The year is 2100. Human population has reached 10 billion. As temperature rises and ice caps continue to melt, rising sea levels have caused huge swaths of land to be permanently under water. Major cities such as London, New York and Mumbai no longer exist. Millions of people have had to leave their homes. City population have risen and stepping outside means breathing in extremely polluted air and endangering your life. Once fertile farmland has become unworkable as soil turns into dust. The number of people not getting enough food increases, rivers and seas are polluted, the provision of clean water and ever increasing problem. This sounds like the plot of a dystopian novel, but it could end up being real. Since the industrial revolution in the late 19th century, the human population has exploded and is now growing at an exponential rate with no signs of slowing down.  Humans cause pollution by burning fossil fuels. We are reliant on them for transport and electricity generation. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a greenhouse gas. Increased greenhouse gases cause an increase in average global temperatures known as the greenhouse effect. This is linked to climate change. Some areas of the world are getting wetter and others hotter and drier, and these changes have an impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. If you want to learn more about biodiversity and why it matters, watch this video. For example, warmer weather in the Arctic and the subsequent melting of the sea ice has an effect on animals that are living there. The polar bear is no longer well adapted for living in its habitat and is an endangered species. Humans also require resources. Large areas of forest are cleared to make more room for agriculture, automine minerals or for growing other resources like palm oil. The removal of trees is called deforestation and has an enormous impact on not only the local ecosystem but the entire planet. Ancient forests such as rainforests are unique ecosystems. They can support a high biodiversity and are home to species that can only live in that habitat. For example, in Borneo, rainforests are being cut down to make room for palm oil plantations. The species that live in the rainforests can not survive in the plantations. They may not be able to find food or shelter like orangutans who are an endangered species. You can find out more about endangered species and how conservation is helping them by watching this video. Forests provide services to the planet. They are important in the water cycle, recycling fresh water across the globe. Trees are also able to take in and store carbon dioxide which helps regulate the earth's temperature. As well as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, humans also create lots of waste. Sewage, pesticides and fertilizers enter the water. They may contain toxic substances that can kill organisms and impact on whole food webs. Pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of organisms and stay in the environment for many years before being broken down. A combination of a growing population and a throwaway culture, we also have increasing demands for dirty wasteful landfill. But let's end on a happier note. There is some hope. People are coming to realise the impact we are having on the environment and governments are aiming to cut down their reliance on fossil fuels and put in schemes into place to help protect forests and endangered species. So in this video you have learnt about how human activity has a negative impact on the earth because of burning fossil fuels, deforestation and creating waste.


Ladies and gentlemen, I'm sorry that I cannot be with you in person, but I'm delighted to address this important conference. I am a firm believer in open access. Sharing knowledge and research is crucial, because researchers from one single country or company can't provide the answers to complex challenges such as climate change, clean energy or food and water security. Open access is also a means of maximising the economic value and impact of publicly funded research. In these difficult times, this is something that policymakers around the world are obviously very concerned about. We can only justify spending public money if we can get the most out of it. So what are we doing at a European level to boost open access? In July, we launched a major new drive to complete our European research area. The aim is to open up the EU member states national research systems and to make it easier for researchers and knowledge to move freely from one country to another. The 27 EU heads of state and government have set a deadline for the completion of the European research area by 2014. In response to this, the Commission has published a new framework communication setting out the measures which are necessary to achieve this goal. And of course, open access is at its heart. So how do we intend to act on this? Well, first of all, it is reflected in our plans for our proposed new funding instrument for research and innovation Horizon 2020. We have already tested open access under the current seventh framework program for research and open air has provided excellent support for this pilot. For Horizon 2020, we have proposed that open access to peer reviewed scientific publications should be the default setting across the whole program. We still need to determine the precise details of how this will be implemented. But making research results available to other researchers and to the private sector in particular SMEs will certainly be a priority. There has been much discussion on whether we should follow the green or gold route to open access. At the European level, the European Commission is being very pragmatic. We support both approaches. That's how it should be since different national systems have different approaches and needs. And so do academics in all the different fields of research. The Commission believes that both systems are valid and that one does not exclude the other. So as regards Horizon 2020, researchers will be able to go for either green or gold. Open access empowers researchers, but with greater choice comes greater responsibility for researchers to ensure they choose the system and the repository that best meets their needs and that best reaches their audience. This is why a project such as open air is so important. While researchers funded by Horizon 2020 will be free to decide where to deposit their research. We will suggest that they should register the precise location in open air. This is crucial because if researchers can deposit their research anywhere, we need to ensure that the articles are easy to find. Otherwise, the whole point of open access is in jeopardy. I was also pleased to learn that your consortium recently extended and improved open air by creating open air plus, which links publications with their data sets, thus enriching the information space and establishing connections with other infrastructures and services. The commission will develop a flexible approach towards research data that takes into account different scientific areas and business related interests. This is a sensitive issue. Therefore, let me stress that project results which are related to privacy, trade secrets, national security, legitimate commercial interests, and to intellectual property rights will not be registered in open access mode. Our approach is set out in the commission communication published in July, entitled towards better access to scientific information. The commission also published at the same time, a recommendation to member states on improving policies and practices on open access to scientific publications and research data, as well as on the preservation and use of scientific information. Developing and implementing open access is a challenge that calls for solutions that are locally pertinent, yet globally compatible solutions that provide certainty, but which are flexible enough to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. So I thank the open air consortium for their contribution to the open access movement and for their awareness raising activities. I see open air as a strategically placed e infrastructure to support research communities, libraries and research administrators as the European Union heads towards Horizon 2020. Thanks to its far reaching community, open air can contribute a great deal to promoting open access and associated issues such as curating and managing data. Innovative solutions and clever strategies are contagious. That is why my staff are here to learn about and be inspired by your work. Thank you.


What's going on everyone, welcome back to a brand new Top 10 list. Yes, you guys know that I'm doing a ton of these before the end of the year, at least I'm trying to get them out before the end of the year. This is the very, one of the last ones that we're going to be doing and this is Top 10 movie moments of 2018. Now there are so many movie moments in this whole year of film that it was hard to narrow it down and there's going to be a lot of films that are missing, there's going to be a lot of moments that are going to be missing but I had to bring someone on board to help me out with all these movie moments and the guy who was here with me today is Cody Curtis, you know him so well from all the sweet film podcasts and everything else that we work on together so Cody give him a hello. Hey guys, how's it going? So it's been a long time since Zach and I have actually done one of these collaborative type videos, yes we know we have the podcast, we have Google Hangout and all that good stuff but it's nice to have at least a little bit of professionalism when we're trying to do this but I'm really excited just to get this started. Yeah this is going to be a blast so we're going to get straight down to our list and guys again let me know if you guys are new here, hit consider hitting that like and subscribe button, tons of lists like this, tons of movie news, tons of movie reviews for earlier in the year plus you guys can also check out Sam and John films where me and Cody have both done reviews, we do advanced screens on that website and you guys might get a chance to see again some movies early so make sure to check out that website also and please comment down below what are your Top 10 favorite movie moments from 2018. Now going into this list there are going to be a lot of honorable mentions so I'm going to give my honorable mentions then Cody's going to give his and then I'm going to give my 10 he's going to give his 10 and et cetera et cetera et cetera so going into this my honorable mentions here the end of vice if you've seen vice you know exactly what I'm talking about just going to leave it there Mary Poppins the 2D animation one of these most stunning scenes of the whole entire film overlords opening shot that shot was incredible the diving in with the bombs and everything just amazing the snap yes didn't make it in Iron Man battle with Thanos not in there honorable mention the wedding from crazy rich Asians made me want to get married the horses from sorry to bother you that's all I'll say the first action scene and upgrade made my jaw drop the Deadpool 2 and credit scene the Spider-Man into the Spider-Verse and credit scene the pregnancy scene from a quiet place and that's my honorable mentions and now just so everyone knows after me and Cody are done with our honorable mentions we will be going into some spoilers so you haven't seen a lot of films on this list once you hear us name it you might want to skip ahead a little bit if you didn't see that film Cody what is your honorable mentions okay so you had at least a couple of mine the pregnancy scene from a quiet place Thanos is snap and another one that I have is actually the when when uh let's see here when Ali when Ali goes to see to see Jackson main inside of the inside of the rehab center in A Star is Born that's a great one I mean there's that one and then my final one on here I don't have as many as you Zach I apologize for that but my final one on here is actually um when the when Charlie Charlie the girl inside of hereditary when she smacks her head on the when she smacks her head on the on the pole oh so when she dies yeah spoilers we haven't seen hereditary um surprisingly that is not on my list either so that would have been a good honorable mention to throw in there for me as well but now we are getting into my number 10 and then we'll go to Cody's of course my number 10 is the race from ready player one what in such a good awesome race sequence this race feels all that spoolberg magic all into one scene tons of Easter eggs tons of excitement and just tons of things on the screen ready player one is one of my favorite films of this year and every action scene within this film was just a spectacle but the race sequence itself was my most favorite scene in the whole time film not maybe it's because the akira bike is in it and that might have to do with it because i love anime but i just love that scene in general it's outrageous it's great and every time they go back to their scene king kong seeing the t-rex from Jurassic Park him driving the delorean it's just so much excitement and i just get chills during that scene uh it's a it's a great one for sure i mean ready player one i can't say it's one of my personal favorite movies of the year but i will it's a great movie it really is Spielberg came back with his magic that race the akira bike all of the references that make us nerds us geeks super happy and us movie lovers super happy it was it was phenomenal for sure all right so my number 10 is it's the opening scene the opening five to ten minutes of a beautiful boy that's if there's one thing that i love it when a film can not only set you up with the characters but set up the tone set up what the film is going to be about and just a really perfect light the film does it in spades i loved a beautiful boy not one of my top 10 favorite films of the year but number 10 as far as one of my favorite moments of the year is concerned it's just great yeah no kody i agree with you that oh man beautiful boy is a powerful film i love beautiful boy not one of my favorites of the year don't know if i ever watched it again but that opening scene was well beautiful um coming in at number nine for me is going to be the bathroom scene for mission impossible what what a bad ass scene who doesn't love seeing henry cavill cock his hands like a shotgun just going to beat the shit out of someone i love this bathroom scene i love i mean honestly i could have picked my whole top 10 list could have been just mission impossible scenes in general but that bathroom sequence when i look back and i have to think of one sequence from the movie it's either that one or the helicopter scene and when i'm going back through i'm like that bathroom scene some of the best fight choreograph of the year and henry cavill kills that scene tom cruise kills the scene it's an awesome action sequence it's an intense action sequence of that and i just love the bathroom sequence in general yeah honestly i might also have a moment on my list from mission impossible but i will say the bathroom scene what i mean mission impossible fallout is one of the probably the best action film to come out since mad max fury road it's just an adrenaline rush from beginning to end it's it's a great movie it's it really is and in my personal opinion it does give henry cavill his his best performance to date but okay moving on my number nine is the father and son talk in a quiet place when they're by the waterfall it's a good scene i mean it's as far as i'm concerned one thing you guys shouldn't know about me by now if there's one thing i love it's not only well written screenplays but it's also very very important pivotal character moments in the the situation uh where john krisinski and this kid in the film are discussing not only not only the fact that they can talk in a normal voice there because it's so loud but also just because it's just it's an impactful scene that's really all i gotta say about it and it's one of my personal favorite scenes of the entire year that's a beautiful scene man just like a beautiful boy and a quiet place is one of the best films again of this year but we're going down to my number eight and my number eight for people who have seen venom lobster scene that lobster scene about knocked me out of my seat laughing i love that scene is it really one of the best scenes of the year maybe not for everyone but for me it is it's one of the most memorable scenes of the year for me and i absolutely love the scene you haven't seen venom look it up on youtube one of those things to definitely check out a great scene i mean venom well definitely not one of the best made films of the entire year still a lot of fun that those it's a good one it's a good scene for sure now my number eight is from mission impossible fallout my number eight is the is the reveal of henry cavill being the person who's running everything towards the back half of the movie it's it's one of those things where it's so rarely in cinema in today's day and age should we actually get very very good villain reveals during the course of a film mission impossible fallout is one of the best villain reveals i think i've seen in at least a couple of years and not to mention the fact that henry cavill's performance on top of it it's great and even though he may not be superman anymore it's great to see that he can give us these kinds of performances because it proves that he's more than just superman and the guy's a terrific actor and this reveals one of my favorite moments of the entire year yeah i'm with you on that that was a great reveal uh coming in number seven for me is it for nicholas cage and mandy fans out there the chainsaw fight scene who doesn't want to see nicholas cage have a chainsaw fight scene with another man and it's like star wars but with chainsaws i mean if you haven't seen mandy and you're watching this it's worth checking out i love this scene i don't even want to go into full detail for some reason someone's watching this hasn't seen the film but trust me just imagine nicholas cage with a chainsaw fighting a longer chainsaw man and that's mandy uh first hour is very slow but the rest of the film is just crazy i mean it's rug infused absolutely i mean that scene that scene reminded me of a certain other scene that happened in a game called resident evil seven biohazard for those of you resident evil fans out there but yeah mandy is um yeah mandy's uh mandy's a crazy film let that i'm not gonna lie mandy is a crazy intense adrenaline rush of a film now we're getting into my number seven and my number seven is the reveal of of john david washington at the end of black clansmen when he reveals himself when he reveals himself to david duke over the phone i love me some good comedy but when you have good comedy with a well written script and one of the best scripts of the entire year it just came together perfectly and i think as far as the movie is concerned it's a heavy drama this was probably the hardest i had laughed during the entire runtime of the movie and yeah it's just a really great moment man dude now i'm kicking myself in the ass for not putting that in mind that is an excellent moment great choice there but now we're going to number six and number six is one of my favorite films of this year and that is from green book it is the kfc scene there's a scene in here where vigo mortensen in marshali are driving through kentucky and what's vigo see he's a food fanatic he sees kentucky fried chicken stops there gets some and it turns out marshali has never ever ever eaten kfc chicken before wow and what an awesome moment to see that happen what just the way that their interactions go about is one of the most unique scenes of the whole year it's really a heartwarming film if you've never seen the ringbook do check it out just a second ago i'm kind of kicking myself in the pants that i didn't include that on my list because there are so many moments up from green book the entire movie is worth watching and for those of you who are watching this just do yourself a favor and go check out green book if you haven't already it's it's a really phenomenal film all right number six on my list is it's a moment from one of my favorite movies of the year and it's the dinner scene between the father and the and the daughter in eighth grade when she's on her phone it's so rarely do we get films that accurately portray what kids are going on going through in today's day and age and eighth grade i'm not sure how bo bernum did it he did it perfectly in this moment really encapsulates all of that it's because parents that they want to have great relationships with their kids but it's kind of hard because kids are really closed off and self-conscious and it was just it's a great moment it's a very revealing moment and it's just one of my favorite moments of the year what can i say yeah dude i'm with you that's a great scene i need to rewatch eighth grade that that was a really good movie i only saw it once in theaters and i i'm kicking myself i should have watched it again but going in we're getting to our top five guys number five number five and this is from suspiria it's the mirror room scene where olga goes into the mirror room crazy dancing goes down it's the one scene of the year where i sat in my seat going oh oh grabbing myself cringing a lot but it's definitely one of the best scenes of 2018 yeah i love this scene suspiria it's it's not only a great scene it's a very artistic scene and a very beautiful scene and the way the film was crafted overall it's weird because it's a film that's about two and a half hours long and it doesn't necessarily it is definitely slow but it keeps you locked in through the entire runtime and suspiri is great and that's an absolutely fantastic moment now my number five is the doctor strange versus Thanos fight in avengers infinity war it's just i love all the other fights that go down i love it when the avengers are great great choice creatures down in in Wakanda i love the Thanos fight entirety but when you have an ancient sorcerer a master of the mystical arts going up against Thanos who will not be stopped it provided probably the most entertaining moment for me this year if not one of the best i'm with you that that is one of the best fight scenes in avengers i mean really again you put a thing out there this whole list could have been avengers infinity war this whole list could have been mission impossible this whole list could have been ready player one it's there's so many films this year hereditary a star is born that could have just filled up this list and we always tried to pick only one uh well that's where i get to my number four yeah and that is from spider-man into the spider-verse or Miles Morales gets his suit for the first time when he climbs the building and you do see the scene in the trailer but for me for some weird reason i still got chills and goosebumps what a badass suit and what a just awesome animation in the scene and the music everything going on honestly speaking of films that could encapsulate this one of the reasons this films spider-man into the spider-verse is another one of them it's it's amazing and the fact is i don't think a lot of people know that nicolas cage and uh and uh hailey steinfeld were also in the film and and they were great i think nicolas cage as uh noir spider-man i think may have been my favorite character in the entirety of the film he just made me laugh a lot but great moment great scene it's it's wonderful speaking of hailey steinfeld my number four is the is the scene with hailey steinfeld in bumblebee on the beach that is i mean i i love it just because yet i you know i a body of ours kasey costly compared bumblebee to lilo and stitch and i think this is the one scene that actually encapsulated that for me because it proved to me that he might be a giant robotic killing machine but bumblebee is literally the cutest thing on the planet or at least in hailey steinfeld's planet it's a great scene and hailey steinfeld gives such a great performance in the movie it's once again one of my favorite moments of the year yeah i know i'm with you on that but now we get to our top three top three guys this was tough oh i mean this was really tough but my number three is i am your mother hereditary whoa god when i look back hereditary even though the charlie scene is very gruesome this scene is always the one scene that sticks out to me it's the reason that if tony cluck gets nominated for an oscar it'll be the scene they play she was phenomenal in this film hereditary itself is an amazing film and that scene alone has always been engrossed into my head throughout the whole entire year if you have not seen hereditary i know it's a film that's kind of getting mixed with a lot of audience but it's a film that i do think is worth checking out but kody tell me you like the scene what's your number three let's get to it i'm an idiot i thought about the charlie scene i did not think about this scene which i really should have because it would have probably made it into my top two favorite moments of the year i love tony collett in this role and i can't wait and if there is a chance that this film will be nominated as as far as a horror movie is concerned tony collett is the reason it's her performance was so great and so unique and just so well put together it it it is raw and it's a phenomenal performance but my my number three raw is the reveal of decoded no only because i didn't i didn't remember wait wait wait wait wait the scene this is not on your list i haven't seen suspirious and i'm not suspirious i haven't seen uh hereditary since wow probably october but that's besides the point but my number three hereditary uh and this was a surprise for me because i had that's fine what's your number three but it is the reveal of decoded johnson at the end of suspiria as as ladies suspiri amma or however they pronounce it it's just oh god one of the things where you build up you're following this character throughout the entire course of the film and she seems so innocent and just so so being able to be manipulated by this environment and then by the end of the film even though it is a reveal there is still that question in your mind whether this is actually this actually this goddess that is appearing before everybody or if this is just the system manipulating her into believing it but either way as far as i'm concerned this is the this is the ending that hereditary should have been and it's one of my it's probably my favorite ending in the entirety of 2018 hey i'm with you on there when hereditary falls a little bit towards the end that's the ending i don't really like but i am with you suspiria ended on a bang and i love love love the ending especially the epilogue act that that epilogue that could have easily oh my god now we get into my number two and something tells me we might be having the same top two at least one of the same and that is number two is the shallow seam from a star is born oh my god we see in the trailer i got goosebumps in the trailer but when she comes up to start singing she goes oh i can't even try to imitate it but my god she something tells me that amazing again amazing talk too amazing because what's your number two second favorite scene of the year is when ali goes on stage for the first time and performs shallow with bradley cooper it's it's a scene that it's not only a great scene in the fact that it's entertaining and it's good and the music is great it's also a scene that really has a lot of impact for the characters and the entirety of the course of the film because if this scene doesn't happen none of the rest of the movie happens and the way just a star is born is just another one of those movies if you haven't seen it yet find the time if it's still in a theater playing near you still just make sure you make sure you go out and see it it still is it still is it they just re-released it yeah so it should be you don't um cody i want you to say your number one first because i actually don't think we have the same number one so you go with your number one live eight no so go with your number one for him in rhapsody okay well same number two that's a first so the live eight concert from bohemian rhapsody is not my number one it's not my number one i have been a long time queen fan for for a very long period of time and i realize that there are problems with the movie but the live eight concert is not one of them it is one uh it was and is still considered by me the greatest rock concert that was ever put on at least for 20 minutes and it encapsulates everything that was great about the bohemian rhapsody movie and the band queen and it just came together perfectly with the best performance of the entire year in ramy malik as freddy mercury so this was actually an honorable mention that i forgot to actually say um but it is the live eight concert i love the live eight concert it almost made my list it would have been like number 11 or 12 but i left it off to the side and didn't read it so that's my fault but my number one is the one scene of the year that got me and my friend the first time we saw it at a press screening we jumped out of our seat i'm not even joking we jumped out of our seat and screamed so so loud and cheered so loud and that is when thor rocket and groot drive and head right into wakanda and kick some major ass this was not only my favorite scene of 2018 it's the most memorable scene from the venus infinity war for me it's bad i sound like i said it's the only scene from 2018 that made me go fuck yeah and put in perspective this was in a press screening all critics and two 21 year olds jumped up and said fuck yeah for my baby and he's just throwing it around electricity everywhere it is amazing when they come in else i can add on it i can understand why i turned number one seat of the year it's a great scene yeah guys so that is our top 10 movie moments of 2018 i'm so curious to hear your thoughts again make sure that i subscribe to get a new comment i won't let me know what your guys thoughts are and cody where can they find you at coming up you can also find me on youtube by searching cody curtis it should be the first thing that pops up when you search it in the search bar you can also find me on twitter instagram snapchat all the good stuff by searching underscore cody underscore curtis so go check it out let's start talking about movies i'm with you there cody well thank you guys again so much for watching this you guys are seriously all the best and until next time stay classy


This short video was inspired by a question from one of my fans. The European Union has been expanding since its inception, starting as a small economic community in Western Europe, expanding to a continent-wide political alliance and union. But what is next for the European Union and its expansion? I've already made a more detailed video about North Macedonia joining the Union, but that is only one country where the EU could expand to. Serbia and Montenegro seem to be the candidates that are currently closest to joining the Union, as they are the most democratic and economically stable countries. However, Serbia will need to resolve the situation in Kosovo before it's able to join. I predict that the issue will be resolved within the next 10 years as a result, though trying to predict the outcome of this resolution would require a video of appropriate length. Other candidates that are likely to join too are, as I've mentioned, North Macedonia and also Albania. These four countries could be in the EU by 2030. It's a safe bet, however, that Turkey will not join the Union for many factors that I've explained in several videos. The only countries that I could see joining beyond 2030 are Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia and Bosnia. However, this would require those countries to resolve their territorial disputes, in the case of the first three, and decreased corruption levels, in the case of all four. EU membership as a goal seems to make nations work towards democracy in a free market, as the short-term economic benefits of joining are great for less developed and novel member states. However, debates around EU membership in all of the countries I've mentioned, as fears of a loss of natural or cultural sovereignty, or anglings to join a different alliance, are both common arguments against membership. Thank you all for watching this short, next week I will be back with a full-length video, and I'll see you all then.


From the Black Knight Satellite to the Foo Fighters of World War II, a captivation with all things unknown have directly influenced humanity's imagination and indeed it inspired us to reach for such heights in an effort to find out what they are. The secret of nature regarding unknown activity in the sky has led us to categorize these anomalies as unknown in origin. Could these beings really be from somewhere else in space or could it just be enemy activity? To consider an enemy we immediately think of the Cold War. We think about Russia but we also think about Chinese involvement in all things unknown. These secretive cultures could be developing advancements in technology that they have not fine tuned yet. Technologies taken and learned in the closing days of World War II when the great nations of men arrived at the evil conclusions of some men and swore that these things would never be repeated. How exactly did the free world overcome such an enemy you have to wonder? Were we aided by these sky beings? In 1952 Operation Main Brace unfolded. This was a military exercise that included NATO allies. The point of the operation was to protect Norway in any future conflicts as the strategic importance was essential for UK and US operations in Europe. Russia declared Operation Main Brace was an act of war but there was something much more sinister about this operation that didn't appear to be from Russia. In the months after the world famous Washington UFO incident the NATO alliance were left stunned as an apparent curiosity from an unknown force overwhelmed their ability to carry out military instruction. Wait till you hear this. Exercise Main Brace was the largest peacetime military exercise carried out at this time. The war game style maneuvers simulated NATO's response to a mock attack on Europe. The main brace operation involved 200 ships, 1,000 planes and 80 soldiers from multiple NATO countries including significant deployments from the United States and the United Kingdom. In a year dominated by news reports of UFO sightings over Washington DC, Pentagon officials have joked with naval intelligence that they should keep an eye out for sky beings during the NATO exercises. They shouldn't have been joking. The first main brace encounter came on September the 13th when the captain and crew of a Danish destroyer spotted a triangular shaped object moving through the night sky at alarming speeds. The unidentified craft emitted a blue glow and was estimated by Lieutenant Commander Schmidt Jensen to be traveling upward of an eye watering 900 miles per hour unlike any manmade capability. On September 20th an American newspaper reporter named Wallace Litwin was aboard the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt an aircraft carrier participating in the main brace exercise. When he saw a commotion on deck several pilots and flight crew members pointing at a silver sphere in the sky that appeared to be following the fleet. The reporter quickly shot four colored photos of the round object which he assumed was a weather balloon. Anything from cloud formations to lightning and especially Venus by the way are responsible for most sightings these days. Drones now being a major problem in the research of UFOology but back in 52 it was either Russia or it was the beings in the sky and Russia said it was not them and it was widely believed that Russia's capabilities are of that of UK and US technology not far beyond. In the 50s the US Air Force was conducting some of its top secret research. One such program was known as Project Mogul and involved floating microphone carrying balloons to high altitudes in an attempt to pick up the sound waves generated by Soviet atomic bomb test. Much of these balloons fell back to the earth in the desert and some have asserted the Roswell crash was such debris. But are they just looking to explain these things as to not spread hysteria? During Operation Main Brace pilots of the Royal Air Force noticed a shiny sphere as they flew their jets in formation over the North Sea. When returning to base one of the pilots looked back and saw the UFO following him. He turned to chase it but the UFO also turned and sped away according to the NICAP report. None of the Main Brace sky sightings were ever explained. What do you guys think of these reports? Russian activity or sky being activity? We will post these links below for you guys to check out for yourself. Comments below and as always, thank you for watching.


Hvala, vsi, da bomo dobro načine in tudi imam več, da vse načine.  Vse je vse načina. Ok, izgledaj. Zati svoj obdroženje. Spoletimo, če je to poči, in vseč oziraj. Zdaj zato smo zelo vse, kaj je problem, kaj smo tudi prišli dovoljati. Zato smo našli vsega soluzijstva, doljši kajs, dobro dve drži kajs, in zato smo zelo vsega zato, kaj je dovolj svoj. Zato sem svoj svetljavek, zelo vsega kajs, zelo vsega kajs, zelo vsega kajs, zelo vsega kajs, product development, embedded Linux distributions. I am a huge fan of projects like Yocto. And I also do device drivers. And during my experience with device drivers, I, over time, saw some patterns, which are always always repeating in device driver development. And this is what this is all about. Prezentacijo imamo prišličnje državov, ker je to prišličnje, ali ne vsešličnje državov. Vsešličnje je vsešličnje linux, ker je in vsešličnje linuxkarno mekanizm, kaj je zelo vsešličnje linuxkarno. Zelo, da je nekaj linuxkarno, ki ne je državov, je več nekaj. Nekaj ta patent je uspjela ena jezervátrov finishedarje. Prišli me že nekaj prišli poštih, in je to prišli poštih, na vsih patentosti. In nič je obježd možno, še lahko zelo kaj zelo prišli. Nekaj se je kaj, čece potrebenh prišli poštih, zato je za taj polaši i svojo venanje. Nekaj nekaj šelak, ko je ubiješ mač, prišli poštih, za praviz awardov. Tako, jaz. Tako, tudi je to bolj oblično odličnje, danes tudi, proti vse začeljezati, ki sem je vse zdeni, tako, da je zelo prizumitočno skupne obličnje. Tudi, len povolj, prizapravljo je nene, neseljim vse način, zelo, da je zelo nekaj silvrbolj, ne zelo posvetil začeljezati, to je zelo nekaj tez, ki je zelo povolj, in vse celo posvetila. ta je pečne z vsem, da je bilo vzljivated, kaj je bilo spremt, da je pa zelo. If you use this mechanism, you can easily upstream your driver. And of course, there are pros and cons to this solution. For example, yeah, it's a Linux only solution and maybe you want your drivers to run also in other systems, you don't want to tie them to Linux. And yes, the main idea with this is that it can in izgleda bolje boži baviti tega kod, in izgleda ti jednega treba, zvrči se v zelo objebno, in videli, in izgleda sproomočenje. Pogledaj, sredno se zelo pravimo vzelo. Ono so varma hrvori krih inželinkov, ali sem vsega. So vse vseh krih inželinkov, tako je zelo vzelo, kaj je hodil hodil in do svojoj IP. To je vsv post-kontrollers, tudi videodekodnih, tudi videokartnih in nekaj videokartnih, zelo korskih, kaj je kodil, in tukaj, in tukaj, tukaj, vsega monočipa. Vsega monočipa vsega monočipa vsega vsega monočipa. Vsega vsega monočipa oče je ač da pritakje sestimunovil, ki so na Ravenu zdaj način, je vsak, kjer je našlič, je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, da je, ta je. tudi in integratori biči se počutili, da počutili biči se naše spetne. Našli način, da biči biči se počutili težko kontrolno, ko je izgleda kontrolno bloga za spesivno spradaj, če se nekaj je programe delirativno vse obstrimne. ki so zelo vsega potrešnje, kot jez, nekaj je zelo konfekt, zelo počke, tako da je v kažavaj prikrat, ki jih zelo se vsega dajte, in tako dajte, tudi kanaliteh nekaj spetivnih, in zelo, ki nekaj je... well, nekaj je zelo lahko zelo, tako nekaj je zelo lahko in terface, je to, ko je način, kaj je zelo lahko zelo, če je srednje svih čeljev, Takrat, nekaj hodinje n Đostovanja njega povisuje v kvalitej hodini in sredne hodini, ali n nekaj genulijsi tukaj, neč nažalora nekaj in začelji rečenih thicknessa vseho, zupotretnomo, koristim hodini. Tukaj danes nekaj neč se v vseh grih. Zdaj to je zelo prvega in bi tukaj prv tie prokurvače in hodini. ležite nekaj, da pomeč lahko nekaj še začal. Sreč ne lahko naredimo in v imelih vseženje, in nekaj nezavostavno, kar je kompetibu. Kdaj nekaj še začal, vseženju, dve aparte s družih bar, in nekaj nezavostavno, nekaj nekaj, če vseženje, kaj ne se zelo nekaj zelo, potem ne bi nekič nekaj držen, in nekaj nekaj zelo. but usually, you only have incremental breakeages, so each new version might shuffle some registers, might move or add some new features which require some new register fields, and typically, this is compensated in the driver software. Yes. So this is the problem which driver developers encounter quite a lot, in je zrpusten. Zato je zrpusten, kako je zrpusten. Vsih je bilo tudi do vsega vsega, da je tudi vsega vsega, zato je zrpusten, kar je zrpusten, da je zrpusten, ki se početnimo. Tudi zrpusten, zato je zrpusten, kako je zrpusten, in nekaj ne vsega, nekaj, kako je vsega, začnjenje nekaj neko pošličajnih presolutnih vseh. Prvih nekaj nekih, kaj našli nekaj, našli nekaj resolutnih. In nekaj nekaj nekaj resolutnih, kaj da je vzelo, da prišli dokova vseh, našli nekaj nekaj veči. In nekaj začnjenje, ki izgleda izgledanje obrečnje zilj, in nekaj tako pošličnjenje, ki izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda. Tako, prihleda prekazov. Pozivaj kanal je, da se je odtajnje vzelo. je to vso sounditet, ki pa došli spodilom, kako so spodilom za tebne lepo, in tipikla, kako izvarjali si ovarčni radnji problem, prišli bolj na tem delarstvu. Tess je bolj... staro zjavljenja tev, niv je pa v veči tebrna in blizenje... Prev tebe, režite, atakajte in vse izmanj, prišli bolj, vsef, zelnosti, kompensasvaš in nekaj z vzivnih nesetkov v pomečnih nesetkov. Z njemnoj družjev, ko je zelo pričeš vse, nekaj ne psih počakov ne se odvijeli svečno. Zelo pričeš vsečno, kjer je generijko vsečno, in je vsečnilo hradične vsečnje vsečnje. ta stručja. Tukaj, to je, da imamo reg mapov. Zgledaj, kako je to. Zgledaj reg mapov na toj. Tukaj biti o reg mapov. To je reg mapov na vse. To je vse, da je vse sub-system in linux na vse. To je vse za nekaj dekad, in veliko v ročnih ročnih ročnih ročnih ročnih ročnih. In inšta je forsezno za nanomemorične base, ki SPI in I2C. In in je poslednja MMO, in inča vsezno inča vsezno, kakva je do vrkama v reči, na kakoče zelo, ki je vsezno, sem da pačen, kakoče zelo, nekaj da za kono vsezno. In da sem pačen, Zato sem zelo vsi zelo pošlja. Počutim vseh zelo, izušaj, odvršaj, skupaj vseh, in ... ... je bilo vzelo. Zelo ... ... poslutim vzelo, z delenju, začnem z hrvok, pošlja je z bilo, pa vzelo pošlja. Zato videlem, da imam tvoje vživosti hrduer. Zato videlem, da je režistor, in režistor je 32 bitiče. Vse vse neč v Hexa, in zelo sem vse nekaj režistor. Zato vse nekaj režistor, ki je vse nekaj režistor, je 32 bitiče. V vse nekaj režistor, želem ki das je vse nekaj recpper, in vse vse nekaj režistor. Zato license pa je das Korea'tun, že,산 k給, Dakš nogina padne ligovi,寸ini so gladov 내�ност 다 ežiste. zato in Norwegian Revisional. Nane intensivno. Se, baho je zrenje, in se je zrenje, Monster več než vo scarfi nje na lokov, skladice reלbit do常ivosti. Rezizna deisters provincialkora, je bilo, that you can define with the RAG MAP, with the written오 avpackage the API, in which we are interested in here you can define expressions in the region as you can see, we define The field of 1 to be the first zeroes And then in the sample of version 1 and the second version, the field is at different offset and the advantage of doing this and defining RegMap fields like this is that the driver can program the hardware targeting the RegMap field API. So the driver doesn't need to know exactly at which offset, which register or field has moved, how big it is. This is very important because the RegMap fields can also change sizes. And the RegMap subsystem in the background, while you call the API, it does all the bit manipulation, which you need, which is pretty cool. Because the RegMap subsystem is very well tested and there's no bugs. There were quite a lot of bugs when implementing RegMaps for certain drivers, which I encountered just because each driver elected to implement their own bit manipulation logic. They have like a header and in the header they define all the registers and fields within the registers and they have all the shifts and that's a really common source of bugs, which RegMaps can help you avoid. OK, so this was like a bottom-up view. We will change now for a top-to-bottom view. So we start from user space. Of course the user space can be different, but in this example I just used like a multimedia user space using the video for Linux subsystem. The user space calls into the video for Linux subsystem, which has bindings for the driver and the core driver logic, which implements whatever the driver supports. In our case it's a video decoder, so it has H264 and H265 codec functionality. Basically it decodes bitstream of compressed frames in those formats. And the idea is that the driver core programs the hardware using the register fields, which we looked at before. And this is very good for the driver because it can reuse all the core logic and they can focus on writing the core logic instead of worrying about different hardware revisions. And having this kind of abstraction layer between the core driver logic and the hardware allows you to very easily add new hardware revisions to the driver, because most of the code in the driver doesn't change only the register layout or very little of the actual interface changes. OK, let's see how we define some register fields. You can see that we have a configuration for the red map itself. This configuration tells that the registers are 32 bit wide. The stride is 4. We can have a maximum register offset. This can be used for bounds checking. And we also disable locking, because in this case we don't need that. But if you have concurrent accesses or accesses from atomic contexts, like q-context, then you could have locking. OK, so we also define a field configuration and we populate the field. So the field configuration naming is a bit unfortunate. The field configuration uses a structure named reg field and the API exposed by the reg map field API is called reg map field. So you have reg field versus reg map field. So this can be a source of confusion. So the short-hand-one reg field is for configuring the register layouts and the reg map field is for the API, which we will see. So if you look at these two fields, which are the exibas read and write ideas, we configure this at different offsets in your register map for different versions. The first version is named g1 and the second version is named vc8000d. And you can see that these fields have different sizes and live at different offsets within the device register space. The first live at offsets 16 and 30 and the second version, the registers live at register 77. They were put together and they were increased in size. So you can define any number of register fields and this is how it works in general. And it's quite verbose and this is, I think, a good thing because as we will see in the pros and cons discussion, when you define the register fields very explicitly like this, this is the address and it starts from bit 0 to bit 15, when you do it like this, it's very close to the datasheet because these values were taken from a publicly available datasheet, in this case it's from the nxpimx8 datasheet and they are very easy to compare with the datasheet because they are exactly the same numbers. We have software register swreg77 starting from 0 to 15. You can just do a one-on-one comparison. This is very hard to do if you have bit shifts and all the bit magic there because you don't really know, you have to decode mentally that code. So this is one of the biggest advantages. Now, the second advantage is that you can define an abstract API on top of the register fields. We define the regmap field. You can see that we use the full name regmap field and this can be different from the configuration names. So in the configuration you can have any kind of names which resemble the hardware. But it's known that certain hardware revisions use different names for different versions to refer to the same thing or almost the same thing. You can use this API to virtualize a lot of stuff and create common terminology for registers. And what you need to do is this API, each field in the API needs to be associated at runtime with each configuration for the specific field. So you can see that we associate the Xerite ID here with the configuration for the Xerite ID. So we use v1 here, but yeah, in the previous slide we use g1, so sorry about that, v1, g1. And we associate the API with the config here. To do this, you need to determine at runtime what hardware are you using. And this can be quite hard sometimes because, for example, some hardware versions can totally shuffle the registers. And if all the registers are shuffled, it might not be very obvious that the hardware which you're using is very similar or perhaps mostly the same. And then we have a usage of the API which is like we're very simply writing some values via the Rekma field API. And this can be used by the core driver logic and that doesn't care anymore about the specific layout of the hardware. So I written a blog post about this which goes a bit more in depth and I linked some more resources. So if you want to learn more how to define these red maps and how they work and how the association works, maybe that blog post is a good further reading. So we have pros and cons. And as I've said, this is not a silver bullet. You can decide because each of these points I think can be also interpreted as a positive thing or a negative thing, depending on the use case. So, for example, red maps is a Linux-only mechanism. So it's a Linux-only subsystem. This can be a pro or a con for you. A pro can be because it's very easy to upstream stuff using red maps and if you want to upstream your drivers, it's easy. But if you want, for example, a unified driver which has layers for each operating system, this is what typically I saw in vendor drivers, you have one layer for Linux, one layer for Windows, one layer for whatever. And using a Linux-only mechanism might be a disadvantage in that case. There are quite a lot of optional features which are very nice. Some of them you can have like caching to speed up your register rights to avoid going to the hardware to get each value. You can have caching on the CPU. You can have callbacks for a lot of stuff. You can very much control what happens when you read write registers. You can do a lot of testing. You can have out-of-bonds checks. You can explicitly define which registers are read, write, or just like read or write. Usually what happens in drivers there is this nasty bug where you write read-only registers or try to read registers, which are write-only, or you can have this problem, but with red maps you could get an error or warning depending on how you configure it. Look, you're trying to access a register in a way which is not supposed to be accessed. Usually according to the documentation, assuming the documentation is correct. So a good advantage of this is that it can remove boiler print from driver code. And as we saw, the layout closely resembles the datasheet, which is quite a nice feature to have. You avoid the bit manipulation. But of course defining all the registers in this way and associating them at runtime is a bit more verbose. But what you usually do, you split the regmap code into a regmap.c file or a regmap.h file for the interface and put them separately along with the core driver code. And it's not that big deal. You put all the regmap logic into that file. And the performance impact also depends on the use case, but typically it depends on the speed of the registers that you're trying to write. And also how often you're trying to access those registers. But the speed is not such a huge problem. In one of the use cases, which we'll see, performance was a concern because it's about video decoding and you want to maximize the number of frames you can decode in parallel. So the performance is in general in the low microsecond range. The performance impact of regmaps. And that's mostly due to the regmap field API. It increases the number of register accesses because you do subfield writing and you don't want to lose values subregister writing and you don't want to lose the values which are already present in the registers. You need to read them back and update them and then write them. And in general it leads to more register accesses. But again, if more register accesses are very expensive, then you can use like a caching layer so you don't have to update frequently the hardware. OK, so let's study some use cases. The first key study was for the synopsis MEP DSI host controller. So a quick introduction to the MEP DSI. MEP DSI is a hardware technology to implement displays with a very simple serial interface. So it's very popular in mobile and mobile gaming and automotive IoT and stuff like that because it's very small and cheap and simple. So you have like a high speed clock. This clock typically is in megahertz I just randomly remember that on IMX6 it's 27 megahertz but it can also reach into the Gigahertz range. And that clock drives the display data on multiple serial lanes so you need at least one data lane. That data lane can be reversible so the panel which you connect the host controller to can also send data back and you can have multiple data lanes. Typically you have two data lanes and four data lanes. And the access via these data lanes it's also serialized like you send multiple bits in parallel but it's still like serial transfer you send bit 0, 1, 2, 3 and then you send 4, 5 and so on. Ok. And there are silicon IP vendors which implement host controllers like we have synopsis which was the host controller which I worked on to make driver more generic and you have the SOC vendors like NXP, ST Microelectronics or Rockchip which implement and add the IP to their SOC and typically what happens you have drivers a lot of drivers you have like a reference driver from synopsis you have a lot of vendor drivers for each SOC of course each driver is a bit different because each has its own special magic and stuff like that. So in MEPDSI it's standardized and there are like 4 major versions what we're interesting in is the difference between 1.3 and 1.01 there was an upstream kernel driver which implemented version 1.3 of the MEPDSI spec but we wanted to add support for the host controller which is present on IMX6 and that's older than the ones present like on Rockchip and STM and we wanted to add support and the register interface breakages they are mostly driven by the spec version so registers for versions 1.30 and 1.31 which were supported by the upstream kernel driver those are very close to each other so it was very easy to do bit manipulation some quick checks and implement the necessary support for those two hardware in the driver but once we wanted to add support for the 0 controller on IMX6 the register difference became quite big and it was hard to do all this stuff in bit manipulation so we turned to rack maps and added a rack map field so it worked quite well the patch has reached version 9 now and hopefully it will get merged soon I also have a blog post on the subject you can visit it, it's the same blog post linked earlier I used this as a case study there and looking at the challenges and results so implementing the rack map was very simple in this case but testing on multiple system on chips that was harder because when you do the initial rack map implementation you risk breaking the other SOCs which you also abstract so in my case I only had like IMX devices so I also needed to test on STM Rockchip because I modified the register accesses for them and I introduced some regressions but with the help of the community so thank you very much for everyone involved especially a big shoutout to the STM micro electronics developers who tested the patch series and provided very valuable feedback and even patches which helped fix so that was the hardest part and you need like good testing for all the SOCs which you support and want to introduce the abstraction therefore there was a problem with this driver that it needs some more attention there are certain parts of the driver like the DRM bridge layers which needs some more work and it's quite unfortunate when you send like a patch adding this very specific new feature which is quite clear in scope and when maintainers ask you hey can you also fix that so the patch series saw a bit of feature creep so that's partly responsible for reaching version 9 but hopefully it can be picked up again and driven back to inclusion so I think rack maps were definitely a success story for this driver and you can look at the code in the patch series and decide okay if this pattern makes sense for you or not the main idea in this example is that we had a standard which drove the hardware IP and that Mipi DSi standard you could test for the version in that standard for any breakages which were caused by the standard in the hardware interface layout so moving forward we're gonna take a look at the very silicone video decoders these are driven by the Hentro driver which currently is in staging but it's in staging because of the decoder API, the user space API used for video for linux that was not stable and that has been stabilized for kernel so 10 so it's being moved outside of staging okay and the problem with video decoders is that they're very very hard to implement driver wise at least for me it was hard so this hardware is quite complex especially compared to something like Mipi DSi video decoders typically have hundreds of registers and these registers are used to program the hardware to decode a specific bit stream so the registers are very specific to an H264 and H265 bit stream and yes the only bit stream is standardized so you have the H264 and whatever specs and according to the hardware also tends to be relatively stabilized but of course there's like no standard for how to write this hardware so in this slide you can see that I populated it's the same slide which we used before but I populated the lower bits which we actually used for regmap fields you can see that the hentro video decoder we had multiple versions there were two different cores hardware cores which were used to decode different bit stream formats but starting with the new version which has totally different naming like vc8000 the two hardware cores were merged into one and this caused problems for the register layout because it was heavily affected because all the registers were squashed and there were some quite non-trivial changes which were hard to for example to decode h264 high profile you needed to program the HEVC so the h265 registers and you have packages like this so we introduced the regmap layer to try and compensate for all this so the problem was that the upstream driver only supported parts of the G1 and G2 decoder we wanted to add support for the newer unified chips so performance was critical for this use case we needed to decode as many frames as possible at a high resolution so naturally we were concerned about what kind of impact has regmaps we measured it so while accessing and doing its hundreds of register writes while doing this when setting up decoding for each frame we had like a 20 microsecond or a bit less performance heat and this was relatively constant because the register access patterns are mostly the same when decoding the frames so you have to program each frame and then set a bit which tells the hardware you can start the decoding because everything has been set up to properly decode the frame and considering the performance of decoding each frame from the moment video for linux user space gives the frame information to when the hardware sends an interrupt to the processor so the entire time it takes to decode the frame including the regmap programming of the registers and that was in milliseconds so it was like three orders of magnitude per second versus milliseconds so the performance impact of regmaps in this case was very much acceptable and it was no problem however what we did have a problem with was that the driver was using the relaxed versions of the MMIO API so it was using like write L relaxed and yeah that was due to trying to avoid the memory barrier because when you do normal reads and writes to memory map regions you have memory barriers, instructions inserted to guarantee ordering and in this case for these video decoders it doesn't matter in which order you write the registers because the only thing which matters is for all the registers to be written when you set the start decoding bit so at least in theory you could achieve some performance improvements or battery saving by avoiding useless memory barriers so one of the challenges for this project was that we couldn't measure the impact of those memory barriers so we tried also on loaded and unloaded systems typically our measurements were in the noise range for relaxed versus non relaxed MMIO writes at least in this use case the problem with this is that reg maps upstream and they only have for the MMIO back end they only have normal writes they don't have a relaxed API it's very simple to add an API for that you just set a config and you do relaxed writes it's very simple but the problem is you need a good reason to justify that API addition because it's not there in the upstream kernel for a reason nobody uses it and we're introducing the first use case for that and it's you need a very good reason and at least you need to have some measurements at least in theory it's a good reason ok we want to avoid those useless memory barriers but yeah it might not be enough so this is why the first patch I haven't sent the patch series at the time at which I'm recording this video but by the time this conference happens the patch series will be public and the first one will be an RFC asking about ok does it make sense to add this MMIO interface to reg map and another problem which we had which was like the biggest problem was figuring out the hardware differences between the older revisions of the core and the newer revisions but that's different from the reg map the problem there was the new core was programmed differently than the old one and we had to guess ok for some h264 high profiles you needed to use the h265 which was very non trivial ok so that's about it the reg map part of this patch was also simple and very similar to the other meepi dsi series so you can see between these two series you can see a good example of how this API can be used and the problem hntro has is that it defines its own abstraction in parallel with reg maps it has hntro reg it has that driver and we haven't removed all the hntro reg structure reference to delete the structure but yeah that's like a work in progress and ideally driver should not try to implement their own reg maps because you already have reg maps in the kernel ok so wait forward from here so as I said reg maps are quite widely used in the kernel but not necessarily to abstract register layouts or hardware details like this and they can be used like this and a lot of boilerplate can be removed from a lot of drivers but of course this needs driver developers to actually convert the drivers to use reg maps and define the APIs and you can have like init helpers if you look at the patch series the initialization especially if you have hundreds of reg map fields you have to initialize each one and you have to define configurations for them it's like quite a lot of boilerplate code and helpers can be added for that especially if you have multiple drivers using it and you can remove a lot of code by doing it and we have upstream maintainer for dispatcher so hopefully they will hit reg map soon and maybe in the future and this is just like an idea I am not proposing hardware abstraction layers in the kernel but maybe we can have like some standardized reg map field APIs for various types of hardware like for video decoders because video decoders they all basically have a lot of common logic and a lot of common registers they have to set for example the bit depth of the bit stream is it an 8 bit or 10 bit stream and they have to set those registers and you can have stuff like a unified API to do that via reg field API so basically this is it so thank you very much for attending so I hope this reg map mechanism for selecting registers might be useful to you or at least an interesting use case for hey look how we can implement that or how we can avoid re-implementing that and if you have any questions please feel free to ask and send an email and thank you very much for your time so bye bye


As you know, since the beginning of the 80s, the science has demonstrated that the human activities, what we call anthropogenicism, have led to unprecedented concentration of emission into atmosphere, and in particular six gases, but in particular the CO2, the dioxide of carbon, and the matter. And therefore it has been proven that these emissions are at the origin of what we are witnessing, major climate extreme events, drought, floodings, rays of sea level, and so on and so forth. So therefore in the 80s, the international community has agreed that time has come to join forces in order to stabilize the emission of CO2, in order to limit the growth of temperature on the atmosphere. And they have adopted, in Rio in 1992, a framework convention based on the fact that those who have emitted the most, mainly at that time, the developed countries, the industrialist countries, should take the lead and reduce their emission. The other, if they can, and if they receive money and technology, transfer of technologies, they can have. But it was not mandatory. But meanwhile, since 1992, the world has changed and the science has confirmed that if we don't do nothing, the rays of the temperature may lead to more than five degrees, which will have tremendous impact on the capacity of the planet to continue our sustaining life. So therefore, in Copenhagen in 2009, the international community started to attempt to adopt an agreement with the participation of all, and especially the new emitter of CO2 and greenhouse gases. It was not possible. Two years after, in Durban, an agreement has been reached that, yes, we have to do it and we have to limit the growth of temperature to no more than two degrees. And these imply the participation of all. So in 2011, a committee has been established to prepare a legally binding document with universal participation. No one left behind with the view of limiting the growth of temperature of no more than two degrees. And they have agreed that this should be done in December 2015, and meanwhile Paris, France, has hosted. So therefore it was agreed that by 2015, in December, the world will adopt a new universal agreement with the participation of all, with the view of limiting the rays of temperature to no more than two degrees. And two cultures have been appointed at the beginning, Norway and India, they changed with Germany and Trinidad. And Dan and I had the immense privilege to be appointed in December. So therefore, to lead the process when the plan, the Boeing or the Airbus was landing, was about to land in Burge, where the conference will be held in December.


Okay, here's four kinds of people that it would be good to try to avoid as we go into this new year.  Secondly, avoid people who expect you to prioritise them but who refuse to prioritise you. Thirdly, avoid people who can't and or won't apologise sincerely when that's the right thing that they should do. And number four, avoid people who act like they're the victim when you confront them about their own abusive behaviour. I know avoiding people sometimes is difficult and complex but I'm just nudging you towards even working on one of those this year, early part of this year. Take your time. Small steps are better than none. Love you guys.


I'm Ricky Caruth with Remax of Orange Beach, Alabama, 16-year real estate agent. This year I did over a million dollars in GCI, 2017 I did over a million dollars in GCI, 2019 I'm going for 1.6 million dollars in GCI, that's 182 deals as a single agent. What's up everybody? Nothing gets me more excited than the new year, and 2019 is right around the corner and if you want a strong 2019, you got to start right now. You got to start working hard right now, you got to start putting a plan in place right this second. In the link below I provide you everything that I use to develop my business plan for 2019 including worksheets and a video to follow along. If you haven't heard of me now, I'm coaching over 10,000 real estate agents right now for absolutely free. That's right, completely 100% free.  I'm starting a movement in the real estate industry to reduce the failure rate one agent at a time. And we're not going to reduce the failure rate by charging new agents that can't even afford coaching a thousand dollars a month. That could very well be the reason that they're going to fail. So if you're thinking about paying for real estate coaching, stop what you're doing, click the link below and get to work. With all the distractions out there in the real estate world it's really hard to figure out which direction to go in. But with my low pressure system you find out that you don't have to be high pressure. You realize that business is 100% unlimited and competition doesn't exist. Look, the bottom line is, is that I'm here to help you. All I want to return is for you to succeed and I want you to reach out to me anytime with any problems, any questions that you may have. So again, click the link below and get your 2019 started out with a bang. I think the first thing you had to realize was that business is unlimited. When a top producer is on vacation I love it because I'm gaining on it. I realize what my bigger why is with why I'm doing all this and that is to reduce the failure rate in the real estate industry. I want to build up this message and get it into everyone's head that you don't have to be worried about a crash and how we're going to handle it and when the next crash happens less agents will drop out because of the message and thus reduce the failure rate. It's not about, do you want to buy or sell? Who do you know that wants to buy or sell? That stuff is out the window, technology is going to replace all that because people don't want to feel awkward. They'll just go online and do it. It's about what can I do to help you? What do you want to do and why do you want to do it and focus on that. So Ricky, you talked about how relationships are important. You're going online. You're coaching online for free by the way. He's coaching online for free. You also have a major Instagram. So you're kind of like a media company.  And it's 100% free. The reason it's free is a couple of reasons. One, when it's free, I can give you everything I have and not have to worry about it. Am I holding something back that you'll have to come back to pay me for? Or give you half a video and say now you have to pay me $80 and see the rest of it. I can just give it all to you, right? That's my personality is just to give. And on the back end, I'll get paid eventually on books and speeches. I'm not really worried about it. I don't need the money. I want to build a brand and I want to create a movement to reduce the failure rate. And so that's how I'm going to do it.