sort of look into what the organization does canon4c2 says you should not solicit or accept a gift from anyone seeking official action from or doing business with the court the restriction also applies to your family the gift regulations under the ethics reform act make the prohibition even broader prohibiting giving solicitation and recede of gifts that are not subject to any of the enumerated exceptions and the regulations on outside earned income and employment prohibit honor area for purposes of this introduction we'll confine ourselves to a couple of examples but we recommend that you read the regulations my old high school english teacher called and invited me to come make a speech on career day they offered me a hundred dollars I couldn't accept the money but I told her I'd be happy to do it anyway a very nice couple who were pro se debtors wanted to take me to lunch after their plan was confirmed I hadn't really done anything for them that they needed to thank me for and the case was over I think they really wanted to just disconnect from the court in a friendly way but I had to say sorry I couldn't go this lawyer gave us a huge box of candy for Christmas it was really strange he was a fairly new lawyer and I guess he thought it was perfectly okay but we just sent it back immediately Canon 4C4 permits you to seek and obtain employment to commence after the completion of your clerkship after consulting with your judge and observing any restrictions imposed by the judge some judges don't permit formal acceptance of employment advisory opinions 74 81 and 83 discuss various aspects of future employment several issues that we've already considered are likely to arise in the context of seeking and accepting employment first, maintaining confidentiality may be a particular challenge when you're interviewing interviewers would ask how much do you write of the judge's opinions and it wasn't just idle chit chat my writing ability was crucial my manager workload was crucial I wanted a job and it was tempting to think if it were really so bad to disclose this the interviewer would know better than to ask but it was bad and I didn't disclose it but I needed a writing sample and I had done so much writing during my clerkship that I really wanted to use something from that but of course you have to worry about the confidentiality of your work product and of the parties so I had to go into the judge and find out if there was anything that I could use I couldn't just take a bench memo and change the names and send it out I really needed to check with him I ended up using something it was a very short bench memo that was a kind of a routine criminal issue and it was so generic that there was nothing not only did I change the parties names to Doe and Smith to make it obvious but it was such a generic issue that there was no identifying fact that could trace it back to these parties there was nothing really unique about it to make it clear that it was involved with this case so I was able to use that but it took some digging and the question of benefits comes up here too is a gift still a gift when it's given to all of the law firms new employees I was interviewing with firms in town who of course had business with the court and of course they wanted to take me to lunch sometimes even dinner it was a regular part of their interviewing routine and it was alright once I had accepted an offer it was also alright for them to pay for my bar expenses the conflicts of interest rules apply here what happens when the firm handling a case you're working on becomes your future employer I had a co-clerk who had already accepted an offer from a law firm in the city and it was one of the bigger law firms so there were a couple of cases that came before our judge where that law firm represented a party so of course he had to be isolated from those cases which is pretty simple to do you get the briefs you see the law firm's name on the brief and you can isolate the clerk sometimes it can get trickier if that firm is involved in some secondary way they're not representing a party but they have some other interest in the outcome of the litigation or one of the parties is a client there is on another matter or maybe they file an amicus brief or something like that so you have to be that clerk had to be very aware of his firm and what clients had been with his firm when he had spent a summer there so he just had to keep on top of that near the end of my clerkship there was a conference on a matter with judge O'Neill where he requested that I not sit in on an open court conference where that law firm and several other law firms were attending because he wanted to avoid the appearance that I was possibly giving advice or assisting him even in this capacity of any decisions he was going to be making during the course of the hearing and I of course exceeded to his request and that's a situation where not only was it important for me to not create my employment situation to not create a possible conflict or an actual conflict by working on matters involving this law firm but to avoid the appearance of such a conflict confidentiality issues can continue to arise even after you've left the clerkship and started your new job under Canon 3D the restrictions on disclosure of confidential information apply to former as well as current judicial employees I took my files with me when I left what I thought of as my files and I didn't get around to looking through the boxes until a couple of years later at that point I realized that I had taken my drafts of some opinions with pretty extensive handwritten comments by my judge it really seemed like they should have stayed in chambers or in the trash or wherever my judge wanted them so I called her and apologized and told her I was sending them back Lawyers in my firm would stop by to consult on various aspects of cases that were before my judge for a year after the clerkship I wasn't allowed to appear before my judge I think the time period varies from court to court but as soon as it had expired a partner showed up in my office to bring me into a case that the judge was hearing I've just had to find impactful ways to remind people that I can't give them any information that's not public and I certainly can't guarantee them a friendlier hearing of their cases just because I clerked for the judge we hope this program has helped you prepare for what you may encounter talking with your judge will help you more litigants, lawyers and the American public rely on the integrity of judges judges in turn rely on your integrity and your vigilance and your communication to the judge of your concerns because everything you do will reflect upon your judge the care you take as a law clerk will help shape the nation's confidence in its federal judiciary it's truly a unique opportunity Thank you for watching I hope you found today's programs informative and helpful the second part of this orientation seminar will consist of a workshop on legal writing and editing with Stephen Armstrong of the law firm of Paul Weiss and Timothy Terrell of Emory University School of Law incidentally they have taught many judges perhaps yours I hope you will find this presentation as useful as have the judges before you leave please complete the evaluation form for part one which is included in your written materials near the back please fax it to us at the number shown on the evaluation form we value your feedback we use your comments to ascertain what you need and how to make our programs most effective for you thank you for helping us


Hey guys, Ryan here from Movie Nodes. We are very excited to watch the solo teaser trailer that just came out. This is not the 45 second football spot, but the full teaser trailer. We're gonna play it right now. I'm so excited. Let's do it. It's not exactly the same like the football trailer, but this is not it. It's the full. I've been running scams on the street since I was 10. Landon. Can't believe it's so soon. I'm so excited. Awesome. Can't wait. I'm... Wait for a second, but it's fine. We're fine. I definitely thought that was the end of it, but a little bit before, but that was not. Holy heck, this looks amazing. I cannot wait for this. So much to talk about in that trailer. I love the look of the starter story. Right at the end there looked unreal. And then the Millennium Falcon flying through the alien with all the tentacles. This looks amazing. I'm not so sure about the guy that's playing Han Solo yet. 100% sure about it, but you know, you just need to give him a bit more of a chance. So wait for the full trailer for him to give that chance a bit more. But you know, all in all, that trailer looks awesome. I'm loving everything they've got for it. Woody Harrison, hopefully gonna train Han Solo a little bit. Landos of course in it. But yeah, very excited about this trailer. Everything looks awesome. Can't wait to see it. May 25th. Hurry up and get here right now. I wanna watch this. I'm Ryan from Movie Nerds. Make sure you hit that subscribe button and comment below and let us know what you know. If you do hit that subscribe button. You have a chance to win one of our mystery boxes. So make sure you do it.