Hello, thank you for joining me. I've just come out for a drive in my larder today And I've parked here under this very nice golden oak tree at Pains Hill Park in Surrey And in today's video, we're going to go and explore some of the finest 18th century gardens there is to see This is the River Mole. I featured the River Mole before in my videos when we went to the Chantley Heave Semaphore Tower. That's just along the river from here The River Mole plays quite a key part in part of these gardens which we're visiting today So they were designed by Charles Hamilton. Now Charles Hamilton, he was born in Dublin He'd been on a grand tour of Europe and then he eventually came here to Surrey where he set up his Gardens as I mentioned. These are some of the finest 18th century gardens. Now as we turn a corner here We come to the lake which the River Mole feeds I'm looking across there. We can see a ruin, but it's not really a ruin It's known as the Abbey. Now I've been to Verricks ruined Abbey's on my videos before but the funny thing is this was built as a ruin It's a romantic ruin. So it's a folly really and we're going to see plenty of follies in today's videos Of course right now we've got a lake to cross. So what we're going to do? I'm going to follow this path around the lake Enjoy the vistas across at some of these follies They're going to gradually start to reveal themselves and then later on in the video Somehow we'll end up over there and we'll go and explore the folly So let's go and do a do a bit of a tour around the world, but without leaving Surrey Having come further down the lake see some of the bridges start to reveal themselves. There's a Chinese bridge over there And then over there it looks quite exciting. There's some grottoes and then that is the Willock Bridge So what I'm going to do my plan is to basically completely circumnavigate the lake and then come over the hill past the abbey and then we'll make a way across those islands and then Further into the estate. I've now pretty much circumnavigated the lake Just through the trees there is the Gothic temple and we'll go and have a proper look at that in a minute But first we're going to go into the hill Looking like a tunnel here. This is the ice house. It's quite common Most of the states do have an ice house. So you're walking into here. I know it's getting a bit dark But there's a light luckily. Let's come on. So I'll let you have a look Just see so first you don't want ice house is they'll take an ice off the lake in the winter kept in here And it was basically their fridge. We haven't we got there yet, but we'll find on the other side this hill There was a vineyard. I actually grew grapes and made their own wine. So I'm going to continue on down there that will take me back to the entrance And now I'm gonna walk over the top of the hill. We'll go down and look at the ruined abbey and see all the other follies Having now seen the ice house The driveway down there will take us back to the start I'm walking up here to an area of the estate called the amphitheater And this is where now on the top of the hill We should start to see some of these vistas open up. The idea here is you see a vista You go to the focal point when you get to the focal point, you'll see something else and you'll go to that focal point So these gardens or landscape gardens really entice you to explore further. So we get to here. Now, this is the amphitheater A landscape garden isn't really so much about lots of different flowers and everything It's more about well landscapes and I said follies, but you've got a few blanched around here I think if you came here in spring, there'd be a lot of flowers out And then as I mentioned, we caught a glimpse of it through the trees. There is the gothic temple Now that that way there is roped off So we won't go down there. You can see there is some people down there having a look so we will find our way To the gothic temple when I was down in the valley See up to it. So I'm sure when we get there we'll get a really good view But I don't think we have to wait till we get to the gothic temple to get a good view because as we come out here You can see We're up high now down there is The lake where we were at the beginning and beyond the lake is River Mol so as we make our way to here We're going to get a really really nice view And this is why I really like coming to these places because I like to explore and I like to see views like this Talking about going around the world as I said when we were down there I said we were going to go around the world in today's video The vineyard along here. I feel like I'm now in the Loire Valley in France The only thing that gives it away. It's not the Loire Valley If this was a Loire Valley, it would be a nuclear power station just around the corner because there's about four in the Loire Valley But we're in Surrey with a hint of France. I'm going to continue that way We're going to go find the gothic temple up closer and somewhere down there beyond those trees is the ruined abbey So having enjoyed the great views across the valley as promised we come to The gothic temple probably one of the most famous features here at Painsville Park No, it's actually made of wood, but it's been rendered to make it look, you know Like it was built out of stone or brick and rendered. We're going to go inside and have a look now I have a feeling when we go inside there's going to be a vista opened up which will Well a moment ago we were down there in the amphitheater We see it. We see this gothic temple. We may just want to come here. Okay, we couldn't come down here It was better because we went by the valley. We're now in the temple as we walk in First I'm going to show you the ceiling So you've got a nice gothic ceiling now have a look at the view from the temple You see straight out across Hamilton's finest landscape gardens Down there. I can just see the bridge The sun is going to mess us about with that. That's what you get on a bright day It looks looks really weird, doesn't it down there is the bridge and beyond that is the turkish tent So we're going to make our way right down across those islands and up to the turkish tent But first we have somewhere else to go at the beginning of the video We could see the ruined abbey, which I think is probably just down there in the tree So let's go down there and have a look at the ruin abbey The gothic temple is on the hill. We've come down to the bottom of the hill and we've come to see The ruined abbey here it is here in the trees I've always been quite fascinated by this building. Today is my first visit to Paintsfield Park. It's somewhere I've always wanted to visit. I've just never got round to it until today But you know from I've seen about half the no not even half I've seen what I've seen so far. I'm really enjoying and I think it's just going to get more and more exciting Here we are at a ruined abbey now on my channel. I've visited various ruined abbeys in the past none quite like this one because Technically speaking, it's not really a ruined abbey at all. It's a folly But that's the whole point of a folly. No the word folly means something So it's completely folly. It's not ruined abbey. It's a romantic ruin Designed to be a bit like a ruined abbey, but yeah, I still think it's great looking out the windows onto the lake See the facade interestingly, this is actually made of wood That's real rent. Yes, this is brick. That's real render, but these are wooden So, you know, if it was a real abbey also The question of also which part of the abbey this would actually be. Okay, it's gothic I suppose it could be like the gates house To a ruined abbey maybe it reminds me a bit. I've never actually been there someone should go to one day Of battle abbey the pictures you see of the gate house. I suppose it's a bit like that and then you got Yeah, the towers there So it's fascination building.  Anyway, let's go and find more follies further in paintel park So after exploring the ruined abbey when I was somewhere completely different We're just in a nice little wooded path and we're on our way To china or a chinese part of the estate What we're coming up to is just here now. It's actually closed, but we can still appreciate it quite nicely Looking straight on that's the chinese bridge doesn't look much from this angle But because we obviously can't go over it We're going to go over this pontoon bridge this temporary bridge But that gives us, you know, the opportunity to have a nice look at it So we're on the peninsula at the moment. They call this part of the garden the chinese bridge Peninsula fairly obviously because at the end. Well, that is the chinese bridge over there, that's an island So I always like it when you, you know, when you get a lake with an island On the middle it just sort of adds to the fun of Yeah, the fact that you've had to cross water So there's the chinese bridge as we turn around here Up over there just behind the trees you can watch where I see the whiteness of it is the gothic temple And now we're going on to this sort rather bouncy pontoon bridge, so You actually hire these So it says floating pontoon hights. They've had to hire this While they, or the sun's very bright, while they work on the chinese bridge You can see the ducks quite nicely. See the mirage ducks Yeah, I think that's what I wanted to be featured. I don't know if she's calling to the ducks on this side. Um So yeah We're crossing this It's like walking on a bouncy castle across water. This is it's like it's really I'm not going to bounce it too much, but it's quite bouncy Anyway, we're going to go up here now And I can see a rather exciting looking sign. It says grotto entrance. Let's go and see what that is There's a chinese bridge, which we didn't walk across and there's some ducks As I said, we saw a silent moment ago saying grotto entrance. So I followed this path And it's taking us around here a nice narrow path We're on this island In the lake and I just have a feeling Things are going to get really really quite exciting in a moment Heading down here. I can see all this almost like lava and you've got an oak tree Fending over and then there's another bit down there. I have a feeling technically that's a separate bit of island, a separate island which we'll discover in a moment. Look at all this. If you think all this lava Is impressive Well, it's only going to get better as we walk along here The path almost looks like it's going to come to an abrupt end And it is If you were to stay above ground We're going into the hill on this little island On the, you know, in Surrey. We've got this really quite strange place. We're going into it Down here onto this bit of boardwalk And this is what I said about being two separate islands This is probably one of the most fancy bridges I've ever seen. Look right through there See the other side. That's clearly another island. But if we look here We're going to go Into the rocks Around here and wait and see what's around this corner This Is the grotto There you can see it says don't touch the crystals. I won't but we can have a look closely. See the crystals I'm not going to count me because there's quite a lot Like this. Look all down here and you can see the lights Shining up at them making all sorts of fancy colors And then if we walk through here We get the odd Even in here, we're getting vistas one out there into The water so it'd be quite fun if you had a boat to sail through here And walk down here Then you get to a bit of a junction in the path. You think we'll do our go down there Logically, I'll be thinking to go that way because I was thinking when we came in it's got to be a way out Surely that's going deep into the hill We go into here And well it looks looking really odd, isn't it? and That's a way out but not the humans get out and looking up there I can see there's I can see daylight up there and there's all sorts of flickering lights Going on from down there so we can't get out that way But as I said when we got to this little junction here, there was another path This one this must be the way out We are going deeper into the hill now But as we go deeper It only gets more and more spectacular. Look at this Here we are right inside the hill Amazing grotto. It's really We're just amazing and it's All this blueness and purple mess. It's all quite strange, but really quite fascinating So you've got lots of you've got various water I can hear trickling through And then there let you go even more Water's trickling through And just look at the ceiling and all these crystals Really is probably one of the strangest places I've ever made a video of but really also one of the most exciting And so we can see a bit more water there. Oh, there's a way Looking out out there get a view look at this side looking back across the cross up Can't believe this place has been, you know Here all this time. I've known about it, but I've never come here before I always find out you get to these amazing places like why haven't I been here before? Anyway, here I am.  Some more crystals there. You can see those So, um, you know deliberately didn't visit here on a Monday because it really would be a shame to miss out I mean, it's understandable. They have to close the grotto For maintenance. So that's that's fine. But yeah, if you want to see the grotto Being before maybe you're not worried, but if you want to see grotto, don't come on a Monday I think we're going back outside now As we're emerging today like from our rather unusual trip underground What we're going to do now is we're going to go over the top of the grotto because I think that's It's not the only way off the island. There's The funny old pontoon bridge which we accessed the island from you could go back that way But what we'll do we're going to go over the top of the island And as I saw as we first entered the grotto It was effectively another island. There was a bridge. So we need to go over that bridge And that will take us to the next island and then we'll eventually go back to the mainland go up the hill And see some more follies because I think um I've in additions I could see the turkish tent. There was a greek temple So, you know, we've got a bit more traveling to do yet before we we finished but Even this first part has been pretty exciting. Oh, look, that's funny. Look Looking like a roof of a building. It's got like a roof um On top so underneath or on top of all of That is a roof underneath that roof is all those amazing crystals. You'd never look at that roof. There's like such a mundane roof Although it's quite nice to sleep under you'd never ever Guess what's under there? You might think it's an interesting wall uh, so this we're now on top of So it doesn't feel like two islands here, but like I say technically is because you could sail a boat right under here and out there that's the path Down there, which we entered the grotto in and we were down there in that grotto It looks like there was a huge huge tree here as well. I think if we go around here There's got to be another bridge off yarn. There's like a another bit of grotto there Well, if we look across there I can see there's the five arch bridge and up there's the turkish tent So we've got I say we've got all that excitement yet to come Oh, now here's we did see this bridge Earlier on at the beginning. So that's our little bridge. Take us back to the mainland Well, the lake's looking very nice and calm and We've just come right across there. So we are over there by that big cedar tree It's a little polly here to show you and we can't actually go up to it But this is like a roman triumphal arch. I understand it was built as an arch wherever it's collapsed I'm not entirely sure And as I said, this part is closed. I think in winter what they do they they rope off quite a few grassy areas So they don't get completely eroded away, which is understandable. So I might have to come back in summer one day I'll definitely come here again to see some of the other parts of the garden close up But there's you know more than enough to see one of the day like today Rather perfect reflection. We were over there a moment ago where those two swamp cypresses are I've come over to this side of the lake to want to show you the bridge This is the five arch bridge and again a very perfect reflection We're going to cross that bridge and we're going to continue down to the end of the lake And then we're going to go up into the hills Because as we could see from when we were up on the previous hill the one over there where I can't quite see the gothic temple because there's a couple of trees in the way, but when we were up there We could see down to this bridge and we could see that beyond this bridge. There's more to see Our walk is going to change a bit from you know from this Nice peaceful lakeside walk up to a walk into the woods and the hills Up there is the turkish tent. We'll come to that when we get there I'm quite decided but we're going to just just follow the paths really and see what we can find. So we're on to this bridge You can see there's not much more of the lake left But we might discover how the water gets into the lake when we get up there again perfect reflections And then looking across that way It's not quite a perfect reflection there, but there is the gothic temple You can just see a sort of a fuzzy reflection of the gothic temple in the water. I think that's really nice here I have deliberately chose to visit on a weekday When it's quite quiet because it makes making the video a lot easier So probably if you came in the summer it would be busier But it's a very vast estate. So even if there was a hundred people here, they'd nicely spread out All right, I'm going to follow on up there and see what we can find I've reached the end of the lake and the five arch bridge Really looks so perfect, you know with its symmetry both ways And then you have the reflection of the oak trees. Here we are the very very end of the lake There's a cascade. There's no water actually flowing down it. Maybe it's It's turned off the winter, which is quite common now. That's a river mole River mole is A fair few feet below us now look over there There's a water well. We'll go and have a closer look at that in a minute. I understand that was to pump the water Out of the river mole up to the level as required for the lakes as we pan back around here See water of the river mole water of the lake Fair bit of difference We're now a little way upstream on the river mole, but we can still see the five arch bridge We're coming to what I mentioned out there the water well Which is a really quite important part of the estate because it's this water well Which supplies the lakes we've been walking beside with the water now we get to here See some building you can see the the wheel Let's go and have a look and I'll explain Why the wheel was here and what it does now this building. It's not a water mill So that's a fairly important thing. Don't mistake this for being a water mill because it's not it's not grinding anything I'm going to go down these steps. It's not actually On today. I think it probably does work. It'd be really fascinating to see it working I should think with the amount of water there is in the river mole it would work quite nicely so You can see there's lots of paddles now the water Would flow under the paddles turn in the wheel so When looking at the wheel in this direction the wheel would be Turning clockwise and you see it's a it's a rather big wheel It's not the biggest wheel of water I've ever seen. I think that has to go well To the laxie wheel on the Isle of Man, but I think that's the biggest water wheel in the world So it would be the biggest I've seen Let's go in here now Again, it's not a water mill. Have a look That is the main center Axle that Is will turn these to turn these and then you've got pistons almost like And we're not they're not pistons or such, but it's like steam engine off center that Power's a beam engine up there. It's quite hard to see but there's a beam up there So that is what they call a northern donkey up down up down So there's a center pivot there. So this end will be going up and down driven by the water wheel out that end We're going to go outside and have a look. There's some pumps So it's the beam engine going up and down which power powers the pumps Sucking the water so the water has effectively just been used twice the water Has flowed under here turning the water wheel and then It pushes the wheel only to be sucked up here by these pumps You can see these pumps here. They're powered by the beam engine The water would come out into this trough and then run down and we go out to here It would run down here down this trough You can see to come out the building there. I'd love to see this going. I am going to have to Definitely come back here and then it's a bit hard to see but under there The water would flow off down there and it must all be in a pipe at this point Under there to the cascade because actually the cascade wasn't cascading So I suppose when the water wheels going the cascade were cascading if there's too much water here There's also an overflow Go down there and back into the river molt. So that is how the water as we saw back there Gets up those few feet to get into the lake water powered by water I'll tell you where this part though of the garden reminds me of is um island hall in the peak district It just really reminds me of it. If you want to see see what you think have a look at link on screen now See when I explored island hall estate a few years ago, I'm going to continue up there into the woods Because up there you might just be able to see there's a quick temple up there So we've now just walked up this path and this is called the alpine valley Does feel a bit like we're in the Alps and at the top Is a gothic tower We'll have a closer look at that in a moment because there's some more of the estate as I came up The valley I can see people walking along almost like a hilltop path along here So I'm going to follow around there and see what we can find up in the trees up there Now we've walked through the wood down this path We come to this rather fascinating looking little building. This is the hermitage It sits here right on the edge of the hill and it juts right out. It's having a bit of work done That's why there's scaffolding on at the moment, but if we go to the front door Let's see if we can go inside. Oh, yes, it's open. What are we going to find in here? Let's go in and oh, wow, that's just a nice little room There's a bed there The table and chairs It'll be really fun to come here and spend a night in this little building I don't know what it'd be like spending a night here whether you'd sleep well or not, but it would be quite fun Probably in the summer it'll be a bit cold in the winter. You've got a fat's roof above There's no glass in the windows.  I'm going to follow now the path back through the woods. Let's go find that Gothic Tower So from the Hermitage, I've been walking through the woods Following sort of the lines of these pylons And we get to here. This is the Gothic Tower Now it said it wasn't open today, but I noticed this door is open I think I can guess what's going on. I understand. I was talking to a volunteer back there He said that when the tower's open you can go up it and there's a cafe on the first floor on the map I've got it does point out a sign saying toilets. So I have a feeling we're coming to here. I think yeah, look Is the literally the toilets and then I can't see much but through there that must be the stairs up to the tower So you've got ladies men's toilets and a room And a couple of chairs. So I have got to come here. Definitely got to come here again It needs to be in the summer. So I chose today because I wanted to sort of see today for the first time you know when it wouldn't be too busy, but I definitely haven't fulfilled every bit of my sort of You know curiosities of this place. So I will come back here might not be for a couple of years But some point I'll come back here and I hopefully will get to go up that tower. It looks too good not to do There's a couple more things we haven't yet seen by the way Who put that there looks a bit in the way when I was down there It just was completely in the way. Anyway, um And that's by the way down there. That's the alpine valley So that will take us back down to the watermill There's I think there's another path through the trees because at one point I could see the greek temple Looking very much like the Parthenon in Athens the way it was perched on the hill So let's just have one more look at the really quite cool gothic tower next time I come here Maybe I can go up the top when we go and explore us to your state now So having seen the gothic tower All feeling quite English. We're going to go abroad again I'll tell you what this video would have made a really good one for was um, well, sometimes people do say to me Which other youtube channels do you watch when you're not making videos? And one of my favorite is a channel called the tim traveller now he he does some really brilliant videos Yeah, do check his videos out, but he did a challenge once for his viewers called the international Staycation challenge where you had to find something that looked like it was somewhere It wasn't so like we've seen here buildings from other countries, but they're here in england I went to beckon's court and I made a video there and I did end up in his um, his Montage video of all these different of all his different views have been to these different places So of that kind of thing this would have been a good entry. We're in england. We're in Surrey And here we have a bit of grease we have this fantastic Temple of Bacchus. I've never been to Greece and it's somewhere. I really would like to go to it's got some interesting railways It's got so many fantastic temples. I could probably make Videos that forever they might be if you went to the Parthenon it might be a bit more crowded This is probably a little bit like surrey's version of the Parthenon here, you know on a rock Not quite like the Acropolis in Athens, but it's it's the temple of Bacchus. It's Fascinating. I believe it dates from 1762 when you know the gardens were created. Let's go and have a look inside We come up to these lovely columns interestingly the statues are actually um Just cardboard cutouts or Yeah, they're swimming swimming So, yeah, it's not often I kind of go around ladies legs like that in my videos, but you know, um look that one's um Not even covering herself. Um, again. Yeah, I don't normally Do that kind of thing in my videos, but it's always been really fun. Um Make it man now as well. So this is inside the temple really quite fascinating You can see I don't know too much about great great greek history, but you can see very different um heads and statues On on plinths if my girlfriend was here She would go she knows a lot about this thing. So if she was here she'd be able to tell me all about what we are And she so yeah, and she's the expert on ancient greece Here we are at the other side now of the temple and if we look it's been around and we can see More fantastic views of Surrey. Now going back to the water wheel we saw down on the river mole If you look it looks like there's two rivers. That's the original course. This one. This is the The course dug out for the river mole um water wheel. The water wheel is just down by that uterine Can't quite see it. You can see a bit more the river mole. There's the um the roman Morsoleum I can see a church in a distance somewhere Over the hills must be the charnley heath seven four tower which I mentioned at the beginning of the video Was you know where I went to on the previous video. So here we are. This is it's not really quite like um afin's And the path on on but it's what you're going to the closest thing you're going to get to it here in Surrey We've got one more place to go now in this video. We're going to go from Greece to turkey And just walk through this gate. You can just see over there in the trees That was the temple of backers, which was really quite fascinating as I said, we're going to go to turkey You can't normally you know walk from Greece to turkey in a couple of minutes, but here we can Here we are. This Is the turkish tent Really quite another unusual folly. What we'll do. I'll have a quick look at this. There's a really fantastic view I'm not going to show you that just yet. I'm going to show you inside tent first because I want I think this is This is like the the end Of you know to walk around. So there we are turkish tent. Let's go inside. It's not a huge amount of sea inside But it's a quite fascinating building. It's like elliptical or it's an oval down here It's got circular roof, but the roof sort of spreads out. So that's fine Interesting. So when Charles Hamilton, you know designed these gardens The idea was you walked around roughly in the route that we have But you'd finish up here up at the turkish tent and you would finish by looking at The most spectacular view of the estate we're going to see today. Let's finish with this That really is one of the best views I've ever seen Yeah, it's just it's everything you can see You know leading us from the gothic temple down to the five arch bridge. You can see in the middle of it There's the guatto the whole lake's everything the river mole down there. It's really been a really exciting place I really do recommend visiting Painted Park. They're open most days. I think except Christmas Day Boxing Day So do you know do come and visit Painted Park. It's a fantastic place It's easy to get to it's only just off the M25 and it's in the village of Cobham The village of Cobham in Surrey Cobham does have a railway station. It's called Cobham Stoke Daglam So if you came by train it might be a bit of a walk, but there's probably various buses that pass here So do come and visit Painted Park and you know travel around the world like I did in In a day. It's been great fun. So thank you very much for watching Please do feel free to like subscribe and comment and from this fantastic view. Goodbye


In 2013, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service entered into a cooperative agreement with the South Dakota No-Till Association and IGRO, SDSU Extension, for delivering the latest soil health and productivity technology to South Dakota farmers and ranchers. This event was held in Mitchell. Okay, I'm Tom Gephardt, and I'm from Kimball, South Dakota, and I farm with my son Andy. And we raise corn and beans and wheat and milo and oats.  We've only been doing this cover crop deal two years. We've had a few hiccups with it, but I think the biggest hiccup was when I let Marissa talk me into doing what I'm doing right now. The first year when I went out and we did it, it was really dry, and I didn't even know the drill would go on the ground. But we planted it, and it rained a couple days after that, and I had a beautiful stand. But it didn't grow. It wasn't growing quite like I wanted to that year, and then about the 1st of September, we got a light frost, and we had planted like, oh, I should be doing my PowerPoint, we'd been planted like turnips and radishes and winter peas and sedan grass, and that frost, it just tipped the sedan grass right over, and the winter peas and turnips, they continued to grow, but not at a very good pace. And then that year, also we went out and we split a field, and we had half of it. It was all a wheat stubble. We had half of it, we planted half the field, half of it, we didn't.  That was okay. But we're not growing very tall, we really didn't get that much grazing out of it that year. But it was no difference, we planted that split field, we planted it to corn the next year, and there was no difference in yield.  And so anyway, after that year, I wasn't really that happy, but we thought we'd try it again. And we came around this year, and I had a field that was wheat and oats, side by side. Well, that'll be a good test, so we planted it. And the wheat just came up beautiful. I mean, it just came up beautiful stand. And the oats, I kept waiting for it to come up and it never came up. But the year before, we had that into Milo, and I used Halex as a pre, and we put on a little atrazine. And I don't know if that was it, or we had sprayed that oats a week, round up a week before we planted it. But I don't know, we still don't really know what the problem was there. I had a good oats crop, so as far as the Halex and stuff, it was a good stand there. And then when the cover crops didn't come up, I went in there, and I planted winter wheat, and I got a good winter wheat crop. So I don't know what happened to that oats. But anyway, that was that split field. Anyway, this year we planted crimson clover, turnips, purple, radishes, winter peas, sunflowers and millet. And like I said, this is where, oh, there on the one right there, that's, well, oops. Well, I don't know where I'm at, but anyway, anyway. Anyway, like I said, it didn't come up in that oats ground, but the winter wheat did. It really, it came up beautiful. And we turned the cows in there, oh, I suppose, about the first of December. We got eight inches of snow.  I mean, they just, they really, they got what they could out of it. The one thing I didn't know until I was sitting at a sail barn talking to a farmer in mind that planted them also, and when we had them on those turnips and stuff, the cows weren't going, they had a well to go to, and they weren't going to water. And I couldn't imagine where those cows were drinking water. But he told me, he said, they don't go to water. They don't need water. And I'm not telling anybody out here to go plant a field with cover crops and you don't need any water. But they just don't drink water. I mean, no, it really worked out well. And, well, let's see here, yeah. That was, yeah, that was this year, year, and then anyway, I don't know if any of you do a pheasant hunting, but I have a, we do a little bit, but I have a friend of mine that guides a lot, and he brings hunters over, and he hunted, I had a pheasant plot by this turnips, and he was just amazed at the pheasants and the turnips. The one thing he really liked later in the year, he started releasing birds, and the birds stayed there. I mean, they didn't leave. I mean, he was, in fact, he was just over the other day, he was going to plant turnips on his ground. He just, he was totally amazed at it. And then the last thing, one day I picked some of those turnips and radishes and took them home, and I had them sitting there, and my wife asked me what they were, and I told her, and that night I came in for supper, and I said, what am I eating?  We ate a lot of turnips last fall, yeah, so that was it. But no, that's about the way it is. The one thing you're going to be able, if you get involved with cover crops, you're going to have a full partner, and that's mother nature.  But, and we have had no, we've only been at two years, but we've had no real compaction problems with the cattle running on there. I don't know, I think the ground freezes and loosens up and stuff, but we haven't, we haven't noticed anything there. But that's about all I got, so. All right, thank you, Tom. Yep. I'll let Jason get the mic switched over here. I do want to ask a couple of questions. I'm curious about this, and I've been sitting here. Who in the audience is currently no temperature, and will be shy? That's a very bound. Who in the audience is currently, okay, who has livestock on operation? Who has all three of those things going? So you're no-tilling, you do cover crops, and you've got livestock. So that seems, you guys correct me if I'm wrong, that seems to be the pattern I keep hearing from these speakers is, those are kind of the three magic things that you want to bring us all together is that, you know, integrating the no-till of the cover crops with the maternal livestock. So just an observation, but there you go. Yeah, I'm, can you hand me up there? You got both of them? Yep, I got both of them. This one, this one, you need to hold this one too. Why? For the video. I don't have the video. Oh. Well, I'm Dick Nissen. I'm from seven miles north of the Dakota Dome in Vermillion, and kind of the bottom end of the Vermillion River. And I'm on the bottom end of a 3,600 acre or 2,600 acre watershed. So I've seen a lot of stuff that's bothered me a lot, and a lot of erosion, a lot of silt going down to Gulf of Mexico, and I think it was 1995. I've studied no-tilling from a lot of reading and stuff, and I started in no-tilling in 1995. Corn and beans wasn't getting very far, so then I put winter wheat into my rotation, which was a tremendous move. I wouldn't even think about trying no-tilling if you didn't have at least a three-way rotation. 2002, we started doing cover crops, and I don't know, I think I've planted about every cover crop they can think of, but radishes, turnips, and I like annual ryegrass. It's done a lot of good in my soil because we're wet, and we need a lot of root structure and everything, live roots in the ground to get into the plant in the spring. Oh, goodness, I don't know. My son's working into the operation now, so hopefully he'll be the sixth generation on this, so we'll try and keep it in the family and make it more productive all the time. We tiled just about all our top ground is tiled, but I got retention dams on every outlet, so we aren't draining pollutants into the river. I don't know. That's probably about it. I did make one mistake, though. This year, we planted soybeans instead of corn into the wheat stubble, and that 50 acres made 111 bushels of the acres, so there's a lot of benefits to cover crop and wheat, so if you can't make money off of wheat, just have a little patience, and you'll get your money back. Thank you. He's kind of an ardent capital and an angle. What do you just say, maybe? Those are good videos, by the way, you guys asked. Well, there are some people that have told me that I have a good radio face. Thank you for inviting me. First of all, I'm going to stand so that I can see some of the things that I have here and point at those, if I might. I think the gentleman on the left is my grandson, and I think that's really what it's all about. You know, we need to watch what we're doing, and we need to do that for our children, our grandchildren, and our great-grandchildren, and this is part of some of the pictures that we're taking this summer, and you might note some of those corn, whoops. I'm doing the wrong thing here. Some of the corn ruts there that you can see down here, and that's from a corn that was just taken out with a spade, so you can see how far down they're going into that no-till ground. Just a couple of comments. I'm not originally from South Dakota, Minnesota farmer to begin with, and I moved to South Dakota. I was one of nine kids in the family. Now, that doesn't tell you a thing about what I'm going to say here today, but it does tell you I didn't know what it was like to sleep alone until after I got married. When I talk about my grandson, he's the one that's interested in farming down the road, and so I need to have about another 15 years. Of course, I consider myself middle-aged, and then my wife asked me how many people I know that are 146. But anyway, just a summary of my practices. I've been no-tilling corn and soybeans, and I say a rotation here. Duane said it's not a rotation. It's a monoculture. I think it would be a biculture, probably, but anyway, we do try to work in some cover crops, and I've been working with Peter Sexton on that. We've been using cereal rye as a cover crop after corn, and as Peter indicated, if it doesn't come up in the fall, it usually comes up in the spring. And so far, we have not, we've been doing this, I think, for six or seven years. We have not seen any differences in crop yields. We're looking at soybean yields following the corn, and maybe we should be looking a little bit more at the corn yields, and we have not looked at that. Soil organic matters increased about 2% since I've been no-tilling. I'll talk a little bit more about that, and we use pretty much just conventional planting equipment. The soil fertility has greatly improved over the years, and we'll talk more about that. We're using a 2x2 starter placement for the P, the K, the sulfur, the zinc, and about half of the nitrogen. So we're putting on about 400 to 450 pounds per acre of dry fertilizer. And then the remainder of the nitrogen is applied with the weed spray after planting, and so I'm fertilizing both the corn and the soybeans at the same time, so to speak, because I have not been putting any fertilizer on the soybeans. This gives you some idea of what we plant into here. Important, of course, that the crop residue be properly distributed and so on. Those are corn stocks from two years ago, and then the soybean stocks, and we'll be planting corn into that. But if you move that residue away and look at the wormholes, this is what you see. And that's really quite amazing the effect that that will have. This is the planter system that we use. We're pulling a Montague cart behind the planter, and, of course, it takes a little bit of engineering to accomplish that. Not many people to help you out with respect to how that's set up. Otherwise, the planter is pretty much a standard John Deere planter. We use the cruiser wheels on the back for the closing wheels, and we're using row cleaners there, and then you can see the fertilizer set up there. I think this shows a little bit better idea, and nobody makes a dry fertilizer boot for a John Deere planter. So we adapted our own. We found this on the internet, and we use a liquid fertilizer opener, modify it for a dry attachment, and, of course, it takes a lot of hydraulic oil to do all those functions, five circuits, and a pretty good supply of hydraulic oil to blow that. This is what the hose set up looks like, and we modified the platform here, just raised it and passed the hoses through there to the front of the planter. Now, this past summer, and Dr. Ward could probably expand on this if he would want to later on, but I wanted to do some studies with respect to what's happening with the soil, and I wanted to look at soil health, and so I sent some samples to his lab, and basically these are the results that we came up with, again pushing the wrong button. The fence line samples are supposed to represent probably what was originally there, because to my knowledge that fence line has never been plowed, and so you can see the pH at 7.1, the organic matter at 5.3, the phosphorus at 28, and that is a malic phosphorus, the potassium at 4.29, and so on. And then I took some field samples, and here the pH was 6.9, and by the way, I used some pH from my other soil samples. I think we hit some of the fertilizer bands when we did that, and the pH was quite a bit reduced, but I had some regular soil samples taken from the same year, and the same was true with the phosphorus, because I used where this is a malic phosphorus, this is a bray phosphorus, and so there should be some adjustment there, but at least it gives us some idea of what's happening, but the important thing that I want to point out is this organic matter. In 100 years of tilling, basically we destroyed about half or probably more of the organic matter that we had in the soil. If it started out at 5.3, I've been farming this ground since 1976, and I've had some soil tests as low as 0.7% organic matter, and most of them in the early 70s were 2.4, 2.5 in that range, and with the no-tilling, we've brought that up now to 4.9. But I also wanted to look at microbial activity in the soil and soil health, and so this is the fence line sample again, and if we look at the biological activity here, PLFA, phospholipid fatty acid, and that gives us a measure of the microbial activity in the soil, and the fence line was 7,400 roughly, and the diversity index about 1.7. And if you look at the table that Ward Lab sent out, and I thought he might talk a little bit more about this, you can see that on the excellent soil there, it's above 4,000. This sample was taken in July about a week after a rain, so it gives you some idea, because we really have something to compare with, and I wish I'd have taken some samples of soils that weren't no-till at the time, so I might make that same comparison. But if we look at the biological activity in the fence line, I would say that's really good. If we compare that to my no-till soil, we had a total living biomass there, 5,163 nanograms per gram, and you can again see that's off of their charts with respect to an excellent soil. We don't have quite the same biodiversity here with a 1.4. That just ends up to be in the good range, but I think part of that might be that we had less fungal activity, because some of that sample I think was taken again at the very high phosphorus levels in the row, and that probably depressed fungal activity, so that's what I wanted to show there. The change in soil organic matter, and I just put on the chart here since 1974. I've got two main farms that I've had for this time with no-till, and you get some changes from year to year in organic matter. It doesn't always show up with a steady increase, but that gives you some idea of what's happened to organic matter in my soils over the years, and this is a picture that Anthony Bly took, my no-till soils on the right there, soils from across the road on the left. And one other comment that I want to make, not much was said about that today. When I first started no-tilling, I felt that the benefits in reducing erosion was primarily coming from the residue cover, and I really find out that that's not the case. It's coming primarily from water infiltration, at least in my opinion anyway, because we did the water infiltration test and with some of the studies in my no-till field for two inches of rain to soak in took 17 seconds this summer. In my garden, my garden had been no-till for about 15 years. I plowed at this last spring, and it shows you how quickly you can destroy the no-till operation by eliminating the wormholes, eliminating the root holes, that sort of thing. And there, depending on when I took it, it took from six to 45 minutes for that two inches of water to soak in. And that's the reason why the water soaks in rather quickly, all the wormholes there. That's it. Okay, Al was talking about water infiltration, and last, oh boy, it was like the first of June, when one week we had three three-inch rains, and my neighbors across the road do conventional tillage.  In my field, well, after the first inch of rain, you could see there's looked like a lake, and after three inches of rain, I still didn't have any water on my field. So, I mean, that's really important. That's water in your ground that if you till the ground, it's gone. And it's probably going to Gulf of Mexico, and we'll pollute to Gulf of Mexico, and Uncle Sam will come along and tell us how to farm. All right, thank you. I'll ask the question to the entire panel, and I've decided to answer it, or if you have a specific question, you can say you want it for the ground.  Oh, come on back to it. We went into standing stocks with the drill. Sometimes that was planted, even about the end of the first week in November. Most years, we get a few days where you might see a few sprigs coming up, but not too much. One of the problems that I saw with that, and we did not deal with this last fall, I want to use a little bit different approach, but going with the drill with seven-and-a-half inch spacing, we cut up the corn stocks, and we had more residue blow, and I felt that I was losing residue with respect to that type of practice, so I want to try something else down the road. No, not really. Of course, it's important that you look at, you know, planting depth and the adjustment of the drill, because I think too many people don't watch that when we use the local conservation services drill. They say, well, we normally said it this way, and I said, no, I said it this way. I mean, you've got to take into consideration the residue, make sure that you get the planting depth correct. Pardon? No, with the roll. I try to plant as close to the row as I can, go while I watch your speed, and then, well, like Al said, make sure you adjust for your trash on top to go get it in the ground, and then I got Martin roll cleaners in the front so they'll knock it down, but you can be two inches either side of the row and still have the same results as going right on top. The reason I go on top is because you got your old roots there, and then that's your mellowest part of the field, and then plants seem to grow better there. Yeah, as far as the planting, I'm like him, we plant about two inches from the row when we're planting following the row, but when we go in with a drill, we plant at an angle. We just seem to get a better stand at an angle with a drill. A couple of years ago, we bought a vertical tillage machine, and I guess we wanted to use it, so we went out to some of our corn stalks, and it was a beautiful seed bed when we got done, but like he mentioned blowing, or if you get kind of a heavy rain, it can be a disaster. The rain will wash it around, and you'll have piles of stalks, and yeah, yeah. We drill ours with a no-till drill, 15-inch spacing, that's John Deere's soybean special, and so we have two rows between each corn row. We go with the row, that way the tractor's not running over the stalks, and we save a little bit on tractor tires, that sort of thing. I don't have any problem with residue unless it's a spot where maybe the combine stopped. Residue management, of course, is real critical, and it's not so much the stalks as it is the husks that are difficult to cut. We don't use any row cleaners on the drill. We use row cleaners on the planter, but no row cleaners on the drill. We've never had a problem. Tend to plant probably a too high a population because you think you're going to reduce emergence and so on, and we've never seen a real problem with any reduced population. If you bend down this row a little bit, no-till journey, what would you do differently? I would have started with the three-array way rotation right away, and then come back with the cover crop on the wheat stubble. That seemed like that was the best move I made. We've tried rye in the standing corn, but we don't get enough sunlight down there. I don't know. Our rye doesn't come very good, but we just spent way full hours on it, so I guess that's not really the way to go either. I see they got these new drills out for a fraction of a cost. I suppose you could go and drill rye in the four-foot-tall corner or whatever, but I don't know. I don't know if probably not very many of you grew milo, but the one thing we found out when we went no-till, milo likes warm soil. You just got to wait a little bit longer. Don't get in a hurry planting that, but other than that, we didn't have any problem. Things that I'd do different. We made plenty of mistakes. We made them small and so made them on a small scale. Things like not enough down pressure, sidewall compaction. None of those things probably really, really serious, but you learn to watch those things as time goes by and you become more astute at what you need to do. No-till is not a simple system. It takes more management rather than less. The other comment that I make that I forget when we talked about the residue, you know, with 200 bushel corn, I feel like I don't have enough residue. It doesn't last the entire summer. There's plenty to plan into and so on, but it's pretty well decomposed by about July. Any more questions? I rolled them one year. I will never do it again. And I just thought it might help with the combining. And I'm not really getting water runoff from my no-till ground, but the neighbor's ground has runoff and it comes down through mine and I roll the corn stalks with it. We had a heavy wind after that and most of them ended up with my yard and my yard, so I had to rake those out. So no, I won't do any rolling. Fortunately, we do not. Well, I got to be careful there what I say because ours was just the trial and you got to make sure that you obey the rules with respect to crop insurance. But I basically did what Anthony was talking about. If we had really wet conditions, I would wait until after the beans were planted and I would kill it off at that time with my first spray or roundup. If we had dry conditions, I would usually try to get it killed before I plant. And too often it's happened where we had dry conditions when I was about to plant and kill it off and we got really good rains and I wouldn't have had to kill it so we didn't have a whole lot of growth in some years.


When he became the first man to walk on the moon in 1969, Neil Armstrong became Purdue's most famous graduate. In this 2004 interview, he talks about how Purdue launched him to his giant leap to the moon. That's one small step for man. Looking up at the planet Earth was certainly one of the very top highlights. It looks just like you would expect. The Earth to look, we see those planets, mostly blue, little clouds here and there. It's a magnificent sight. Yeah, I'd like to go back. I had to leave some things behind the first time because of our weight limits, and I'd like to go back and pick up the souvenirs. When I was a student on the campus, there was no space program. There was not even a vision of the space program at that time, and certainly I never would have suspected when I was a student that I would be involved in the projects that I ultimately became involved in. It was a surprise to me, but the successes and the opportunities I had were largely a product of what I learned from my professors at Purdue. Going to their dynamics class taught by Professor Shanks, in the first day of class, he gave us an assignment, which happened to be Bernoulli's law, and the assignment was to criticize. And it was right then that I realized that they weren't teaching us facts and information. It was teaching me how to think, and that turned out to be extremely important in many of the situations I encountered. All of my life was involved with either engineering or engineering management or engineering. Ideas, and consequently, the time that I spent at Purdue Learning and Engineering was absolutely critical to everything I've done throughout my entire career. That was Neil Armstrong. Look for more stories at purdue.edu-slash-footprints.


Hello, welcome to the special CUBE Conversation here in Palo Alto, California. I'm John Furrier, Co-host of the CUBE Co-Founders SiliconANGLE Media theCUBE. We're here at Naveen Chhattah, Managing Director of Mayfield, Mayfield Ventures. Naveen, thanks for joining us today. Absolutely, it's a pleasure to be here. So first of all, I love talking to the guys who are writing checks, funding the next winners. Great to get some insight from you, so thanks for coming on. It's a pleasure. So you guys, Mayfield, have had changes over the past 20 years. We had original founders and then evolve 50 years now. Mayfield, like the blue chip venture capital firm in Silicon Valley. What's that current situation in terms of the numbers, fund under management, how many partners, give some quick numbers. Absolutely. So currently Mayfield, we're just entering the 50th year, next year if you will. Currently we are like six investment partners. We have a team of three partners who are focused on operational services and marketing, business development and talent, and we have an operating partner. So 10 people sought out for running essentially the firm. Currently investing our 15th venture fund, which is over $400 million, and also investing from a later stage select fund, which is $125 million, investing in select companies in our portfolio. Got it, so you guys are looking at early stage, also growth, mostly operational support, which is key these days, rapid growth. It's not like the old days where you do an A round, which is like a C round, and then the B round, maybe C round is growth. Now you get in growth in the early days, early rounds. So that seems to be the standard you guys are doing, right? It's very, very important, right? Like Mayfield has a philosophy of being a people first firm. We get involved early in stages of the company, primarily at Series A, and you need to help the companies. All of our partners have been entrepreneurs, have been execs, they have worked at startups, but then you can only be on so many boards and do so many things yourself. So that's where we compliment ourselves with other operating execs who have done this at successful companies and seen excellence, and can bring those best practices to our portfolio companies. That's also great, now you're being a little bit humble, I'll also add that you guys have good tech chops, you see some, you know the trends and you're on top of things, so I think that's the key as well, you got to know what the tech trends are. So I got to ask you, what's your investment thesis right now for you as a partner? I know you do, certain kids, your other partners would do some health care, some other things, but you're investing in what we love, which is cloud native, blockchain, machine learning, AI, all the cool stuff, IoT. So you're right where we're programming too, so our audience is interested. What is your investment thesis when a startup comes in or later stage growth company comes in? What do you look for? What are some of the investment theses that you're going after? So I'm very focused on people, because my strong belief is people make products, products don't make people, and companies are built by great people who want to change the world. So I start with people and with people, and the people we bet on are climbing new hills, and our job is to figure out, are these going to become real hills, or they're going to be just vaporware, if you will. So the current areas where I'm spending a lot of time are applications of AI and ML, autonomous being a key one, if you will. Cyber security is another one as an application of AI and ML. The second area where I'm spending a lot of time is decentralized web or web 3.0 driven by blockchain computing. Another area is the post-Mordslaw era, which is the second innings of Silicon. People thought Silicon Valley is dead, no more Silicon investments, it's becoming a media valley, the world is changing. So in the post-Mordslaw era, there's a lot of innovation that is happening, and Silicon again is in vogue, if you will. Also spending time on cloud native and microservices because believe the whole tech stack is essentially being redefined. So it's a very exciting time to be an investor in the enterprise space. Well it's a nice thesis because it kind of threads the data, you got cloud data, which is going to basically bring scale and compute. The Silicon kind of fits into that because it's obviously at the edge and also in the data center. And then that's going to enable ML and AI. Yeah, so the stack needs to support that. And then blockchain is potentially the next potential hill, which is not distributed computing, it's decentralized. Yeah, and it's the whole thing people have talked about. It's edge computing, peer-to-peer computing, and it's going to redefine the economics of centralization and it's going to disintermediate some of the bigger players. So one thing that you didn't bring up, and I want to throw this at you because I think this is interesting, is that we were just talking with Google this morning, I was at a briefing because Google Next is coming out. Data, and big data has been a sector, and to kind of know how that turned out. It's now called AI. So a little bit of marketing, but I think AI is legit, no problem. But data as a category, data warehouse, and I think that's kind of older, but it's still a big enough market. But there's a whole new category emerging that's the intersection of data center, cloud, blockchain, and AI. And that has horizontally scalable data. Does that stand on its own in your thesis, or is that just a native piece of the thesis that you're looking at? Yeah, so my belief is, if I look at the last decade, it was driven by cloud, mobile, social, and big data. And in my mind, big data is like crude oil, but when you can do something with it, it becomes refined oil and that's AI, if you will. So to me, cloud, social, mobile, and big data are just enablers of the things you and I just discussed. That sounds like the original SiliconANGLE editorial framework. Totally agree, that's at the table. It's table stakes, right? Like basically we have a lot of data, compute, storage, and memory are cheap. GPUs are available, now you can crunch things which weren't just possible before at very low costs. So you can solve problems that humans couldn't solve using AI and ML. And these new abstraction layers are interesting because when you get software involved with open-source software, you have now more software innovation. How is that impacting, say, blockchain, for instance, one of the things that we are very bullish on blockchain and token economics, we think that's a whole other SaaS-like impact, we think token economics, although separate from blockchain is the technology, is kind of the next SaaS kind of impact. Still is unproven. What makes you so bullish on blockchain? Yeah, so I would say the first inning of the blockchain was all about Bitcoin in 2009. It was seen as another asset, Gold 2.0, if you will. Then came Ethereum in 2013 with smart contracts. But the five, six years of blockchain were all about speculation of Bitcoin, Ethereum. Exchanges were created. You had money transfers, remittance. But now what's going to happen is a new wave of distributed applications are going to get created, where they're not going to be controlled by a big power. So could there be a new Google? Could there be a new Facebook? Could there be a new WhatsApp? Where there's no central authority and there's disintermediation and decentralization and the end people essentially own it. But to make it happen, the world is not ready. What do you need? You need the infrastructure to enable decentralized and peer-to-peer computing, which is based on trust this time. Because what is blockchain? It's an immutable distributed ledger. Everybody understands what a distributed ledger is, but it's immutable, which means you need proof of work, you need consensus to change anything. So we are entering an era of peer-to-peer computing, which is going to be trust-based and consensus-based. And in order to solve that problems in the past, there was a lot of development that used to happen at the protocol layer, like TCP, IP, HTTPS, HTTP, UDP, but those things were never monetizable. You had to essentially go build applications and system software to monetize it. But today, with the way the world is going in blockchain, the way we are seeing it with Ethereum, people can monetize the protocols. So the opportunities are not only going to be the application layer, there'll be opportunities at the protocol layer, there'll be opportunities at the data layer and the developer layer. So if I look at the stack, it starts with apps, but the apps can't be built till you have infrastructure. So it's going to be protocol innovation, infrastructure to help scale it, make it secure. Then what do I do with all the data that is going to be stored in a decentralized way? And then on top of that, what does the whole dev tooling look like? And eventually, there'll be decentralized apps. I think the proof points are there. You're starting to see the developer community, certainly Ethereum interactive developers. That's smart contracts, decentralized application, check signals, see that. But the question is, is, well, let me just ask a question. Define for a second, because you mentioned some, first of all, I love what you said, that's great. Define what you mean by protocol, because the internet protocols you mentioned were based on standards and couldn't be monetized, you couldn't need those to run. Now the internet's an operating system, so I agree 100% with what you said. But explain for the folks out there, what does that mean internet protocol for blockchain or protocol for crypto? So let's see how work gets done on the internet, right? When the browser came out, the reason it had to be built, because nobody could use the HTTP protocol, right? And the only way Netscape and then eventually Microsoft could monetize it is by selling the browser. And then that became free and all the opportunity went to the server side. And that's what led to the demise of Netscape, right? In today's world, if I am a protocol developer, say I create Ether, I can have coins that people can have, not only as security coins, but also as access coins that they can come, use my protocol, and the value of these coins will go up based on the assumption how successful my protocol is. So think- Give an example of what a protocol is. Is it Ether or is it, can I create a protocol? No, Ether is a good example, right? Like of a thing which is happening at the protocol platform layer and there are many, many others, right? So let me give an analog which will be easy. Databases were very hard to use, generally by people. So what happened? A whole industry started around application software which OEM'd the technology from Oracle, from many other database companies and built real applications. That's what is going to happen here. These protocols will be the operating system inside or the database inside on which developers are going to build applications. And this time, for them to support these protocols, they're getting incented because somebody else will go buy the coin and if these protocols succeed, it's a greater fool's theory. It'll become more and more valuable as usage happens. Well, that's token economics, but I think that there's certainly some underbelly fraud going on in the coin market. But monetizing the protocol I think is legit and it's going to happen, I agree with you. I think that's the real value. You have the immutable blockchain infrastructure piece, the token economics with the protocol. That's going to create a lot of advantage. I totally believe that. We are convinced by the data that we see that you said is absolutely going to happen. The question I have for you is as an investor, how do you invest in that? Do you just say buy some tokens? So you're an venture capital investor. You invest in equity. They have security tokens now and they have utility tokens. So you have a dual token market. You got T zero might launch a security exchange and potentially new liquidity. As the managing director may feel, how do you deal with that? Do you look at say, do I put a couple bets out there? Do I take equity? What's your strategy? So at least for us, we have decided we are in an early innings of a decade to two decade long opportunity. So we are sticking to our nets of essentially investing in the equity rounds. That's where the value gets created, help these companies get formed. And as what happened in biotech, IPO's used to happen as financing events. Companies weren't created on that. The same thing is our thesis will happen in this area. You start with equity rounds. You essentially help put teams together. You create the technology. You get product market fit. But instead of an IPO, you go do an ICO, but it's a financing event. It's not a liquidity event, if you will. It's project financing. Well, this is the thing that we talked about. Same thing in biotech. Well, there's interest in it. I want to get your thoughts and reactions. So in New York at the blockchain week consensus event, we had theCUBE down there. One of the founders said, the token is a project financing. You're bringing up another thing, which is another potential funding is company finance.  You invest in people and founders to build the company. We want to be on the cap table. We want to be aligned with them. No, but that's a vehicle you understand. So that's cool. I get that. But now you have another potential opportunity with project financing. So it smells like open source. So a lot of the guys are doing project financing and trying to do company financing at the same time. So I think there's some inefficiencies with that. Yeah, and I think this will be in both places. So it's not just going to be equity financing. It won't just be ICO financing. There is going to be some kind of regulation that will happen because it's very hard in ICO when there's no banker, there's no VC. We're just raising money from general public. Have they even done their due diligence? How do you even value something like this? Well, the game is over. What if there's a fraud? Well, we report on SiliconANG and we've been reporting and then this is the current is that the utility tokens game is over. It is financing and has been ruled by the SEC. The security token is going classic credit investor. That is a securitized investment with the utility upside once the utility capability exists. Potentially two liquidies or conversions, all kinds of things. So that's kind of out there. The interesting thing is that how will the liquidity come out? That's something we're looking at. And how does the team fund itself? Because again, product market fit is day one or day zero still. You still got to go out on scale. You still got to get customers. You have a global framework. You got domiciles issues. So this is complicated. It's very complicated, right? The good news is, as I mentioned earlier, it's still very, very early. We're in the first innings. There was some hype on the prices of Bitcoin, Ether and all the other cryptocurrencies going up. But the real companies and the real applications still have to be built. And what's going to happen is in the future, my prediction is just on a white paper, you're not going to be able to raise an ICO. You'll have to build a real product, get some real product market fit, get some initial customers. And then yes, ICO could be a means of funding, but it'll come with its own bells and whistles. Yeah, you got to show some exit potential on either revenue and or appreciation and some sort of token. I still think there's a great market there. I bullish on both. I think it's a, you have a great thesis over there. Obviously, other VCs are jumping in to see Andreessen Horowitz. I think Excel just got in on the Amazon kind of mining deal. I just saw that go out. So Silicon Valley looking like they've put the toe in the water for blockchain. Yeah, I think like. And you have any coming you can share with us or? Yeah, we have a few in stealth, but you'll be hearing soon about them. So you've put some money into some blockchains. Into equity rounds. Equity rounds, okay, great. All right, let's get to AI. First of all, I could talk about blockchain all day long, it's my favorite topic. AI and machine learning. Machine learning really is the meat on the bone. AI is, you can debate on whether AI truly exists yet. How does the machine learning and AI taking that crude oil, the data and making it scale with applications, how is that going in your mind? Does that tie with the new Silicon model you see? Talk about those two dynamics. Absolutely, so I would say one of the things that has happened already is the AI models from companies like Google, Amazon, Microsoft, there's a lot of research that has been put out there. So the technology exists. And if you look at the basic science of it the neural networks and other things existed 30 years back, existed 40 years back. But compute was very expensive. There were no GPUs, right? There were no ML processors. But today the world has changed fast forward 40 years. Now the critical thing in my mind is which entrepreneurs are able to figure out how to take this raw technology to solve problems which were not solvable before. So I'm very bullish on the applications of AI and ML which makes humans better, right? There's all this talk about, oh, they can do the work my admin does, right? That's not where the real opportunity is. The real opportunity is, can we apply AI and ML because compute, storage and memory are cheap to help with drug discovery, to help with precision- And the data tsunami is another factor too. There's so much data, you need streaming data. You need everything, you need help there. And the machine can do a much better job if you will, right? So early in cybersecurity, right? We can't have humans looking at and staring at like 10th a billion events a day. A machine using AI and ML models can process it and only flag to you the 10 things which matter. So that's where I think AI and ML applications will go. Autonomous is another good one. Healthcare is another one. We just talked about cybersecurity. They could be applications of it in horizontal applications like sales, marketing, HR to make these individual professionals more efficient, more productive, right? And as far as the compute and other things is concerned, again, we are in an early innings. And that's where- We're trying to be an investor. Yeah, and that's where if you look at it, right? Like we are in a data-centric world. We invested in Fungible. Fungible, the founder is Pradeep Sindhu, the ex-founder and CTO of Juniper Network. Yeah, he's awesome. Also, his co-founder is Bertrand. He was the head of all software at Apple. What these guys are saying is like, hey, today the bottleneck is not CPU. Is Pradeep doing a new deal? Yeah, it's Fungible. He's the CEO of Fungible. We backed it two years back. You should talk to him. I love, he's a great person. Yeah, he's an amazing guy. He's so smart. And still going at the age he's going at, right? Yeah, he is phenomenal. So Fungible thesis is simple. Microprocessors are hitting the Moore's law. They can only do so much thing. And what's been the tendency? You throw everything at the CPU. It burst. GPUs are a good example. You offload, floating point processing. You offload graphics processing, AI processing. Performance goes up. You can do more job with smaller space. So what's Fungible trying to do in a data-centric world? They're saying like, hey, if you look at people are running networking, security, storage functions, streaming functions on the CPU, why don't we just offload them? So anything which is data-centric or IO-centric, run it on microprocessor. So we're going to see more and more of this stuff. I think you're right. You mentioned earlier silicon is in vogue again. I think that's interesting. I saw a post by Steve Lasalski. He was a former Microsoft guy. Just wrote a story around how Intel missed a big wave because they were so focusing on what their architecture was. They missed some of the new things. NVIDIA comes right in. So we've been seeing what NVIDIA is doing. I still think there's a whole another silicon generation coming. This is what you're saying. AI on the chip, things are going to be on the chip because the Tesla is still a computer. Correct. We're going to see more of that, right? And I think that AI chips won't just be the training chips where NVIDIA is going. They will also be chips which go into autonomous. They'll also be chips for inference which go into cameras. So this whole area is very, very fascinating where not only will you have CPUs, they don't go away. You'll have GPUs. You'll have vision chips. You'll have sensing chips. You'll have inference chips. You'll have network processors that are going to get built. So the whole area which was written off in the last decade is going to come back. NVIDIA, great to have you on. I want to get your final thoughts on cloud and cloud native. Obviously the IT world being decimated by what cloud's doing. Pretty clear if the folks who have been doing DevOps for years saw this coming. But I think now we're seeing mainstream this tornado hit IT. Yep. Impact to IT is pretty obvious. Automation, DevOps, infrastructure as code, microservice are certainly going to do that. But one thing I want to get your reaction to is that the cloud is horizontally scalable. So you mentioned databases. So that changes the notion of a stack. Yep, it does. Your thoughts and reaction up. Because that is a landscape altering event. Correspondently scalable resources. When the world was stovepipes of vertical stacks. Your thoughts. And I think my feeling on that is I tend to agree with you, right? The world is moving towards scale out, not scale up. And it's moving to hyperscale. Not web scale or not the scale we used to have in the traditional database world. And I think what this will do is what we have seen with Amazon, right? Making compute a commodity. Making storage a commodity. And now we are moving into the containerized world. But soon we are going to go into the serverless world. So our belief is this underlying technology is going to create an opportunity to redefine the complete application stack. And the way software is written. The way the applications are built. And this is not any different. It's already happened. Than what happened with mainframe. Yeah. Going to client server computing. Going to web. Going to mobile. And now to cloud native, right? So I think this pendulum in IT architecture changes every 10 years. And when that happens, the whole stack gets redefined. And right now we are only seeing custom applications. But think about all the SaaS apps you have. How will they run on a serverless architecture? Can you have a different kind of pricing model? Rather than charging per user per month, could it be transactional based? So a lot of new things essentially are going to happen, right? And then you have the whole notion of decentralized computing. Where now you can run computer nodes which are not used. You can build a CDN using blockchain. You can build a new Dropbox using essentially blockchain on unused decentralized nodes. So it's going to be a very interesting time on how this whole hyperscale, microservices, horizontally scalable stuff comes along with peer-to-peer and decentralized computing. Naveen, great to have you on. What's next for Mayfield? Dry powder in the fund? Lots of dry powder in the fund. Only like 35% invested from our new fund and just looking for entrepreneurs. What size checks are you guys writing? It varies, right? Like a seed deal is essentially 250K to a million dollars. Series A's are trending up. They're more from like four to 10 million dollars from us. And we do selective B's which are like eight to 14 million. But the A inflation has been there and it's like four to 10 million dollars from a single VC. And on A they had to product up and running honestly. No, a lot of the companies we are backing, they're paper and pencil ideas. And the main reason, absolutely, the main reason is it's all about people. And if you back great people, they'll build the product and they'll get the product market fit if you will. Well congratulations, Mayfield. I've always known them as a great firm. 50 years old, blue chip venture capitalist. Thanks for coming, I appreciate it. It's a pleasure being here. Thank you very much. Cube Conversation here in Palo Alto. I'm John Furrier, thanks for watching.


Hi there. I'm Emily bringing you Light and Love from Burlington for Month. Today's yoga is yoga you can do anywhere while you're waiting. So perhaps you're at the bus stop, perhaps you're in a chair in the office. You can definitely change it to suit where you are or to suit what's best for your body. So let's get started in a comfortable seated position, perhaps in a chair, on the floor, on the ground.  Now we're going to imagine that there's light between the palms of your hands and inhaling through the nose will bring that light from the palms of the hands to the tips of the fingers. And then exhaling through the mouth will bring the light from the tips of the fingers back to your palms for a count of three, inhaling, inhaling, bringing our hands out onto either side, one palms up towards the sun. The opposite is down, turning your head towards the palm that's up, imagining that there's a ball of light that you're trying to catch. Inhaling through the nose, trying to extend towards it. Now on the exhale, changing the position of the hands, inhaling, exhaling, inhaling, exhaling, let's changing sides. So now let's put the palm up on the opposite side, palm down, inhaling towards the opposite hand, palms up going for the light, exhaling, changing positions of the palms, inhaling, inhaling one hand coming up towards the sky, bringing some space to your shoulders, perhaps gazing at your fingers, exhaling through the mouth, bring the hand up, inhale through the nose, extending the opposite hand towards the sky, your fingers, finding space with your shoulders, inhale both hands coming up, imagine there's a great ball of light between both palms, and then we want to also find space between our ears and our shoulders, perhaps you're gazing towards the sun at a 45 degree angle, or perhaps you drop your chin slightly, imagine this ball of sun in your hands, creating lots of energy, inhaling through the nose, exhaling through the mouth, inhale bringing our hands together, now for a slight twist, we can bring one elbow to the corresponding knee for a greater twist, you might want to take this elbow to the opposite knee, whatever feels good for your body, so we'll inhale here, pressing our palms together, finding some space gazing at the sun over the shoulder, let's inhale, again you can find the twist with the corresponding knee, or if you'd like to find more of a twist, the opposite knee will inhale here, pressing the palms together, gazing over the shoulder towards the sun, coming out of the twist, from here we can either lift one heel off the ground, or perhaps like to clasp your knee, or even bring your knee closer to your chest, so three different options, choose whichever feels best for your body, and then we'll work on rounding our back as we bring our head towards our knee, so we'll inhale, remember here, here, or here, exhale, relaxing the shoulders, bringing the head towards your knees, and finding some nice space with your back, so we're actually rounding our back, finding a little stretch there through the spine, holding it for a count of three, exhale, dropping the knee down, again on the opposite side, perhaps we're just lifting the heel, bringing our head down, perhaps you clasp the knee here, or bringing your knee even closer to your chest, so we'll choose what feels best for your body, we'll inhale, bring your knee up, exhale, bringing your forehead towards your knee, relaxing the shoulders, and finding a nice round back, so we're stretching out through the spine, exhale and foot down, let's push our weight back if you're sitting in a chair, we're going to inhale, finding length through the spine, and then exhale, rolling down, as far as whatever feels good for your body, but we're finding some space in our spine, and letting the head hang heavy, inhale coming up, shaking the shoulders out, inhale, rounding your shoulders up and back, palms coming forward, perhaps looking towards the sun at a 45 degree angle, or bringing your chin down slightly, let's inhale, bringing our palms together, just like we did at the beginning, pretend that there's light between your palms, and on the inhale, removing the light from our palms, radiating out towards the tips of our fingers, exhaling through the mouth, the light's going back through the fingers into the palm, come down onto your knees, thank you for joining me today for some yoga, bringing you light and love from Burlington, Vermont. Namaste.