Your Coca-Cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Franken Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself. Have a coke and now Claudia Say David, you know, it's freezing this morning now. Please wear your muffler. Please. I will not wear a muffler You think it's cold now and it's hardly Thanksgiving while you're doing it's when I worry about that then David You'll catch your day. I don't need a muffler and that's that all right. Be a great big strong man. Have it your way I intend to Listen, you don't have to rush off to the station already Carl take a few minutes to warm up this morning, and if the cars cold think what you'll be without your muffler All right. All right. Don't look at me like that. I didn't say anything this button was loose. Oh Well, I'll sew it on tonight darling. You showed it on last night.  I Don't mind having him at all. Do you know not at all? I thought we were going to be alone I know but when he called last night, I just had to apologize Roger's almost family David if it weren't for him, we probably wouldn't be living in this house. He discovered it remember I remember I Think it's going to be a lovely Thanksgiving You and mama Bobby Roger and me that's still a cozy little family, but no one else David what? We're not being Selfish wanting to be alone. Are we no, of course not. It's all right. It's even normal normal You make it sound so dull. Who wants to be normal? Isn't that Jared Tucker going up to the barn? Yeah, yep, the old man himself He certainly gets around. I hope that when I'm 98 86 98 what's the difference 12 years? I just hope I get around that well Okay Brides a grasshopper with a touch of rheumatism David open the window. Let's take a morning to Come on down the house. We'll give you a cup of coffee Two hours of that is high time you had another cup of coffee. Come on in come on in latches off the front door If ever the figure of independence was caught all in one man, it's Jared Tucker And I think he needs or wants anything except his freedom I don't suppose he's all that crusty, but he's got a good thick coat of it and a muffler Please notice David if Jared Tucker can wear a muffler now listen. All right.  I'm a sucker warm yourself. Oh, the weather sure is trying to take a bite out of me today Yep, the wind blowing across the field at breakneck speed it is there where it's heading for but sure is whipping along Yeah, you must be freezing a little bit of weather never hurt me. Nope. Buck you up.   I say look at it in the face and say blow Oh What are you doing up and around so early mr. Tucker? Oh heck this ain't so early Maybe you're wondering what I'm doing crossing your field at quarter-dates of a Tuesday morning. No, not at all You have the right of way on this land anytime you like mr. Tucker. That's right neighborly thought yep You know, I ain't a Mike. Sorry. I sold this house to you. You're coming along finest neighbors Yes, indeedy pretty soon. They won't know you from a Yankee now. That's what I call a real cop I was amblin up to the barn to see your man Fritz a grain man from the other side of Bridgeport Get me a good deal on feed yesterday thoughts might like to get in on to it You know a bargain when you see it mr. Tucker. Thanks. Well, I never let anybody spend a penny when they can hold on to it Penny in my pockets a lot better off than the penny in somebody else's yep. That's where it is It's what I always tell Delilah. Oh, tell me. How is your sister? She's up to her ears getting ready for Thanksgiving. Oh my sister's up to her ears and packing her belongings. That's what's here Oh, yeah, she's stolen a gear aimed to take herself a little trip Is that right? You mean she's not going to be home for Thanksgiving not my aunt share up near Waterbury way She holds one of them there big Thanksgiving clam bakes every year We young ones all supposed to turn up, but it's it's kind of dull business. So Delilah and me we take turns I go up one year. Delilah. She goes up another only I ain't been in the last eight Well, that's not a very fair bargain for a fair man. Is it? Well, it's like this Delilah. She's the youngest one the whole lot So for the privilege she goes to Waterbury. Oh, I said sides Sides women like sitting around looking at other people in their families and saying that they're a lot handsomer and better off than Their cousins and nieces and aunts and uncles and nephews So I'll get so spiffy done It thinks she was gone off to the fair to buy a cow or something so I just let her go Tucker, don't you don't you kind of mind being alone on Thanksgiving? Oh, I don't hold for no celebrations fetishes ain't for me.  Oh dear I don't need to set apart no day in the year for that that's Molly cutler. That's what there's funny I thought you'd sort of like Thanksgiving. It's a New England tradition and you're something of a New England tradition Yourself, Mr. Tucker. Well, that's where it is with me.  No, no, not a bit. Well, as long as you don't mind David and I were just saying how wonderful it's going to be up here with our whole family You know, it's our first night's giving on the farm sentiment that's all these sentiment in Bosch, Claudia He thinks he does protest too much Speak up speak up. Well, I don't like folks talking in front of my back.  Don't it my ears ain't wore out. No, by the way How are you teeth? I'm learning to handle them better. They don't pop out on me the way they used to good hardly Nothing, I can't eat now there ain't I'm the boss. Oh, well, that's fine. Yep. I could do pretty good on the second join the turkey course mashed sweet potatoes with Marshmellers on top go down easy and not snapples and all the trimmings my teeth could handle them fine good Um, you said that you weren't going to have any Thanksgiving. Well, that's what said Of course, I've been thinking it ain't fair to my teeth when they're just learning to behave themselves Not to give them a chance kind of nice for them to set a chewing on holiday Dang shiny clippers get out of hand once in a while, you know David All right, go ahead darling. All right Say mr. Tucker enough. Why don't you set your teeth at chewing at our table Thanksgiving day? You mean there you extended me an invitation. That's exactly what we're extending. Well Wouldn't be neighborly of me not to accept no, it wouldn't we be very angry very hurt, too Well, wouldn't be able of me to do that to you neither would it? No, sir. It would not well Since I aim to be a fine neighbor to you folks. I'll do you the favor I'll come over and break bed with you on Thanksgiving. We certainly would appreciate that mr.  I'd be hurt if you didn't ask me they did I come over here this morning So should ask me. Oh, it's not mr. Tucker. It's just that well It wouldn't be the same without you certain toothiness wouldn't be the same without me, so I'll come yep I'll be here good one o'clock yep one o'clock now I'll handle up to your barn and take care of that feed business with your man Fritz thanks even things out between us You don't have to see me to the door. I can find my way out just like I found my way in all right See you on Thursday, mr. Tucker. I'll do my best to remember if I do I'll see you on Thursday All right Well, that settles it even independent Jared Tucker'd be lonesome all alone on Thanksgiving Which proves that a thick crust isn't as thick as it sounds He's a funny old codger. I don't blame him. What's the use of being independent if you have to be independent alone? I'm glad we asked him are that he asked himself. Oh, what's one more at the table anyway one more I don't mind much you bet you don't neither do I much but this one more is all are you speaking to me? Yes, I am save your strength. You're the one who's been doing all the inviting around here. Oh Okay, hello.  Yes pretty well David. Oh hold on a minute. Hardly. Claudia's trying to say something as usual Give her my red card. Yeah, I will just a minute. I bet you 20 cents hard. He's going to be invited to Thanksgiving. I bet you Probably right He's a blood relative that's more than Jared Roger. So we're so let's not jump to conclusions Let's talk to hardly and see what he's doing Hello hardly sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, that's all right I'll tell you why I called so early. Hmm. I want to catch it home where you could consult with Claudia. Yeah, just a minute hardly He's coming to the point. Oh poor hardly. You want me to say no, don't you? Well, go on hardly. Well, you know Yes, we know Thursday's Thanksgiving. It's a good day for families to be together David Yes, there's usually I'm not much of a family man. You're not going up to Boston with Julia. No No, the last minute Julia decided not to go up either. Oh, it's an awful lot of trip for her. She's been feeling tired And so I thought perhaps Julia and I could this is it darling. This is it Well simply would you and Claudia come down to New York and spend the day with us you? You mean you're inviting Claudia and me You sound surprised. He's inviting us. Well, how about it? Well, um Well hardly it's we guess you were weren't having any celebration. Oh, well, we're not but Then let's be together. Oh, we wouldn't dream of it hardly Now you see we can't very well as Claudia's mother and the baby and besides We expect you and Julia up here No, but about it now. Now that you're not going to Boston you come here Of course you didn't of course you didn't we'll see you Thursday hardly. All right, you will see us thirsty right It'll be good being together. Goodbye David. Goodbye hardly well They're coming of course. They're coming darling. I'd be very disappointed if they weren't Who wants to be alone on Thanksgiving? We do mean we did We're certainly great ones for keeping our words to ourselves aren't we now we're even anyway I invited Jared and Roger and you invited Hartley and Julia. It'll be a lovely day David you're not sorry. Are you? No, just thinking The best laid plans of mice and men if you're having a young people's party during the Thanksgiving weekend Remember to put plenty of coke on ice or ice-cold Coca-Cola is as much a part of the social life of youth as music dancing or games Bring home a case of coke next time. You're at the grocers or service station I've seen Fritz about the feed and it's all set days David and Claudia certainly appreciate your advice mr. Tucker. Well, it should so I'm glad to give it to them They're they're right good neighbors. I don't even mind coming over Thanksgiving dinner ought to be a good one Yep, I hear say that that their birth of the Norton's God is a soft dogger of a cook Well, Bertha's not going to have her finger in this soup. She and Fritz won't even be around to help out on that day Well, he he didn't say nothing about going away. He doesn't know yet and neither does David But mr. Tucker, they'll both find out tomorrow. Mr. Norton. He won't mind. Well, that's what we'll find out Well, I'll be around nice to see you mr. Tucker drop in again Every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time And now this is Joe King saying or a voir and remember whoever you are Whatever you do wherever you may be When you think of refreshment think of Coca-Cola For Coca-Cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and ice-cold Coca-Cola is everywhere This broadcast of Claudia was supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer James Stillepeck. These are your headlines from around the fleet. The Missile Defense Agency and sailors aboard the guided missile destroyers USS Carney, USS Gonzalez and USS Berry successfully completed flight tests involving the Aegis Polistic Missile Defense Weapon System, February 24th. Three missile targets were launched from a NASA test facility and tracked by the destroyers. The destroyers then simulated launching standard missile three missiles to intercept the targets. This was the first flight test to assess the ability of the new Aegis BMD 4.0 Weapon System. USS San Diego returned to its namesake city February 25th following its maiden deployment. San Diego sailors spent 200 days at sea completing 37 well deck operations and logging more than 1,800 flight hours. They also rescued three National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientists who were stranded on a remote Pacific Island. You can read more about these stories at navy.mil.


Man It is storming like crazy lightning just struck something like three times around me And the power flickered so I don't know if the I don't know if the security cams picked it up or not, but I'm gonna check if it did I Don't know but it was close if it did pick it up.  It did it three freaking times It sounded and looked like it was in the same place, too.  I hope she's okay. I just messaged her This is real bad guys Yeah, I don't know if it hit a pole or a tree, but it hit something It may have there's a branch over here, but You see that I doubt it Damn camera Getting condensation warning. There's a branch over here in this tree It looks like but it didn't seem it sounded like it was from behind the house But it does look like That tree branch has been hit and I can't zoom in on it.  Let me go check that footage again


So we were looking at ignition and then we were looking at ignition as a somewhat like a reverse process of quenching not exactly but you look at the numbers to be slightly different but the processes basically have the same idea therefore we could now think about again like a parallel plates what I was saying yesterday is instead of having like a global energy balance we could actually have a local energy balance so let us look at a different approach to do this to probably get the same results again so or similar results so consider a gas between two infinite parallel plates and now what we are saying is at ignition that is one of the criteria that we listed so at ignition we need to have D by DX of – K DT by DX equal to WQ where this is actually the should produce a different symbol here may be the QR so this is the chemical heat release or the heat of reaction and therefore you could say D square T over DX square which is this is the conduction heat loss that is Q small Q and that is equal to the chemical reaction rate right so that is equal to so if you now assume constant K then you are going to get – QR divided by K we can now write this a W dot as AE into the – E over RT YF power P YO power Q right keep in mind that this Q is not the same as that so we run out of symbols pretty soon because we use kind of pretty much the same kind of symbols most of the time it could say M and N but that is fine now the reason why we have to write the W dot like this is because this is a differential equation in temperature and the temperature shows up here so it means when you now integrate this strictly speaking we should think about like bringing this down here and then taking it up there and integrating and so on now that is of course an involved process so let us actually try to see how we can manipulate this a little bit more so introduce non-dimensionalization eta equals X over capital R that is non-dimensionalizing the length and now let us suppose that nu stands for T – T0 that is a departure from the wall temperature for the for the gas and let us say theta equals E times T – T0 divided by RT0 square this is not the same as our Zelovich factor because we used to have a TF keep in mind and so obviously then this can be written as E nu divided by RT0 square now note that we were saying nu is quite small when compared to T0 that means we are looking at small departures from T0 for the temperature near the wall and if you have this notion then e to the – E over RT can be expanded about T0 as exponential of negative E over R T0 plus nu and that can be written as exponential of – E over RT0 times 1 plus nu over T0 and then you do a binomial approximation so this would be exponential of E over RT0 1 – actually should have a parentheses here 1 – nu over T0 and this should be equal to e to the capital nu over RT0 square times e to the – E over RT0 right and that means this is equal to e to the theta times e to the – E over RT0 okay. Now let us say let delta equal to qr over k e over RT0 square r square well maybe again I am mixing up symbols so we should go back and write this as R u and R u, R u you have plenty of places where we need to make this correction so and qr over k e over R u T0 square capital R square a e to the – e over R u T0 y, yf power p yo power q so just in case maybe we can just go back and put q dots there okay so if you now do this go back to your original equation so this is where we were and we did all these things and so finally what you are going to get is we get d square theta over d eta square equal to – delta E theta that is really what I like about these non-dimensionalizations you know kind of like you have been to a haircutting saloon and got yourself a nice haircut so the governing equation now becomes so looking compact right so for the boundary conditions we have x equals in our new coordinates eta equal to 0 we have to suppose that dT over dx equal to 0 by symmetry and x equals R which implies eta equals 1 we have to have T equals T0 if T is equal to T not then nu equal to 0 if nu is equal to 0 then theta is equal to 0 right theta equal to 0 now let us now do something like a linear linearization so take e to the theta as 1 plus theta that means you do a Taylor expansion and chop off things that are going a square and so on so if you do this then that is pretty straightforward what this means is e to the d square theta divided by e to d eta square plus delta theta equals – delta so you just go back and plug e to the t theta as 1 plus theta in this and expand out and take the term with the theta to the left hand side so that you have a differential equation that looks lot more familiar when compared to what we are used what we have been having and therefore theta equals let us say a1 sin square root of delta eta plus a2 cosine square root of delta eta – 1 right so you have the complementary part and the particular integral there and therefore you get d theta over dx from here as square root of delta times a1 cosine square root of delta eta – a2 sin square root of delta eta so if you now supply the boundary conditions the symmetry boundary condition implies that you now plug your eta equal to 0 and the sin term goes away and then you now say that d theta by dx should be equal to 0 which is the same as dt by dx equal to 0 that means that the cosine is actually going to 1 therefore a1 should be equal to 0 and at the wall theta equal to 0 this means 0 equal to a2 cosine is coming from there cosine delta cosine delta – 1 right so from here we get a2 equal to 1 over cosine square root delta and theta now becomes cosine square root delta eta divided by cosine square root delta – 1 right so with this what this means is we need look at what is theta s theta is t – t0 times e over this right so for the solution what we are looking for is ignition that means we need to have some ignition energy that is there that is going to raise this temperature from t0 to whatever value that will create the reactions to happen significantly therefore obviously t has to be greater than t0 so theta has to have positive solutions right so one of the things that we have to look for is of course eta is a variable so that is that is varying and you have to make sure that you have to have this one for the range of ethos that we are looking at between 0 and 1 should be greater than 1 right but more than that what we have to worry about is so we need theta greater than 1 everywhere for ignition more than that we need theta to be bounded okay it is one thing to actually have a sorry greater than 0 right so more than theta just being positive we also want to make sure that theta does not really blow up right so also also the solution becomes unbounded unbounded for cosine square root delta going to 0 so if the denominator goes to 0 in even in the first term then you are in trouble which implies that square root of delta is pi by 2 right or you can say delta is equal to pi square by 4 right so if this is the case then you do not have a steady state solution so no steady state solution no steady state solution exists exists for this value and above now unlike problems that have this kind of a governing equation at least for the homogeneous part where we would be looking for oscillatory situation and eigenvalues having multiple values right so obviously you can say that cosine square root of delta is it going to be is going to be 0 when delta is equal to pi by 2 3 pi by 2 5 pi by 2 and so on but that is not what we are interested in right so as you now have the delta actually keep on increasing you now reach this value and that is bad enough we do not have to worry about the next value it is going to reach the next value those things are not basically basically physical anymore what we are interested in is like let us say the first value why are we interested in that because delta for you what we are looking for is the capital R squared as your as your size so long as your size is less than a certain critical value you are now going to have more loss when compared to the heating by the chemical reactions and at ignition what we are saying is this equality happens so this equality begins to happen for a certain minimum critical value of capital R over here and therefore the corresponding delta beyond which ignition will happen and again this instead this equality will not hold good because you will now have more heat released to the chemical reactions than the conduction at the walls and then the reaction grows and then you now have an ignition right before the critical value of capital R or below the critical value of capital R and correspondingly a less value of less than the critical value of delta you are going to have the heat loss to be greater than the chemical reaction therefore ignition won't happen right therefore what we are basically looking for is this implies that delta critical has a minimum value for ignition right now if you go back and look at this delta and let us not worry about how this delta is really formed let us now begin to look at the dependencies so looking at at dependencies of delta delta crit right and this is always something that we have been thinking about we always have to have or crit square and since you have these dependencies here that is going to now have a pressure dependence show up through the concentrations so you are going to have a people in show up here and of course we have a e to the e to the minus e over r u t0 showing up t0 and you have a t0 square at the bottom right t0 square now this should be depends on so let us say equal to equal to a constant right now the constant here that we are talking about is 5 by 2 in this analysis and as I said let us not even worry about the next values and so on but in reality this constant is empirical it is not it is not exactly this that is because we are losing a lot of things first of all you are kind of assuming a momentary steady state here that this this equals that just this particular point but they all say it is a dynamic process you have an unsteady process essentially and then we are not really worried about the variation in the temperature with time when when this ignition is happening so we assumed a steady state process and then looked at when it is violated so this this formulation is somewhat limited in the way it is done but the most important thing that we are looking for is the dependencies on pressure and temperature the pressure of the system and the initial temperature of the reactants that is what we are looking at and therefore we simply say this should be equal to a constant or if you now have this this greater than a constant then you will have ignition or if you want to avoid ignition like for example you want to now say I have a very narrow tube and they have reactant mixture that is being sent through the tube and I want to make sure that I do not get ignited then the the or critical should be less than this constant value right so that is typically obtained empirically the actual value of this so here what we can see is that our crit then squared goes as 1 over Pn Pp so repeat of the N keep that in mind and also you now have a slightly complicated the T0 dependence okay now let us also now look at what is the situation if you now have like a spark ignition okay so what we have done is something like a thermal ignition where we are trying to heat up otherwise so but spark ignition is slightly different you need to have electrical energy put in there and spark ignition is something that is very commonly adopted in many ignition situations of practical in practical systems so our goal here is two fold one is looking at something like a or critical similar to this and I will show you that a similar dependence can be obtained by looking at the global energy balance similar to the way we were doing for the for the quenching so find minimum ignition energy right so what we are looking for is if you now have a spark that is coming up and you now have a flame that is now growing from here spherically locally spherically that is how it is going to happen so strictly speaking we should be looking at a is a critical radius for the spherical flame that well that will sustain growing propagating instead of giving away the heat that is liberated during this ignition to the surroundings so if you really think about this let us suppose that as I said long ago you fill this room with reactor mixture okay and then you pray that you are not going it is not going to get ignited and what happens when it gets ignited right or why is it so is reaction going on when it is not getting ignited that was a question that we are asking before the answer is according to the Arrhenius law because it is actually at some temperature the reactions are going on okay but the reaction rates are so low that the heat release rate is so low that it is just getting conducted away to the surroundings from where it is happening right so therefore what we are basically looking for is what is the energy that is being supplied by the spark that will actually ignite a critical size of this flame ball whose surface is so large now that the chemical energy release that is happening in this is sufficient to overcome the heat loss to the surroundings right so that is what we are essentially looking for so the flame will not propagate if the radius of the spherical spherically propagating flame is less than a critical value and the idea is very similar to what we have seen so far so that is at this stage QR dot equals Q L dot and that is to say W heat release so a reaction rate times heat of reaction that is heat release rate times 4 by 3 pi or crit squared sorry Q should now be equal to conduction conductivity times 4 pi or crit squared that is the surface area times Tf minus T0 divided by or crit that is to say we are now basically assuming that locally the temperature is high alright but then this gives rise to a temperature fall just outside this ball and now therefore you have a heat loss in fact if this is your T0 let us do this on this side and this is your Tf you could actually take a cylindrical column let us suppose that you now think about like a hollow cylinder that means a cylinder of wall thickness right so you have a inner radius inner diameter and outer diameter inner radius and outer radius and the temperature inside is uniformly Tf okay and now you tend the outer radius to infinity okay so it is kind of like a hole in the middle of nowhere right and then the hole is with that at Tf and far from here is actually T0 you should now be able to do a conduction problem for this particular situation and then try to find out what is the heat transfer at the wall and you should be able to show that this is what it is right so if you do that then from here of course you can so you can cancel this or crit here to from here and then this from there and get a squared so or crit squared then is like 3 k Tf minus T0 divided by W qr keep in mind previously we had a W dot which we had to expand in terms of temperature because we are using a differential equation in temperature but here we are not really writing a differential equation in temperature the values of the temperature are actually placed as valid as specific limits therefore we should not have to worry about expanding this in terms of the Arrhenius law on the law of mass action here we can just keep it this way and previously we also said that this qr is nothing but CP times Tf minus T0 so we do not worry about the Tf by T0 but keep the CP at the bottom and if you now have a k over CP that can be directly written in terms of alpha right so if you now find this orchard squared is equal to alpha similar as alpha divided by W dot similarly we also had a SL squared is equal to square root sorry SL is equal to square root of alpha W dot or SL squared is alpha W dot right so if you now think about orchard squared is equal to going as alpha divided by W dot SL squared is going as alpha W dot then you can directly get from here we can see that you can see that orchard goes as alpha over SL as before as before is during quenching right now I want to caution you that you now have a number 3 here that is coming from the volume to surface area kind of consideration but in reality we do not have this kind of number it is more than that right and I will point that out that this was related to the penetration distance yesterday when we are doing ignition so if you now say we are interested in the energy so if you will oppose if you now say that the e ignition the energy that the spark is going to deposit into this gas is supposed to go and increase the a critical mass of gas emcret to the temperature Tf-T0 right that is what this is supposed to do that this energy right and in fact if you think about this this is essentially the statement of the second criterion that we wrote yesterday as a rule of thumb and this is actually relating to the first criterion as rule of thumb so we are kind of applying both in stages and this emcret now is essentially like a like a pocket of gas of a certain critical mass and therefore it is going to be density times a critical volume and the critical volume is associated with the critical radius that we are looking at so therefore we can now plug the critical radius there so this is nothing but 4 by 3 pi R crits square I am sorry R crits cube you also have a density this is this density is for the pocket of gas that is got ignited therefore you are looking at products within this sphere right so you need to have a row infinity there and Cp Tf-T0 and so this implies that ignition let us not worry about the 4 by 3 pi let us now begin to look at the dependence and so what we see because we are now looking back again at the R crits going as alpha over SL as the dependence and therefore this depends on keep the Cp all right and write your row infinity as P over R infinity Tf right and keep the Tf-T0 all right and then look at our crit or crit is nothing but alpha over SL as a dependence therefore this is going to now go as alpha over SL the whole cubed right and in fact putting everything together in terms of how the alpha depends on pressure and the pressure difference here itself and SL pressure dependence everything together we will retrieve from here we could deduce that e ignition e ignition goes as P to the – 2 for N approximately equal to 2 this is for if you now go back here you are talking about P to the N is the order of the reaction that means if you are now looking at a global reaction with a law of mass action like this it is essentially P plus Q right so N equal to 2 is the order of the reaction if you now plug that in there for the SL dependence on pressure you should now get this taking other other pressure dependence system is expression into account and this is for typical hydrocarbons right and this actually pretty much gives a good dependence compared to experiments right so if you now think about how the experimental dependence is so experimentally it is observed that if you now try to plot your e ignition versus pressure and of course if you now do this on a log log scale right we should now get a straight line that goes downwards but what we find is typically this the data goes more like this which means this is the P to the – 2 dependence and the P to the – 2 dependence is actually fairly well satisfied in the low pressure region when compared to the high pressure you do not have this fall so that means you do you do have a critical ignition still needed means that the ignition energy needed is more than what the pressure dependence would say and of course that that implies a kinetics effect as well that means there is the reactions do not behave exactly the same way in terms of the global kinetics is concerned and the other thing obviously we are interested in is the temperature dependence and there is some data to suggest that if the temperature dependence like for example if you now say for increase in the three let us say 300 to 450 degrees C ray sorry Kelvin Kelvin range right the e ignition drops from around tens of millijoules to a few millijoules that means we are looking at numbers like about 40 millijoules to 70 millijoules at 300 K whereas when you now go to like 450 K you need only about 4 millijoules 5 millijoules kind of thing right so the temperature the initial temperature is increased the ignition energy required minimum ignition energy required is less correspondingly but you can actually work out how this exact dependence is yourself from here okay so with this we should conclude ignition and as well we would like to stop talking about premixed flames is that essentially what we have done is they spent significant amount of time talking about premixed flame deflections we have not done premixed flame detonations starting from where we did the Rankine-Hugone relations and we saw that you have one branches actually for different deflagration to the other branches detonation but essentially the idea is for premixed flames right we have we have we were always assuming that the reactants were approaching the flame in a premixed state and then we started asking the question how do you can how do you know what is the slope of the Rayleigh line and that is actually corresponding to the flame speed and so that actually turns out to be an eigenvalue of the system if you now look at how the equations pan out looking at how the preheat zone and the reaction zone is then we constructed the preheat zone temperature profile and the reaction zone temperature profile to to 0th order we just say this is a convective react diffusive zone that is a reactive diffusive zone and then we neglect the other terms that are in unimportant like the reaction zone reaction rate term in the preheat zone and the convective term in the reaction zone and construct temperature profiles match the slopes of the interface and then try to get the flame speed and then we started looking at the dependence and dependence of spins the flame speed on physical chemical properties initial conditions or the reactant conditions pressure and temperature and so on and then we looked at the flame shapes how the flame actually gets shaped over a burner and how it gets stabilized and what happens to it at the peak at the tip when you have a flame curvature and a flow divergence effect and then we started looking at flammability limits and quenching criteria and ignition criteria and so on. So all these things actually we have been talking about or primarily in the context of premixed diff like laminar deflagration right so it is time we started talking about diffusion flames and so now onwards for the rest of the time or at least for quite some time we should now be talking about diffusion flames we are still primarily in the deflagration regime that is we are looking at low subsonic Mach numbers for the for the reactant flow and therefore we have to go back and look at the momentum equation and find that the pressure is approximately a constant because we are now looking at low Mach numbers and low Knudsen numbers and therefore it just reduces to pressure it is a constant which means we can go back and adopt like the Schwab-Zehler which kind of formulation and where we have to look at the species conservation equation and the energy conservation equation with a flow field that is prescribed unless of course you want to take into account the density variation with temperature which will alter the flow field and you can now look at the flow problem loosely coupled with the combustion problem and not necessarily tightly coupled in unlike unlike in a full compressible manner. So we will now begin to start talking about diffusion flames now diffusion flames is actually kind of like the classical term for flames that are essentially non-premixed so the the modern terminology for this is simply non-premixed flames so we have to understand why we are getting these different semantic notions about this what we meant be at what we mean by a diffusion flame is here we are now saying that the reactants are just mixing at the flame right it is kind of like you are rushing into the exam hall and you are just studying for the exam right so you are really not prepared so similarly the reactants are not really prepared and what has been by prepared pre-pared that means you have to actually pre-mixed right so if the reactants are pre-mixed then they are ready to react and all they are waiting for is for a temperature rise to happen and then they are going to react right and at a steady in a steady state situation the temperature rise happens because of the flame that has already been established and so as the reactants get into the flame they get preheated and then react that's what the flame is all about that's why that's how we were talking about it but in this case you have a flame all right but the reactants are just mixing at the time they are reacting right so when that is happening then you have to start thinking about which is faster which is a faster process is it the mixing is it going to be quite fast or is it the reactions that are going to be quite fast now typically in a combustion situation what we are interested in is fast exothermic reactions right this is what we started talking about right at the beginning so we are always interested in situations where we have a very high sensitivity of the reaction rate of temperature in turn meaning a high activation energy right and that simply means that the reaction rates are going to be very very fast once you got the mixing to happen so this is a situation where the mixing is the one that is limiting the the entire set of processes in other words if the fuel and air were to mix with the fuel and oxidizer were to mix with each other then the reactions will happen rather instantaneously or immediately right so mixing is the rate limiting process in case of diffusion flames and of course the technical sounding term for mixing is diffusion so we can say diffusion is the rate limiting process and therefore the heat that is released from a diffusion flame is not necessarily limited by the chemical kinetics as in the case of premix flames so you would say there premix flames are kinetically limited in terms of heat release whereas in the case of diffusion flames you should say it is diffusion limited right so you are not going to really experience the as much heating there then premix flames is that is essentially the idea so here the mixing between the reactants or mixing of the reactants is the rate limiting process relative to relative to reaction therefore the heat release in a non premix flame is diffusion limited as opposed to as opposed to being kinetically limited in a premix flame hence the name diffusion flame for these but we will see that there is some exception here I mean we will just keep building this idea and then see where it falters okay so at the moment the idea basically is that diffusion is the rate limiting process and therefore the heat releases diffusion limited rather than or the heat can be released only to the extent but to which the reactants can mix then whether they can actually release by chemical kinetics like what is the chemical reaction rate based on law of mass action and so on so the thing that we have to think about is are these very common in fact these are actually more common when compared to the premix flames premix flames pretty much have to be contrived many times you have to mix somebody has to mix the reactants right whereas diffusion flames are the ones that have happened naturally in nature right so if you want to for example light fire to a block of wood or something like that that is essentially a diffusion flame that is going on right and candle flames are best example right so the candle flame is essentially a diffusion flame so that the laboratory if you want to now establish a diffusion flame take go back to the Bunsen burner that we have been talking about but you now shut down the air entrainment along with the fuel at the bottom right and just allow the fuel to come along and have the air mixed with the fuel outside and this is that is a pretty good interesting experiment that you can think about so if you now had a a Bunsen burner and you now had the bottom ring open pretty much fully and you had this orifice through which the fuel is coming out like a jet and creates a locally low pressure so that the air gets sucked in and in and entrains into the fuel and then mixes into this tube and then you now have a nice conical blue premixed flame and then you now start slowly trying to move this ring so that the hole is actually progressively closed and you are letting in less and less air and as you get in less and less air you are making this flame more and more fuel rich because you just have more and more fuel and less and less air so it becomes fuel rich and we talked about fuel rich premixed flames earlier in the context of stabilization and what we understand is two things one as the air entrains at the base of the flame you are going to have a enrichment of this mixture and it is going to be close to the stoichiometric and actually get anchored much more firmly the other thing is for the remaining shoulder of the flame you are going to have a fuel rich products that are coming out and that is going to mix with the reactants and have a diffusion flame envelope right so ultimately when you now close this ring completely and you know do not let in any more fuel then what is happening is you have only fuel coming out and then you have mixing of air that is happening and typically what you should find is you now have a diffusion flame that is fairly elongated when compared to a more compact premixed conical flame and this is going to now look not exactly shaped like a cone anymore right it is going to have like a tear drop kind of shape and it is not blue and blue any longer it is more orange and yellowish in some pockets and so on this is essentially typically your orange flame. So what this means is you have inside of the flame you have all fuel outside of the flame you have all oxidizer at the flame you are basically having the two mix and produce products of course the products are free to diffuse on either side and they are in general getting convicted upwards and of course the whole set of species are actually moving upwards because of buoyancy that is another that is another matter in a gravitational field around and this and that is partly the reason why you are seeing this this kind of a shape for the flame and also the reason why the flame looks elongated besides the diffusion process itself causing it elongate when compared to a compact conical premixed flame. So these are lots of these kinds of different things are happening as you now change this from a premixed flame to a diffusion flame it is a nice experiment that too for you to think about and do so diffusion flame can be commonly come across and we will now talk about how to analyze this next class.


Turn the volume up on Jim Greer. Awesome. Hello, everybody. Hello. Let's get people in. I sang hello from RER24. Cork. Did you all karaoke last night? No. No. Sadly not. But there was singing. There was definitely singing. There was traditional Irish music. And for some of us, this was a rather late night. Some of us made it to bed early. So at Reclaim Open in June, Rajiv spoke there. And so we had Tim set up Reclaim RK to be this really kind of cool karaoke. Freakin' Rajiv, did several numbers where he had a chair and was dancing around the chair. I thought like extra dancers were going to come out. Like that was insanely talented. And we ended the night doing George Michael's freedom. And I think I joked to someone like it was probably the highlight of 2023. Everyone was on the dance floor saying freedom. It was literally outlandishly good karaoke. And that guy is ridiculously talented. I had no idea. Like he had the numbers down. He was dancing. His charisma is obviously already amazing. But then he's a ridiculously good dancer. Wow. That was something. Well, we have to say we didn't trump that. That's for sure. But we did have a lot of fun. And what we thought we would do is like everybody here is in various stages of hungry and wanting to go for lunch. So we're going to see an order of who wants to go first. They can share their highlights and like chat a little bit about the conference. And then as we dwindle, as people, go over to lunch, Meredith and I will stay here and share some more highlights. So people in the room, who's the most hungry? Who has to be off first? I have to go to a GEN webinar. Okay. Listen. Hi, I'm Martin. Hi, Martin. We have a highlight from the conference. I'll go with the keynotes. I think it's great. I think it's great. I think it's great. I think it's great. I think it's great. I think it's great. I'll go with the keynotes. I think it's great. I know that's often an easy one to do. But I think, you know, I've seen Rajeev speak before. I've seen Katherine and Laura speak before. They obviously created new keynotes.  And it's a really resonating difficulty, I think. And there are lots of themes to pick up then. I think in lots of other sorts. And that's what you really want from a keynote. They were great. Rajeev did this really cool thing where he had recorded himself drawing, like annotating and writing about his own keynotes. He did it. And apparently he was recording on Tom's dining table, dinner table, with just like an iPhone on a piece of wood strapped to a piece of wood above it. And it looked really cool. Like really super cool. Oh, yeah. It's great. Yeah. I heard a hundred years of ed tech was pretty good, too. But the never ending project. He'll still be blogging. Zombie blogger. Well, if anybody listening to the stream hasn't seen the keynotes, they are live on YouTube. So definitely check out Rajeev's talk. So Martin, if you need to run off, turn on the webinar. Right. Who is next for lunch? Even if it's you who has to go and end. Yeah. I would say I'm, I guess, yeah, same as Martin. I really enjoyed Rajeev's talk. It's the same with catching the Laura. And today is a really good night. Last night just catching up with a lot of old friends and meeting some new people. And I'm glad to see lots of kind of younger people here and lots of undergraduate students and graduate students presenting on their work and kind of, you know, Martin's shuffling off into the distance, you know, there's new people coming up to take his crown.  Put them with spears. What's up, Leo? Do you want to jump in next? You're part of the Gojian delegation this year. I'm actually going here as part of Gojian, although I'm always part of Gojian. So I'm kind of here on my own steam, though. But yeah, so for me, this conference has been one that is like an admissible event of the year for the last few years. And I always love coming to it and I always love when it's in a beautiful charming place like Cork. And the keynotes were fantastic. I think all of those people are, you know, have enormous respect for their work and love them. And I really liked in Catherine and Laura's one, the way they just kind of posed the problems to us and said, this is the kind of shit that we need to be dealing with. And they didn't pretend that there's going to be simple solutions to any of it. And I thought that was, you know, kind of an honest space and also kind of a call for us to think about, you know, where are we and how can we work together and how can we work with others who don't necessarily understand all this stuff that we talk about. But, you know, we could actually, you know, be working with other people who are trying to change the world in useful ways. So I really like that. But yeah, I guess the highlight overall has just been seeing all the beautiful people and hanging out with them. So, Leah, one of the things I saw when I was someone, I think Meredith took a picture or Marin took a picture and we have a Slack channel. And one of the things they said Catherine and Laura in their keynote, that was interesting, that things that they didn't see coming, like, you know, AI and the enclosure of open. And I thought that was super interesting, like particularly for me, the enclosure of open, like the fact that we shared it in Slack, it happened on Discord, right? Like all of these kind of small, but very significant moves away from the open web. Yeah, so I liked that. Even just, I saw one slide and I was already fascinated by that talk. I'm glad you saw that slide because I was trying to take a picture of it, but then they just... Well, that was awesome too. Yeah, absolutely. I really liked your guest of presentation yesterday and like how it was the fast-paced, but the way that you kind of ended it is like, it's not like libraries and open is ever closed. Like it's always so ongoing. And I just thought that was really cool. How you kind of in a time-fair way of fashion. So then we're like, let's just, you know, have a, you know, say that we attended to. Yeah. Alan's got a closing guest coming up today. So are you ready for it? Yeah, well, I have a bit on that. But first of all, like the flavor of OER, I mean, I haven't been since 2018, but it was always somehow, it was the magic sauce was the people that are here. And the thing I've enjoyed, like some others have said, like I've gotten to, I went to sessions where I didn't know the presenters. Yeah, I could go to my friend's. I went to my friend's. I think it's a real opportunity to listen to the work of people and institutions that you don't really know much about. So my mind's blown there. And yes, I'm doing a guest. And this is my coach. She gave me a pet talk. She showed me your video, Jim. And so I think, I mean, it's, it's fun, but I thought they're kind of quiet yesterday. Yeah. Everybody like they made it close to time. But yeah, the way Leo has ended was good. And Kathy tried to get in front of Tom at the end, but I'm trying something really disruptive, Jim. It's going to be surprised. It's going to be really weird. But it kind of gets into this thing that's going on. He is one of the things.  And, and, and all the things happening in the slacks. And that's not changing. But I'll give you a sneak preview. There's a T-shirt. Oh, wow. Are we needing to zoom in? And the funny thing is my work colleagues are not going to understand a bit of what I'm talking about. But my friends will.  I've never done this. I'm going to do a spoken poetry. I know. It's awesome. And I submitted my abstract as a poem and I thought they're going to just throw this out. That's awesome. But, but no, your video was a very good. Influence. Cause Ann says what you want to, I'm already sorry. Really? See how nervous I am.  Cause I didn't get casted, but I think it's more fun. Yeah. To blow it up. I think the challenge I set you when we were talking about it was, yeah, you've got, you've got a choice. You three choices. You can finish on time and not get fairly.  I'm going to, I'm going to attempt it. I have something on my sleeve. I could start with that as a design decision. If it works, memory gets all the credit. And it was interesting. I saw another guest yesterday tried to do similar. Laurie Fitz and Donald Ancliffe had the audience. They were at the end of their piece. And I was like, oh, I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it. They were at the end of their piece. They tried to get the audience to vote on something. They tried to take the audience voice at the point that Tom would have come in and got the audience to, to chant. And so there was a little bit of, you know, they come with the same kind of design decision as well. How can we, how can we play with Tom in this as well as play with. And Thomas is, he's on his home turf, right? So he might have to be a little bit more controlled. So you can even. I don't know that that's Tom's boat. I think my point here, I mean, the key notes have been amazing. Laura and Catherine this morning was particularly special because I don't get to see those two people in the same place and the same time. And we talk a lot, but we never are in the same place. And that's, you know, I had the experience that reclaim open of meeting somebody I've collaborated with for many years, Laura, Laura Gibbs and seeing her in person today or the last couple of days, I met Shahira for the first time in person gave her a hug. And also one of my board members from, from a perio Inga was randomly here. We didn't know either of us were going to be here. And so again, something I've worked with for nearly six years now and never actually met face to face. So everything everybody's been saying about community and seeing people again, but seeing people beyond the pandemic that I've only ever networked with across time and space and get to see them for real and give them a hug. And that's been super, super special. Laura Gibbs amazing. Laura Gibbs amazing. Absolutely amazing. Yes. Well, if anybody else wants to go for lunch, you are welcome. I think Meredith and I are going to stay here and chat a little bit more with you, Jim, and share some more highlights from OER. But we also appreciate that you've already given up half an hour of the hour. Can I say one other question? Yeah, please. That's in the day as well. One other pleasure I've had is that for the first time at an OER conference, we've got to hang out with Marin. Yay! Exactly. Marin is not somewhere stressed out running around. That's the face of happiness. I don't have any of course not. So, Leo, one question for you, Leo, before you go. Leo, is Javier there? At the conference? Yeah. Yes, she is. Yeah, we presented yesterday. Actually, she presented in the same room as us. So, yes. Sorry, Jim. These chairs are loud. Yeah, they are very loud. Every time you get up, the chairs are like, conk. So yeah, Javier is here, isn't she? Yeah, she presented yesterday. She did a fantastic presentation. Yeah, I agree. She's fun. Yeah, so many good people just in that room behind you. Amazing. Yeah. Well, everybody's gone for lunch now because, you know, needs master. This is kind of like a hallway chat. Well, maybe we can share some highlights. Yeah, absolutely. I had a couple hours to jump in. Yeah. Yesterday in our room, we had the first presentation and then the rest. There were four in an hour. And no, that was afternoon session. Never mind afternoon sessions, but they did a RLR, like reusable learning resource that they're, they're kind of bringing up here at MTU and then other universities in Ireland too. And it was about a cooking class. And they dedicated one week to recording the entire thing, but had a really minimal setup. I think like two cameras, but they were using an ATEM mini to kind of switch things around. And I was like that technical side of like behind, behind the scenes producing like really kind of brought me back to like reclaim open and how we've experimented with making the presentations live at the moment and archiving kind of the work that we're continuing to do throughout the live streams of ed tech too. And it was really cool. Like just how they built the whole thing. Working with the professors weren't necessarily technically inclined, but they worked with the instructional designer to bring in the course. And it was built in H5P. So all open too, which is super cool. And then just after Martin's talk today was the, a research study on data and like data literacy and agency with the students. And the documentary we were talking about too of like, don't track me. Like that's literally what it's called or don't track that or something like that. But the, that resource was super cool. And I think also kind of what we're focused on or reclaimed to with our security work that we've been working on. Like just all of us being mindful of all of that too. That was really cool. Yeah, I can only echo that. And cooking project that you mentioned Meredith, that was like a community college project. So, and similarly Rob Lowe from DCU who was giving that talk about the tracking and the students. Again, that was built with resources that weren't native higher ed resources. And one of the things that's been really special about having OER here in Ireland is that, you know, Ireland is a relatively small country and there were so many people coming because it was here. And so there are lots of people here who I don't think would have come to an OER conference had it been somewhere else. So community college folk, you know, community learning. And there were even school teachers here and certainly the teachers we saw yesterday the catering teachers, you know, they never presented on this at a conference before. So it was really fun to see, you know, recently seasoned presenters like Anne-Marie or, you know, Lea with kind of, you know, bags of research experience next to folk who were kind of really new to the open piece. So that was really inspiring. It was cool to hear Eamon talk about the fact that, you know, there is a lot of new faces and a lot of young faces and that's super cool. You know, you want open education to have a kind of a lifeline, right?  It's, you know, because it's a different reality now. And I really like that from the slide I saw that you shared, Meredith, about Laura and Catherine's kind of taking stock of the changes and asking the community, can we keep up with this? Are we willing to change? Like, where are we going and what's important to us? That's some really important questions for a community to like open. I mean, I say open ed or just a community of open educators, if you will. Well, for me, one of the highlights was also that we were able to speak on the same day as kind of Reclaim Press was launching. And actually, people got really excited about it. They were like, there's a beta, I can set up for it, you know, and people were coming up to us at like coffee and at lunch kind of asking about it. And I think there is a lot more interest now in kind of taking the domains of one's own concept and applying it to a research project or a whole team and kind of, you know, scaling the kind of piece around that independent domain rather than being always part of the institution's domain. So we had a lot of fun with that as well. And yeah, we've shared slides and video and things online. Yeah. I'm still reflective about it too because I'm thinking back to our one shower with Josie over at BC Campus. We were talking about the younger group too. It's her first that we are. Shout out to Josie. Like the super cool and like seeing that perspective from she's not, she's not presenting. She's just a delegate and seeing that perspective. I think this is definitely a very powerful one to be at in that capacity to like just the speakers. And I was struck by how many people from the MTU, the Munster Technological University group is presenting to because I think Shane in the last session, Shane Cronin was also talking about a lot of the RLRs too. That was really cool. I saw one of the things you shared Meredith from a presentation I think happened after yours was there was a bunch of faculty who were getting basically grants. And one of the grants one of the faculty was getting was how do I use an open source suite of tools to, you know, do teaching and learning. And obviously, you know, that's a sweet spot for me. I really love that. But like just the fact that there were so many different projects looking at and faculty are experimenting with that. And like the university is supporting them. And that relationship with a group of educational technologists like that's a really cool thing to still see because that's where the magic happens, right? Those projects where you don't know what's going to come of it. Actually, Jim, that's interesting that you pick up on that because that was one of the questions that came up. So at the conference, there's always four 15 minute sessions in a block and then there is a joint Q&A. And in our Q&A, something came up around, you know, how do we build confidence for faculty to fail and to play and not necessarily expect success and kind of that pressure to be excellent in everything all of the time. And that's actually been one of the sort of ongoing pieces of conversations in the different sessions I've set in to really recognize that more. And we were able to kind of also share how, you know, one of the sort of pieces that we bring to the table is that enough digital literacy and skills to be able to say, yes, we're failing and we're learning and that's an okay thing to do. Sort of bring that a little bit of that sort of start-up mentality into it, the kind of industry mentality into it. And many people in the conference were really kind of inspired by, you know, going outside of that higher ed pressure to always just be excellent and always have the perfect success. So I think that I'm interested that you picked up on that. That was really, that was really fun. So another question for you all, given you're on the ground there. Was AI in hyperdrive at the conference? Was it kind of balanced? Like is AI kind of taken over, open ed? And what are their angles, people that are interesting are coming at open ed with AI? Yeah, I think a lot of people are very practical about how they're approaching AI. I think Alan mentioned that, or not Alan, Martin mentioned that about 2022 is like the theme of the tech was the AI emergence. And I don't, I genuinely think like no one's approached it as AI in general. I was joking, we were walking between sessions and I saw this meme on Facebook as I'm scrolling on the way over here of like photographers taking AI and they're shaking the hands and it's like four images of all the hands just like completely AI messed up. They're not like actual physical hands. Like it's just the way that they're, they've shifted. But I think we're all being very like hesitant, but also like really kind of thoughtful about how we approach using AI. And there was, I'm sorry when we're like a little bit, but in our Slack channel, someone's signature in the, in their email on a ticket said this email was not written using chat GPT. It was really funny that people are starting to use that in their email signatures to confirm that it is a human actually writing to you now instead of AI. Yeah, I agree with you. I think there is a couple of sessions on AI which we haven't been in, but Laura and Catherine mentioned it during their keynote this morning and they went for a couple of angles. I think like you were saying very thoughtful, very critical. So they were saying, you know, we need to be aware of the extractive labor involved in a lot of AI and being, you know, have an open eyes around how open educational resources and content can be abused by, you know, for data scraping and to train AI. And also, one of the presentations that was just here in this room, Rob Lowe talked about, you know, educating students around what happens if they put data into AI tools and how that's used and how that could be commercialized and kind of helping them to understand what the value of their data is. But I think as Meredith was saying, the mood of the conference is very much, you know, I think Catherine had this beautiful phrase. She said, you know, we need to take action. We need to take action now and we need to decide how we want to meet this moment. And they were using the metaphor of open education as at the crossroads. It's not viable to not take action, to not have a view in order to take action. And you have to kind of call it out and say, here are the things I'm seeing that I can make a difference to, whether that's climate justice or social justice or other forms of kind of the social justice agenda. So it was really powerful, I think, the way that they addressed it. They made it seem very much like a possibility that you could take action in a meaningful way rather than just, you know, being consumed by AI. That's awesome. So I think I saw that Bonnie Stewart made a second, I mean, she's probably come from many, but is Bonnie Stewart there as well? Yeah, Bonnie's here and brightening up the space with her smile, like from across the hall, you can see her beaming. And she is definitely, she's presented yesterday as well. She's brought a colleague as well from her institution in Windsor and they were giving a couple of talks and we also have Lorna Campbell from Scotland. She was here. Oh, Lorna's the best. She was here on Open Scotland and you'll remember, Jim, Keith Smyth from UHY from last year, so Keith and his team are here. So that's been really fantastic. And Meredith and I learned about a new national program here in Ireland called the N-Tutor Program, which is headed up by Sharon Flynn, who is one of the trustees of old, who actually launched a new open education white paper here in Ireland yesterday. So that was like a lot of really powerful kind of things being announced, you know, lots of things happening from all across the globe. Yeah, absolutely. And someone already referenced it, Marin, but what is it like for you having essentially run the OER conference, having adopted it as it was a kind of orphan looking for a home. So all took it in, you kind of took it and built it up to be, I think, probably the groovyest conference, you know, that I would go to at any given time. It's such a fun time. There's so many good people. What is it like for you to come to it as a kind of post-alt employee, if you will? Has that been strange? Has that been cool? Oh, that's a great question. I thought it was going to be really weird. I think I was a bit nervous before I set off on my journey. I was like, what is this going to be like? But actually, it's not been weird at all. I've been really enjoying it. And this morning, old car and CEO, Carrie Pinney gave me a shout out and to Martin Weller as well, because we were the kind of people who were part of shepherding the OER conference into old in 2015. And so it's been nearly 10 years now. Yeah. And it's just so wonderful to see how vibrant it is and how many people there's over 200 people here in Cork. And it's just fantastic to see that the conference, you know, with all the work we all did, and obviously you guys were part of the OER by domains, you know, and the pandemic years of the conference. And, you know, I think it was really on life support and we kept it kicking. And now it kind of feels like it's got a whole new lease of life. And it is absolutely, for me, like my favorite event. And I absolutely love being here and just having a little bit of fun as well. Meredith and I have been doing sightseeing. We played tourists. You know, we've been exploring stationery stores and sandwich shops. It's like being on holiday, Jim. And Meredith, you've been, I'm going to see if I get this right. You tell me, you were at Bristol, which I think was 2018. Yeah. You were at Ballway, 19, 20. Yeah. You were at, but that was the year where everything blew up. And then 21, that was the online. So what has this event that you're at now fit in comparison to some of the previous events? I remember in 18 Bristol, that was an interesting event because David Wiley Key noted, and there was a lot of, like, that was a moment, talk about a crossroads. There was a lot of kind of, how would we say dissonance in the crowd around some of that discussion and some of the politics of OER, which is real and it's a crossroads. So what has this been like in relationship to some of the other ones? Yeah. This has definitely been really interesting because this is my first international conference since the pandemic. I don't, like, I love Rick Limopen. I don't count it because in the same way that you, like, you running OERs, like, running it so I didn't really get to experience it from the perspective of a participant. And this one's been really cool to see because it's kind of in a little bit of layers in the crossroads aspect is that I was fresh out of college during the beginning, like, 2018, 2019 years. So I was still, I was joking with my husband about this. I was a noob. I'll use the word noob. That's my name. I was a sphere of open education. And now in 2024, I don't feel that way. Like, I feel like I'm really starting to find the footing of where I want to go with it and what topics interest me of this sphere of open education, of, like, even the AI tools and, like, even just talking about reclaim, like, I feel so much more confident about talking through Reclaim Press. Like, even our presentation, like, I just feel so much better with it. Like, I wasn't nervous. I wasn't like, oh, my goodness. Like, I think just having a couple presentations under my belt now with those, like, I think it's just a lot, like, a lot more confidence. Yeah, it's cool. Yeah, you've looked it. It was awesome. Yeah. So. Yeah. I had, I mean, I wasn't, I wasn't exaggerating last year. Like, last year was a super special conference for me.  And so it is a bummer not to be there, but I love that both of you are representing a hard core for the four-life-est brand ever. But yeah, I think that conference is the bee's knees. It's awesome. Yeah. And I really appreciate, like, Marin's idea to bring in that, the back channel and Slack. Like, yes, it's in Slack, we want to make sure that the whole team is like, feels like they are participating too. Like, I think that that's been really helpful. In a mindset of like, oh, like, you kind of get in the moment of your ear there. And then I've been taking notes of, like, how to bring it back to everybody too on, like, what kind of projects. And we're even thinking about, like, how we can incorporate the people we've met into, like, our live streams and chat. Yeah. We have a whole list of people to follow up with. And we do actually have one very special greeting to deliver to the whole reclaim team. Because Meredith and I have been stretching towards the sky, hugging Brian Mothers very closely. Oh, yeah. We are laden with Brian made stickers. Yes. Not just from the reclaim side of things, but also there are so many other artworks here that Brian has created.  Yeah. This is by Brian. This is by Brian. So we've collected stuff for all everybody, and we're going to ship it home and put it into envelopes and definitely spread a little bit of the joy. But Brian sends lots of love and it's been fantastic to hang out with him. Yeah, absolutely. In fact, I mean, I tried to time the visual anthology you created, Marin, of Reclaims 10 Years of Art, with the idea of thinking a little bit about, you know, we talked about if we were going to do it as a physical book, what would it introduce? What would an introduction be like? And my idea was, you know, I could say it's the Reclaim aesthetic, but in many ways it's the Mathers aesthetic. And I think the fact that it pervades all of the OER kind of, you know, sessions, whether it's Emans, whether it's Martins, whether it's Go-G-N, right? Or Reclaims. Like, there's a sense that he has captured some of the playfulness and joy and kind of, I think, you know, aspirations of a community really well in his art. And I think it makes us as a community better by having that visual aesthetic. And so I wanted to time that idea of that Mathers aesthetic with the morning of OER 24, because one of the things you start to realize when you go to these sessions is like, is that Brian Mathers? Like, can he create this? Oh, my God. Yeah, well, we've been sharing that blog post around the hashtag as well and people have been watching it and like Brian was so thrilled to see it all come together. So I think there's definitely lots of sort of ripples of that, you know, collection going out and that post going out. So it's nice how these things connect and I'm really glad we were able to come here and have a bit of a hallway chat because I do miss that kind of informal, that meticulous informality that Martin has been blogging about as well. You know, having that sort of conversation is really important. Yeah, and I think like to the points you both made about the keynotes and this particular moment in OER, like if we are at a crossroads and if there are some real choices to be made and stuff like, there's a lot of different ways to approach that, right? And I think part of that is like, what are the arguments people make? Like how did they make it? Not simply like a finger pointing, like you should be better, but like a really inviting open kind of, you know, a sense of, you know, trying to join a group who has an idea of something powerful and new and building possibility. So that's one of the things I really liked about working with Brian is I always felt like when working with him, it was like not only therapy, we always joked about, but the idea of there was always a nice kind of turn of phrase or joke or playfulness and it didn't make it any less serious or any less important, but it certainly made it more accessible for people so that they don't feel like, oh, this is this community that I am not, you know, there's a kind of wall around it. Rather it's like there's an invitation to come in and help build something new or build something unique. And that for me has always been the most exciting part about the open education movement and how we do that with whatever direction the community takes and it doesn't have to be singular or monolithic, I like that he provides us a way of being playful with it. Yeah, that's a really good thought actually. I hadn't seen it that way. I think we're going to get kicked out of our little whole way spot in just a minute because lunch is going to be over shortly. So I think... Did you guys sacrifice lunch for this? No, there's such a big queue.  So we're all good. You sacrificed lunch. That means you're for life. Eat all work. No, this was fun. I really enjoyed this. We too. I'm glad we got to be able to bring you in in spirit and virtually to talk through all that stuff. That's one more thing I need to say. So yesterday, Jim, during one of the talks, we were talking and someone from the back shouts, for life! We had a presentation and everybody just erupts out. You may have not been here in person, but the groom's spirit is strong. That's for sure. That's great.  I guess this is the last day, huh? Yes. This is the last day, yeah. Well, it's almost like two days isn't enough. We'll be home tomorrow. Yeah, it's been a long week. I can imagine. Well, thank you again for inviting me in. It was great to talk. Of course. All right, y'all. Thanks so much for watching and like and subscribe. Hit that button. Smash that button. See y'all. Bye. Bye.


We thank the organizing team and our partners for their hard work and creativity in putting up the first virtual MSME Award in history. We're all delighted that the MSMEs, many of whom have spent the past year doing outstanding work, did not miss the chance to be recognized and celebrated at the 2020 edition of the annual MSME Awards. We don't take for granted the positive impact of these awards on the MSME sector in Nigeria. Since its inauguration in 2018, hundreds of MSMEs carefully selected from thousands of annual applications have benefited from these awards in various ways, cash prizes, cars, and of course the much needed local and international media attention. Permit me to take us back to 2018 when the then little known Jerry Marlowe, the CEO of Ben Yagro, took home the most prestigious award of that year. There he had been discovered a year earlier at the Plateau State Edition of the National MSME Club. Today, Ben Yagro is one of the most recognizable innovators and entrepreneurs in Nigeria, and has since gone on to win several other awards since the recognition that he got at the MSME Awards. He must also mention had to rise an FSE, F-Z-E, who CEO is Alagia Minhubani, a solar technology company who won the award for best male participant in 2019 after being discovered at the Kano State MSME Critic. The company has since gained greater visibility and is now responsible for the installation of solar panels across the Kano metropolis. We also have Super Nigera Limiter, who CEO is Ifeulua Olatai, and she works with small holder farmers in Nigeria. The company won the 2019 edition of the MSME of the year and has gone on to receive international recognition. These are just three examples of the many MSMEs who are demonstrating the catalyzing impact of the MSME Clinic Nationwide, as well as the annual awards. So we can confidently say that the National MSME Clinic platform is a potential pipeline for these awards, which in turn can generate significant exposure for locally and internationally for any shortly-stepped business. As you may be aware, all the finalists typically get as part of the prize package two weeks of media attention to showcase or market their programs. I'm glad to note that this year has not been an exception despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, businesses are facing the most challenging times any possibly in this and the impact is particularly severe on MSMEs. The central plan of our response as a government to the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic has been the economic sustainability plan recently launched by President Muhammad Mubarak. In that plan, which essentially envisages a 2.3 trillion stimulus package, we've made extensive provisions for financial support to MSMEs, ranging from a guaranteed off-take scheme to a survival fund that includes a payroll support program for qualifying businesses. The guaranteed off-take scheme seeks to provide support for MSMEs, manufacturing local programs, by guaranteeing the purchase from them of qualifying products such as face masks, hand sanitizers, PPEs for essential medical workers, etc. These products will then be distributed to Nigerians and to Nigerian institutions and entities that will require them. The survival fund will help provide payroll support to MSMEs with a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 50 staff. The businesses that qualify for this will make available to its payroll, will make available their payroll to the government for verification. Companies that meet the requirement will then be eligible to have the salaries of their verified staff paid directly from the fund for a period of three months. The payment will be credited directly to the staff verified on the payroll. The target beneficiaries of this scheme will include private schools, hotels, road transport workers, creative industries, and others. But the verification process will be very rigorous and, of course, painstaking. In addition, we have a 200 billion fund which is made available to MSMEs in the priority sectors such as healthcare, agro-processing, the creative industry, local oil and gas, aviation, etc. This will be granted through a scheme to be jointly run by the DOI and NEXIN plan, especially for export expansion. The central bank is also committed to creating a 100 billion Naira target credit facility for MSMEs. Moreover, the recent Finance Act of 2020 has already made provisions for graduated company income tax rates with zero rates for small companies. Those companies will have an annual gross turnover of 25 million Naira or less and a rate reduction for medium-sized companies, about a 20 percent reduction for medium-sized companies. This extends incentives to small and medium-scale businesses as well. We've also paid some attention to the ease of doing business and we're setting initiatives, especially our efforts to consolidate some of the previous efforts that have been made. Following numerous complaints about regulatory registration fees, NAFDAQ recently launched a palliative scheme for MSMEs. The main objective of the scheme has been to reduce product registration fees by as much as 80 percent for a six-month period and also to provide an e-registration option in keeping with our desire to promote COVID-19 compliant behavior. The Corporate Affairs Commission is also rolling out a plan to register 100,000 new business names at a discounted fee. This will afford small business owners whose businesses are not currently registered to do so efficiently and inexpensive. Just last month, June 2020, I had the honor of commissioning a 200,000 capacity YAMM storage facility for smallholder farms in Zakib YAMM market, in various ways. Zakib YAMM is perhaps the largest YAMM market in Nigeria and certainly in the region, attracting buyers and sellers from across the country and beyond. In addition to the new storage facility, the market saw extensive renovation work on its internal buildings, as well as the provision of portable water and other facilities. All around the country, similar MSME focused interventions are being implemented. Kaduna State, for example, is working on a tomato paste production line. Lagos is putting together a fashion hub. The FCT is equally set to launch a cabin feed cluster, while Anamro State is almost ready to commission its leatherworks cluster. All of these are scheduled for 2020. In 2021, Edo, Ekiti, Katsuna, Ogumbauji, and Enugu will commission shared facilities that will bring MSMEs together by cluster and provide shared equipment and resources and business support to the entire cluster. Let me once again, as I close, congratulate all the shortly-stepped and winning MSMEs across the country. And to those who did not make the list this year, don't give up. Keep innovating, keep working hard. Your recognition and reward is inevitable. Every person who has taken it upon themselves to start a business in Nigeria, no matter how small, is a champion. And we, as a government, owe it to you and all of you who are attending this virtual event and the tens of millions of other nations to create an enabling environment for you to thrive. This is President O'Hara's commitment to all of the millions of MSMEs in Nigeria that will continue to stand by you, to support you, and to create opportunities for you to grow and prosper. Thank you all very much for listening, and thank you also very much for attending this virtual event. God bless you.