Hi, my name is Veljika Rodriguez and I'm an actress based out of California and I'm doing self-tapes every day in July And today is day five We're doing another commercial audition where they ask you to do an action and I want to experiment more with using things I have rather than just backdrops for auditions So today I'm going to be doing the audition on the couch, but I'm still gonna do the slate at my Just grade backdrops so it can look more professional and then I'm gonna move into here So for the slate I'm for this one We're just doing name and then what you're auditioning for and the action is that you're on your phone shopping And you're looking for something to wear to a wedding you finally find something that's really nice and Then realize that it's too expensive. So you have to keep scrolling That's the action This would be for a commercial audition for so many apps And I'm going to get a close-up of my hands as well because that's really important of course for a commercial like this and Just my facial expressions if I was asked to do this You know getting that into practice and I don't think I mentioned this last time But this is a very very old phone And I just have it as a prop because I do film all of my YouTube videos and my self-tape auditions on my phone So this is the self-tape for today. Hi, my name is Veljika Rodriguez and I'm auditioning for the shopper Thank you so much for watching if you want to join me and do some commercial auditions and then later in the month some theatrical auditions and some Skills filming some special skills filming. I have the Template for this week in the description and you can join me if you want But thank you so much for watching this video and at the end of every video I feature another channel This is today's feature if you would like to be featured on my next video make sure you're subscribed like this video and leave me a comment


Hello everybody, welcome to my channel. It's Eva from Bohemian Crafting and today I'm coming with another giveaway Last year I started to do giveaway videos and I'm gonna continue today. So I'm gonna pick some package Which contains some kind of dye. I'm not sure which one this one Coating dye pin flare and those leaves. That's quite beautiful Beautiful Here is probably number pin flare creative crafts So I will put All informations in the description box for those who want to purchase this dye. It's brand new I mean in my stuff. Maybe it's longer time on on the market and We're gonna create something with this dye So first I'm gonna cut out a few of these leaves And I hope future owner will don't mind that I will use that dye yeah, I'm gonna take it off and I'm gonna Use old envelope because it's nice and strong and I will color it anyway So I'm gonna use this old envelope and cut few pieces Before I will cut out those pieces. I've got here that part of How come that envelope and I'm using distress ink shabby shutters and Also distress ink bound let's sage and I'm gonna add the color To this card So I did my cutting and I do have that piece of Envelope and I actually like how it looks like it's like stencil now Here I do have those pieces. So I'm gonna take a Brush I'm gonna take vintage photo and I'm gonna use this off-cut For stenciling the background Using the brush because brush is most gentle for any kind of stem cells and even this one is not proper stem cell. I Still hope that it will transfer Some of these images Nicely and show me. Oh, I like it. Look at that It's quite good. So I do have stenciling here I'm gonna use this put a glue On my piece and glue it on the backside of my paper So I glued all the background. I'm gonna let it dry This way and first I'm gonna measure this and prepare probably some frame So I do have base nine By four and a half got I'm gonna let dry this one So because I do like this background. I decided to do one more background and I'm gonna add the glue all over of that page. I'm gonna Place it down and because I do have that glue I'm thinking to use actually clear embossing powder and See what that will do So I do have here clear embossing powder I'm gonna bring some paper I do have paper underneath and Well, I will try this way. Hopefully I'm not sure it will definitely be in the leaves, but it will be probably all around as well I'm gonna take my heating tool and I will see what that will do So I hope you will be able to see That it looks like it's frosted and I really like that look So I'm gonna keep it this way And now I'm gonna build up on it before I will do anything else I'm gonna use my nail file and I'm gonna send All these edges To make it more soft and I will do it on both sides So I do have sanded all edges from both sides and I'm gonna build up something on it I'm gonna take like my helper. I just shared with my patreon These few images, they are like photo photo frames Here with backside When you fold it, you've got front and back And front and back and here are just like separate frames, which you you can use on pages So I'm gonna use one of these and I think I will even use that picture inside. So This one I like this one the most so I'm gonna cut out that frame So I cut that picture I'm gonna put the glue on the backside and glue it on this serrally box So I'm gonna glue it on this Box and once it's dry, I'm gonna use my knife And with knife I'm gonna cut out That inside picture right here here here here and here So I'm gonna cut out and I will be left with that rest So I have cut out that inside and I glued again on the other half of this box Back that frame and I'm gonna cut the inside and around as well Again, so that frame will be a little bit more thicker than is this card, which I will use as well So I do have a double thickness of my frame and I'm gonna use that nail file And sand the edges again to make it more soft and look Worn and vintage So all edges Inside of that frame outside as well and also on that card I'm gonna sand this with this nail file So we've got my three pieces. I'm gonna pull out my Favorite stumps and I will start to put it together. I do have just a few stumps right now here. I will add them Once I will have glued my basis Uh, I just noticed that when I cut those Panels I cut the edge here. So for that I stamped this image. Uh, that is from Creative expressions and it is this one this label This is corset the paris and it just just to show you this amazing number paris Mod the persi parisiana here journals the board Broderies, you know, it does have so many So many writing those stumps. That's why I bought them and they are amazing. So I do have that like right here My explanation is good. I guess So I'm gonna use this label over the edge To cover my cutting My unlucky cutting. I'm gonna put the numbers here And fold the rest around And I used brown paper to adhere some kind of, you know, background color so For this I have used brown paper I've got here also those teedide papers Uh, stamped images So because I do have brown paper here, I want to have also kind of like, you know, that opposite Way and I do have this Small coupon. It's from same collection that corset the paris It's this one. That's what I'm gonna place Here on the bottom That will be my base and I thought before that I will put this one somewhere In the top and this one here. No, no, no, I'm gonna place it just in the middle It will be perfect. So this I'm gonna place the right on the On the surface. It will be on the bottom and that frame. I will a little bit popped up That frame to put there some dimension So first this beautiful image And that will sit Probably right here a little bit down Just slightly hopefully This way I'm thinking this way should be good Yes, it looks good this way so now I'm going to take my beautiful leaves and I will glue Few leaves on the bottom of my frame and few on the top And this small leaf I'm gonna glue Over the edge right here To that frame right here So it's going from behind but it's going up. Okay Right here Yes, okay So now I'm gonna take My cards and I'm gonna stamp all kind of all kind of Numbers and letters. I've got here that figure one For that I used also creative expressions stamps Those botanical stamps These here is One two three number figure. Here you can see that Now you can see that so I use these three stamps and now I'm gonna use all kind of Numbers and probably writing I do have that basic And I want to have some stamping here and probably also on sides So I did just small stamping. This is Teresa Collins This collection Empowerment stamp It looks like this. This is Tim Holtz field notes I think everybody knows And this one is those dates from the past I just love these stamps They are Designed by Sam Poole. She does have amazing design. I really check her out I love everything she makes creative expressions And I know those stamps are sold out on on amazon I take that so I did these three stamps. I do have that recorded From Teresa Collins and I cut out a little bit bigger piece behind which I'm gonna Distress with vintage photo Like this and the edges I'm gonna do just with black ink So I'm gonna glue this small piece And I'm gonna take two Brats So I do have those brats with the Screw heads and I think these are I think these are from dograft, but I'm not sure If they are because I've got them for a long time I'm gonna Take poke-nuk tool And I'm gonna add these brats On my mini panel just somewhere in the middle on total edge And I'm gonna use my distress tool And add there a color And here I'm gonna add I'm gonna use the glue so I'm gonna add the glue especially on those brats To make sure they will get glued Properly and they will don't slide down like this one Place that recorded right here And let it dry And I'm also going to add these brats To the frame here So I will poke the holes and fix those brats to the corners I do have those Screw heads in those corners. I'm gonna use this stamp To glue it to the frame before I will put down the frame So this I will glue to the frame I'm gonna add the glue here And just slide it right here And this identification check I'm gonna put on the side On that panel. So I'm gonna glue it there Now on the back side of this composition frame, I'm gonna put double-sided tape this foam one So I do have double-sided That foam double-sided tape all around and I'm gonna Just place it over that picture Hopefully it will be straight, which I don't see yet Yeah, like this like this and Because these are two silver. I'm gonna use my mixes weathering powder Plus bind decks mixed together to this Mix and mush. These are dark rust and here I do have light rust Weathering powders, which are using For making or you know decorating models painting models So I'm gonna first use dark rust on these screw heads And then I will use that light rust and because it's Put together with that bind decks. It should hold nicely even on that On that metal part And it's time to choose another winner from the last video. It was on the youtube The video Yeah, I've got it open for a longer time, but it's that create fluffy string Christmas tree. It was posted second Second of December Last year. So I already Copy copy the link here link of of that video and I pasted to this random youtube comment chooser Picker not chooser and somewhere here. Oh, yeah, so we're gonna start I'm gonna click on it and this will choose One winner from the last time and it's marilene Alex thief Alex thief And this is her comment. So I'm gonna keep it here open to make sure I know who won And I will put down Down in the description box below my email Marilyn, please contact me on my email address so I can send you the last last year A creation including that die I will also try to find this This comment and try to contact you with that comment And I've got here the finished product. I just added One of the sleeves I painted with the trust as well. I was kind of missing the rust and I painted with the trust that Paper around That stamping as well to add there a little bit more of that rust The die is already inside. So if you want to win this die, please leave the comment I will come back again with another die and with another video how you can use it I hope you did enjoy this one. Thank you so so much for jumping in if you want to win this die Including this pocket on it. Please leave the comment. I'm gonna also find No, just bear with me. I nearly forgot from that last year That creation on this one It was first comment was there made by Jackie Herman Herman So she will received also gift from me. I'm not gonna show what what it will be But she will receive also gift from me. So, uh, this is last year creation Including the die inside. So for that, uh, Madeline Alexif, I hope I'm saying that right Alexif. I will put a name down below and also my email and I will try to find that comment So if you want to win this one, please leave the leave the comment I'm not gonna repeat that all over again because I already did many times Thank you so so much for jumping in. Thank you so much for spending your time with me today I wish you a beautiful day. Take care about yourself and I will see you soon. Bye


I want to welcome you to today's celebration of faculty careers. And just to give you a little bit of background as to why we're doing these seminars, it's because the celebration of faculty careers was basically derived from two actions of the strategic plan within the College of Engineering. One was the faculty of 2020. And it focused on professional development at all stages and the alignment of criteria and processes for hiring and the promotion and tenure with the evolving scope of the college and leadership values. So there was a desire for review post-promotion to the rank of full professor that would feature the accomplishments, I should say, of faculty and provide an opportunity for a plan for the next phase of the faculty member's career. Basically, full professors at least seven years, not several years, but seven years, past promotion are basically asked to present a colloquia on their achievements and plans to their peers. And this is followed by a planning discussion with the dean and also the heads. This was piloted successfully in spring of 2013 with full implementation in the 2013-2014 academic year. So now I'd like to briefly introduce today's speaker. It is Professor Isam Moudawa. He joined Purdue University in 1984. And this was immediately after receiving his PhD in mechanical engineering with a minor in management from MIT. At Purdue, he founded the Boiler or the Boiling and Two-Face Flow Laboratory, BTPFL, and the Purdue University International Electronic Cooling Alliance, the PUIECA. He is also founder and president of Moudawa Thermosystems, Incorporated. He's a pretty busy person. This is a company that's based in the Purdue Research Park. And how many of you remember Paul Harvey? Do you remember Paul Harvey, the commentator? Following the expression from Paul Harvey, the rest of the story, I will ask Professor Moudawa to please share with us at this moment. Thank you. Thank you very much. I'd like to thank everybody for joining us today. My goal with this presentation is to make it as informative as possible. And at the very end, just share some of my personal experiences about my 32 years here at Purdue with some points of criticism, I guess, to the system that we have here. I think that's part of what we're doing with these colloquial. So I'm going to be talking about breakthroughs and two-phase theory and applications. I'm going to start by looking at the different applications where boiling heat transfer is very crucial today. You find that many of the advancements in all sorts of applications are becoming increasingly dependent on our ability to dissipate very large amount of heat from tiny little areas. This is far away from the conventional mode of dissipating heat using standard heat exchangers and air cooling. So as a designer, you're given the opportunity to look at the different cooling modes that are possible, natural convection using fans, for example, force convection. And you quickly find out that boiling is, in many cases, the only mode available to really tackle the heat dissipation from many of these applications. Now, how does that work? I'm showing it here with the A8. This is actually a demo that I show in class. You're seeing boiling on a wire. There is about a third of a millimeter in diameter. And this is really the mode that we're after. An abundance of bubbles formed at preferred nucleation sites along the surface. Bubbles growing and quickly being removed by buoyancy and replaced by liquid at very high frequency, which is really responsible for a lot of the high heat fluxes that we get in this regime. However, you have to be mindful of limitations, particularly critical heat flux, probably one of the most important parameters in these applications, where if you overdo it with respect to the amount of vapor being produced, you suddenly blanket the entire surface with vapor, preventing liquid from coming back and replacing the vapor that has been produced. What is the net effect? It's a large increase in surface temperature. It's a very dangerous phenomenon. So you have to keep your operating conditions a certain percentage below this critical heat flux. Now, in terms of the advantages of boiling, why boiling is so important? You could see them here with respect to a very simple application. This is an old device we had from IBM. We have a plot of heat flux versus temperature difference between the surface and the coolant. And the orange area that you see here is where you expect operation to take place. You want to dissipate heat fluxes up to 50 watts per square centimeters, but the device surface cannot exceed 85 degrees centigrade. And you could see with forced air convection, you're never going to be able to do it. With natural liquid convection, without phase change, again, you find that by the time you hit the 50 watts, you're going to reach 500 degrees. So if you are able to find a fluid with a boiling point, say, about 30 degrees below the maximum temperature, you see this large change in slope taking place right here. And what that does is allow you to maintain the surface temperature below 70 at the maximum flux, significantly less than the 525. Not only that, there is another advantage, and that is the slope itself. In many of these devices, you have fluctuations in power, and you're always concerned about the temperature changes that take place because that's going to delaminate, cause cracking, cause stresses. So with boiling, what you're doing is allowing those fluctuations to take place, corresponding to very small changes in surface temperature. These are the two main advantages with respect to boiling. Now, boiling configurations, there is a lot of versatility when you look at the different boiling configurations. We were fortunate back in 84 to have IBM and 3M support our experimental program related to high flux cooling. And by the way, a lot of the facilities that you're going to see here are custom crafted by students. They're not purchased. So a lot of the work involved detailed design, detailed instrumentation to bring it up to operational level. The simplest configuration is the thermo siphon that you see right here, where at that time the thought was to submerge all the electronics of a main frame in a pool of dielectric liquid. Heat is dissipated by forming bubbles, which rise by buoyancy. They're recondensed by a water cooled condenser. Within the system itself, there is no pump. It's passively driven, and that's a major advantage, obviously, from a cost and reliability standpoint. Now, when thermo siphons don't work, you start utilizing convection as a motor-enhanced heat transfer. And what you're doing here is supplying the fluid at a certain velocity parallel to the device surface to take advantage of motion. And the higher the velocity, the better the heat transfer, obviously. And one special case of force convection boiling is mini and microchannels. They are extremely popular right now in many, many industries. What they do is allow you to reduce the amount of coolant that is required, greatly increase the heat transfer coefficient, but they have their own limitations as well. I'm going to talk about that later on. We're talking here about for mini channels about 2 millimeters, microchannels typically anything less than half a millimeter in hydraulic diameter. And when that doesn't work effectively, you resort to jet impingement cooling where you are bombarding the surface with a liquid jet. And again, the higher the velocity, the better heat transfer you get. A competitor to jet impingement cooling is spray cooling, which is what you see here. What you're doing differently is breaking the liquid into tiny little droplets before they hit the surface. And what you're doing effectively is increasing the surface area to volume ratio of droplets, which is very advantageous for heat transfer. There are also specialized configurations for boiling, such as boiling in curved channels. Also, you can take advantage of curvature. Here you have a heated concave wall. And what you're doing is supplying the liquid with curvature, producing a centrifugal force, which would pull vapor inward and push liquid outward, which is exactly what you need to do. And with the higher centrifugal force, you get even better performance. Or you can do the same thing with rotation by spinning liquid at a certain rotational speed and achieving the same centrifugal effect. And what is nice about this is, again, there is no limit to how far you can enhance your heat transfer. If you rotate at 600 RPM versus 100, you're going to get much, much better heat transfer. So all of these were tested in our lab as means to enhance boiling heat transfer. Now, in terms of the specific applications, I'm just going to quickly go through those. We have looked into several applications we call the ultra-high flux applications. And here we're talking about 10,000 watts per square centimeters and above. These are typically encountered in fusion reactors, particle accelerators, MSD electrode walls. And we have developed a special high pressure facility here for this purpose. Takes us up to the critical point for water. And at the heart of the facility is the apparatus you see right here where you supply 700 amps up to 700 amps through a tiny little tube. That's where the flow is taking place. And you crank up the power until the tube burns. You get the critical heat flux phenomenon I talked about earlier. And this gave us a record, still a record, for critical heat flux into 27,000 watts per square centimeter. That's 270 light bulbs, by the way, if you want to get a feel for that with a dissipating heat out of an area have the size of a postage stand. Another area we have worked on particularly in the 90s was Avionics. This is the electronics for both commercial and military aircraft. And in most applications, what you're doing is cooling the electronic using the Avionics enclosure or Avionics box, a rectangular box like what you see here. And the circuit ports are slid into it. And air is used to cool it. Now, these modules, typically, they are standardized. They are about this size. You can put it in the palm of your hand. They dissipate only about 40 watts because of a lot of limitations in terms of flow rates and pressure drops, whatever. Now, with phase change, we quickly changed that. We did work in the 90s where we use microchannels and were able to boost that to 3 kilowatts and then was jet to pitchment to 12 kilowatt. And there are a lot of intricate features. There is a lot of design work more than heat transfer work within these modules. And you're talking about orders of magneton enhancement just by means of utilizing phase change. We also looked at curved channels in conjunction with rocket nozzles. We looked at turbine blade cooling also. And at Zucco Lab, we did recent work related to high Mach turbine engines. This is where you have compressors producing air at such a high temperature that they are no longer providing air that can be used for cooling in downstream parts of the engine. So the cooling air has to be cooled itself. And the way you do it is by using specialized heat exchangers that suck the heat out of the compressor air and send it to the fuel, the cold fuel that is available on the aircraft. And we developed a cooling module that you see right here, very compact cooling module where the fuel passes through the inside and air on the outside in cross flow. And you can package those modules in whatever configuration you want to get a three dimensional heat exchanger package. We also did a lot of work related to high power lasers, radar, microwave systems using phase change as well. At Zucco, we also did work related to hydrogen storage fuel cell systems. Here we're talking about storing hydrogen in high pressure metal hydride. You supply the hydrogen and store it by reaction with the high pressure metal hydride. The problem with this is that you produce enormous amount of heat over a very short period of time. And we developed three different heat exchanger designs for this purpose, highly optimized thermally. And here you have one of them. You can see the shape where the heat is optimized so that you fill the cavity with the hydride. And these are the cooling ports on the inside. And by the way, these are very unique types of heat exchanger because they are transient heat exchanger. They are operating over a few minutes. That's it. That's where you get this enormous heat dissipation. It's very different from conventional heat exchanger working on a steady state basis. And these are two different designs, other designs, coil type heat exchanger, and these disc-shaped micro-channel heat exchangers are stacked to store the hydride. Another area of interest has been hybrid vehicle power electronics. This is work we did actually at my company, not at Purdue, was NREL in Colorado. And again, the idea is to control the temperatures in these applications. And these are the variety of instruments. Actually, they were all built in the research park, and they make up the thermal lab right now at NREL. And by the way, the engineers who built this are all ME students, former ME students. Now, one important application I always like to highlight is materials processing. How boiling is also important in materials processing. I'm using aluminum as an example, but you can apply it for steel, for any other alloy. The idea here is summarized in this plot, where you take your metal alloy sample, preheat it to a temperature close to the melting point. And then what you want to do is quickly quench it down to room temperature. But ideally, freeze the microstructure that you had before so that you can reheat it in subsequent process in order to produce this behavior. You have hardening solutes dispersed evenly throughout the crystals. Now, that requires very careful manipulation of the quenching process and the aging process. If you don't do the quenching properly, it's going to be a total mess. It's a useless alloy. Now, I'm borrowing the same pictures from before to show you how in what we have here is temperature versus time, what happens as the quench proceeds. And what happens typically in most operations, I've actually designed a lot of aluminum plants, heat treating plants. And what you see in many cases is how they bring a lot of parts, different shapes and sizes, and throw them in a basket and put them in a bath. There is absolutely no control over the cooling process. You get distortions, cracking. And they live with that sometimes. Or they throw away the parts that are deformed more and they keep the good ones. And this is really the type of shape that you get. This is about two feet in length. And you can see an H shape completely distorted as a result of poor cooling. So what we're doing is replacing this, what we call bath quenching with far more effective spray quenching, not only to speed up the quenching process, but also to achieve control, as I'm going to show you. And we built a test bed for this purpose, where we have a furnace and we bring the part after being heat treated and quench it within this chamber that you see right here. And what we were able to do is combine our understanding of the quenching process with metallurgical transformation theory in order to optimize the impact of the quench on the material properties, namely hardness and strength of the part. So by this optimization process and changing spray boundary conditions all around the quench part, we are able to do two things. Achieve very high strength and very high hardness and also achieve uniform properties without distortion. And you can do that by prediction. You don't have to run experiments by trial in order to achieve this result. Ideally, and that's something I've been trying to promote and I'm talking to different people to do it, is to do all of this robotically by having robots lined up to quench the part from all directions based on predictions from a CAD system. Now, another area I want to talk about which is really the primary focus for us at the present time is flow boiling and conversation for future space missions. This is a NASA funded effort. And I just want to mention that in 2011, a report came out from the National Research Council on Future Space Exploration and presented to the Congress and with recommendation from a combination of national academies, science, engineering, et cetera, regarding space exploration, what fields of knowledge are needed to achieve the goals NASA has set forth. And when you look through the report, it's a very thick report, but section after section, you feel repeated mention of phase change as a primary area of research. Why? Because with phase change, you get better heat transfer. It was better heat transfer, you have smaller area devices, more compact, lightweight, which is ideal for space applications. And here are some examples where phase change becomes really important. High power, space mission, long duration space missions would require fishery actors. Recently, Project Prometheus talked about using also a reactor with liquid metal boiling and condensation. A more immediate application is thermal control systems, TCS, and we're really heavily involved in this. This is what is required to control temperature and humidity on board the space vehicle for the comfort of both electronics and crew. Very, very important. Another area is vapor compression heat pump for planetary bases. This year, there was an announcement from the government that NASA should refocus on planetary habitat, and temperature control is achieved at a level of about 40 kilowatts now with Martian habitat with systems like ones you see right here. So in our research, we looked at the various applications and we found that you're not just focusing on microgravity. We obviously know a lot about the 1G applications, Earth gravity, but there are a lot of gravitational fields in between that we have to understand. It's between zero and 1G. We have to understand that entire spectrum, 10G will be formality aircraft. That's a different application altogether. So around 2004, we did our first study related to microgravity phase change. We built a flight rig for flow boiling in microgravity. This was flown on a couple of occasions using K3-135 aircraft and NASA Glenn. And it produced, this is a plot NASA uses quite a bit from our data. It produces plot of critical heat flux as a function of fluid velocity and showed how at very low velocities, you've got to be really careful about the effect of reduced gravity on critical heat flux. You really compromise cooling tremendously compared to 1G. However, it also shows that at certain velocities, the inertia can completely overcome the down effects of microgravity. And this is very important because it tells you you would rather operate at this condition right here. You don't have to operate at much higher velocities because you're losing energy, okay, power dissipation here in the pumps. So this conversion value is extremely important. And nowadays, since 2012, we received a contract to develop the flow boiling and condensation experiment FBCE for the International Space Station. Two months ago, this was announced to be a very high priority project for NASA now. And we have literally over 50 scientists and engineers from NASA Glenn supporting this project. So it's growing and it keeps growing. And the idea behind it is to develop a very complicated flow loop loaded with instrumentation and high speed video to investigate both flow boiling and condensation using three test modules that you see right here. And we quickly developed a test rig, flight test rig for condensation because we had not done any work in this and nobody has done this type of work before. And this test rig, we build it here at Purdue, has two flow channels, as you see, it's loaded with instrumentation, pressure, temperature, high speed cameras everywhere, and it requires six operators dealing with various aspect of the experiment. And we flew that on couple of occasions using zero gravity aircraft. We had several students actually participate in this effort. And what we're at right now is really shifting attention to the integration into what's called the fluid integrated rack. This is a replica of the system available on the ISS. This is the largest syrup available to run fluid experiments. And we're trying to package all our hardware in an area in a space about one meter by one meter but maybe about less than one meter depth. Okay, all this instrumentation has to be converged. So we're due to transport the hardware for this application in two SpaceX flights, hopefully tentatively, this is what's scheduled right now because there's a lot of hardware involved over the next few years. Now, I wanna shift the attention to talk about predictive methods, talk about the theory a little bit. This is probably a very important chart in the sense that it summarizes what people have done over the years in regards to predictive methods in boiling and two phase flow. Now, ideally you wanna have convenient computational tools to do that, but you find that these are not very effective at the present, depending on the tool that you use, you get different results all the time. But it's very important because that's gonna be the next step in a lot of the predictive approaches that we're gonna use. Theoretical models, very few of those exist in the two phase literature. Next, semi-empirical models meaning models based on theory, on mechanism, but they lack closure and that's where you fit the model with empirical constants. The next step is universal correlations. These are correlations that are developed based on enormous databases for many fluids, many geometrical parameters, many operating conditions to give confidence in the predictions. Then you have not arranged experimental correlations. This is where if you look at the two phase literature, you find a vast majority of literature focused on this approach right here. Okay, and this is very dangerous because what you're doing is obtaining 10 data points for one fluid and one geometry and saying I've got a correlation to predict the flow. And I'm gonna show you why this is very dangerous in a minute. And then replication is used by some companies, just by testing a particular device at a particular condition. If it works, it works. We're happy with it. Now our approach is to use those first four. We have been using those three and now we're just beginning to converge on computational methods. Now, just to show you why it's very complicated to model two phase flow accurately. I picked the simplest geometry by far in two phase flow, which is slow boiling in a tube, circular tube. Now, to be able to predict heat transfer behavior in a situation like this, you have to know many different things. Heat transfer regimes, regime boundaries, pressure drop components, heat transfer coefficients, the limits of dry out, for example. Also, you have to appreciate the flow constraints. For example, you can have a lot of compressibility. You can have a lot of flashing due to latent heat effects. You can have two phase choking. You also have a lot of potential instabilities taking place in two phase systems. So you have to be mindful about those. And ultimately, you may hit critical heat flux and reach burnout before you know it. So you have to really be concerned about all these aspects simultaneously, which is why to do a good job with those predictions, you break it down very, very carefully and make sure that every component is handled properly. And these are some example of those. The most critical components are the ones where there is both vapor and liquid, obviously. And this is also important, because it explains why it's really vital to have what I call universal correlations. If you compare for one phase flow, a very simple correlation for heat transfer coefficient as a function of Reynolds and parental number, you find that you have three dimensionless parameters, two independent parameters, with fairly broad ranges for both. And this is a very powerful correlation and very easy to use. If you look at the counterpart, for example, a flow boiling critical heat flux in a pipe, you find that you have a dimensionless group that may be a function of as many as nine or 10 dimensionless groups. And each one of those is confined within limitations imposed by the experiments. And because these experiments are very expensive, it means those are all narrow ranges. So it's very, very difficult to achieve universal correlations. You have to be very patient. I worked very hard to get that kind of formulation. Now, we knew that for a long time and we tried to go in that direction. So back, that was in 1999, we were able to consolidate the water databases. This is for nuclear reactors. Went back and obtained literally every data point you can find anywhere. And it took us about five years of search with the library help to put it together and develop universal correlations, but they were still for water alone. And then we started doing it for mini and micro channels because that's a technology that is very important nowadays. And in the last three years, we developed a series of studies of truly universal heat transfer correlations for small channels, for heat transfer coefficients, for pressure drops, for condensation, for adiabatic flow, and for dry out. And you could see how we did that. It's large databases obtained for all the possible fluid we found in the literature, broad ranges of operating diameters and pressures up to close to the critical. And people have started using those correlations and they're extremely accurate because of the universal appeal. We also have been doing a lot of theoretical modeling in the form of proper use of conservation laws for two phase flow, such as year flow boiling, critical heat flux, theoretical model for critical heat flux, which as I said is the most critical point for boiling. And we are able finally to come out with very accurate predictions for, particularly for microgravity because we're very interested in this for the application of future space flights. Now, another application is condensation, which is flip side of boiling. Here what you're doing is rejecting the heat by condensing the vapor back to liquid. The liquid flows on the inside of a tube along the wall surrounding a vapor core, but the flow, even though it's separated, is very complicated. One of the complications is what happens at the interface. We found that there is significant dampening of turbulence taking place at the interface because of surface tension, which is something you don't encounter in other types of flows. So we had to model this effect very carefully. We also did LDV measurements of flow and turbulence within a liquid film. We did that extensively. Then we built several facilities related to condensation at different orientations relative to gravity. And the goal was to try to identify the flow mechanisms, particularly the waveness that takes place along the interface, which you see here changing drastically at Lorentz numbers versus high Reynolds numbers. We did the same for many channels and microchannels. And also we developed control volume models for condensation, which combines with the added diffusivity profile. I just mentioned we are finally able to make good predictions for condensation in microgravity. So NASA is actually using those right now for space applications. Now, we also did the same thing for falling films involving evaporation of liquid films. With specialized probes, there are capable to simultaneously measure film thickness, velocity of the waves, and temperature profile within a liquid film all at the same time. And also very recently, we started looking at what happens around wavy interfaces of liquid films, which is what's shown right here. And so looking also at research park activities, I was mentioned earlier, I wanted to mention this for you. What it is to start a company at the research park to me, it was very important because it's a unique opportunity to develop design products, actual products, something we cannot do at the university. And as I said earlier, all the present and former employees are Purdue grads because you need the, particularly Purdue ME students because you need that kind of expertise. And the mission statement is to provide solutions to temperature control and thermal management needs for which no commercial remedies are presently available in a nutshell. And we have received over the years aside from many industry contracts, six phase one and four phase two SBIR projects. I don't know if you know about phase one versus phase one is like they give you up to $150,000 to get started. Phase two, they give you a million dollars to go beyond and do the verification. And you can see here the variety of products produced and testing capabilities. And these are some examples of the different projects, CAD based predictive tools for two phase systems, grand mobile radio, thermal management, boosting the capability for that, Avionics and ultra high heat flux devices for extreme heat dissipation. Now, I'm almost done by the way. Teaching, I have just a few concluding slides here. Over the years, I taught these courses that you see here and the ones that are marked and read are the ones that I spend a lot of time on and a lot of energy over the years. A heat and mass transfer, the undergraduate 315, senior design and my two phase course, graduate course. Now, one of the things I always like to do is introduce lab experiments, introduce the lab to the classroom by running experiments in the classroom, particularly in this room by the way, for my ME506. I find it to be extremely useful, particularly for complicated phenomena where you can't just sketch it on a piece of paper, you have to run the experiment live. And it's been very rewarding to do so. If you look at our ME315 lab, we overhauled the lab so that now what we have is two different components, one of them is structured experiments to help the students appreciate fundamentals and also a design project where they build a device, instrument it, model it and show the performance and then compare it to predictions. And I should mention, by the way, that this format is very popular worldwide. We're constantly asked by other universities from the US and overseas how to duplicate this format. Now, fortunately, we have a huge investment in it, particularly in the form of a lot of TAs manning the effort. But we are very proud of this particular effort. Senior design, I've been involved in every stage of this course, starting with the mid-80s, where it was the worst course on earth. It was an utterly useless course, it's like homework assignments, we call them senior design, literally. So it changed over the years and in the late 90s, I decided to turn it to a prototyping course. And I called it the thermal design innovation initiative because I was demanding particularly thermal project for that purpose. The focus was on invention. The students had to use analysis everywhere. They can't just invent randomly, they had to really use their tools that they've learned in ME. And also the deliverables included oral presentations, reports, and a prototype, and they can't fail.  I lied a little bit. Now, here's a point of criticism here. Despite persistent news about Purdue's emphasis on teaching, virtually no support was received for innovations in teaching, especially during this period. Now, Anil is sitting here, he should be happy because he came after 07. But this is true. It was an extremely, extremely frustrating period. And for example, ME315 lab, we passed through a period where volt meters were failing and we had no resources to repair them, literally. And I would go and argue about differential fees and other things, never got a penny. So what I did is I talked to Paul Zmola, he's somebody who donated money to us, and I told him to please dedicate the money that he has in mind that year to ME315 lab and he gave us $20,000 and we lived off that for four years, literally. And I was surprised that after the prototyping format for senior design were formally adopted, suddenly we didn't receive any funding for it, although everybody was using it, I don't know. And a few thoughts about research as well. One thing, collaboration. Something I want to mention. I've collaborated with a lot of people over the years and it's absolutely amazing how much you can do with collaborative work. Major breakthroughs are possible. For example, I talk about materials processing. When I started the work, I'm an expert in two-phase flow, I know nothing about metallurgical transformation theories. I work with a materials professor, which for him is a very easy topic. Just by combining it, we were able to do incredible things. And so virtually every one of these topics led to major breakthroughs. Recently, by the way, I got to emphasize Professor Scala was delighted about the collaboration because this is an area where we have very little expertise and he's really providing a lot of assistance in this area we're collaborating right now. Now, interestingly, these breakthroughs are not money related. In fact, there are some projects here involving a lot of money, but relatively minor yield. Okay, research trends and challenges. Again, this is highly controversial, I think. Increased university control over large research initiatives with decisions, highly influenced by politics and favoritism. Okay, we see a lot of announcement.  I don't know who's running this, but you feel it's excluding rather than including in many situations. I've seen that firsthand. Suppression rejection of new initiatives for some faculty. I had two enormously large grants in the same year, 2013, where the attorneys said we're not gonna negotiate them, not even talk to the companies to try to make them happen. This is at the time when the university was spending over backwards to get other funds. So there is a lot of politics that I still don't understand. Awards and rewards at Purdue increasingly based on personal favors rather than scholarly performance. It's true. This has led to migration of many senior faculty to administrative positions away from teaching or research. That's a fact as well. I'm not talking about everybody, but I'm talking, there are certain factors leading to this. There is also something I'm very concerned about, which is the decline in the quality of research publications. With the focus on numbers rather than quality, in many cases, I'm seeing it more and more. Minimal faculty involvement in preparation of papers. I hear it from students as a matter of fact. Well, my advisor doesn't like to spend too much time looking at my papers before we send them. Papers with identical findings, presented in different journals, proliferation of new law quality journals seeking any articles, begging you for articles. I receive those every single day right now, announcement. Oh, we saw your article entitled whatever. Can you write another one without review? We're not gonna review it for you. Just send it to us for our journal. And also some relying on surrogates to write papers. The worst, this is something I had to deal with personally, conference papers hastily prepared by students over a weekend, literally, with no faculty oversight. I discovered that when I was working on a project and I asked the faculty member to remove my name from any paper submitted to a conference from that project. I didn't care and I don't wanna see my name attached to it, but it's a quality issue. And my wife got angry at me for doing this. This is the last slide. My favorite author. I don't know if you know it, George Orwell. And all whatever are equal, but some are more equal than others. I'm hoping when I retire, I forget that this happened, but that's the way I felt. Thank you. For questions. You mentioned several fluids such as water and R134, also JP8, but, and then you mentioned the importance of the critical point. Yes.  So there's no interface. Is that better for CHF or is that something you guys, people in this community avoid? Is it a structural problem for the heat exchangers to be designed with those pressures? Are those conditions that are probably worse for what you're trying to achieve or are they better? Any time you get close to the critical point, your CHF for all practical purposes is zero anyways. So as you're going up in pressure, it actually peaks, for example, for water, it peaks around 50 bars. It's low at one atmosphere, it peaks around 50 bars. Then when you hit the critical point, it's practically zero. So you are talking about the range nobody is interested in. If you look at the nuclear reactors, for example, you got 50 bar, 70 bar, because they want to take advantage of that sweet spot.  There is no indication that it is really advantageous from a critical heat flux standpoint. Having said that, not many people have done work in that area that is really conclusive. Yeah, what is the state of theory for, you know, you showed boiling starting all at walls. And, you know, if you have a homogeneous fluid that's above the boiling temperature, is there a theory for formation of bubbles in that? Or, you know, if you have a fluid where you have bubbles and the fluid temperature is below the condensation temperature, how long it takes those bubbles to collapse? Of course, there is a lot of work about related to bubble dynamics. It's all under the title of bubble growth theory. And it gives you diameters as a function of time. There are two regimes actually well identified. One of them is a dynamic regime. And another one is a thermal regime, okay, which is much slower. But the theory has been around for a while and there are publications in those areas available. Is that all connected with, you know, like theory of metastable equilibrium in these fluids? No, that's a totally different topic. Okay, what I'm talking about is the dynamics of bubble growth under low pressures versus high pressure. You may be talking about situations where you have like a mirror surface, mirror polished surface that doesn't promote boiling, yet you do finally end up with bubbles forming on the surface, okay? That is basically- That's preheated liquids and so cool. Absolutely, that's usually addressed from a thermodynamic standpoint rather than mechanistic heat transfer standpoint, a lot of the work that you see out there. But it has been addressed and you see it a lot in chemical engineering as a matter of fact, more than you see it here in mechanical engineering. So Issam, so after 32 years of research and teaching, so where do you wanna go from here and where do you want to be in 10, 20 years from now, scientifically and technically? Well, I'm gonna age here because I love research. I think research is extremely exciting and actually as I'm aging, I'm finding it more and more exciting. Believe it or not, I'm constantly asked to move somewhere else and serve in an administrative capacity and I'm consistently saying no because I don't see myself doing that kind of work at all, okay? And the fact that I'm doing my research along with the work I do in my company, which complements the things that I like to do, I'm very happy with that. You know, let me tell this to the younger faculty here. Recently, it was at a NASA event, there's a gentleman who's a fellow in a famous aerospace corporation. I don't wanna mention his name for a particular reason. Well-known for his patents, inventions in aerospace. He's a consultant for NASA forever. You know, anytime they have a review event for NASA related activities, they bring him on board and he just retired. So I asked him what he's gonna do. He wants to become a professor. He said, I'm not gonna sit home and my company doesn't allow me to continue after the age that I'm at.  So that should tell you, you're in an incredibly attractive career, okay? Unfortunately, it's plagued by politics but these things come and go with time. So the short answer, I really enjoy my teaching and I love my research and I love the work that I do at the research park. The only thing I don't have time for is my hobbies. I would rather do some oil painting but I don't have time for that. That'll hydride work you were doing and the heat transfer you're doing during that process. Is there a significant expansion of the metal as the hydride is formed? You absolutely have to account for that in the modeling and we discovered that from the experiments as a matter of fact. So absolutely that is very relevant to the design of the heat exchanger, okay? And to account for that, you have to accommodate some reduction in the performance of the heat exchanger. You can't fill it as much as you think you can because of that factor. Well, once again, if there are no further questions, I want to thank you for an excellent presentation. I was quite fascinated with all of the things that you're doing and I hope to perhaps collaborate with you in the future. And if you have other exciting things in the teaching domain and for classroom innovations, please contact my office because I would love to. Well, we're building one right now actually and when it's done, I'll probably show it to you. Okay, well, thank you. Thank you, let's give him. Thank you very much.


As part of their efforts to reduce unemployment in the country, a non-governmental organisation Open Arms Outreach has empowered hundreds of emolludes with various KU-acquisition programmes. While issuing certificates of completion to participants, the founder of the NGO Basil and Jock who said that the programme was timely and highly strategic, especially now that students at home over the academic staff union of universities are to strike. The programme covered various areas such as fashion design, information communication technology, ICT and cosmetology. Some of the beneficiaries expressed their gratitude saying that the programme has provided them with the opportunity to become self-reliant. In fact you told them that they must register their business. As I'm talking to you right now, a list of names have been given going to CAC to register their business so that it will be part of them. So that it will be part of them. When they register it, because when the child is born, you need to give the child that child a name. If after training, they don't go to register their name, that means they make a mockery of what they learn. So it's good I advise anybody who has gotten involved in any skill to register to have a name. Our government, we all know this. We all know this. Without missing words. They have refused to burn the bridge. The bridge of oil and gas. So that our brain will come alive. So that we can think. So that our young ones will reason. But thank God we have decided to burn the bridge. And we can see that our brain, of course, coming up alive. Those words rule the world. And so ICT, this is the certificate. This means it is not the end. When this young boy came in, I was doubted. But when the boy came in, he mesmerized everybody. Since I've been here for a few weeks now, I've learned a lot. Before I came here, I had no idea of decoration. But now, I've showcased it in my church. Firstly, for me to be proud that I've learned. Thank you.


Alright, why don't we go ahead and get started because we have a pretty busy agenda today. So thank you again for joining us. Welcome to the second day of the CNI spring 2022 member meetings virtual moderating through the sessions as we go through the day. Just a couple of quick notes on things. We are doing this as a zoom meeting rather than a webinar which means that you can see the other people at the, who are at the session. So you can chat with them as either with direct messages or to everybody as you wish. I invite you to comment on along, ask questions in the chat as we go. We will be having a quest, we will be taking questions at the end of each presentation time permitting. So, like I did yesterday, asked a couple of folks to share some brief reflections at the end of the day. Just a few comments on things they found particularly interesting or exciting or surprising so after the closing invited session with Marissa Parham. So you can look forward to a couple of those before we end the meeting. We will be having two short breaks one at two. One at daylight time and one at 330pm Eastern daylight time between the breaks. I'll just end one session and introduce I'll end one presentation and introduce the next at the appropriate time so we'll just flow right in during the break, we will leave the session running so you don't have to log out and log back in again. And that's about all the logistical stuff I want to say. So now let me get on to to the meeting itself. It is a very great pleasure for me to introduce Heidi Frazier Krause. Heidi has a really rich and varied career in academia in the UK and I invite you to look at her full bio. She came to just in late, late 2021 from the University of Sheffield. Before that she was at York York University for quite a long time and, among other things, had responsibility for research computing and for libraries at various times during her. And she was introduced into York. She takes up office at a very critical time where there's a lot of change going on in UK higher education and UK higher education as I think she'll at least touch on is quite different than in structure than than the US but does many of the same things and faces challenges. JISC has been a important partner to CNI for a quarter of a century now. I had the privilege of working closely with JISC leadership for many years and it's a great pleasure to now be able to work with Heidi and learn from her and gain insights into good ideas that we can bring to the United States from the UK. And Heidi's going to talk for about 20 minutes I think and then hopefully we'll have a few minutes to field a couple of questions. So, over to you Heidi, thank you so much for being with us. And I look forward to carrying your remarks. Thank you very much Cliff. Hello everybody and greetings from Manchester in the United Kingdom. It's about five o'clock here so I've done part of my day. Right, and JISC, I'm going to tell you a bit about the history of JISC where it's come from and what it's doing and where it's going about 20 minutes I'll skip through some of the slides very quickly because there's detail on them but I'm very happy to answer questions at the end. So first of all, why does JISC exist? It exists because it believes in technology for the good. It believes that education and research improve lives and that technology underpin that. So, when I decided I was going to apply for the JISC job, this mission and the principles that JISC underpins or has as underpinnings was really important to me. So this vision for the UK to be world leaders in technology for education and research, really important. That's one of the reasons I joined the organization. JISC has had an interesting history. So the organization has existed for about 40 years in various different forms. It started off with the Janet Network, which is our national research and education network. And then JISC got funding from a government body to fund activities that were going on in various universities across the UK. And there was all sorts of interest came out of that. So there were people who were interested in cyber. There were people who were interested in mapping and mapping data. There were people who were interested in digital skills, technologies to support people with special needs, etc. So JISC was a scattered body across the UK higher education sector with a sort of core body that funded these things. And in 2012, there was a review done that said we need JISC to be more coherent as an organization. And so all of those different services were brought into one. And that was, as you can imagine, fairly traumatic for the organization. It hadn't existed as one organization really before, but it was formed as a charity. And the Janet Network people Janet were brought in to JISC and an organization was formed. And I think I still see ripples of that fragmentation from back in 2012. We've also merged since with a number of other organizations, some of which may not be familiar to you, but some of which I'm sure you'll know the services they provide. For example, Edgyserv gives the Open Athens Trust and Identity Service and VerifyD. And chest is something we have in the UK, which is around negotiating for big software deals. So with the likes of Microsoft, Adobe, etc. And then the other ones are much more local to the UK. So HESA is the Higher Education Statistics Agency. And we brought in the commercial side of that data organization. And we're in very advanced discussions about bringing the rest of that data organization into JISC now. And then a little bit around about the same time we also brought in an organization who provide careers advice. And something called HED. So HED is an interesting service that's provided in to the UK but also internationally it's around degree verification, so higher education degree verification. And so we've got a very broad scope of things that we do. We also have a very interesting funders and owners model. So we are owned by the higher education and the further education sector in the UK so further education I think will be community colleges, you'd call it that. There are other representative bodies from UK higher education so something called Guild HE, which tends to be universities that are more practically focused. So for example drama or catering those sorts of professional types of activities and universities UK, which is a body would I would say represents the rest of universities. They're funded by what I can only describe as a patchwork of funders, lots of government funding coming in different slices from different organizations across the UK. And we do a strangely not all bodies in the UK serve the whole of the United Kingdom so by that I mean Northern Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales. You may think, Good Lord, the UK so small how can it had all of that fragmentation but I can assure you there are lots of people who see themselves as very, very different when they're in Wales or Scotland or Northern Ireland. Okay, and we serve the whole of just we do. Sorry, we serve the whole of the UK. Lots of all state funded universities are our members, the vast majority of colleges. We also supply supply services to schools to research institutes and other national institutions so for example we work closely with people like the British Library, research, such a government research bodies diamond light source, etc. And we also work very closely the UK has a number of national sector bodies we call them. So, Advance HE is around staff developments in higher education and governance, etc. also does gender equality, etc. UCAS is our admission service into university so we have a centralized admission service in the UK. And the NCSC is the National Cyber Security Center and you can imagine we work fairly closely with them too. There's statistics there in terms of number of staff, research members, etc. And there's our income in pounds and I'll go into a little bit more detail there. So in terms of our income, as I've already mentioned we get money from UK funding bodies. We also get a lot of income from digital resources licensing, but that's mainly passed through in that we will do a deal on behalf of the sector, the higher education sector as well, for example, Elsevier materials and we will do the deal we'll pay Elsevier and the sector will pay us back for that. So just sort of overview there in terms of expenditure and infrastructure so by that we mean our national research and education network Janet and takes up the majority of our funding and that is also has a cyber offering as part of it and then you can see there's other bits and pieces. Just a few things I'll nip through around what we do the services we offer they're fairly broad. The thing we're best known for is our connectivity and the network I keep talking about Janet so that is a resilient, a very high capacity network that's used by all of higher and higher education, obviously the higher bandwidth used by the research institutions, we have about 18 million users, and lots of other statistics around that around how many pairings we have that's important to keep the UK well connected. Cyber security you won't be surprised to see on the list. We've done an awful lot of work around this space to protect the UK. We offer a number of services that come as part of our subscription, but we also offer paid for services that our members buy so for example penetration testing is something that we we offer and you can see there we've had a 40% increase in people asking us to do penetration test for them. And we've also launched something we call a managed seem so security incident event management service. And so we're moving more and more into that territory of offering services in partnership with commercial organizations. Licensing again is another area of you said just everybody would know what we were talking about here and so we do those those big negotiations around content so scholarly content, but also again moving more and more into software now customers are saying you know we're looking for you to to get involved with those big deals and one of the things that's been quite interesting recently that we've done deals on is around virtual reality packages augmented reality for teaching and learning purposes and for research to a degree but mainly for teaching purposes. And we save the sector a lot of money and by doing those deals and more or less all institutions participate in our agreements. We're heavily involved in open research. This is something that our funder research England is particularly keen on around open science. The negotiations that we've been doing more recently with Elsevier and have had an open access component to them very firmly in there and you'll see that we are fairly well ahead in the UK with open access to content when we've finished the Elsevier deal we reckon will be up around the 80% mark, which is considerably ahead of others. We're interested in not just scholarly content, but also metadata algorithms code software the whole nine yards and to support that open research agenda, which we know is very important. And we also do some work around data analytics we have a data analytics service, which we have been running in about 20 institutions we call it learning analytics. And that's a topic that's discussed over in the in the States, and this thing that Heidi plus that is actually nothing to do with me. That is actually a product that he said the higher education statistics agency offer. And that's basically it's a very interesting business business model we have in the UK. Institutions have to be members of he said, and they have to give them their data to receive government funding. And what he said does is packages that up and sells it back. And so it's quite an interesting business model it's a bit like the the academic publishing model, and there. It means that universities can get data, and about all sorts of things so who's on, you know, not not down to individual level but numbers of people on courses they can benchmark against other institutions they can look at the size of the market for courses, etc. And there's a couple of other things I won't touch on for a value of time but they're around data provision of data. In the cloud, we also offer cloud services, and we offer consultancy, we have a member of the Oprah famous which is something that happens in the in the in Europe. It's a deal basically with Amazon Web Services and others and lots of institutions have taken us upon that on a saving considerable amounts of money. We are supporting members in moving things to the cloud. And that's been a slow burn in the UK maybe the pandemic will have accelerated some of that but not everybody is there on that one yet and we will be working more on that in future. We also offer services, and so open Athens I've already mentioned, and we run the UK access management federation based on shibboleth, which I'm pretty sure you'd be familiar with in in the US. And then, again, we do things on behalf of the sector. We do savings for certificates for for the internet type of security certificate piece. We do on bulk and support universities with that, and we also do you'll see there about bogus universities. We also do work around, you know, what is a university what is a valid university and help spot those who are selling on bogus degrees basically so quite an interesting and very broad range of things. I'll skip on because I know time is is is marching on. We do some work with students were mainly a B2B business but we also have some B2C things. And so we do a digital experience survey for students and digital experience insight survey. We did check this figure of 74 million views of that in in 1920. The reason it got so many views is it because it went in one of our tabloid newspapers with some of the results around that. And so it was the Daily Mail and for those of you know what that is. And that got an awful lot of views on the survey. We also have a range of tools. So building digital capability is something that is for an individual to be able to look at their digital skills, and you get a rating and then sign points signpost to resources to help you improve your digital capabilities. So that's used quite heavily across the UK. And then prospects there is a job board that we run. So we really do have a very, very broad range of things. Content and discovery just owns some content and also helps people access some content so for the librarians in the group you'll see we help people access content. So Archives Hub is another thing that we support so institutions are able to put their archive content in our hub, and it's therefore searchable by other people. So it's a sort of federated access piece. And then just along there you see FE is further education and we've been doing work around giving access to content, ebook content for our further education colleagues. So lots and lots of things in that space. And we do some value, we have to make sure we are value for money, and we do a number of value for money studies. So there's just one that I wanted to show you here, which is the University of Cardiff for those of you who don't know about the University of Cardiff it's a large research intensive university the biggest one in Wales about 30,000 students. We looked at the money that we saved them. So we looked at two particular areas, a one on this one actually, and we looked at connectivity, and how much just saved Cardiff by doing what it did and you can see there's substantial savings and cost avoidance. I don't think I've got the slide in here. No, there is a slide around how much we saved Cardiff on content as well, and it was millions of pounds over over numbers of years. So just skipping on to what my focus is over the next 12 months for JISC. So obviously the networks very important we will be and continuing to invest and re architect that, making sure that it meets the needs of the research community that we really depend on. We have a very good uptime for Janet so it's 99.97 is our uptime and people expect that they expect that level of service and resilience and we have to keep going with that one. We're also looking at other things that are coming down the track so supporting 5G and how that might help campuses with access for speeds but also looking at whether they can move from having you know a wireless infrastructure in campus to moving to 5G but all sorts of other things around that. And then as I've already mentioned managed services for members in partnership with commercial organizations. More on cyber you won't be surprised to see me saying that. One of the things I'm working with is on institutions at a more senior level with traditionally just dealt with not just dealt but with dealt with librarian and CIO. I'm going the next level up and the level above that so I'm looking at what we call chief operating officer and vice chancellor level to really get them on board around what needs to happen around cybersecurity. We've had a number of incidents in the UK around cyber and lots of the things need to be owned at executive team level board level. And so one of the things I've been doing is engaging at that level and just bringing across the importance of vice chancellor and chief operating officer ownership of that as a risk. Data I've already mentioned we're in advanced discussions with he said that won't be much to you and neither will you size and maybe, but what we are doing with so you size or our equivalent of edge of course in the UK. We're working with them on student record systems. I'm sure you have issues without over in the States. We've got a very legacy systems in the UK, lots of problems around that and we're working with you size to understand what our members need in that and also what just can do in that space. And then looking at tackling and essay mills so the government in the UK is set to make essay mills illegal and just will play a part in blocking them. It's a it's been become a big problem, particularly of the pandemic. And AI, we're going to be working on and we see great potential in AI but we're also very keen to make sure that what we do there is ethical. Other thing UK focused lifelong learning. And so again, the UK government is putting quite a lot of money into post university education or even people who've not had so people who can do learning along the whole of their lifetime from school onward. And obviously to be able to do that you've got to be able to have you have a sort of way of managing the identity of people so what courses have they actually taken. And the UK government promised money behind that how do you track the money so we've been working on where we can play a part in that. We're also working on a project around sharing research and in a different way to doing scholarly publication. And so again, this is something that we've been encouraged to do by one of our funders is to look at that model of how research findings, or how the research process is is managed. And, and you know, at the moment you know you release an article, a journal scholarly journal, but there are other ways of doing that and we're working on a project called project octopus. Which is in its early stages. And then the last thing you won't be surprised to hear is my focus is around looking at our sustainability and our carbon. I had hoped that there would be things I could draw on already to advise members on, for example, you know, is it less carbon for us all to do video conferencing calls and travel into the office. How much embedded carbon is there in devices, you know, we send a lot of track traffic down networks we store a lot of images we store a lot of data how much is that all costing carbon. I haven't been able to find anything. I went to our research funding bodies and asked them if they'd got anything so we've commissioned some research, which I'm sure we'll pull together things that are already available but then we'll send our members around to the carbon piece. And that is it, I will stop sharing so you can ask me any questions and I can see some faces. Thank you so much for that whirlwind tour through whistle stop. I'm always astounded by how many things just is doing. And also, the way you do it across the entire higher ed sector, which is something that is, you know, aside from internet to there's not all that much that goes across the entire higher sector in the in the US. Please. Let me open this up for for questions from from those in attendance. I will note Heidi that we did have an early presentation on octopus. In our earlier meetings and our following. I think we're following we're all following that with great interest. Well the team interesting enough the team that are working on octopus are in the office I've been today they've all been had a screen up with lots of code and been going through so that the project is definitely progressing. Great. Questions for Heidi. Thank you for that one so I can tell you much more than I've already told you. Other than the project is now, you know, code has been cut. There are minimal minimum viable products being developed users are being engaged with our members are being engaged with, and I can get more information. You probably know more than me. We just put the link to the presentation from December in the in the chat for Irene. Other questions for Heidi. I guess. Well, while I'm while I'm waiting for people. I have one. I was very interested to hear about the growing commitment to cybersecurity services incident response and other kinds of things. I'm wondering if one of the challenges we have in the States is that talent in this area, especially technical talent is quite scarce and quite expensive. Are you finding this kind of service delivery model a good, a good way to help your members get some leverage on that. Yeah, so it's an interesting question. So yes, one of the reasons that we are looking at that partnership model with third parties is that skills and resource piece. But I think it's also because I think we probably accept that we're not that good at running large scale services and we need partners to help us with that. But in terms of talent, we're in the same position as you, we've had the great resignation as well, and the whole of the UK has.  We've not done too badly in just we've just had a new round of recruitment for more junior staff and we've now got a full compliment, and we also have a grad scheme and an apprenticeship in this space so that our focus is definitely around grow your own but also keep the people that we've got. We did have a number of people get pinched by some of our suppliers actually. So yeah it's a challenge. Perhaps one more question for Heidi bamboozled you all with my slides. I think there's so much in there. I hope you'll share those slides so that we can make them available by the way. All right, well I will. I will thank you I know it's late there. I very much appreciate you joining us. I hope at some point, you can come and be with us in person. And I look forward actually to seeing you in person and catching up sometime in the not too distant future pandemic willing. Thank you very much. Enjoy the rest of your meeting. Bye bye. Thank you.


And a chief of the firm's staff, General Christopher Moser, has called on Nigerians to support the country's troops, saying they should not be demoralized owing to the accidental military bombing in Katharine State. About 85 persons died in the airstrike in Igabi local government area, with many wounded leading to condemnation from several quarters. Because we are dealing with people that are benefiting immensely from what they are doing. Most of it is economic. When the Boko Haram incident started, it was ideological. But now that we've defeated them, we've pushed them down so much, it is economic. And because we have a group of Nigerians that patronize these individuals because they make so much money, and you can see the process they make from kidnappings, from abductions, and from all this stuff. And I always said that Nigerians must take ownership of our challenges. It is only when we do that that we all together, we can win this battle.