Welcome to JSA TV and JSA Podcast, the newsroom for telecom and data center professionals. I'm Jamie Skado-Kutaya of JSA and we are here on ITW 2022's exhibit floor live streaming guys, live streaming and I brought along a friend, Michael Carons. He's the co-founder Chief Strategy Officer of Amartis. Michael, welcome to JSA TV. Thank you, Jamie. Much appreciated. Thank you. We are so excited to have you and let's go ahead and set the table if you will. Tell us a little bit about Amartis. Okay. So, Amartis is a company based in headquarters in Ireland where I experts in network and cloud automation software. We're at the event today to showcase our industry standard inter-provider automation solutions for negotiating services between customers and suppliers. By the way, I love Ireland, quarter Irish. My family's from Wicklow, so good people. No way, you live in Wicklow? All right. So, we should get to the breaking news. I know you guys have big news coming out tomorrow. We won't spoil it, but maybe a little teaser, do you have for us? Sure. Okay. Yeah. Tomorrow, we just announced some more advancements that we're making with our product solutions, where we're working with some large providers to support them with the implementation and testing of their APIs, their automated industry standard APIs for serviceability quoting and ordering of services with their suppliers basically worldwide. This is a growing uptake of the actual APIs across the industry. It's really a measure of how fast and how quick they're being adopted across the industry. With that, I feel like your amazing insight into our marketplace is capturing so much data. Can you tell us any trends that you're seeing in the marketplace because of this? Yeah. So, the MEF, which is the standards body behind the industry standard for this type of solution, which allows the providers to negotiate services automatically across APIs. They're currently quoting it. By the end of this year and early next year, we expect to see about 35 of the large international wholesale providers who have actually implemented the APIs. This actually means we're moving from early adoption phase into the mainstream adoption. This is a really important pivot for the industry because the industry needs now the tools and the capabilities to be able to make it smooth and easy for newcomers to join into the whole API-driven ecosystem. That's really where we come into play. We've been working on this with the MEF over many years to develop the standard, but also to develop tools to enable providers to implement and also to test the interoperability with their partners. Make it all allow it all to happen in the shortest time possible with the least amount of effort. Unbelievable. So, Tommy, what does Amartis bring to the table? How do you fit into the ecosystem? As I was mentioning earlier, we have a solution called Embrace, which is our Embrace Interprovider Automation solution. We can support the buyer or the seller. We can also support more complex arrangements where a buyer needs to buy on one hand from some suppliers and sell to its customers on the other hand and to integrate both of those. That's one part. So, it's a full-blown, pre-built implementation of the standard. It's fully tested. It's fully compliant with the standard. Then we also have a secondary solution, which is the same software, but what we use it in emulation mode. So, it's used for testing. It's called a digital sibling, effectively. So, we can provide this to any provider who has LSO APIs implemented, and they can share that with their partners. Those partners can then test in isolation. This reduces the whole cycle time for onboarding a partner. It really makes it a lot easier for those partners to come together, to spend a lot less time, and they can scale the number of partners they can onboard and maintain in parallel. Yeah, okay. That is so cool and so needed right now. That level of efficiency and scalability, definitely what we need as we're seeing such high demand, obviously, for our bandwidth. So, I love that. So, where can our viewers go to learn more? So, if you'd like to get some more information, we're here in the exhibit hall. That's number one at the event. But also, you can go to amartis.com for slash embrace, and you can look at our product on the website, and we have a lot of information there, and you can contact us through the website as well, if you want to make a contact. I love that. Amartis, a-m-a-r-t-u-s.com. Absolutely check them out. Oh my gosh, thank you so much, Michael, for joining us here today on JSA TV. We appreciate you. Thank you, Jamie. Much appreciate it. And thank you viewers for tuning in to JSA TV and JSA Podcast, here live at ITW. Happy networking.


While good habits can help you become your best self, bad habits can hold you back from excellence. By the end of this video, you'll be able to understand how bad habits form and identify them early to prevent them from becoming a more serious problem. You'll also learn tips from experts on how to break problematic habits according to science. Let's jump into it. The Habit Loop The first step to recognizing a problematic habit is asking yourself, how did I form this habit in the first place? According to psychology today, habits are formed by three elements. Triggers, behaviors, and rewards. Triggers are the things that prompt you to engage in your habit. Behaviors are the habit itself, and rewards are how the habit makes you feel better. This process is called the habit loop. Let's say you have a bad habit of shopping online a little too often, sometimes to the point of buying more than what you can afford. After some reflection, you may come to realize that you only go on spending sprees when you're bored and alone. This is because when you buy new things, you feel excited and get a temporary sense of fulfillment that relieves your loneliness. In this case, feeling lonely and bored is the trigger. Online shopping is the behavior, and the emotional relief and excitement is the reward. If you're stuck in a negative loop of triggers, behaviors, and rewards, this may be a sign that your bad habit is becoming a problem. The good news is, once you identify each element in your habit loop, you can break out of it and stop your bad habits. According to Healthline, one way to do this is to write down the cues or triggers that make you want to engage in the habit. What triggers your bad habits? Once you know what your cues are, you can take steps to change things in your environment and make the habits less tempting. For example, imagine that you have a habit of staying up too late. In this case, you can pay attention to the triggers that keep you up. You notice that you tend to call your friends before bed and talk to them for longer than you should. To eliminate this trigger, you can turn your phone off an hour before bedtime and tell your friends that you'd like to call them at an earlier time. Planning another time to call and eliminating the trigger of your phone takes away the temptation to stay up late talking to them. Intention. Neuropsychologist Dr. Jeff Gaines points out that negative habits are usually developed unconsciously and in response to stress. On the other hand, positive habits are often formed consciously and through continued effort.  If you have the habit of exercising, for example, you probably started doing it intentionally because you knew it was good for your health. Through repetition, you made it a part of your routine and it's now a beneficial habit. But if you have a bad habit like procrastinating, it's probably something you started doing unintentionally. Do you have a behavior that's unintentional that you tend to do more when you're stressed? If so, you could benefit from monitoring this behavior to avoid it becoming a problem. According to Psych Central, another way to break problematic habits is to recognize the reward it gives you. An important concept in behavioral psychology is when actions are rewarded, they are reinforced, causing us to do it more. But when they are punished, we're less likely to continue the behavior. How does your bad habit reward you? Once you know what your reward is, you can find healthier ways to get it. Nature versus nurture. Are your habits similar to your parents? In an interview with Bustle psychiatrist Dr. Brian Bruno said that bad habits are often learned from our parents. When we see our caregivers deal with things growing up, we learn these behaviors ourselves. As a result, we imitate bad habits that temporarily relieve stress or pain, but are not effective in the long run. Dr. Bruno also points out that bad habits can actually be passed down genetically. Overall, your habits are a result of both nature and nurture. If you have a habit that one or both of your parents have that affects them negatively, then this could be a sign that you're following in their footsteps and that it may become a problem. Now that you've realized it early, what can you do to prevent this from worsening? Dr. Tristan Michael Williams from the Berkeley Wellbeing Institute recommends replacing your bad habit with a more positive one. Stopping a bad habit without replacing it with something else isn't effective and is likely to result in a relapse. But stopping the habit and then replacing it with something better can help you break it for good. For instance, when you feel the urge to engage in your bad habit, leave your environment and go for a walk to de-stress and recharge. Continue to do this and replace your habit, and over time, you'll replace your old behavior with a healthier one. If you reached the end of this video and realized you have a few problematic habits, or maybe a lot, that's okay. A lot of us do. The first step to changing our habits is recognizing them. Have you ever broken a bad habit in the past? Share in the comments below. If you're interested in learning more tips on how to improve your mental health, subscribe and hit the like button. Thanks for watching, Sight2Goers. Until next time, box.


Mr. Chairperson, Mr. Director General, Honorable Ministers, Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates and Ladies and Gentlemen, on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Fiji, it is an honor and a pleasure for me to address the 35th session of FIU Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific regarding the outcome, the 34th session of the Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific held at Dundarao in Fiji from 9 to 13 April 2018. I take this opportunity to thank the Royal Government of Bhutan for hosting this virtual meeting of the 35th session of APRC and their initial willingness to have hosted the meeting in Bhutan. I need hardly add that we are meeting not in the beautiful country of Bhutan but through the medium of internet because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an extraordinary time in the world. The coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic has had serious deleterious effects on the agricultural sector. It has disrupted food systems, including food production, movement of agricultural labour, domestic and international trade as well as on food consumption habits and food security. It is in this climate that the work of the food and agricultural organization to combat hunger has greater importance than ever before in our lifetimes. FIU must now support member nations to take proactive steps to mitigate the negative effects of the coronavirus and the welfare and livelihoods of peoples on national economies, labour, population mobility and global trade. It must help to protect the most vulnerable peoples and strive to lift the impoverished out of poverty and hunger. I sincerely hope and pray that we will find the necessary tools to overcome this crisis and restore health to all peoples. I would like now to turn to the 34th session of the ARPC and give you a recap of the highlights and the most significant decisions of that meeting which has informed the work of every year. As you know, Fiji had the honour of hosting the 34th session of the ARPC in Nindi two years ago. The senior officer's session was chaired by then Permanent Secretary for Agriculture of the Government of the Republic of Fiji, Mr. David Kori Thanan. The ministerial segment was chaired by my predecessor Honorable Inya B. Sereratu, who was then Minister of Agriculture, Rural and Maritime Development, National Disaster Management and Metrological Services of the Republic of Fiji. The regional conference was attended by representatives of 35 member countries. Observers attended from one non-member country, 14 international non-governmental organisations and four inter-governmental organisations. Representatives of the five other UN organisations also participated. Final report, Conference to Document C 2019, Strobe 15, includes a summary of the main recommendations, requiring the attention of the Council and another, requiring the attention of the Conference and Council. The 34th session of the ARPC considered several regional and global policy and regulatory issues, such as state of food and agriculture in the region, revitalising the rural economy through enhanced linkages between small scale agricultural production and value chains, promoting national nutritional policies and investments and integrating nutritional objectives into food and agricultural policy, programme design and implementation and blue growth. Following the deliberations on these issues, the regional conference highlighted challenges related to the adverse effects of climate change, frequent natural disasters, environmental degradation, increasing demands on land and water resources, changing demographics affecting the agriculture sector and animal and plant pests and diseases. It recognised the important roles of smallholders, family farmers, fishers in contributing to food security and nutrition and call for efforts to enhance the capacity to more effectively link with modern value chains. It recommended that FIU assist countries in strengthening sector-specific contributions under the 2030 Agenda and to assist countries in enhancing systems for monitoring and reporting sector activities. FIU was urged to continue to support countries in integrating agriculture into their national policies, strategies and programmes for climate change and disaster risk reduction in management. The APRC emphasised capacity building, research and development, technology transfer, robust data collection and analyses, sound agricultural policies and strategies, infrastructure development and increased investment in the agriculture sector as key needs. It stressed the need to increase sustainable agricultural production and productivity, reduce food loss and waste and facilitate transparent, open and efficient trade of food to celebrate progress towards food security, nutrition in the region. Food safety issues were noted and the conference recommended that FIU integrate and mainstream food safety and nutrition in agriculture and food systems work. It recommended that FIU strengthen, prototype, collaboration between the World Organization for Enderman Health, the World Health Organization and FIU. In order to reinforce capacities of countries, FIU was requested to provide guidance and capacity development for the design and modernisation of food safety regulatory and control frameworks and indicators in the region. In a larger sense, FIU was asked to encourage a mildew for research and innovation that empowers industry, including micro, small and medium enterprises, and small and low industry incorporate best international practices and voluntary standards as well as securing food safety certification for improved market access. Regional conference underlined the need for continuity in strategic direction of the organization and appreciated the alignment between the FIU's strategic objectives and the sustainable development goals in guiding future actions in agriculture, food security and nutrition, and welcomed alignment of FIU's strategic objectives with SDGs. The regional conference highlighted the importance of mobilizing investment and strengthening collaboration between partner organizations at global, regional and national levels, including with research institutions, multilateral development institution, civil society organizations, the private sector and other regional and international organizations. The regional conference emphasized the value of regional sharing of knowledge, experiences and expertise, including through South-South cooperation. The meeting also noted issues relating to decentralization and the prioritization of country and regional needs, recognizing the need to update the coverage of FIU offices in order to adapt to current developments and requirements. It appreciated steps taken to decentralize roles, responsibilities, authorities and resources that urged FIU to continue such decentralization efforts, whilst improving the technical capacity of the organization. The conference reviewed and endorsed the draft multi-year program of the work 2018-2020 for the FIU Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific. The conference welcomed the joint communique of the first joint FIU and SPC meeting of the ministers of agriculture and forestry held in Portville, Vanuatu in October 2017. The regional conference recommended that FIU provide technical assistance to develop specific solutions customized to the Pacific small island development states. The conference emphasized the importance and efficacy of partnerships to effectively implement actions for food security and to deliver coordinated multi-sectoral actions through a sustainable food systems approach for healthy diets. The chairperson of the Committee on World Food Security updated the regional conference on the main outcomes of the CFS since the previous IPRC in 2016 and the relevance of this work to the FIU regional conference. In particular, the chairperson noted the critical role of women's empowerment, rural urban dynamics, including the challenges of urbanization and rural transformation, responsible investments in agriculture and governance of land tenure amongst many other areas as well as delivering policy recommendations on sustainable livestock and forests and connecting small holders to markets. We are pleased that the senior officers meetings earlier this week substantially discussed progress made on FIU's priorities in the region during 2018-2019, the priorities for the current biennium. We have noted the FIU now proposes an improved approach to the implementation in the Asia and the Pacific region during the 2020-21 biennium with four enhanced regional initiatives and the introduction of 14 programmatic areas of focus that will ensure the delivery of tangible and measurable results for the greater impact. These priorities for FIU's work are very important and we hope they will build on the early achievements and enhance FIU's contributions to agricultural and rural development and food security in the Asia and the Pacific region. I thank you for your kind attention and express my full confidence that this conference will meet its objectives and provide sound policy guidance to FIU. Vinaka Vakalim.


This show was brought to you by these happy patrons. Hey there, you beautiful people! Welcome to the BNPR show! Today's highlights. Hatching Shader like you've never seen before. Malt Version 1.0. And the original story of Gohan Black. Let's jump into the show. Let's start the show with the celebration of your artworks. This is part one. Tutorial time! The first tutorial is about creating simple parallax by feline entity. Here are the steps to create a simple parallax. 1. Add a 2D texture, in this case a 2D Veroni. 2. Add a mapping node and a geometry node. Link position into vector and incoming into location. 3. To create that sense of depth, slot in a vector multiply using a vector math node to the incoming output of the geometry node going to the location of the mapping node. To control all three values together, we add a value node. 4. To solve the projection problem, which will ruin the texture projection, we need to find the tangent for all three axes. For the x-axis, use tangent node in UVMapMode.product with mapping output. For the y-axis, use tangent cross product with the normal from the geometry node then dot product with the mapping output. And for the z-axis, use the normal dot product mapping output then combine them with a combined XYZ node. 5. To offset the texture direction, add a vector math and add an offset value to each axis. 6. Duplicate the whole node setup a few times but change the depth value using the value node. And with that, you can fake depth on flat surfaces. Remember the Spider-Man into the Spider vs. Skyscraper windows? They use pretty much a similar method. Now, go wild with parallax in your scene. The second tutorial is creating mid-ground foliage by Christophe de Dan. There are a lot of steps to create these 2D plant fullages but here's the bird's eye view of the process. 1. Create a spherical gradient with object mapping, a vector curve node to change the shape to the foliage shape. 2. Create a noise texture and multiply it to the gradient. 3. Now create a foliage texture in any program you have. Since Photoshop's brush system is very similar to Blender's brush system, the foliage texture is very doable inside Blender. You will need rotation jitter, position jitter, axis flip, and a scale jitter. Set these in small amounts to avoid extreme variations. We don't want leaves pointing to the zenith which is not how most tree leaves look. Use the tiling tool to make the texture seamless. Paint a few of them, then save the foliage textures. 4. Mix the foliage texture with the noise texture. 5. Add transparency the usual way. 6. Now colorize the foliage with a color ramp. 7. A flat foliage won't look nice so we'll need a lot of layer shading on top. 8. Randomize the foliage texture using an object info nodes location input into the location input of the mapping node. Add a few sapling tree trunks and you're ready to save the world. Give this one a try because the steps are very similar to Kristoff's other tutorials. This next tutorial is creating a hatching shader by Ocean Quigley and it's very interesting. Here are the steps. 1. You need a gradient texture for this stripe with camera coordinate and insert it into an emission shader. 2. For the tiling use a value node inserted into the scale of the mapping node. 3. The next is shading. Here we use the diffuse shader and convert it into color using the shader to RGB. 4. Combine the lighting info with the hatching lines. We subtract the line from the diffuse. 5. Now is the fun part. That is conforming the lines to the direction of the surface. And for that we need camera space normal. To do that we need a vector transform node and transform from world space to camera space. To make the normal gradient into a circle gradient, note this is not a sphere gradient. We add the separate xyz node and pipe in the x and y to the math node with Arctan 2 operation. To make the circle gradient into negative 1 to 1 range we need to divide the output by pi. One more step before it is usable as a color, we need to map the range from 0 to 1 using a map range node. 6. That last step will be inserted into the rotation of the mapping node for the line texture, but only rotating the z axis. 7. To make the smooth circle gradient into steps, multiply it by 8, truncate the decimal points, then divide it by 8 to get the range back to 0 to 1. Next is to multiply the output by some value to make the lines point to a better direction. 8. To cap the center point of the hatching and avoid every line converging into a single point, get the facing data from the layer weight node with a color ramp and multiply with the circle gradient. 9. To make the lines look more organic, a noise texture is inserted into the location of the line mapping node. 10. To fix the border between the hatching patches, add a Veroni texture to the rotation of the line texture mapping. Add a paper texture, and the hatching material is ready. The result is pretty nice, am I right? Bonus! These are a few more bonus tutorials which we think will be of your interest. The first bonus tutorial is Ghibli Nausica inspired shaders by Kristoff. In this, Kristoff shows a few more shading tricks for the scene in Nausica. Second is an illustration shader by Alan Wyatt on Sketchfab. This is an easy one and has quite a nice controllable result. Third is a tutorial by Paul O. Kogegi on how to mix 2D into 3D scenes. If you watched the other tutorials mixing 2D into 3D from the last show, this one will add more depth into the technique. See what I did there? Time for some community updates! Beer updates! Malt, the back end of beer, has been going through a major refactoring. As the final week of malt development, here are the improvements. For the refactor, we have pipeline properties and support for material as pipeline parameters. We also have a new and improved NPR API and lighting code. The curvature shader quality has also been improved. For performance, a massive speedup on mesh loading and material editing. We also have faster instance drawing. Switching speed to render mode in the viewport has increased. The new features are multiple pipeline material types, multi-material objects and transparent materials. Transparency is a major feature for us. It has caused a huge rewrite on the whole rendering pipeline and how data is handled. For release features, BlenderMalt now ships packaged with all its dependencies and can be installed as any normal add-on. We now distribute Blender with malt builds for macOS users as well. By the time you watch this, our contract with Miguel on coding malt has ended. This is not the end of development, though. Further plans on the back end will be announced when we have more details. The next step for the beer project as a whole is finding a UI developer that is versed in the shader coding pipeline to help make the layering system. Fundraising will start to help with the development cost. We would like to thank Miguel for his hard work and the funders who waited eight years to make beer a reality. You guys made this possible. Thank you. Another fun thing, we reached out to GitBook, a documentation service to see if they can help us host all of our project documents. And hey, they're giving us free unlimited access to the full features that GitBook has to offer. Here's the plan with GitBook. First, to document the fleeing gems from online discussions, we started an NPR wiki. There are a few articles on the wiki already and more are coming. We are inviting writers to contribute to the wiki. Ping us on social media and we'll give you access. Second, we will also document all open source projects funded by you. The two spaces are ready for beer and abnormal documentations. Not much to see yet on these docs as we just got unlimited perks unlocked. GitBook has the most user friendly UI and UX to make writing fun. It's kind of love at first sight for us and I think you'll enjoy it too. Thank you GitBook for trusting us with unlimited perks. You guys are kind of the best. The links to these wikis are in the show notes. Here's a tiny footnote. The treasure in the treasure hunt in the BNPR show number 21 has been found. Congrats to Sai and Lois for finding it. Now, an announcement. We will be taking a month off from the show. This also marks the end of season 2. The next show will arrive at the end of January 2021. It might be an overdosed show. And speaking of overdosed, you need the second dose of artworks. Prepare to get high with some awesomeness. Here they come. Pi Studio. It tells the imaginary journey a fat cat took to reach his food. Epic. A Dragon Ball Gohan vs. OVA. History of Gohan Black by Daiya Domodachi and team. This is the first Dragon Ball Gohan vs. OVA that explores the El Hermano incident and how it formed the being that is Gohan Black. It cuts deep, it's intense, super tear-jerking, but no more spoilers. You really have to watch it. You have more cool animations in the show notes. Hit it after this show. Well, that's a wrap for this artwork overdosed show. Not that you can have too much, but now for the dessert. This show was brought to you by these awesome people. Please thank them kindly. And before we go, one final question. Do you want a show dedicated to artworks?


So we want to take the tar file and put it into our class so that we can use it, so we go to file manager and then we choose the file and we're going to choose that the math ten, one ten master and we want to open it and then we want to upload it and when you upload it it's going to take it all apart and put it into these DEF files which is a file type that we need in this course. It is now uploaded successfully and if I pull down here I'm all of a sudden going to see section 1, section 1.1, section 1.2 so now if I come over to homework set editor I can import them and we can import them however we want to do them. We could do a single set if we do a single set then we just choose the orientation set and I'm just going to send it just to myself first in case I want to do some editing before I give it to all my students and then I will just say take action and now I have my orientation set in here so that is the way that you can get your homework into web work.


80 and 120 billion US dollars worth of plastics are lost just by value of material every single year. If you start to think of cities as being a connected area, if you think about the fact that materials and people and biological materials are aggregated in cities, you start to see them as an opportunity and potential. If you could recover human waste, farming waste, agricultural waste, food production waste and feed that back into the biosphere, if you could turn that into energy and fertilizer and get back to the farms, you could reconnect a system which generates fertilizer and energy. It's a real source for that value and it is entirely possible today.


From theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto in Boston, bringing you data-driven insights from theCUBE and ETR. This is Breaking Analysis with Dave Vellante. Predictions about the future of enterprise tech streaming into our inboxes, literally by the thousands. Most, if not all, are very thoughtful and we'll review those prior to publishing our 2024 predictions later in January. As is our tradition, however, we try to make our own predictions more challenging by citing forecasts that are measurable and have either a numeric tied to them or a binary outcome that can be shown. Our belief is that if we make a prediction, you should be able to look back a year later and say with some degree of certainty whether the prediction came true or not. With some empirical evidence, of course, to back that up. Hello and welcome to this week's theCUBE research insights powered by ETR. In this Breaking Analysis, we grade our 2023 predictions that we made with ETRs Eric Bradley earlier this year. We look back at what we said in January about the macro IT spending environment. We talked about cost optimization, security, gen AI, of course, cloud, blockchain, data platforms, automation and tech events. So first, here's a quick scan of our 2023 predictions. Not going to go into it heavily. We do 10 each year. I'll leave you to look over them at your leisure, but they cover a range of topics, as I just mentioned, but let's dive right in with global tech spending, something that we always try to cover. In January, we said tech spending would grow in 2023 between four and 5% globally. It turns out this was just a bit too optimistic, but we got the themes right and came within one point of the growth, hence the A minus grade. We correctly predicted the consistent downward pressure on budgets for the year and the pause in Fed tightening. We also correctly called that large companies would feel the pinch more than small firms as the data coming in today clearly suggests. For example, it shows that SMB will come right in on our four to 5% figure, whereas the global 2000 is showing less than one half that growth rate. Gartner, by the way globally is calling 2023 at a 3.5% growth relative to 2022 for what it's worth. We said that Amia would surprise to the upside, but it didn't. It came in right at the global number and APAC looks like it's coming in at a half a percentage point above the global average, but we correctly predicted that government spending would significantly outpace overall IT spending and it did this past year. So we pretty much overall got the call directionally correct with the exception of Amia and we'll give ourselves a grade of A minus. Now cost optimization continued as a theme in 2023, but was overtaken by other strategies to reduce expenses. The upside benefits of dynamically scaling cloud computing resources up has the equal and opposite benefit for customers as well, i.e. the ability to dial resources down. And we clearly saw that in 2022 and projected continued cost optimization in 2023, which happened while this call was spot on. Part of the reason for only giving ourselves a B grade here is that we said consolidating vendors would be the primary means of addressing cost pressures, taking over for cloud optimization. The vendor consolidation trend was particularly acute in security and benefited the likes of Palo Alto networks and CrowdStrike and maybe even some others in security, but generally proved somewhat more difficult than forecast in some of the other sectors. Two other factors dominated spending strategies in 2023 shown here. Delaying new projects by far was the leading culprit of cost strategies, cost constraint strategies. And that was, the second factor was also huge combined with shifting budgets to Gen AI experiments. In other words, the overall top line didn't grow. We saw stealing from other budget buckets to fund Gen AI. So the pressure on overall budgets remained in 2023 and as such, these were two key trends that were not explicitly part of our predictions. So we've taken the grade down to a B. Now, we called out security as a leader in M&A in 2023 and that definitely happened. We said that, well, the first part of this prediction is probably pretty safe. Sometimes people like to mail in predictions, but as I said, we always like to have some kind of numeric or other indication, a binary indication. So the more challenging call here is what we forecast specifically about the five companies cited and a prediction that one trust would have an exit in 2023. Palo Alto network spent a billion dollars acquiring Dig Security and Talon. CrowdStrike took out app security player Bionic and Zscaler bought Canonica SAS supply chain security firm. But the big news of 2023, of course, was Cisco's planned $28 billion acquisition of Splunk. Microsoft was active with new cloud security announcements but was focused on other areas for acquisitions. So kind of a miss there. As for the prediction of downward pressure on valuations, it's true that many in that crowded security space like Cyber Reason, for example, saw a 90% reduction in its valuation last spring, this past spring, but the likes of Wiz and Arctic Wolf saw upward momentum. And while one trust didn't get acquired or do an IPO, it likely will in the coming year. We think it's getting ready to do that. So the last two items on this chart came in right on with AI a major theme for all cybersecurity firms. CrowdStrike's Charlotte LLM announcement was particularly notable to us and as predicted the RSA conference last April was back in full swing. It was kind of insane. So we took a B plus on that one. And next we talk about zero trust going mainstream, very much related to our previous cybersecurity predictions. We said the zero trust security would get real in 2023. And while true practitioners continue to tell us that they struggle to operationalize the salient aspects of zero trust frameworks. And while it remains a priority and North Star for most organizations, they continue to aspire for more mature implementations. But because virtually all CISOs we talked to take this topic seriously and are on a zero trust journey, we gave ourselves a B plus on this prediction. Now the next prediction is all about generative AI. Generative AI hits where metaverse failed. Don't look now, but meta is pivot from the metaverse to AI with Lama two, for example, combined with its own cost cutting as the company's value pressing back up towards a trillion dollars again. We pointed out last January that open AI's momentum was unprecedented in the ETR spending data. And we predicted that would not only continue into 2023 but also attract a spate of investments to competitive or adjacent platforms. And it did. Anthropic was the most notable with investments from the likes of Amazon and Google, driving a reported 20 to $30 billion valuation is what they're going for now, evidently with the latest round, but others like Cohere, stability AI, scale AI, inflection and others benefited from the considerable AI hype. You know, maybe this was a lock prediction but we nailed this one and earned it A. Now the cloud continues to stretch out to the edge. But specifically we said, this is going to be a tailwind for Cloudflare. We predicted that 2023 would see the expansion of cloud to the edge and continued evolution of what we call super cloud. Cloudflare in our view would be a major beneficiary of this trend is what we said at the time. And we said Cloudflare at the time had overtaken Google in terms of spending momentum in the ETR survey data. That was in late 2022 and early 2023. And we saw this as an indication of the company's momentum. Cloudflare is considered a good fit for the definition of super cloud because it brings all aspects together across clouds. It's cloud agnostic. It is already highly pervasive in networking and security and is considered the number one leader in SAS web access firewalls, WAF, DDoS, and bot protection as well. So Cloudflare stock is up 98% this year, year to date compared to the red hot NASDAQs, 42%. So this was a good call and we took the A. Next we said blockchain struggles for enterprise relevance. At the time of this prediction, Eric Bradley argued, and I guess I should have listened to him, that blockchain is a niche solution that requires a lot of custom work and that is unlikely to gain widespread adoption in the enterprise. He also pointed out that while blockchain is a database ledger, it's not clear why businesses would want to move to a different database ledger when they already have one that works pretty well. So this part of the prediction, we got right. We did, however, hold out hope that developers would embrace solidity. I can't actually pin this one on Eric. This was kind of my prediction as Ethereum continued to be the developer platform of choice. And while crypto made a comeback in 2023 and Ether definitely benefited, there is no overwhelming evidence that enterprise developers are on board. Maybe we're talking about 10 to 15% of enterprise developers are embracing blockchain. In fact, the data suggests that many blockchain developers jump to catch the gen AI S-curve. So we should have stopped with Eric Bradley's commentary but took it on the chin a little bit with this one and gave ourselves a C plus. Okay, next, talked about Snowflake and Databricks representing the modern data platforms that had momentum in the data platform space for analytics, machine learning and databases, AWS, Databricks, Google and Snowflake are leading the charge with Microsoft trying to make it simple to do business. Think fabric and other platforms that they put forth but really Snowflake and Databricks continued on their collision course as they both aim to become the single source of truth and data and analytics. We predicted a big focus on and greater adoption of open formats and languages that are popular in the data science and open source communities. And we also predicted that AWS would continue to make moves to simplify their bespoke data platforms which it has albeit a little bit more slowly than some customers want. But while generally all of this was true we took a B grade on this one because we didn't call out the biggest theme of the year in data i.e. bringing AI to data and the scramble for NVIDIA GPUs and other AI partnerships hence the penalty on our grade. Okay, we also said last year that automation would make a comeback in 2023 with Microsoft Power Automate and UI path leading. And we predicted that automation would make a resurgence in 2023 with those two companies out in front and they continued to show gains. And we believe but we believe much of their success was due to other factors other than the market fundamentals which is essentially what we were predicting. For example, UI path momentum we think has come from largely from better sales execution while Microsoft really has had the tailwind from its open AI partnership. The fact is that AI is a two-edged sword for automation companies and RPA specifically on the one hand, these companies can inject AI into their platform to make them significantly more functional. The flip side is that AI has the potential to cannibalize many of those mundane tasks that automation and RPA platforms are designed to address which is why you see companies like UI path trying to extend out its platform and made acquisitions around process mining and other capabilities. So we weren't as forceful about this dynamic of this two-edged sword dynamic even though we've written about it a lot as we could have been. Moreover, the move from back office to front office which we're citing here and software testing and end to end AI and even low code adoption while moving in the right direction was not an overwhelming trend in 2023. So we were a bit early on some of these predictions and so we gave ourselves a B minus. Now last one, we said events are gonna come roaring back with a twist. This is something that we know a little bit about. We correctly predicted that the number of physical events is gonna dramatically increase in 2023. Granted, our evidence is anecdotal but we could see it in our business. Many of the biggest events we said are gonna get smaller. This was not the case with some events. AWS re-invent stayed pretty big. Snowflake Summit grew Databricks data and AI Summit grew. Some others also did pretty well. Actually, you know what? HPE's Discover and Dell Tech World actually were stronger I think than we had expected with more attendance. But anyway, traditionally large customer events from the likes of, for instance, Oracle with Cloudworld, remember Oracle Open World used to be huge. Just take out Moscone, Dreamforce was scaled down in size as were many others. In addition, we saw a lot more regional events and roadshows, we saw that from Mongo, we saw that from Palo Alto Networks and many others. Snowflake had their roadshows. Couchbase had roadshows. Pretty much every company had more roadshows. Really, these took shape in 2023 as a means of driving customer intimacy locally. Now, of course, as the OG of live tech event coverage, we know a little bit about this topic. With theCUBE, we've had a front row seat for 13 years to see how events operate. And this was an easy A plus for us. So with that, add them up, divide by 10 and we earned a solid B plus this year, which seems to be our pattern. It's hard given the quest for measurable predictions to see the breakthrough that B plus grade. I think we've had a B plus for the last three years. But overall, we feel pretty good about our calls. Now, next up, Eric Bradley and I are going to do our 2024 predictions. We're going to drop that in late January after ETR releases the results of its technology spending intention survey, which is currently in the field. Okay, that's it for now. I hope everyone is having a great holiday season, wishing you and your family's health, happiness and much peace. I'd like to thank Alex Meyerson and Ken Schiffman on production and on our podcast. Kristen Martin and Cheryl Knight helped get the word out on social media and in our newsletters and Rob Hoef is our EIC over at Silicon Angle, who does the great editing for us. Thank you all. Remember, all these episodes are available as podcasts, wherever you listen, just search, breaking analysis podcast. I publish each week on formerly wikibon.com, soon to be the queue, research.com and siliconangle.com. You can email me if you want to get in touch, david.volante at siliconangle.com, getting as I say, thousands, literally thousands of inbound predictions this time of year. You can DM me at dvolante or comment on our LinkedIn posts and do check out ETR.ai. They get the best survey data in the enterprise tech business. This is Dave Vellante for theCUBE Research Insights, powered by ETR. Thanks for watching everybody and we'll see you next time on Breaking Analysis.


In this session, we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that Find the domain and range of the given rational function f of x is equal to x square minus 1 whole upon x minus 1. Let us start with the solution of the given question. In this question, we have to find the domain and range of the function f of x is equal to x square minus 1 whole upon x minus 1. First of all, we will find the domain. To find the domain of this function, we set the denominator equal to 0. So here, we set the denominator x minus 1 equal to 0 which implies that x is equal to 1. So we say that for x is equal to 1, the function becomes undefined hence this point should be excluded from the domain. So domain consists of all real numbers except 1 and we write domain is equal to the set of all x values where x belongs to the set of real numbers r and x is not equal to 1. It should be noted that while interpreting domain or range, we should not cancel out the common terms in the numerator and denominator. For other values, the function can be reduced as f of x is equal to x plus 1 the whole into x minus 1 the whole whole upon x minus 1. Here we have used the formula of a square minus b square which is equal to a plus b the whole into a minus b the whole and here in the numerator we have x square minus 1 which can be written as x square minus 1 square and using this formula this is equal to x plus 1 the whole into x minus 1 the whole and here if we cancel out the common terms that is x minus 1 cancels with x minus 1 and here we have f of x is equal to x plus 1. Now if we put the value of x as 1 then the given function will become f of x is equal to 1 plus 1 that is equal to 2 but x is equal to 1 is the excluded point in the domain. So f of x will never be equal to 2 or we can say that f of x will take all real values except 2 hence range of this function will be equal to the set of all f of x values such that f of x belongs to the set of real numbers are and f of x is not equal to 2 or we can also write it as the set of all y values such that y belongs to the set of real numbers are and y is not equal to 2. This is the required answer. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


So, this is a difficult question because there is so much new, but in Europe at least the concept for young transplant eligible patients is still the same. We use induction therapy with triple treatment, preferentially an immediate proteasome inhibitor in dexamethasone, then one transplant, patients with high risk disease, possibly two transplants, consolidation, two to four cycles, and then maintenance therapy, which is generally the might, and there are new treatments for maintenance coming. Consolidation is an important add-on to induction therapy and transplant. But the question is how you really name it? Because consolidation adds additional cycles, and it's not quite clear whether it would be beneficial to use, let's say, instead of four cycles, six cycles or eight cycles before transplant and then transplant, or to use four cycles transplant and four cycles consolidation. But what we know is if you add additional cycles, we improve the outcome. So for newly diagnosed myeloma, of course, there are new treatments coming, they are on the horizon already. It is always a triple combination therapy, a standard one. Again, proteasome inhibitor, imid, dexamethasone, but what is new is now the add-on is a monoclonal antibody. TARATUMOMAP is the first one. We have wonderful data about TARATUMOMAP usage with VMP in combination with RD in transplant non-illigial patients. And there will be data presented this year with TARATUMOMAP used in first-line consolidation and maintenance in transplanted illigial patients. TARATUMOMAP or monoclonal antibodies add, of course, I think this is something which we are now saying, of course, in terms of quality of response, deepness of remission and progression free survival. And this is very likely, it hasn't been shown as yet convincingly, improvement in overall survival. So there is no indication for treatment in low-risk and intermediate-risk smoldering myeloma. At this point of time, there is no indication for treating high-risk smoldering myeloma because we have to wait. We have to wait for more substantial data. We have only one study which shows the survival benefit in 119 patients. But that study is rather an old one because it has been started 10 or 12 years ago without proper imaging and so on. So what we need is very good evidence which convinces everybody that treatment should be started early because we have a discrepancy here. Some people say we cannot cure myeloma. And the same people say we can cure smoldering myeloma. So there is a conflict. I personally assume and I'm sure we can cure some patients with myeloma at this point of time already. And we will be able to cure high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma in the future. But we have to be careful. We don't want to over-treat many patients. And there are high-dose chemotherapy regimen which induce high toxicity and even mortality in patients. So in order to use this in clinical practice as a recommendation we need to have to rely on solid data proving that this is important for patients and what would be particularly important to find out which patient really benefits from early treatment and where we can defer treatment for quite a long time for even for several years. So we have to look at data before we come up with good recommendations. The main challenge is the nature of the disease. It's a very complex disease. Myeloma is not a single disease. And it changes all over during the course of the disease. So when you start up with a patient and you start treatment, the clonal composition, the composition of clones is different as compared to one or three years or five years or ten years after starting first-line treatment. So what there is involvement of new clones, old clones may be suppressed, new mutations come up, the clones become more and more chemo-resistant. So it's a continuum and it's a very heterogeneous disease and what we know now is if a patient is affected by the disease and has multiple lesions, let's say, in the skeleton, you may find different mutations in different sites. So showing the complexity of the disease. I think what is important if we are talking with patients and communicating, I think it's of paramount importance that patients are aware of the manifests of the disease, of treatments, side effects of treatments, the more they know, the more they can themselves influence the management. And it's easier with informed patients to work together because we can discuss different options.  So you won't understand better what's going on and you won't select treatments which are probably fit you more than other treatments in terms of convenience, toxicity and so on. So I would love to see all my alumna patients being informed as well as, I mean, the medical community because then we can interact on a different level and that would benefit patients.


Data cabling containment varieties and design. Data cabling containment. Structured cabling designs vary in their requirements of what is required in the current situation. Furthermore, what could potentially be required in the future? A tenant space may only be patricianly occupied when they first move in. Therefore, only installed for current cabling purposes when the tenant initially moves into the building. However, considerations should be made for allowing the correct communications room, containment routes, and cabling capacity for the potential uplift in staff. Therefore, an increase in the requirements for structured cabling installation and electrical sockets. Communication room size. The communications room should be built to provide enough space and cabinets for the largest amount of expected data outlets that the communications room will service. For example, if the tenant space could potentially have 500 employees and 1200 data outlets space should be built for that allocations. Thus, this allowance even if 400 staff and only 1000 outlets are first installed. As an outline of size against a number of data outlets in the building the following guidelines apply. User service points. Containment and termination points at the user end can vary depending on the construction of the tenant space. Furthermore, the requirements of moving the installation to suit new layouts or staff. In addition, the cost of the installation and the trade-off between installing what's required now against what's required potentially in the future. Common types of user termination points. Floor boxes. Floor boxes are commonly installed in a removable false floor and cut within the individual removable tile. However, these can also be installed into solid wooded flooring or encased in a concrete screed. Furthermore, the power can either be hardwired in a circuit from box to box or attached to an underfloor busbar system allowing easy click on and off to relocate. At the same time, the data cabling can also be directly connected or connected to subfloor termination points, MUTOA, consolidation point. The advantages are that the floor box can be located under desks and eliminate the need to have cables running across floors from wall points. Furthermore, they can also be relocated to suit new layouts when installed in removable floor tiles. The disadvantages are that if the floor boxes are installed in floor tiles, they aren't always able to go exactly under a desk. To illustrate when it doesn't match where it is cut into the tile. Of course, they can be costly to move if encased in the screed or solid wooden floor. Grommets. Similar to a floor box in that they are commonly used in false floor environments. Thus, they are seen less in screen and solid floors. Similar to floor boxes they can also be directly connected or attached to a subfloor termination for both power and data. Specifically, the connection boxes for power and data are brought out of the grommet and connected to the desk. The advantages are that the grommet is easier to locate exactly under desks or open areas. This is due to its smaller size and easier arrangement. However, the disadvantage is the dedicated power bars and breakers can be expensive to install. Power pole cabling containment. These are commonly used to access island desks. Furthermore, when access is only possible from the false ceiling or overhead tray work. A rectangular pole is installed from floor to ceiling in the middle of a bank of desks. Subsequently, the power and data drop down through the middle of the pole. Then they are terminated on its exterior to access the desks. The advantages are that it allows island desks to have data and power from ceiling access only offices environments. Thus, avoiding trailing power and data leads. Generally, these would otherwise have to come from the wall sockets. To summarize the disadvantages are most see the poles as unsightly. In addition, it creates a busy look within the office space. Surface dado trunking cabling containment. Commonly a two compartment or three compartments plastic containment trunking that will fix to the walls of office space. The dado is usually installed at desk height or along the skirting. The containment has separate compartments for power and data to run inside to access the user locations. The advantages are that additional power and data cabling can be installed in the dado trunking to a certain final limit allowing for easy and cost effective installation should the tenant space grow in staff numbers. It also avoids unsightly individual containment and conduit drops to each additional outlet. The disadvantages are that the containment becomes full quite quickly so if it's not designed correctly additional trunking needs to be installed alongside which can look unappealing. Consolidation point MUTOA. This refers to an area where numerous data cabling outlets are terminated and then patched into local by the users. The most common way would be 12 to 24 data outlets terminated into a subfloor termination point which would serve 6 to 12 desks. The users would then attach data patch leads from their user locations to these subfloor locations. These could be directly into equipment or via a floor box or grommet assembly. The advance of this system is that if you wish to move staff you only need to patch back to one of these subfloor locations and not have the disruption or cost of running brand new cables all the way back to the communication room. The disadvantage is the upfront cost usually associated with this design. This is where you would usually install enough cables for the potential end number of staff and as staff grows they access these subfloor points. However, over the long term, this arrangement is more cost effective than running new cables every time the company expands or moves desks. Subfloor power bars, electric style power. In a similar way to the MUTOA for data cabling, a section of underfloor power bars are installed under the floor which consists of a number of electrical ports which use a bespoke system to snap on and snap off the connectors safely. This connector connects via a lead to the power of a floor box, extension lead, or desk power bar. The advantages and disadvantages are similar to the MUTOA in that the upfront cost is slightly higher but office moves, changes, and additions are a lot more cost effective when only having to connect locally rather than connect back to the main power distribution board. 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two topics and those are modification of cycles and seven combination of cycles. It all depends on the time we have in the course on thermodynamics to do these type of things. Quite often modification to cycles and combination of cycles is left appropriately to a course in applied thermodynamics or to a course in energy conversion. However, when it comes to the modifications of cycles you tell them that each modification must be looked at depending on what does it do to the efficiency or the coefficient of performance. So, there are some modifications which will try to improve the efficiency and the coefficient of performance. Some modification will try to improve the specific power output whereas some modification would essentially be technical modifications to improve the life of the components. And it turns out that the modifications are always good for some aspect, bad for some aspect. There are some modifications which will improve the efficiency but they will decrease the specific output. Some modifications would improve the efficiency as well as the specific output but will not be so good from the technical point of view. When it comes to power plants modifications are found typically in the Brayton cycle and the Rankine cycle whereas in the Otto and Diesel cycles there are hardly any modifications perhaps may be because we are constrained by the mechanical complexity of the device. Remember that Brayton Rankine cycles or their corresponding refrigeration cycles are multi-equipment cycles. They are various pieces of equipment connected together, linked up together through pipelines and ducts. And when you have such a duct work something like a fluid thermal fluid circuit it is easy to put a component in between or modify the connection and add a few components somewhere whereas in a single equipment cycle like our internal combustion engines it is difficult to modify anything because rather than just the thermal and fluid modifications a lot of mechanical modifications will also have to be done. In the Brayton cycle the common modifications are reheat, intercooling which is not really so common and regeneration. In Rankine cycle I have shown so far Rankine cycles working on superheated steam. Some people say that is the basic Rankine cycle and the first modification they talk about Rankine cycle with superheating but then you have reheating. You do not have anything like intercooling in a Rankine cycle because the job of intercooling is to reduce the power absorbed by the compressor and since the power absorbed by the pump in a Rankine cycle is very small compared to the power output of the turbine it does not make economic sense to try to reduce that to any extent and of course regeneration. And what the good idea to do is to start with the Rankine superheating then go to Brayton and Rankine reheating you can do it almost together because they are very similar in characteristic. Then go to Brayton intercooling there is no Rankine intercooling and then you do Brayton regeneration and Rankine regeneration in order because the scheme for the Brayton regeneration which uses a heat exchanger and the Rankine regeneration which uses extraction from the turbine and feed water heating are at least on the face of it and in implementation rather different. And then you go to corresponding modifications in joule cycle and vapor compression cycle. For Rankine superheat all that you do is when you actually tell these two students it is always a good idea to solve an illustrative problem along with this. Let us say this is the high pressure line this is the low pressure isobar and our normal Rankine cycle is like this. In superheating what we do is we do not stop with saturated steam we go to a certain temperature in the superheat zone and then expand it in the turbine. So, this turbine state line get shifted to a slightly higher entropy. The reason for doing this is as follows we know that the Rankine cycle is similar to the Carnot cycle except for a modification here. But remember that as you go to higher and higher temperatures expecting higher and higher efficiency the cycle becomes narrower because the latent heat which is represented by this distance is actually this is data this is SFG we will have to multiply it by T. But notice that as you approach the critical point the latent heat goes on reducing and then the cycle will become narrow and we will not get any advantage. So, what we do is typically this is restricted to approximately 130 bar 132 150 bar. So, this will be the saturation temperature at about 130 bar but that temperature is a bit too low when we burn fuel say for example coal we can easily achieve temperatures at this state 3 of 700 800 degrees C and the saturation temperature at 130 bar which will be of the order of 300 degrees C let me see what it is 130 bar is 330 degrees 330.9 degrees C at 150 bar is 342.2 degrees C remember that the critical temperature is 374 degrees C. So, we are below the critical temperature and significantly below the critical pressure of 221 bar. So, we allow in the boiler that the steam be superheated and although I said that we can reach 700 800 degrees C today we do not have materials which continuously will withstand that temperature in the superheater of a steam power plant. Consequently the temperature at 3 today is restricted to less than 600 degrees C to typically be 570 580 560 degrees C of that order but anyway when we go from a temperature of 330 to a temperature of say 580 we are increasing the entropy we are increasing the temperature we are increasing the heat absorbed in the boiler but we are increasing also the enthalpy drop in the turbine. Consequently superheating usually does the following things for us T3 increases but it is restricted to less than 300 600 degrees C today just from materials consideration no thermodynamic consideration is involved the cycle efficiency improves specific power improves and another improvement is the dryness fraction at the exit of the turbine that also improves and that is good from the life of the turbine because although turbines can handle wet vapour the wet vapour which actually flows like droplets of liquid water in a moving stream of dry saturated stream those droplets have an eroding effect on the last stages of the turbine and hence all these things are good for the plant and hence superheating is a very very common thing to do in Rankine cycle plants in fact major power plants you will never see now saturated steam except one exception and that is nuclear power plants because the nuclear reactors do not create heat at very high temperature and that is why there we use comparatively low pressure low temperature saturated steam Rankine cycles or the bad thing here is the near the state 3 the super heater tubes are at such a high temperature and also remember this is a point of high pressure high temperature so super heater tubes are under a tremendous stress and because of that their failure rate is high and if you see the cause of failure or taking power plants offline for maintenance vast majority of the incidents are caused because of super heater tube failure we are thermal engineers but we are all mechanical engineers recommended reading for all of us are two novels by Arthur Hilly one novel is known as overload and you will get enough information about power plant super heater tube failures and so on and the other knowledge other novel is wheels which is about design and development of cars as thermal engineers we should definitely read overload as mechanical engineers we should definitely read overload as well as wheels so that is about the super heating modification of Rankine cycle then we come to the next modification which is reheating can be implemented in the open cycle the Brayton cycle type can be implemented for vapor clothes cycles if you look at super heating super heating does not have a corresponding thing in Brayton cycle because there is no evaporation there everything you are already in the super heated zone but when it comes to reheating the Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle are modified in a similar way you have to add some equipment and usually efficiency improves usually specific output improves and hence wherever possible super heat is also employed if you look up the Brayton cycle on the TS diagram so this is the TS diagram and let us say this is the high pressure line the low pressure line for the Brayton cycle the original Brayton cycle would be something like this 1 2 3 4 should really show 4 to 1 it is considered to be an open cycle now notice that the maximum temperature is at 3 but why is it restricted it is restricted again from material consideration but if you look at the possibility of raising the temperature you can take the temperature much beyond 3 because if you take the stoichiometric fuel air fuel ratio for typical gas turbine fuels it will be of the order of 13 or 14 however if you burn that much fuel the temperature which you will reach is almost the stoichiometric flame temperature and parts of the gas turbine will simply melt so we burn lesser fuel typically half of this or even less than that in a gas turbine plant just to restrict the temperature at T3 that means the oxygen in the air is not completely used up when the gas enters the first stage of the turbine and since the oxygen is still there you can burn more fuel and we do that not immediately but what we do is between say pH and PL we select an intermediate pressure say PI and in the first turbine say the high pressure turbine we expand the fluid only up to PI call this as the new 4 remove this part and then we heat it up to 5 there is no reason why 5 cannot be as high as 3 if the presence of air permits it and it usually permits it so you add Q1 here in the main heater so Q1A and then in the reheater you add Q1B Q.1B so the heat supply is now in two parts one in the main combustion chamber from 2 to 3 and then in the reheating combustion chamber from 4 to 5 then you pass it through another turbine 5 to 6 and then either you exhaust it to air or if it is a closed cycle put it through the cooler. Now the turbine output also is in two parts HPT and LPT compressor remains unchanged this is the reheating modification of the Brayton cycle in case of Rankine cycle it is slightly different let me say that this is the vapor form again I am showing it T as diagram. Let us say this is the lower pressure line this is our boiler line and we go up to this temperature for super heating say 1, 2 and 3 instead of expanding straight up to the condenser pressure what we do is we select an intermediate pressure pH PL PI we select an intermediate pressure expand the steam first in the high pressure turbine then take it back to the boiler in a component of the boiler called the reheater and again heat it up to say first turbine high pressure turbine exhaust it at 4, 4 to 5 reheating and 5 to 6 expansion in the second turbine one should be able to sketch I am not doing it I leave it to you as an exercise to sketch the appropriate block diagrams for the reheating modification for the Brayton cycle and the Rankine cycle for the Rankine cycle if reheating is done you will have to add first split the turbine into two parts and HPT turbine and then LPT turbine and then duct the steam back to the boiler for reheating and duct it back to the turbine so additional equipment and additional connections are needed. But efficiency will improve specific output will improve the dryness fraction at the exit of the turbine will improve x4 and x6 it will always be higher than the earlier x4 then comes the intercooling this is done only in the Brayton cycle and this reduces W dot C I draw only this part 1 to 2 is the compressor straight line other part remains the same whatever modifications you have it is an unmodified Brayton cycle so instead of compressing in one shot from PL to PH what you do is select an intermediate pressure PI compress it only up to that point so second part of the compressor is removed from 1 to 2 but 2 is now at PI now you put it through a heat exchanger where the temperature is now again reduced back to near ambient calling 3 and then you have the high pressure compressor where it is again increase to 4 so you will notice that the temperature at 4 now is much lower than the temperature at 2 which was the earlier 2 here at this point now from 4 it enters the combustion chamber the remaining part remains the same except that because I have changed the nomenclature the intercooling reduces the work done by the compressor but in intercooling increases Q dot 1 and hence intercooling does not always improve the efficiency it depends on the relative ratio of reduction in compressor work 0.4 no 0.4 need not be the question is whether 0.4 and 6 are dry saturated vapor is no need it may look like that but usually 0.4 is just in the vapor zone but need not be it could be slightly superheated but most often it is at a dryness fraction of around 0.95 the issue is not the issue is from the turbine design point of view where the intermediate pressure lies that is a design parameter for the turbine designers otherwise there is nothing special about 0.4 and 0.6 do not be under the impression that they have to be dry saturated steam so here W dot C reduces but your Q dot and this means that W dot net will improve because W dot turbine is not changing Q dot 1 increases so since both are increasing we are not sure whether the efficiency improves or decreases depending on the way it is implemented and other parameters efficiency may go up efficiency may also go down and since this is a heat exchanger in which the temperature difference the intercooler from 2 to 3 is a heat exchanger with a rather small temperature difference temperature at 2 it may be you know even less than 200 degrees C so we do not have much of a temperature difference air is flowing on one side so the intercooler turns out to be a rather bulky heat exchanger and hence intercooling is not as common as is reheating or regeneration there is no intercooling in the Rankine cycle so now we come to the idea of regeneration we have already come across the idea of regeneration in Ericsson cycle and Sterling cycle where during say in Sterling cycle during a constant volume cooling process since it is a reversible process heat needs to be rejected but you cannot have the heat transfer there with the environment so what you do is you store the heat in a heat exchanger matrix and make it available at the corresponding temperature as the working fluid gets heated as in the other process in the heating process which is also constant volume so regenerator can use heat exchangers and the regenerator is employed both in Brayton cycle and in Rankine cycle it is more common in Rankine cycle than in Brayton cycle and there is a simple reason why is it so the idea of regeneration in the Brayton cycle it is something like this let us say that we have a Brayton cycle with not a very high pressure ratio let us say that our Brayton cycle otherwise unmodified like this now what we notice is heat is being supplied from T2 to T3 whereas heat is being rejected or hot gases are being exhausted at T4 it is rejected from T4 to T1 and the question that is asked is if T4 is higher than T2 then why not use the exhaust heat at 4 for increasing the temperature of 2 to some extent why use your fuel to start heating it from 2 itself and that is the idea which leads to regeneration and what we do is we set up a heat exchanger between this stream and this stream so that in ideal case we can raise this temperature to 4 prime and hence our Q dot 1 now is required only for heating it up from state 4.23 if our regenerator is a good heat exchanger temperature at 4 prime will be almost equal to temperature at 4 otherwise it will be slightly less similarly the gases will now be cooled to 5 and from there it can be exhausted or you can use a cooler to cool it from 5 to 1 so this requires use of a use a heat exchanger which is known as a regenerator and because of this Q dot 1 reduces reasonably significantly there is no change in W dot because we are not modifying the turbine and the condenser at all and hence your efficiency improves the specific output does not change because W dot net does not change the disadvantage of this is that the regenerator or this heat exchanger is a gas to gas heat exchanger now when students do a course in thermodynamics they have not done a course in heat transfer so they do not have any idea of the sizing of a heat exchanger but we know because we have studied heat transfer also is that the heat transfer coefficients pertaining to gases are low hence a gas to gas heat exchanger will be a very bulky affair and that is the reason why people are reluctant to implement regeneration in a Brayton cycle and particularly those Brayton cycle which are used in aircraft as the jet engine cycle or its modification will never use a regenerator only stationary cycles ground based which are used in gas turbine power plants may use a regenerator the regeneration in Rankine cycle is done in an entirely different way this is known as heating of feed water or simply feed heating regenerative feed heating I will leave it again as an exercise to you to draw the block diagrams for Brayton cycle with reheat Brayton cycle with intercooling and Brayton cycle with regeneration you can have more than one modifications together so in principle you can have a Brayton cycle will reheat Brayton cycle with regeneration and Brayton cycle with intercooling all together it will be a very complicated cycle but in principle that is possible so in Rankine cycle feed heating what is done is the following here the idea is extraction of steam from the turbine and this extracted steam is either mixed or is otherwise used increase the temperature of feed water that is the water which is entering the boiler hence you reduce the load on the boiler and hence you improve the efficiency let us see how it is done let us first show a block diagram let me show first that the block diagram of an unmodified Brayton cycle will be like this boiler may be superheated steam we have a turbine we have a condenser we have a pump and we complete the circuit this is unmodified Rankine cycle the aim of regenerative feed heating is to raise this temperature in an unmodified Rankine cycle the temperature at this stage one state one is the saturation temperature at condenser pressure which is very near ambient temperature and the pump does not raise it much may be by a few degrees so the temperature at this point two is not very high and boiler receives water at that temperature and has to do the job of raising the temperature of water from two to the saturation and then beyond that to superheat so what we do is we modify this the simplest modification is as follows we take an extraction from the turbine that means if m dot not is the steam going into the turbine after a few stages we extract steam equal to m dot e a small fraction a few percent may be 10 12 percent the rest of the thing goes through the remaining part of the turbine because of that you will notice that w dot t for a given m dot will now reduce a bit then the pump one to two pumps it into an intermediate pressure in which in a mixing chamber called a contact heater this feed water is mixed with this steam and because we have to finally go to the boiler pressure we have another pump so you have a pump one which pumps it from condenser outlet to the intermediate pressure then you have what is known as a contact heater in which this feed water is mixed with the extraction and where you have a pump two which pumps it to after contact heater the mixed state is three after the pump it is four say turbine inlet is five extraction is six turbine exit is seven on the next page I will show you the T s diagram of this now the question is how much extraction shall we manage for shall we have remember that these pumps we have to see to it that they pump only liquid those of you who are conversant with fluid dynamics and fluid machinery would realize that for a liquid pump what we say NPSH has to be maintained that means a net positive suction head has to be maintained otherwise pumps will cavitate they are and because of that they will either not work properly or apart from improper working they may damage themselves so because of that the condenser exit at one is saturated liquid and the inlet to this this is inlet to the first pump the inlet to the second pump is also maintained at saturated liquid and hence the extraction here is adjusted by means of a control valve to see to it that temperature at three it saturated liquid at that pressure with this understanding we will now sketch the T s diagram of a regenerative PDT Brayton cycle let us say this is the condenser pressure let us say this is the intermediate pressure and let us say this is the boiler pressure so this is P boiler this is P condenser and this is P extraction and let us say that we start our turbine expansion from this point what was that point here 5 6 7 is turbine so let us say that the turbine state line is state 5 to state 6 to state 7 and we condense whatever comes out at 7 and bring it to 1 but from 5 to 6 to 7 to 7 to 7 to 7 to 6 the mass flow rate is m dot we extract the mass flow rate equal to m dot e here what goes to the remaining part of the turbine is m dot not minus m dot e and that is what condenses what condenses is also m dot not minus m dot e now at this stage we pump it pump it to 2 and then in the mixer this point 3 is a mixed state of 2 and 3 2 and 6 giving you 3 notice here 2 and 6 2 here 6 here giving you 3 and you will notice that the mass flow rate is if I have a stream at 2 and a stream at 6 if I hardly have any extraction then the resulting point will be very near 2 if I have a lot of extraction then the resulting point will be nearer 6 so I adjust the extraction in such a way that 3 it saturated liquid at the extraction pressure P and then you have the second pump 1 2 2 is the first pump 3 2 4 is the second pump and at 4 the stream enters the boiler and notice that if I was not to have an extraction the boiler entry would have been here now instead of that we have it at 4 so now the amount of heating done in the boiler is reduced and you can say that the low temperature part of heating in the boiler has been deleted so the mean temperature of heat input into the boiler has also gone up and because of this the efficiency improves but because we are extracting something the specific power output goes down however the efficiency improvement is significant and hence in a reasonable size plant feed heating is invariably employed the calculation would proceed as follows you will have to determine after having determined all state you will have to determine m dot 3 as follows you apply first law to the mixer so called contact heater there is one stream going in at state 2 extraction coming in at state 6 m dot e what comes here is m dot naught minus m dot e what goes out is the sum of this m dot naught it goes out at state 3 so if you apply first law assume that this is working in a steady state and that potential energy changes and kinetic energy differences are negligible then you will get h 6 m dot e plus h 2 m dot naught minus m dot e is h 3 m dot naught we solve this equation for m dot e when we know m dot naught and now remember the power output will be w dot t plus w dot t minus w dot t w dot t needs to be now written in terms of two components m dot 0 going from 5 to 6 m dot 0 minus m dot e going from 6 to 7 so we have m dot naught going from 5 to 6 plus m dot naught minus m dot e going from 6 to 7 similarly w dot p is in two parts first you will have m dot naught minus m dot e h 2 minus h 1 plus that means again with a negative sign minus m dot naught going from h 4 minus notice that in the previous figure m dot naught minus m dot e being pumped from 1 to 2 and m dot naught being pumped from 3 to 4 and this q dot supply q dot 1 will now be m dot 0 h 5 minus h 4 the ratio of these two will give you the efficiency of the plant and w dot net divided by m dot 0 divide this equation throughout that will give you specific output what I have indicated here is only the contact heater in my exercise sheet I think there are exercises on perhaps there are exercises on other heaters there are only two contact heaters there are other types of heaters but I think in a thermodynamic course you may just talk of contact heater there are other heaters flash heaters for the more common drain cooled heaters but we usually leave those things to the course on applied thermodynamics or power plant engineering energy conversion whatever you call it I think in a thermodynamic course this is perhaps all one should do in the cycles part of course you can do modifications in the exercise sheet you will find modifications for refrigeration plant also and you will have one thing I did not try tell is that in the exercises you can ask them to do calculations with isentropic efficiency of various components particularly turbine and compressors and hence the effect of those component efficiencies on the power plant performance can also be studied but remember if you are teaching cycles in a thermodynamic course then there is no need to go deeper into component characteristics and much more deeper into the cycle parts you lay out the cycle you tell what the component characteristic is student conversion with thermodynamics should be able to find this way that is about it let me see 0.4 should be dry vapor line that is not true then why CC and 22 says will the efficiency in reheating increase or decrease in Brayton or Rankine cycle with reheat the efficiency usually increases but of course you can always create a situation where it may decrease but reheating is common and it almost always increases the efficiency and improves the specific output.