Okay, so now we have all the suspects in one place. Aravinda. I'm going to bite. Aravinda is going to lead us off. By the way, this has really been a great day and I thought I could do without alcohol. And I think the last two talks made me do it. It's great. So tell me, I mean if you're going to do this, this is too... Will, if you can do all of this in the future, why do we need a catalog of encode elements? Meaning you can do it at a base pair level or at a few... So you're saying if you do the screening that I was suggesting, yeah. So that would be done probably in a cell line, right? That's a pretty... That's a context that isn't necessarily that relevant to lots of different tissues. I'm sorry, I didn't want quite a formal answer in that way. I recognize why we do it. I guess what I'm saying is, could you do it at a base pair resolution? I understand the value of encode. Oh, base pair. Yeah. So I'm not a Cas9 guy. But usually when you target these things, they make small indels. So if you could tile across... I mean they also have a PAM sequence that sort of... Is there some constraints to where exactly you can put it? People are figuring out ways around these constraints left and right. So I would imagine that you will be pretty much unlimited in where you apply these things relatively soon. And then, yeah, I think that you could at least make indels. It's hard to make changes, I think, at specific locations because then you have to do directed repair. Yeah, the non-homology. Right. So that's harder. But I think that there's a lot to do with it now. Wasn't the catalog a prerequisite for designing the CRISPR step? Right? It's some kind of catalog to start, wouldn't you? Well, I think that there are plenty of putative enhancers out there now. Is that right? I guess my argument would be like, there's plenty... If you look at encode, there's plenty of ways to infer whether or not something is predicted to be an enhancer. And I think capture C and others would increase that level of probability. And so you take, you know, 50 of these things that might be working and then you use those as your knock-outs. I agree, it's not necessarily totally hypothesis-less, but it is very limited in its constraint with the hypotheses, which I think NHGRI would love. Let me try to channel Aravinda, because you might have been still coming down from your seat high there when he asked this. And at least this is what I heard Aravinda ask, and I'd love to know the answer. This is fantastic, what you're proposing to do. So, you know, could you really hit every base pair? I mean, could we just forget about all of the stuff we're doing now and you're going to discover, or these technologies will discover what we need. Well, start a prep. So there's a lot of problems with what I proposed. It was more of a jumping off point than anything. So the idea would be that you want to test, say, the couple hundred genes that you know to be important or rate limiting for growth, let's say. So you come up with a system where they're all important for growth, so you have sensitivity, and then you could do this CRISPR knockout or up-regulate, testing, recruiting specific factors to specific locations and figuring out how that affects gene expression, I would argue. But again, this is like a gleam in someone's eye at this point, but I think it's a jumping off place for trying to understand how we might go about, because I think a lot of the depth of the ENCODE lines are in cell, like the Tier 1 lines, which are extremely well characterized and really set the stage for these kinds of in vitro in vivo. I mean, cell line growth assays. Yeah, I think. Ravid, did you have? I wanted to make a couple of comments on the CRISPR side, but completely irrespectively of the technical ability to go and edit at will, which is true for frame shifts and more challenging when you need homologous recombinations for editing of bases, you also have to remember that when you want to run a screen like this, you're actually going to be limited by cell numbers. So the issue with a full combinatorial higher order and not just pairs, the world does not end in pairs, is actually that, that the biggest directors in the world in sacrificing all the mice out there wouldn't solve the problem, because the cell numbers grow to numbers that are unmanageable. So that is why a more model-driven, a notation-driven and so on approach is needed. It's not really the hypothesis, it's just the limitation of the source space. So we do need a catalog. And so, yes. Okay, good. How are you? I think for the CRISPR screen, I mean, right now what have been done is really gene-based, right? Like you screen for very dramatic survival phenotype, level of death, and then you see enrichment. So I think natural extension would be to target those enhancers or regulatory element based on the assumption that single one will cause dramatic phenotype. But I agree that the combination is really the problem, because you're going to multiply it by so many fold, you will not cover the space. And also when you talk about in the same cell to up-regulate and down-regulate simultaneously, you also need this orthologous system to allow you to do that. But really, publication allows you to do that. I agree. But the key is you just, the combination of events, I don't know how you're going to cover other space. So I totally agree. My goal wasn't to, I went real fast. My goal wasn't to do all possible enhancers against all enhancers. I definitely want to use knowledge that exists to say, okay, here are 20 enhancers, putative enhancers for this gene that are implicated by both epigenetic information and also high C information and say, okay, we're going to screen those just to see if they do anything to this gene. And let's say five do, or let's say 10 do or something. And then you can imagine those 10 squared different assays, right, for maybe a couple hundred genes. So that's, I think, a limit. I didn't do the math, but I think that's a more appropriate scale, hundreds of thousands, let's say, of SGR and A-synthesis, which I think is eminently doable. Mike. Mike. But also going all the way back to things that Ross and Laurie, in particular, referred to in the area of enhancers, kind of two coupled questions. The first is, again, not my area, so I don't know what the site guide says, but how many of the putative enhancers people feel strongly are going to end up being actual enhancers? And related to that is, what is the definition of functional enhancers? So if we want to screen, right, or we want to assay even an individual one, what is the readout that we're looking for in order to know that something is functional in the enhancer space? The intention largely of my talk to say that we really don't know, we don't have a good working definition of one of enhancers, we have several assays that suggest functionality, but I think, again, you probably would have to take a reductionist approach to some extent and choose a set of regions that, by independent data sets, whether it be high C, 4C, activity correlations, what have you, we're connected to a specific set of genes and start there. And then just kind of march along those sequences to ask what the contribution of each nucleotide in that sequence is, but if you know the target gene, or you may actually be able to screen for a phenotype, you may take some intelligent design of what you'd want to look for. But you can also just do it by reporters, which wouldn't be great, but at least that would give you a stepping off point. No, I agree that there are reporter ways of doing this as well, that I think are very natural and also multiplexable, I guess. Well, I think we all got to... I want to take a shot at that answer. There was a phrase in the PI vision document about the golden age of molecular biology. I think we owed at least somebody over there on the front row. And the vocabulary coming from that, these are operational terms. A promoter is defined operationally. And I know the enhancer is defined operationally by certain characteristics it had in the reporter assays that we're doing with SV40 and so forth. And maybe we should keep that in mind and we need something, we need a short, clear Chris definitions, but we can have multiple terms. We can go with colors, we can go with all kinds of things, but that they're... that's where having lots of assays would be helpful and so we can be more precise in what we're talking about rather than just saying enhancers when somebody's a modulator or something is whatever. You know, Ross, just a quick note on that. So if you go back to Schaffner's original definition of the enhancer, the whole concept was based on the idea that all of the important logic that the brain was in the promoter and that these distal elements were just flipping the dial a little bit. And now that whole paradigm has been completely reversed. So I just want to throw that out there. So I want to just sort of follow up on, I think what both Ross and Lori pointed out that we say enhancer as sort of a catch-all definition for regulatory elements that seem to do good things to gene expression, but I think it's clear that not all enhancers are functioning the same way. And so from the point of view of trying to get at function and how things are actually working, do you have specific assays? Do you have specific ideas or readouts that you think would help us distinguish between an enhancer with a classical definition and a region with K27 acetylation that may be doing something completely different? Because I think we desperately need to get beyond histone modifications and start thinking about what these regions are actually doing. But I think there are going to be lots of points of view about how you assay that and what the appropriate readouts are. But I would love if when I leave here tomorrow I have a better clue for what this group thinks those would be, because then I think the non-coding genome is what we most need to get at and I don't see a consensus as to how we should do that. But we clearly need to go beyond just calling it a regulatory element. I think I heard a specific question. Does anybody up here know what to do to fill this in? And I'm... Maybe I can just comment. I mean, we talked a bit about this before. What you really need is a readout that's immediately downstream of the signal itself so you know it's not too far removed where all sorts of indirect effects come in. And so reporters or RNA measurements, they can often be very far downstream. So it's sort of the cause and effect problem. So we need to have those assays. So what are those assays? Well, whether it be their own positions or other histone modifications or factor assembly, things like that, if we can measure those as a cause or consequence of a specific upstream modification. But there has to be a lot of those tests done. And sometimes it's really hard to know which is immediately downstream versus two or three steps downstream. If I could just add one thing, I think it's important, I think as was mentioned before, not just to find what's downstream, but also the upstream causative transcription factor or event or something. And so the best assays are going to be ones that give us some insight into an ideal world both. And I don't think there have been that many knockouts of candidate regulatory regions. Of course, I'm pretty sure there's a large number that have been done that were never reported on account of they didn't do anything. But what we need to know, and that didn't do anything was within a, it's a context-dependent thing. And maybe there's more interest in really looking at the knockouts. We might start to see some consistent phenotypes.  So there's a lot more that needs to be done. So we've been playing around a lot with this and we've tried, for example, I think factor depletion is going to be key in terms of looking at the immediate consequence of loss of a particular factor that you predict might be important for either establishing that enhancer, be it a pioneer factor or the rate-limiting factor that activates. I had done a lot of this initially with, for example, S-I-R-N-A's, convecting them into the encode cell types and asking what happens. The problem is, if it's an essential factor, what you end up doing is you're only selecting for those cells that actually will maintain sufficient levels. And so I think we have to have other systems. For example, I think maybe this is a little antiquated, but we can bring it back. Some of these degron systems that have actually become better, where you could actually have the genetic rescue right there with you as well. And so we're playing around with some of those options and we do see that if you can immediately deplete a factor that you predict has a functional consequence at that enhancer, we can see changes in chromatin states either before or after changes in gene expression. And I think things like that are going to be really important because then we can take away the chemical that actually causes thepletion of the factor and ask when that factor can bind then what happens. And so I think assays like that might start to get at those types of functions and you can even do that in combination as well. Okay, so in the interest of time, I want to make sure people have time. So Stan and then Dana and then... So one issue which kind of dominates all functional type assays is the concept of effect size. Okay, and we are dealing with biology here and biology has built into it a couple of properties like massive amplification, right? One cell to two to the 44th divisions and there you go, it has tremendous robustness buffering all kinds of other things. The most miniscule change, smaller than we can measure in expression, mapped out over that interval could be in fact biologically a huge effect size. So, and you would expect in fact that since the system itself is doing that that most of the important effects out there are in fact incredibly small effects that are amplified biologically. So how then are these systems going to be relevant for informing us about what the actual biology is when we have no idea about the sensitivity and we assume a priority that's going to be extremely low? I think that's a factor where human genetics can also be combined to inform us about some of these effects. And I think you can actually measure the consequences on chromatin structure sort of independent of a major effect on RNA, which is also suggestive that there's some change there that's worth, you know, thinking about an aggregate or what some of these sort of downstream effects would be. You know, I think that again, combining it with disparate data sources perhaps or even, for example, human genetics as I said could be really valuable in trying to, you know, combine those data sets to see what those effects might be. And certainly... Could I just make a comment about that? You can make point mutations, single base mutations and just the guts of a promoter and have a big effect on transcription. There's some... Alicia and I have various other diseases where those are really important. It's really hard to knock down an enhancer with a single base change because they're generally bigger, there are more proteins that bind and so the effects are subtle. So I think that's why long-distance elements probably have more of a complex genetics... you know, little contributions rather than big ones. That may be one reason why I sort of mentioned what John... The main point I was trying to make is that the negative predictive value is practically zero. I mean, and unless you have a well-established thing. I think what Lori was trying to get at is, you know, everything downstream starts with this cardinal event, right? And then even though we can't measure that, at least we can measure this event and assume that there's something else, you know, going on there, but I think in a lot of cases, this is a huge problem in pinning down functions. Great when you see it, but if you don't, what do you do? Maybe Paula has an answer. Well, I can say, I don't know if I have a great... I mean, I think you have an interesting hypothesis about the effect sizes which could be testable in an organism where you could look at the whole organism phenotype so just a short-generation time model would allow you to do that, right?  And also, you know, globally, by the time you get to the whole organism, so there's, I think there's a lot of indication... I thought you were arguing that there were effects that had, at the biochemical level, had minor effects that you would... you were arguing that you're going to have major effects at the organismal level. And that, I think, is something that I would... I disagree with, but... So you think that nothing... that nothing that has a small... Not nothing, but I just think it's... I mean, it's going to be that... in general, if it's going to have a really... a 2% effect on transcription, it's not going to do anything at the organismal level. The entire field of epidemiology is based on exposure times time, right? This is like all of human disease and biology is an exposure times time phenomenon. Yeah, but there are systems where you can start asking some of these, but... Sounds like a great bar discussion. So Dana, we'll get the last question and comment, and then to make sure people can get back to the hotel, please get back, continue the discussion. Dana? So I think the question should be taken a step back. Not how do we assay for functional elements, because it's clear that it's important and it's clear that we're not quite sure how to do it, but how would we make a concerted team effort to figure out how we could best assay functional elements? So taking it a step back, how would we figure out in a team way what is right? And I've been told to remind you that the bus tomorrow is at 7 a.m. So can we thank our speakers, our panelists? Thank you all. We'll see you tomorrow morning.


Hey, good afternoon, coach afternoon. Hey, just I want to check on the roster stuff to start off with, you know, the sideline people could know and Ridley and Hayden Hurst, any updates there? And then the injuries from the game, Richie Grant, Fabian Monroe and Aude, a gun to drink. Well, Hayden's back building will practice this week, see what it looks like. I've got no other update. I can told you as soon as we get an update on Ridley, let you know, no update there. Go know. Let's see. It'll be, you know, what the doctors say when they check in with them. The guys from the game yesterday, you'll know more as the week goes on. We feel all right. You know, we won't know until we get to those guys out there throughout the week and get them some work and see where they're at. And then just coming out of the game, the rotating center situation, are you all going to move forward in that direction? Well, I want to see what the game plan, how it goes, he led. Obviously, we went with Matt in the second half. We felt that was best as the game went. It's not an indictment on Drew. Drew's plays some decent football and we're asking to. We just needed to know it's a tough match up inside and we went with the hot hand in the second half and we'll just continue to evaluate that. And Marvin Davidson's evaluation, he had the big play there, but has he been coming along for you all? Well, I got our guys, you know, there's stuff he's got to work on week to week. Things we can all do better, but it was nice to see Marlon make a play, you know, to have the awareness right there, the screen and it was a big play for us. Michael. Yeah, Arthur, where, I guess maybe what's changed with Russell Gage over the last three weeks? Do you feel like that's led to his production increase? Well, several factors, Michael. I mean, a lot of it depends on the covers that are being played and where the ball goes, where we progress, you know, so, you know, he's had production the last couple of weeks. He may not have been the primary, but he's in the right spot or he may have been the primary and just depends on the coverage. Well, you know, what we're trying to attack. So it was good. He was in, you know, a lot of those he was in a good spot yesterday and depending on the coverage where it dictated and he made some plays for us. Mike Davis seemed to indicate yesterday after the game that I guess a couple of weeks ago you might have lit a fire under them to kind of get going in the run game. What did you maybe point out to them or say to them to accelerate some of that?  It's a lot of it is a lot of the work and, you know, it takes time if you want to operate the way we do. And obviously we've had our ebbs and flows and like I said, I think the last two weeks we played more what we envisioned and it is a work in progress. And I think when you're able to do that, we've run the ball decently well last two weeks. I think it's finally just kind of a needed to pay off for us. So I don't think there's ever some great talk or anything like that. It's just finally you hope to get it. Something get us going and we felt it got us going to Jacksonville. I thought we ran the ball pretty decently yesterday. There's always things that we can be better at. So, you know, everybody's perspective is different, Michael. So if Mike took it that way, then good for Mike. We just got to keep improving. And I know I asked a little bit about this yesterday, but I kind of want to follow up again, maybe with the benefit of being able to watch some film. Why do you feel like in some losses this year, there's been such a struggle to finish drives? Look, so you're trying to rephrase a question from yesterday, Michael. This is why I know what you're trying to ask. I mean, if you look at the differential in touchdowns between wins and losses and red zone touchdowns between wins and losses, it's staggering in losses. I think it's 14 touchdowns and wins, nine in losses and kind of more of a 50 percent touchdown rate in losses. I'm just kind of wondering if you've seen anything that can kind of give you an indication of maybe why that that's been the case. Well, I think we're pretty obvious. You know, if you get stopped in situational football and third down in the red zone, you know, you have negative plays. I mean, that's usually the story of most games. And it's, you know, week to week, depending on the matchups, the ebbs and flows of the game, you know, we were able to move the ball yesterday. We didn't get down there enough. So that's certainly something, you know, we converted third down and we got a guy on that fringe area around midfield. We didn't take advantage of it for multiple reasons. So there's never just one thing. I think what you're seeing, there's a lot of progress being made. There's no such thing as moral victories. We didn't do enough things to win yesterday and credit the Tampa that's a good football team. And, you know, we had our chances and we didn't take advantage of them. You'd like to think that this week we understand the importance of this game. I mean, this is it, you know, nobody's happy to be five and seven, but you're not out of it. And so we have a huge game on Sunday and we'd like to say hey, last two weeks we're starting to trend into the kind of offense more into the offense where we want to be stylistically and balance. And so this is a big game for Sunday. Appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you, Josh. Arthur, the progress and the improvement that you've talked about that you've seen in the run game as you're watching the film. Where do you see that? Do you see it in an understanding of what they understand what you're trying to accomplish better? Do you see it in better blocking or better technical in the technical aspects of the blocking better physicality? What do you see? Josh, can I get a cop out and say all of the above? I mean, that's usually what happens. So we definitely feel more in sync, you know, especially some of the stuff in the wide zone. I think you're seeing that some of the stuff pay off. I mean, it's just the one thing that's about the game of football. It just takes one thing to be off there and it could be a difference in a good play and disaster. So I think you're seeing more consistency with everything, with the tracks, with the landmarks. Guys winning gaps and whether we're running wide zone, you know, the outside zone, the tight zone, people call it the inside zone. There's a lot of different names for it. You saw some success yesterday on the pen pull plays. You know, it depends on what you're trying to attack, but I think we're getting more in sync. But we certainly do things better, Josh, but we just got to keep trending in the right direction to give us a chance to win and play well down the stretch. Did Tampa do anything schematically differently after that first drive as it pertain to the run defense? No, I think, you know, we hit the one. C.P. got the one on the pen pull play. Got out there and, you know, made one God miss. And that's how you get explosives. Matt Hansie did a nice job of that play. You know, a lot of the times when you get those explosives, it's a little thing is somebody's second level effort that you may not notice that usually springs a big, big run like that. I thought we were pretty efficient. No, they didn't make any kind of major adjustments there, Josh. It's a good, they got good players. I mean, it's a good scheme. It wasn't anything like, hey, they don't change in the front. Right. So thanks. Thank you, Tori. Yeah, I actually wanted to go off of Josh's question a little bit more. In what ways and if you could give me any examples, that would be great too, that you're seeing these guys, particularly this offensive line, really understanding the concepts of what you're trying to put in in the run game. I think it's a, it's just a long, it's a long, hard road if you want to do it right. And so these guys, we got guys that, it most seems to, we got guys that work extremely hard, especially up front, the way they bring it every day, they come to work. And so I just think as you're seeing a lot of hard work pay off and us getting on the same page, which sometimes you'd like it to happen right away. Obviously it didn't, but that's why you don't give up on it because you've seen it work before. You know, certainly there's things we've tried to tweak maybe here or there. I'm not going to get too much in the details of the scheme, but I think it's in that payoff. Now the trick is week over week to do it consistently to do it for two weeks. Great. But, you know, we need to do it another week and improve from there. And I know kind of a phrase that pops up, whether it's with you or with players over the course of the last probably couple of weeks has been the need to play a complete game that comes to fruition. And I was just kind of curious from your perspective, like what that looks like. If you could give me like a all-encompassing 5,000-foot view of what a complete game looks like for you and what that goal looks like for you. Sure. It's obviously when the situational matchups, I think that's what you're going to see a lot of times in the NFL. You know, the way you finish the end of half in the games, usually a pretty good indicator. So that would be the first thing. And the other thing would be, you know, leading in the special teams, can you win the field position battle? If they move the ball, which inevitably the teams are going to move the ball, can you make them get field goals in the red zone? And clearly, and these are stating the obvious, but that's what it is. I mean, can you play complimentary? Can you win the field position? Can you not turn it over, self-inflicted wounds? You've got to get down there and score. So that's what it's all about. You know, when you want to be a great team, that's when you're really clicking on all three phases. Thank you. Zach? Hey, Coach, good seeing you. In your experience in the league, when you're preparing for opponent, has anybody ever fired one of their coordinators the week of that game? You know, with Carolina making the move and having played them already, are you expecting anything different as they change philosophies offensively? Well, certainly, I can't, off the top of my head, Zach, think about the coordinators. I know definitely the head coaches. I mean, I think we were the first game when Miami made the move to Dan Campbell. We were the team that went down there in 2016, because I remember well, because it knocked us out of the playoffs when Doug Marrone took over in Jacksonville. So I've been a part of that, but I can't off the top of my head. It probably happens, Zach. I just can't remember. But, you know, they said it'll be a tough divisional game, no matter what's going on over there and kind of worried about ourselves. We understand who they've got. It's not all of a sudden overnight. You're going to see some completely new offense or anything like that. So we're going to be ready to go. I mean, we didn't do a good enough job to come up finished in drives in Carolina and situational football, which costs us a game. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, Coach Long, those same lines. Coach Nixon, I guess, was his OC at Baylor. Did somebody have to go back and look at that stuff to see if it's any trends to pick up for this upcoming game? Well, look at everything he led. Like I said, in the middle of the season, you know, both teams have, the players they have. I doubt you're going to see some magical, you know, completely different scheme. I just got to be very ready to do our homework. But in my experience, the Zach's question, maybe you get a bump in a little bit of, I don't know what you call it, urgency. I don't know. Every team is different. But, you know, we know this. And then the last time they came here, they ran the football on us. Obviously, they got Cam in there. He provides another weapon around the football. And we'll see what their game plan is. We'll see it early, but we got to be ready to go. Thanks. I did. I want to go back to the complete game thing. Have you as a coach ever been a part of a complete game? Or is this something that you always talk about? And it's kind of this aspirational thing that never quite gets there.  I think you think you can see, I've said this before, sometimes you play, you win. You really don't play well. But certainly, yes, Michael. That's not, it's not some fantastical idea. It's all to use one of your terms. So, or the term I think you would use. So, yes. Yeah, I just want to be, some coaches will use that in kind of that broad term that's like never quite gets there. I just know if you viewed it like that, or if it was more of a realistic type of situation for you. Well, I'm not using the line from Friday Night Lights. Because I'm not like the perfect game. Right. Okay. Appreciate it. Thanks. No problem. Josh, anything? No, I'm good. Thank you. All right. Anybody else? Sorry. Perfect. All right. Thanks, guys. Thank you.


It can be really scary cutting back on fertilizer as the Jorgensen's have done and most people would legitimately ask How long can you keep this up? Yeah, and in fact many people have expressed concern that Brian is actually mining his soils This video opens the possibility that in a living healthy soil Plants can access pools of nutrient that don't necessarily appear in the soil test value Pay attention to where Brian begins this story So I want to take you back, you know, we implemented a hundred percent no-till in 1990s 1991 and Our yields were steadily increasing to a point where they kind of seem to to level off and somehow cap And it felt I felt as if there was something missing and at that time We were still soil testing and using soil lab recommendations or university recommendations, too We were doing maintenance level of phosphate. We're high levels of potassium here Potassium applications were never never really done So we were you know, basically looking at N and P and not looking at any any microbes or anything else And I felt as if there had to be a better way and I came upon some technology in the mid 1990s through a company that taught us a different approach. It was a different paradigm of thinking and We have basically been employing those those methodologies since the mid 1990s So going back to 1995. We basically jumped out full force and said, okay We're going to set up our planter to do the applications of these nutrients. We're going to stop dry Applications of dry phosphate on the surface. We're only going to use high quality Phosphates in furrow and we have been doing that since the mid 1990s So ostensibly we stopped applying any phosphate from a large degree on the surface of the soil and we're only putting small amounts of available P at seeding time and Since that period of time, which was be basically 22 years ago our P levels in our soil soil test P levels have come down But they've come down to a point where it would be very uncomfortable for most people in that science They would look at those and say, oh my god You are destined to fail. You're going to have a severe crop failure here and yet buzz every year We do this. We never see a deficiency We never have problems with the plants with energy levels or phosphate deficiencies Somehow or another the plants seem to survive on those small amounts of nutrient And so we don't get scared about the soil tests anymore If you look at the native prairie systems and take soil assays of them You're going to find very similar numbers very low phosphate levels mother nature has a system in place and it works very well Now notice that Brian always goes back to where their journey started and that's no tell Stay with us for our final video in this case study where Nick talks about what soil building which began with no Till has done over the last 15 years See you soon


Been dealing with tight hammies and tight hips working on them and then I got this little corn on my foot That's healed up played a lot of pickup killed myself last session jumped a little bit yesterday and Testing out the bunnies today probably nothing. No, but let's go I'm proud of myself on my way through the money the press will be calling left on my blessings I feel like I'm falling the birdies back. Tell me I'm probably something that's why It was good a lot of you have asked me how to warm up to dunk Just about breaking a sweat, I'm gonna guess like a hundred 113 112 damn right there. So yeah, I haven't really broken a sweat yet. So I'll keep these baby jumps I swear that was first try I'm dead, bro. I'm gonna try some jumps now probably film on my phone. Let's go Playing that game stopping hard on my foot with a little injury on it makes it hard to be confident off it But so today is just about building that confidence that felt pretty good But still hesitating let's get rid of that off my right, but I'm happy with it So I can go a little bit unconscious so I can just take off hard because I need that way too close I think it was good and aggressive, but then like you went way too forward You didn't go off in a hey remember remember this remember this you want to go max speed but optimal speed Not just too fast because look like you went way too fast. So go fast, but optimal take off boy Got it got it. Oh, so nice dude. You had it unconscious jump for watching and it's just what I do It's what we do. I don't know what he's talking about. Yo, thanks for watching dunking again tomorrow This is Steve in the future, but I'm feeling good For that daily motivation on the podcast get with it. Let's go. Don't camp in a few weeks. Let's get it feeling healthy


The Ministry of Health, Wellness and Elderly Affairs, through its Project Implementation Unit, recently launched its performance-based financing PBF pilot program in a ceremony held at the Bethel Blessings Events and Conference Center in Denver, Inc. The PBF pilot program is aimed at providing screening and treatment services for type 2 diabetes and hypertension and will be implemented in 17 wellness centers in a two-phase approach. Individuals who are 18 years and older will benefit from the services of screening and risk assessment, medication for treatment, and lab tests. Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Health, Wellness and Elderly Affairs, Jenny Daniel, said that the PBF pilot program fits in the strategic plan of the Ministry to significantly transform the health system over the next decade. The Ministry is happy and proud today to launch the PBF pilot project, which is an historic first in terms of health care delivery with the potential to have a revolutionary effect on the structure of a primary health care delivery system and improve accessibility of health services as well as the quality of health care delivered in St. Lucia. Practice Manager for Health, Nutrition and Population for Latin America and the Caribbean region at the World Bank, Dr. Michelle Gagnolati applauded the efforts of the Ministry of Health in launching the PBF pilot program and says this marks a new era in how health services are financed and delivered in St. Lucia. Through the PBF, St. Lucia is making wise investments in the health sector and for the population in two main ways. Firstly, this program focuses on the NCD countdown 2030 agenda to achieve SDG target 3.4, which aims to find efficient service delivery pathways and investments to accelerate reducing premature mortality for men's needs. Secondly, through PBF, St. Lucia is investing in primary health care to make the public health care network reliable and valuable. This is critical because more and better financing for primary care is the cornerstone of attaining universal health coverage. Minister for Health, Wellness and Elderly Affairs, the Honourable Moses Gebatis, expressed how related he was to be part of the launch of the PBF pilot program and said that the PBF demonstrated creative and engaging way in bringing about a health sector reform. This performance-based financing project, as you have heard before, deals with the transfer of money or material goods. It means increasing the quality and quantity of services. It shifts risks, as you heard, from buyer to the provider. It causes performance to be examined and causes there to be a system of encouragement, inducement, pushing the boundary so that everyone performs better. Phase 1 of the PBF pilot program, which commenced with the provision of its services on July 3rd, 2023, is being implemented in eight primary health care facilities. La Quamingo Wellness Centre, Jackmell Wellness Centre, Reach For Wellness Centre, Denry Hospital, Monripo Wellness Centre, Deriso Wellness Centre, La Fag Wellness Centre, and Souffre Hospital. Thereafter, Phase 2 of the PBF pilot program is expected to commence in nine other wellness centres in January 2024. Reporting from the Project Implementation Unit within the Ministry of Health, Wellness, and Elderly Affairs, I am Funal Neptun.


Don't you just adore global warming? It's February and I'm wearing a t-shirt a Great t-shirt of all colors Thank you climate change And a propo climate change today. We're going to discuss the narcissist shared fantasy. What else? shared fantasy as Reaction formation Stay for the ride. My name is Sam Baknin. I'm the author of malignant self-love narcissism Revisited in the gray eminence behind narcissistic of use I'm a former visiting professor of psychology and currently on the faculty of see ups Throughout this video gender pronouns are interchangeable he she her his etc. etc. The reason women have finally made it Half of all narcissists are women So the narcissists shared fantasy is a form of reaction formation. Why is that? because he ends up devaluing and Discarding the very thing he craves most The narcissist is conditioned as a child to expect to be loved only subject to his performance The child was expected to suspend his self his nascent boundaries His need to separate his need to become an individual and to acquire a person would the child was opposed to vanish or disappear Into the maternal figure later the paternal figure into the parental figures the child was expected to merge and fuse with them and Become an extension and an instrument the child was objectified instrumentalized and parentified so the child Learned to dispense with what he craved most because craving Desiring something is a sign of an independent mind the hallmark of an Individuality of individuality so the child has learned that to express oneself To desire something to pursue something to be interested in anything to crave Anything these are bad things. These are no-nose This this kind of proclivities are going to displease Father and mother so the child learns to not be In essence the art of absence rather than of presence the child suspended itself Initially What the child craved most was unconditional love and acceptance from a maternal figure. Yes with a dose of idealization with a dash of forgiveness and It was this maternal love was not forthcoming It was conditioned on performance And what performance not being The child learned to associate being seen With not existing Whereas healthy people normal people learn to associate being seen with existence The child has learned to associate this kind of child who grew up in a dysfunctional family with a dead mother And a dysfunctional father this kind of child learns to be seen by not being To be seen Is an absence because absence is not threatening to the parental figures absence is not not going to piss them off Absence is going to prevent abandonment you can't abandon an emptiness so the child has learned to suppress to repress to deny to get rid Of his desires his wishes his dreams his hopes his fantasies his cravings things he wanted He learned to ignore all these put them aside bury them deep together with his emotions And this is a great description of what is known in psychoanalytic literature as reaction formation In psychoanalytic theory reaction formation is a defense mechanism In which unacceptable or threatening impulses Are denied They're replaced in consciousness with their exact opposite So if you desire something very much even unconsciously And you can't have it or having it will Will make you lose your mother's love Then you would deny this desire You would suppress this craving and you would replace them with the exact opposite Of not craving not desiring and by extension not being The narcissist's absence Is his reaction formation To his existence because his existence was perceived by the parental figures as something bad This is the bad object The narcissist's existence as a child was perceived by the parental figures as a challenge as subversive as evil as sinful as wrong the child has learned to bury his existence and replace it with the exact opposite with absence which is exactly what the mechanism underlined reaction formation So for example in typical reaction formation if you have if you are a latent homosexual you would become homophobic if you have an unconscious prejudice you would preach tolerance you to deny feelings of rejection you may become overindulgent with someone and through the symbolic relationship between the unconscious wish and its conscious opposite the outward behavior provides a disguised outlet for the tendencies that it seems to oppose So reaction formation is a particular form of defense mechanism in which the aim of an instinctual drive for example a negative drive to destroy or to mess up a positive drive to love to merge to be loved and also known as sex errors So the aim of an instinctual drive is transformed in Freud's model this is at the behest of the super ego but the aim is transformed into the exact opposite and the resulting change is generalized over the ego's attitude towards all objects in external reality So whereas the narcissistic child learns to suppress his independence his budding personal autonomy his agency his boundaries learns to suppress and deny and ignore and neglect his wishes and needs and dreams with regards to his vis-a-vis his mother and later father As this child grows up he learns to do the exact same thing with everyone reaction formation metastasizers it starts off with a single form of denial and substitution denial of the craving denial of the desire denial of the urge denial of the drive and their substitution their replacement with the exact opposite and it starts with one thing and then having learned this trick the child growing up applies it to everyone and everything the child becomes a walking talking reactive formation There is a process of generalization reaction formation leads to definitive change of personality The newly formed character traits ensure the once and for all success of repression that is Fenneco Fenneco has worked in more or less the mid 1940s Fenneco was a student of Freud reaction formation should be distinguished though from three related defense mechanisms one is known as undoing it's a relationship it's undoing is like a bigger rendition of reaction formation undoing is the reaction formation works by changing the character undoing reverses temporary increases in impulses so whereas reaction formation is a nuclear weapon it devastates the entire landscape and changes it changes it unrecognizably and irretrievably undoing is reaction formation light it does the same to specific impulses in specific moments displacement is also different to reaction formation in reaction formation it is the instinctual aim that is changed while in displacement it is the object of that aim that is replaced finally sublimation behaviors that result from sublimation are devoid of instinctual quality they're not pressured they're not rigid they're not emotional whereas behaviors that are caused by reaction formations do have this quality instinctual quality and so when Salman Rushdie talks about pitiless hospitality or Jordan Peterson mentions narcissistic compassion they're actually talking about reaction formation it's one instinctual manifestation one expression of an urge or a drive or an instinct substitutes for the original drive or instinct or urge or craving or desire it's a substitution process it's a make-believe thing I am not really homosexual I hate homosexuals so by substituting the drive or the instinct or the wish or the desire or whatever to be homosexual substituting for it with hatred of homosexuals it compensates for the internal rejection for the shame and the guilt over the original instinct similarly with the narcissistic child the narcissistic child wants to love mother and wants to be loved by mother he desires her at least psychologically and according to Freud also sexually and so on so when this child is rejected when the mother's love is conditioned on performance mainly on the child not separating from her not becoming independent not becoming autonomous not gaining agency these are the mother's conditions for loving the child the child learns to suppress or suspend itself in order to gain the maternal love and this self-suspension self-negation self-defeat self-destructiveness self-trashing self-annihilation self-loathing self-rejection become life-long features however this is highly uncomfortable how can one survive with self-loathing and self-rejection and self-destructiveness on such a massive scale by compensating for these and the compensation is known as pathological narcissism now it all starts with sex according to Freud reaction formation and sexuality reaction formation is the cathartic transformation of an impulse that causes intra-psychic conflict an impulse that is dissonant that causes ego-distony you have an impulse you have a drive you want to do something and it creates unease and discomfort maybe your conscience is acting out telling you this is wrong don't do this maybe your ego is alerting you and telling you if you were to do this the consequences would be dire so don't do this whichever the case may be there is inner turmoil there is conflict there is unease and so reaction formation is a transformation of this in a cathartic way and the effect associated with the original impulse is also reversed so for example if the original impulse is to love the reaction formation would be to hate and similarly with the narcissistic child the core issue is the child is not seen and is not loved and of course the reactive form reactive formative the reaction formation to this is to be seen compulsively to demand attention to be addicted to attention and to be loved unconditionally within a shared fantasy by a maternal figure now you understand that the shared fantasy is reaction formation writ large the catharsis because when you engage in reaction formation there's a good feeling elation ego-syntony feeling comfortable with yourself proud of yourself either so this catharsis allows the ego to defend against the impulse the original impulse which has been impulse that's been frustrated or perceived as forbidden or led to rejection and pain and hurt whichever the case may be the ego feels that it has to defend against this impulse because it leads to bed outcomes and so the catharsis allows the ego to defend against the original impulse without directly experiencing the adverse consequences associated with the original impulse in other words it's a form reaction formation is a form of self-deception and elaborate fantasy based in my view self-deception whereas the ego is confronted with an ostensible reality which is fake but the ego doesn't know it's fake and it's much more comfortable as far as the ego is concerned the ego can work with this faked version of the individual much better than it can with the original impulse so there's a preference for the fake version Freud first described reaction formation in his three essays on the theory of sexuality 1905 in this work he discussed the nature and characteristics of the libido the life instinct or part of which is the sexual instinct eros the deviations of the libido and the mental forces that control sexual instincts it is within the context of describing the mental functions that impede libidinal energy that Freud first mentions reaction formation Freud postulated he suggested that barriers that restrict the flaws of the sexual instinct he considered the sexual instinct as some kind of river a stream you know flow so there are barriers that somehow impede this constant regular flow and so these barriers are constructed during the period of sexual latency of childhood when sexuality is not manifest is not expressed and these barriers may include disgust feelings of shame claims of aesthetic moral ideals and so on so forth they're all barriers to free unbridled happy joyful sexuality according to Freud Freud further suggested that it is through reacting impulses now we call it reaction formation reacting impulses of sexual instincts that these barriers are built up rather than paraphrase Freud let me just quote quote him actually he he wrote on the one hand it would seem the sexual impulses cannot be utilized during these years of childhood since the reproductive function has been deferred on the other hand these impulses would seem in them in themselves to be perverse deviant that is to arise from irrotogenic zones and to derive their activity from instincts which in view of the direction of the subject development can only arouse unpleasurable feelings they consequently evoke opposing mental forces reacting impulses which in order to suppress this unpleasure effectively build up the mental dams that I've already mentioned disgust shame and morality in another work three years later um titled character and anal erotism don't ask Freud elaborated his concept of reaction formation in relation to character formation Freud described an orderly parsimonious an obstinate character traits as originating in the conflicts that surround psychosexual development leading up to the latency period that's why we use the phrase anal character yeah Freud stated that these traits develop as a result of erotic fixation it is within the context of discussing erotic fixation that Freud discussed reaction formation so it all started with Freud's theory of sexuality where Freud described a succession of psychosexual erotogenic zones and zones in the body and postulated that excitation coming from these bodily parts is partially channeled into libidinal energy and partially deflected from sexual aims anal eroticism particularly leads to the development of the character traits of orderliness orderliness parsimony a bit obsessive compulsivia and obstinacy they are counter forces said Freud today we call them reaction formations again let me quote him he says during the period of life which may be called the period of sexual latency childhood reaction formations are actually formed at the expense of the excitations preceding from the erotogenic zones it is therefore plausible to suppose that these character traits traits of orderliness parsimony obstinacy Hercules Poirot these character traits which are so prominent in people who were firstly anal erotics are to be regarded as the first and for and most constant result of anal eroticism so that's a primitive example of reaction formation today we no longer subscribe to Freud's views about psychosexual development but it's an interesting concept Freud says the anal part gives rise to sexual arousal in the child the child resents and rejects this and instead what the child does the child comes with moral morally positive socially accepted manifestations of anal eroticism such as orderliness parsimony and stubbornness they are actually manifestations of anal erotism but they are not perceived as such they substitute for the original impulse to enjoy anal erotism and this is an example of reaction formation so someone who is too orderly too compulsive too neat and tidy too parsimonious too obstinate this kind of person is simply into anal sex but is denying it is substituting for it with these traits and so in both works three s's on the theory of sexuality and character and anal erotism reaction formation is tied to the latency period of sexuality and to the redirection of sexual drive during the latency period it's very interesting what Freud is saying actually is that reaction formation is an infantile defense mechanism we know of other infantile primitive defense mechanisms such as splitting or projection and so is there a link between reaction formation splitting and projection I think so actually I think reaction formation is actually hybrid of splitting and projection what happens is the child rejects a part of him that the child considers shameful this is self-rejection but why does the child reject a part of himself because the mother does the child internalizes the mother's gaze and the mother's attitude which is conditional love and so what happens is the child is mistreated by the mother the child is abused the child is traumatized but the child cannot say that mother is bad what the child does he splits mother is all good I am all bad and so when the child does this he develops a bad object mother is an angel mother is never wrong if she is rejecting me if she is not loving me it's because I'm not lovable I'm unworthy of her love I'm stupid I'm ugly I'm evil something's wrong with me this is the bad object the splitting leads to the creation of the formation of a bad object but no one can survive with a bad object it's intolerable so the child projects the bad object externalizes it and becomes by doing so the opposite of the bad object this is projection by getting rid of the bad object symbolically attributing it to other people or the world at large the child purges it himself he becomes clean he cleanses himself ritually almost and he becomes all good and so this act of splitting and then rejection of the split part the bad object is a good description of captures the essence of reaction formation it's exactly what happens I consider reaction formation therefore a secondary defense mechanism comprised essentially of splitting and and projection help me out here okay Shoshanim it was Freud's daughter Anna great child psychologist who compiled the compendium of defense mechanisms and discussed the various manifestations of defense mechanisms in 1937 but do not underestimate Freud's contribution to the field he introduced the concept of defense mechanism he created an ontogeny of defense mechanisms and he postulated the defense mechanisms occur not only along a continuum of psychopathology but also along a continuum of ego healthy ego development Freud fully understood the enormity and consequentiality of defense mechanisms he anticipated the importance the defense mechanisms would play in our understanding of psychopathology he wrote further investigations may show that there is an intimate connection between special forms of defense in particular illness as for instance between repression and hysteria that was in 1926 so you could forgive him for using outdated language reaction formation starts with the individual but as I said it has metastatic qualities it takes over the entire personality and then via the bridge of object relations via the transmission mechanism of interpersonal relationships reaction formation infects society at large let's go back a bit reaction formation refers to an attitude or a character trait that responds to an unconscious repressed wish or desire by evoking the opposite of such a desire right so generosity for example conceals avariciousness or greed hoarding modesty replaces grandiosity or megalomania so you have many pseudo many people online with pseudo humility humble brand and you know so kindness or reluctance to engage in conflict conflict aversion mask sadistic tendencies reaction formation is a symptom of psychic conflict it's a defense against rejected against instincts and instinctive reactions the individual rejects either because the individual internalized society's point of view or because the individual has been exposed to rejection early on in childhood and has learned to internalize this rejection has learned to say I am not lovable I deserve to be rejected so even though reaction formation is a hallmark of various pathologies it's actually most apparent in cases of obsessional neurosis it used to be called in his early writings Freud again described the mechanisms in obsessive patience he saw clear signs of conflict of ambivalence regression from tender to sadistic impulses and back and he tried to understand what the heck was going on there in 1915 he wrote an essay instincts and their vicissitudes and he distinguished between reaction formation and similar concepts which he called substitute formation compromise formation he said the repression carried out differently in each of these types of formation and so for example a hostile impulse towards a loved one you love someone but you also hate them this is known as ambivalence right so you're sometimes hostile you sometimes resent them you're angry at them you want to hurt them you want to harm them and so this is subject to repression because it's a no no you're not supposed to hurt or to harm the people you love and by the way if someone hurts you and harms you on a regular basis he doesn't love you period end of story so this kind of impulse is repressed suppressed be deleted buried and it's a result of a regression or the erotic drive if the person is sexually sadistic and so on but it's buried and it's repressed and the repression usually succeeds the contents of the representation vanish and the associated effect also disappears so the anger the hatred the rage they all disappear because of the repression so repression works but what if the impulse is too strong what if it is overwhelming or dysregulating then these formations come into play a substitute formation is the modification of the ego through establishment of scruples moral conscience voices inside introjects that tell you don't do it don't do it because it's wrong and don't do it because the consequences would be horrible reality testing so the ego is modified by incorporating morality but morality is distinct from the symptom so that there is the impulse there is this there are the symptoms of the impulse and then there's morality which suppresses the impulse and consequently the symptoms disappear and this is known as compromise formation reaction formation does the same it represses the impulse but it represses the impulse by fostering and gendering creating encouraging and intensifying a counter impulse an anti impulse if the impulse is plus reaction formation creates a minus so that when the minus meets the plus they become zero and the impulse is gone so although conceptually and chronologically distinct reaction formation and substitute formation are different things they are of course related because all of them deal with the suppression or repression of an instinct something wrong something you shouldn't do or an attempt to change yourself in order to gain some beneficial outcome mother's love for example so the reaction formation is the antithesis the antithetical choice of a substitution and it has impact on impulses ambivalence and so on so forth and contrary to compromise formation the instinct that is inhibited via reaction formation is not represented anywhere in fact the instinct instinct remains active it remains in evidence in various situations even the even the subject's rigid defense or defensive rigidity specific contradictions in the reactive stance they are indicative that the impulse is not dead has not been eradicated it's repressed it's under lock and key it's like a volcano about to erupt and again in three essays of sexuality 1905 Freud gave reaction formation this more extended meaning it's a pathway to sublimation the instinct is diverted from the aiming and this is very socially useful of course society doesn't want you to go around gratifying your urges and needs and drives in an uncivilized manner you feel like having sex you rape someone in the street society doesn't want you to do this society encourages the ego and all the tools at the disposal of the ego including reaction formation which is actually activated by the superego so unlike sublimation however reaction formation has a different aim the instinctual aim is diametrically opposed to the origin reaction formation is a form of elaborate deception I'm not x I'm actually minus x reaction formation does not entirely succeed because it's a deception this diversion the inhibited desire attempts to constantly resurface and reassert itself because it in because reaction formation involves self-deception it's not reality grounded in other words reaction formation impairs reality testing it's a form of self-gaslighting reaction formation as I said becomes a permanent character trait and its significance grows all the time of course people are social agents they act in society they interact with each other and what they do they bring into the game their reactive formations and these reactions for reaction formations if you infect each other they infect each other it's not just a symptom of a specific pathology it's deeply involved in socialization people use as children use reaction formation to fit into society as reflected through the gaze and demands of the parental figures the parental figures as socialization agents the parental figures bring society into the room when the child is growing up and the child adopts scripts social scripts sexual scripts behavioral scripts the child adopts norms behavior behaviors through the parental guidance of how to act in society here they actually the father has a pronounced role more than the mother so socialization reaction formation is a part of socialization we become social beings by acquiring this permanent character traits morality and virtues but most morality and all virtues are opposed to our instincts and impulses the message the signal that is given by dead parents metaphorically dead parents is it is a virtue to not exist the utmost accomplishment in order to garner love is emptiness is self-suspension is self-denial it's an aesthetic kind of view the mother of the budding narcissist the mother of the child who would become narcissist in due time signals to this child broadcast to this child the message and it says I can't love you as you are I love you only when you perform I love you only when you suppress your naturality your drives your impulses your wishes your independence and separation from me I don't want you to be a separate entity I want you to be a part of me forever symbiosis womb matrix call it what you wish mother and child forever united so the child's morality begins to rely heavily on self-negation the child forms the conviction that in order to be loved and accepted and liked not only in the parental cell in the family but in society at large he needs to not be himself either as a narcissist as a narcissist as a false self or as a papal pleaser or as a codependent somehow to not be Freud said that a subspecies of sublimation is to be found in suppression by reaction formation which begins during a child's period of latency and continues in favorable cases throughout their own life that's when the child is raised by healthy functional parents what we describe said Freud as a person's character is built up to a considerable extent from the material of sexual excitations and is composed of instincts that have been fixed since childhood of constructions achieved by means of sublimation and of other constructions employed for effectively holding in check perverse impulses which have been recognized as being unutilizable the multifariously perverse sexual disposition of childhood can accordingly be regarded as a source of a number of our virtues insofar as through reaction formation it stimulates the development and we become moral agents social members of society and loved by our parents all this by denying our impulse to exist we substitute the impulse to exist with the impulse to be absent with an impulse to self-negate and this is the mother of all reaction formations reaction formation is not restricted to character moral virtues it includes the intellect cognitions even emotions the counter-cathesis of the system of conscience organizes a reaction formation supplies the first repression so our conscience is the first form of repression because it represses instincts and drives and urges whatever in another essay thoughts for the times of war and death published in 1915 Freud demonstrated how altruism originates from selfishness and compassion comes from cruelty emanates from cruelty noble so-called motives can have the same effect as non-noble motives so virtues can have the same effect as vices we cannot divine the instinctual life of a subject we can only observe behavior of course now human kind's capacity to reshape instincts including the selfishness of instincts is reshape them remold them recast them as something else which is pro-social communal sublimated this is known as aptitude for culture people have unequal abilities in this sense some people are much more in control much more self-discipline than others some people take it too far they become compulsive obsessive and so on but it's a core feature of culture, society and human civilization instinctual remodeling can more or less be done willingly by the individual although unconsciously most of the time but it can also be brought on by trauma such as war trauma such as upbringing by a dead mother being raised by a dead mother when the individual is at risk there's reaction formation when cultures and societies are at risk there's reaction formation civility the capacity to conduct yourself in a way that is not harmful to other people according to ethical considerations these are all reaction formations and when they're subjected to stress and anxiety and trauma and abuse many of these unravel there is a reversion to the instinct remember reaction formation is the suppression of an impulse the suppression of an instinct under stress under trauma under abusive circumstances under coercion sometimes reaction formation unravels all the defense mechanisms are subdued this is known as decomposition and the individual resorts to the original impulse an instinct which in many cases is antisocial reaction formation exposes the fragility of morality repressed instincts return with a vengeance with great intensity as acts of barbarism and cruelty and now you of course understand narcissistic abuse narcissistic abuse within the shared fantasy is the unraveling of reaction formation when the narcissist is confronted by another person an intimate partner a good friend who truly loves them they don't know how to cope with it it's very stressful it's very traumatic they perceive this as manipulation and abuse they perceive love as manipulation manipulative and dangerous and so they fall apart they decompensate they turn off or switch off the reaction formation they revert to the original impulse the original instinct of aggression and cruelty hence narcissistic abuse


Hello. Welcome everyone to the Jobs Reset Summit. My name is Rebecca Blumitstein. I'm a deputy managing editor with the New York Times and we're really thrilled to have this discussion today. Just a quick note on what we're trying to tackle here. This session is linked to a very exciting publication that just happened today, a briefing called Dashboard for a New Economy toward a new compass for the post-COVID recovery. The deep disruption caused by COVID in nearly every country has forced societies around the world a moment of pause about what is truly of value. Rebuilding a post-pandemic economy will require a more comprehensive definition of success, economic success in terms of what should serve for a guide for the recovery. Despite a lot of talk of different measures, we're still seeing a lot of discussion about GDP as the core economic policy around the world. There's a lot of discussions about a V recovery, a K recovery, but that really falls short because disturbing trends that we're seeing are that COVID has exacerbated losses of jobs, there's predictions of increases in automation, that the digital disruption caused by the internet revolution is only going to accelerate and that we really may never get back in many countries to the job levels we saw before COVID. Business has started the down this path in terms of different success metrics, looking at stakeholders rather than just shareholders and now there's a call for the role of government and further defining what that should be. So to help us in that endeavor, I'm very pleased to introduce our esteemed panel. Sharon Borough is General Secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation, which is the largest trade union in the world, and Bob Moritz is Global Chairman of PWC USA. We will have opening remarks by no other than Professor Klaus Schwab, who we all know founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, and before we just heard about today's session format. Professor Schwab, just to let people know that for the first 30 minutes, this will be live streamed. The last 15 minutes, we'll have a chat available to toppling participants only and anyone during the interim can please, please submit questions of your own on a chat function and I will do my best to convey them to our participants. And now over to you, Professor Schwab, for some opening remarks. Thank you very much, Rebecca. This summit is called the job reset summit and actually it's integrated into a major undertaking of the World Economic Forum to design a global reset. We have on the one hand the need to fight the pandemic, to recover, to come back to the economic output which we had at the beginning of the summit, but also to design the policies and practices for the after Corona, after the pandemic era. So there are three objectives for this great reset. It is to make the world more resilient, more cohesive, and more sustainable. And this provides us with three key objectives. To make the world more resilient means to prepare our societies better for the next pandemic, to create societal robustness, to make the world more sustainable at this moment. It's mainly related to our approach to create the net zero world. It's the latest by 2050. And if we talk about a world which is more cohesive, I think we talk about jobs. We cannot have a fair world, a cohesive and inclusive world if we do not create in a sustainable way, reasonable purposeful jobs. So it leads us to the notion of how do we create the measurement for society which reflects what we have done and also with the leadership of Moritz, what we have done in the business world, which means to direct our efforts not towards one single objective, but to a multitude of integrated objectives. So until now we said economic development leads automatically to social progress. But I wonder where this is true. I think we have to set integrated objectives for society and for economic progress. So in this document which you refer to Rebecca, a dashboard for a new economy towards a new compass for the post COVID recovery, we provide a first framework to think in new terms to go beyond GDP and to create the measurement systems which allows countries to be qualified not only on the basis of the economic output, but what they really do for people and for livelihoods. So today's session in some way or in an important way should be a call for action. It should be the start of a mobilization effort into which we want to integrate the best economists as we have done so, but also particularly government and other leaders of in as a stakeholder leaders of society. Back to you Rebecca. Thank you very much Professor Schwab. Bob, I'd love to start with you. Business has laid the groundwork for much of this work. How serious is the business community about really moving to a stakeholder model?  Are you seeing a shift, a significant shift in the business world here? Thanks for back in a pleasure to be here and let me pick up where Professor Schwab left off, which is this is all about a reset. It's a great opportunity for us to rethink what we want that new normal to be. And clearly when you look at the challenges that each of us are facing with and these challenges existed before COVID came into existence, they've only been exacerbated and sped up by the issue associated with the pandemic. It's clear that the business community is recognizing a couple of things. First, they have an important role to play in society at large. Second, that they have to think about a broader group of stakeholders on a worldwide basis and the issues that are important to them. And third, they've got to do their part. And by doing their part, we have focused on a couple of things. It is clear that the efforts of the World Economic Forum through their international business council has focused on how do we actually move beyond what I'll call the traditional measures, moving to some non-financial measures that show a balance of how they are contributing to a more sustainable, appropriately focused stakeholder capitalism. And what we've done here is focus on four things, the planet, people, good governance, and the contributions to society at large. And the business community was behind this effort. We have many standard setters and regulators that were interested in progressing this agenda from a regulatory perspective, but it was the business community that said, we've got to take a first step. Now, why are we doing this? We're actually trying to get better information, more comprehensive information into the right people's hands. Historically, that's only been in the hands of investors as we focus on the stakeholder. But the reality is we see employee activism, consumer activism, financial activism all over the place now. So the businesses recognize that. The second reason for doing this is to demonstrate progress and comparability so they can differentiate themselves from one another. And I think these same kind of principles, when you actually get to more prominence in these other measures, separate and distinct from the historical measures, you see a much more comprehensive approach that the stakeholders can pay attention to, and we can get capital in the right place to solve these challenges. Pivoting to the government side of the equation, Rebecca, all of these same principles apply very much to moving away from a primary dependency on GDP as the key economic measure to a much more inclusive series of measures that I think will actually will serve the citizens, governments and the world at large much better than we have in the past. Sharon, it's great to have you with us. Could you please talk about jobs and how acute you think the jobs crisis both is and could become with automation and digitization even being accelerated in a kind of secular shift here? So jobs is critical. It's got to be at the heart of a new social contract. We've seen an economic model that's failed working people by any lens. Inequality people were in despair, angry because they couldn't make ends meet on the streets even before COVID-19. Then of course the climate emergency was unsettling because governments hadn't been fast enough to secure the plans and the just transition that would give people hope. COVID-19, we've seen 500 million jobs lost in the formal economy, 1.6 billion of the 60% now in a global labour market just collapsing. 60% including our new internet mediated or platform businesses are informal workers. No rule of law, no minimum wage, no social protection, no hope. And so when you think about that, there has to be a jobs plan in every country but it must be married with universal social protection and of course a transformative agenda for women because inequality is not just income, it is but it's also gender and indeed race. So inclusion is central and then we need a just transition for the issues that you raise which will change the face of supply chains forever and that is technology and climate. And of course we will have supply chains but technology is changing the nature of them, global demand and the slumping global demand, people's consumption patterns move to a circular economy, all things we have to do. So we desperately need a jobs plan but let me tell you how difficult that is because go from there to the question you asked around business and yes there are two business communities. One is absolutely understanding of this and we all work with them and one is at best mouthing the words or resisting them and it's a business as usual piece and that's just not an answer for business or indeed for workers but I want to give you a framework about why classes report is so important about the reset and going beyond GDP because less than 50% of people now live in democracies and we must depend on governments as well as employers and workers and civil society to actually shape the future and only 48% of those under 35 believe in democracy compared to two-thirds in the 1990s and the 2000s. That's the first time in living memory that the majority of young people who will be the leaders of the future and are absolutely engaged now in the fight for a socially just and economic future are dissatisfied and then even within democracies you have increasing authoritarianism so if we don't rebuild trust in democracy which means governments have to become far more accountable to their people and you're seeing that in a number of countries smaller countries but New Zealand, Iceland, Scotland, Wales, Finland, Bhutan all the well-being economies as they describe themselves but the ITUC the workers just put out indeed a report that talked about what measuring what really matters so class's perspective on this is critical we want to see governments accountable for living standards for the economy the tax social protection and public services the democratic rights and freedoms for the environment and for the engagement of people in their democracies beyond the ballot box so jobs that new social contracts social protection all of the things I framed in passing they fit within the indicators of both living standards and the economy and how you fund the recovery how you fund the basic and essential services that we require for our communities and professor Schwab you should feel free to jump in here I want to I want to shift to what specifically governments can do to actually encourage the the spread of such measures Bob I'm sure that that as someone who consults businesses you you don't want governments saying well you can't lay off workers but but what what is you know when you look at success here and encouraging different kinds of of metrics and behavior what what specifically would you be advising that governments do so if you go back if you can let's go back to what was said earlier by Sharon New Zealand is a great example we're not saying that you need to walk away from the measure of GDP but rather GDP is an indicator not the sole measure that is demonstrating the inclusive nature and the benefits that go to society at large including those that are looking for job job opportunity and and success in a shared economic prosperity so what New Zealand has done is said look we're actually going to bring more prominence to about 60 other measures now whether that's the right number or too large of a number we're not sure but the reality is they are bringing much more prominence to a host of other measures that are either interdependent with GDP interconnected to and result in higher GDP over a longer period of time and that's where the accountability of our government leaders become so important in terms of bringing a balanced scorecard to the success that they are looking to achieve for the benefit of their citizens and for that matter the betterment of enhanced investment coming into their country from perhaps the outside so it's just like a business just like a business as we've said on the business side of the equation your historical looking back measures of net income or a strong balance sheet are important they're not to be walked away from but we definitely believe there's a series in the case of the business report that we did another 20 measures that we would hope the world would see and again back to Sharon's point the accountability be held and this is the point now I would finalize with Rebecca which is by getting the right information out there with the right prominence or right awareness you get better accountability you get better accountability you make the progress that society and the stakeholders at large want to see. Rebecca if I may just take up this point I think the time is right because people have become much more aware that it is not only material success but there are other things which count in life and COVID has shown us very clearly what the issues are now what we also can learn from the business community and from the initiative which the International Business Council has undertaken we have to avoid some countries each country develops its own system because what we need is of course measurability to get as Bob said accountability we need comprehensiveness we need not just one element like environmental responsibility or decarbonization no it's a whole package and we need universality because otherwise countries cannot be compared to each reason also so that's the reason also why the system which we have the dashboard which we have developed is very much in line with the four criteria which are applied to business and the ideal situation would be that you have one concept of course with variations where you can really measure the social environmental and good governance process of countries and of businesses so so there is a kind of mirror effect and Rebecca just to pick up on Professor Klaus's point here as we look at society at large we assume GDP was a great measure to demonstrate the progress society had and that was done country by country we have asymmetry right now that proves that's not the case and it's not a relevant measure for the inclusive progress society is making and therefore these other indicators are tremendously important to move things forward the power ends up being when you get more comprehensive information on a comprehensive basis out there more consistently people can make judgment calls actions can be taken investment of capital can go in the right places to make the impact that we're looking for that's a really interesting point because the dissatisfaction with GDP growing concern about inequality was a big issue before COVID and now it feels like it's become now an urgent issue Sharon could you talk about what measures would you you're in Belgium you're in Europe there's more of a safety net there than there is in many many parts of the world including the US are you do you see progress toward this in Europe or what what measures do you think are most important for governments to adopt so if you're talking about the recovery itself and planning for a recovery yes Europe is setting new benchmarks for the world there's no question about that they're looking at corporate behavior with mandated due diligence they're financing the recovery with a medium to long-term approach to both investment and managing debt that's essential for everybody they frame their recovery on the social pillar and they're actually just last week the president of the European council asked the unions and the employers to sit down and negotiate indeed indicators that would take them beyond GDP so it will be part of the dialogue next next year we're also looking at some of the other areas how do you have a minimum wage on which people can live with dignity right across Europe how do you actually encourage collective bargaining what is it that we can do to mandate due diligence as I said to incorporate impunity against the global rule of law so all of these things fit in but in at its heart is again what do we do how do we actually drive the same capacity debate inclusion dialogue across the rest of the world but if I could just answer briefly the previous question if you just take two of our indicators or maybe three if you look at living standards and think about what the cost of living is what is the the share of income necessary through wage growth minimum wages average wages collective bargaining national poverty benchmarks all of those things exist in our countries in different ways if you then marry that with the economy and look at GDP per capita not GDP overall alone but GDP per capita of course balance of trade but inequality as well and net jobs growth and it's and benchmarks against full employment and gender employment the gender employment gap and if if governments mandated for their central banks to have employment and climate at the heart of of their mandate then you would get a long way towards that but what you also need is tax social protection and public services and they are married because we want tax not austerity we need to fund the recovery but we've seen the scandals in aged care and child care we also know in health generally we also know in health education aged care child care there are many more jobs than there are actually in construction and we need infrastructure vitally for for jobs but also for an economic enabling green recovery and so on and we need of course to reinvest in these other vital areas so looking again at government revenue is critical and then government's being accountable about how they spend that so we have a lot of work to do but I tend to agree that you know there's not it doesn't matter how many indicators but we can get this down to an agreed set of framing indicators that actually then governments can choose what is essential with their people as they should to their own context we have some really good questions coming in from around the world one from Brazil asked what changes are needed in the tax system to encourage these you know a tackling of these new global challenges you just mentioned taxes Sharon so so again look at the debates going on in the OECD the G20 and indeed in Europe financing the recovery in Europe one of the contestable debates is do you introduce new taxes Europe wide and the answer has to be yes otherwise you have to go back to austerity and people will simply lose even more trust in democracy so in that context then there's a minimum tax threshold for corporations being debated there's a new digital tax owning anyone disagrees you have to rein in the global monopoly of the big tech companies and apart from all the issues we have to look to manage like privacy and and digital identity there's also questions around you know the share of wealth and the size of these corporations for big competition but then we need to relook again at the the financial transactions tax and we really seriously need to look at wealth you know you already had it described today oh sorry it was a previous panel where you know the companies that have made money through the pandemic could actually share that money with their workers and still be as rich as they were before the pandemic and at what point do we say we don't need a small group of people to make this much money and that it must be shared and finally of course there is the unfinished business of base erosion and profit shifting tax havens beneficial ownership of company transparency the issues already on the deck so it's a big agenda but it's a vital one if we're going to share our prosperity hey rebecca if i can pick up where charon went as we go through COVID-19 there's a need to repair the damage of the past honestly we're still in with 10 years of coming out of the financial crisis that we had 10 years ago and some of the lessons learned coming out of that now we have to actually repair the damage of increased amount of debt and stimulus implications in terms of the obligation that governments have put on taxpayers so that's a reality you couple that with a tax code generally around the world that was created for old world society not necessarily new world society so there's a need for systemic change in the tax systems around the world and what you're looking to do is to create the right incentives for the right sustainable behaviors of government officials business leaders community leaders and the like to then get to this much more comprehensive approach of how do you solve for a sustainable much more inclusive economy and a sustainable much more inclusive world as we think about the stakeholder capitalism that professor swab talked about in the past living in Geneva i just want to give you an example what we have to combine because we need entrepreneurial activity we need to foster innovation if we want to build also rebuild the economy and here in Geneva even if some people including myself suffer we are not living in a tax paradise but we have a high income tax we have no capital gain tax in order to stimulate entrepreneurial activity but we have a tax on the fortune and so we combine a distributive element with an incentive to invest into entrepreneurial activities at this moment i need to conclude announce the conclusion of the live streaming portion of this segment but very and thank our panelists but very much encourage everyone to stay on registered for toppling because we're going to keep going with some of these great questions that are coming in from around the world