The world is ruled by a backwards puritanical regime. Notes from the edge of the narrative matrix.  The world is dominated, culturally, economically, and militarily by a regime that just killed women's reproductive rights because they made Jesus mad. Feels like five minutes ago we were being told the US needs to continue its occupation of Afghanistan in order to protect women's rights. Most women who've escaped from an abusive long-term relationship with a man can tell you about the horror of a missed period and how much more horrific that experience would have been if they didn't know they have easy access to safe abortions. Easy access to safe abortions makes women much more free from male domination. It just does. And that's exactly why it is opposed. As long as the powerful can make the public fight over issues which don't inconvenience power, public attention can be kept away from issues which do inconvenience power. Still can't believe there are grown adults in 2022 who think the US is pouring weapons into a foreign nation because it wants to protect democracy from an evil tyrant who launched a completely unprovoked invasion for no other reason than because he is evil and hates freedom. The US Empire is going to destroy economies, starve people by the millions, start wars, and wage increasingly risky nuclear brinkmanship in its campaign to subvert Russia and China and secure a unipolar planetary domination. But we need the US-led world order to maintain the peace. Nobody asked the American people if NATO should be expanded, creating a dynamic where World War III could one day be fought over a blockade against Russia in Lithuania. It was just done because Empire management is too important to be left in the hands of the electorate. US foreign policy has been almost completely divorced from the will of the people. The first sign that our rulers have pushed nuclear brinkmanship with Russia too far will be a nuclear exchange. It really is spooky how much de-escalation and détente have been disappeared from public discourse about Russia. People genuinely don't seem to know it's an option. They really do think the only choices are A nuclear brinkmanship or B obsequious appeasement. Few of the people who are hysterical about Russia right now even know the word détente. Like if you ask them they literally don't know the word. They're unaware of the word, they're unaware of the concept, and they're unaware that it exists as an option. This is deliberate. When the war started, rightist wrongly said liberal Ukraine flag-waving was just another current thing that will soon be forgotten. It's been four months and they're still going because this isn't just another distraction. The US proxy war in Ukraine is a real power agenda. There are fake partisan diversions designed to keep people chasing their tails instead of focusing on real issues. And then there are real agendas which are of high value to the empire. The Ukraine proxy war is the latter, so the propaganda campaign for it won't just go away. Bad guys conscript young people and force them to kill and be killed against their will. Nice guys impoverish young people so they have to enlist on their own to get money. The World Economic Forum is just class solidarity. It's the ruling class organizing and coordinating in the ways the working class needs to. Humanity's newfound ability to share information and ideas hasn't made everything better, largely because humanity as a collective remains as disordered and delusional as the average individual human. Our new hive mind is still a higher order of mind, but it's not yet healthy. We've got access to way more information, but we've also got access to way more dysfunction. We're not necessarily better or worse now, we're just way more interconnected. But what our interconnectedness may end up doing is speed up the process of becoming a conscious species. Online you can find any depth of human suffering that suits your fantasy, but you can also find information about what's going on in the world that doesn't come through the authorized channels. You can find revolutionary ideas, and you can find information on healing and awakening. What that may end up meaning is that we can all make our mistakes and successes in a much shorter time span because we're not just plugged into our own successes and failures, but everyone else's as well. We're still collectively dysfunctional, but maybe we can get healthier faster now. Really, humanity is just going to have to wake up. That's it. We're going to have to drastically change our relationship with mental narrative, bring consciousness to our inner processes, and heal our trauma. We'll never incrementalism or crypto or technological innovation or revolution our way around the basic need for a profound transformation of consciousness. We can talk all we want about proletariat uprisings, bitcoin, direct action or whatever, but ultimately we'll never see the revolutionary changes we need as long as we're locked in delusion. We'll keep generating the same self-destructive patterning until we change how we think. Luckily the populations most sorely in need of awakening are the ones with the most luxury of time and energy to make it happen. The wealthiest populations in the wealthiest parts of the world are by far the most destructive, and so they can afford to do a lot of inner work.  We'll be ruled by tyrants until we collectively force real change. We don't force real change because we are propagandized. We'll remain propagandized until we awaken from our unhealthy relationship with mental narrative. Maybe that awakening will be triggered by things getting a lot worse. Maybe it will happen as a result of our continually expanding awareness. Maybe it will happen spontaneously. Or maybe it won't happen at all. I don't know. I just know that's what our plight all hinges on.


to take your health back. We are coming to you live from my home office in Makiki and from the studios of Think Tech Hawaii in downtown Honolulu. Think Tech Hawaii showcases diverse topics with very colorful hosts like me. Well, we welcome you to join us daily as J-Fai Del, our boss, make sure that we have high quality content to share with you. Last year when I was visiting the Alamoana shopping center, I was intrigued when I stopped into this store called Hero. I soon learned what they were marketing and I was very, very intrigued. Today, I want to share with you how they are fighting the invisible enemy and how you too can rise up and join the fight and become a hero. What I would like you to take away from today's talk is that this is a new year, a year of action. We need to work together, excuse me, and take our Hawaii back. It's time to take our peace of mind back as well. Make your new year's resolution to be a part of the solution. I'd like to introduce to you the founders of Hero, David Yonamini and Dustin Hara. Aloha, guys. Aloha. Alrighty. But before we get started, I want you to make sure that you all wait to the end of this show because as these fine men, they're just so generous and brilliant. They have a special giveaway for all businesses, so stay tuned towards the end.  Let this be your hero too. We have all been impacted by the pandemic. With businesses closed, millions have lost their jobs and frustration is on the rise. Thousands of lives taken too early. Enough is enough. It's time to take back our power. It's time to fight. Introducing nano-atmospheric sanitization, our revolutionary solution that is safe, non-toxic, and yet deadly to viruses. Make your new year's resolution to be a part of the solution. Rise up and become a hero today. Alrighty. Alrighty. Are we ready, Hawaii, to find out who and what is the hero? So I'd like to introduce again, David Yonamini and Dustin Hara to talk more about their hero, which could be your hero as well. So who is hero and what is your company's mission, guys? Well, thank you so much, Wendy, for having us on here. I'm so excited to be on Think Tank Hawaii and take back your health, right? And, you know, talking about hero, I think to really know about who we are and where we come from is to kind of look at where we are today and, you know, kind of struggling with this COVID-19 pandemic. You know, it's still COVID-19, but still we're in 2021, right? And you look at where we are today. I mean, we're still in tier two. I know there's a lot of threats now of us possibly going back to tier one. You know, we looked at what was going on in the marketplace. We saw stores closed. We saw weddings canceled. We were observing all these different, these different tragedies, really, if you look at it, you know, unnecessary people, you know, underlining conditions. Now we're talking about COVID long. I'm not sure if you guys have even heard of that before, but they're talking about how 76%, this is a Lancet article that was just produced just a few days ago that, you know, of the first 1500 people who got sick in Wuhan, over 76% of them still have symptoms today. So, you know, we're talking about something that's not temporary. We're not talking about something that's going to be, you know, here today, gone tomorrow. We're talking about something we're going to have to learn how to live with. And so kind of looking at our hero's mission, our purpose, we started to kind of look a little bit more about what we could do and how we could get involved. And, you know, I love that's going to touch a little bit about our mission and what we're doing today to really combat that. Absolutely. You know, all of David's points are truly valid. And we started the idea of hero and being able to offer, you know, sanitization solutions that were safe, non-toxic and effective, truly to just help Hawaii. You know, we're both local-born, local boys, small business owners, and we were really impacted during the shutdowns when they took place. And there was a moment, you know, when we had to make a decision that we were either going to be a part of the solution or we were going to just be a part of the problem. And I'm glad to see that we're here today to be able to offer a great solution through our hero brand and products. Wow, that's exciting. Two young local boys, business owners, finding a solution to the problem of this whatever we want to name it, long, short, COVID, all right? But it's just terrible. And here we are, like you said, in 2021. So guys, how do we fight back against the virus? Well, I think it's great to look at, Wendy, is what's being used out there today. And, you know, we've seen it when we go out to eat, we see it when we go out to places of, you know, whether it's places of worship or places of business, where people have to spray, you know, they're spraying these tables down with toxic volatile organic compounds. They're using pesticides, they're using ammonia, they're using all these things because it's all they know how to do. I mean, look at the people today who are professionally charging to clean, they're, these guys weren't COVID cleaners before this, they weren't viral experts, they were pest control companies, bold remediation, and a lot of them were, you know, landscaping companies. And so you look at what they've been using and this whole idea of when we use, when you go to a restaurant, you see them spray this stuff down, they're using sometimes the same towel to wipe down multiple tables. I mean, these are solutions prior to COVID that we were using. These can't be solutions we use with COVID, right? And so taking a look at, you know, how do we fight this virus? What is the solution? Gosh, it certainly isn't what we're using today. I mean, we could have a conversation just on that, you know, the dirty towel that is overused and just left on the side to have more of whatever they cleaned up or thought they cleaned up to fester. And then not to mention, go back to the next table and spread it further. So in times like these guys, we need a hero. Tell us more about that. Yeah, so, you know, like David mentioned, part of the reason we put Hero together was to discover and offer a solution that would be safe, that would be non-toxic and all-natural.  It's a two-part system, one part is with HOCL and the secondary part is with TEG.  And it's really exciting to, you know, to make them available to the people here in Hawaii.  And I'm like, okay, more chemicals. We need a hazmat suit to clean up, etc. And then when I asked you the question, well, what's in this that you're spraying? So, and that's why I'm inviting you to be here, because I was so intrigued with the simplicity of this is ageless sanitation that you just brought to the forefront. So I don't want to spill the beans. What is HOCL and how does it work? Well, you know, that's a great question, Wendy. I look at what is HOCL, right? And HOCL stands for something called hypochlorous acid. Now, when I first heard that, I was a little taken back, I said, oh, no, what are we doing? And I looked, you know, as we did more research about what is HOCL and how it's made is what really got us excited. Because if you look at what HOCL is, HOCL is something that our bodies naturally create to fight infection as well as, you know, foreign entities in the body. On top of that HOCL, the way, so the way it's made that we make it is we use something called this non iodized salt distilled white vinegar and our psychic generator. And within five minutes, you can have a solution that's 80 times more powerful than bleach, yet completely pet plant and people safe. In fact, this stuff is so good against microorganisms, right on South Korea, that's what they're using in Japan, they're using this, you can go into a classroom or a business without getting sprayed by this, you know, getting this stuff on you so that we can help fight and more importantly, bring peace of mind to people that we're not talking about stuff that's going to have long lasting effects, cancer causing or carcinogen based solutions. We're talking about stuff that is our body naturally creates. And that's what gets us really excited about sharing our mission and sharing our solutions with people. Wow, that's so exciting. And again, I'm going to ask you again. So you need to tell me that when I sat there and I said how did how did you get this chemical, right? I said chemical. And it was basically the salt. It was the vinegar and water. And then you put it through the process. I could not believe it. And so I had to ask you again, I'm going to ask you again. So what is H O C L and how does it work? I mean, isn't that simple guys? Right? It is. It really is. And this stuff that's been, you know, that that the USDA is research, the FDA is research.  It's only EPA endless for something that's highly effective against COVID-19. Wow. And you know, just to think all my naturopathic friends and I'm surrounded by many of them as they take their health back, they often, they always buy vinegar in gallons and they use it daily to clean, to wash clothes. They have been using it forever. And that you two young men have devised a way to, you know, put in, I know that you didn't come up with it, but you took it and you made it more readily available for businesses as well as people like myself to have a system that's so simple. And none, I'm not afraid to use it. In fact, I have my little one here. This is, I don't know if you can catch that, but that's the spray. And it's just vinegar, water, and salt, but through a process. And so when we go to places, I mean, if I was a germaphobic, and there are many of them out there, and you see them coming out of the closet more and more now, they just go ahead and wipe down everything. They're top six or spoon their immediate area where they're going to be dining, especially in public facilities.  And so for this, guys, I'm ever so grateful to you because it is a phenomenal piece of a tool for me to have sense of security, peace of mind. And it's a very amazing gift that we can share with everyone. And so again, I'm just going to ask you one more time, what is H-O-C-L? I mean, is it like really that safe? I mean, I know vinegar and salt is good, right? It's so simple. But tell me, I mean, really, guys, is that all it is?  I mean, it's something that's so amazing. And when we found it, we said, I can't believe, the first thing we said, we can't believe that this isn't being used more frequently and more popular, right?  I mean, they use it all over the place, right? Right. I mean, I'm going to go somewhere where you're not even going, but vinegar and water, that's the best douche in town. Oh, no, did I just say that? No, I'm joking. Don't go there. So anyway, we didn't know about that. Now you know, guys. Okay, so we want to go on further. And so now there's another technology that you need to introduce and share with us a little bit. So what is TG? And can you share with us a little bit more about the hero, NOS, which is, I thought you had a speech impediment where you're telling NOS, NOS, I'm like, what is he saying? N-A-S, Tech Solution. So take it away, guys, educate us. Awesome. Excellent question. You know, part of how we develop this business is we really believe in a Japanese kaizen method called easy five method of doing business. And easy five, you can actually see it right there up behind David. That stands for easy, effective, efficient, and empowering everyone. And you'll see, you know, this method of doing business all the way from how we use our systems to how easy they are to understand and to how effective they are. And so NOS, Tech stands for Nano-Atmospheric Sanitization. And what, you know, has allowed us to create this phenomenal sanitization solution is one of the two part solutions. We talked about HLCL. The second part is TEG. TEG stands for triethylene glycol. It's a blend of several different glycols and it's been around for almost a century backed in use by some very credible government associations such as the FAA. I don't know if you folks have ever been on a commercial flight before and noticed that there's a little bit of a mist or a noticeable cloud coming out of the air conditioning sometimes. They've been using triethylene glycol for quite some time as a sanitization solution in an aerial form to not only sanitize and treat the air around us but also offer complete sanitization of a space. And so we're, you know, real believers in being able to offer a double-edged sword where not only with HLCL we can sanitize surfaces and contact areas but also giving, you know, all of our heroes all of Hawaii the ability to sanitize the air space around us to offer complete sanitization. Wow. And you know, I know that once I was when you were trying to explain all this to me it was so much for me to absorb. I tried my best with my little brain but what really impressed me as well was with this system because it's airborne and I think I was wondering, do you turn off the vents when you do this system? And you said, no, by all means, no, Miss Loh. We leave the vents on because we want this spray, the mist to go into the systems and tell me what you told me. What does it do to our air, our vents and our systems, our air ducts? Sure. That's a great question. You know, one of the, along with the benefit of remediation and mitigation against, you know, the risk to exposure to the COVID virus, there are tons of other additional benefits, you know, with these solutions. Mold and mildew remediation. It kills all sorts of other pathogens, microorganisms, viral agents. It has a whole, there's a whole list, you know, listed by many of the government agencies that we have mentioned before to the efficacy of triethylene glycol and also HLCL. So we encourage our customers, our clients, to be able to cycle and use and apply the dry cloud, the NOSTEQ solution all throughout their facilities, you know, including the airspace that you're in, your AC ducting, your venting system, you know, we want it to cycle, we want it to be able to treat and offer a complete sanitization of their entire space. Well, see, being the pocket that I am, I thought that was a bonus because not only are you going to sanitize the immediate area, but you're able to clean where no one goes, where no man goes, right? The ducts, the air vents. And what is that? Why is that so important businesses is because that duct is so dirty, pilaf, right? And yet it recycles the air that we all breathe and we wonder why our employees are not at highest performance. It's because maybe our ducts could be dirty or a home or nest of mold, black mold to not to say that our employees and staff are constantly breathing. And so, and you love your employees and you want the highest performance out of them, well then give them the best systems that can perform for them to give you the best environment for them to perform. That's right. So I thought that was a great bonus. And then, so guys, do you guys look cute in your hazmat suit? Do you guys have to dress up? No. As you see, I have a three layer hazmat suit on today. Right? I mean, because I remember when I was listening to you guys talk to me, I remember the first when COVID was introduced and my church, they showed a video says, don't worry, church members, we have your back.  I'm being like, OMG, why are they in hazmat suits? That means if I'm on the other side receiving it, shouldn't I be in a hazmat suit too? So that was a concern of mine. And when you guys told me that you guys don't have hazmat suits, I thought, okay, you really got me now. Either you're lying or this thing is amazing. Right? Right. That's a great point. And once again, part of our whole mission is to be able to provide solutions that are safe and non-toxic. The everyday person doesn't have the ability to put on a hazmat suit at any given moment, nor the resources or the funds to be able to afford professional grade industrial equipment. And we're really excited to be able to offer to the Hawaii market systems and solutions that are easy to use, that are affordable, and once again, that are safe for you and your Ohana. There's that word again, Pakeh, AKA affordable, right? So guys, right now we're hurting, everyone's hurting financially. So we want the best bang for our bug. So you use a system like this, as I said, it gets most everywhere and events as well. So that's one that's more cost that you can eliminate as you prepare and as you love your employees and your customers as well. So now let me ask you, so how would we know that the system is safe? I mean, I hear it from you and I have to take your word for it. And just tell me, what kind of certifications does this product have? Well, if you look at, you know, Dustin said a really good one earlier, Wendy, when he talked about, he kind of touched on the FAA, right? The FAA currently use that airplanes all across the world, as well as different countries are using this. They're exposing people on a regular basis to this. You know, through the American Journal of Health and Science, there have been no reports of TG having any type of effect at all, whether it be long lasting or short term, there's been no effect at all by people being exposed to it. But what's exciting about the National Library of Public Health, they talk about how, you know, this TG vapor, not only is it highly effective, but the idea is that it's highly effective and people can be in it. People can be in it while it's going. And that's, that was what's exciting to me is that that literally you could have this running either while people are still in the, you know, inside or whether or not it's something overnight, but it's something that's going to be consistently working. It isn't have, it has a long lasting effect hours afterwards. I mean, gosh, what a great situation, but because with this whole COVID-19 situation that's happening right now, we need something that can be done frequently, as well as you can use consistently, right? You know, you can't have someone soup in a hazmat suit. You know, if someone walks into your store and starts coughing, you can't go, okay, well, it's time to hook up the suit, right? It doesn't work like that. We need something that can be done immediately and you can't just close your doors because someone was coughing in your store, right? So we wanted to be able to bring that peace of mind to people and just know that they can be doing something frequently and consistently. Yes. Yeah, you're absolutely right because I remember when I went into your store, I thought, well, this is a cool place. It looks like a disco. You have this, this thing when I walked by was on sensor, I believe, and it just shot a gust of mist around me. And then you were like looking at the smile saying, wow, there we go. We just sanitized another one and another customer. She's being, she can come in now. I'm like, what are you smiling about? So you guys, I was stranger walking into your store and you knew I came in clean because that thing turned on and it just sprayed a, that misted me. And so you were confident enough to know that I was taken care of. And I liked that so much. And when I was telling my friend about it, she lives over there in one of those apartments at the end of the mall and she has a unit, she bought a unit and it's by her fund or because she is a general public. So she has a system so that her guests, when they go in and out, when her kids go in and out, she can rest assured that her home is safe and she has that peace of mind. And I thought to myself, how wonderful is this to have that sense of security, even with the guys, right? Absolutely. You know, you hit on it right on the nose, Wendy. It's truly about peace of mind. And that's, you know, one of the core values of our mission, like I mentioned, when we first started sharing a little bit about who we are, is we really have a mission to help the people of Hawaii take back their peace of mind. Because, you know, what is the cost of peace of mind and what does that look like? And, you know, we're really excited that we can be a part of the solution to helping people get their peace of mind back. Amen.  We just, and we just, we just need it, especially now, you know, that's another issue, right? If we are stressing about these things, which we shouldn't stress about, that breaks down our body. And so we're easily, more easily attacked by different things out there. But by taking care of that as a precautionary method and cleaning up the environment that we live in as well, our immediate homes where we spend a lot of time, I think this is, or even our offices and businesses, I think this is very, very important. And I also remember you mentioning, and I don't know if it came to fruition yet, but you were mentioning that you're going to offer some of the customers at Alamona shopping in the mall. Did that materialize yet or are we still working on that? Where you would have the booth and they would go and be able to walk into them? Yes. It's funny you mentioned that, Wendy. We actually were just at the location yesterday getting it sized up and fitted. I wish we could share some of the pictures we took, but it looked phenomenal. It was just the VP of Brookfield here as well as one of the leasing managers there just to scope it out and seeing how it would work. And as we were setting it up just to do a display, we actually had like literally almost every person who walked by there was coming in sanitizing their hands, they were sanitizing their goods. It was really, you could see the peace of mind on people's face that they were just like, wow, I can't believe Alamona would do, you know, put this kind of amenity together for the mall and for the people either working there as well as the customers that were coming in because as we know what the case counts where they are today, we have to do everything we can as a community to fight this and to get our peace of mind back, but more importantly, let's get our businesses back, right? Let's get our island back, right? Wow, exactly. And kudos to Alamona shopping center for being so forward-minded and loving their customers, their patrons, so much that they would have this sort of an amenity and an agreement with you all to be there to supply this for them. So I can't wait to visit back Alamona and get myself thoroughly, you know, misted and rest assured. I'm excited. So just send me an email or a text saying, hey, Miss Lowe, it's up and running. Come and get desanitized or something and I'd be there in a flash and as well as telling all my friends, hey, make sure to stop at that booth because you just want experience. It's just experiencing, as you mentioned, a peace of mind and that in itself when I leave, whether I'm shopped out or I'm loaded down with bags or not, at least I'm, I have peace of mind that I experience at the mall and what a great experience that is. So thank you guys for offering that and working with the mall on that. I can't wait to see it. Okay. And so now I know hero, I first I thought, wait, is it hero or hero? What is it? You know, so what is the hero, hero and the sidekick system? And can you explain your easy five philosophy again? Tell us more about that. I was so intrigued, you young men having these kinds of philosophies that you live and work on. Well, I'm glad to answer that question, Witte, and really, you know, really excited once again to be able to share, you know, our easy five methodology. It's like, you know, it says for easy, effective, efficient and empower everyone. And we took that and we didn't just apply it to our business philosophy, but we put it to every single thing that we do, every system has to pass an easy five method, right? So either it's that, that like the little kick that you showed earlier, that, you know, it's just got this phenomenal situation where you can just sanitize literally any item that you can see elevator buttons, wallets, masks, what a phenomenal item to have, or whether it be a system like, for example, our kick shop, which is going to be a push a one push button situation. As you can see here, it sanitizes all types of spaces, right? So what, you know, when you look at our systems, our whole idea was to give people that that that sanitization with ease that they could just literally had a push of a button or a click of a button, they could go out there and sanitize whether it's your personal space, maybe it's your shoes, maybe it's your doorway, maybe it's having that, that hypo kick like we have back there at your, at your, as your, as your COVID bouncer, right? Something to help protect doorways, or whether it be, you know, like our hero, the hero system that can do total space sanitization up to 20,000 square feet and a matter of minutes. We took these solutions and we found systems that matched and create a perfect harmony through the easy five methodology. Wow. That's amazing. So I mean, I'm excited to go back to your shop or even go to the booth where I can find you guys on the wall there. But you know what? Can you, how can our viewers get more information? That's what I'm concerned. I know about you guys. I'm intrigued. How can our viewers get more information and contact you to join the fight with hero? Absolutely. And once again, thank you so much for having us on today. And thank you to all of the viewers for, for tuning in and you know, hearing a little bit about us, but you can come visit us anytime we're here located in the Alamoana shopping center on the ground floor, located right between champs and the main food court. You can also check us out on our website hero systems Hawaii.com, send us an email info at hero systems Hawaii.com, or you can give us a ring<PHONE_NUMBER>. And we'll be more than happy to take care of every single one of you folks and all of your Alhada in the community. We also have some really great promotion available that we wanted to throw out to all ThinkTech Hawaii. If you mentioned the code ThinkTechHI, we put together some special pricing and packages for all of the viewers. So just mention that code and we'll be sure to take care of you folks. Okay. So what was that? ThinkTechHI and you're giving them a special deal. That's right. All right. So again, you know, Ms. Pakeh over here, right? I'm knocking at your door. I'm going to say so. Yeah.  Look at this. And I look like mysterious and I'm yet doing a job of sanitizing. So I'm so happy to have this in my position, guys. And I'm sure more of Hawaii will be as ecstatic as I am. So at this time, guys, our time has come to an end. And we like to just say Mahalo for putting your brains together and making this company happen so that we all can have a peace of mind and have a hero to go home with. And so we're very grateful to you. Mahalo. David and Mahalo Dustin for being here with us. Starting off the year with the solution to the problem. Aloha, everyone.


Look at Smarzlig, riding in a different country out there, he has committed to the outside run, desperate for points, championship lead under, here he comes, brilliant staff, the crowd go one bar to Smarzlig, turning the style on here in his third ride. Yeah, he just couldn't quite make the move on the opening lap, but no mistakes there on lap two.


Welcome back to the next lecture on statistical thermodynamics. Today we are going to discuss another very important thermodynamic quantity which is heat capacity. Heat capacity is a connector between temperature dependent thermodynamic quantities. That means, if I have a knowledge of heat capacity and I have experimentally measured some thermodynamic quantity, then I can calculate the same thermodynamic quantity at a different temperature without doing experiments provided I have information on heat capacity. That is why I said heat capacity is a very important thermodynamic quantity. Usually we talk about heat capacity under constant volume conditions or under constant pressure conditions. And we have also discussed from time to time that maintaining constant pressure conditions is far easier than maintaining constant volume conditions. For example, if I have a sample let us say consisting of ice and ice melts, when ice melts the volume decreases. So, I cannot keep the volume of the system constant, but if I have ice at a certain temperature I can keep the pressure constant and I can change the temperature. We must keep the phase changes in mind when we discuss the heat capacities. So, let us get started with discussion on heat capacity. Heat capacity under constant volume conditions and under constant pressure conditions both are important. And both are interrelated also. C p minus C v is equal to n r for a perfect gas. C p minus C v can be expressed in different forms for non ideal systems, non ideal gases, non ideal systems. But we will not get into that kind of discussion at present. And in our canonical ensembles we have usually been discussing constant volume conditions. So, therefore, let us stick to the discussion on constant volume heat capacity. And then we will discuss how to get the constant pressure heat capacity from the knowledge of constant volume heat capacity. In layman's language heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a system by 1 unit, 1 degree centigrade or 1 Kelvin. And if the conditions are constant volume we will put the constant of constant volume. And in that case the derivative will be represented as a partial derivative. And sometimes we represent temperature in terms of that undetermined multiplier that is beta for which we earlier have discussed that beta is equal to 1 by k d. So, in that case if we are required to differentiate internal energy with respect to beta we should have an expression for that. Why it is important? It is important because certain derivations for thermodynamic quantities have been expressed in terms of partial derivative with respect to beta. So, let us discuss over here C v is equal to del u by del t at constant volume. Now, let me represent d d t I can write this as d beta d t d d beta mathematically this is permitted. And we know beta is equal to 1 over k t therefore, d beta over d t is equal to minus 1 over k t square right differentiation of 1 over k t 1 over k is constant. So, t raise to power minus 1 derivative of t raise to the power minus 1 with respect to temperature is minus 1 over t square k t square this is the d beta by d t. And I can further write this as minus k over k square t square and beta is 1 over k t therefore, minus 1 minus k beta square. So, therefore, when I substitute this over there what I get is I can write d d t as equal to minus k beta square into d d beta. And I can make use of this now in writing an expression for heat capacity at constant volume and I come up with this expression that is C v is equal to minus k beta square del u by del beta at constant volume. You may ask why did I do that why did not I leave it to a simple expression which is a derivative with respect to temperature. I already gave you the reasoning that some of the formulae have been derived in which you are required to take the derivative of certain quantity with respect to beta. So, therefore, in order to provide a simpler solution to those kind of issues it is advisable then to use this expression for constant volume heat capacity alright. Now, let us discuss little more we know that C v can be expressed in terms of partial derivative of u with respect to temperature or partial derivative of u with respect to beta. Let me write another the second definition also here for our simplicity that is C v is del u del t at constant volume. Now, total energy of a system can be written as u minus u 0 we have discussed many time what is the reason for u minus u 0 and that means, I can write u minus u 0 is equal to or if I divided by n if I divide by n then this is what this is mean energy ok. So, in other words I am saying u minus u 0 I can write this as n times mean energy why this is mean energy and is the total number of molecules or total number of atoms or particles in the system. Now, the temperature derivative of this or the derivative with respect to beta which is also essentially temperature derivative that means, C v then C v will be equal to partial derivative of let us write del u by del t at constant volume and derivative of u 0 it is a constant number it is 0. So, we do not care this will be equal to n times del e del t at constant volume very simple derivation. So, now, pay attention to what is written over here C v for a any mode where m here represents mode what is this m m can be translational mode m can be rotational mode m can be vibrational mode m can be electronic mode or whatever mode you can consider. So, therefore, C v for a mode is equal to the total number of molecules into partial derivative of mean energy with respect to temperature at constant volume. And if you come across the expressions which involve beta then it will be easier to use this alternate form of the derivative essentially both are same. Once we have understood this then we are all set to now evaluate different contributions which are translational rotational vibrational or electronic ok. Let us move ahead and see. So, what we have done is we have discussed this form where C v m is equal to total number of molecules into partial derivative of mean energy. The total number of molecules n is equal to number of moles into Avogadro constant this is how we calculate total number of moles. Therefore, this n can be written as number of moles times Avogadro constant and same thing I can apply to the other form. Now pay attention to this this is the heat capacity at constant volume for a particular mode of motion. This is the heat capacity of actual size of a system. Actual size means for a given number of moles right if I for example, if I take 5 gram of something which has a molecular weight of 200 that means, number of mole is 5 divided by 200. So, this C v represents heat capacity for actual size of the substance. I can change it to a property which is not dependent upon size of the system that is molar molar properties. So, if I divide C v by n I get molar constant volume molar heat capacity for a particular mode and now here that small n is gone because this is consumed on the left hand side. So, therefore, constant volume molar heat capacity is n a times partial derivative of mean energy with respect to temperature at constant volume. Now the problem is simple once we know this formula I only need to know the expressions for mean energies. We have already discussed mean energies for translational contribution rotational contribution vibrational contribution we have already discussed this of mean energies. So, let us keep this expression in mind this one and proceed ahead. We will now start talking about individual contributions. When we consider a gaseous molecule or gaseous atom the temperature is always high enough for the translational contribution to be completely active. Translational mean translational energy according to equipartition theorem here according to the equipartition value it is 3 by 2 k T. We are interested in finding C v m translational and this will be equal to Avogadro constant into derivative of mean translational energy with respect to temperature at constant volume. Now you see here 3 by 2 k T this is the equipartition value. Let us take a shortcut and directly substitute this equipartition value and see what do we get C v m translational is equal to n a into partial derivative of 3 by 2 k T with respect to temperature at constant volume 3 by 2 is constant k is constant and we have n a and delta T delta T that is 1 partial derivative of temperature with respect to temperature is 1 and k times n a is R 3 by 2 R. So, therefore, mean translational energy which we used in this expression of heat capacitate constant volume 3 by 2 k T is the value that we remember from equipartition theorem and we have already discussed that the mean translational energy which is u minus u 0 by n mean translational energy u minus u 0 is always equal to minus n by q del q del beta at constant volume and if we are considering the translational contribution or translational participation of a molecule or of a particle of an atom in 3 dimensions that means we have to use q T q T here this is all t is equal to v upon lambda q. Now I am not going to go into details because we have already done this once you substitute this q T is equal to v upon lambda cube here and here you will get that u minus u 0 upon n will be equal to 3 by 2 k T I am not doing it because we have already done in earlier lectures and this is equal to the mean translational energy. What I have done here is shown you by both methods by using the equipartition value directly use the equipartition value and if you are asked not to use equipartition value, but use the concepts that you developed in statistical thermodynamics in that the case that you will be going through this route and by this route u minus u 0 by n is equal to 1 over q T into del q T by delta beta at constant volume by this means by using q is equal to v upon lambda cube you can further show your steps and eventually come up to 3 by 2 k T. Now the derivative of this which is done over here is same as 3 by 2 k times n a and this is equal to 3 by 2 r. Therefore the mean translational energy for a molecule which is free to move in 3 dimension is equal to 3 by 2 r. Keep in mind that the temperature is always high enough provided look at this comment provided the gas is above its condensation temperature then only the full translational contribution will be there that value is equal to 3 by 2 r. So, I hope that this translational contribution to constant volume heat capacity is clear. Now from the knowledge of C v we can get C p let us have some discussion on this. We know that C p minus C v is equal to n r we have been studying from class 11 or 12 onwards and if I divide throughout by n I can write C p molar minus C v molar is equal to r, but remember that these 2 equations are only applicable to ideal gases. If the gases are non ideal then these 2 equations need further modifications then C p minus C v is not simply equal to n r there will be additional terms. When you switch over from ideality to non ideality what is the difference between an ideal gas and a non ideal gas in ideal gas you assume that there are no intermolecular interactions. But in a non ideal gas you assume that there are intermolecular interactions these intermolecular interactions can be of attractive interactions in nature or it can be repulsive interactions in nature. Therefore, depending upon the extent of deviation from ideality the new terms can come into C p minus C v, but so far we have been focusing our discussion on ideal system ideal gases. So, therefore, let us further discuss for ideal gases at present. We have shown that C v m is equal to 3 by 2 r. I am again and again emphasizing on the fact that I am writing the left hand side as a molar quantity therefore, there is no need to include n on the right hand side and I can use now C p m is equal to C v m plus r from this and we already know it is 3 by 2 r plus r is equal to 5 by 2 r. Therefore, K ma which is the ratio of C p m by C v m is 5 by 2 r divided by 3 by 2 r therefore, it comes out to be 5 by 3. Remember the value of C v will depend upon the state of the system. What is that? You have monatomic gas, you have diatomic gas, you can have multiatomic gas as long as you keep the system under ideal conditions for monatomic 3 by 2 r. For diatomic now you remember our previous discussion that you not only have translational contribution, you also have rotational contribution because once you have 2 atoms rotation is possible and that contribution can come in. Vibrational contribution can come in, electronic contribution can come in. So, therefore, this C v m is subject to change depending upon is it a monatomic system or a diatomic system, triatomic system or whatever is the state of the system and accordingly your gamma value is going to change. So, what we have discussed in this lecture is on a very important thermodynamic quantity heat capacity. We have seen by using statistical means how to get heat capacity at constant volume and once we have the information on heat capacity at constant volume, we can easily get heat capacity at constant pressure at least for the systems which form ideal system or ideal gases. If the system is non ideal then other terms will come in. For example, pi t I am taking you back to your chemical thermodynamics discussion pi t which is equal to del u del v at constant temperature. This pi t gives information on how the internal energy will change when the system is subjected to either compression or expansion at constant temperature. And if a system does not have intermolecular interaction and the temperature is constant then whether you compress the system or you expand the system there is no change in internal energy. That means in that case pi t is equal to 0 and this is the definition of an ideal gas. Why I discussed this? Because we are restricting our discussion to ideal systems and if you were to make some transformations in the in the expressions or if you have to bring some non-ideality into the system then this factor will also come in. However, if the gas is ideal then you follow this discussion and gamma for a monatomic perfect gas turns out to be 5 by 3. And the statistical means of obtaining this number we have discussed in this lecture. We have covered translational contributions, the remaining contributions we will cover in the next lecture. Thank you very much.