Live from the Wynn Resort in Las Vegas, it's theCUBE, covering .next conference 2016. Brought to you by Nutanix. Now here are your hosts, Dave Vellante and Stu Miniman. We're back, John Forster is here. He's the transitional services program manager at Fitness First and he's Natalie Dress. Thanks for coming on theCUBE. Thanks very much. Thanks very much indeed.  Yes, very much so. That's the role where I'll go into the business, have a look at their IT. Does it fit? Does it suit to what the business is trying to do? Where's it holding it back? And where's it doing really good stuff? And then see, right, how can we take that and really move it forward? And that's the role which I do and that's the role which I really enjoy. What is Fitness First? What's the business owner? What's Fitness First? What's driving it? Fitness First is, it's a gym company. They run really nice clubs. You go in, you get fit, you get healthy. They home run clubs across 16 countries. They don't have anything in the States but they have everything sort of going east from there, let's say, all the way around to Australia. So it's an industry which is very fast moving. It's an industry where there's massive demand of, we want information and the customers, the members to say, they're always working out. So they want that information and it needs to be slick and fast and great. And a very competitive industry. I mean, of course, a lot of that business is still social, young people go there to be seen. They want to meet other young people but increasingly that business has become sophisticated in terms of self-help, online programs, was videos, et cetera. Beach body and all crazy stuff like that. So how has that affected the business, changed the competitive dynamic? The way it's changed is that you have to be in that market. Like you said, you have to have the app on the phone so you are constantly doing some exercise exactly as you said. So if you don't run fast then you very, very quickly fall behind because it's an industry where if you want to change club there's got to be a reason to hold you there. So John, you talk about moving fast for a way too long infrastructure and specifically storage has really been an anchor on companies moving forward. What are you seeing in the infrastructure space? How does that fit into your line of work? What am I seeing? If I take fitness first as an example, when I first went there and I looked at what they've got it was the classic three-tier, an awful lot of physical tin and an awful lot of people having to then look after a lot of physical tin. So you're paying most of the IT department to make sure that the light stayed on and it just ran instead of what can you do with it? So the big change I've seen is that move away from thinking about what's there and just using it, using it and using it quickly and a massive shift towards everything is virtualized, everything and I think we've moved hugely down that road. There's still a long way to go but I think that step change is now being made and that to me is really exciting because you can do things quickly. Yeah, even we talk about virtualization. Virtualization when it was first rolled out broke a lot of some of the other pieces of the infrastructure with the software-defined meme is what once again matching infrastructure to be able to enable those virtual environments. So bring us forward to what you see as the infrastructure impacts on what happens. The real infrastructure change I've seen is that it's really nicely working together. So you have the various parts of that infrastructure and you can just treat it as one. So you're not running at the speed of the slowest part. We can upgrade the servers, we can upgrade switches, we can do all of that but we're held back because the sand can't deal with that level. So the whole thing runs at the speed of the slowest part and that is just, it just kills the business because they're screaming out to say do things quickly and you're going, we don't have the infrastructure to do that. But with this move to this hyper-converged, to take the phrase no one seems to really like, you just move to being a unit of compute which you can then just go and use instead of saying how does this tie to this and how does this tie to that and have to have lots of engineers to make sure each separate part works and even more engineers to make sure it all works as a single unit. If you're just going by a single unit, you just take all of that away. So what's the business impact and how do you measure that? Is it, I mean, obviously if the users are happy that's one measurement but you go further. How do I measure that? In terms of speed from someone having an idea, someone having a concept to be able to build that, test that, give that back to them and say right, there it is, you can now use that quickly. So it's that speed of concept to actually being used. So let's say in the old days that took a hundred units of time. As you move to this hyper-converged infrastructure for the digital age, I can throw in that buzzword. How many units of time does it now take? Oh, that's a good question. I reckon you've probably taken that down to 10. Down to? 10. I think, I think- 110th of the time. It really has come down that much. So infrastructure was that much of a gate? Yeah. For the elapsed time from- That much of a gate. Inception of idea to production. Yes. Well, Dave, I mean, the metric we've heard for the longest time is what? You know, you're spending 80 to 90% of your budget and time keeping the lights on. Exactly. So if we can bit flip, you know, flip that on its head. Exactly. You know, that's a 90% reduction. Yeah. If you think, if someone wanted to do something, it would be, right, raise the paperwork, go and buy some more physical tin, get it delivered, get it plugged in, get it wired up, get the operating system put on it, then start to use it. All of that first part of time is dead time. It's dead wasted time. If you can just say, spin that up, start using it, pass it to the user, pass it to the developer, and you can do that in an hour. Yeah. John, I'm curious about your input. You know, when we talk to users, one of the most interesting things about kind of this transformation is, okay, what happens to operations? You know, how much is it retraining? How much is it? Oh, hey, I've had, I had a Nutanis customer, I talked to it, a great story, said, you know, I've had this security project sitting on my desk for two years, and now I can actually do it. Do it. So, you know, what are you seeing? What happens in the operational side of things? When I first worked with the team at Fitness First and said, we're going to bring in this new architecture, and they were really, they were fully involved in it. You know, it wasn't a case of turn it up and plug it in, and there we go. You know, they were fully involved in it, and there's a number of them that said, how is this going to affect my job? Because I'm the guy who used to keep the lights on, and with this, it keeps its own lights on. There was another guy who said, well, I'm the guy who used to build the servers, and now you're going to press a button. What's this going to mean to me? And I said, it's going to mean you're going to have a far more interesting job. And I sat down with the one by one, you know, and said, look, what did you not like about your job? Not what you did like. What did you not like? And he says, well, it was slow, and no one really liked us, and all those classic things to do with Oskill IT. And he says, well, what if we could take those away? Let's list those things, in fact, we can take away if we move to just hyper-converged, totally virtualized, and do things quickly. And of that infrastructure team, no one left. The guy who used to check that the tapes had backed up last night, and it was basically just running, he is now a trained DBA, and he is an excellent DBA. So you're saying no one got fired? No one got fired. So, and that's a concern of a lot of practitioners, and it has been for years of, oh, if I do this, it's going to eliminate my job. I must say, across the whole IT team, there was quite a large reduction in some areas, because it just wasn't needed. There was just no need for those type of roles anymore. But for the core team who looked after the core infrastructure, they're there, but their roles have just changed. And when I was talking to one last week, you know, he said, I'm a bit bored doing this. And I says, what? He says, I'm having to build servers. I said, yes. He says, well, it used to take me quite a while, but I actually could just do all these different parts, et cetera, et cetera. He says, it's about half past 10, and I've done about six this morning, and I've finished the, I think, 19 he had to build by about lunchtime. And I said, and that used to take you, he said forever, but I've just got different type of board now because I just press a button. But at least I know it's only going to take me a few hours and I'm going to do real work again. You just built the next Nutanix commercial I heard. It's like for the IT people that, you know, set aside, you know, a day or a week to do this, we're really sorry you've got a lot of free time. Oh, I know, I know. And it really was that. And I said to the guy, I said, isn't it nice to have a positive problem? So, Kim, let's talk about cloud. How does kind of public, private, hybrid cloud, what do those mean to you? Where did this fit into the discussion we're having? I'm a firm believer in this private cloud, public cloud, it's cloud. It's where are you going to put that service, that application or that data? So it's in the best place for what the user wants to do with it. So that could be on-premises, it could be off-premises. As far as the end users is concerned, they shouldn't care and they shouldn't know. And one thing which again, which we've done at Fitness First is to say, right, is this something which we want on-premises, on a private cloud, or is this something which we want to have off-premises? So some of the applications we've gone, that's software as a service. We will take that as software as a service. So they used to run their own exchange, they used to run their own, looking after office and so forth. That is in Office 365 and off it went. On the website and so forth, it's right that's got to sit in the cloud. Let's put that on Azure because it works very nicely. We can do work on-premises and we can just push that up. So all of the development can be done nicely on-prem and then we can just publish that up and the users are just using it. So it's really looking to take away that sort of line, make that line as blurring as gray as possible and just like, where's the best place for it? So we're now looking to have some applications where we're going to have part of the application running on-premises, we're going to have some middleware running probably on-premises, so far it is. And the other half of the application is actually running in the cloud. But it runs as one seamless application as far as someone is actually using it because that was the best place to put it. Yeah, I mean as an industry as a whole, I think a lot of people are still grappling with what goes where and how. Especially something that spans between them and is broken up. We haven't talked a lot about microservices at this show but applications are being built a little bit differently and there's considerations that have to be. And again, if you can, the other great thing about going down the Nutanix route is that everything becomes very standardized, very modular, you know, so you can say, I know what I build on-premises, we'll work with something which is software as a service, we'll work with something which I've decided to host on some infrastructure as a service, sitting in Azure or sitting on AWS because they'll work together. And you're right, it shouldn't matter where it sits. What's going to give the best value, the best bang for the buck, but also what's going to give the best experience to someone using it? Howard Ting used the term cloud inspired earlier today and I think he used it as keynote and maybe use it on theCUBE, use it on theCUBE. And Stu, you and Brian talk a lot, Brian Graceley talk a lot about cloud, not being a place to put applications and data. I mean it is, but it's about changing the operating model. The user shouldn't know where it is, who cares? Reasonable people can debate where it should be based on cost and other factors, maybe compliance, et cetera, governance issues, but in terms of the real impact on cloud, the premise is it's about the operating model. Do you buy that premise and how has that manifested itself in your organization? Do you mean the operating model in terms of how the business works? How the business works, how people spend time, what they spend time doing, looking at infrastructure as a piece of software that you can communicate with through an API? Yeah, and you just draw and you use it, you need it. Have we seen a difference? When we've moved some applications up to be cloud hosted, either integer or taking Office 365 and so forth, that has enabled so many people in the business to be able to work anywhere much more easily. So you reduce down the size of any footprint which you need for an Office and so forth. So we've closed down some of the admin areas. We closed down one of the whole offices which we had in London, because it's like why are people traveling in to use something which you can use, not just sitting at a desk, but you can use it anyway. You truly can use it anyway. Here's an iPhone, it's got all your email on it and your calendar and everything else. We've moved to using SharePoint so you can get any documents. So it's changed that business model because it takes away the physical boundaries of having to be in an office. And if you think, if you're taking away the physical boundaries of people working in an office, you're taking away the physical boundaries of where your applications are and where your data is. You can flex, you can move, you can meet anywhere. You're not tied back. And I think that's certainly changed the operating model. And I think the great thing is, so many people in the business have picked that up and ran with that model so quickly. I was saying, so I can just work here and I can do this and if I do want to go to the gym at lunchtime, it's not a problem because I can catch that time up if it's something which needs to be in for someone in the morning because I can get my data anywhere. I can work anywhere. Well, the interesting thing about what you're saying of fitness first is that you have used existing skill sets and advanced them, applied them in new ways. You've taken all this stuff that used to take weeks where the 100 time units down to 10, you've taken those 90 time units and have applied it to new skill sets. You gave an example of somebody who's become a DBA, whether it's Ops Dev or Dev Ops, it sounds like that's permeating into the culture. Oh, it certainly is. We've been working with a very good third party actually in order to help move the business down that route. So again, to speed things up, to give you an example around that is we have a lot of the development is now done offshore because they're skilled, great people, who can do that. And there was an issue which needed to be sorted out and they couldn't get hold of the guy who would normally build them a test environment. They managed to get hold of me in a hotel and said, you know, because they're about six hours time difference and said, we'd really like to sort this now. Have you any idea who we can get hold of? And I said, to do what? I said, we need to take a complete copy of the production environment, put it in a very secure place so we can find out what's going on. And I said, oh, I can do that. So I logged in, I logged into all of this infrastructure which I couldn't see, I could just see a nice front end. And I went, click, click, click. We had a chat for about two minutes, less. And I went, okay, if you're logging in using your normal credentials. And he went, oh, it's done. I said, yeah. Three clicks. It was just to be able to build a server, build exactly that same version of the application which was running in production, not the one we had coming down the pipeline, exactly that one, with exactly that data. As of, I think it was out by about five seconds, the data, you know. And it was so, it was so satisfying. It's a powerful example of transformation. Yes, yes, and that before was, okay, get a copy, get last night's copy, copy it across, put it against the code. Is that the same version as the code running in production? I'm pretty sure. Validate that. Gone away. And it must have been easy because I could do it. So, John, we talked about some of these transformational changes down at the kind of admin level of the changes. Can you bring us up to the C-suite? Infrastructure so long, I don't want to make change because I buy on fear, I buy on risk. How do you get the CIO and CTO over that? Is this ready for production environments? Obviously, there's a couple thousand people here that think so, but what's your experience been? My experience of it was, it was selling to the CIO, to the CFO of, where's your pain point now?  Where's the pain? This is, well, it's slow. We have to plan three, five years ahead. So we always overbuy. And then once we actually want to come and use it, it will be out of date. So the CFO is saying, yes, you need to make my costs much more predictable. I need to know as far as possible how much it actually is going to cost. Trying to turn around to the business and say, what will you want in two years' time? Who knows? Who knows?  So to be able to plan ahead two, three, four, five years, you just can't. So if you can have something in place which can flex, which can say, I need some more servers. If it's a virtual or a physical, again, who knows? It's just a box they can go and use. So that's how we sold it to the CFO saying, we can give you much more predictable costs. And also, we can give you much more predictable costs of running IT overall. Because we've reduced down how many different moving parts. We've reduced down how many suppliers, massively reduced down the number of suppliers. So again, there'll be less paperwork coming in. There'll be less admin coming in just to make sure everything's okay. And he said, well, that's what I'm looking for. What did the CIO want? He wants to be able to move quickly. He wants to be able to be honest, sit in a meeting and it's not him holding anything back. That's what he wants. And also, he wants to be able to then have the confidence to be able to turn around and go, we can use technology to do this, not wait to be said, can technology do something? We're now turning that around and say, well, we can do this and we can do that. You know, because with the speed of technology, there has to be someone as well to say, this is what's possible. This is what's really possible. And again, by being able to spend more time understanding what's possible and trying things out because the team can do that instead of keeping the lights on, changing the tapes. You can drive that much more through the business. All right, well, we're reducing the noise to signal here. It's all about simplification. Great story, John. Thank you so much for sharing with us. Thank you very much. Thank you. All right, keep right there, everybody. We'll be back with our next guest. This is Dot Next. We're live from the wind in Las Vegas. We'll be right back.


We've been partners with Honduras for a long time, so we're currently at a subtle kind of air base. We've been here for 40 years. We do have a long relationship with the Honduran military, so our primary job over here is to work with their conventional army forces. We came into country with seven teams in multiple different locations, primarily in Taguchi-Gelpa. They live there, and they work closely with the NCO Academy from the Honduran military. My team and I are here as advisors to the Honduran NCO Academy for the army. We work with the instructors and the staff here at the schoolhouse. Being able to participate in the training events, we'd be able to do things like go to the range, participate in several of their ruck marches, and repelling has been a big win for us. Our primary objective here was really to establish rapport. It was to work with the Honduran army, kind of establish a relationship first, and then once we kind of established that rapport, it was more towards kind of showing value. SFAB representatives from the United States Army are knowledgeable, armature, are trustworthy, and do bring a world of knowledge to the table.


California on behalf of independent Chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the West invite you to let George do it another adventure of George Valentine personal notice danger is my stock and trade if you're cornered and need confidential help you've got a job for me George Valentine write full details dear mr. Valentine I've loved a man now for many years a hopeless love because you see I'm his wife's best friend he says we must be together at all costs and I know that would almost certainly mean her death I couldn't build any kind of happiness on that I have an answer but I need your help to carry it out could you be at my apartment tomorrow morning signed Joyce Dunning husband wife best friend the time-worn triangle Brooks yes but something new's been added darling oh you mean the over sensitive conscience mm-hmm the superfluous member of the triangle doesn't as a rule get such consideration especially from the rival female in the case I wonder if Miss Dunning's reference to death could be a refined way of hinting at murder oh some women have been known to just turn their backs and let mayhem happen oh now you're being cynical angel no dear I've just spent a lot of time in powder room oh well anyway our friend has her own answer and I seem to fit into it I hope that isn't a refined way of saying welcome sucker yes mr.  Valentine has certain qualities that might arouse jealousy in other men but just why are you going to going to all this trouble as a stand-in Romeo and potential punching bag for your Lawrence I'd like to know that too Lawrence Putnam isn't an easy man to convince that's why it must look like the real thing between you and me wait a minute hold on did you say Putnam oh yes I suppose you've heard of it oh yeah Lawrence and Bernice Putnam in Deeper Snaffary in fabulous Somaliland in timeless Tibet Lawrence and Bernice Putnam one of the ideally mated couples of our time sharing adventure and romance side by side but he loves me and for years I fought against my love for him but it's there and Bernice Putnam she doesn't know and she mustn't know ever when she doesn't sound like the kind of female who'd keel over when she found out her husband had fallen in love with another woman if she found out it would mean her death what yeah you mentioned that in your letter miss Dunning now what's it supposed to mean Bernice's heart dr. Llewell and the family physician told Lawrence a few weeks ago just how bad it is I say almost any kind of exertion or shock might mean anywhere you can imagine what would happen if Lawrence told her he wanted to be free to marry me and you think that if you and I were seeing going places and doing things people would say we're in love especially Lawrence I am Bernice's best friend and she needs Lawrence now even more than I do dr. Llewell and says that if she's to go on living they've got to go away and settle down in some quiet place you know on a farm or a small town not a very easy change for either one of them Bernice knows she has to do it and she's positive Lawrence loves her enough to go along with her if it's the last thing I do I've got to make it work out that way well have you tried breaking off with Putnam women usually know how to imply I've tried everything Lawrence just thinks I'm being noble about Bernice that's why I've got to make him believe there's someone else well now look this steel miss Dunning it's way out of my mind you can't turn me down mr. Valentine it means her life well I you understand don't you miss Brooks yes I believe I do you're trying to do a pretty decent thing okay well how do we work this well tonight for instance yeah Lawrence is meeting a circus man for dinner at the Croydon he's selling some of the animals from his last expedition he keeps them on as a state at Mount Webster and Lawrence doesn't think I know about the appointment so if he saw us there and we were playing our parts it might help bring this thing to the head convince him that I'm only thinking of myself okay miss Dunning okay but as I said before this is something new for me so I may need a little coaching but I'll keep Tarone power in mind and do my best everybody else but Putnam seems to be noticing us when Lawrence gets on the subject of that menagerie he has on his estate he doesn't notice anything around him well we're certainly playing the romantic couple to the health your tiny hand in mind rapturous glances by candlelight you know all we need is a gypsy violinist at our table playing Zagonia I never thought anything could hurt so much I'm sorry Joyce Dr. Llewellyn told Lawrence he has to get Bernice away in a matter of days this has to work wait a minute wait a minute don't look over but I think he spotted us darling oh George we should at least pretend we're interested in all this lovely food portal the waiter thing well he's had a good look at you hasn't he oh I think you'll forgive me you are beautiful tonight Joyce oh if I hadn't told you just a few minutes ago how much I loved you I'd say it again why don't you guys what why Lawrence what does one say in a situation like this what a coincidence or fancy meeting you here oh Joyce darling I don't believe I've had the pleasure oh Lawrence this is I was just having a most interesting discussion with Mr. Folsom my guest but well I just had to come over and pay my respects well I hardly expected to see you here but Lawrence I did try to tell you before in so many ways great animal man Folsom we were talking about living in the jungle which isn't too unlike civilization for instance when you're on a safari you have to trust whoever is with you blindly without reservations Lawrence a betrayal of trust is the one thing you can't tolerate your well-being your comfort and happiness your your very survival depends on that rather primitive law so you you do something about it well it's a rather grim conversation for such pleasant surroundings oh look we'd like to ask you and your friend to join us but well do you understand perfectly good night Joyce oh but Lawrence I easy Joyce and hold that smile yes yes you're right well we put on a nice act but I doubt if it's the old convencer it's pretty obvious Putnam isn't letting it go at that Miss Brooks I believe why yes but Mr. Valentine isn't here I know I made sure of that what I waited till I saw him leave the building oh I'm afraid I don't understand I'm Lawrence Putnam oh yes of course I should have recognized you from your picture miss Brooks how much is Joyce Dunning paying Valentine to help her stage this phony romance what are you talking about please please I I've taken the trouble to find out all about Valentine and this uh unorthodox business he's in what yes yes and I've also learned that he's not just your boss he means a great deal more to you than that I don't see where that's any of your business everything about Valentine is my business now I'm sorry George might have meant something to me once but in the last few weeks all that changed I don't know where he met Miss Dunning but I know he hasn't been the same man since all he can think of is when he's going to see her next well I don't care what he does now I have my pride maybe I had this thing lined up wrong at that all right you're interested in Valentine I'm interested in Miss Dunning suppose we work together oh I'd be willing to do almost anything good now why don't you tell Valentine that I feel very bad about my rudeness at the Croydon last evening I'd like him and Joyce to spend the weekend at our place on Mount Webster and uh while I was here I suggested that you come along too oh but wouldn't that be rather awkward why after all we don't live in the jungle we're we're civilized people and Mrs. Putnam and Joyce are very close friends and you and Mr. Valentine both having the same interests yes yes it should be a very pleasant weekend come Monday morning we should all know just where we stand Bernice are you sure it isn't too cold for you out here on the terrace oh now Joyce you stop pampering me I have all I can do to put up with Lawrence and Dr. Llewellyn the old time all that's hardly fair Mrs. Putnam after all they aren't here to defend themselves oh Mrs. Putnam the view from up here is breathtaking yes it is lovely no matter what forsaken part of the world we might have been in this was always home although some people refer to it as the Putnam Zoo it's not easy for Lawrence to be giving it all up oh then he has decided yes he's selling some of the animals to circuses and others to zoos then we'll we'll just be two homebodies oh but this couldn't possibly interest Mr. Valentine and Miss Brooks oh here comes Lawrence and Dr. Llewellyn time for your nap Bernice and no wielding out of it he's right my dear see what I mean by the thin line between thoughtfulness and tyranny come along Bernice I'll go with you Dr. Llewellyn has me billeted in Lawrence's study on the ground floor I don't have to climb stairs but whenever I wake up it's so big I feel as though I'm sleeping in the middle of a gymnasium I think I'll curl up with a good book while the gentleman paid tribute to the animal kingdom oh yes Lawrence Mr. Valentine made the fatal remark he'd like to look around give him the special dollar to I'll do that Bernice I think you might learn a lot from this little tour Valentine come along this way okay I could never understand anybody living in the middle of a zoological garden not only the infernal noise but well the odors say in that cage what are those birds parakeets Valentine probably the most beautiful ever brought into this country oh this is nothing on the other side of the hill he actually has cheetahs jaguars and and crocodiles you don't say oh here here here's something for you to see Valentine what's that here in this big cage a bird that very few people know anything about wow he's an ugly character looks like a buzzard or a vulture yes yes the condor the killer bird of the andes oh one open the cage one tomorrow maybe senior don't let me ask very bad temper he looks harmless enough don't let appearances fool you those wings can spread more than 10 feet the talons are larger than your hand you know I've seen how condors lie and wait for a pack train or a herd of cattle a single one victim out lined it with their claws and go at it even before it's dead yes they can eat 18 pounds of meat in one day the facts you don't learn in a movie travel log uh let me have that machete one now this is the only thing as sharp as his talons valentine I uh I made him learn to respect it you must not go in tonight senior putnam look here Lawrence I thought you were going to sell all these things and give up all this nonsense the well and I'm not the invalid oh yes but perhaps you'd like to join me valentine it'll be an experience oh yeah sure I bet but uh frankly I could live without it it'll be quite safe now this condor hates me but that's only because he fears me you'll be safe unless of course your taste runs to were parakeets or canaries okay putnam I'll play along as long as you say it's safe well I'll stay here but uh really Lawrence you shouldn't ah look at that condor valentine isn't it a beauty he's beginning to spread his wings ah you're up to something aren't you you beaty-eyed monster watch him he's coming at me he is like the devil he's coming at me hey putnam putnam don't stand there wait get away from me all right get back get back that's enough I'll kill you if you weren't worth so much hey senior come out quick aren't you all right Lawrence yeah yeah he's all right and I'm all right too well you were correct putnam that was an experience you know a condor is a strange creature valentine this is his cage and he presents it when somebody threatens what he's claimed for his own that was pretty obvious and he doesn't know what it means to fight clean you can understand that can't you yes putnam I can and don't you worry I'm not going to forget it we'll return to tonight's adventure of George valentine in just a moment meanwhile a word about a summer motoring precaution you're planning a trip better get those worn tires inspected tomorrow at an independent chevron gas station or a standard station that's where you'll find your best value atlas tires famous for giving more mileage and safer mileage besides having more rubber to grip the road and a road tested design for safer stops atlas tires give you greater riding comfort too and each new atlas passenger tires backed by a written warranty for a whole year this warranty covers damage to the tire from ordinary road hazards and guarantees the materials and workmanship for the life of the tire best of all your atlas tire warranty is honored by 38 000 dealers coast to coast and in canada for safer better driving go on atlas tires and for expert tire care rely on standard stations and independent chevron gas stations where they say and mean we'll take better care of your car now back to tonight's adventure of George valentine and if you were in george's place here's the situation you'd be facing a lady asks you to help break off a hopeless love between her and the husband of her best friend pretty corny you say but then she explains that the wife has a heart condition the shock would most certainly kill her so you pretend to be the man who supplanted the husband and your client's affections but then there's a thinly veiled threat from the husband he won't hesitate to kill you if you stand in his way still being as stubborn a character as george valentine you play along even though you can't help asking certain questions such as hey putnam isn't this a lot of trouble to climb all the way to the summer house just for a cup of tea oh it'll be worth it valentine from the upper terriers you can look down and see all the trophies of a lifetime birds and animals you've risked your life to find in every corner of the world take it easy Lawrence it's a steep climb and there's not that much of a hurry Dr. Llewellyn this has been my whole life this one last look before I give it all up means a great deal to me are you all right Bernice yes you're fine joys and miss brook said they'd have tea already when we get there and joys promises a special surprise wonder what it could be yeah we're coming brook says the table up right out here on the porch oh it's beautiful joys and all these flowers this must be an occasion it is please miss brooks will you help me serve of course I feel like a romantic school girl but I know you've already guessed Bernice and the rest of you will find out anyway yes joys I'll never know how it really happened just what is it that makes two people suddenly realize they're in love George oh I suppose you just call it the sweet mystery of life for something like that what I'm trying to say everybody is that George and I are engaged to be married Lawrence just not used to such world-shaking announcements sorry let me be the first to congratulate you both well thank you brook see I know how much you mean it my best wishes of course isn't it wonderful Lawrence just the thing we've always wanted for joys yes Lawrence where are you going what's the matter Lawrence Lawrence you shouldn't have left us like that Bernice couldn't understand the way you acted she's back at the house with dr. Llewellyn and you find me in the snakehouse joys very appropriate it seems I have a morbid fascination for things that crawl and are likely to strike without warning Lawrence look partner let's stop kidding each other I know how you feel about joy she told me really but we love each other that's the way it turned out and there's nothing that can be done about it that's right Mr. Putnam I'm a sort of casualty in this little drama too please try to understand Lawrence of course dear as long as I'm sure it's the real thing between you and Valentine I I'm sorry well let's forget about it huh oh sure sure but now you must you must really allow me to play the gracious host what do you mean Mr. Putnam I'm going to show you my rarest prize I think you want to go and talk to Bernice Bernice would want you to see it the King Cobra we trapped it together in the Nepal just last year oh how nice the pale killer that's what the natives called it the color almost white the only time you could hope to capture it was at night when there was no moon he uh he's over here in this cage come over and take a look at him you'll never get another chance they're coming for him the first thing in the morning you know George I could skip this he's playing some kind of a game brook see I've got to find out what it is Lawrence you've showed me that cobra before you can tell the others about it why do we have to look at it tonight because it's the best time my dear wait wait a minute what's the matter wait he's he's not in there or or is he hey putnam close that door he's not in there one one where are you he let them take him away tonight before I had a chance to see him I well we'll just have to go through life without seeing the pale killer it's tough but we'll have to bear up on this let's get back to the house George yes I'm worried about Bernice let's go George what is there he's out of the cage the cobra he's coming out of the way run for the door do as I say brook see he's coming toward me now get back Joyce he's raising up the strike I'll be careful look stand behind me I'll try to hold him off of this rate got him pinned down but but he bit you I saw him keep pounding on that door brook see somebody's got to hear us get us out of here it's about time you showed up Lawrence this man might die don't just stand there like that Lawrence you certainly must have an antidote for something like this but there's really no need for all this excitement glad you think so well but how can you talk like that can't you see what are you saying I thought I mentioned it miss Brooks we had the poison sacks of that cobra removed oh he'd be much too deadly to have a round otherwise well I guess you could stop pampering me now and I could get up yes I'm sorry about this Valentine I could have sworn the cage was empty that cobra must have been coiled up in a dark corner I heard all the commotion in the snake house when I looked in I saw you Valentine get miss Brooks out of danger and then go to Joyce's rescue you saw that but why didn't you do something yes Lawrence as I said I thought I told you the snake was harmless I uh I did open the door as quickly as I could yeah oh you could have saved us all lot of worry if you weren't more concerned about getting that cobra back in his cage well it's all over now doctor and the best thing for all of us would be to turn in oh uh oh yes doctor on the way to my room shall I stop in and give Bernice those pills for her heart well I've done that Lawrence so she's probably fast asleep oh it's a good thing too considering all this excitement mr Putnam I suppose this little incident should make a chapter in the next book you write well you may have something there Valentine it it was quite an experience the kind of experience we learn a lot from whether we realize it or not okay broxie when I'm through with my cigarette we'll get back to the house it's getting late George I'm afraid oh well he's such a strange man can't tell what he might be up to next well one thing he can be sure of he doesn't believe that gag about me in Joyce anymore no he planned that little job in the snake house and it worked oh I can't explain how I felt George when I saw that the only thing you could think of at that moment was me Putnam saw what he wanted to see all right that I wasn't thinking of the woman I was supposed to marry but of you mm-hmm well now that he knows it doesn't seem much used to go on with this farce and I'm wondering about something else what darling now that Putnam knows that Joyce went to all this trouble of hiring me because she loves him so much what is he gonna do about Bernice is he still going to give up Joyce and all the excitement in his life for a quiet place in the country Bernice is so sure he loves her enough to do anything for her I don't know maybe my brains are part of the wrong way brook see but I keep feeling that there's something even screwier about this deal I mean even more cock-eye than anything that's happened to us today oh it's just the feeling you get around this place but maybe it was worth it huh what do you mean oh look you big dope it makes it so hard for you to say you love me much easier than pushing me out of the way of cobras oh there are things you don't have to put into words now you know that's coming from the house and I don't know how he got loose that's the condor fear me Bernice Bernice get into the closet I'm the condor with your escape Florence look out don't try to fight him and your hate even let you right to my ruin isn't it Putnam Putnam don't be a fool you can't fight this thing over the chair stay out of my way Valentine I've listened to you enough today this is the only way to handle a car like this yeah now we know what a dead condor looks like oh look don't overtake her Bernice yes George I'll get Dr. Lowell and the shot what in heaven's name is yes what's happened fortunately nothing Joyce that bird never had the chance to touch him Dr. Lowell George Lawrence on the floor like that but I told you the bird never got to him Bernice Lawrence is dead what's that he was trying to save me but how dr. Lowell why I guess all our deception didn't work Bernice deception what do you mean doctor we knew Lawrence would never give up the kind of life he wanted and needed not for himself he would do it for Bernice Dr. Lowell yes you see it was Lawrence whose heart was so bad George you and I know that what happened was no accident Putnam wasn't there in that room to save Bernice that's right Proxy he was hoping the shock of waking up in a room with a condor would be enough to finish off his wife and then he'd be free to marry Joyce and with no murder charge to worry about still Angel our record of this case is going to agree exactly with Dr. Lowell and heart failure I guess you're right it'd be too cruel to tell Bernice or Joyce the real truth hey you know now I know what that feeling was I had when we were walking back toward the house Dr. Lowell and always worried about Putnam overexerting himself like in the condor cage that's right of course for the sake of appearances Dr. Lowell and had Bernice take their own downstairs so she wouldn't have to traipse up and down but he didn't have anything to say when she climbed all the way up that steep hill for our engagement party well if he was setting a trap for an animal in the jungle he couldn't have done better than what he had in mind for his wife yeah I suppose there's a certain poetic justice Angel the perfect trap caught the perfect hot air the kind of motorist who always says grease is grease and it doesn't matter where you take your car for lubrication service well don't you believe him at independent chevron gas stations and standard stations they use many specialized grades of rpm greases and oils to give your car a thorough lubrication and each one is tailor made to do a wear saving job at some vital wear point on your car the regular 1000 mile grease job at these stations is done by trained experts they follow a lube chart approved by the manufacturer of your car and they take pride in doing a spick and span clean job for you next time your car is due for lubrication service rely on the standard station or the independent chevron gas station where they say and mean we'll take better care of your car next week when you tune our way for another adventure of george valentine you'll hear george saying take another look down the highway bruxy what do you see a pretty highway one lane going east the other going west and an island of trees in the middle yeah joe logan left this place and started to walk down the highway on the right hand side walking toward the half moon motel not away from it well if you're right george logan never even got there to kill potter which should simplify things for us but it doesn't i've got a hunt you ever killed potter ran logan down and bruxy that's what we've got to find out tonight's adventure of george valentine has been brought to you by a standard of california on behalf of independent chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the west let george do it stars robert bailey as george with francis robinson as claire tonight's story was written by david victor and herbert little jr and directed by don clark also heard in the cast were gene baits as joe stunning ted funnels is laurence putnam dorthy love it is bernice putnam herbert rolandson is dr louellen and don diamond is one the music is composed and conducted by eddie dunsteader your announcer john heaston listen again next week same time same station to let george do it is the mutual don lee broadcasting system


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasewrakes.com coming at you with another case of jaspys the diamond dozen baseball in volume 2 Random team break number 7 12 carts per case a lot of nice potential in here We only made nine cases. So there's only seven eight and nine left So just keep that in mind next case already loaded and sort of keep that in mind during the trade window trade at your own risk Big thanks to this group for getting their spots straight up And congrats to the people who won their spots in those two fillers that we did the capstone number 56 and capstone number 57 All 30 teams are in Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams four and a five nine times each one two three four five six seven eight and Ninth and final time For now, I've got Dennis down to Dennis four and a five nine times for the teams one two three four five six seven eight and Ninth and final time After nine we got Chicago down to Atlanta and like I said before trade at your own risk maybe some eagle-eyed Collectors of Jaspie's the diamond does you can keep in track for the sell sheet hits and stuff Dennis with the Cubs Chad with the Astros Tristan with the Pirates Chad with the Dodgers Dennis with the Rays and Marlins James with the Royals Dennis with the Guardians and the Red Sox Tristan with the Rockies Dennis with the Reds Tristan with the Rangers Jared with the A's Dennis with the Nationals and the Mariners Chad with the Orioles Nick with the Mets Darren with the Diamondbacks Jason with the Blue Jays Dennis with the Phillies Giants Padres Eugene with the Yankees Brian with the White Sox Chad with the Angels Dennis with the Cardinals and Brew Crew Tristan with the Tigers Dennis with twins and the ATL bravos Let's sort by team alphabetically And we're gonna pause video when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades and they'll have the break stick around. We'll see on the other side All right. Welcome back to the other side of the trade window. There was a deal done between Chad and Tristan Dodgers Pirate so Chad is out of the Dodgers and into the Pirates spot Put a tee there for trade Tristan is out of the Pirate spot and into the Dodgers spot Good luck. All right. And so for break number seven You got to choose between these three cases. So we have case one five and eight remaining When you use this die right here, we'll go one two three four five six on the dice roll And it's five one two three four five six So next break break number eight will be one of these two cases one or five We're gonna be close one here to 222 left Denver Nuggets up eight on the Phoenix Suns to take a if they take a 2-0 lead. That's gonna be tough for the Suns All right big. Thanks everybody here for making it happen. Appreciate it. Good luck, everybody We'll just go from top to top to bottom here First one is Vlad Guerrero, Jr. From 2019 tops update PSA 9 Toronto, it's gonna be for Jason K We've got Ronald Acuna, Jr. Rookie car for the Braves. That'll be for Dennis 1913 out of 2018 we've got a nice Dylan. Let's go 22 out of 150 blue chrome on card autograph For the first rounder 15th overall another graded card Yep, this is the show hay box 15 or check that 11 out of 25 From 2020 NT baseball and that's for Chad Cromwell Yeah, Chad. I don't think was had any interest in trading the angels there. It is congrats Chad next one is PSA 9 2001 Bowman Albert Pujols The facsimile autograph there very nice How young he looks there? The machine that's gonna go to Denny and the Cardinals Gold frame we got Bryce Harper nine out of ten Bryce Harper off the IL Clear to play. I think he's playing against my Dodgers tonight and watching this basketball game here Let's because my Dodgers were leading And they still are they're leading nine four over the Phillies here in Los Angeles Bryce Harper I think I was active it right but not in the lineup and this is from gold label baseball It's for the Phillies Denny with the fight in fills Next up is 12 out of 15 from Allen and Ginter Mariano Rivera Whoo, who has the Yankees Eugene clip With the New York Yankees one of the best Penman chips Penman chips I'm the best signatures in the game today He would definitely be a keynote speaker at Jaspie's autograph camp More graded cards we have a one-of-one Nico Horner from 2018 contenders draft picks PSA 10 In his college gear, I think he's he's always been a cub, right? Yeah, he was drafted Back in 2018 24th overall Denny with the Cubs and Denny All aboard the Big Hit Express Out of five's none to get the train whistle Eric Houston in the house saying what Nico Horner stuff hot right now We got patch auto from dynasty two out of five Alex Bregman Houston Chad With the Astros out of five's an under you know it all the board the Big Hit Express All right, what else do we have here? How about some miggy Miguel Cabrera from Gypsy Queen? Tristan with Detroit and we got a Yorbit Vivas green shimmer 74 out of 99 Number 19 Dodgers prospect that'll go to Tristan and the Dodgers drawing first blood in the trade and the final one is an Ethan Hawkins That's a pink mini diamond Sapphire profits prospects Papadashra Graded a 9-5 And I'll try to get the number right there. It is one of one It's an interesting positioning there on the one-of-one right there Cleveland Danny Cleveland. This is for you And all aboard the Big Hit Express There you go boys and girls a lot of fun here in this diamond a dozen baseball We have two cases left get in on it. Just piece case breaks calm. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one


Hello, and welcome to this presentation on the Advanced Control, General Purpose, and Basic Timers Embedded in STM32-H7 Microcontrollers. It covers their main features, which are useful for handling any timing-related events, generating waveforms, and measuring the timing characteristics of input signals. The STM32 embeds multiple timers, providing timing resources for software or hardware tasks. The software tasks mainly consist of providing time bases, time-out event generation, and time triggers. The hardware tasks are related to IOs. The timers can generate waveforms on their outputs, measure incoming signal parameters, and react to external events on their inputs. The STM32 timers are very versatile and provide multiple operating modes to offload the CPU from repetitive and time-critical tasks while minimizing interfacing circuitry needs. All STM32 timers, with the sole exception of the low-power timer, are based on the same scalable architecture. Once the timer-operating principles are known, they are valid for any of the timers. This architecture includes interconnection features and allows several timers to be combined into larger configurations, and allows several timers to be combined into larger configurations. Lastly, some of the timers feature specific functions for electrical motor control and digital power conversion, such as lighting or digital switch mode power supplies. Here are the key features of the STM32 timers. All timers are based on the same architecture and are available in several derivatives listed later in this presentation. The timers mainly differ in the number of inputs and outputs they have, from a pure time base without any IOs to an advanced control version with 9 IOs. Most of the timers feature 16-bit counters, while some have 32-bit counters. Some features may not be present on the smallest timer derivatives, for example DMA, synchronization, and up-down counting modes. Most of the timers can be linked and synchronized to build larger time-based timers, have a higher number of synchronous waveforms, or handle complex timings and waveforms. Within a timer, each and every channel can be configured independently as an input, typically for capture, or as an output, typically for a PWM. The timers can serve as a trigger for other peripherals, for instance to start ADC conversions or to monitor the internal clocks, thanks to the interconnect matrix. This slide presents the block diagram of the medium-featured TIM-12 timer. The timer kernel consists of a 16-bit up-counter coupled with an auto-reload register to program the counting period. The two timer channels are controlled by two capture compare registers. The counter is fed by the clock and trigger controller, also responsible for the timer chaining. Shown on the left are the input stage and the input conditioning circuitry, while on the right we have the output stage. Note that Tim X Channel 1 and Tim X Channel 2 appear on both sides to indicate they are both input and output capable. The timer features multiple clocking options. The clock and trigger controller, also responsible for timer chaining, handles the clock for the counter. The default clock comes from the reset and clock controller, linked to one of the APB clock domains. The various timers are shared on the two APB domains to implement low-power schemes. Typically, one high-speed APB and one low-speed APB to limit the current drawn by the peripherals, including the timers. External timer clocking allows counting of external events or to have a counting period externally adjusted. The clock source can be provided by other on-chip timers using one of the four internal trigger inputs, ITR1 through ITR4. The pins 1 and 2 can also serve as external clocks, with the option of including digital filters to remove spurious events. The external trigger input, or ETR, can be configured as an external clock with a digital filter, programmable edge sensitivity, and a first basic prescaler stage to reduce the frequency of incoming signals if needed. Lastly, the quadrature signals from an encoder can be processed to provide a clock and a counting direction, as described later in this presentation. This slide explains how to adjust the timer counting period. Each timer embeds a linear clock prescaler, which allows you to divide the clock by any integer between 1 and 65, 536. This allows the counting pace to be precisely adjusted. For instance, a division by 80 will yield a precise 1 MHz counting rate when the APB clock is 80 MHz. The auto-reload register defines the counting period. In downcounting mode, the counter is automatically reloaded with the period value when it underflows. In upcounting mode, the counter rolls over and is reset when it exceeds the auto-reload value. An update event is issued when the counter underflows or overflows and a new period starts. It triggers an interrupt or DMA request that is used for adjusting timer parameters synchronously with its period, which is useful for real-time control. This update event triggers the transfer from preload to active registers for multiple parameters, and in particular for the clock prescaler, auto-reload value, compare registers and PWM mode. An 8-bit programmable repetition counter allows you to decouple the interrupt issuing rate from the counting period and have, for instance, one interrupt every single, second, third, and up to 256th PWM period. This is particularly useful when dealing with high PWM frequencies. Some of the STM32 timers feature up-down counting modes. The advanced control timers 1 and 8, and the general purpose timers 2, 3, 4, and 5. The counting direction can be programmed by software or automatically managed by the timer in center-aligned PWM mode. In this mode, the counting direction changes automatically on counter-overflow and underflow. For a given PWM switching frequency, this mode reduces the acoustic noise by doubling the effective current ripple frequency, thus providing the optimum trade-off between the power stages switching losses and noise. The counting direction can also be automatically handled when the timer is in encoder mode. Quadrature encoders are typically used for high-accuracy rotor position sensing in electrical motors or for digital potentiometers. From the two outputs of a quadrature encoder sensor, also called an incremental encoder, the timer extracts a clock on each and every active edge and adjusts the counting direction depending on the relative phase shift between the two incoming signals. The timer counter thus directly holds the angular position of the motor or the potentiometer. The simplest use case for a timer is to provide an internal time base. This is commonly used by software routines, either to provide periodic interrupts or single-shot timeout protection. The timer can also provide periodic triggers to other on-chip peripherals, such as the ADC, DAC, and other timers. The update event from the timer, typically on-counter overflow, is the usual means to have a software time base interrupt or to trigger a periodic event. The basic timers Tim6 and Tim7 are best suited for such a task, as they are the simplest timer derivatives with no input-output channel. It is also possible to generate internal timings using any other timer, using compare events or using the trigger outputs on any other timer. It is possible to generate multiple timing events with a single timer using multiple compare channels. This slide describes the input capture features. Each channel can be individually configured as input capture with a number of signal conditioning options. An input can be mapped on two capture channels, typically to differentiate rising edge from falling edge capture. The edge sensitivity is programmable and can be rising edge, falling edge, or both edges. An event prescaler allows capture of one event every two, four, or eight events. This decreases the CPU burden when processing high-frequency signals and allows the measurement to be more accurate, since it is performed over multiple input signal periods. Spurious transition events due to noise or bounces can be removed using a programmable digital filter. The figure shows how a signal is filtered when the filter acceptance is set to four. In the upper case, a clean rising edge capture is triggered four sampling periods after the rising edge, as one can notice looking at the internal counter value. In the lower case, a glitch causes the filter counter to be reset and the capture to happen after four successive samples at high level have been counted. Once the capture trigger is issued, the timer's counter is transferred into the capture register and an interrupt or DMA request can be issued. If a new capture occurs before the previous one has been read, the capture register is overwritten and an overcapture flag is set for the software to manage this condition if needed. This slide presents some of the more advanced capture-related functions. The clear on capture mode causes a counter reset immediately after the capture has been triggered. This allows a direct measurement of the period, while a traditional free-running counter would require additional computation to obtain the period following the trigger. In PWM input mode, the timer is able to capture both the period and the duty cycle of an incoming PWM signal. The input signal is internally routed to two capture channels. The signal's rising edge is captured on input capture two to provide the period value with the clear on capture mode. The falling edge is captured by the capture one channel, which provides the pulse-length duration. The duty cycle then simply corresponds to the ratio between input capture one and input capture two. Lastly, the timer includes an XOR function to combine the three input channels with XOR logic. This is typically used to handle the three 120-degree phase shifted signals coming from the Hall sensors in electrical motors. This allows you to have a clear on capture happening on each and every edge of the three signals and have a capture value directly usable for speed regulation. This slide presents the output compare features. A compare event is generated when the counter matches the value of the compare register. This event can trigger an interrupt or a DMA request and can be reflected on the corresponding output pin by an output set, output reset, or output toggle. The compare register can be preloaded. The preload must be disabled if multiple compare values must be written during a counting period. On the contrary, the use of preload mode must be preferred for applications with real-time constraints since this gives a higher time margin for the software to update the compare register with the next value. The transfer from the preload to the active value is triggered by an update event when the counter overflows or underflows. The output compare mode can also be preloaded, so as to allow glitchless transition from a PWM mode to a forced on or off state, for instance. One pulse mode is used to generate a pulse of a programmable length in response to an external event. The pulse can start as soon as the input trigger arrives or after a programmable delay. The compare one register or CCR1 value defines the pulse start time, while the auto reload register or ARR value defines the end of pulse. The effective pulse width is then defined as the difference between the ARR and CRR1 register values. The waveform can be programmed to have a single pulse generated by the trigger or to have a continuous pulse train started by a single trigger. One pulse mode also offers a retriggerable option. In this case, a new trigger arriving before the end of the pulse will cause the counter to be reset and the pulse width to be extended accordingly. This slide presents some of the PWM modules. The standard edge aligned PWM mode is programmed with the auto reload register defining the period and the compare register defining the duty cycle. The counter being in up only or down only counting mode. A single timer can generate up to 4 PWM signals with independent duty cycles and identical frequency. When multiple PWM waveforms are generated by the same timer, all falling edges occur at the same time, hence the term edge aligned. On the contrary, the rising and falling edges of center aligned PWMs are not synchronized with the counter rollover so that switching time varies with the duty cycle value. This is achieved by programming the counter in up down mode. This mode is interesting as it spreads the switching noise when multiple PWMs are generated with the same timer. This is a key feature for three phase PWM generation for electric motor drives since it allows you to double the frequency of the current ripple for a given switching frequency. For instance, a 10 kilohertz PWM will generate inaudible 20 kilohertz current ripple. This minimizes the switching losses due to the PWM frequency while guaranteeing silent PWM operation. A variant of the center aligned mode is the asymmetric PWM mode where two compare registers define the turning on and off of the PWM signal. This provides higher resolution for pulse width setting since turn on and turn off times are individually defined. It also allows the generation of phase shifted PWM signals necessary to drive DC to DC converters based on the full bridge phase shifted topology. In this case the timer provides two PWM signals with identical frequency, 50% duty cycle and a phase shift varying from 0 to 180 degrees. This slide presents the combined PWM modes. This mode allows a logic combination of two PWM signals to be generated by adjacent channels, output compare one and two or output compare three and four. The PWMs can be ordered or ended to create complex waveforms. Typically this allows you to have two periodic pulses generated with any pulse width and any phase relationship value. The combined three phase mode specifically targets three phase motor control applications. In this case channel five of the timer can be combined with any of the three channels one, two or three to insert a low state in the middle of a centered pattern PWM signal. This mode greatly simplifies the implementation of low cost current sensing techniques for three phase motor control using a technique usually referred to as zero vector insertion. This slide presents some more specific PWM modes where either the frequency or the duty cycle can be driven by external signals. The timer can provide variable frequency signals using an external reset signal connected either on the ETR or on the channel one or two inputs. The purpose of this mode is to provide a signal with a fixed on or off time and a continuously adjusted frequency controlled by the hardware. The timer provides control for the on or off time using the compare register while the auto reload register guarantees that the PWM will not stop if the external reset is missing thus providing a safe control in boundary conditions. This technique is used for a variety of purposes such as transition mode PFC or power factor controller for main supplied applications and current controlled digital LED lighting. Another mode for the timer is to have the duty cycle controlled by hardware with either an on-chip comparator or an off-chip signal. The PWM operates at a fixed frequency the maximum duty cycle sent by the compare register and the actual value controlled cycle by cycle. This is used for applications requiring current controlled PWMs typically for driving DC motors or solenoids. In this case a comparator monitors the peak current value into the load. As soon as the current exceeds a program threshold the comparator resets the PWM output which is then automatically restarted at the next PWM period thus providing a controlled peak current value. This slide presents the timer synchronization features. The trigger controller allows you to cascade multiple timers in a master slave configuration. A timer can control one or more timers as the master timer or be controlled by another timer as a slave. The clock and trigger controller acts as a link between the timers. In master mode it can redirect outside the timer multiple internal control signals to an on-chip TRGO trigger output. In slave mode it gathers multiple inputs on the TRGI the main trigger input coming from the external trigger pin or ETR or from one of the four internal trigger inputs ITR1 to ITR4 connected to the other TRGO outputs. Additionally the input capture 1 and 2 pins can also be used as an internal trigger typically to reset the counter. Slave and master modes can be programmed independently. A given timer can thus simultaneously be operating in slave and master modes in a cascaded configuration accepting input triggers while providing output triggers. This slide lists the various operating modes and the signals exchanged between timers. In master mode eight options are given for selecting the trigger to be sent on the TRGO output. The output can be a single synchronization pulse issued upon counter reset, counter enable which corresponds to the counter start, the update event or the compare one match event. Alternatively the TRGO output can also transmit one of four waveforms generated including PWM signals to the other timing modules. In slave mode the timer operating mode is controlled by the TRGI input. In triggered mode the counter start is externally controlled. This mode is used for simultaneously starting multiple timers. In reset mode the counter is reset by a rising edge on the TRGI input typically for variable frequency PWM operation. A combined mode including reset and trigger can be used for re-triggerable one pulse mode generation. In gated mode shown in the figure the counter is active only while the level on the input signal is high. This signal either comes from an input or from another timer in waveform generation mode. In this case synchronization pulses issued on reset, enable, update or compare match cannot be used. Lastly the slave mode selection includes clock related modes such as quadrature encoder decoding or external clocking modes mentioned earlier in this presentation. This slide gives two examples of synchronized operation. The first example shows how four timers can be simultaneously started. A mechanism allows the master timer to start slightly delayed to compensate for the master slave link delay and have all timers synchronized with cycle accuracy. By combining the channels of timers 2, 3, 4 and 9 as shown it is possible to have up to 14 synchronized PWM channels. The second example shows how to create a 48 bit timer by cascading three timers. Here the update event generated on counter rollover is used as the input clock for the following slave timer so that timer 3's counter holds the least significant 16 bits, timer 2's counter holds the medium bits, bits 16 to 31 and timer 9's counter holds the upper bits from bit 32 to bit 47. This slide summarizes the timer's four main electrical motor control features. The timer includes specific PWM modes for controlling power switches. In addition to center aligned and combined three phase PWMs previously described, the timer features dead time insertion for complementary PWM generation and six step mode for driving brushless DC motors. It includes power stage protection circuitry with a dual level emergency stop mechanism to disable the PWM outputs by hardware in case of a fault. It is able to handle the most common sensors found in motor control systems. Quadrature encoders and hall sensors are used for fine and coarse position feedback. While tachometer generators are used for cost effective speed feedback and just require a clear on capture mode. Lastly the timer includes synchronized ADC triggering options necessary to properly manage voltage and current sensing and avoid any acquisition issues due to switching noise in power stages. This slide presents the dead time insertion function. A hardware dead time generator provides two non-overlapping complementary PWMs from a reference PWM signal. The STM32 timers include up to three dead time generators for OC1, OC2 and OC3 channels. The dead time duration is programmed with an 8 bit value. This value can be locked by the user to prevent this critical value from being corrupted during run time. This is done by setting a right once locked bit which switches the dead time register into read only mode until the next MCU reset. Dead time insertion is necessary when driving half bridges where a pair of transistors are connected in series between two power rails. In this case it is necessary to insert some time before the switch on of one side to allow the other side to switch off, taking into account physical switching characteristics. Half bridges are usually found in DC to DC converters for DC or stepper motor drive using the full bridge topology shown here or for three phase inverters with three PWM pairs. This slide shows how the six step drive also called block commutation is managed with the STM32 timer. It consists of chaining two timers, one handling the three hall sensor signals, while the other manages the PWM generation synchronized with the rotor angular position generating six successive steps. The first timer operates in clear on capture mode triggered by the three inputs. A compare register here compare two is responsible for adding a programmable delay between the raw angular position and the commutation time. The capture register one holds the timing interval between successive hall sensor edges and is necessary for the speed regulation loop. The compare two match event is propagated to the slave timer through the TRGO output. These events serve as commutation events and trigger changes for PWM generation. For each of the six steps of the sequence the states of the six outputs are defined to be either forced active or inactive or generating a PWM signal. The transition from one step to the other is preloaded by software. In the commutation interrupt routine and automatically transferred by hardware to reprogram the output operating mode when the next commutation arrives. The figure at right shows the six PWM signals for two consecutive complete six step sequences together with the current in one of the motor phases. This slide presents the break function. A break event triggers a hardware protection mechanism that automatically disables the PWM outputs and forces them to a user configurable state either low impedance with high or low level or high impedance. The logic circuitry works asynchronously without any clock. This guarantees the functionality even in case of a system clock failure and avoids any clock related propagation time that would tend to delay the protection. This feature is available on all timers having complimentary PWM outputs which are capable of performing power conversion tasks, timers one and eight. Timers one and eight have two separated break channels. This provides a dual level protection scheme where for instance a low priority protection with all switches off can be overridden by a higher priority protection with low side switches active. Furthermore a dead time delay can be inserted immediately before entering the fault mode for safely disabling the power stage. This prevents potential shoot through conditions. Let's consider for instance that the fault occurs when the high side PWM is on while the safe state is programmed to have high side switched off and low side switched on. At the time the fault occurs the system will first disable the high side PWM and inserted dead time before switching on the low side. This slide presents how the break function sources are managed. Multiple break sources can be combined for triggering a break event. Two system level sources can be selected. The clock security system or CSS indicating an external clock failure and the programmable voltage detector or PVD indicating a dropout on the VDD supply or on the PVD in inputs. Break inputs can also be selected with the alternate function controller on the product pinout or from the DFSDM sigma delta demodulator output. External sources can be conditioned before entering the break detection unit. This enables the selection of the proper polarity and discarding of spurious glitches by means of a digital filter. This slide presents the ADC triggering options related to the timers. The ADCs can be triggered with most of the STM32 timers with three options. This can be done using compare events. The ADC conversion will start on a given compare match. The list of supported compare events varies from one timer to the other as shown on the table. The TRGO event can also be used on certain timers. This gives extra flexibility since the TRGO can be any of the compare events or timer internal control signals such as register update, counter reset or trigger input. On the other hand, this prevents the TRGO from being used for synchronization purposes. For this reason, timers 1 and 8 also have an additional TRGO 2 output fully devoted to ADC triggering. TRGO 2 offers 16 possibilities, including the six compare events and the possibility to have a dual trigger per PWM period by combining the compare 4 and 6 events. This also leaves the TRGO free for multiple timer synchronization schemes. This slide presents an example of PWM synchronized ADC trigger. For three phase motor control, it is mandatory to have ADC reading synchronized with the PWM generated for controlling the power stage. This allows extraction of the average value out of the current waveform ripple and makes sure the ADC reading is done at an adequate distance from the ringing due to the power switches. Shown here on the left is a three phase motor inverter. The six switches are controlled by three complimentary PWM pairs with dead time inserted while the current in the motor windings is measured using shunt resistors placed in the three half bridges bottom size. The right side shows the timer's counter, compare 1 and compare 2 values and corresponding PWM outputs for the low side switches controlled by CH1N and CH2N. The two bottom waveforms represent the current in the motor phase and the image of this current obtained on the shunt resistors. With this low-cost topology, the voltage can only be measured when the low side switches are on which explains the square wave-shaped signal obtained on the ADC input. In this case, the ADC trigger is generated on the counter rollover. This allows the reading to be done precisely in the middle of the period and get the average value of a signal with significant ripple. Additionally, using a PWM synchronized ADC trigger also guarantees that the ADC conversion will be done away from the ringing noise present on the shunt voltages. This slide lists the interrupts and DMA request sources. Most of the interrupts are able to generate either an interrupt or a DMA request and even the two simultaneously. The update is issued when the counter overflows or underflows. It is mainly used to refresh the timer's runtime settings at the beginning of the PWM period and maximize the interval before the next register update. The repetition counter allows you to skip some PWM periods and decrease the number of interrupts or DMA requests at high PWM frequency. Each of the four capture compare events have their own interrupt and DMA. A trigger event on the TRGI input, regardless of the trigger source, can also trigger an interrupt or DMA request. Lastly, additional sources of interrupts and DMA requests are the commutation and break events on timers 1, 8, 15, 16 and 17 only. Note that the break event does not generate DMA requests. The timer includes a DMA burst mode to have multiple registers reprogrammed with a single DMA stream. This allows the modification of several runtime parameters simultaneously. For instance, duty cycle and frequency of several channels or dynamically change the timer configuration by writing the configuration registers. The example shows how a table containing three compare values can be transferred into the compare registers with a single DMA stream when a new PWM period starts. The DMA must be programmed in memory to peripheral mode pointing to a unique location in the timer virtual register TIMX DMA-R. When the update event occurs, the timer sends a number of DMA requests corresponding to the programmed burst length. Each value is then automatically redirected from the virtual register into the active register targeted. On the next update event, three new compare values are transferred again. In this example, this mechanism saves two DMA streams that would normally be necessary for such an update scheme. The timer is active in the run and sleep modes while it is frozen in stop, LP stop and LPLV stop modes. The timer state and register content are preserved and the timer directly resumes operation when the MCU is woken up. In standby mode, the timer is powered down and must be completely re-initialized when exiting from this mode. The timer state in debug mode can be configured with two configuration bits per timer. One for the Cortex A7 and one for the Cortex M4. If the debug bit is reset, the timer clock is maintained during a break point. If the debug bit is set, the timer's counter is stopped as soon as the core is halted. Additionally, the outputs of the timers having complementary outputs are disabled and forced to an inactive state. This feature is extremely useful for applications where the timers are controlling power switches or electrical motors. It prevents the power stages from being damaged by excessive current or the motors from being left in an uncontrolled state when hitting a break point. This slide explains how to set the timer's PWM frequency. This parameter is defined using the auto-reload value or ARR programmed in the TIM-X-ARR register and the clock pre-scaler programmed in the TIM-X-PSC register. The PWM frequency is given by the timer operating frequency or F-TIM divided by ARR plus one times the clock pre-scaler plus one. Practically finding both register values is an iterative process where one must start from PSC equals zero. In other words, no clock division. This guarantees that the PWM will have the finest possible resolution. In this case, the ARR value is simply the ratio between the timer clock frequency and the PWM frequency, the whole minus one. If this equation yields an ARR value above the timer's ARR range, either a 16-bit or 32-bit value depending on the selected timer, the computation must be redone with a higher pre-scaler value with the following sequence. An ARR value equal to timer clock frequency divided by two over the PWM frequency, the whole minus one, then an ARR value equal to timer clock frequency divided by three over the PWM frequency, the whole minus one, and so on up to the point where the ARR value fits within the programmable range. This slide explains how to program a duty cycle for a given PWM frequency. This parameter is defined using the auto reload value or ARR programmed in the TIMEX ARR register and the compare value programmed in the TIMEX CCRX register. The duty cycle does not depend on the PWM frequency and is given by the compare value plus one over the auto reload value plus one. Another useful indication is the PWM resolution. This gives the number of possible duty cycle values and indicates how fine the control on the PWM signal will be. The resolution expressed in number of duty cycle steps is simply equal to the ratio between the timer clock frequency and the PWM frequency, the whole minus one. Another way of expressing it is in bits as for giving a DAC converter output resolution. In this case the resolution is the base two logarithm of the ratio between the timer clock frequency and the PWM frequency, the whole minus one. This slide shows a simple practical example of PWM usage for dimming a low power LED. This can be done directly using a PWM output as long as the current does not exceed the rated output current. The first step is to program the frequency to be set to one kilohertz. When doing the ARR value computation with no prescalar and a timer operating frequency of 200 megahertz the result is 199999 which is above the 16-bit range that can be used with timer one. The timer prescalar must be set to four to have the timer operating at 40 megahertz and this results in a valid value of 39999 for the ARR register. The second step consists of computing the compare register value to have a 20 percent duty cycle. This yields a value of 7999. Lastly the dimming resolution can be computed with formulas presented in the previous slides. With a timer running at 40 megahertz a one kilohertz PWM provides 40 000 dimming steps which corresponds to an equivalent resolution of 15.3 bits. This slide explains a common support case where the whole timer is configured, the counter is started, the PWM mode is enabled as well as the corresponding outputs but there's still no activity on the pins. Usually this is because the MOE bit or the CCXE bit was not set. The CCXE bit in the TIMX CCER register defines the configuration of a CCX channel as input or output. The CC1E bit must be set to get a PWM signal on the CH1 channel. For timers equipped with dead time generators timers 1, 8, 15, 16 and 17 a main output enable or MOE bit in the TIMX BDTR registers controls all outputs and acts as a circuit breaker in case of fault detection on the break input global disable of all PWM outputs. The MOE bit must be set or armed to have the outputs enabled. This is valid even if the timer is used without dead time insertion and the timer is used for general purpose applications. The timer is linked with multiple on-chip peripherals. It serves as a trigger source for the ADC and the DAC converter. This slide lists the timer instances present in STM32 MP1 microcontrollers. Timers 1 and 8 are full featured timers, motor control capable, including all PWM options and six compare channels for being able to simultaneously generate three phase PWM signals and have two independent ADC triggers. Timers 2, 3, 4 and 5 are general purpose timers including all PWM modes, up-down counting capability and four channels. Timers 2 and 5 additionally offer a 32-bit counting range. Timers 12, 13 and 14 are light timers with support for standard PWM only with one or two channels and up-counting mode only. They complement the other timers whenever additional independent time bases are necessary. Timers 15, 16 and 17 are also light timers with support for standard PWM only with one or two channels and up-counting mode only. They complement the other timers whenever additional independent time bases are necessary. They also have dead time insertion and break input features for driving simple power systems with only a single PWM pair. Lastly, timers 6 and 7 are pure time bases with no outputs used principally to trigger the DAC converters or to provide software time bases. Three application notes complement the timer sections in the reference manual. AN 2592 gives a practical implementation of a 32-bit timer made of two synchronized 16-bit timers and is useful for better understanding the overall timing synchronization mechanism. It comes with a software example. AN 4013 provides a more detailed overview of all timer features and available firmware examples. AN 4507 presents an implementation of PWM resolution enhancement by means of dithering techniques. It comes with a software example. AN 4776 starts with a few reminders on timer operating principles and contains a collection of examples for standard timer use cases. It comes with a software example.