Canadian-born internet celebrity Giselle Lauren Lazzarato-Getty became a breakout star on YouTube under the name we know her best, Gigi Gorgeous. Since posting her first video back in 2008, her fans have witnessed her rise to fame and then in 2013 Gigi came out as transgender. Since then, the stunning star has undergone a handful of plastic surgeries and other procedures needed in order to transition, including a tracheal shave, breast augmentation, facial feminization surgery, and more. It's no doubt that Gigi's journey is one that's inspired many, and she's even been called one of the most public-facing trans women in the world. Giselle Lauren Lazzarato-Getty was born Gregory Allen Lazzarato in 1992, and since starting her YouTube journey back in 2008 a whole lot has changed, but she's still a YouTube star as well as a model, influencer, transgender activist, and more. These days, Gigi has a signature, glamorous look, but a lot has taken place for her to get where she is now, YouTube followers first knew Gigi as Gregory, a gay male who was great at doing makeup tutorials. And it wasn't until December 2013 that Gigi announced herself as a transgender woman. Unlike many other stars, Gigi's been super open about all of the work that she's gotten done leading up to her dream transformation, using this as an opportunity to educate the public. She's covered most of her surgery experiences over the years on her personal YouTube channel. Now of course, Gigi has undergone some intense cosmetic procedures to transform her look, ranging from hormone replacement therapy to multiple-face surgeries. Taking a look at what work Gigi has gotten done to her face, there's quite a bit.  In one of Gigi's videos, she explained that her hairline was lowered, her brow was shaved. She got a mini eyebrow lift, rhinoplasty, and her chin was shaved down. All of these surgeries with the intention of softening Gigi's facial features and making them less prominent. And they're also known as facial feminization surgeries. Getting all of this done, cue Gigi to talk about how brutal the pain was afterwards. Remember, it's just throbbing pain.   And considering it's almost the entire face going under the knife, I can't say that I'm surprised. At the time of these surgeries and this video, Gigi's nose job wasn't too drastic, but more recently her nose appears even more petite. So it can be assumed that she got a second nose job. Some websites speculate that she had her eyes fixed as they look much bigger than earlier days, but this might have been a result of her brow lift. Gigi's lips are always extra plump as well, which we can think injections for. She actually started getting them done before her full transition and posted a video about them in 2013. I haven't really thought I would go through with lip injections, but it turned out to be like the best thing ever. And these pictures are the after pictures. As you can tell, they're absolutely humongous. However, in 2020, Gigi posted that she got her lip fillers dissolved. But either way, they seem to always look full. In terms of the facial feminization work that Gigi has underwent, it helped to alter more typical male features and make them more feminine. However, this next one sounds even more painful to me as Gigi had to undergo a procedure to remove the Adam's apple, which is what's called a tracheal shave. This is exactly what it sounds like. Shaving down the trachea or the cartilage in that area, which makes up the Adam's apple. She explained in a video that they only use local anesthesia for this instead of putting you under, which is common, but sounds super painful or just uncomfortable. In order to permanently remove facial hair, Gigi has gone through electrolysis. This is when heat or chemical energy is used to destroy the hair's center of growth. When she got this done, she documented her journey on YouTube as well as opened up about her struggles. Her facial hair and the process of removing it had been an ongoing insecurity for her.  But that didn't last long and her skin was healed in about a week. Hormone therapy and breast augmentation were also necessary for Gigi to make her transition. Online sources describe this process. The purpose of the hormone therapy is to cause the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the desired sex, such as breasts and a feminine pattern of hair, fat and muscle distribution. In terms of her breasts, Gigi has had them done more than once. Aside from her initial breast implant surgery in 2014, later on in 2017, she said she had another to fix some details. A few different videos can be found on YouTube where she gives details about her boob job journey. When talking about bottom surgery, it took a while for Gigi to open up and a few years back she said whenever I'm asked the general question, I just like to leave it open-ended because who needs to know that. However, more recently in 2019, Gigi decided to open up about this topic once and for all. Gigi revealed a few years ago that she backed out of gender reassignment surgery at the last minute because she got cold feet about the intense and invasive procedure. On her YouTube channel at the time, she spoke about her choice to postpone the procedure indefinitely until the time was right, despite going all the way to Thailand for her surgical consult. Gigi explained that after writing her book, he said she said, lessens stories and mistakes from my transgender journey, she felt strongly about getting the surgery and believed it would complete her. But once the invasiveness of the entire thing sunk in, she ultimately changed her mind. She said in her video, I feel like a lot of trans people feel that and they feel like they're not done until they get the bottom surgery or whatever it is that makes them happy.  After Gigi booked her appointment, she got second thought and said, after you get it, obviously there's no going back, which is why it's kind of such a mind death. And Gigi went to explain more. I don't know what my reassignment surgery story looks like. I'm just taking it day by day and what feels right to me because this is my bought. I have to live with this every single day. And when that moment comes, I want it to be perfect. I have not had a sex change yet. It's something that I've held off on doing.  I thought I needed that right away as soon as possible. In her honest video, Gigi even opened up about her desire to have a family with her now wife, oil heiress, Nat's Getty, explaining that two were still trying to conceive a child together, but sadly with no luck yet. One of Gigi Gorgias' most popular videos is definitely the 2016 clip where she came out as lesbian. She said, I would have not seen falling in love with a girl coming from a mile away, but now that I'm here, I feel so happy. She revealed this after she started dating Iris and activist Nat's Getty. A year after the couple got engaged in 2018, Gorgias said in an interview, I'm not attracted to men anymore. I don't think I ever really was. Gigi and Nat's tied the knot in July 2019 with Gigi sharing footage of their wedding on YouTube. While the pair is married and happy together these days in early 2021, Gigi came out once again in a video titled Coming Out for the Last Time. Here, Gigi revealed she identifies as pansexual and described the term how she sees it herself as falling in love with the soul of somebody. Apparently pansexuality felt like a light bulb moment for Gigi. And while it may seem confusing to some, it's clear to Gigi and Nat's. Gigi posts this video following the transition of her partner, Getty, and explained that this taught her a lot about her own sexuality. Nat's Getty came out as transgender and non-binary on social media in January 2021, posting a heartfelt post on Instagram captioned Coming Out as Non-binary and Transgender. Gigi also posted a video giving insight into her partner's decision to go ahead with top surgery and the reasons behind it. Either way, we can see that Gigi Gorgias has had such a stunning, inspiring transformation and it's clear that she's paved the way for many others to be open about their journey. Nat's gonna wrap up today's Before and After video, but before we go, answer this question for me. Is there any makeup artist on YouTube who inspires you the most and why? Let me know in the comments below. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and turn on your notifications. My name is KaradavanParislayer. Follow me on Instagram to chat further. And if you want to watch another video, stay tuned for our look at Trixie Mattel. Bye. Trixie Mattel is Brian Michael Furkis' stage name, a singer, actor, and famed drag queen. While Trixie won RuPaul's Drag Race All-Star Season 3, he competed prior to this in Season 7 as well. While Trixie is easily recognized by her extremely contoured makeup and Barbie-like style, her eyes to fame is also marked by her comedy being one half of a comic duo on Weiseland, the Trixie and Katya show, as well as on YouTube's uh-huh. From the moment the Drag Race star became a fan favorite, the unique way she dolls up her face was always noticed. However, Trixie didn't always do her makeup that way. At the start of her drag career, she painted her face with a more traditional look, but got bored and was almost going to quit drag altogether. Luckily, Trixie Mattel realized she had the power to turn her stage persona into whatever she dreamed and began to experiment with different looks that turned her into more of a doll than a human. So today, we're going to look at Trixie's before-and-after transformation. Brian Michael Furkis was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and is half Ojibwe growing up to a single mother and absent father, while later being subjected to emotional and physical abuse from a homophobic stepfather who would call Brian a Trixie when he acted feminine. As you might have guessed, this inspired Brian's future drag name while her last name, Mattel, was inspired by her affinity for Mattel Barbie dolls and children's toys. Brian moved in with his grandparents at age 15, a period which Trixie speaks about in the 2019 documentary Moving Part. His grandfather was a country musician who taught Brian to play guitar, which is where his fascination with music ultimately began and this was encouraged by his grandfather as well. Trixie later said about this part of their childhood, My grandfather was a folk musician, I grew up playing guitar and singing at the kitchen table with my grandpa. That was in my blood and there was an understanding that I grow up and be a musician. Well, after high school, Trixie attended the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee to study musical theater, where she also began dabbling in drag after being introduced to it performing in a production of the Rocky Horror Picture Show. Trixie realized that his journey to stardom might move quicker if he put on a dress since his singing career on its own didn't seem mispromising to him. Well, the young queen first performed in drag at La Cage Night Club in Milwaukee, becoming a regular performer in Milwaukee's drag scene and quickly became a regional staple. Trixie said about this, I was living in Milwaukee and performing three nights a week in Chicago, one night in Madison, one night in Milwaukee. Singing wasn't happening, but drag was. I was like, well, music can be my hobby, drag will be my career and that's okay. I mean, I was dirt broke, but I was paying all my bills doing drag and I felt like a real artist. I felt fabulous. Trixie attended beauty school in 2014 before withdrawing to participate in RuPaul's Drag Race. In 2015, the confidence Trixie gained on the local scene inspired her to submit the audition tape for the seventh season of the show, where she was accepted on a first attempt. However, showing up to the RuPaul workroom, Trixie became a bit unsure because all the competitors appeared to her as much more talented, diverse and experienced than herself. But nobody would have known of Trixie's anxiety from the boldly debut that she made on Drag Race. Fans fell for Trixie and her Barbie clown makeup at first sight as well as her brilliant comedy. While she was an audience favorite, she was eliminated, placing sixth overall but becoming the first queen to last more than one episode after being voted to return to the competition. Since her debut on the series, Trixie performed stand-up comedy tours, released a hit album, appeared on American Horror Story and launched the popular web series Uh-huh and The Trixie and Katya Show with her fellow Drag Race co-star Katya. Of course, Trixie further returned to win the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race all stars in 2018. It's no doubt that Trixie Mattel has her own unique makeup look and she wants you to know it's supposed to be like that. Since debuting her wild contour face on Drag Race, it's become legendary in the drag community.  Where else on my face could you put more makeup? There's nowhere. If I died tomorrow, I wouldn't want to look back and feel like why didn't I go for a bright lipstick? I went for it every day. While she has one of the most recognizable faces in Drag Race history, Trixie's face still has gone through some changes over the years. At the beginning of her career, Trixie painted her face in a more traditional way but claimed that she was getting bored with the look and she was even on the verge of quitting drag altogether. However, Mattel realized she could turn her stage persona and look into anything she dreamt of. Moving forward, she began experimenting with different looks that turned her into more of a doll than a person. Trixie said she found inspiration in toys that she always wanted to play with as a kid but was always judged for. Trixie's giant expressive eyes took on the shape of characters from My Little Pony while her silhouette was inspired by Polly Pocket and her extreme contour helped to make her look like she was made of plastic like a Barbie. About her look as Trixie, she revealed, I like being Trixie and I like that makeup. I never wanted to be one of those drag queens that is like a chameleon. I wanted to be like Coco Peru or Lady Bunny where you have a consistent look. She also said that her makeup got bigger following her first appearance on Drag Race explaining after Drag Race I didn't win and I was mad.  But I think I was daring myself to put on more makeup and more makeup. I also got better at it. I got better at placement and being bolder with what the proportions of my features are. A Trixie face is all angles and all balancing. There's a lot on but there's a lot of balance there. According to Trixie, her makeup full face boasts equally extreme lights in dark such as a dark eye contrasted with a light lip or vice versa. Just like her classic makeup look but on steroids. While it's most definitely a look that's helped Trixie stand out from the crowd, not all are fans. Season 8 queen Asid Betty attacked Trixie's look when she popped up on screen for a message to Kim Chee during an episode of the backstage series Untucked.  As you probably know, Trixie Mattel has found a ton of success in her drag career winning the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars and then competing on the TV special of RuPaul's Drag Race, Holla Slay's spectacular and winning in a tie with other competitors. In 2020, Trixie released her third album Barbara to acclaim from Rolling Stone, Billboard People, Entertainment Weekly and more. She also released a New York Times bestselling book with Katia called Trixie and Katia's Guide to Modern Womenhood and started a podcast with Katia called The Balds and the Beautiful. Some more ventures that came along for Trixie included a spot on the judging panel for the Paramount Plus Queen of the Universe singing competition. The Trixie Mattel won the only music comedy special and then in 2022, Trixie's Discovery Plus reality reno show Trixie Motel debuted. Seeing how successful this queen is, I'm sure the future will bring only more for Trixie but for now, that will conclude today's Before and After video. But before we go, answer me this. Do you have a signature makeup look that sets you apart from the rest like Trixie? Let me know in the comments below. Don't forget to like, subscribe and turn on your notifications. My name is Kira the Vampire Slayer. Follow me on Instagram to chat further and I'll see you all in another video. Bye!


Me and my wife got married in 2014. We've been together since 2008. This year, it'll be 14 years, which is crazy when I actually say it out loud. But yeah, as soon as we got married, we wanted kids and we struggled for a long time.  My name's Noodle and I'm from Northwest London. I got that nickname from my dad. He used to call me Nicky Mac in Noodle and it just became Noodle for short. I set up a digital agency in 2009 and then in 2014, I partnered with two other people to optimise the business's performance and gain some fantastic new pollution clients. And now, thinking about it, I'm sitting in the garden right now and I'm absolutely blessed in as much as we have a great business and we have some incredible clients. I must have first heard about Bitcoin at the end of 2012. I was in the gym chatting to this guy that I've gotten well with. He was like, have you ever heard of it? And it's funny because he was trying to explain the silk road thing to me, which was on the dark web. We went out, but it was normally on a Friday night.  So anyway, my friend told me we could experiment with it and I thought, let's do it. I mean, genuinely, Bitcoin opened my eyes to not just the financial world, but so much more. I was reading books, watching YouTube videos. It was nonstop. I couldn't soak up enough information quickly enough. It was kind of almost hovering between a passion and an addiction. I felt like I couldn't hoover up enough information on Bitcoin. I read about how the Federal Reserve worked and then read about how Fractional Reserve banking worked and currency debasement and this and that and the other. My wife said to me that with some of our wedding money, she wants to buy Bitcoin and I remember it. Something about it, it was around 400 pounds, not dollars, but pounds. And who would have known that that Bitcoin would then go on to effectively fund our IVF treatment, which is not cheap. Female body clocks, you simply can't afford to muck around. We struggled for a long, long time to have kids, believe me. We've never really liked the stigma around IVF, which means we actually prefer to talk about it and kind of keep it sort of hush-hush the whole time.  I said to my wife, we're sitting on a decent amount of Bitcoin. Let's do this. It's one or the other. And being honest, I probably would have got a loan out if I didn't have Bitcoin because to me, family is important and I would have thrown anything and everything at it and would have to try and make it work. The cost behind IVF is astronomical. Most people can't afford it or they go into debt to be able to afford it.  You should have got a loan, but I wasn't prepared to be that pigheaded about it. I wanted to get on with things. I didn't want to have to worry about getting approved for loans or financing or whatnot. I can't remember how many Bitcoin I used in the end, but the IVF, it's not like you go through this whole process and at the end you're lumped with a big fat invoice. You're paying the whole time so I was just selling as and when I needed money to fund each step in that IVF process. 10, six, five, four, three, two, one, zero. When I had the Bitcoin there and ultimately there was a kind of thought, I was thinking that this is going to be our little Bitcoin baby and it was all worth it in the end. It was two rounds with our first child and our second child was just a one round. Without Bitcoin, we would never have been able to do this and who knows if I'd have been able to get a personal loan for several tens of thousands of pounds.


The final item of business today is the member's business debate on motion number 13309, in the name of Ruth Davidson, on remembering Shrebenica. This debate will be concluded without any questions being put. I would be grateful to those members who wish to speak in the debate, who could press the request to speak buttons now. I call on Ruth Davidson to open the debate seven minutes please. Thank you Deputy Presiding Officer. I'm thankful to have secured tonight's debate and grateful to those who have supported the motion. With so much going on in Scottish politics, it would be easy to turn our gaze inwards and to never lift our eyes to the horizon. But some things go beyond the immediate, beyond what's in front of us, beyond borders and divisions and elections. We in this place rightly commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day. We remember the millions who died across Europe, we watched films and television documentaries, we read of what happened, we learned the names of Auschwitz and Bergen Belsen, Treblinka and Dachau, we are familiar with the grainy black and white images and we are taught in school. And this is correct. And as the wartime generation passes, we see that genocide as history confined to pathing newsreels, important but removed and we say never again. But the Holocaust was not the last genocide on Europe's shores. It was not the last time that the cover of war has been used to liquidate a people because of their birth. The genocide at Srebrenica didn't happen at a time of grainy black and white newsreels. It happened just a few hundred miles from where we stand at a time when David Beckham and Ryan Giggs were playing football from Manchester United. It happened at the time of shell suits of gameboys and playstations of satellite news. It happened in front of us. But because the Balkans wars were messy and complicated, hard to understand, we chose at times not to concentrate on what was happening to our world neighbours. I think it's important that we do raise awareness of this history and how it is impacted here in Scotland. And at this point, I'd like to declare an interest if I may. I currently sit on the Scottish board of remembering Srebrenica, a charity designed to explain what happened, to take people over to Bosnia to see for themselves, to commemorate back home and to use that knowledge and experience to build bridges between communities here. I'm pleased to welcome fellow board members to the gallery this evening. The genocide in Srebrenica happened 20 years ago at the end of the Bosnian war. The town itself had been declared a safe zone by the UN two years earlier, and peacekeepers were deployed there to protect the enclave. In July 1995, Serbian forces under General Radkom Ladic stormed and captured the town, deporting thousands of the young, the frail and the elderly, carrying out a campaign of mass sexual violence on the women and systematically killing more than 8,000 men and boys. Many marched for days through the woods in order to try and escape and were rounded up. The international court of justice ruled that the killings constituted genocide. Earlier this year, I, along with a former member of this place, Jim Wallace and others from across Scotland, travelled to Srebrenica to talk to the mothers who lost sons, the forensic scientists trying to match bone fragments from mass graves so survivors can bury their relatives, those who went to extraordinary lengths to escape what was happening and can never forget what they witnessed. Scotland has long had links with Bosnia. There are people here who drove aid trucks to bring food to those besieged in Sarajevo. A number of refugees who fled the war there chose to settle here and build a new life for themselves in Glasgow and Edinburgh and further afield. Leading professionals such as Adam Boyds from the international commission on missing persons and the forensic anthropologist Sue Black from the University of Dundee have dedicated themselves to the painstaking work of recovering the remains of those who died and finding their families so that the simple need to know of what happened could be fulfilled. What happened in Srebrenica and Tuzla Sarajevo and the wider Balkans is a story that needs to be told and told again. I am pleased that Scotland is playing its full part in remembering 20 years on what happened there. The moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland who himself visited Srebrenica this year is leading a service in St Giles Cathedral on 10 July, bringing together all faiths and people from all backgrounds. Members in this place will have received an invitation and all would be welcome. I am pleased too that the First Minister has kindly agreed to speak at the service and to host a reception afterwards. It is right that the leader of the Scottish Government shows our country's commitment to remembering what happened. I would urge any member here who would wish in some future time to make the visit and to see for themselves the graves, the cold storage where bones and fragments filed floor to ceiling are still trying to be matched, to meet the mothers, the survivors, the forensic teams. Remembering Srebrenica makes multiple trips each year with groups and you would be most welcome. All that they ask is that on your return you pledge to tell people the story of what happened there. I would ask too that for those who know people here with connections to Bosnia whether a serving service personnel, aid workers or as part of the Bosnian diaspora living in Scotland who might like to be involved in the commemorations to get in contact as we want as many people to be involved as possible. Deputy Presiding Officer, Scotland as a nation has always looked outward. We care what happens to others as well as to ourselves. The events of July 1995 are a stain on our continent and they deserve to be remembered, examined and learned from. I am pleased that work continues in this country to learn the lessons of times past, to use the desperate experience of Srebrenica to bring communities closer together. This time, when we say never again, we will mean it. Thank you very much. Many thanks. We now turn to the open debate, speeches of four minutes or so and I call Roger Campbell to be followed by Hanzala Malik. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I would like to congratulate Ruth Davidson on securing this member's business debate, which will no doubt serve as a poignant reminder of the atrocities of war. It is certainly a stain on the name of many Western democracies, not least that of the Netherlands, whose government must pay the financial compensation to families of the victims that this massacre did not prevent. We all know some of the details of what took place in Srebrenica, but the more information that becomes available, such as that provided by David Hamilton of the Scottish Police Federation, a constituent of mine who I see in the gallery, who was an aid worker during the Bosnian war following his meeting with representatives of the mothers of Srebrenica, the more harrowing those details become. Parents and children separated before execution, firing squads, working in shifts to avoid their guns from overheating, newborn infants being murdered under the boots of soldiers. It should be incomprehensible to think that that took place in the 20th century at all, let alone a mere 20 years ago. In 2009, the European Parliament passed a similar, albeit longer, resolution on this issue and is set to do so again next month. The UK is also currently leading the drafting of a United Nations Security Council resolution on what will most likely be on similar terms. These motions and resolutions are the correct thing to do and are one of the best ways to ensure this tragedy or symbol of the impotence of the international community as the 2009 European Parliament's resolution put it, and never forgotten. It's important not to solely focus on the past over and fresh pressure needs to be exerted on political forces in the Balkans and more widely to ensure progress for countries in that region continues. In an article on the EU Observer website, a Serbian journalist, Dejan Anna Stavich, I hope that's right, wrote that, what Bosnia doesn't need is another set of resolutions, empty promises of a European perspective and haphazard appeals to political scandals to reform themselves. It needs a concentrated and serious international, not just EU plan, coupled with hefty financial investment to pull it out of its misery. These are strong words. In his article, the journalist repeats the word impotence as was used in the 2009 European Parliament resolution. He also refers to the constitutional straight jacket of the Dayton Peace Accord. Most worryingly, he writes of one country in which a resolution commemorating Sebranica did not pass in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian electrical system is far too complex to explain in the time that I have left, but, of note, the fact that the president of the Republic of Srvitska, Mileroed Doddic, does not believe that the events that took place in Sebranica constituted genocide. Notwithstanding that, however, this year is the first year that the Republic of Srvitska's government will help to finance the commemoration event in Sebranica. We must hope that this can be a catalyst towards creating a positive future for the entire country. Bosnia cannot be left in the past and must be assisted if it is ever to join its neighbours, Croatia and Slovenia, in joining the European Union, for example. This nation is still a long way from reaching that goal, however, with concerns remaining in relation to the viability of the Dayton constitution and stability of the country generally. Presiding Officer, it is right that communities and nations globally commemorate the Sebranica massacre. In Fife, Holocaust Memorial Day in January helped to commemorate all victims of genocide as part of a remembrance day marking two significant anniversaries this year. It's 70 years since the liberation of Auschwitz, as well as 20 years since the Sebranica genocide. Scotland needs to offer the hand of friendship, and I warmly welcome the fact that our First Minister will join a commemoration service next month in Edinburgh to remember the victims of this tragedy, to get together with many members of the victims' families who must live with the horror of what happened that day. We must hope that they find some justice in the process of the ICTY and that some progress can be made in helping Bosnia to move on and become a vibrant, successful country. Thank you very much. I now call Hanzala Malik to be followed by Jamie McGregor. Thank you very much and good afternoon, Presiding Officer. I would like to thank Ruth Davidson for bringing this motion for debate and also for her role on the Scottish Board of Remembring Sebranica. Thank you very much, Ruth. The work of this organisation is very important to remind us that it has been 20 years since these troubled events took place in former Yugoslavia and that society should never forget. The rise of hatred, racism and intolerance should never be allowed. The bitter Balkans war from 1992 to 2001 shattered our illusions that Europe would never again see such bloodshed after the horrors of the Second World War. The weakening of the communism allowed the rise of ethnic nationalism which meant that war was not only a battle between armies, communities that once lived peacefully and married each other than the same people tried to eliminate each other. Senninica represents the largest of the massacres of the unarmed civilians that undertook as part of the ethnic cleansing policy that were pursued in order to create the greater Serbia. But sadly, there was many others which claimed thousands of lives as well.  I saw first hand the impact that the bereaved civil war had. On two occasions I travelled by road from Glasgow to Bosnia. On the first occasion I was accompanied by Scottish relief and delivering an ambulance full of medical supplies donated by the good people of Glasgow. On the second time, it was a goodwill visit, saying prayers at the end of the month of Aramadan for Eid for peace in the area and goodwill. Saying prayers in a mosque in Sariego, the central mosque which was riddled with holes with rocket and bullet holes. I also saw Serbia's central library burn to the ground losing historically valuable books which were irreplaceable. Events like this should never be forgotten in places that they happen and that scars that may never heal fully be healed. But it is important for us all to remember, educate and pledge never ever again in our lifetimes. May I also go on to say that during my visit to Bosnia, one of the marked lessons that I learned was how ruthless and how callous people can be when they would not distinguish between men, women and soldiers, how they could bring themselves to do that. In the heart of Europe shocked me and has always had this fear that while we thought that we were living in a peaceful environment, that something that this could happen, and not only happened but we actually allowed it to happen for a period of time. I do hope and pray that that never happens again. I once want to thank Ruth Davidson for bringing this motion to this parliament today because I agree that it's absolutely essential that we make sure that not only do we remember our past wrongdoings, but we make sure that this doesn't happen again. So once again, Presiding Officer, I thank Ruth for bringing this to the parliament's attention. I hope that the parliament will support the people of Bosnia that are living in Scotland but also people who are living in Europe as well as we are Europeans at heart. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. Thank you very much. Our final open debate speaker is Jamie McGregor. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I too congratulate my leader, Ruth Davidson, on bringing such a vitally important matter to this chamber and for her excellent speech. For some years now, I've been acquainted with Samir Mohanovic, a filmmaker and a Bosnian Muslim who has made his home in Edinburgh. Samir came as a political refugee from the war in 1995 from his hometown of Tuzla, near to Srebrenica, which is where most of the refugees from Srebrenica fled. To his great credit, he worked his way through film school, achieving an MA and a BAFTA. I've seen his previous work which confirms both his talents as a filmmaker and his sincerity as a man. Samir has produced a new film called Srebrenica Survivors, which will be broadcast on the 11th July on the BBC World and News Night to mark the 20th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide, the only holocaust in Europe since World War II, which killed 8,372 Bosnian men and boys within a week. The film is the testimony of the survivors who struggled to cope with the ghastly experiences. For example, Mehmed Hodzik, who lost over 67 relatives, was then Ahida, who was only 13 when she lost her five brothers and both parents. Ahmed was 20 when forced to take a five-day march in the column of death with 8,000 men of which only 3,000 survived. Hatithsa and other civilians sought protection in the UN base at Potokari, which was under the UN Dutch battalion who lost control to Serb troops, led by Ratko Mladic, with his scorpions, who then killed and tortured. Hatithsa lost two sons, her husband and over 200 of her extended family. The characters of the film are struggling not only with the loss of family, but literally to subsist in a world where they feel forgotten and where many of the perpetrators not only walk free but hold positions of authority. Samir says, when I started making this film, I felt that I had opened deep wounds hidden somewhere inside me. While I was filming interviews and my characters were telling their stories, tears were rolling down my face. How can a human do this to another human? This is a question that perplexed me even further while editing the interviews and listening to those stories again and again. Each time I felt as if fresh wounds were opening and new emotions were pouring out. Samir goes on. The characters in this film are also having to deal with the impact of social deprivation in the Tuzla suburbs. They struggle to subsist without welfare in a country where unemployment levels are over 60%. Most have no place to return to in Srebrenica. They are striving to build a new life but they are haunted by their past experience and have little hope for the future because of the promises that have been broken by the Bosnian Government and the international community. However, I am grateful to find support in my new country of Scotland in the making of this film. The trailer for Samir's film can be viewed at www.SrebrenicaSurvivorsFilm.com. Fellow members, one reason I entered politics was to promote fairness and humanity. I was born in 1949, only four years after the end of the Second World War. My parents installed in me the absolute horror of the carnage which had killed their own relatives and friends and also inflicted almost unbelievable and inhuman genocide, torture and humiliation on literally millions of fellow Europeans.  Many of them were bought to justice and Nuremberg and other courts which of course could never mend the results of their awful crimes. But as Samir says, where is justice when many of the perpetrators from Bosnia remain at large? The international community failed to protect civilians during the Bosnian War. The UN voted for Resolution 819 that promised that civilians would be protected and aid would be supplied. Sadly, this promise fell far short of the mark. The tragedy of Srebrenica will haunt the history of the UN forevermore. But if we in this Parliament by highlighting this issue in this member's debate can help even a little in securing justice and helping the victims of Srebrenica, then something of value will have been achieved. Thank you very much. Can I now invite Hamza Yousaf to respond to the debate, Minister? Seven minutes or so, please. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I congratulate Ruth Davidson for securing this important debate and I echoed the sentiments expressed by her and across the chamber tonight. I thought some very excellent speeches from Rod Campbell and Zala Malik. I thought a very powerful contribution that we just heard from Jamie McGregor to the Srebrenica genocide, and we do not use that term lightly. Genocide is a term that is of much contention in various other matters and contexts across the world. However, there is a genocide and we should use that term and it is important to use that term as Ruth Davidson has done in her motion. That genocide is a dark chapter in our story as a European civilisation. However, I pay tribute to all those who continue to highlight that genocide. The organisation remembering Srebrenica, Ruth Davidson, I know is joined by other parliamentarians across the political chamber and Oangus Robertson MP, also very involved in remembering Srebrenica. Indeed, others from civic society such as Reverend Lorna hood when she was moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, very involved. In fact, she went to visit Bosnia at the time. Waqar Azmi, who is the chairman of remembering Srebrenica UK, who has had the pleasure of meeting as well. I thank them and many, many more who are continuing to highlight this terrible genocide so that we do not forget the lessons. The events of 1995 and thereafter are extremely hard to comprehend. The sheer scale of the atrocity and the deep hatred and intolerance, the brutality some of which Rod Campbell touched upon in his own contribution, can be very hard to grasp for us all. Numbers and statistics almost become meaningless and abstract, yet that is the danger. Just as Ruth Davidson said that if we feel removed, if we feel unconnected, if we feel set apart from an event, then complacency sets in. Our mindset says that it can never happen to us. We could never do that. That is why the commitment of survivors and the talents of those others as Jamie McGregor's friends and meir, perhaps demonstrates, to share their experiences is so invaluable. I would like to pay tribute to those survivors in particular, the families of those who are left bereaved, who live through that horror and through that pain, sometimes, if you are mostly on a daily basis, to share and connect with others so that we do not just view this as a time in our history and our past. I think of the work and I had great pleasure in reading the work of Ada Selvich. First displayed in 2004, Ada's project Cups of Memory pays tribute to the victims of Srebrenica through a very simple Bosnian social ritual gathering for a cup of coffee. Ada laid 1,327 cups gifted by Bosnian families from across the world to represent the number of victims that had been identified and buried that year. Visitors were encouraged to place a cup filled with coffee in remembrance. Some cups were filled with coffee, others with sugar for child victims, even some with roses for a single woman. That re-humanises what has happened by focusing us on individual victims.  The way that Ada described her art really highlights the importance of remembering. She said, It is not my project but our project and our consciousness, so it should be in our consciousness as well. Earlier this year I had the privilege of meeting Hasan Hasanovich. Many other members may have met him when he came to the Scottish Parliament during the Holocaust Memorial Day and the Holocaust Memorial Week. The parliamentary reception that took place here commemorated to the 20th anniversary of Srebrenica and I think it is important to put on note that the Holocaust Memorial Day trusted very good that also outreaching and ensuring that we remember genocides and massacres across the world, not just the Holocaust which is right, we do so, but many other genocides too. Many of you will be familiar with that Hasan's story has a horrific experience of the death march to Tuzla. Hasan's dedication to share the story so that it can inform the future led him to return to Srebrenica in 2009 where he now works as a curator and interpreter for the Srebrenica Potochari Cemetery and Memorial Centre. He shares his story five or six times a day, a painful, constant reminder of the loss of his family so that others may listen and learn and I salute his admiration and bravery in doing so. As other members in the chamber have highlighted tonight, Scotland has a long and proud relationship with Bosnia providing support and assistance to the people, especially those in need during the Balklands conflict. If it was members of this Parliament who were driving ambulances and aid convoys themselves, but many others across Scotland who took part in that relief effort, we've heard about the work of Edinburgh Direct Aid, for example, delivering crucial humanitarian supplies in the height of the conflict and many of you will be aware of the Christine Whitcutth Centre which brings hope to the lives of the children of Sarajevo, mostly needing help and some respite also for their parents. The Christine Whitcutth Fund is an independent body closely linked to Edinburgh Direct Aid. Christine was an Edinburgh Direct Aid volunteer from Wishaw, who was killed by sniper fire in Sarajevo in July 1993. The Christine Whitcutth Fund was set up by EDA with the objective of creating a living memorial to Christine Sarajevo. Her son-in-law, David Hamilton, who I had the pleasure of meeting last year, sits on the board of our remembering Srebenica. We also have the Scottish Refugee Council, who, at the time of the conflict, helped 400 Bosnian refugees to be evacuated here to Scotland to rebuild their lives in Scottish communities. My own memory of that terrible conflict, that terrible massacre, that terrible genocide was at 10-years-old sitting in the mosque during Ramadan, opening the fast with those people I'd never seen before. That looked as though they had witnessed the most terrifying brutality, the Bosnians that had come to share break their fast with us, who were opened by the community with open arms at the time. I also think about the work, as Ruth Davidson mentioned, of Adam Boyce, which has been critical in identifying those who were massacred, identifying them and then giving their family some form of closure. Perhaps not full closure, but some form of closure by using DNA identification technology to reunite the bereaved with the remains of their loved ones. No easy task at all, because we know that there were many masgraves, but masgraves that were moved from site to site to site to site. The Scottish Government supports, of course, the work to tackle religious hatred and intolerance in working with the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. We support Scotland's national commemoration of Holocaust and subsequent genocide. I'm very pleased that the First Minister will be herself involved in the commemoration of the 20th anniversary on 10 July, as Ruth Davidson's motion and, indeed, her contribution highlighted just in conclusion. I echo what Ruth Davidson and others have said, that the massacre, the genocide of Srebrenica, cannot just be a moment in our history and a moment in our past. It must be that we not just learn the lessons, but we continue to inform future generations, those who have no idea, who had no memory, of course, of 1995, that we ensure that we remind them that these horrors have occurred and possibly we hope that they won't occur again in the future. We will not, as a Government, tolerate any form of religious or racial prejudice for we recognise where it may lead. We will accept no excuses for any hatred or any hate crime, and we continue to work tirelessly to ensure that everybody can feel safe in Scotland's communities. Thank you. Thank you very much. That concludes Ruth Davidson's members' debate on remembering Srebrenica, and I now close this meeting of Parliament.


Welcome back and I hope you have enjoyed the day. Defconn is always such an amazing experience. Today was a lot more lively. I hope you all agree. Yesterday was a lot of facts, a lot of explanation how things work. Today I really enjoyed when you're at a discord and you have first one, two, three typing and then after that many typing at the same time. That means you have a lively conversation. As a number of places you see we already posted that we are going to facilitate the follow-up conversation, follow-up open and record it on the record around tables so that we can continue those heated topics because that is a conversation we really need to happen and we have controversies. Also there were talks today where as I said in the opening remarks ideas which are generally not accepted or even rejected by the community. People still want to think that these ideas might be possible in the future and ask for comments. This is our opportunity as a community to help to inform and educate explain why things are not possible what are things which are possible, what are the things which make it impossible so that we understand exactly what are the reasons why things cannot happen the way some people want them to happen. Now before I go to wrap up today I want to thank you all from the side of our organization who made it possible. Martin McAlpine has been doing all day yesterday and today. Moderation helped you guys around trying to facilitate conversations but most importantly do the moderation because we are actually legally oblique to do a moderation of all our channels. Dan has been yesterday helping the movie nights, doing all the questionnaires, all of that helping a lot. Thank you. Behind the scenes Mary who has been helping and doing the introduction of the speakers, she's in California. Thank you Mary we couldn't have done it without you and Andrew who is behind the camera organizing everything. Dan, Amanda do you want to have? Also our intern Willa thank you for everything and also Mary literally can be helped and thanked enough times for all her help so I want to give really three more shout outs there and then Dan? Yeah really to be honest we wish that Matt Lay's had been here but he spends a lot of time by the scenes. There's so many calls that go on week after week and it's just great there. Remember to continue to follow us on ad election in tag. We still got plenty of swag and such so you can go out there and commemorate your experience that way. We look forward to hosting the follow up roundtables and discussions. I know there was a few times a day on like wow what and then even being part of it so you know it's really all about having those conversations. Thank you Harry. And by the way if it wasn't for Harry and all of his guidance and hard work in that you're just phenomenal man. It's understated what you do for us and so thank you Harry for everything that you do. Thank you. So I haven't checked at all what was today's statistics. I looked about five hours ago. I combined over 2,000 viewers combined over Twitch and YouTube for yesterday's content. I have no idea what the content numbers are for today and also since we are in our symmetric nature this is only the beginning there because the content is going to be out there. We will have a lot more viewers during the next week. Already now with over 2,000 viewers for yesterday's content we couldn't have hit that many people to any of the rooms we had in the last seconds. So by that count already this is a bigger success than any of the previous three years by how many. And thank you for all participating in and wanting to learn. We are here to help. We are here to educate. We are here to inform.  I said before today's presentation as well as yesterday's presentation I'm so happy about the lively and even a little bit emotional conversation we had online. I'm already happy seeing the massive flow of emails in essays about commentary. How these things should be concerned and you know what to think about. I'm so happy please keep them on going.  We are hoping to compile the report in a month from now because we want also people to have a time to write and also there is a there was a research challenge of the data set take a look what those 14 million record tell to you please that no there's no contribution too small because everybody finds a different gold nuggets so please send whatever you have seen we will be still it down and make the important notifications now don't keep on going tomorrow so tomorrow is going to be not any more speaker track but we will be in this court if you have ideas in every single network some of the most exciting things happen on Sunday and I bet you are going to surprise me something is going to happen tomorrow and I have no idea what it is so I'm excited they're waiting for that now as promised before thank you all we were saying we go to happy hour and the happy hour in this case means that there is a legendary bar here in Quantico we are physically doing this in Quantico that's the legendary bar in every television series and movie there's a place where academy and marriage go get to Trump have a feedback conversation with a fist and everybody leaves happy that bar actually doesn't exist but it has none of the movies shows the outside of inside of the bar we are actually going to live stream because it's literally 10 minutes walk away we have to wrap up and we are going to walk to that bar and you will see the interesting place there is so guys come on here let's start the happy hour sorry in part of the happy hour we also have to thank Joel's for a lot of lovely cyberbikes foundation well absolutely I mean they said tools oh so this is the happiness and man this is the happiness this is the work oh yeah not please dude come to the stream we are streaming from there we are going to change to where we start walking to them this is another of these people are from Sona Club actually I think one person is actually even in the Sona that's awesome so right now thank you for participating in Defcon 28 safe mode thank you for participating in the building that's in hacking village we love you all and as I've always said Defcon is not a conference this is a family meeting of a large extended family dysfunctional that makes the family real and also the cyberbikes foundation Brian thank you for having us here because he is providing us a physical place we are John Jessica there that has been making sure that I always have something to drink and I don't drown we love you all and now let's start drinking cheers cheers it's Sona Club guys yeah that's a Sona Club so everyone's joining us right we're going to go grab my hey Andrew sorry about that hey um so are they I didn't realize they were like posting anything your beer well thank you dear appreciate that cheers alright so right there down here and take a look man so let's you know we're sitting here walking around having virtual happy hour look man we're on we're on live dude oh man that's cool you gotta show my command center you gotta show the command center here this is where I've been a long time it's great got my computer here all my passwords for you to see yeah and the most important thing at this point trying to make it feel like real Defcon hey hey I hear Hari yeah that's the last day video coming in and then it's all finished to me at the end of the day you know hey let's walk over we'll see what's going on the ICS village what do you think about that I mean hey it's all inclusive of harry calls it dysfunctional family let's just walk on down the way here hey you can walk us through here absolutely so I'm in alright so we're in our in our new facility that we opened about eight months ago right here the Chronicles cyber hub and then we're going to put a building in three times the size right next door that's a 25 million dollar advanced data analytics science center we're going to call it cube and so let me see you can kind of see that and this is what's going to be in the cube hopefully you guys can see that so anyways got quite a bit going on here and so we're very thankful that you're joining us yeah we're going to go take them over and we're going to sit there and we're going to go show them believe it or not are the lovely ICS village huh can you see comments on there we got a broadcast because we're broadcasting yes alright let's hey look here we are at the ICS village huh hello everybody welcome ICS village alright why don't you guys give them a tour real quick huh me alright I got you except I'm not supposed to cover the camera right so alright so here you go there's the hack to plan it right so I think we had to tear a little bit of this down already but a little bit behind the scenes kind of how it's all been done right there's one camera there's another camera my understanding is well those two are really for the wall the ICS wall you have right there looks pretty good it's been running all weekend I think quite well everyone can see that I think a couple cameras went down on howdy neighbor earlier today so you see I think we got a total of five cameras on there now I'm not sure that they're all actually transmitted but you can kind of see maybe a little bit closer here a little closer view howdy neighbor and all the different challenges that are associated with that and then of course all the cameras are here to go with it right so took over our little conference room no big deal looks awesome in here and I think it's been going pretty well from what I understand so a couple hundred participants in there I think today so very quick view that's right now Dan's covering it oh I gotta cover it oh there we go hey we're this way yeah we're back absolutely yeah so on the camera come on hello Defconn I'm just waiting for a virtual happy hour to start here but I'm starting early so it sounds good man it's about all I got I'm tired lovely lovely lovely can you say hello hey what's up everybody whole world man it's a lovely facility it's right here in Stafford Virginia outside of Quantico it's fairly you know it's amazing facility just you know I can't say enough about the hospitality we've had you know with being in safe mode making the best out of the situation we really wish we were there with all the other a couple thousand members of our dysfunctional family we also have famous performers time for us to get there you go Defconn go Grimm join us so if they want to join you where can they join you here I guess Grimm.com or something I don't know just type in Grimm we're going to leave this facility behind hey alright forgets we're not all finished I have no idea what he's saying right now just leave it behind just join us so join us join us so exactly what you said oh wow for that so you're not you're not allowed to have them. The answer is no. The answer is no. No open contender for you, Hari. This is a biscuit. This is not happening. This is not happening. This is not happening. This is not happening. This is not happening. This is not happening. Let's say hello to the Sona Club. Hey, so I actually have a Finnish Sona Club. This is actually going out. Finnish Sona Club and their meeting on my mobile phones that they are just going to walk. I was just saying, please join us in the tweets on YouTube so I can also be more caring. All right. All right, let's go. Do you want to take it? Yeah. Hey, we're making this up as we go along. It's half the fun, right? It's a Saturday night. We've got nothing better to do. All right, so next we are going to the Club of Laurel where they have in the same building, they have the legendary embassy, the Marion Embassy Cigar Club. So they are the same building, but we are going to go to the the buff site. So buff crawl it is. And during the time of coronavirus this is on the usual street. Absolutely. All right. All right, Matt. We're ready to roll. So as you look in the background here, you get to see this beautiful facility we've been in all day. And if you have the opportunity, you get to sit there and spend time at the Wood Spring Inn. If you use the Cyber Bites Foundation code, it's only $51 a night. Not sure I would want to stay in a place that's $51 a night in Vegas. So if you probably have before, there that is. And now here is the facility for the Cyber Hub Institute. And this is the bad boy truck that we're going to take us over. And I'm going to put it over Hari. You get a broadcast, Matt. You're going to take us along. So now I'm two phones So we are now leaving this happy Cray unmarked building where we have been spending and running the operations and moving towards Global Laurel, the legendary bar which is literally 10 minutes walk away, but to save your time we are going to take this with a truck. Big truck. This is Virginia. Nobody has anything else than big trucks. Are you any questions so yeah, we are driving to us. We have this wonderful one of the cyber one of the commercial center logo. My joke about the logo is that you know it's Mary's because they always need to have something looking like a heavy machine gun and everything. We also have this experience.  Sorry. Sorry for my insult. So now we are driving to Global Laurel. That's what actually the place looks like. It looks like a church. So you wouldn't actually guess that it is a yeah, it's a great place. This is my favorite place in the whole quantum also. And it literally the place looks like a church. It's a holy place. They have a good beer. And some good whiskey. And also on the other side, good good cigars.  Yeah, so you're the DJ here. Matt, we're giving over the rights for a little bit to you, my friend. It's good. Hey, welcome to the Globe and Laurel, man. This is pretty exciting times, man. This is a Hari's favorite place. When you come to Stafford, you'll be a part of it. You know, walking into a place, I wanted to as a kid to go into bank with a mask, but in a day's world, we have to make sure that we practice in the safe mode. And this place actually is a practical reasons. We already have the police officer here at the door. By the way, we're going to walk over here to the wall here. And, you know, if you come with these people, you see you have a man. Pretty spectacular. I think there was Ali North there. It's phenomenal. Continue on down. And we're walking into the main room. There's a couple of enemies here. Look here. This little top here. Badges from police. It's a country here. Ari, why don't you explain this room? All right. So we're in a club in Laurel, where we have been before. So this is the legendary bar room. The all the logos of the batches in the wall are actual police. It's always fun here. But what a great place, man. History. I feel like it'd be a movie star here tonight. Who should I be tonight, Harry?  Who should I be? I could be John and I think they took down a statue of John Wayne airport. I'm not sure how that works in Orange County. Go back to being the red gremlin. I guess. Look with that. To see our place. Let's go. You got to be walking over there for a second. All right. I got turned over. So they want me to show you the cigar lunch. Let me take you over there real quick. It's kind of attached. Let me see if I can grab some water. Give us the history of it. The round. See. See. Good. We're good. We're really friendly people. So let's talk. Let's talk to all the folks. Come on. 3987. Jefferson Davis. Highway. Stafford, Virginia. Salute, right? Being inappropriate, I don't know. One day I'll be better. All right, guys. It's great cigar show, man. You got me a great one last night.  But hey, look, here's Harry. Oh, well. Yeah, so this is the embassy cigar lounge. The name of the embassy. Obviously comes from the fact that U.S. Marines are the unit which is securing all American embassies around the world. One of my favorite places to have a cigar, especially in the coronavirus time, because we have outdoor seating, wonderful beers from and drinks from the club and Laura. I just was mentioning before, when you saw all the ambulance of the agencies, which are here in Quantico, but also the whole roof is a batches of different police forces. The country where I was born, Finland has less actual police officers than number of batches on that ceiling. So that gives you an idea how many batches there are. Those who don't know Quantico, what is the reputation? Quantico is the country where I was born. Those who don't know Quantico, what is the reputation? Quantico is a crossroads of U.S. Marine Corps and a lot of other men and women in armed services. This bar is the crossroads of Quantico. So basically everyone who has ever been working in the military at least once ends up here. So again, we're happy our people are arriving. So we are starting to get proud together. Look who's back. And everybody is, hopefully at home or wherever you are in the world, hoisting a beer and practicing safe distances. There you go. I now have my beer. Ari? Cheers man. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. So anyway, again, you could be anywhere else in the world and you are joining us to the happy hour. Thank you for doing that. Thank you, Defcon. Thank you, Defcon. So, hey, Bryson on there. Bryson, are you there? I know Brian's here. He wants you to be here. Let's find out. Thank you again. We'll be online tomorrow to answer the questions you've got within Discord and such. So we appreciate it. Thank you for all your support. Go to electionintegrityfoundation.org and you can follow us there. I add election in tag. Again, I appreciate it. We are so poor. But there was Maggie, one of the co-organizers in that. You'll go out there and I think to go buy a swag in that. So, you know, we can't do it without your help and support. So have a great evening.


Welcome back to another example of where we're taking a statement and deciding whether it is a tautology, that's a statement that's always true, a contradiction, a statement that's always false or something that's neither, which means that sometimes true, sometimes false depending on P and Q. So this one is saying that P or Q, I'm sorry, P and Q, if and only if, remember our biconditional statement here, not Q or not P. Now this seems false, it's on the surface of it. You're saying that P and Q means the same thing logically, which is another way to think about biconditionals as either not Q or not P. That seems wrong because, or seems completely false because P and Q is true only when P and Q are both true. And it's just saying that one or the other could possibly be false. So we're kind of suspicious about how the statement's going to go on the very outset. Let's take a moment to set up the truth table. Let's first kind of pick apart the individual pieces here. When I start making the truth table up, and look at the left-hand side of this biconditional, I think that should be maybe one column we have to make. The right-hand side's a little more complicated, so this is probably going to be a second column. This one over here should be third. Then I have to join them with an or, so that would be a fourth column. Then I got to connect the whole thing together, like a giant brace here, and call that column five. So through the magic of quick video editing, I've immediately set up this entire table here, including P and Q for starters, and here are our usual four combinations. Again, the point here is to break this complicated statement down into little atomic statements that are easy to evaluate here. Things that we just know, like P and Q. We know that P and Q is going to be true whenever both P and Q literally and Q are true. And that only happens here. All the other places, one of those two statements, possibly both, is false. Not Q is just the opposite of Q, so this is false true, false true, and not P is the opposite of P, so this is false, false true true. Next, I'm now working on the right-hand side of this bi-conditional statement. And here's the entire right-hand side, not Q, and that's an or, not P. So I need to look at not Q and not P, and basically ignore everything else, and join them with or, which means that if one of these two statements is true, then the entire or statement is true. And the first line, both are false, so that makes the or statement false. And in each of the remaining three lines, at least one of those statements is true, so there's my result. Now, let's recall how bi-conditional statements work. Remember, bi-conditional, a bi-conditional statement is basically an assertion that the statement that's on the left of the double arrow means the same thing logically and in formal terms as the statement on the right. And what we're gonna see if that is the case is that in each row where P and Q have a set truth value, the statement on the left and the statement on the right share the same truth value. They're sort of joined at the hip with regards to truth values. So let's ignore all else except the left-hand side right here. I'll just put a little l for left-hand side and the right-hand side, which is right here. Now, let's see what happens, okay? So in this case, the left-hand side and the right-hand side are different, so the bi-conditional is false. And the same thing happens in the second row too, the left-hand side is false, but the right-hand side is true, so that's also false. And actually, that happens in the third row and in the fourth row. So what we have here kind of confirms our intuition. We said that, look, I mean, P and Q being true means that both of these guys are true, both P and Q are true. There's no way that either one of these could be false, and that's indeed what we're seeing here. In no sense, and in no situation is the statement P and Q equivalent in any way to not Q or not P. So what we have here is a statement that is never true. It's the complete opposite of a, in some ways, of a tautology. So we call that a contradiction. Contradictions are very important for us in communicating in mathematics. They're very useful tools for us as we will see later.