I'm going to talk about something which is really at the edge of what you probably are coming here for. But it's an interesting experiment that was done both at MIT and Caltech and then by a very large number of people. And it opened a new field. And I'll try to tell you a little about that. It does have to do with space, but not necessarily something you will experience very easily. So let me start by telling you a little about gravity. And where is this clock that does? It says 9.15, but it isn't counting down. All right? Somebody better get that right, otherwise I'll go on for hours, OK? The thing that you learned in high school and you learned certainly at MIT as an undergraduate is the idea of Newton and gravity. In fact, there is a force that makes gravity. It holds us to the ground. It pulls apples down. It makes space difficult to get out there. But once you're out there, you don't have much to deal with it. But it turns out to be the wrong theory. And the theory that actually got evolved in the early part of the 1900s was Einstein's theory of general relativity, which is a theory of gravity. I won't go into any more to say, except what that theory did, was it replaced the gravitational force by something that is the geometry of space and time. I won't go any further than that. It's a lovely theory. And many people still don't believe it, but it's getting to the point where you have to begin to take it very, very seriously. Because things that it predicted are beginning to show up. And that's the first thing I want to show you. Let's see if this plunger thing works. All right. There we go. Good. One of the things that was early on known already in the 1900s was that things could not move faster than the velocity of light. And in Newton's theory, that gravity moves. There is nothing really talked about moving gravity. But the implication is that gravity moves faster than the speed of light. In fact, it moves infinitely fast. You never talked about the fact that if you plucked the sun away from our solar system, that suddenly you would have assumed, if you took Newton's theory right, that the Earth would start going off on a tangent. It doesn't do that. It takes about nine minutes before it does that. And you don't know about the sun disappearing if it was disappearing until nine minutes after it's happened. So there is already a delay in the whole thing. And one of the things that's predicted by Einstein's theory was gravitational waves. Those are things which send gravitational new information around the universe with the speed of light. And here's a picture of a gravitational wave, which I'll show you in a second moving. But there are waves that come from, well, all right, now it's moving. But OK. Look at me for a while.  What it is, it's a transverse wave, just like electromagnetic waves. It's a wave that moves at the velocity of light toward you. And that's what's doing in that picture. It's coming at you. But at the same time, it does its dirty work, transverse to the direction it's moving. So this is what that wave does. If you sprinkle a whole bunch of masses out in space and you're at that red spot right there, this is what it would look like. All the dots, you'll notice two pieces of the pattern that are very important. One piece of the pattern is it looks like things are compressing in one dimension and they are expanding in the other. I hope you see that. The other thing that's going on is that the amount of distance between two dots, like that one and that one, is bigger, the amount of change of motion of those two. The difference between their positions gets bigger than the two that are next to you. And that is the same kind of motion you would get if you pulled on a rubber band, if you put marks on a rubber band. So there are two attributes of this that are important to understand. It stretches space in one dimension, contracts it in the other and that keeps inverting back and forth. And the other thing, it's a field of strain. Change in length divided by length is a constant in that picture. One case is positive and the other case is negative. So how do you then use an instrument to detect this? And that's the next thing I want to talk about. Whoops. Clicker. Okay, good. Don't move it yet. So what this is, a most primitive way of doing it. Imagine that gravitational wave coming down from above and here is a laser. That isn't looking, it looks like a laser but it's supposed to be a laser. And then here is a device that splits light. Light comes out of it, splits light. Half of it will be heading to that mirror. The other half of it will go heading to that mirror. In other words, there's a reflection and then there's a transmission through this that's called a beam splitter. And these are two mirrors that send the light back and here is a photo detector. Okay, let's get this thing moving and here's a light comes out of the laser. Wherever there's light power, it's red but this is the wave, the electric field in the light and watch now what happens. If you make the distances of the beam splitter to these end mirrors identical, you'll see something interesting. No light goes to the photo detector. There's the waves cancel and that's what this picture indicates. Now, if you come down with a gravity wave and stretch space in one dimension and contract it in the other, that's what happens. You will see whenever you disturb that condition of equal times, you will get light to the photo detector. You see what's going on? I hope, please tell me you see what's happening, right? Okay, great. So that is the whole idea of LIGO. There's no more than that. That's the basis of the way it works. In other words, the gravitational wave comes along and it disturbs the condition of no light at the photo detector. That's the basis of it. And then comes along a guy who many of you know, Kip Thorne, who by the way, why do you might know him is because he's the guy who instigated Interstellar, the movie Interstellar. And how many people knew this? I'm just curious, some of you. I mean, he made up the script and he's very, very proud of in the guise of what the introduction of this thing here is actually, he fits right into this place because he wrote a book about him making that movie and he said he made no physics, he had to not compromise on any physics ideas in that movie. Now if you've seen the movie, I didn't understand the movie, to be honest with you. Okay. But it was too complicated for me. Especially in the end, I couldn't. But much of it, but much about Kip will tell you and if you read his book about it, you will see what he had in mind. What he meant is it's not mathematically impossible. In other words, nature didn't choose maybe to go that way. But much of the things in that happen and as we'll see in a minute. Now Kip was in this business of what do gravitational waves look like? Where might they come from for many, many, many years? He's at Caltech and very early on he predicted that if you wanna ever detect a gravitational wave or there had been attempts to try to do this ahead of this when they were failed attempts. But people hadn't done the arithmetic right and know enough about the universe, what's out there and know enough about general relativity, make this prediction. But he said, he told us all, look, if you wanna get in the business you have to look for strains, which is H, which are smaller than 10 to the minus 21. That's a terribly small number. I mean, I hope all of you know 10 powers of 10. Okay. This is not a high school, okay. But the thing is that when you build an instrument that had those mirrors at four kilometers from the beam splitter, the motion that you have to measure is very small. And this I wanna set the context. That strain amounts to about 10 to the minus 18 meters of motion at the end. That's 1,000th the size of a nucleus. That's just very, very difficult to do. And what it turns out to be, and this was a challenge that Kip's calculations threw at us as experimenters. Namely, first of all, if you're gonna try to measure 10 to the minus 18 meters with light, you have to somehow figure out how to use light which is 10 to the minus six meters and get it down to 10 to the minus 18 meters. So you have a factor of 10 to the 12 you gotta deal with just in the measurement of the position of the end of the mirrors with light. So that was another challenge number one. I'll show you how we go at it. Then the other challenge is just as serious, in fact, much harder. And that is even though you might have a wonderful way of measuring the position of the mirrors, you've gotta have a way of stopping the mirrors from shaking. And if they're tied to the ground, you have another factor of 10 to the 12. Why? Because all of us in this room are shaking by about 10 to the minus six meters right now just from the ocean hitting the shore all the time. Okay, add many other things, cars and everything else happening around us. It's probably worse than that. So you had two big factors to make it experiment work. 10 to the minus 12 in two different areas. And that's the next piece of the story. So let's see. But again, this is, you're gonna have to move the slide for me. Okay, this is, I won't go into this detail, but this is the instrument that actually made the measurement. It's schematic of it. I'll walk you through a little of it, not all of it. What you're familiar with is the laser and the beam splitter and the test mass and the test mass. Now all this other stuff is important to get that factor of 10 to the 12. One of the things you do is you put another mirror on each leg and let the bounce, let take the light. It's not a mirror. It's a partially reflecting mirror and it transmits some light. And by doing that, you let the light bounce back and forth, something like 100, maybe 300 times back and forth in this arm, 300 times back and forth in this arm. So you get a big factor of gain out of that already. But that's not all. Okay, you have another thing. When that condition that you, I told you about, when no light goes to the photo detector, the light that comes out of the laser has got to go someplace. Well, what it does, it's very interesting in that picture that I earlier thing didn't show it. The light hits, no light goes this way, but all the light comes back to the laser and that's quite destructive. So that's why there's another mirror right here. And that mirror is again, a partially reflecting mirror. And what it does is it takes the light that comes out of the laser, which now is partially reflected. You don't see that, but it wouldn't. Because it's got a mirror on it, this light will come back, but it takes the light that comes back out of the interferometer. That's what this device is called. And that now comes through this thing and makes those two cancel each other. Just like the light to the detector. So what you've done by doing that is you take, let's say maybe 50 watts of light come out of the laser. Well, no, that's more like 10 right now. Well, 50 now, wait, what's 10 in the early days? That means there's something like several kilowatts of light in this little cavity and there's something like megawatts of light in here. And that's ultimately that business of being able to convert that laser into a megawatt laser with these little tricks is what made it possible. So that's how we got that first factor of 10 to the 12. And the next slide shows the other factor, how you get that. And some of you might be actually interested in this. If you have delicate apparatuses, you might want to use some of the techniques we've developed here, especially if you're doing microscopy and looking at very small things on a table and the table is shaking because the building is shaking. Okay, so there are two ideas. Here's that mirror, but you notice the mirror, this is one of the ideas. You don't just hang the mirror, you're hanging the mirror, but for many, many pendulums. It's just a pendulum. It turns out a pendulum is a wonderful way to isolate the ground motion. So there are four pendulums in series. Here's the ground. That's not the ground, but that's where it's supposed to be. Here's a pendulum hanging from it. And then there's another pendulum hanging from that. And then another pendulum with another object there and finally that very precious mirror. So you have four pendulums in series. That helps a lot. But then you do something which I will only describe to you. It's this complicated looking thing here. You can see this pendulum hanging from it. There it is. And what this gadget is, is up here is something which actually you could use in your own laboratory. And let me just describe it to you. I won't walk you through it. What it does, how many of you know these headphones that cancel noise?  And so what happens is this is the same idea but applied to vibrations. What you do is you have a seismometer. That's a device like that. You can't tell you much. You put it on a platform and then you have pushers in a feedback system that nulls the seismometer. In other words, what you do is you make that platform with a seismometer which is the measure of inertial motion and you make it go to zero by pushing it so you cancel the ground motion. And you do that twice. And that's very effective. And that, by the way, you could, is a very useful thing for semiconductor manufacturing and anybody who wants to make something very tiny not move much in a noisy place. Okay, so let's go on. Okay, so now we have, let me tell you now, and now let me tell you a little about the science. This was the technology. And so there are two LIGO detectors. There's one in the United States. There's one in Hanford, Washington. And another one in Louisiana. There are the two. There's a detector in Italy which is very much like the ones in the United States. That's near PISA. There's a German detector which is not quite as big. It's a research detector. And for the future, since we are gonna talk about the future, there is one being built in Japan, another one being built inside of a mountain. And then there's one being built in India. Those are important and I'll try to motivate that as we go along. Okay, so there are that many detectors. And I wanna show you just what LIGO, the LIGO hit it again so that this becomes a movie. It's a, I give you a little travel log of what it looks like. Just hit the button again. Okay, good, you got it. Watch, this is a site in Louisiana. This is the site in Hanford, Washington. You can see these tubes. This is, these are not bad. This is enclosures, concrete enclosures. This is by the way, Louisiana. Concrete enclosures that are around this vacuum tube which is just like outer space. Very much like the space. This is people's working on a standard laser table. You probably have them right in your own labs here. And this is the control room for the living snow, the LIGO, Louisiana site. And people are learning how to run the instrument. Okay, let's go on. Now, stop right there. This is the first thing we discovered. And this made all the noise about two years ago. And what is it? Let me quickly walk you through this. The top two pictures are a time. This is time going this way. So 0.2 seconds to 0.4. It's about 0.2 seconds. And this is the waveform we saw at Hanford, Washington. This is the waveform we saw at Livingston. Superposed on it is the Hanford waveform. But delayed, and then you'll see. So let's look at this waveform a little bit. This is noise, just junk. That's junk also. There's nothing there, but this is sort of coherent. And something is going on. And then you take those two signals because now you have gravitational waves coming from outer space. They have to do the same thing at the two sites. That was the philosophy of the experiment. And in fact, what you find when you do the analysis of this, it hit Louisiana before it hit Washington. So it tells you that it came from the south, somewhere in the south. That's not very good information for astronomers, but it was very important to us. We now know, and what is it? Well, we'll figure that out in a minute. But they superpose each other. If you move the signals by about seven milliseconds, they sit on top of each other. Here's a theoretical waveform that comes from the Einstein theory with a model I will give you in a minute. It turns out it's two black holes. I might use that water if you want to give it to me. No, you don't have to. You can throw it at me. OK, thank you very much. Hey, thank you. So what is in this picture is that is the theoretical waveforms that come from Einstein with a model you'll see in a minute. This is the real waveforms. And this is the residual between the theoretical one and the actual data. It looks pretty white. There's not much there. So you've got a pretty good match between the theory of what this is and the signal itself. And this, we're going to see again in other guises, so I better describe it. This is a spectrum. In other words, it's frequency. And this is the frequency. This is time. And this is the colors tell you where the frequency, for example, starting at about 30 hertz, up to about middle C, 256. There's this sweeping thing that goes whoop, just like that. And it's about the same in both sites, not exactly, because the noise is different than two sites. And you'll see pictures that I get again. And so what is it? So let me try this clicker. Yeah, wonderful. It worked. So this is what we think this is. What we thought it was, it was two black holes. And nobody knew that people knew about black holes. But we were hoping there would be black holes living together.  We didn't know that. And there are two of them. They're going around each other. The waveform is not to a filter. They're saying that's why it looks a little different. This is the actual waveform of these versus, again, time. This is the strain. And here is what's happening. This is getting closer. And you notice the frequency is changing as they get closer. And all of a sudden, these two black holes get really close. And this signal you absolutely can't do by analysis with. Analytically, you have to use computer solutions of the Einstein equations to be able to do this.  But you don't get all the mass that you had in these two masses. Some of that mass gets radiated away as gravitational waves, as we'll see in a minute. So here's some sort of gee whiz numbers that go with this. For example, I think I'll only use one of them. You look at this green line. And this is this green line is the relative velocity of these two guys. And this is the velocity of light. 0.3, the velocity of light, sort of out there. And by the time they hit each other, they're going, these are massive things, 30 solar masses. And they're smashing into each other at about 0.6, the velocity of light. It's an unbelievable collision. I mean, and we'll talk a little more about that. So that's what we saw. And so now here's, we saw more of them. And otherwise, we really wouldn't have believed this. And here are the dates I don't want to go into. You can, well, you can figure it out for yourself. These are years, and these are months, and days, and month. So here's that one we just saw. This is now the strain again. And this is time. And we saw four of these guys. This was the first one we saw. Then we saw one we're not quite so sure of. And this one, completely different. And you'll see why they're different over here. They have different masses. This was one mass was 36 solar masses and 29. And three masses disappeared off into gravitational waves. Here in this one, it's much lighter. 14 solar masses, seven solar masses are the two. And they only one mass, solar mass, disappeared off into gravitational waves. So this is what we knew until last August. But let me say, there's a few more things to say before that. What we were not good at is telling an astronomer where it was in the sky that these things existed. In other words, that was a real problem. We have no way of taking these detectors and pointing them. It's not like a real telescope. So we only can tell where things are by differences in time. I don't understand that clock. I have to tell you, OK? That says I have 10 minutes left, which is good. I'm fine. I can do it. But so these are sort of, this is a picture of the sky. If you made it, here's one end of the sky all the way, the other east, west, north, south. And these giant bananas are the sort of uncertainty circles you get from the timing. And that's crummy. You can't go to an astronomer and say, find something that is half the sky. You can't do that. They won't know what to do with it. And so there was a very important event that just happened last year in August, the 14th of August, in fact. And the other detector, this was Virgo. This is the one Italy also saw the black hole.  But here's the important thing I want to show you. Here are these waveforms. And this is, I've forgotten. This is Hanford. This is Livingston. That's Louisiana. That's Washington state. And this is Italy. It's not quite as good. The detector is not yet fully tuned up, but they were able to see it. And by doing that, you could take a sky picture, which this would be LIGO alone, those two detectors. And here you add Virgo to it. And you can now make the error circle much smaller. This is thousands of square degrees. And that is hundreds of square degrees. That's a little better. Remember, the moon is one quarter of a degree. So it won 16th of a square degree. So you're not doing it. You're telling astronomers it's still much bigger than the moon. But still, it's a great deal of progress. And that's the reason, as you'll see in a minute, why we want more detectors. And so let's go on. Here is sort of the zoo of ones we've seen. I think I'm not going to dwell on this very hard. This is just a nice picture showing you the black holes that people knew about. And these are the black holes now that we have discovered with this new technique. I'd like to go to the next slide. Here, this is the next spectacular thing that happened to us. It turned out August of 17 was the most dramatic year and the most dramatic month for gravitational wave detection. But that's what we saw. This is another event. And this event is a completely different thing. Here, the only way we can really show it to you is here is its time series. This is time. This is the strain. And look what does. It goes whoop, like that. Well, a really nice long, like a glissando on the piano. Really lasts, I mean, for 10 seconds. And what was done is it turned out there was a satellite, an x-ray and a gamma ray satellite called Fermi, up in the sky. And they saw something 1.7 seconds after the endpoint when these two whatever objects they were, they crashed into each other. Well, once we saw that, we knew we were not looking at black holes anymore. We were looking at something called two neutron stars. These are stars the size of the sun made entirely of nuclear matter. And they were discovered back by Jocelyn Bell and, well, Jocelyn Bell discovered them. She never got the Nobel Prize for it, which is most unfortunate. But she was a graduate student at the time and she was the one who discovered the pulsars. And that's what this is. And she found that. So what we now have found is two neutron stars doing the same thing, going around each other. And they smashed into each other. And the interesting thing that came of it, we knew that might happen, is that it was seen as an electromagnetic pulse, a gamma ray burst. A little bit after, and this is one instrument on the Fermi satellite, that's another one. And there's another satellite, which you also saw it, it's a little bit not as well seen. That was dramatic. And what this did is it gave, and Virgo, didn't see it, but for complicated reasons, even though it didn't see it, it gave us position information. I'll answer that if there are questions. It's too complicated to explain in the few minutes that I have left. And so what happens is that here is sort of the, this is the error circle in the sky that comes from the Fermi measurement. This is the, yeah, this one is the error circle that comes from the two LIGO detectors. And here, oh, I'm sorry, I lied to you. There are two versions of the, the smallest error circle came from another instrument. Smaller of the electromagnetic ones came from Fermi on this big circle here. But this is the LIGO uncertainty in position in the sky. And then when you add Virgo, not seeing it, it turns out, then that's it, you get this tiny little circle. And now it turns out, as soon as people had this information and we send it out right away as a telegram, people with real telescopes were able to look at it and they looked at a galaxy called NGC 4493. It's just another of zillions of galaxies. And what they had pictures of, what was going on around that galaxy is two months ahead of that. And you can see this pattern, there's the galaxy and there are these stars. And then here it is, there's a new thing that showed up right there. And that's this neutron star collision. And that then started a avalanche of electromagnetic, electromagnetic. I won't, you can't read this slide. The intent of this slide is just to show you that people in all different gamma rays, x-rays, UV, optical, infrared, radio, all of this is a timeline, all began to focus on this thing. And they learned an incredible bunch of stuff from this. And this is one of the things they learned. They learned what it was. They learned that it was a thing which is called now a hypernova. And what is it? It's like a supernova, but it's two stars, these two stars colliding. There they are.  And putting these two neutron stars together and smushing all that nuclear matter together makes the thing that's too heavy.  And that black hole emits a gamma ray burst, but we were not looking at the people in the satellite. We're not looking directly at the gamma ray burst. They were looking at an angle. We now know that. And here is the debris that came from this collision. And the debris from that collision made, and this is a very nice story. It made, we now know because of this one event and all the follow-up measurements that were made, we now know where all the heavy elements are made in the universe. Up to now, we know hydrogen started with a big bang.  And then we got a little bit of brilliant, all those light things in the periodic table. We got lithium, but you got stopped at boron. You can't make any heavier thing than boron. People realized that you could make those in stars. So supernova became the culprits that made all the things up to iron. But people couldn't figure out where gold came from. Or platinum, or uranium came from, and now we know. And it comes from neutron star collisions all over the universe. So that was a big discovery. And the other thing that was nice, I think I'm gonna go on, this is something which you can do cosmology with this.  There are many, many other sources that we can look at, and we will once we get back into business and running. But I wanna give you a little feel for where we're heading so that you have an idea where the field is going. And here's the first thing. This is what I already anticipated for you. These are these sort of error circles on the sky that you get if you have Hanford, Livingston, and Virgo. Virgo is the Italian detector. And you can see these bananas all over the sky. And you can improve the detectors a little bit, and that's what this is, a little improvement, a little improvement just in those detectors. But you add India to that, and boy, look what happens. All these error circles turn to the things the whole of the size of the moon. And you can really begin to do what's called multi-messenger astronomy. And that's the reason we want to have more detectors on the ground than people have recognized that now. The other thing is, and this is a curve I'm not gonna describe, but you can get the spirit of it right off. What this is is noise, and this is frequency. And so you identify a point. For example, the place where we were operating with LIGO to make this detection is this line right there, that purple line. And that purple line is where we were about a year ago in terms of our sensitivity. The place where we ought to be, this is the design sensitivity, is a little better. Going down in this curve is better. This is, every one of these things is a factor of 10. So we have, first of all, got to get to design. That's our biggest challenge right now. But there are already many, many ideas of how to go another factor of three. And another factor of three. And then there are ideas in the world, both in Europe and in the United States, of making completely different gravitational wave detectors on the ground that could get you another factor of about 10. And with that, you could look at the whole universe. Here's sort of a picture. The whole universe in black holes, all the way to the beginning of the formation of stars. That's sort of a redshift, if you know what that is, all back to about a Z of 20. And that's not back to the Big Bang. That's something else. But it's back to the very first star production. And that would be fascinating. So there is a huge movement for making bigger, better detectors, now that the field has started. And here is my last slide. And I want to talk a little about what the real future looks like. So what this is, and I'll be a little more careful with this one, is that this is frequency of the gravitational waves. Over here is 10 to the 4 hertz. And this is LIGO's domain. And here is the strain. So LIGO and all the ground-based things are sort of good between 10 hertz to about 10 kilohertz. It's the audio band, in effect. And between strains of 10 to minus 20 to 10 to minus 25. It turns out there's a very important space project. And since you're celebrating space, this is about as old as LIGO, invented about the same time. And what it is is to do this whole thing in space. It's called LISA, laser interferometer space antenna. And that is three satellites in orbit around the sun, just like the Earth is, but with a length of the arms of 10 to the 6 kilometers. And that's where they get their sensitivity.  They're going to see plane stars interact with each other. Another experiment that's already going on, but at periods of frequencies of 10 to minus 12 hertz, but let's say, frequent periods of years, is to look at pulsars. Just use all the pulsars that you were given. And they're fast ones, and they pulse. And if you look in the northern sky, you look in the southern sky, and you'll notice as a gravitational wave comes through our galaxy, it changes the rate at which the pulsars pulse. And if you look north and south, that they'll go a little faster, let's say. And if you look east and west, all those will go a little slower. And that experiment is going on right now as a radio astronomy experiment. And to me, the one that I'm really looking forward to is this one. That experiment's been going on for a while. This is to look at the cosmic background radiation, which is the radiation that associated the Big Bang, and look at structure in the Big Bang to see if there were primeval gravitational waves. And that's most exciting, because we expect that there are some. What were the gravitational waves that associated the formation of the universe? That is a spectacular question. Thank you. Now, how does it work? You take questions? Who's the shamans here? Is there a shamans for this place?  How does it work? You answer questions or you do that later? Let's take two questions from the audience. It's up to you. It's your schedule. Two questions? OK. We can't let you leave without a question. Pick the person. Let's see. Anybody interested? And I see the back in the hand. Yes, that's easy. You can do it yourself. No, that's real easy. You can get the masses from the Newtonian part of those orbits. What you do is just forget about Einstein, except for one thing. You need to know something called the quadrupole formula, which is the amount of energy that is taken away by gravitational waves due to the motion. That's a simple formula. And add that to your Newtonian description of the motion. And you will get then, with that together, you will be able to solve for both masses in those problems. And you will also solve for the energy that is at least emitted before it gets to the near the velocity of light. When it gets to the point where they're making the black hole, you've got to use general relativity. But that's the way you make your first guess. You do a Newtonian calculation. You calculate the masses from that. And knowing how much radiation is emitted from the quadrupole formula, which is a formula that is an approximation formula that comes out of general relativity. That's how it's done. See another hand?  Well, wait a minute. Ask it again. What about gravitational waves being the same? Can be nullified. You mean, can they be canceled? Sure they can, but that's a very, very unlikely thing. Let me just, can I? Yes, please. Let me say, gravitational waves are extremely I didn't point out because it's a limited time. The amount of energy carried by the gravitational waves is unbelievable. If you took and put that pair of events, the first event we saw, and put it at the position of the sun, the strain that you would experience here on the earth would be 10 to the minus 6, which is zilch. Your body being stretched by a part of a million, you wouldn't even notice it. But 10 to the 25 watts per meter squared is going through you. That's a huge number. The sun puts out a kilowatt per meter squared of light and all electromagnetic. So it's a very, very hard to squeeze space. It's also extremely hard to bend, push, or scatter gravitational waves. So with gravitational waves, you can look all the way to the beginning of the universe. Nothing gets touched. I mean, I'm exaggerating a little bit, but you do not have to worry about scattering, which means that there are no sources around that you will have. If you have two comparable sources, they will cancel each other just like any wave will. But it's so unlikely that what we're seeing is we're seeing it. And that's one of the important parts of this field. You're looking right at what's happening in nature without any disturbance of scattering or interference or scattering of any kind. It's free. That's what makes this such an interesting field. And I'm waiting for a supernova to happen. We'll find out finally what goes on in the supernova. Anyway, thanks. Yeah.


Thanks for tuning back into the channel today right here with the Rust Belt Mechanic. So today we've got something extra special for you guys. We've got the new 2020 Jeep Gladiator. Now you guys might be asking, why am I going to be reviewing a sport model? So this model is not the most baseline model that you guys can find, it is actually going to be kind of a midline model. Now 90%, I would say of most Americans are going to be seeing this one, getting this one, buying it, upgrading it, doing everything to it, because this is going to be the one that's going to be in the best price range for you guys. Let's go over and take a look at the window sticker just to see why. Now I know it's going to be kind of hard to see, and yes here I am in the reflection of the mirror, but you guys can see right here at $44,860. This thing is going to be kind of a midline price as you see. The baseline price right here is going to be at $33,545, 4x4 offset, 3.6L V6 with the 8-speed automatic.   You guys want to see these things, how they're going to act, how they're going to perform based on the technical aspect of it. I know not everybody is just a driver and they take their car to the mechanic and just, I don't want to see under the hood, I just want to put fuel in it and go. No, this is going to be for you guys who actually want to see how this thing works and what I think you guys are going to run into down the road is in the way of serviceability. I'm going to go over some of the things on what I think about the styling options, how you guys are going to be able to work on this thing after it gets out of your warranty period. So let's go in and I think we're going to check out the interior first off. Now first things first, in the way of the key fob, you guys are going to have this standard, what would be a Jeep Wrangler key fob for the Gladiator, does say Jeep there on the back, has a switch blade for the door, and it has all your buttons here on the front. The other side to this one is going to be that it's pretty expensive. If you guys lose one of these, don't have a warranty or a, you know, an option to be able to replace these in your wheel, tire, and key package, then you're going to be looking at well over 200 bucks, 300 bucks to be able to get these things replaced. So keep that one in mind. You don't physically actually use the key portion of it to start the vehicle.  It's going to use the sense of the key inside the vehicle, push button start, pretty simple. Now one of the things that I liked absolutely most about this Jeep is it doesn't quite feel like a Jeep when I get into it. The biggest things I hated about Wranglers for the longest time was, I'm a big dude, like I'm not going to lie about it, is the tightness of the cockpit area. The tightness in the leg room, the actual shifter area is pretty tight and I didn't like that I didn't have any forward leg room. I'm six foot four big guy Wranglers just want my thing. Now, if I go to get into this thing, it's going to be quite a bit different. Very nice. I do sit all the way back. I do have the seat all the way back here in this one, but I don't feel as cramped as I did before in a Wrangler. It does have that nice arm position before the Wranglers. They were up slightly higher. So it didn't feel like you had enough arm space as well as the actual visibility area. So the actual driver's position is something I feel that they gave you just a little bit more room in this one. Now, one of the styling bits that I did like that they pulled from the trucks is going to be the storage here in the rear. The 6040 split here, or 6633 split, you're going to be able to lift up the bottom portion. It'll hold itself up and you've got all that storage underneath. Both sides will lift up there. And then the rear headrests, they also fold down for more visibility for the driver or whatnot. They're in the back one button to be able to push to be able to fold those down. Nice and easy. Now another thing here into the passenger compartment, we see that we kept the Wrangler speakers here in the bar above everyone. Both speakers right there. And then we've got LED lights built on to the inside. And then the top, it's going to work like just every single other Wrangler. It's going to have the removal of all the Targas in the front, clamps right there, clamps in the middle. And the two Targas are going to be able to, or I should say freedom tops, should be able to be lifted off. Nice and easy. Now the thing that I do like also is that the rest of the top is very easy to take off. It's going to be a lot lighter thanks to the size of it. And you're not going to require four or five guys to have to take this top off and lay it down and put it someplace else. Now the back seat guys, if you guys were wondering, I'm 6'4 still and I don't fit in the back of it. Wrangler back seats are Wrangler back seats that can give you any more room. You guys aren't going to be winning any awards like the Ram 1500 for the most cab space and the back seat space and leg room. No, it's still Wrangler. Still not much room in the back. The front interior and styling, we don't have to really go into depth about because if you guys have seen a Jeep Wrangler JL, you have seen this interior. All of it is pulled right from the Wrangler. It doesn't have any kind of specialty little devices or anything like that. It's just all from the Wrangler. The other thing that you might see is right here on the actual steering handle, you're going to see it's got the gladiator symbol on the top of that one. So other than that, nothing really fancy. You guys can see also, you do have your standard auxiliary port buttons, which when we go over under the hood, when we get back to the shop, we'll explain how you guys are going to be hooking that one up as an upfitter if you guys want to add on those extra accessories. The thing I do like about this one, optioned as it is, it does have heated seats. It does have heated steering wheel. It is claw, so it's still nice interior. It does have the larger radio. So at the price point, you guys are still getting a lot of those amenities that you really want. That's another reason why I ended up choosing this sport gladiator to be able to do the review on because you guys, when you guys purchase these, you guys have in mind that you guys are going to want to do all kinds of extra add-ons, upfits, lift, wheels, tires, all those kind of fun things that everybody in the Jeep life likes to enjoy. So buying something that is middle of the road like this, where there's not a whole lot of extra things on the outside, you guys are still able to put all of your upfitted goodies on, but you still feel like you get some of those extra amenities, the power locks, power mirrors. You guys are getting the heated seats, heated steering wheel, spray-in bed liner, big plus for this one. Let's actually go over and take a look at the bed. The bed on this is one of the big selling points for me. Nice LED lights and what I really like about it is the utility version of it. This bedside is not super high, like a 1500 that even me as a six-foot-four guy, I'm able to walk up here, reach over, and I'm able to touch the bottom of this palm down on the bottom of the bed. So still accessible for even shorter people, taller people, you guys are gonna have full access to the entire bed on this one. So one of the big pluses to the Gladiator. Well guys, enough of my ramblings, let's get this thing back to the shops where you can get this thing up onto a lift so you guys can see all of the technical aspects, the mechanical things, and we'll even get it up on the lift so you guys can see underneath and how this thing's put together as well as the serviceability of just about everything. Now we're gonna get to the part that you guys really came here to see. We're gonna check out under the hood, see what kind of things I can point out to you guys, and then we're gonna put it up in the air and see what it looks like underneath, give you guys a perspective on what you guys are gonna look for in the mechanical aspect of it and maybe after this thing's out of warranty or you guys are wanting to modify it, what kind of things you guys are gonna be looking for. Now with standard Jeep tradition, you're still gonna have your standard wrangler hood clips here and the hood prop that comes from the top down. Looking in under the hood here, we've got the 3.6 liter standard Chrysler PenaStar engine, which is a good thing. Yes, these things do come with a two liter direct injected turbocharged option, which I have gotten the chance to drive in the standard wranglers and they are pretty peppy, but I'm not sure if I trust the technology in those quite yet, whereas these 3.6 liters, they're pretty tried and true and we just don't have that many issues with them on the newer engines that we have right here. Now this is the upgraded version, the newest 3.6 liter engine that Chrysler's put out, so the only downside that that one has compared to the older 3.6 is EGR. This one does have an EGR cooler, it has an EGR valve, it doesn't just take the straight exhaust gases and pump them through the valve into the intake. No, it's got a cooler to keep those gases cool as well. Everything on here seems pretty simple on the way of serviceability.  The only thing that I don't like, which is kind of standard with the wranglers is the air box. To be able to get access to that, you have to take the screws out, as well as the two 10 millimeter bolts for the inlet tube right here because this one just does not give you enough room to get that air filter out. So we've got that one, battery is pretty easy, jump cables, very easy to access all of that, all of your fuse panel right there, super simple to get to. Now for all of you guys who want to utilize those auxiliary buttons inside of the vehicle, Chrysler made it super simple to be able to use those. Right down here in the harness, which comes right out of this tip of mine here, is gonna be a harness that is just taped back with four wires into it. Two of them are gonna be a smaller, like 20 gauge and two of them are gonna be a little bit larger, like 14, 16 gauge wire. It's gonna be two different amperage outputs, four two different styles of outputs. Say if you guys want to put a winch on it, you use the bigger amperage ones or if you guys wanted to put small LED light cubes or something, you guys would use the smaller ones. They make them super easy to access if you guys wanted to put relays in line with it. These are gonna be the activation wires that they will put out 12 volts from all four of those wires when they are selected inside on the dash. Looking in here, if we're looking at the standard serpentine belt and other services, kind of a pain in the butt when it comes to serpentine belts, but not any different from the other 3.6 liters in the Wranglers. You've got the rear words facing alternator, which for saving some kind of room, I guess, it is what it is. It makes it kind of a pain, but servicing the alternator is pretty simple. In the way of 3.6 liter engines, this one is a little bit harder to work on compared to the vans or the rams that just have a ton of extra room. All of this battery and the fuel and all these coolant hoses that kind of wrap over everything, make it a little bit harder when it comes to service down the road. Now that's gonna be a couple of years down the road. We're talking later when you're having intake or you're having to do spark plugs, service like that, you're still gonna be looking at about a two and a half hour service when it comes to spark plugs or anything simple along those lines that you would think would be simple. This side is gonna be pretty easy to access, but this side with the intake plumb, going over that, the EGR valve, the EGR cooler that you guys are gonna have to take off, it's gonna be a little bit harder. So anything that has to do on this side of the engine, just plan on an extra two and a half hours of labor in on that. As far as air conditioning, this vehicle does utilize the new 1234 YF, runs at just over a pound of freon, so not a really large amount, not a really big system because it still is pretty much a standard Wrangler cab. ECM, all these electrical things are pretty easy and accessible. Harness looks like it's really well-routed, coolant tubes aren't in the way of a whole lot, fuel lines, they seem like they're pretty well put out of the way, but still have some access to the normal testing points. Our EVAP system right here has some testing points, I'm sorry, this is the vacuum system to be able to have good testing points to that. Coolant reservoir bottle, easily accessible, looks like it's pretty easy to remove with the brackets that go up to the firewall in that area. The other lines here for the AC kind of run in along here to the front, and it looks like these lines are gonna be going down to your condenser right here, down to the front end. Standard Jeep Wrangler front end, where once you take out these top clips, this whole front grille assembly is just gonna pop out like a standard 2018 Wrangler. Easy for upfits, easy for doing your guys' custom grills, custom front ends. I do like the bumper, they do make a nice little addition there, and I like that they had these all one piece. From this point down, and the bumper all the way across, is one section right there. So for you guys who are wanting to do aftermarket bumpers, all one area, nice and easy to access. And what does that mean? That means there is gonna be a ton of room for bigger wheels and tires. Yeah, these are just the factory standard aluminum ones, but these will get you by for what you're kinda looking at, but what I can see right away is there's gonna be a whole lot of guys throwing forties with not really big lift kits on them. Once you get rid of that front bumper, which seems to be the closest point to the tire, you guys are gonna be able to fit some pretty large tires on here. Now let's move our way to the back section, see how much room that we have here in these rear wheel wells. Just about as much room as we have in the rear of the front wheel well, quite a bit of room. They don't make the issue like GM doesn't make more of the box wheel wells. They are pretty easy, pretty accessible. All of your suspension stuff is well out of the way, so it looks like you guys are gonna be able to get pretty dished wheels inside these. So I have a feeling we're gonna see some big old stance jeeps coming out here really soon. They made it pretty easy for the guys to be able to do that. The biggest thing that I do not like about this jeep is how the top was engineered. I think that this is probably the worst design that this Jeep has to it, or I'm sorry, Gladiator has to it. I think if they would have gone along more with the RAM styling, a little bit more of the boxy edge to the rear of the cab, I think it would have looked a little bit more aggressive and I think it would have followed the body lines a lot better and a lot easier. You see how this rear tail here comes out and it's real boxed off, boxed in. Everything seems to have really nice bold edges, but once you get to that top, it's really kind of a faint turning. It just flows into each other, but I'm not a big fan of that. I think it could have looked a little bit more aggressive. I think it would have changed just the look of it, just that little bit to give it just that extra little bit of oomph to it. I think that's just the softest part of the Jeep right there. Now going in here to the rear of the Jeep, we've got the stuff that I really do like is the tailgate, how they integrated everything into it and left nothing up here onto the removable top.  Your third brake build in here, your rear view camera build into there, nice right there in the middle. I think it would have been a better styling issue if they, or a styling point, if they would have just put it into the rear handle area rather than sticking it in the middle of the Jeep logo. I don't know, not really that big of a fan of that one. The tailgate is a really cool one because I like that it does this. Easy opening tailgate standard, really nice. This one being the upgraded sport model. I like how it has the already done sprayed in bed liner for the price point of this particular Jeep. I think that is a must for the guys who are gonna use this Jeep.  That's what the guys need it for. LED lights built into the bed right there and everything has got utility in mind. It's got extra access points up here. You'll be able to put hooks or anything. It's got the standard D hooks already built into the lower corners of it and the hooks already right here in the corners in the rear. Seven pin as well as four pin for your trailer hookups, really nice as well as the standard big old Jeep hook to be able to hook on anything you guys need. I also did not like the rear tail lights. They said, oh, it's a Jeep thing. They like how, you know, the Jeep tail lights look but personally look how much these things stick out. How much those things stick out from the corner. I think that is absolutely tacky and was very, very unnecessary. I think that they're gonna be really easily serviceable. You know, that's cool for that one.  Nope, not at all, not a fan. Fuel door here on the driver's side. I think they did a great job with that. Not putting it into the cab portion of it. They left it on the bed.  Just standard push, it pops itself out and there's your cab area. I don't like that one. Nice, easy, simple, flows into the design.  I don't like the guys who, you know, have those big old chrome fuel caps sticking out there. I like that this is all flowed into the bed. All right, enough chitty chatting about this outside stuff, let's get this thing lifted up into the air.   I guess it's supposed to be a protective panel but in all honesty, tiny thin plastic, not gonna protect anything. If it was an actual skid plate, I could see some people leaving it but aside from that, it's still pretty much a Wrangler so they're gonna get rid of that to be able to see some of the cool suspension parts they put onto it. Front end, we're going standard Wrangler here. It looks like we've got a Dana front end inner, standard upper and lower ball joints, no control arms on the outside. We have the standard four-link control arms right here, the standard lower that a Wrangler has as well as the bar style upper. You get a look at there, the bar style uppers. See over here on this side, our standard four-link suspension. So standard for what a Wrangler's used to. Brakes are about the same size. The actual dampener here for the steering looks a little bit more beefed up and that could be due to the issues that the JLs were having having that depth wobble. This steering though, this is some beefy stuff. These steering bars that go across here, the track bars, they are pretty heavy duty. It goes over here to this little bracket and then your upper one, standard ball joint style. And going up here to the top, we've got a standard gearbox up in that area as well as the adjustment screw. Alignments on these things are gonna be pretty easy to do, just a standard Wrangler alignment. Pretty easy, most technicians are gonna love those. Going on to the engine and transmission. The bottom of this 3.6 liter is super easy to get a hold of everything underneath of here. Cranks, chat position sensors, super easy to get to. Starter, pretty simple to get to. Looks like they just got about a coolant line in the way but not too horrible. I don't know what's up with this goofy little tuba horn here that they've got going with the exhaust, probably to keep the back pressure equal on both sides because the passenger side tube is a lot longer and so they're just going straight down, they're gonna have this big old tuba horn looping around to be able to get to that area where then it goes into a single Y pipe right there on the driver's side. In the way of room to work and look at everything, everything here on the bottom side is very open. I can stick my big old pawls pretty much right into just about any area underneath the vehicle here. The motor mounts, they're not standard stiff polyurethane bushings or anything like that. They are gonna be the gel filled style motor mounts on both sides, hopefully keeping the engine noise and vibrations down quite a bit but everything here is super accessible, able to get my hands and arms in just about every area that I would really think about needing to get it into here in the front end.  Nope, they don't make it anything like that. I see that they've got 12 point bolts here for the backside of the hubs, standard looking hubs to be able to get out.   We can see it's tucked way up in here, up in that area.  Looks like it's gonna be accessible from the top side but all of the accessory belt drive stuff is pretty tight so they left that one electric and all of the power steering lines are actually going here across the front member to the gearbox. Brake lines are well out of the way, brakes are easily serviceable, ball joints look like they'll be easily serviceable just like standard Wrangler stuff.  And in the way of transmission you've got an eight speed transmission. Doesn't have the plastic pan like a lot of the other eight speeds had with the actual filter built into the pan so we've got a different designed eight speed on the bottom side of it. Still has the cooler mounted to the side with the pretty accessible lines to it. I'm actually kind of impressed that they made those a lot easier to get to than a lot of the other eight speeds. Going back, we've got a well protected fuel tank, all steel encased, even up to the sides of it. Steel all the way up the side so this thing is super well encased, big fuel tank going all the way back. Now we're gonna turn around and go the other direction here and look forward because this drive shaft is something different. Here we've got the CV joint, we've got a carrier bearing, so it's more of a two piece and then this other CV joint here in the front with this tiny, which looks like about one and a half inch diameter on this drive shaft. I see you guys blowing these things out really, really quick. That's probably gonna be one of the quickest things that's gonna be upgraded in the aftermarket world, maybe going to a one piece drive shaft, possibly if they can get enough room but looks like it's hugging this tank pretty good. Transfer case, everything seems really accessible on that one. They put a whole lot of nice guards here underneath. Rot guards is standard here on this version of it. All the service abilities seem super accessible and then all of your cables coming through the floor also really accessible to get to everything that you need to. Exhaust system, big BV to make everything super quiet just like every other one of these newer vehicles. We got a little pre-muffler and a gigantic muffler tucked up in the bed area and then looking back we're gonna go through all this big old fancy new suspension in the rear. Now here in the rear end, it's like the love child between the Wrangler and say like a Ram 1500. Yes, we still kept our Dana rear differential but we went to more of a Dodge Ram style suspension. We've got the four-link suspension. Yes, I knew Wrangler still had that but the geometry of it when where it's mounted looks a lot like a truck. This thing went to a lot beefier suspension parts, the control arms, all steel design, a lot bigger bushings to go along with it. Like I said, reminds you of more of a heavier duty thing like a 1500 truck. The rear shocks are also pretty heavy duty as well. Springs and everything, they're gonna be in standard mounting points just like you would see normally on another Wrangler. They do lift them up a little bit higher to be above the brackets for the control arms. Looking over here to the other side. The other thing I do like is the fact that they made all of your emissions related systems. The canister and the ESIM switch which is also something that is known to go out for Chrysler vehicles, super accessible, easy to get to all of your fuel lines and evaporative lines are right here. They come off super easy as well, easy to get to. Here we are, brakes on the rear, have a look at those. Looks like 10 millimeters to take off the calipers and about 18s to take off the caliper brackets.  They give you a lot of brake hose here for a lot of rear suspension travel. It's almost like they want you guys to lift this thing right off the bat. I wonder how many guys will be doing that right away. It's gonna happen. Track bar on this thing mounted really high on the differential off the case. The bracket is welded onto here. It's not bolted on going across. About the standard size bushings that you would see on a normal Wrangler. And then we get into our spare tire. Everything is mounted up underneath of here just like a standard truck would be mounted to be able to get to that spare tire. The access for the spare tire is also through the rear end. It's got a jack that's a screw jack that just lowers that rear spare tire. The other thing that I was more surprised about was the exhaust out here in the rear. One of the things that Chrysler has really kind of wanted to do in a lot of their vehicles was to stylize the exhaust outputs, put these fake dampers and fake exhaust ports into the rear of the vehicle. This one, they said, no thrills, no extra frilly things, and we're just gonna dump it right out here out the back.  You're not even gonna see the dump out on the exhaust. So the exhaust clamps and hangers, very easy to get to. Nothing fancy there if you guys are wanting to change the exhaust in any way. Tons and tons and tons of room to be able to get it out because just like anybody else in America, one of the first things you change is gonna be exhaust. So very easy to get out. It does split right here at the middle. There's a clamp right here in the middle of everything that things will probably be splitting from just behind where all of that exhaust comes to a Y. So for the technical and serviceability of the Gladiator here, I'm gonna have to give this one a nine out of 10. That's just because everything is super easily accessible. You guys are able to get to it, it's super nice. The other parts and everything that it comes with, like I said, it kind of sucks that it's the newer engine that has EGR cooler, all those extra lines to it. And the fact that it is a Wrangler, the engine is a little bit harder to work on, but they make up for it with everything underneath of the vehicle. Really easy to get to everything. All of your modification points that everybody's normally gonna be wanting to do in the way it wheels, tires, suspension. Also gonna be right there easy to get to as well. Lots of manufacturers I see really soon coming out with a whole lot of up-fit options for these. You're gonna be able to do bigger tires, bigger suspension, fit a whole lot of stuff underneath of this really easily. Well boys and girls, that's about all I've got for you today for this review. Hopefully you guys learned something about the actual Jeep Gladiator coming out with it, getting to know some of the technical aspects as well as some of the serviceability of the things that you guys will be looking for down the road. Now, make sure you guys hit the subscribe button as well. I come out with cool, awesome content and I think I'm gonna be coming out with more content on newer vehicles just like this one to give you guys an idea from the technical and from the mechanical aspect just like me to be able to get in and actually work on this vehicle seeing the ins and outs of it and be able to look forward as you guys own these vehicles as well, what you're gonna look for after this thing comes out of warranty. Also turn on that bell notification so you guys get notified when I come out with cool, awesome content. I'm gonna be coming out with a lot more tool content as well here coming up soon. Me and SP Tools have been working together a bunch and I'm gonna be getting a lot more tools to be able to get you guys some of those newer tools to the market, SP Tools is newer here in the States and they're wanting to get their name out there. So I'm getting a hold of quite a few more things. You guys saw the toolbox, you guys saw some of the ratchet wrenches that have come out. So we've got a lot more of those tools coming your way as well as Duramax content all the time.  Hopefully we are getting some really big sponsors for some big portions of the build both in the engine bay, some more as well as inside the vehicle, maybe some seat builds too. Make sure you guys stay tuned for that one. Thank you very much for tuning in today. I appreciate it. And as always, you guys stay awesome.


River State Governor Yesamuike has said the state has obtained intelligent reports that some misguided politicians have started recruiting courtes, ex-convict and thugs in fordants of geopolitical aspirations for 2023. The governor said the state's government is aware that owners of hotels and entertainment centers are in the process of giving out their premises to politicians and political parties as a convenient base for the gathering of these political thugs across the state. Governor Wike in a state broadcast on Sunday emphasized that the state government is not taking intelligent reports at its disposal lightly and will therefore not allow any politician, no matter his previous or present position, the chance or opportunity to upset the prevailing peace and security in river states.