Hello everybody and too many of your humbling words. I consider myself a normal regular human being. I always say I bleed when I'm cut and I have a disclaimer. I do not belong to the elite group of surgeons who never have complications and never have failures. I do have them. I simply try to learn from them. And this brings me to the topic of today's talk. Thank you for inviting me. It's a pleasure. It's an honor. Erotic Velve Repair. Let's take ourselves back. And I apologize. I tried to follow the previous lectures not to duplicate too much. I did not catch everything because I was hosting a few guests during my vacation. If we treat or if we treat erotic valve we do it either for aneurysm or for regurgitation or for a combination of both. And we need to keep in mind that both root and cusp pathology contribute to erotic regurgitation. Erotic repair is not really new. The first attempts were done in the 50s published by Dwight Harkins group. And then there were further pioneering attempts by Carlos Duran and Toby Kostrov. They had initially good results. Erotic repair gained more popularity with the operations designed by these three colleagues. Bob Schroeder, Sinotubler Junction Remodeling, Tyrone David of course and Magdi Jakub. We all know them. And Tyrone and Magdi designed operations specifically made for the enlarged roots. The general assumption behind these operations was that erotic regurgitation was mainly due to erotic dilatation. And by normalizing erotic dimensions normal erotic valve geometry and function should be achieved. In other words, one size fits all if you choose the right operation. And if the result is not a good one you've chosen the wrong operation. At that time, and that's the common denominator of these pioneering series, the main goal was that all cusp margins should be at equal height for competent valve function and co-optation height should be high enough for a secure diastolic function. This is also how I started when I embarked on the erotic valve repair and actually one of my first operations was a David operation after I saw Tyrone do these operations 30 years ago. Let us come back to this co-optation height should be high enough for secure diastolic function. Only in the last 15 years some surgeons have been a little more specific. And you've probably heard the concept of praying hands as the appearance of a normal erotic valve. How high is high enough? How to pray? And there are different ways of praying. So I initially, as I said, started the same way as the other surgeons also. I started re-implantation in Hanover and when the group in Hanover published the early results of the first 100, I contributed 30 of these, they found that there was a correlation between valve configuration and valve durability. They contributed that only to the level at which the valve was re-implanted within the graft. And I do not really agree. After all, I contributed a few failures and I re-operated them even though I still for some years did not understand the mechanism of regurgitation. It was only a few years later when I reviewed our early experience with preservation of the bicuspid valve that I realized that there was something funny about valve configuration. So I had some patients for out of the first 60 some that I had to re-operate within the first two to three years because of regurgitation and all four had had valve preserving erotic replacement and all four had this abnormal valve function that simply looked funny. I went back to the initial operation and actually they had left the operating room with that funny configuration. These failures made me review, do my homework, review what was known. Of course, there is the study by Swanson and Clark Circulation Research 1974. They came up with this complex set of numbers that the normal erotic valve should have. I simply thought that this was for me too complex to use it in the operating room. So again, based on the failures which had an abnormally low height difference between the diastolic between the free margins of the cusp and the annular plane in diastole, I hypothesized that this height difference, which we call the effective height, could be used as a configuration parameter. This is something that a surgeon can measure in the operating room if he has a caliper to go for it. This can be determined by echocardiography and once we had the parameter, we decide to calibrate it. So we did a study on 130 some volunteers, different age groups, most of them were adults and we realized that in a normally functioning erotic valve, this effective height was 9 to 10 millimeters. Later studies confirmed that and in relation to cusp size or geometric height, we realized that it should be roughly 45 percent of geometric height. Again, we were not the only ones. Let me show you this table taken from a publication from out of Brussels. They did not call it effective height, they called it distance from tips to annulus and the first version of the paper, I was one of the anonymous reviewers simply said co-optation height is important. I then asked the authors to go back and look at this parameter and as you can see here, actually there were a little on the low side, if they had an effective height of 7 millimeters, at least within short to mid-term follow-up valve function was okay. If effective height was even lower, they had a relevant proportion of failing erotic valves. Now, when I first proposed to use effective height, it was also clear that this must be related to cusp height. Cusp height, for instance, being reduced in retraction in retracting valve disease. This valve pathology, this cusp pathology had been shown to be associated with decreased durability by the Brussels group. I tried to reproduce the data and then realized that actually we did not have any data, any cutoff to base this on. So we went back to do our homework. In a prospective clinical study, we studied geometric height in bicuspid and tricuspid valves, that is height in the center of the cusp from the nadir to the free margin in a stretched version. And then the bicuspid, and this is important in order not to be mixed up, we mainly measured the nonfused cusp. As you can see here, we found the distribution of geometric heights. In tricuspid valve, the mean geometric height was 20 to 21 millimeters. In bicuspids, it was actually 24. And to come back to the previous presentation, we arbitrarily defined then 20 millimeters for the nonfused cusp in a bicuspid valve or 17 millimeters in a tricuspid valve as the minimum that we would want to have in order to achieve a functioning valve. So if we look at the aortic valve in a different way, and this is taken from computer simulation studies done by Jill Moran in Tel Aviv, if you have a low geometric height, you will have limited co-optation. The same, however, will also occur if you have annular dilatation, or if you have sinus tubular dilatation. In other words, there is a complex interplay between root and cusp geometry that determines aortic valve form and thus function.  There is a different way of looking at the aortic valve, and I'm sure you're all familiar with this classification, which is frequently quoted. I do not use it very often, actually I rarely use it, because in my mind it has relevant limitations. Number one, it's purely echocardiographic. It does not directly relate to morphology or pathology. It does not, for the same reason, provide morphologic cutouts for decision-making that the surgeon has to do. More important, it's insensitive in defining cusp prolapse in the presence of marked aortic dilatation. In other words, if the cusp is stretched and the root is dilated, cusp prolapse may evade preoperative studies. And the type three does not differentiate between restriction due to aortic dilatation and restriction due to cusp retraction. So let us come back to these limitations. Valve-preserving aortic replacement, sinus tubular junction will be reduced, and this will lead to a reduction of effective height, simply because you bring the two commissures closer together, and the center of the cusp margin will hang down through. So in other words, reduction of root dimensions, that is inter-commissural distance, may induce or will induce or unmask prolapse. In other terms, if the root is dilated, if we reduce sinus tubular junction, or if we interfere with sinus tubular junction as part of the operation, we must check effective height after restoration of root dimensions. How frequent is that? I went back, and these results are accepted in heart, I went back into over 650 root aneurysms, primarily to see the frequency of cusp alterations. As you can see here, these cusp dimensions were determined after root replacement. Of course, there were some reasons why we replaced the aortic valve. In the vast majority, roughly 90% we could preserve it. However, in 85% of instances, we found prolapse after we had reduced aortic dimensions. So to have normal cusps at the end of a valve preserving root replacement is actually an exception and not the rule. Let me show you what the surgeon can do in the operating room to assess that. This is a tricuspid valve with severe AR normal root dimensions. The surgical assessment is quite simple. We measure geometric height on all three cusps. It's 20 millimeters and thus normal. There is not much angular dilatation. And now we go into measuring effective height. It's nine millimeters on the left, it's seven millimeters on the non, and it's close to zero on the right. So with this simple measurement, we can come up with a diagnosis of marked right cusp and mild non coronary cusp prolapse. The same, of course, we ideally do by echocardiography, first determining the aortic dimensions. And you're all familiar with that. However, if you do this in a long axis view, you have to consider that there may be projection artifacts because you're simply off center. For this reason, we have made it routine to double check these measurements by going into a 3D data set with multi planar reconstruction. And as you can see here, all of a sudden, the root diameter of an annular diameter of 3.4 will turn into a sinus diameter of 3.2 will turn into a sinus diameter of 3.6 centimeters. This has implications because beyond a sinus diameter of 40 to 43, 45 millimeters, root replacement is probably warranted in order to achieve a competent aortic melt. So this is important for the patient who comes to the operating room for AI. Annular diameter, we need to measure for the reasons I showed you. Again, we may have projection artifacts if measured in long axis view, and there may be artifacts due to the elliptical shape. Again, if we go into a 3D data set, multi planar reconstruction, the annulus will increase in this case, same patient from 3.2 to 3.4 centimeters. The mechanism of regurgitation is important. And jet eccentricity is an established indicator of cusp pathology. However, a jet may be due to prolapse or retraction. And the jet you see in the echo image may either be due to prolapse of the right cusp or retraction of the non corollary. Can we differentiate between the two? Well, first the differentiation is important. Prolapse in general is a very good substrate for repair. As you can see here, and this is as yet unpublished, all isolated tricuspid aortic belts, normal roots, the majority of the cusps with prolapse can be repaired. Whereas in the majority of instances with retraction, probably replacement is the better choice. Prolapse can easily be corrected, like with these placating sutures, but which reduce the amount of tissue redundancy and stepwise rebuild a normal cusp dimension. Again, can we do that in a systematic fashion, like the surgeon does it in the operating room? Let me show you this 2D example of geometric height determination. And in the bicuspid, always of the nonfuse cusp, you can see in 2D, we here have a geometric height of 19 millimeters. If we apply the same in this bicuspid valve in a 3D data set with MPR, all of a sudden we have a geometric height of 2.6 centimeters. And for this bicuspid valve means this means that we have a substrate, which is very likely to be to result in a good repair result. We can also quantify prolapse by measuring effective height. Again, we can do it by 2D, but this will result in artifacts because we have to do it in an echo plane that is orthogonal to the respective cusp. The same patient, the same valve here once measured 5 millimeters in 2D will be 8 millimeters in a 3D data set, and thus almost normal. There is something special about the bicuspid valve, which makes up roughly 40 percent of valve preservation in our experience. And here we learned from the stakes or failures of the past. As expected and already shown, an effective height of less than 9 millimeters indicating that we left bicuspid prolapse, symmetric prolapse behind, was associated with a poor durability. And this was mainly the case in patients with isolated aortic valve repair, where we simply had a durability inferior to those where we did aortic replacement in addition. In these patients, annular dilatation here with a 29 millimeter cutoff, which is probably too large, resulted in absolutely unacceptable, unacceptable durability. And we also found that commissural orientation played an important role. Symmetric bicuspid valves giving us excellent long-term durability, the asymmetric bicuspid valves faring much poor. What can the surgeon do about that? Annular plastic has been mentioned, and rather than trying to implant a ring either externally or externally, we have chosen the way of a suture annular plastic in order to better accommodate the different muscle extension into the sinus that we see particularly in bicuspid valves. And as you can see here, the addition of an annular plastic largely eliminated the failure rate after bicuspid repair. More importantly, we try to bring more systematics into the commissural orientation of bicuspid valves. And this is from a essentially double center study, Brussels and Homburg, where we looked at the type of symmetry. The symmetric bicuspid valves arbitrarily determined as 160 to 180 degrees, found in roughly 40%. Another 40% with asymmetric bicuspid valves. And then 20%, they vary asymmetric bicuspid valves. They usually have partial fusion and often are mistaken as tricuspid on echocardiography. Can we do something about the symmetry of a valve? Yes, of course, we can do root replacement, like in the cases that were shown in the previous presentation. If the root is not enlarged, I find root prophylactic root replacement overly aggressive. And my idea was if we simply eliminate part of the circumference in the few sinus by placating the sinus, we should be able to improve the symmetry. We actually could improve the symmetry. And by doing that and adding an annular plastic, we could find that even in this high risk group, we could achieve excellent durability. Not only that, not freedom from AI and reoperation was improved, but also systolic valve function with lower gradients if we achieved a more symmetric results. The key question now is how can we most easily or most reproducibly determine commercial orientation? And I've seen a number of presentations where at first sight, I was not absolutely certain I would agree with the determination. The key is determining the center of the root in order to be able to then determine the connoisseurs and the angle. That's easy. That's what modern echocardiography machines can do in the operating group. There are different ways of approximating this bicuspid root we used in ellipse, we used a circle. And with the help of my oldest son, who is an engineer, we finally decided that the easiest was simply to draw a line from the center of the nonfuse to the center of the fuse sinus, cut it by half. And this would show us in a very reproducible way the center of the root and allow us for more reproducible determination of commercial angles. The therapeutic consequence is clear. If we have a symmetric bicuspid valve, we simply keep it symmetric. If we have an asymmetric, we make it symmetric. The challenge is the very asymmetric bicuspid valves, where we can either treat it as a tricuspid valve, or we have to improvise. The consequences are relatively clear. This is from a paper that we published recently in German cardiology, more than 1,000 patients with bicuspid repair. Without addressing these anatomical details, there was continuous attrition of valve function, which could be largely eliminated by addressing these anatomical features. The good side is if we choose this geometric approach, which was based on the analysis of failures, we can preserve the aortic valve in the vast majority of patients with root aneurysms, whether the valve is tricuspid or bicuspid. One of the more recent findings, and this came from a paper where we analyzed isolated tricuspid aortic valve repair. The fact that we used the measurement of effected fight intraoperatively was a predictor not only of better valve durability, but also of better survival. Let me summarize. Aortic valve form is like a function can be mathematically described as a function of cusp and root geometry, and we need to keep in mind that valve preserving surgery is only one form of aortic valve repair. There are others, and we simply have to address the individual pathologic components. Systematic analysis and correction is clear. It's logical, and also it's logical that adequate valve configuration translates into durability. Practically speaking, the most important is to rule out retraction as a poor substrate for repair, and this is where geometric height has been very helpful, and in normalizing cusp configuration, the measurement of effective height has been very reproducible and is increasingly adopted by different groups around the planet. Specific valve configurations may occur, and we need to keep that in mind if we try and come up with a tailored approach. My suggestion, and this goes more to surgeons than cardiologists or anesthetists, we should also report more details of the analysis of these valve geometry in order to make our findings reproducible. Thank you for your attention.


Well that's just the price of doing business. Hello everyone, Dylan Schumacher, Citadel Defense and we are back with another edition of American Minuteman Gear, one of our longest-running series here on the channel and I am happy to be back. I hope you're happy to be back because today we're going to talk about weight limits. All this stuff, all the gear right that we've talked about in this series, I got a bunch of gear laid out on the table here that you can't see, but all of this stuff it weighs something, right? There's a weight component to it and you as a human being only have a limited amount of capacity. There's only so much weight you can carry and maybe you've thought about this, maybe you haven't but the weight of the gear that you carry has a large effect on your performance and so we're going to talk about that. The United States Army considers anything over 45% of your body weight to be an excessive load. Now that's comical for a couple of reasons. The first off being that the US Army in general as far as I know blows right by those numbers all the time and has their guys carry excessive loads all the time and that's why there's so many veterans with knee, joint, hip issues because they've been carrying these super heavy loads for their their entire career, right? And that just that wears on your body after a while. It's not necessarily your muscles that are the problem, it's your joints and their inability to accommodate that much weight over that long of a time. The second thing is so I have cut weight, I'm down to about 205 now depending on the day, balance between like 204, 206 and 205. 45% of 205 pounds is 92.25 pounds. So theoretically I should be capable to carry up to 92 pounds without hitting the excessive load point, right? Whatever that means. If you're a tiny guy you're coming in at like 150, 140 whatever, 140 I did the math and or 140 I did the math and it is 63 pounds I believe is what it comes out to be, right? That's not that much weight as we're going to see as we're going to talk about here. So I write out the gate at the 45% number I consider that maybe not arbitrary but even that is high, right? Me to carry 90 pounds of gear and you got to remember that 90 pounds number it's not just your ruck, right? It's all the stuff. So it's your boots, it's your clothes, it's your knee pads, it's your eyeglasses, it's your ear pro, it's your hat or helmet or whatever, right? It's all the stuff that you carry and that stuff adds up pretty quick. So I consider that 90 pound number even high for me to run around in 90 pounds a year. Can I carry 90 pounds of gear on me? Yeah, sure I can. For how long? Not quite sure. Am I going to be able to go make a five mile movement and then effectively fight at the end of that or if I'm in the middle of a really long movement like I'd say a multiple day movement and I get ambushed on the you know a day and a half in after I've been rucking I don't know 10, 20, 30 miles. Am I going to be able to effectively fight then, right? After I've been exhausted and worn down? I don't know probably not very well, that's for sure. So I think it's important to start to take these weight considerations in because it's not just 10 I move the weight, sure you can move the weight but go ahead get out, ruck those 10 miles with that 30 pound pack on and let me know how that goes for you. Let me know how long it takes for your feet to recover from the blisters, how long it takes your legs to recover from the strain, right? That's just a 35 pound pack, that's not with your rifle and your plates and whatever. Go do it with all that stuff on and then let me know how that goes. There is a cost to carrying all this weight and it's not just necessarily the long-term joint impact stuff although that is a problem. It's the immediate recovery of like I said blisters, muscle pain, etc. and if you have to do that multiple days in a row how are you going to survive that? Now there's one objection that says well hey Dylan just get stronger, lift more, you know work out more, be better and then that won't be such a big deal and I would say okay there's some truth to that, we all need to be more physically fit, there's no argument there. However, no matter what whatever you carry is going to wear on you, the weight is going to wear on you, that's true no matter what happens. So it doesn't matter how fit you are necessarily, what matters is that the more stuff you carry the more tired and more exhausted you'll get and again remember it's not just moving it from point A to point B it's maybe having to fight in the middle or at the end or at the beginning or whatever there's maybe some kind of fight involved there and that is especially exhausting and when you've already been worn down by carrying a bunch of stuff and you don't have any gas left in the tank that's not going to help you out either and it doesn't matter how fit no matter how fit you are there's still going to be a wear factor. So the purpose of this video isn't necessary to tell you how much all my kit weighs right, the purpose of this video is to get you thinking about weight and how much it is that you're carrying. I weight my stuff if I carry just my plates my helmet my chest rig and my rifle just that no other sustainment gear right I got a liter of water on my chest rig but no other sustainment gear that's over 45 pounds of kit. Now you could say oh again well Dylan you know you have 90 pound limit so you know it's only half you can carry 45 pound pack on that on top of that and I would say huh good luck with that let me know how that goes I'm not going to do that. So again you have to start considering what is what is your weight limit is that a hard number is it a flux number like 45 percent again these numbers come from fit 19 year olds in the army right that's where we're pulling these number from.  No no it does not because you're probably not super fit and that that fat to muscle ratio just isn't there for you in order to be able to accommodate that much gear right so body weight is somewhat of an imperfect measurement we need to take these things to consideration and in my mind there's some kind of hard limit of it's somewhat arbitrary but like 80 pounds anything but 80 pounds is just too much I don't care who you are I don't care how big you are I don't care how strong you are if you're carrying more than 80 pounds of stuff around that's a lot of stuff and again especially when it comes to fighting the other argument is oh hey Dylan you know you can drop a rock it's not a big deal like we'll just you know when you take contact that's why you drop rocks and I'd say okay but again as an American minute man are you going to be able to drop kit because most likely you're not sticking around for a long-term engagement when China invades or whatever uh you're sticking around to move and groove so you can't don't necessarily have the luxury probably of being able to drop kit because you're going to shoot and scoot so you're still going to have to carry and fight in all the stuff you carry probably depending on your different SOPs and tactics and how you decide to run it you do you but what I'm saying is if we're assuming that you're going to carry and fight in everything that you that you have you're not dropping rocks you're not stashing stuff here what is it that you really want to carry so again I hope the purpose video is to get you to think what do I really need ounces equal pounds pounds equal pain right what is it that I really need in order to be effective what can I cut do I need to carry four double a batteries or can I only carry two do I need to carry you know six cr123s or can I get away with three like start thinking in terms of every little bit that you can cut off what's this buckle on this milsurp pack that I got do I really need this no cut it move gone start trimming things down start thinking about how you can cut little fractions of an ounce because that all adds up if you can shave five pounds off your loadout believe it or not that's a big deal and that's going to get you in a place where you can start to actually benefit from that the other thing I would point out is when it comes to the big rock right the big rock I right now have a somewhat arbitrary personal limit of 30 pounds I think carrying anything in that big rock that weighs more than 30 pounds will not behoove you again based on everything we just laid out based on the fact that it's not just the rock if it's a 30 pound rock it's my chest rig and it's my rifle I'm coming in at about 55 60 pounds right there I mean that's not counting my clothes or my helmet if it's a helmet I mean now we're up to easily over 60 pounds and that's just in again rock chest rig rifle and you go out and you move around in that for a while and it's going to get tiring you're going to get tired even though we're not even talking about plates right so in my mind that's kind of the limit for my rock and at this point going forward I'm always going to try to keep my rock under that amount because I think the wear and tear factor isn't worth it when you get above that number that's me you do you again you think about what your number would be but get out there experience this stuff move yourself under load over time and you're going to start to find those limits I do like getting a just a little this is a cheapy off amazon scale it's used to weigh your luggage right and this is what I use to weigh all my kit it doesn't give the most precise readings in the world but it gives me a good idea so I can start to write these numbers down and figure out objectively what's that objective number for me of how much I'm willing to carry how much what gets me past that point of the wear and tear just isn't worth it anymore and again what do I really need what gear can I cut what gear do I have on here when you start like this is a good example right here with this big pack right I put these external pouches on here these are all coming off because one I don't need to have extra capacity to add a bunch of stuff that again I need to stay under that 30 pound limit anyway so I should be able to fit it in the main compartment if I can't probably don't need it and additionally that pouch that pouch has weight right I don't know what that pouch specifically weighs but I'm going to guess around like 12 ounces well I have four of them on there all of a sudden hey now I'm adding you know three pounds just in pouches let alone what actually goes in them so you need to start thinking and being real miserly real real Nazi like about what you are going to allow on your kit or not in order to understand that you're trying to cut wear and tear off your body so that you can more effectively do the job that you're there to do one more thing I do want to add in here is again if you're more mechanized right you can carry more stuff because you can just leave it in the vehicle but when it comes time to actually put stuff on you those weight limits still apply right so I might have like a hundred pounds of personal gear in the vehicle right with like my overnight rock and maybe some plates and whatever but I might only walk around in a chest rig in a little assault pack right that could happen and then as I need it I'll go back and I'll maybe I'll put the plates on or whatever so there are options and you can flex in and out depending on how mechanized you're planning on being however in general when that kit goes on your body that's when my numbers start coming in so I hope this has been helpful I hope this gets you thinking about weight limits and what your kit weighs if you've never weighed your kit I highly suggest that you go ahead and do that and start getting some completely neutral data of how much your kit weighs write those numbers down think about what you can cut think about what you can shave and then go out and move in it and let me know how that works out for you because again the less stuff we carry the happier you're going to be and the more effectively you will fight do brave deeds and endure


Captain Sinida L. Williams is a luminary in U.S. naval aviation history. In addition to piloting more than 30 different aircraft and logging over 3,000 hours as a naval aviator, Williams joined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, as an astronaut on two missions to the International Space Station, ISS. Logging a cumulative 322 days in space with 50 hours 40 minutes in recorded spacewalk time, Williams is second on the U.S. endurance list for women astronauts and second on the list for total spacewalk time among women. Sinida Williams was born September 19, 1965 in Euclid, Ohio to parents of Indian and Slovenian descent. Within a year, her family moved to Needham, Massachusetts, where she attended school until completing high school in 1983. After high school, she attended the U.S. Naval Academy and graduated in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science in Physical Science. Williams also earned a Master of Science in Engineering Management in 1995 from the Florida Institute of Technology. Commissioned as an ensign in 1987, Sinida Williams first served with the Naval Coastal Systems Command. She then reported to Naval Aviation Training Command where she completed aviation training and received her wings in July 1989. After additional training, Williams was assigned to Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 8 in Norfolk. From Norfolk, Williams deployed to the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Provide Comfort, the latter mission providing military assistance and humanitarian aid to the Kurdish peoples of Northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War. In 1992, Williams served as officer in charge of an H-46C night detachment aboard USS Sylvania, AFS-2, during relief efforts following Hurricane Andrew. Williams then attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland. After completing the course, she was assigned to the Rotary Wing Aircraft Test Directorate as a chase pilot for flights of the V-22 Osprey. While serving in this role, Williams performed the duties of squadron safety officer, undertaking test flights of numerous aircraft including the SH-60 Seahawk and the AH-1 Whiskey Supercobra. Williams returned to the Naval Test Pilot School in 1995 as an instructor and safety officer. During her time as instructor, she piloted the UH-60 Blackhawk, OH-6 Caillous, and the OH-58 Kiowa. Williams then returned to Norfolk to join the crew of USS Sypan LHA-2 as aircraft handler and assistant air boss. In June 1998, NASA selected Williams to train as an astronaut. After completing a training and evaluation period, Williams worked with the Russian Space Agency in Moscow assisting international space station operations and subsequently with the robotics branch for operations of the station's robotic arm equipment. Williams' first mission to space came in 2006 when she was part of the crew of STS-116 aboard the Shuttle Discovery. During this time, Williams served as flight engineer. She completed four space walks totaling 29 hours 17 minutes, then a world record for women astronauts. Astronaut Peggy Whitson soon broke this record in 2008. Another milestone came when Williams became the first person to run a marathon in space, which coincided with the Boston Marathon in Massachusetts. Williams and the rest of the crew returned to Edwards Air Force Base, California in June 2007. Williams made a second journey to ISS in support of Expedition 3233 when in July 2012, she launched with the crew of Soyuz TMA-05M once again serving as flight engineer. During the second mission, Williams became ISS commander and she retook the record for spacewalk time among women astronauts when she brought her total to 50 hours 40 minutes. This record was once again soon broken by astronaut Peggy Whitson. Williams performed another athletic feat when she became the first person to complete a triathlon in space, coinciding with the Nautica Malibu Triathlon held in Southern California. This mission ended on November 18, 2012, when Williams and her crew touched down in Kazakhstan. In a June 2017 ceremony aboard USS Constitution in Boston, Massachusetts, Captain Sunita Williams retired from the Navy, having twice been awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, Humanitarian Service Medal, and many other accolades. In recognition of her career and achievements, Nita, Massachusetts dedicated Sunita L. Williams Elementary School in October 2019. Williams continues to work for NASA and is assigned to participate in the first crewed operational mission of Boeing's CST-100 Starliner to the ISS, currently planned for late 2021.


Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brenton today. Yeah, we're on episode 17 of the Privateer Pirate 101 series Last time we were in Valencia and we completed all of Valencia and today we're heading over to Cool Ranch for the next five years Yay So Cool Ranch is by far the longest thing in this game It just goes on forever and ever and ever and ever and ever So, yeah, we're gonna be here for a while but Should be fine Yeah, so we are hitting through Stop Weird are we hitting over to Through the storm gate now Look, there's Polaris wonder when we're going there. Oh wait, never Grozzelheim is new haven't seen that one in a while Valencia we were there last time Polaris and what's done there? There's something done there is I don't know what that was maybe Mirage. Who knows? Let us head on over to Cool Ranch. Hello so Cool Ranch is made up of Quite a few different Skyways is Cooper's Roost and a polio big sky tumbleweed haunted and There's one of the sex I think This sucks, I can't remember what they are all about. There's six of them There's a stage coach over here who allows you to get around quicker Between the Skyways, which is cool Um Deputy Fowler We're now in Cool Ranch Jane Canary You'll be hearing that later as well So yeah, this is in My opinion a really fun world if we can go up that would be great Weird um, this is a really cool world, but super long Grindy as well lots of defeating clicks So quite a few people really just like it You know, it's a cool story, but obviously we're not listening to the story so Yeah, the story in Cool Ranch is really cool And I highly suggest if you haven't already gone watch the musketeer walkthrough, so you know exactly What's happening in the game? Because obviously we just skip and dialogue But yeah Let us go and talk to Clark and basically the first bit is trying to find Clark because he has The next piece of the map Or we think he does he may not he may or may not I'm not gonna give that away even though It's kind of obvious that he doesn't but you know So yeah, we in between episodes I went to privateer trainer Commodore and Got a couple new things we got slasher weapons to and Something that improves threat generation so all the mon monsters will like come to us So I don't really care, but you know, that's just how it goes You don't know sick. You must be up. They should have been back by now I hope he hasn't gotten into any trouble if you could find him and tell him to come home a royal ground Okay already going over To another skyway So yeah, I'll be back or once I am over in a royal grandeur just because it's a wee way away Okay, I am back Okay all the way back Already going miles away just to Do things Well, I'm gonna utilize the stage coach For the first time and definitely not the last time It was I would be very shocked See a stage coach. Hello. So basically any skyway that you've unlocked obviously we've only got two at the moment We can go there Um For 10 gold 15, I can't actually remember what it suppose like literally nothing. So I don't worry about it and nor should you and Yeah, still ages away. I'll be back when I'm at the bison burial ground Okay, I am back. Okay. Here we go into an hour Bump bump bump bump bump bump bump. Okay So we should be fine. There's a lot of battles in here but hopefully We should be good Yeah, we should be fine. Hopefully from this crossed Okay, not too tough. They're yellow. So they'll put up a bit of fight, but not too much, which is good We'll go for you and I suppose we can just kind of start Getting you guys down. We'll do that and we'll move up there So these guys's or steam vents, we've seen them before but don't stand too near them because they will hurt you So yeah, just Chill around them for a bit or don't chill around them try and get your enemies on there because then they get free damage. So That's always cool But yeah, we will hopefully do this shouldn't be too tough So yeah, it does 40 damage.  That's cool Not too upset about that one But just him. Okay. I thought the others were but that's cool No, we'll do the middle one. See how you like it Go there. So yeah, I'm just Kind of trying to dodge the whole sort of Steam mint issue So, yeah, just be aware that they exist quite a lot and And What's it called cool ranch? So yeah, just chill a Okay, so I think there's like four battles in here Takes quite a while, but it should be too bad. We do have quite a good team Okay Okay And what are you gonna do Let's do that. Let's just try and focus one and it's fine. I suppose we'll probably be a good idea dodge nice Attack, okay Blocks, I'm lucky blocked. Okay. He has quite a lot of block That is a surprise for a musketeer Okay Yikes, we this is gonna be interesting nice mega hit there good Okay, dodge nice take that damage boy Should I put up a crit buff? Yeah, I think I might Especially considering that quite a few of these guys Agility based we should be able to quit quite a bit with Nanu Nanu and Xion hopefully obviously not last time, but maybe soon Elusive okay. We got a heal Gotta heal Okay, we might pop a team here, maybe Yeah, we're gonna have to heal a bit Hmm We'll do a team here now Actually, you can go home We'll do that see how that goes. Hopefully one of them dies would be great Here we go, here's some crits good job He will be dead. Yes and All nearly so close Okay, one down we have three to go now Okay, I'm actually gonna heal me like actually heal Yeah, okay, I'm dead nearly did that ain't good. Yes. Oh cool to down sweet Actually, we don't need there. We're gonna go for you Okay, hopefully I don't die that would be bad Should be fine with that heal Hopefully fingers crossed for it. Yay Amazing Gosh Good job Luckily you have a little monkey because you haven't been hit much Whereas I have been hit quite a lot And I am so yeah get that damage boy Don't Please don't please please don't that would be bad He's got 30 health.  It's fine.  That'd be bad, but he blocked me. So if he didn't block He would be oh, he's dead. Yay. Okay. Fantastic. Oh Oh Okay, I did quite a bit Okay, and we will just spam you a bit done Okay, there we go. Fantastic amazing Okay, I didn't know if we could get out of that one Um, we need to heal and we might have to use us we'll use one of those now Okay, let us do this just as well. We had four potions Okay, let's I'm just gonna Kind of focus on them one at a time. I might have to boost will so I might pop a will boost from monkey I put in a really bad position. Okay, that's not good Because these guys all go off will bill I believe so But we don't want them putting on me too much which would be bad So yeah, really she needed to be when I don't know if I wanted to make that work I'll try and get that next time at least we should crit quite a bit because will people don't usually have too much strength from what I've seen of the last Experiments um Yeah, I mean we've nearly killed one which is great.  I'm gonna pop up a will buff in just a sec Next round. I will this time We'll just try and we've got one down which is great Locked unlucky.  I'm not yay. I don't know. Oh, okay.  So that's always good. Oh It goes to everyone on a she probably is as well. That's fine We should be fine. Hopefully they start hitting me Would be great and none and I know that's fine. I'm going to team heal Definitely Millie is a god. We are going to team heal We're gonna focus on this guy this time Do you like no? No Okay, cool. They have witch hunters. So which doctors be careful This is where which hunter starts to become a thing and get annoying Yeah, it was really annoying on my witch doctor. I can tell you that Oh This is gonna take a wee while Cheap shot. Okay Okay, they're all trying to hit me which is great. Okay, nice work Millie Yeah, we're gonna just continue focusing on Actually, I'm gonna focus on this guy.  Hopefully Yes, okay, cool. Sweet Okay one left Vengeance unlucky Cool. Oh, okay. That was a bit painful Thankfully our companions are now fully health Oh Okay, we are going to use that health whisk we should hopefully be full health we are going to get this I think Nearly full health basically full health. We can do this That was so cute. They're like boop boop. That's so good Hopefully, yeah nurse Quinn's with us this time So she's on our team. She's level 15 medicine chick. She's a witch doctor Yeah medicine chicken. Um, she's a witch doctor. Um, so yeah She can probably hold around a bit. She's kind of bad, but you know, it's fine. We're just gonna deal with that We're actually just gonna These are people these are swashbucklers Okay, we are just gonna get over here Okay, we'll just do that and it sounds fun. So yeah, these are swashbucklers. They're gonna hit really hard And it's really kind of annoying But we'll be fine Somehow we managed to do the last one. So we should be fine with this one take that damage Okay Nice Gonna do a lot of damage So small so fast Geez Okay, I'm gonna quickly pop a mega what's epic from Go nurse Quinn go we are going to pop a mega off of you onto 15 15 14 14 13, okay, we're gonna go for you Yeah Okay, you're dead good Unfortunately, I wasn't in the best position with glancing blow, but it's fine Okay, he's useless now, so if he dies, it's fine Not to say that in the mean way, but it's true I mean, it would be nice if he lives but he may not and if he doesn't we've got a lot out of him, so it's fine Jackalope this jackalope. Hello Okay, good whispers out whispers the really hard on all thank you nurse Quinn.  I'm lucky.  Oh my god. What don't start one. He's dead. He's so dead. He's dead Goodbye Okay, fantastic. Look at that amazing Yay, we did it okay Yeah, so I'm gonna end off the episode here next time we will head over to out of bluff and help Clark So, yeah, thank you for watching room to leave a like and subscribe and if you're very subscribed press the little bell So you know exactly when I post another video and remember craft outside the box


The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, and the U.S. Navy announced the discovery of the missing World War I-era ship, USS Conestoga, in the greater Farralones National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of San Francisco, March 23. Today was the announcement of the 95th anniversary, which will be this Friday, March 25, of the loss of the USS Conestoga that was believed to have been lost off Hawaii 95 years earlier and was found off California in the greater Farralones National Marine Sanctuary. She had left Maryland on March 25, 1921 for Pearl Harbor. She went missing shortly afterwards. There was the largest sea and air search in the 20th century. For more information about USS Conestoga and its discovery, visit the Naval History and Heritage Command or NOAA website.


The Paris Agreement is adopted. Weather, drought, floods, those are things that we can't turn our back on. There is a complete absence of a plan to get us to 1.5. It requires all countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions by the second half of this century. We can build a safer future for everyone if we go 100% renewable energy.


You are not the same person through your life nor should you be and sometimes when people are going through transition and personal reinvention they check out for a while because they don't feel that they can change around people who have parked up on an old version of them.


The Aurora Youth Consultative Forum, AYCF, has described the role of the media as critical in nation building, societal growth and development of any democracy. The President General of the Forum, Yarema Shatima, stated these were the leadership of the Correspondent Chapel of the Nigerian Union of Genless, Kaduna State Chapter, paid him a concert visit at the Forum Health Quarters. But the media, of course, play the major role and give us an opening of encouragement from the dark days to where we are today, even though it's not yet Uhuru. But we hope someday Uhuru will be there, because this is not what we envisage. This is not the kind of democracy we'll expect. This is not the kind of democracy we'll make sacrifices for to go through all troubles who went in the last two decades. But just society, we are justice, equity and fairness to all Nigerians. And that, as always, we might believe to that. We cannot have peace where there is no justice and equity for all. And I'm one of those who also believe or share with those who believe also that no citizen of this country should be treated as a conclusive citizen. All of us must be seen to be equal in this project Nigeria. This is not the kind of democracy we wish is. All we pray for, all we sacrifice for, all we fought for. No. Shatima explained that since the return of democracy in 1999, promises are rarely fulfilled, stressing that much is expected from President Bola Ahmad Tinnable as Nigerian to passing through difficult times. We're pushing until we have a society where all of us will be free from all these maladministrations of previous successive government and the present ones. Because we cannot also be said to say that this is exactly what we wanted. Some of us felt that this government would have done better than the previous ones. But I realized from 1990 days, we've always been put at the back. When we came in 1999, some of us felt that the struggle is over. At least now we have democracy. So the democracy means a lot. But we are still giving benefit of doubt believing that there is no reason to begin to preempt what is likely to happen. We will analyze the government. We will look properly and we will make our position very clear. Another point is either we are going to be part or we will be part of those who will resist any unpopular policy made by this government as deliberate attempt on the minor endurance. We are likely to do that in the nearest future. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hey everyone August is in the book So I wanted to share all of our closed-trade results for the month of August before jumping to mine Dr. Chad runs our day trading live stream in the mornings a few days a week and On our directional day trading strategies one of which is called the mighty 90 He took 14 trades nine winners five losers plus 681 on our volume runner strategy took 16 11 winners five losers Plus three thousand one fifteen and on the continuation runners fourteen trades nine winners plus three thousand four eighty six for a grand total of forty four trades twenty nine winners 66% win rate and total P&L of plus seven thousand two eighty two so very nice there For all my trades. I had a fantastic month over seventy three thousand and actually that's not correct Subtract about ten thousand off that and I'll show you why as I go through in a little bit more detail But so more like sixty three thousand. I haven't for the navigation trading trades I've I've not had a six-figure month yet, but I smell it. I can feel it. I think it's going to be September Anyway, so about sixty three thousand. Let me jump into the different strategies in a little bit more detail starting with zero DTE Zero DTE trading has become a much bigger part of my overall trade plan this year So total for zero DTE and this is where that that ten thousand comes in you can see here these trades were actually opened and closed in July on July 31st, but I let the long options expired so they don't settle to the next day So technically these one two three four five these five trades Shit were really really July trades and that those equal Total profit of nine thousand six fifty so you can kind of just subtract ten K off this so about thirty five thousand total Four zero DTE so let's break these down by the different zero DTE strategies starting with The what I call the AM ratio iron condor. So these are trades that we take in the morning Let me refresh that so yeah a little bit red on the AM ratios down about thirty five hundred on those The DKS one of our awesome members is dick K Came up with this one. So we call it the dick K special very nice here One two three four five six seven eight trades all winners Plus eight thousand four thirteen on those trades Zero DTE ducks Sorry, it makes me refresh this every time so pretty much a scratch month plus one seventy five had a couple sizable losers on ducks But still still green slightly JSP this is a just sell put strategy and So this is actually So the two that you see here about so plus two thousand I did do one discretionary one today that I that I let expire so that'll settle tomorrow But that would have been that's gonna be about a minus three thousand dollar loser So technically down about a thousand this one that I did today was discretionary so it didn't follow my Criteria for setup And it ended up being a loser where the two that I did that were actually part of the trade plan those ended up being winners and Then power hour All right, so I do a few different power hour trades and ended up slightly red for the month of August Shown plus two thousand, but if I take out so let me just do this Let's go from August 2nd Because this will technically be all just the August trades. So yeah slightly red So down about two thousand bucks for power hour I do a few different tranches tranche one tranche two tranche three and then in certain situations I do a ratio But all in all for power hour first losing month for power hour trades that I've had since I've been trading it So first losing month in about six months But no not too bad down a couple thousand so you can live with that Next would be I'm gonna put all these in kind of the same category. These are kind of afternoon midday trades So I'll put all those in the in the same category and So what you'll see here is plus twelve thousand nine hundred so fifteen trades sixty six percent win rate on those So those those did very well in August and then Another one of our shining stars for August was our buddy Rick reverse iron condors So took nine trades only one loser and that was yesterday For minus fourteen hundred the rest were winners plus sixteen thousand two forty six on that strategy for the month of August All right, so that's it for zero DTE on our dynamic butterfly Had enough a nice month on butterflies We introduced this month a new strategy What we call the time fly and we've been doing really well with that ended up getting smoked out of a couple here towards the end of the month but overall 16 trades All of all but two were winners this one here still open. We've already booked some profits on it But plus five thousand six oh eight on our butterfly trades eighty eighty six percent win rate on those so loving the time flies and Then on our calendar so calendars is our one category that we were read on for the month and calendars over the years have been our most consistently profitable strategy, but Haven't a rough rough go a little bit this year So down Yeah, down a little over seven thousand for the and actually let me switch this back to the full month that First day of August just affected the zero DTE's So it's more like six thousand Yeah, minus sixty five hundred on calendars So overall, I mean the majority. I mean hitting it at seventy percent win rate sixty nine percent win rate It really comes down to one one strategy that's kind of hurtness and that's the TGIF So if I were to exclude the TGIF What you'll see is we actually booked over forty four hundred, but you can't do that Right, you can't take out the losers. So I'm not trying to do that, but that TGIF has struggled So except for the TGIF the calendar has calendar trades have done well But a red month overall for calendars Next category is iron ducks So small scratch month on the ducks Just to refresh So yeah minus two fifty on ducks had a couple got smoked out of a couple ducks there, but So took a couple losses so minus two fifty four on the month for iron ducks No NTT trades this month options selling so this includes our short strangles hedgehogs volatility contraction plays Very nice month in option selling eight thousand one seventy eight twenty five for the month You can see a sixty eight percent win rate on twenty six trades The losers were were pretty pretty small had some really nice winners booked a twenty two hundred dollar winner in ES on a hedgehog Booked a twenty eight hundred dollar winner on a hedgehog in NQ did take a seventeen hundred dollar loss on a euro strangle That's only a that's only our third Losing strangle of the year of twenty twenty three though So that's gonna happen and then some other kind of medium-sized winners So nice month in option selling and then lastly a new one that I'll be including going forward That we've I formed a portfolio margin group So this is for people specifically who have access to portfolio margin with their brokers And we have a we have a group that We meet once a week and and I put out trades based on some of the different portfolio margin related strategies Nice month here to you plus twenty thousand eight forty Only two losers had one of our strategies called the superfly had at eight seventy loser And when we called the call swoosh had an eighteen hundred dollar loser. Otherwise all winners 28 trades and just a just the two losers. So that continues to do really well If you're interested in in following what we're doing, you can just go to navigation trading calm click on the pricing button at the top of any page We've got several different options here one of which is a free membership So if you're brand new to trading options, we have five free kind of core strategy courses for beginners You have access to our trade hacker discord community. We've got a pro membership. This gives you access to everything This is this is all of the strategies that we just talked about Real-time trade alerts for all these trades Custom chart indicators and watch lists that we use and access to our live stream So I stream we stream in the morning For the first hour of the market open and we stream for the last hour of the day As you get access to those video streams or if you're just interested in Focusing on one strategy at a time. We have a membership for just calendars For just butterflies one for just the navigation trend trading We have one for just day trading which includes Chad's Mighty 90 and runner strategies as well as the zero DTE stuff We have one for just iron ducks and we have one for just option selling which includes our hedgehog strategy Short strangles vix trades any kind of premium selling that we do So if you're interested navigation trading calm click on pricing look forward to seeing you on the inside and look forward to another Great month in September. Cheers