We are finally ready to define the titular topic of lecture 32 that of a BCH code So let's give that definition here So let's see be a polynomial cyclic code over Zn, right? We think of a cyclic code. These are gonna come from ideals of the group ring Z to N We do call it a polynomial code because we're thinking of our code words as polynomials inside of this group ring here and Suppose that D is equal to the number 2r plus 1 for some for some number r here, right? So we're gonna think of D is gonna be our minimal distance of the code and why does r matter here, right? Well, we've seen previously that if your if your distance is D if your D equals 2r plus 1 that means you can correct our many our many Errors so that that's the significance here that if D equals 2r plus 1 you have our level of correction of errors inside your code Okay, so we say that C is a BCH code of length in and distance D Where N of course is the size of this cyclic group That's gonna tell you how many entries are in each code So do you have a 5-bit message a 15-bit message? Etc that comes down from the length there. That's the end and then the distance is again the minimum distance there we've seen previously that cyclic codes are Uniquely determined by a single minimal generating polynomial which gives you the generate It's the it's the generator of the principle ideal that is the code Call that element g of x our generator polynomial Then we say that the code is BCH the cyclic code is BCH if the generator G of x is the minimal polynomial Of the I should say it's the least common multiple of the polynomials m1 x times m2 x Times m3 x all the way up to m2 x for which for the sake of this definition Mi x is the minimal polynomial of zeta i Where zeta is a primitive in through to unity over Z2 so these polynomials mi of x are in fact cyclic tonic polynomials So we could call this like phi of of such a thing But of course over finite fields primitive in through it's actually can split from each other And so there actually could be two cyclic tonic polynomials of degree five or degree 15 or something like that And so we'll just use mi here to help us keep track of these things So mi is the minimal polynomial of zeta i where zeta was a primitive in through to unity over Z2 And this is why we say it's the least common multiple because as we've seen The minimal polynomial for right here. So m1 of x. This is the minimal polynomial of zeta Okay, well this polynomial likely has other roots to it like maybe it has zeta squared or zeta to the fourth That means m2 would be the same as m1 and for would be the same thing as m1 So this list will likely have repeats inside of it. We don't want to take the product of all these things We just want to find the least common multiple All right, and that's then when we can we get g we call that a bch code Why bch? Where does the what is the what does the acronym come from? Well, this comes from the mathematicians that first established this coding scheme. Uh, so in 1960 uh, the mathematicians rc boss And um dv ray i'm gonna write it out first Uh chad hurry Uh developed what we now know as a bch code and in 1959, um working independently, uh the mathematician a um hawkinson, whoops, that's a q Hawkinson and I do apologize if those names were not pronounced correctly. Um Developed this idea now hawkinson actually developed it a little bit earlier But in the realm of publishing it can sometimes take a couple years to get a mathematical or scientific article peer reviewed and published And so these these two groups worked independently each other and happened around the same time period So we give credit to both. Um, so while hawkinson actually did beat The other two in this development by a year that's somewhat of an irrelevant detail It's very possible. They could have submitted this paper first I I we could probably look it up if we really cared But nonetheless credit is given to all three of these mathematicians and in proper mathematical tradition when giving accreditation Uh, I should say attribution to mathematicians Typically the names are listed in alphabetical order. Uh, there's not like this ranking of like Who's the top who's the first author the second author because when it comes to mathematical contributions Even a potentially small contribution if it completes a proof is just as valuable as any other ones And so the mathematical community we try to consider all authors equal and therefore Names are listed in alphabetical order. So hence we have b c h right here As the name of this type of code All right, uh, there of course are some deviations to that like the rsa Encryption particle protocol is not in alphabetical order. It should be a rs. But whatever it's just it's just been established at a point But for this one, we got to write bch It's going to be the product of all of these cyclic tonic polynomials. Okay, and so an important result when it comes to Uh, bch code is the following equivalencies So suppose that we have a cyclic code over z n then the following three statements are Equivalent to each other c is a bch code of distance d So that is the same thing as saying that every polynomial f of t inside of our code c Uh, that is it's a code word. It's a code polynomial f of t if and only if Zeta i is a root of f where i ranges from one to d one included inside of that And thirdly, this is equivalent to Um h which is the parity check matrix associated to c here is the associated Vandaman matrix where your first column is all ones your second columns are powers of zeta Then zeta, uh, then you square everything then you cube everything all the way up to z to the end power at the end like there So we have this vandaman matrix, uh, these these three things are all one of the same thing All right, uh, for which why is that? I'm not going to go through all the details of this proof right now I mostly want to focus this video on an actual construction of a bch code So I will leave the details to the viewer here, but I will give you the basic idea of what's going on here So from the definition, we just saw a moment ago, right? um You have a bch code if and only if g is the least common multiple of these cyclic tonic polynomials That's the definition of being a bch code Okay, and the fact that you are your minimum distances at least d where d is this Number right here to r plus one that means we have our polynomials from um one up to m one up to m two r so that guarantees a certain inclusion of cyclic tonic polynomials So if you have a bch code that means m one x is a divisor of g which means that When you take a when you take g of x g of zeta Um is in fact a root. Okay. We also have that since m two is a polynomial divisor of g Z zeta squared is a root m three is are going to be a divisor of g so that means zeta three and this is going to go up to Uh two r which two r is one less than d So we have all of the roots of g are going to range. Well, at least there could be more But we have roots where zeta one through zeta d minus one are all roots of g of x here now every every code Every cyclic code is determined by a principle ideal With a unique generator g so f belongs to the code if and only if f I should say g of t here divides f of t Okay, um, but since g has all of those roots f will have all those roots as well And since g of course is the least common multiple of this thing if f has all of those roots That means that g divides f and that f belongs to this So that we get that a implies b very very quickly and you could also reverse the direction I think pretty pretty quickly as well that If we have this assumption in particular, this is a property of g and g then would have to have all of those roots So g would be the least common multiple of all of these things um And yeah, so we get we get a and b are actually put to each other pretty quickly When it comes to this vandaman matrix right here Be aware that vandaman matrix multiplication is the same thing as polynomial evaluation for which When you look at this thing right here if we took the coefficients of our polynomial f and we put them in here So like the first we have a zero a one all the way up to a n minus one So if we take the coefficient vector associated to the polynomial Then multiplication by the vandaman matrix will give you the evaluation of the polynomial So you end up with f of zeta right here Then you get f of zeta squared all the way down to f of zeta to the two r Which of course is d minus one like so And so if this if if this is a parity check matrix then this product should be zero Which means each of these things is equal to zero For which then all of these are roots for all of the polynomials inside the code So that gives you that c implies b and you can also reverse the direction as well since this thing happens This product is equal to zero so that there and this since this happens for every code in the code word This gives us that this is a parity check matrix So again, I didn't provide all the details of this thing But very naturally we can see that these three things are all equivalent to each other All right, and so we can create linear codes in our usual manner using Parity check matrix h and an generator matrix g This is not the canonical parity check matrix, but nonetheless we can use this vandaman matrix using primitive roots of unity To produce a bch code if we wanted to All right for the most part we're going to probably stick with the polynomials And so in in this video, I want to give us an example of a bch code We're going to construct a bch code over z two using the 15 the 15 roots of the 15th roots of unity Okay, so in order to do that we have to first establish What is the factorization of x to the 15 minus 1 as a polynomial in z two x? Because we have to know what what the cyclotonic polynomials are And that does depend on the field All right, so let's look at z two x and factor x to the 15 minus 1 I claim that the Prime factorization is on the screen right now So we have x plus 1 times x square plus x plus 1 times x to the fourth plus x q plus x square plus x plus 1 Times x to the fourth plus x plus 1 times x to the fourth plus x q plus 1 Okay So one can verify that the product of these Five polynomials does in fact simplify to be x to the 15 minus 1 when you work mod 2 You can pause the video and check that right now if you want to I'm actually going to try to work it backwards and show you where this factorization came from Okay, because when we look at this list, I claim that If you take the polynomial x to the 4 plus x plus 1 the roots of this polynomial are primitive 15 throats of unity The roots of this polynomial are likewise primitive 15 throats of unit 15 throats of unity, but I'm going to focus on this one And so I'm going to take a random root of this polynomial I'm going to call it zeta and that's going to be a primitive 15th root of unity and that's going to be my starting point Therefore, I claim That m1 of x is going to be this polynomial x to the fourth plus x plus 1 And so in order to prove that the roots of this is the roots of this polynomial are primitive 15 throats of unity Then that's actually going to give us the factorization Because if this is in fact a divisor of this which we can check easy enough that it's a divisor Even if you don't want to do all the all of this extended foil on the screen right now You can at least do polynomial division take x to the 15th minus 1 and divided by x to the fourth plus x plus 1 You can verify this is a divisor and as such the roots of this polynomial have to be 15 throats of unity, but why are they primitive? Okay Well, one of the obvious ones is that if you take the polynomial m0 of x this equals to x plus 1 What's m0 here? m0 would be the minimum polynomial of zeta to the zero, which of course is just 1 So we need the primitive first root of unity Which is going to be x plus 1 clearly if you plug in 1 1 plus 1 is 0 mod 2 So 1 is a root of that thing. It's a linear polynomial. That's the only root So this does give us m0 right here. All right, so that's the first one to take care of Now look at the polynomial x cube minus 1 by the usual difference of cubes formula Even over the rational numbers This is going to factor over as x minus 1 times x squared plus x plus 1 But as we're working mod 2 This polynomial x minus 1 is the same thing as x plus 1 And so the roots of the polynomial x cubed minus 1 Which again when you're working mod 2 could be x cubed plus 1 But that's beside the point the roots of this polynomial are going to be third roots of unity This is the first root the first root of unity So then the other two third roots of unity because there should be three total Are going to be the roots of this polynomial Which this polynomial is in fact irreducible. You can check very quickly that zero and one are not roots so this is going to be Our third roots of unity And this is our first roots of unity now be aware here that if you take and this is going to have both third roots of unity The third roots of unity are actually going to be things of the form zeta to the fifth Because notice if you take zeta to the fifth cubed you're going to get zeta to the 15th Which is equal to 1 so the third roots of unity actually are going to be zeta to the fifth And zeta to the tenth so in particular x square plus x plus 1 This polynomial is going to be in five in our classification. Okay now we can also factor We can also factor x to the fifth minus one in the following way You can take the difference of fifth powers there for which you're going to get x minus one And then x to the fourth plus x cube plus x square plus x plus one like so again This translates into x plus one when you're working mod two So this is the first this this is the first cyclic tonic polynomial Which then as there are five fifth roots of unity for for primitive ones, right? They have to all be right here and you can check again. This polynomial is irreducible Why is it irreducible? Well zero doesn't work One doesn't work And so it doesn't have a root it could factor as a product of Irreducible quadratics, but as we discussed previously there's only one irreducible quadratic Over z2 and that is x squared plus x plus one So if it factored it would have to factor as x squared plus x plus one here squared for which is we're working mod two We can use freshman exponentiation. This becomes x to the fourth plus x square plus one Which is not the same thing as this polynomial. It's also not the same thing as these two polynomials as well so For similar reasons these These degree four polynomials are irreducible zero and one are not roots and this factorization is invalid for them So all four of these degree four polynomials are in fact irreducible And so they would have to be then the fifth. This has to be that the this would have to be the fifth cyclic tonic polynomial Because this polynomial It contained its roots have to be fifth roots of unity mod two And there's four primitive ones and that this is degree four minimal polynomial It's got to be that case now be aware that if I take zeta cubed and I raise that to the fifth power This gives you zeta to the 15th. Whoops 15, which is equal to one So the in fact the the fifth the fifth roots of unity are going to look like zeta cubed zeta to the sixth zeta to the ninth and zeta to the 12th like so And so this polynomial right here is my m three Okay, so this is the cyclic this is the cyclic tonic polynomial minimal polynomial for uh for the Root zeta cubed. All right, so then by process of elimination We've taken care of we've taken care of the first thirds and fifth roots of unity. So we're left with eight Uh eight 15th roots of unity. So the roots of these two polynomials have to be the 15th roots of unity All right. Um, and so as such if we choose one arbitrarily I'll say one of the roots of this polynomial is zeta that makes this m one And then What about this one right here? It's going to have some other roots, but how are the eight? How are the eighth? Uh primitive roots distributed, right? You have a zeta. We have a zeta squared We have a zeta to the fourth. We have a let's see We have we did five we did six Uh, so then we have a zeta seven. We have a zeta eight We have a zeta nine was already taken care of 10 was already taken care of so then 11 comes next We did 12. So there's a 13 and then there's a 14 All right, so here are eight Um primitive 15th roots of unity mod two Um, so how are how do we distribute these eight roots amongst these two polynomials? All right, because at this point, um, you if you if you took x to the 15 minus one you factor out these things right here We then get this polynomial. We get some degree eight polynomial. We potentially could factor right here All right, uh, but let me give you another way of how this thing is going to work out So notice, let's see By by a limit we proved previously if you have a polynomial Um, which has zeta as a root then as we're working mod two zeta squared is also a root of that polynomial Now as zeta does not belong to z two This is a different element We so we get zeta zeta squared But then zeta squared squared because two is the characteristic of our of our field right here You're also going to get zeta the fourth is a root and then you square they get zeta to the eighth is a root And then you cycle that back Zeta to the sixteenth since these are 15th roots of unity is going to give me back zeta All right, so this tells us that in fact the four roots of our polynomial So m one Which is equal to x to the fourth plus x plus one This has to factor as x minus zeta Times x minus zeta squared x minus zeta to the fourth Times x minus zeta to the eighth and this is the factorization of course over the splitting field f 16 For for these polynomials here This then tells us that the other polynomial x to the four plus x cube plus one It has to have as as its four roots zeta to the seven zeta to the 11 zeta to 13 And zeta to the 14 so we so in particular this polynomial is m seven I'm just going to write the smallest one in there So this is the cyclic atomic polynomial for zeta to the seventh like so All right, so that's how we get these factorizations here So now we know what the roots of each of these polynomials are supposed to be Uh, so this one just has its root one. This one had zeta five and zeta 10 This one had zeta six. Uh, excuse me zeta three zeta six zeta nine zeta 12 This one had zeta zeta squared zeta fourth zeta eight and this one had the other ones zeta seven zeta 11 zeta 13 and zeta 14 So we know exactly where all the roots belong in this polynomial here So this is gives us our factorization of x to the 15 minus one as a polynomial over z two All right, so in summary, um x plus one is m zero x square plus x plus one is m five x to the fourth through x to the zero is this would be m three x to the fourth plus x plus one is m one and x to the fourth plus x cube plus x one is m seven Now admittedly you could swap the roles of these two polynomials when we make much of a difference whatsoever Uh, but but what have you? Well, we we chose this one right here as our m one So now if we want to create a bch code of length 15 That is where it comes to the factorizations of x to the 15th minus one mod two If we want that to be distance five Okay, distance five means That we need to look we need to construct our polynomial g of x to be the lcm Of we're gonna take m one We're gonna take m two We're gonna take m three And we're gonna take m four That is we stop one short of our d five right here So five minus one is four So we're gonna take the least common multiple of these Of these four polynomials, but notice here that m one, which is this one It has zeta one as a root it also has zeta two as a root It also has zeta four as a root it also had zeta eight as a root, but I don't really care about eight So this one actually takes care of all of these so these three are actually all the same polynomial Um, okay, so we get we get m one. What about m three? m three was this one right here It had as it has zeta three as a root of course It also has zeta six zeta nine zeta 12 as a root as well So the for the bch code of distance five We have to look at the product of m one and m three Which is going to give us one plus x plus x to the fourth Plus one plus x plus x square plus x q plus x to the fourth And when you multiply those out again working one two This will simplify to be one plus x to the fourth plus x to the sixth Plus x to the seventh plus x to the eighth like so And so then this g generates a bch code A 15 seven block code, right? So our messages have our encoded messages have length 15 But then we can encode a seven bit messages using using these things right here Now remember how did we end up doing that? Well g of x is a degree eight polynomial and you get 15 minus eight is equal to seven So we can encode a seven bit messages by multiplying it by G of x right here. We've seen this previously. So this gives us a 15 seven bch code Its minimum distance is going to be at least five. It could be better than that, but it's at least five All right And so this tells us that well five can break down as two times two plus one So this code is going to give us two error correction And so I want to bring to the memory of my students that on a take-home test Back in the prequel math 42 20. You're asked to create a linear code A linear code whose Error correction was in fact two right and it was a hard question at the time We were able to work through it the bch code gives us a much simpler way of doing it Less guessing checking more methodical because it comes down to factorizations Of cyclotonic polynomials Now with g of x we can also compute h of x because it should be the property that g of x Times h of x is equal. Sorry. That's the wrong way I mean for the polynomials doesn't make a bunch of difference for the matrix it does So I want to be consistent there. So h of x times g of x should equal zero Where of course zero in this ring is the same thing as x to the 15 minus one So we can just take x to the 15 minus one and divide it by g, right? So g was m one times m three So we grab the other three factors m zero times m five times m seven Which is a reminder where these three polynomials Skipping all the details here you can multiply those out and this will simplify to be the polynomial one plus x to the fourth Plus x to the sixth plus x to the seventh this this polynomial then gives you the parity check matrix We we can just use a polynomial of course because if you have any code Maybe like if you if you receive the message f of x right here Then you can multiply by h and this should then equal zero if it's a code word If it's not a code word, you're gonna get something else your syndrome will be non zero and you know an error was Um an error was detected. We could ask for retransmission. Um, we're gonna of course end lecture 32 here We haven't yet talked about how One can error correct With a bch code. We know that it can at least this code can detect at least two correct two errors Detection's much easier because you just have to look at the syndrome. Um, if the syndrome's not zero You've detected an error But how do you correct them that takes a little bit more and i'm actually gonna leave that as a exercise to the viewer In particular, we're gonna see this on a we're gonna see this on a future Take-home exam at least for my students. That's what we're gonna see But that brings us to the end of this conversation about bch codes How we could use our finite fields to develop theory for More sophisticated linear codes than we did with just group theory alone So thanks for watching and our next videos We're gonna return to general field theory particularly we're going to go to gawa theory and define Finally what the gawa group of a field extension is So, uh, if you've learned anything about bch codes or polynomial codes or cyclic codes in these videos Please like these videos subscribe the channel to learn more about these in the future or to see more videos about gawa theory or what have you Um, and please post any comments below if you have any and i'll be glad to answer them as soon as I can. Bye everyone


Hi, this is Sapin Bhartian. We are here in Prague Czech Republic and today we are talking to John from own cloud So John first tell us a bit about you know for how long have you been involved with the own cloud? I just want to know thanks for having me. Yeah, I've been with I'm glad now for three years been super interesting times of The project is moving forward quickly and we're on my opinion for course doing a great job I mean I have been covering own cloud for day one when it was announced But if you look at own cloud today, what is your core focus or what is your product own cloud is a Enterprise file sync and share solution that you usually host on premise We deliver the software for enterprise customers. We have some additional features which Needed and enterprise environments Regularly, what is file sync and share so how different is it from Dropbox or Google Drive or in this case? we're quite similar to Dropbox or Google Drive Yeah, you usually in your company or organization you host own cloud as a server and connect your employees or People with their respective clients mobile and desktop to the server and they can sync Files to the server and also share it with each other. This makes collaboration very easy we also offer integrations for Collaborate online office or only office Where people can simultaneously work on? Office documents spreadsheets Word documents, whatever and Do that all in the web browser and you have one centralized location and This is really the great benefit. You don't have to trust your company data with a third party service provider like Microsoft or Amazon you are actually under control of your data That's that's a great point. I think about on cloud. So it's basically you you're running Dropbox on your own servers. We have total control over you know what that's that's more or less like red. That's more or less Like right. We're better than Dropbox. Yeah, of course. Yeah So so from your perspective What is the core? I mean you did touch upon some But what is the core advantage or benefit of having own cloud versus using proprietary technologies? Okay, I think the the biggest thing is security Data security data integrity If you host the files on on your premise with an open-source software that is reviewed by thousands of people You know that this Software can't be flaky. There can't be any leaks leaking your data to potential competitors to Intelligence agencies from foreign foreign countries We have a great customer like Airbus and they Really rely on open-source technology for their informational security. I think that's that's the biggest advantage Then another big point is flexibility Own cloud is open-source. So if we and we integrate really well with existing infrastructures usually large organizations Have grown over a longer period of time. There's a vast amount of infrastructure and own cloud really connects to when well Windows Network Drive to Dropbox Google Drive name it whatever you would need to your LDAP user provider You can integrate two-factor authentication. There's there's a vast amount of Additional features and integrations which the open-source technology of own cloud enables you to implement and To get running really quick. So what is privacy? Privacy is the biggest thing about own cloud there's no need for own cloud if you're not concerned about privacy, but For for example, if you have trans national collaboration in between or in one company with several branches across the globe you want to make sure that the location of the data is in each country where You know the laws and regulations and For example a judge in the US can't Make you give him the data that is located in Europe. This would be not not allowed from European law from US law. It might be different and Own cloud with its decentralized Setup and architecture allows you really to create an own cloud for your European branch for US branch and we have a feature with federated sharing so you could share files with your colleagues in the US, but the original data remains in its location in Europe and data privacy is The biggest thing even if you host data on In the cloud with with third-party service providers Even if it's encrypted they still can you know get meta meta data From your transfers and Do whatever they want to When you talk about federated in all those features, so let's say if you look at a big organization You know most of the organizations are not limited to one region. You know, they may have offices in the US Maybe in China, maybe in Germany, maybe in France, maybe in UK. So after Brexit, you know So now you are dealing with different regions. They have different, you know So so does it also allow an organization to restrict or access to data from different regions also? Yes, there's also a feature that we call Firefirewall we could Access for for instance by IP address But you can also of course restrict access by users if you know this user is with organization a in the UK after the Brexit and he's not allowed to Have access to to certain fires anymore. You can just restrict it with group policy Because even if you mentioned you know the different countries No But if your organization is based out of one region then you're stuck But this allows you to still restrict because once the data is in that region now you're subject to that law, right? Yes, yeah, okay now People sometimes they blend security and privacy together. Mm-hmm. What is your opinion about that? Is it two different things or same thing? I think there's there's two things. There's a data privacy and this is something that really concerns Myself personally, I don't want to Have a large Company more or less know everything about me like like Google does Obviously, and they have awesome services. No matter what but I don't think that there's a worldwide legislation yet that can Regulate such and powerful player And data privacy is one point of this data security Is another point and then that this is something where I think if you rely on third-party services like Google Dropbox, whatever nobody can guarantee that my Data is not altered there software security. I think the open source product and the open source development model has shown that open source products are The way to go if you want to have The right amount of security the highest amount. There is no right amount There's only the highest amount of security for for your software Basically 97% of the internet runs on open source web service This is the development model where Thousands of people actually look at the code review it We have a bug boundary program also. So if people find Mistakes They get a word awarded by us and we pay them. I think up to $5,000 Software and there will always be vulnerabilities and bugs No matter what but I As soon as they are Exposed exposed people start working on it and they can only start working on it because the source code is open Yeah, and open source project are known for fixing them quickly than proprietary company. Okay, long That's you when you're like having concerns before we start recording you talked about the The cloud policy or something that is happening between us and Yeah, the cloud acts as super interesting It actually says that if you run a business in the u.s. And You might even have a separate entity in Europe And us judge can rule anytime to get the data from from the location overseas I think that's scary enough and Being you know painting a little bit the devil on the wall, but just last week I President Trump said Okay, let's investigate if we shouldn't Raise the taxes on cars from foreign countries because it's a matter of national security And if you can do that for cars, which you know Has no informational benefit or whatever he can of course do that for for data and especially data From from companies and we know that they have been doing this in the in the past and Protecting your company's data should be the highest Go of any CIO these days More and more applications are getting containerized. Yeah So what is your strategy towards making own cloud? Deployment and management more agile and you know more fitting into the DevOps movement is going on Yeah, I'm clouds itself the on cloud developers are big Fans and contributors to the DevOps movements We our developers maintain several projects in this area traffic And several others There's stuff going on and then from the development model We started working now with CERN together on a new front end which will completely be Decoupled from the back end So you can this makes deployments a lot easier for huge instances You don't have to have You can just it's really easy. It's getting fun and what we did in the last two years actually was modular rising on clouds. We started two years ago the on cloud core was a big huge monolith and We are taking features out making them smaller And making the core smaller to have really just the core It's it's a server and I have every single out else single feature I'll add it to it and this really makes us more agile we can Release new features bug fixes Even security patches, let's be honest In a more quickly manner because we don't have to always release than the six seven million lines of code That on cloud consists of We provide a docker image ourselves that we also provide to our customers, which really makes deployment so much easier and for future proofness Modularizing the stuff is also going to be about storage and I think storage is a topic of the next It's a big topic right at the moment. I mean there's Performance, okay. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, but storage is that what costs companies really money and We're working also together with the CERN who provide the EOS storage at the moment to have a future proof way of connecting any kind of storage If it's the EOS storage of CERN or S3 or any other kinds There's a lot of stuff in the pipeline now. I've seen like storage IO Which is super interesting and this is storage is that would cost money So you are here the open Suzy conference. What are you doing here? On cloud sponsors the open Suzy conference. We're happy to do that. There's big ties between Susan on cloud since the beginning We, you know hand-around developers quite a lot and Yeah, we have a big tie to the open Suzy community are proud to sponsor here and It's for me. It's a good opportunity meeting old friends talking to people seeing what's going on also seeing on what's going on there in the open Suzy world and Yeah, that's about it. And also drinking a lot of open Suzy beer. Of course Okay, John. Thank you so much for talking to me today and hopefully we'll catch up with you again in future with some open source event Definitely. Definitely. Thank you for having me


There is some type of plague that is taking over this backroom's level, and we have no idea what it actually is. But I do have some theories. So stick around if you want to hear them. Please stick around, I'm lonely. Anyways, today I will be explaining level 511 of the backrooms. This one is a wild level, so without further ado, or any more blabbering, let me just get right into this explanation, shall we? So level 511 is classified as a class 5 difficulty, and is very very unsafe, and not very secure at all, and has a constant threat of collapse. The level is always in a state of destruction and construction both. 511 takes the appearance of an infinite hospital building. The explorable part of the level takes place in the hallways, the rooms, the staircases, and the lobby areas. And all of these places don't actually have a normal layout. Instead, they're randomly jumbled together, and it makes no sense. Most of the level has a modern design to it. It's not an old hospital, it's like a new one, and everything is sterile and clean, and the air itself smells like floor wax and cleaning supplies. The entire level has a very strange, uncanny quality to it when you're walking around. You'll notice you're completely alone, but you don't really feel alone. Walking through the hallways, you might run across a few tables, or stretchers, or chairs, or beds, and you might run into a hallway that's completely empty. You can't really tell, it just depends on where you go. The walls in the rooms here are all painted in a white or pale color palette with non-descript features like lines or circles painted on them. The paint style is very different depending on where you're at inside the level. You could open up a door and go to a different hallway, and it could be a completely different color palette. The hallways here, of course, have doors that you can access rooms from, and each of these doors can lead to different stairwells or different hallways or other rooms, like I just said. It's very easy to get lost because of that. It kind of makes this jumble of possibilities that you can go to. The rooms you might walk into pretty much resemble modern hospital rooms from real life. They have beds and operating machines and chairs, and nothing really seems to be out of the ordinary inside of the rooms. Except it does have that weird, empty, uncanny feeling to it. On rarer occasions, rooms can look like other medical places that aren't just hospital rooms. They can look like orthodontist rooms or operating tables, maternity wars, ICU rooms, and other types of offices. Pretty much any medical location from real life can make an appearance here. On your walk through this infinite hospital, you'll also run into other places like lobbies with check-in desks and break rooms and janitor's closets and things like that. And since it's all random, you might be walking down a hallway and then a random lobby will appear. Makes no sense, but that's the level for you. Now, you might think this means that the level has non-euclidean geometry, but it actually does not. The atmosphere here is completely normal, and there's not really any weird time or spatial anomalies. Don't get me wrong, though. It's still weird. It's still a Class 5 and dangerous, but there's no non-euclidean geometry. Strangely, this level might not actually be infinite. Instead, it might have an infinity effect where there's so many possible locations that you could explore in it that it seems to be infinite, even though it's not. Kind of like Minecraft, when you're walking to unloaded chunks, this level might do the same where it renders new chunks. We don't know. It's hard to judge it without mapping the entire thing, and I'm not crazy enough to do that.  This makes some people think that it's not infinite. If you have any ideas on what the black void could be, leave a comment below. On top of that, some of the other doors and the other windows in this hospital also open up to that same black void. You cannot walk through it or jump through it. You kind of just bounce off of it. But if you walk away and lose sight of it and then come back, the void will no longer be there, and instead, a new part of the level will be revealed. And that goes back to what I was saying about Minecraft, where this level might generate new parts when you're not there. So far, the level doesn't seem too bad, I'm sure. You know, I'm just a little hospital with a few little quirks with some voids and stuff, but now it's time to get to the part of the video where I have to go over the dangers. I know, I know. Trust me. The dangers are cool, though. You know, you don't have to worry about it. They're pretty cool. So the level is mainly devoid of creatures. However, you might find a smiler or a clump or a wretch more likely that is no-clipped here. And it's thought that every entity that you might see is not native to this level, like I said, they no-clipped. They typically hide out in the darker areas and the stairwells to ambush prey. But nevertheless, these are not the bad part of the level. These are not the dangers you'll have to face, because the entities are nothing compared to the real danger here. The plague that I mentioned earlier at the beginning. You see, level 511 is constantly under attack by an undying black corrosive goo. It's just pitch black, phantom black, actually, which means that it absorbs all light around it and it looks like a black hole. This force behaves like a thick, gooey water-type substance that destroys and envelops and decays anything that it touches. It literally absorbs everything. Chairs, tables, walls, floors, quite literally anything it touches, it will envelop and grow and destroy. I mean, it will literally get rid of anything. I wonder if you could come here with like your homework and then throw your homework in it.  Can I get a pass? If I was still in school, I would try it. Now this gooey force also has some visible oddities with it as well. For example, around the edges of the goo, you'll notice that it's got pixelation around it. And this pixelation will cause whatever the goo is going over to also become pixelated before the substance absorbs it. It's kind of like it's feeling it around. Even though this goo is moving pretty slowly, it also emits a weird sound. The sound has been described as a low staticky distortion noise, kind of like a mutated humbuzz glitch. And this noise is truly the only way to know if this goo is near you. So keep your ears open on this level. Literally no one understands why the goo exists or why it's plaguing this level or pretty much anything else about it. All we know is the following. The destruction of objects it touches only happens fully once the goo envelops that object. So technically you could still save something from being decayed if you grab it out of the goo before it completely goes over it. Also, the goo affects people as well if they touch it, causing the part that you touched, like a finger or something, to decay. The origins of the goo is unknown, but some people think it comes from 511 itself. Me personally, I think those blacked out void areas from earlier behind the doors of windows might have something to do with it. I don't know, it's kind of sus that there's like this black void and the black goo is too convenient. I think they're related somehow. Like what if the goo comes from whatever level or thing that black void is and it seeps into the hospital hallways here and then expands and explores and decays everything. We just can't know, I guess. But you need to know if you hear staticky glitching and see this pixelating black goo stuff run like your life depends on it because it does. As far as bases or camps here, there are no bases and there couldn't be because of the goo, it would probably eat everybody. But to enter the level, you can be on level 11 and enter a hospital or clinic there to trigger a no-clip here. Or you can use any one of the other entrances listed, there's other ones, but level 11 is the easiest. To exit, listen close. Since the level is in a constant cycle of destruction and creation, the exits change all the time. One of the most common ones is if you find a large reception waiting room type area with seats, you might be able to find a set of double doors that you can walk through. You walk through those double doors, you'll be in level 11's hospital again. Or you can find another door that might send you somewhere else. Like I said, it changes because the goo constantly eats the level, but also the level kind of expands by itself so it's constantly being destroyed and created. Either way, you're gonna want to escape this place before the plague gets to you. Anyways, that's it for the video. Hope you enjoyed. I thought this level was great. Leave a like if you made it this far to the video. Let me know if you want any other levels and I'll check them out. Also, while you're down there, check out my third channel, Spoogely. If you want more internet horror mystery stuff, try to get that channel to 100,000 this year. And if you want to help, go for it. Hopefully, your all's new year's resolutions are still going strong. Remember to keep up the good vibes this year and to grind it out. Love and appreciate you all. Tell somebody you love them too. And without further yapping, I will end the video. Have a great day or night or morning or wherever you're at. Bye.


Well, Dan, I'm going to come to you. You're going to speak more generally about the emergence of populism as a phenomenon in the European landscape, not least driven by this debate. Thank you very much for this opportunity, because first of all, it's good that you are speaking about the problems of migration and populism here in Morocco, in a successful country, in a country that was able to accommodate more than 50,000 of migrants from Sahel during last three years and was able to collaborate fruitfully with Spain and some other countries concerning protection of European borders. This is the success story, not only of Morocco, but also of Spain. And it can be an example of a good collaboration with partners of the European Union in our neighborhood. That's first. Secondly, the problem of migration is one of the main reasons for expansion of populism in Europe. And the government that the minister presents is a good example of this populist government that emerged in Central Europe that was known in the world during last 25 years as a protector of transition, protector of European values, and even projected European and democratic values abroad. Now in some countries of Central Europe and some countries of Western Europe, we have reemergence of two very dangerous tendencies, political tendencies. This is populism and nationalism. And there are regions like Catalonia, for example, that those two tendencies go together ahead, reinforcing each other. Populism has the same source. It is the convenience that establishments were not ready to deal with crucial issues in the European Union, migration, as one of those issues itself. But they create also major threats for democratic systems and reverses. And they reverse the tendency that was described by Schumpeter and Huntington as the third wave of democratization. Maybe from the perspective of American foreign policy, it is not so important. But American Freedom House, in its project Nations in Transit, observed that in 2018, it was the second year that more consolidated authoritarian systems than consolidated democracies. And it underlines that among 29 countries, 19, 19 had noticed declines in the overall democratic scores. Freedom House experts, of course, emphasized that illiberalism not became the main tendency in 2017. But effects of illiberalism, what Viktor Orbán presented as a concept of illiberal democracy, they were visible two years ago and one year ago so strongly. In central Europe particularly, this populism means that the people can go to the protest. Yes, they can do it. They can establish and conduct independent NGOs. Yes, they can do it, but many of them, or even majority of them, are supported financially by the states. So they are not independent in traditional approach. They, people can publish critical articles in some of independent media. In Hungary, the sector of independent media is very limited, very limited. In Poland, fortunately, independent media exists still as an important partner for civil society. But people know in Hungary, Poland and some other countries, that expressing themselves, they can have government inspections or a text can be a text in government-aligned media or even they can be under discrimination in employment. I do not want to say that those tendencies are similar to those that created the violent authoritarianism in Eastern Europe because what's going on in Russia and in some other post-Soviet republic is completely different shape. I want only to say that those tendencies visible in central Europe are visible also in some countries in Western Europe in which populists either win, are the one elections or are ready to win elections. We can see the results of the German election to Bundestag. 12.6% for AFD. In Bavaria, 12.4% for AFD. We can see ruling to parties in Italy. They don't undermine the institutional framework of constitutional democratic regimes, but they can do it because the source of Western European and Central European populism is the same. Thank you very much. Right, you've heard three interesting perspectives across the European landscape.


How do long division and remainders fit in with today's common core math methods for division and how do fractions fit into the mix? Join me as we explore these questions in today's episode of Mr. Mark's math adventures Hey math learners, it's Mr. Mark's your friendly neighborhood math teacher Remember, it's not just about getting the right answers. It's about learning and growing along the way and before we dive into today's adventure Remember to hit that subscribe button and ring the bell to stay tuned for future episodes now today We have a topic inspired by a comment from one of our friends on tiktok shout out to william for sharing this fantastic idea With william's jumpstart What do you say we explore this topic together and see how it can make our math journey even more exciting And as we start always feel free to use the companion worksheet It's a great tool to follow along with the episode the companion worksheets free to download link down in the description Now traditionally when we divided numbers


Okay, welcome everybody to this webinar and thank you for joining. So today we will talk about the reliability of our eye and open science. And so my name is Helene Brinken and I will start with a general introduction about the fit for our eye project and the short definition of what is our eye and what is open science. And afterwards, Harro van Lente from the Maastricht University, he's a professor of science and technology studies there, will present the work of fit for our eyes sectoral diagnosis on the variety of our eye and open science. And I would like to start with some housekeeping remarks. So you can type all the questions you have in the chat and we will have time after the presentations to answer them. And we will share of course the slides and the recordings on the foster portal and also on the fit for our website. And yes, I hope you can hear me well. If you face any technological problems, let us know via the chat and we will try to help you there.


Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners, thanks to all of you, including Tony Glass, Phillip Lass, and Daniel Dorado. Coming up on DTNS, Arizona adopts Apple's digital driver's license, driverless taxis are everywhere. We'll tell you where, and Sony smooths out your PS5 gameplay. This is the Daily Tech News for Wednesday, March 23, 2022 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. In Salt Lake City, I'm Scott Johnson. I'm the show's producer, Roger Chen. We have got some news for you today. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. I mean, we always have news. That seems obvious for me to say, but we have some really fun news, including all that stuff that I said. This one's fun for ZTE. US Judge Ed Kincaid ruled Tuesday that China's ZTE should be allowed to end its five-year probation in the US after pleading guilty to charges of illegally shipping US technology to Iran and also North Korea. ZTE had been accused of violating the probation by committing visa fraud to bring researchers to the US under J-1 academic visas. The judge found ZTE was legally responsible for the actions, but there wasn't a justification for extending the probation. However, the judge did encourage the government to pursue criminal or civil penalties against the company. ZTE's probation is now ended, and it can operate normally in the US. Yeah, so it might be guilty of the thing, but that was not the thing that would end their probation or extend their... Yeah, anyway, I guess it makes sense. Snap acquired NextMind, a French neurotech startup working on brain-computer interface technology. NextMind's existing headband developer kit designed to let users control aspects of a computer with their thoughts will be discontinued though. The startup will work for Snap's hardware group called Snap Lab. On Tuesday, we discussed the breach at Okta of a Citel Group support engineer's laptop that had access to Okta consumer data like JIRA tickets and also lists of users. It could also reset passwords and MFA tokens, but not access them directly. Okta further clarified in later blog posts that they believe a maximum of 366 of their more than 15,000 customers would have been accessible to the attackers, so a small portion overall. Citel has not commented much other than to say that there's no ongoing security risk and that it received the forensic report on the incident on March 10th. Okta says it's disappointed that the report took from January till March to be completed. The same group also released some Microsoft source code. Microsoft says that the group accessed one employee account with limited access to the code and no customer code or data was compromised. Microsoft also noted that it doesn't rely on secrecy of code as a security measure and doesn't believe that the leaked source code elevates risk. Also, thanks to Mike for the note on pronouncing Okta. Nothing CEO Carl Pay announced the company will release the phone one in the summer. The device will use a Qualcomm chipset. I mean, that seems obvious, but it's confirmed and run a version of Android with just the essentials where every bite has a purpose according to Carl Pay. Other than that, we don't have any specific specs, release date or price or anything, so we'll get back to that in the summer. Man, a lot of hype for something with very few details. And the company's called Nothing. SpaceX informed customers of price increases for its Starlink Internet service. Internet service increased 11% to $110 per month with the cost of a terminal to access the service of 20% to $599. Alright, let's talk about digital driver's licenses. Yeah, I thought this was a pretty cut and dry story about Apple Pay or Apple Wallet rather being opening in Arizona because we've talked about this in the past, but I'll set it up again for everybody. Arizona, US state has become the first to support driver's licenses and also state IDs if you don't drive in the wallet app on the iPhone and also the Apple Watch. The residents of Arizona can tap to present a select TSA security checkpoints in Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. So this is a limited rollout, but that's where they're starting. Apple says more states will support driver's licenses and also state IDs in the wallet app soon. We've talked about some of them in the past, but the list has grown now including Colorado, Hawaii, Mississippi, Ohio, territory of Puerto Rico. That had previously said Georgia, Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Oklahoma, Utah, also rolling out the features to residents. Right now we got Arizona. So if you're interested and you want to use it, you need an iPhone 8 or a newer iPhone running iOS 15.4. And to use an Apple Watch it needs to be Series 4 or later running Watch OS 8.5 and up. The process works as follows. You register the ID and Apple wallet.  That seems pretty obvious. Then Apple has you do a series of facial and head movements during the setup process to kind of say, yeah, this is me. This is what I look like.  Your Apple, then Apple states it will not be responsible for approving requests. This is going to be a state thing. So that, you know, remains to be seen. But if it works as intended, the card details will then be sent to the state on a secure connection for verification. Then the state says, yes, you're good to go. You can fly. Go to TSA. Once you're at a TSA checkpoint, it works very much like Apple Pay. You tap your phone or your watch against a reader and the device tells you what information is going to be sent. Then you use face ID or touch ID, dependent on your advice to approve sending that info. You don't need to unlock your phone and you don't need to give over your device to anybody. A lot of people have been a little bit unclear on that. Apple says at this point in the process, the TSA will also capture a picture of you as a traveler for verification purposes. Now, there is some question about where that info is stored and what happens to that information. And just a side note, Google has developed a framework for digital driver's licenses as well for Android and formed the Android Ready SE Alliance last year, which will handle standardization of Android digital IDs, SE standing for secure element. So we're getting somewhere here. It sounds kind of complicated, but I'm excited to try it. I hope your explanation addresses a lot of people's misconceptions or worries about this. A lot of people have said, well, I don't want to use a digital driver's license because I don't want to hand over my phone. You don't have to. A lot of people have said, well, I don't want to have to unlock my phone. What if they take it away from me? You don't have to. You're using NFC to transmit information. Well, I don't want to transmit all the information of my driver's license. You actually transmit less than if you handed over your physical card because it'll tell you they're only going to look at this and this. So the concerns that I see in this are knowing in your state that they're using a secure, encrypted way of transmitting the verification data from the phone in the first place during setup. And whether any facial information is being sent along with it or just the driver's license information, they could do the facial verification on device. So that would be one question I have. Is it on device? What information is my state getting? And the other is the TSA taking a picture of you. How are they handling that data? Is that just used in the moment? And then it goes away? Is there a database? Obviously, the TSA is probably taking pictures of you all the time. So maybe it's a fool's errand to even wonder about that. But those would be the two things that I think you'd have legitimate questions about. The part where you're actually verifying your driver's license at the TSA checkpoint seems pretty straightforward and pretty secure. Yeah. I'm all for this. If anything, I don't see it as anything potentially troublesome. I see it as the natural iteration of where we are with our phones. They're slowly becoming so much a part of our everyday lives. And it seems even silly to say it. Obviously they are. But why not in this way? And why not moving forward in this way? We're already doing it with payment. We're doing it with other stuff. And it's also not an on-off situation where as soon as this gets accepted in a more wide ranging way, it doesn't mean that you can't just use your license and your other forms of ID in the other ways that you currently do things. It'll be a long time before that stuff goes away. In fact, may never go away because you're going to always need to fall back of some sort. But yeah, this feels natural to me. I'm ready. Let's go. Yeah. My number one gripe at airports. I've been scanning the QR code for my boarding pass on my phone for years going through TSA. But you still need to take your driver's license out of your purse. No. I happen to have a purse that has all sorts of things in there. So I always put my driver's license in my back pocket so that it's easy to access. And often I forget that I've done that. And so however long later, when I get to my destination, there's a little bit of a panic going on. This is just like one step less convoluted for me. And I do have Apple devices. So I'm excited to use this if I ever fly again. Yeah. And you mentioned Google is working on a similar thing. They're a little farther behind in implementation. This is obviously just the first toe tap step towards digital driver's license. My engine video is like, I can't imagine being a store clerk using this as an ID to purchase alcohol. This would be great for that.  And so the store clerk doesn't see any of the rest of your driver's license information like your address or anything. And the store clerk would be able to go like, oh, yep, that's them. And they're over 21. Great. And that's probably alcohol. I feel like in that situation, it would be a huge improvement. So I'm looking forward to this becoming widespread, not just being Apple implementing it and seeing what it can be used for and how it could make things easier. Yep. Well, for years on this show, we have documented the slow progress made by autonomous cars, the fastest being with autonomous trucks. But even that is stagnated a little lately. Remember, we got very excited when Neuro launched their autonomous shuttles back in Singapore years ago. And then Waymo started offering driverless rides in suburban Phoenix. Other tests have sprouted here and there around the globe in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Boston. Recently, Waymo got approval to launch driverless taxi service in San Francisco. There's no date on that. And if you look at tests with drivers in the seats, there's loads of those. They're everywhere. Aurora just launched a small fleet of custom designed Toyota Sienas in Dallas, Fort Worth. So it's hard to keep track of all the services out there, especially since Waymo tends to eat up all the headline space because it's owned by Alphabet, while companies like Neuro and Baidu have often led the way and not gotten as much attention. Thankfully, the next web has an excellent write up on where in the world you can actually take an autonomous taxi with no human except for you on board. That excludes the shuttles like the one in Singapore or the bus in Las Vegas. These are actual cars taking actual humans around with just the computer driving. Get ready for the tour. Baidu's Apollo Go and Pony AI operate commercial autonomous ride hailing in a zone in Beijing. That means they're charging people. Apollo Go, Pony AI and We Ride AI operate commercial service and charging people in Guangzhou. Apollo Go, Pony AI, AutoX and Didi all offer free trial service in Shanghai. Didi, AutoX and Deeproot AI operate tests in small areas of Shenzhen. Deeproot AI and We Ride AI offer free service in Wuhan and in Chongqing, Changsha and Guangzhou all have service from Apollo Go. Waymo offers commercial service in parts of the Phoenix area and Waymo and Cruz have announced launches in San Francisco for free rides later this year. So those companies offering or close to offering driverless rides in one or more cities around the world are Apollo Go, Pony AI, We Ride AI, AutoX, Didi, Deeproot AI, Waymo and Cruz. And boy, seems like the US is lagging a bit behind. I'm excited for Waymo and Cruz, certainly. I'm not too far from San Francisco. That could be something that I could try out in the future. But yeah, I think it's so easy to kind of sit around and go, but when is this really going to happen? When is this really going to happen? Oh, it's happening. It's happening in quite a few places. Turns out, mostly in China. It reminds me of broadband rollout. It always felt like we were behind. Still are in some ways. And it bums me out because I don't know if it's just not an important thing or if we just want to take our time with this or our roads are a certain way and we're just weird. You know, a lot of that. This is me. I want to. The reasons that we know of, right? That that that we're maybe lagging behind. So it's nice to be in second, but it's nice to be at least close to first, you know. So what is it? Is it the worst? We're slow. You know what I mean? Like when you're running a race, but we're not last. Nobody wants to be at a marathon where the first guy goes over the line and then the second guy is six miles behind him. You know, like we want them to be kind of right in there. So I don't know what it is we need to do to be more competitive in that space or even more cooperative in that space with say somebody like China. What if we, what if we being the US don't need to do anything? What if this is fine? Maybe it's fine. Maybe we're doing it right. Maybe you're right. Maybe second place is best, Tom. Sometimes the second look at Facebook was third. Look at them now. I know this is looking ahead, you know, quite a bit, but there's so much conversation that I see anytime an autonomous story gets enough traction that people tend to weigh in. It's like, this is going to make traffic better. This is going to make traffic worse. This is going to make urban areas more congested. This is going to make urban areas better. And I don't think there's any one solution here. I think we just need to see how this works in different areas and, you know, how it's going to affect the general population. And in all honesty, at some point, the fact that China had so many more tests in place is going to be immaterial. There's going to be lots of tests in Europe and India and the US and China and everybody's going to be looking at who's succeeding at it and who's doing well and not who got their tests out first. Yeah, good point. Well, speaking of a whole lot of people trying to do a thing, it's not enough people still have PS fires or don't have PS5s, but Sony made an announcement that Mike PS make PS5 owners like me very happy. They announced it will release a variable refresh rate feature for PS5 otherwise known as VRR in the coming months, like G sync or free sync, but for the PlayStation five VRR will sync the refresh rate of your display to the PS5's graphical output. So the display is getting exactly what it can handle, thus reducing tearing frame pacing issues, other visual artifacts. If you're playing a lot of games, you know, we're talking about here VRR will work even if the game doesn't support it, but it will work best with a game that is patched for full optimization or game that supports it at launch. Those are, those are going to be the best still pretty cool that older games are going to take advantage of it in some way. If you apply it to all games that doesn't officially support it, it may look a little better. But if you can, if it has problems, you're getting weird artifacts or something, you can just turn it off. So it's not mandatory to have it on. AMD or AMD as if on queue, announced details about its fidelity FX super resolution 2.0 or FSR 2.0. This is a lot like GSura, excuse me, Nvidia's DLSS service that you can get through their video cards. One big deal or detail that is coming to Xbox consoles and they did not say when it would be available for the Xbox GDK or developers. And this is like DLSS way less like GSync. So not really the same technologies. The ultimate goal is a smoother, better experience though in either case. The way that this works though, unlike DLSS, you won't need machine learning cores to do it. In fact, FSR will work on AMD and Nvidia GPUs. You just need to top top of the line card to get the 4k. This will require the game developer to support it. Another really important note here on the PlayStation 5 VRR front. You need HDMI 2.1 compatible television or monitor of the console that will support it, but you need to be running HDMI 2.1 or better. I assume there's a spec or two better now, but even if not, that's where you have to be to make that work. I do think it's weird that AMD made this announcement about the series SNX console, certainly X console with FSR, but not for PlayStation. And also not VRR for Xbox because they both use AMD GPUs and they're very similar GPUs. So I don't understand these two weird, almost contrasting features for almost the same hardware. It's weird. Yeah, I feel like I almost feel like I'm repeating what I said with the China Autonomous Car story. But I feel like at some point they'll both have both. It's just a weird route to get there, right? Like we're probably going to see FSR on PlayStation at some point and we're probably going to see a VRR or VRR like thing on the Xbox. So it's just weird how these things roll out, but it's all good for everybody, right? Oh yeah, everybody benefits from this. As far as like an end user, there's a lot of terms in here and acronyms near people are like, what does that even mean for me as an end user game or consoles are supposed to plug in and work? Well, the end result for you will be a clearer image, better performance at the frame rates the games were supposed to run in. So if you've got a TV that supports 120 frames and you've got a game that seems not to be performing that well with that new TV bot, this should resolve that, especially if the game supports it outright. And we're talking most of your first party, third party, big AAA games will absolutely support it at launch. The fact that this will have some backwards compatibility is pretty cool. But yeah, they'll have it eventually. These devices are both capable of what is being described here on both ends. And there's no reason why you wouldn't be able to take advantage of it. So get your HDMI 2.1 on everybody. Time is now. Hey, if you have a thought about something we talk about on the show, maybe a question for us, but you don't know the email address. Let me fix that. I'll answer that question right now. Our email address is feedback at DailyTechNewShow.com. In May 2022, Google is going to remove movies and TVs from the Google Play Store, moving the ability to buy rent and watch movies to the Google TV app. Previously purchased content and wishlist will also be available on Google TV. Let's say you live in the Google ecosystem and you want to buy a movie or TV show. For clarity, we'll just call those shows, whether they're movies or TV. In 2019, the answer was go to Google Play Movies and TV section or go to the Google Play Movies and TVs app. Go to something called Google Play Movies and TVs and you can watch the movies. You could use those apps or you could use YouTube, which also access shows you purchased from Google. Then the following things happened. In October 2020, Google changed its Android Google Play Movies and TV app to be called Google TV. They also put out an operating system called Google TV. That's a different thing. In June 15, 2021, Google ended the Google Play Movies and TVs app for smart TV platforms. And on Tuesday, as I just mentioned, Google announced that in May, Google Play Movies and TV section is going away from the Google Play Store app. This is all to simplify things, alright? Here's how simple it is. If you want to buy a movie or TV show from Google after May, go to the YouTube app or website. On Android, Android TV and Google TV, the operating system, you can also use the Google TV app. And then to play them back, you can find them on YouTube and YouTube TV, as well as the Google TV app on Android, Android TV and the Google TV operating system and the Play Movies app, which also works for TV shows on iOS and Apple TV. It's that easy. Oh, well thank you for the clarification because I was a little confused until right now. And now it's all very clear. What is going on with Google with the naming of the things? I understand that there have been many moves over the last couple of years where you go, okay, maybe Google Play Movies and TV was a little bit confusing. It's a mouthful. Yeah. Sure. So it's like, okay, let's try to siphon into the right verticals. But I am more confused than ever, to be honest. And as a subscriber to YouTube TV, which is a cable alternative and is different from YouTube, it's very much a looks like cable, acts like cable. You have a lot of things that are cable, but it's streaming with some live components. Also different than Google TV for now, will it be forever? Don't know. I mean, given the track record here could be another story in a week. Yeah, I'm still confused about YouTube Red and where that went. Yeah, that's YouTube premium. Oh, okay. Now it's all coming together. I get it now. But this is typical Google really fine services. They're all fine. But it's as if they're all in a room going, I don't know. I'm kind of bored of this one.  I don't know. Just because, well, they already call it Google TV over there in that other department. What do they know? I don't even see them at lunch. Let's just do it. Like it's a weird thing. But it's not. That's not what's going on. They are very, this is all the same team. And if they're listening to you right now, they're screaming at you, Scott, because they're like, no, no, no. The thing is we had to simplify because well, there was a really good reason to have Google TV differentiated from Android TV because Android TV is the underlying operating system that has different licensing. Like there's a reason. There's a reason for everything. But it's not the reason of making it easy for the consumer. That's the problem. Yeah, they need to get some as much as I hate saying the phrase. I'm about to say get some of your marketing people in the same room because it feels like they're not involved. I bet the marketing people are also screaming at both of you. Maybe we tried. Maybe. I don't know. Somebody on Twitter had brought up the point that I made a couple of minutes ago of like, well, there's YouTube TV, but then Google TV and YouTube TV are not the same thing. And Google doesn't want you to think that they're the same thing. I guess brand recognition-wise, if you just had anything you want to like watch movies, TV, whatever those shows are, maybe go with YouTube. But then what is the Google and Android branding going to do that is helpful to folks who are either not interested in anything YouTube or think that they're not, or, you know, I don't know, get into some sort of a confused wormhole. Subscribe to something and give Google money. Yeah. I mean, I think it does make sense to shift things around when they're in the wrong place, which is what this sounds like. Or, you know, it's just not best put wherever they're being and play has changed and evolved. What does that even mean anymore? I get it. But it can be a little confusing at first. And maybe Google people are like, whatever, I get it. I'm good. And maybe they'll get there. Maybe everything will be Google TV except for YouTube. Maybe they'll merge YouTube TV into YouTube somehow. I don't know. But maybe they're like, just give us a minute. We'll get there. It's going to be a little more confusing until it gets less confusing.  Right. That's right. I think if you remember the game colossal cave founders of Sierra online, Ken and Roberta Williams have remade that texture venture game colossal cave now known as colossal cave 3d.  It was developed by Will Crowther and Don Woods. The new version will feature comparable gameplay efforts sending you off on a quest. You're looking for treasure. You've got a bunch of different locations. There's dwarves. There's trolls. There's a giant snake, a dragon, a bear. It's got it all. But now it's graphical instead of just text. Yeah. So I kind of say them real quick about this. These guys were featured in that Netflix series video. Oh, I forgot the name of the series. There's a video game series on Netflix. It's basically the history of video games. It goes way back. They as a couple were featured and they talked a ton about this game. So if this is like sounding familiar to some of you, you may have seen that and how cool this might be based on that. Yeah. Now, Roberta Williams told PC Gamer, you know, just if you're curious like what, where did this come from? Why did you do this after all this time? She said, Ken and I were locked down like everyone. Ken was bored. And I suggested he write a book about Sierra. The process of writing the book brought back long forgotten memories resulting in Ken deciding to learn unity and deciding to make a game. Is it high score? Was that the name of the? It was. Was it high score? I would really like to tell them the right thing. I think that might be it. The docu series tracing the history of classic video games. It's got, it's got to be high score. Yep. 2020's high score. It's very good. There's some, there's some stuff in it that's a little left out, but that's, you know, it's nitpicky. It's very good. And then that whole segment with them goes deep into why text adventures are responsible for so much of where the industry went creatively. And the fact that they're being able to take this old thing and make it graphical is on one hand, very cool.  Zork and others would be good examples of this. So when you add a graphical element, now you're adding somebody's version of graphics that maybe don't match what you had. So I think it's fascinating in the direction, but some players might be a little nervous about this. Yeah. All right. Let's check out the mail bag. We got a good one from Deborah from discord letting us know this article. And we will link to it in the show notes. It's from Ars Technica. Explains the Mac Studio of storage really well. TLDR version. The memory in the Mac Studio isn't an SSD in the way that a PC person thinks of a self-contained drive. It's flash memory that combined with logic on the chips gets used for storage. Oh, go ahead. Oh, I was going to say it from the Ars Technica article itself. This means that the Mac Studio's SSD cards while removable instead of soldered down are just NAND plus what Martin calls a raw NAND controller bridge. They aren't self-contained SSDs that could be swapped in and out at will as they can be on a PC. They're NAND chips that are read from and written to by the T2 or the M1's built-in controller. Yeah. So this is a little bit. Now that I understand this, I apologize for falling for the hype on this one, but this is a little bit like complaining about integrated memory. People complain, well, I can't remove the memory. It's like, yeah, but you also can't do memory the way Apple is doing it with the M1 and have it removable. And the fact of the matter is 16 gigs of RAM that's done the way Apple is doing it is way more useful than 16 gigs of removable memory. You can decide you don't like that, but it's actually true. So I get why they soldered the memory down on the die, and it sounds like there's something similar going on with the SSD. In order to take advantage of the integration with the M1, they're doing this raw NAND controller bridge instead of a normal self-contained SSD, which means you're going to get better performance out of the drive. It does mean that it's less repairable though. So it's a trade-off. That's true. It's not, as I thought yesterday, an anti-repairability move by Apple. It looks like it's just a design move that the design improves performance at the expense of repairability. Keep in mind too, in terms of actual storage, they've given you enough ports there, and you can chain enough Thunderbolt drives together that you can have almost unlimited storage. So if that's the issue of like, well, now I've got this drive integrated, I can never make it bigger. I think they are trying to offset that by saying, well, here's all your Thunderbolt ports. Go for it. Well, thanks to everybody who writes in and helps us clarify things. You do it every day, and we thank you for it. Feedback at dailytechnewshow.com. Questions, comments, we'll take it all. Thank you to you, Scott Johnson, for being with us today. What's been going on since Besaya last? Well, speaking of old games, and one day we will do the text adventures, but if you're a fan at all, or have ever played a Castlevania game or a Metroid game, the last two weeks of the show Play Retro, we have gone deep into the creation of those games. Who made them, where they came from, why are they so influential today, and why do people literally call the entire genre Metroidvania? If that sounds interesting to you at all and you like old video games, Play Retro might be your jam. Go check it out at frogpants.com slash Play Retro, or just search for it wherever you get your shows. That's Play Retro, and it comes out every Tuesday, so go check it out. Excellent. We also have a couple new bosses to thank. Oh, thank goodness. I know, Dennis and Louis.  I don't know. They just started backing us on Patreon, so thank you, Dennis. Thank you, Louis.  Yeah. And the Patreon tiers are simpler than ever, folks. There's just one tier at each price point. Now, you get the show. The show starts with DTNS. Once it's done, you can skip it, but if you want more, there's more. Yeah. In fact, there is a longer version of the show called Good Day Internet available at patreon.com slash DTNS, which starts momentarily. But just a reminder, we are live here on DTNS Monday through Friday at 4 p.m. Eastern, 200 UTC, and you can find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live. We're back doing it all again tomorrow with Justin Rubber Young and Len Peralta. Talk to you then. The show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com. I hope you have enjoyed this program.