itos I will be happy to talk to you or listen to you I prefer that so tomorrow I am taking a day off from school and I am going to Brattleboro where I will be hanging out with the central Vermont well yeah, people from the central Vermont solid waste district as well as Lucas Herring, Mayor of Barrie we are going to Brattleboro to check out their municipally run trash recycling and compost operation as well as their only town in Vermont that has a plastic bag ban and it's apparently been going well and so I want to hear about how they did that and city-wide or town-wide composting operation and see if we can bring back some of that wisdom more to come on that to say that early voting is robust that's all I will report yep, public hearing on Monday on the ballot items and I'll just say quickly you will be noticing I don't know if you all remember this but we had some funding in to do flashing lights on some of the busy crosswalks and that project was delayed but those flashing lights are starting to go in so you'll see them at four crosswalks in time and then very quickly there's a public hearing tomorrow night at the high school at 5.30 on what we might want for a recreation center going forward do we want to preserve the rec center we have on Barrie street a new recreational facility that might even have a pool or two so people have opinions show up at the high school tomorrow at 5.30 excellent okay so without objection we're going to consider this meeting adjourned 9.33


So here's an example question, it says during the electrolysis of multi-potassium iodide using graphite electrodes, potassium metal is produced at the cathode and iodine gas at the anode. Write an equation, state the advantage of using graphite as your electrodes, write an overall equation and state at which electrode oxidation occurs. So let's break that up a little bit. So the first part of the question says write an equation for what's occurring at each electrode. So at the cathode, okay, we're going to get reduction of the potassium metal. Potassium ions are going to be reduced, so k plus, we need one electron and that's going to produce potassium, now that'd be liquid potassium over here we'll call the potassium ions, they're not in solution either, so we'll just call them liquid too. So at the other side at the anode, we're making iodine gas, so the iodide ions are going to, we're going to need two of those, they're giving up their electrons because they're being oxidized, so they're being oxidized to iodine and that's a gas. So again, they're molten in there, so we call that liquid and we need to have our two electrons on that side. So the state of the advantage of using graphite electrodes, graphite electrodes, they conduct electricity but they won't react necessarily, they're not going to react with the potassium or the iodine gas, so they're inert, they don't react but they can still conduct electricity. So I've got an overall equation for the reaction, so what we need to do is add our two half equations over here, so I need to double everything that's with my potassium, so I'm going to have, so it's going to be 2k plus, plus 2i minus, goes to 2k plus i2, so all I'm doing is doubling what I had for my cathode reaction, I'm just going to add that to my anode reaction then cancel out the electrons because they should cancel out from both sides. So the last question says, state at which electrode oxidation occurs, oxidation occurs at the anode. Another question says, draw a diagram of an electrolytic cell which would be suitable for plating a nickel chain with silver using silver nitrate as the electrode. So I've got to set up one over here, so let's label this. So I'm going to start on this side, we're going to, so placing, so I'm going to call this, so this is going to be a silver rod, I'm going to pop that in the solution. Down here we've got silver nitrate, agn03, solution, aqueous, so down here we've got silver nitrate, that means this is going to be my nickel chain, it doesn't look much like a chain but we get the idea. Okay, we're going to label some things, so this is going to be our anode over here, anode is going to be positive in this case, over here the nickel chain is going to be negative, it's going to be the cathode, and so what's happening is the silver ions from the solution will plate onto the nickel chain, so they'll come out of solution, they'll be reduced, silver ions are reduced to silver on the surface of the nickel chain. We might plot in the direction of the electron flow, so the electrons are moving in this direction, so they're moving from positive to negative, which is the reverse of what they would normally do, we're shoving in energy, so they're pushing in the non-spontaneous direction, what else do we need, that's probably about it, we could write down the equations for what's happening as well, so at the anode we're getting oxidation, so the solid silver is going to silver ions plus the electron, so that's oxidation, so we'll write the equation on the other side as well, so over here silver ions are being reduced, so we've got the silver ion in solution is gaining an electron, and we're reducing that to silver metal, that's an S believe me or not, we're reducing that silver metal on the nickel chain down here, so the nickel chain solution is going to be plated with silver from the solution, so today we looked at electrolytic cells and looked at some example questions, that's it for this morning's class today, see ya!


I'm like I'm chaining my inner traffic cone. Hello everybody, E here. Welcome back to another book review. Today we are talking about fashion victim or hashtag fashion victim by Amina Ektar. I'm hoping to get the last name right. If I didn't get it right, I apologize. I am, I'm getting tired of getting book of the month club books and finding out that I need to go out and get the the first edition for the collection. This book is amazing and it's my first um I'd say yeah I'd say it's my first uh first contestant for book of the year uh this year. It did come out last year um but I don't discriminate when it comes to things like that. If I read a book in a certain year it's you know it's the best of the year. It is only February of course but I mean last year uh Caroline Ketnes's Providence won uh my book of the year and that thing actually came out I mean I read it like December the year before so I was way ahead of the curve there um anyway speaking of Caroline Ketnes she's the reason why I read this. I got this through book of the month club and it sat around just because it looked interesting um but it sat around forever until I saw uh Caroline talking about how great it was and I was like well I'm just gonna go ahead and read it for women a horror month. I'm glad I did and I hate that I waited as long as I did um to read it. This book is a more accessible or just an accessible uh version of American Psycho by Brett Easton Ellis. Uh it doesn't have the constant constant stream of pop culture references and even though it does talk a lot about fashion and designing and all that stuff it does not harp on the fact um that it's not like there's whole paragraphs of just you know designer names which happens in Ellis's book. In this one you get a very real feeling for the characters there's no surrealist aspect like there is in Ellis's book. There is a down to earth storytelling a terrific narrative voice here that was super refreshing. One of the biggest things that I caught on was the the believability of the narrator even though it's an unreliable narrator. Anya is a terrific delivery device for this story and I'm glad that the book was written in first person because I loved that character. I loved getting just like with Katniss's you. I love Joe Goldberg.  You understand you you understand their motivations. You understand how twisted they are. You understand why they do what they do and you actually end up rooting for them which is something that is completely twisted on its head in uh in our kind of cruelty. That was a great response to the Gone Girl craze um and also to uh Katniss's book You. This one however floats that line with uh like invisible monsters from Chuck Polynyk where it's an a satire of a culture which is the fashion culture. Now Amina Aktarshi used to write for Vogue L LA. I don't know how that's pronounced sorry. Style NewYorkTimes.com NewYorkMag.com where she was the founding editor for the Cut blog. She's written for numerous publications including Yahoo Style, Fashionista, Exo Jane, Refinery29, Billboard and for brands like Bergdorf Goodman and H&M's 10 Years of Style Tone. The but the thing that impressed me the most was even his reading all of that while I'm reading the book it didn't feel like she was shoving her knowledge of the scene down your throat and I appreciated that as a uh closet fan of America's Next Top Model and and shows like that uh even even so much as toddlers and tiaras they watch watching that that culture fascinates me it's almost like you know a train wreck that just keeps happening in different more exciting ways. I'm sorry to people who enjoy those shows but I mean you watch those shows hoping for the meltdowns and hoping for you know the the Shudden Freud the seeing the jackasses getting the comeuppance um which is funny in a book like this because you're dealing with a a psychopath um someone who's absolutely bad shit crazy um and they don't realize it and that's another thing that's great about the book is getting into that that frame of mind getting in there and going okay I can see why why why this would push you know to that to to that extreme why the thoughts because we've all had those thoughts and that's where characters like Anya in this book and Joe Goldberg that's why we relate to them so much is because we understand those thoughts there there's been times for just about everybody's like I could kill that motherfucker right now and that's basically what happens here you getting too many people get in the way and Anya takes care of them um I will say that the the book is much more gory um than I expected it to be I was very I was pleasantly surprised by that aspect I thought I was going to be unfortunately I imagined that I'd be getting a generic thriller type of deal and I was very pleasantly surprised to get more of a Caroline Ketnes a more literary take on your average psychopath story um Adela also Caroline Ketnes and Amina Aktar talk a lot on Twitter and Instagram so they know they know each other if not they don't know each other they know of each other obviously so that was another great thing I like finding creators who know each other and either either work together or that interact with each other I like seeing that kind of dynamic this is fun um but hashtag fashion victim I'm gonna like like I said it's gonna end up being it is sorry it is a contestant for book of the year for me this year 2019 um I don't know what else will come but it's an easy easy five stars and I recommend everybody who liked American Psycho who liked you um who liked uh let's see here uh Invisible Monsters with Chuck Pollanek if you like any of those books I highly recommend going out and getting this one but until next time I have been E you have been U this been another book review I'll talk to you guys later bye bye spoiler alert there were some scenes in this book like uh Zha Zha's be heading and her posing that I was not expecting that level of gore or horror I loved that aspect of it um but another thing that I didn't even want to talk about you know that there was a how how much I liked the ending in the first half of the review reason why I didn't want to talk about it because it came out of nowhere for me I'm not talking about Dr. Dr. M I'm not talking about that in fact I did see that part coming I think that was a little nod to American Psycho's ending or American Psycho's the whole thing but what got me was the tampon massacre holy shit I've never I've never read or seen anything like it ever not in movies not in uh not not in books it's just something that I never would have even thought of I guess being a dude I never would have thought about killing people with poison tampons that are women especially because you know guys don't use them but it's I read that and I was just like holy shit I wish I had thought of that and it's anytime that a book does that to me most of the book did that to me but anytime a huge scene or sequence of events does that to me I'm like I'm always I'm always impressed um because I rarely say I wish I had thought of that and this is one of those times when holy shit I wish I thought of that


This coming Thursday on Winner Home, there's no time to lounge about for the design duos as they embark on their final room challenge, with some of the most inspiring collaborations in the competition to date. And the return of a familiar face, watch all the design drama and fold on Winner Home, Thursdays at 7.30pm on SABC3 with the repeat on Saturdays at 3pm. The stage is yours. Winner Home, proudly brought to you by Capitec and Private Property, with Samsung products designed for your connected lifestyle. Grand Prize Luxury Penthouse Apartment by Bowen Properties


Thank you all for joining us today. We're really happy to see so many people here today. Today what we're going to talk through a little bit is about the Microsoft Program offers, all of the different solutions that they have available for nonprofits, and what we're particularly going to focus on for a little bit of time is some of the changes that are upcoming, particularly changes that are going to be upcoming in the next weeks, as well as some changes that are going to be coming to follow. We know that the end of the year is often a busy time period for many nonprofits, so we really appreciate you coming here and learning more from each other. I will say that we have a really big crowd today, so we are going to do our absolute best to answer as many questions as possible, and we will be spending most of our time today going through questions. But there are a few key features that I'll just suggest again. As Aretha said, there's a Q&A tab where you can ask your questions, but if you see somebody who's already asked a question that you also want the answer to, there's a little like a Facebook kind of like thumbs up. If you click on that, we'll get a little bit understanding of how many people actually need this question answered, and it makes us a little bit smarter about how to prioritize some of the questions people have. So feel free to upvote there, and we will try to get to everything that we can. If we cannot get to your question today, there's nothing to fear. We are still here. On each of these slides, you will see an email address that allows you to just email me, our team, so that we can help you answer your question if we don't get to it today. And as we mentioned, all of these materials will be sent to you. Part of the slides that we have as well includes references to lots of articles and blogs that we've put together that answer some of these questions as well. So without further ado, let me get started. So what we wanted to talk a little bit about today is what TechSoup is and how we can help you, particularly as you navigate some of the Microsoft changes that are upcoming. But I'm sure as many of you know who we are, but for those of you who might not be as familiar, TechSoup is a global nonprofit ourselves. Our mission is to connect charities around the world with access to technology and the skills and the support in order to use them effectively to support your own missions. So we offer software and hardware. We have courses. We have IT consultations. We also have support services. So if you don't have the skills or skill sets, you can work with us to help you get what you need. We work in partnership with foundations, with corporations, and so we have many, many offers that are available to the nonprofit sector. Today we're going to be focusing on Microsoft, but there are plenty of offers available if you're looking for other solutions or other products as well. What we talk about today and what we will talk about are many different types of Microsoft solutions, but that's really reflective of everything that's in the TechSoup marketplace. We have solutions for wherever you are technologically. So that includes desktop and hardware and installed software or cloud-based solutions and support services to help you manage that. What we're going to focus our time on today is a little bit more about the Microsoft offers and make sure that we have a good understanding of what's available to the nonprofit sector and what might be changing as well. So the first thing I wanted to start with is a little bit of just terminology because there are so many things that are out there and Microsoft has been a partner of TechSoups for over 20 years and they've been a really strong and amazing partner in terms of their commitment to the nonprofit sector. Microsoft makes available two nonprofits, both on-premises and cloud solutions and the difference between those two are a little bit confusing with the names itself. So I just wanted to spend a couple seconds on that itself because we use that language in some of the changes that we're going to be talking about as well. So the on-premises solutions are solutions that you're downloading. They are desktop-based licenses or device-based licenses. So those are the licenses that you might get like an Office 2021 that you would install on your desktop or on your laptop. Some of the advantages there is that it's a one-time expense and that traditionally with the donations you've been getting a Microsoft software assurance that allows you to have upgrades for up to two years as well. But some of the disadvantages are it is something that is on your desktop only so you don't necessarily get all of the great features of cloud computing and cloud storage and you don't get all of the updates because it's just kind of a standalone software. And you're also responsible then for making sure that your systems are staying up to date in case there are security patches or things like that that are happening. We also offer cloud solutions and that's a big kind of offering from Microsoft and really where a lot of the innovation, the new security features, the new resiliency features are coming in. And some of the advantages of cloud solutions is that the costs can be spread out over time. There are many cloud solutions that are also fully donated by Microsoft as well. They are automatically updated so as software features are released that will automatically get pushed to you. You're not going to need to have to create new versions or get a new version when something comes out. Those are just going to automatically be updated. And you don't require the same kind of server hardware or software maintenance that you would in an on-premise solution. The other thing that I like to call out too is the difference between a device-based license and a user-based license. So in cloud licensing, that cloud license is based off of a user themselves. So for me, particularly, I use about four devices. I use a laptop. I use a desktop and I use my mobile device and sometimes I use my tablet. So depending on how on the go you are, it's really helpful to be able to not have to have a license for each one of those products or devices that I use. Instead, I have a user-based account. I can just log on to anywhere and get access to all of my files. So one of the disadvantages there though is for you to use all of the robust features of a cloud solution, you will need some stable internet connectivity. That's not always the case we know across America or in rural areas or even in certain locations. I'm hoping my internet connectivity is going to work for us today. But one of the things I'll also point out there is there are many cloud solutions that have desktop applications. So you don't always need to be online to use them. But in order to get some of those features like collaboration or the updates that we were talking about, you would need to have an internet connection. So right now, what's available today for nonprofits include products and solutions in both of those areas, both on-premises and cloud. So on the on-premises side, we have both donation offers that are fully donated by Microsoft and usually are standard level products that are best suited for smaller organizations. There are cap of about 50 licenses per product. And these right now come with software assurance. There is a small TechSoup administrative fee that goes to helping us run these programs and run programs like this. But otherwise it's fully donated by Microsoft. There are also discounted offers available. So for many other products that might not be available through donation, those are typically still available at a really significant discount for 60 to 75% off of commercial pricing. They have both professional level products as well as the standard level products and you can choose whether or not you want software assurance or not. On the cloud side, there are both donated and discounted offers available. And there are so many different great solutions that are available on the cloud side. And I'll talk a little bit more about that licensing in a few minutes. But there are different ways and one of the greatest things about the cloud licensing is you can pick and choose. So if you have some people in your team that need volunteer licenses and only need certain applications, you can just get that for them. If you have people who are serving IT functions and need more security features, you can get a higher level licensing for them, but you can really mix and match based off of the solution needs that your team really needs. So what we wanted to talk a little bit more about today is the program changes that we're going to be expecting. And so there are a few changes that are happening in the Microsoft program offerings, some of which are going to be happening in the next few weeks. And these are kind of the reasons for some of these changes that are happening that are level changes that are happening at Microsoft that affect some of the program offerings that are happening. For the first one is some fulfillment and licensing changes that Microsoft is making to really consolidate their offers and have more of a centralized way of delivering technology solutions to everybody around the world. And some of them are particular to make sure that Microsoft is able to focus their donation strategy based off of where they know that the innovation and their efforts are being in cloud solutions as well. So I'll talk a little bit more about some of the impacts that means for us. So in terms of the changes for organizations, one of the big changes is going to be how we request products. So right now when you are requesting a Microsoft donation product for the most part you're coming to TechSoup, you're adding it to your cart and you're going to be able to go to the volume licensing center to download your license. That will change. So what will happen now is that in order to request any Microsoft donation or any Microsoft solution that's available for nonprofits, organizations can come to TechSoup and request the product. But before we're able to fulfill that product, we're going to need organizations to have to create a Microsoft account and make sure that Microsoft account is valid for a charity offer. And so that happens and many of you may have already gone through that process. If you have an Office 365 account, you've already done this, so this is not anything new and you won't have to do it again. But you also have to make sure that you have that account set up and I'll explain a little bit more why in a second and also provide consent to make sure that you're comfortable with TechSoup actually providing you that software moving forward. The second part that's changing is there's a new process to download those on-premises Microsoft products. So where we've typically gone to the VLSC, the volume licensing center to actually get and download your products, now all of your products will be available through the Microsoft 365 administrative portal. And that's kind of why you need to create your account in the first step to make sure that we know exactly where to send those licenses to you. So organizations will be able to see the licenses they download in that one centralized portal and they will have, you'll have five days to actually download that software and be able to kind of see all of the software that you have. So if you have cloud licenses and you have on-premises licenses, you'll see that in your administrative portal. I know one of the questions that keeps coming up is also what happens to your older licenses that you may have requested. All of the older licenses you can still access in the volume licensing center. This is really a change that's impacting licenses that you are going to purchase. So for future things. And then one other change in terms of what is going to be available is right now on our downloaded donated products, you're usually able to select the version that you want. So if you go in right now and select Office 2021 as the product that you're requesting, when you go into the VLSC, you might be able to downgrade that version to a different version or an older version of the product. As we move to the new fulfillment kind of mechanism that Microsoft has, donations will only be available for the latest versions of products. So right now, what will be donated starting in January will actually be the Office 2021 version. The goal is to give access and get donations for the latest and greatest of the solutions that are available and that will be what will be able to be provided as a donation. The last thing I wanted to also update on is Software Assurance. So Software Assurance is a benefit that has been traditionally provided for some of the on-premises donation products. Software Assurance usually provides you about a two-year window in which if another product update comes you can upgrade for free. As we move to a licensing platform where things are more regularly updated all the time, Software Assurance is no longer going to be offered as a standard with the donated on-premises products. So starting in January as you request products and if you request donations, those products will no longer have that Software Assurance benefit, but there are many other benefits that you'll be able to see and be able to exercise. And I promise we were going to stop for lots of questions because I know I'm throwing a lot of information out. And as I mentioned, all of these will be available to you after this webinar as well. The other area that I wanted to call out very specifically is some of the things that might impact your year-end plans. As we mentioned before, we know that many organizations have their calendar year coincide with their fiscal year. And as you're thinking about planning for next year, we wanted you to be aware that there are a few products that are actually no longer going to be available after this year, this calendar year. The products on that list include Windows Pro full operating system, which is a genuine license. That is a full operating system license. Windows upgrades will still be available. Microsoft Access, Visual Studio Test Professional, Windows Server Essential, and some Dynamics licenses as well. I wanted to point out all of these products, though they might not be available as an on-premises donation, everything within Asterix next to it is going to be available through cloud offers and many through cloud donations. So Microsoft Access is available in the Microsoft 365 donation offer that is made available to organizations. Same with Windows Server Essential. Dynamics licenses are already included in the cloud versions of the Dynamics products. And if you need the on-premises versions, we will still be able to offer those at a discount starting in January with software assurance as well. So I wanted to flag this obviously because it is information that will impact and may impact your organization if you're thinking about meeting or you're thinking about requesting any of these licenses, that there is a certain time window that is available left for these products. And just to make sure everybody is clear on what these dates are. So the key dates that I want everybody to remember is really the 29th of December is a big one and the 13th of December. So if your nonprofit is thinking about making year-end kind of allotments for the next year or you're thinking about what your IT budget is looking for next year, we want you to be aware of some of these changes that are happening. So in order for us to be able to make all of the changes that we need to in our systems to be able to talk and make sure that we're fulfilling the process correctly with Microsoft starting in January when they make a series of changes, we actually unfortunately need to take some of our products offline for a bit and make sure that we can rematch them to the new product fulfillment process that Microsoft is going to be enacting. So in order to do that, December 13th is going to be the last date that we have available for discounted on-premises products. Those really include those products on our catalog that actually have a tag that says discount. And the key products that we see requested there are really server, user, and device cow licenses. For the vast majority of all of the products that we offer, you will still be able to request those until December 29th. Those will include all of our donated on-premises offers. They will be offline and out of stock from a period of December 30th to January 4th. So after January 4th, you'll come back in and you'll have to do some of those changes and updates that we mentioned, but you'll still be able to get all of the products that you need. But there is a window and period of time where we'll have those offline. The one thing I also wanted to mention is that these changes are really only impacting the on-premises download device-based licensing. So if you at this time need another Office 365 license or if you'd like to start and request a new subscription to Microsoft 365 licenses, all of the cloud solutions and products will remain available during this time period and there's no impact to those at all. Webinars we've talked a little bit about as well has been the changes that are going to happen after April 4th. So the changes I talked about right now really are happening over the next few weeks. They're really centralized and talking about fulfillment changes and changes that are going to be impacted based off of a new licensing way and distribution channel that we have to provide licenses to organizations. The second change that's really going to be happening in April, so this is something a little further away, but something that's probably important for you to understand when you're thinking about your own IT plans and thinking about what you might need for your organization as you think about the next year, is that the products that are going to be available for those device-based on-premises licenses that are currently available as a donation, most of those are going to be moving to a discounted offer. Throughout that process, Microsoft is still going to have most of that functionality still available as a donation through their cloud offers, but there are few products that will be moving then to a discounted offer. The details here on the slide, you can come back to it, but the focus here is really to make sure that you're aware that that's upcoming and that is happening as you're thinking about your planning for the next year. Before we get into questions, I really wanted to quickly just talk a little bit about the different cloud offers that are available from Microsoft, and I just wanted to reiterate again there are no changes to this, so this exists today, this will exist tomorrow, this will exist in January and in April as well. The first one is the Microsoft 365 business basic solution. This is available as a donation to all non-profits. You can have up to 300 users here. It's a desktop application, so in order to use it, you're going to need an internet connection, but it will include exchange, teams, SharePoint, all of the office applications that you might need like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneDrive for storage. Microsoft also makes available the Microsoft 365 business standard offer. That's basically the same licenses that we just talked about, same applications that we just talked about, except it also includes desktop applications, so you can actually download it and use all of these programs offline, and it also includes Outlook, Publisher, and Access. We can also see the Microsoft 365 business premium license. Business premium licenses are a fantastic offer. I think it's one of Microsoft's best offers to the non-profit sector, because it's free for up to 10 users. It includes all of the desktop applications, includes cloud-based applications, and it includes additional security features as well, so I always find this to be an incredibly compelling offer for the non-profit sector. I think that for many of us, particularly if we have smaller organizations, this licensing will cover most of our needs, and it also offers some additional features like security management that is really great. Microsoft also makes available the Office 365 licensing. The real distinguishing between like Microsoft 365 and Office 365 is really Microsoft 365 is meant for users for under 300. Microsoft Office 365, sorry, is usually meant for organizations that are enterprise, which is where the E comes from in all of these licensing, so over 300. A lot of the functionality is very similar, and it has different offerings available as well. All of these are available as discounted licenses, so the donation offers are really happening on the Microsoft 365 ones. So I know I went through a lot. I'm happy to go through questions. I know that we've had a lot of questions come up to us beforehand, so I wanted to make sure that we covered some of them really quickly before we got into some of the new questions. The first one was, what does this mean for your existing licenses? So this will not, any of these changes are not going to impact your ability to use your existing licenses in any way, so if you have an on-premise license today that you're still using, those are perpetual licenses. You will continue to be able to use that. Your software assurance benefits will last and will be honored for as long as that contract term lasts as well. These licensing changes and the changes that we talked about will also not impact any of your current cloud licenses. Nothing is changing in terms of what cloud products are available to the nonprofit sector, and those are not going to be updated or changed during this time period. One of the other questions that we get a lot is, what if you don't have dependable internet connectivity and it doesn't make sense for you to use a cloud-based license? I totally understand and we totally understand that connectivity is not a reality for everybody. So the one thing I would mention is on-premises solutions are still going to be available for the nonprofit sector. They will be available and if they are not available as a donation, they will be available as a discounted offer. And many of the cloud subscriptions, including the Microsoft 365 Business Premium and Business Standard license, include desktop applications, so you do not always have to be online in order to leverage and use those tools. The last one I just wanted to quickly mention was how our libraries impacted. We had a few webinars before. There have been a little bit more, I would say, confusion about libraries because libraries in general have traditionally been served by Microsoft in the education sector. We have been able to provide public access computing needs through the charitable offers, but as some of these program changes roll in, libraries are going to be differently impacted. So I would just suggest here that we are going to do a dedicated webinar on Thursday for libraries in general. We will also have somebody from Microsoft online to talk a little bit about the Microsoft education sector and some of those offers. But the big takeaway here is that libraries will only be able to request those on-premises donations until December 29 of this year. After that period of time, we will talk about the other offers that are going to be available to libraries, but it will not be, unfortunately, charitable donations. They will be academic offers and heavily discounted to make sure the impact is small, but it will be a little bit different for libraries. So I am going to pause here. I know I've been talking for a while. I'm going to continue talking and trying to answer all of your questions next. So I'm going to go to our questions for a little and see how we can get started on those. So the first question we have is from Howard, and it looks like his question is strategically, this looks like Microsoft is deprioritizing the TechSoup relationship and quality and range of offerings. Is this a reasonable interpretation of the change in their direction? Cloud-based software is an issue due to data security with our data off-site, and we do not consider this an option for us. Thanks Howard for that question, and hopefully you guys can still hear me and see me. I just got a little notification that my chat was, my connectivity was unstable, so I understand not being able to always have stable internet connection. But I don't think that this is necessarily a indication from Microsoft that they are deprioritizing the TechSoup relationship. I will say Microsoft believes really strongly that the cloud solutions are the right solutions in the long term for many nonprofits. We know obviously that that's not always the reality, and many people have very legitimate reasons for not moving to cloud solutions in the same way. Whatever solutions that they do have available that are on-premises solutions are still going to be made available and with a 60 to 75 percent discount. And I would say that we are still working really closely with Microsoft to be able to provide these offers to the sector. We've been working with Microsoft for many decades, and I think we'll continue to do so and partner as effectively as possible to make sure that these offers are available, advocate for what's working and what the needs are for the sector. But really our goal here is to make sure all of the nonprofits that we support have access to the technology solutions that they need. And all of these solutions that I talked about, both the cloud, on-premises, all can be provided and distributed through TechSoup. And we hope that you do choose TechSoup to do that because we're here to help and we want to be able to learn from you and learn what we can do to better operate and help you adopt some of these solutions as well. I hope that answers that Howard. Kayleigh asked, it used to be that we could get the Microsoft products like Microsoft Azure directly from TechSoup. Now it appears we need to go through a Microsoft contracted company which puts another layer of communication that impedes quick access. Will that change? We are really hoping that that is going to change a little bit more Kayleigh to make that a little bit easier so that you don't have to go to multiple people to get what you need. Right now, Microsoft Azure unfortunately is, Microsoft offers a $3,500 credit every year for Azure offerings. And so in order to get that credit, you do have to directly go to Microsoft to get that. They're working on solutions to allow other people to be able to provide that directly to organizations including TechSoup. So we're hoping that we'll be able to make that smoother. And as we mentioned before, you can get any Office 365 or Microsoft 365 or cloud solution or cloud product directly from TechSoup as well. So we are here to try to help you and be that one stop shop for you to get all of your technology needs, Microsoft or not Microsoft. So we hope that you can continue to come to TechSoup for that and we'll continue to partner with Microsoft to make sure that we can directly serve and provide all of those offers directly to make that a little bit less burdensome for everybody else. Kayleigh also asks, why do nonprofits have to go through a third party for Microsoft products? Will that change? It impedes access. I think that's similar and sorry, I think I answered a little bit of that. But right now, Microsoft does have some direct products available and they also leverage other people like TechSoup to be able to offer those. And I think the goal there is that when somebody like TechSoup can help offer those solutions to you, hopefully we can offer some of the information and access and help and tips of what solution might be right for you and actually support you in that deployment and management of the solutions. So we're hoping that we definitely don't impede the access. That's definitely not what we want to do, particularly at TechSoup. Our goal is to make it easy and have a one stop shop for you. So I think over time, though you have to get a registered Microsoft account so that we can distribute those licenses directly to you, hopefully you can get everything that you need at one provider like TechSoup. Mike asks, can Microsoft accounts with an EDU domain from an educational, can Microsoft accounts be with an EDU domain from an educational source? So Mike, there are some nonprofits that have the ability to be both counted as nonprofit or education. Unfortunately, the way it works is I believe you have to choose which one you want. So you can either choose to get educational offers or you can choose to get nonprofit offers. And that might be dependent on exactly kind of the solutions you need for your organization and what works well. Education licensing does have different licensing in general and particularly certain products that are made and suited for an education or academic setting. So it is a possibility that you might be eligible for both, but unfortunately you can only transact and get licenses for one of those areas. Steve asks, what happens if you need to rebuild a machine after five days? And I think this is particularly in regards to the change that we had talked about, where we said that the link is only available for five days. If that happens, you can ask TechSoup to regenerate that link for you and we will be able to regenerate that link. It will just be something you have to call us and escalate to us and then we can regenerate that link for you. From Wine Pine, White Pine County Library, is there a fee to set up on the Microsoft non-profit portal? No, there's no fee to set up your licensing or your account with Microsoft. That's completely free. You can go to Microsoft directly and set up a free account there. And if you do that with or through TechSoup, there's no fee on that as well. So getting access to the licenses have no fee at all and getting validated and all of that. That's not changing in terms of having to have a fee associated with it. Karen Hunter says, writing a grant proposal, as I wait for the timeframes of various grants, I'm putting down prices using TechSoup products. Is this okay to wait for the grant approval to price TechSoup? Am I doing this correctly? It's helpful to understand the Microsoft product request for donations. That's exactly, Karen, exactly what we envisioned would be happening at this time period and why we wanted to come together and make sure that you were aware of some of these changes. I would definitely suggest, if you want to email us at reachus.techsoup.org, we're happy to go through the specific products that you're putting in there to see if there's going to be any changes. But I would really, the prices that we have in there right now are probably good for you to think about. And your grant proposal, I would just call out specifically, if there are products you know are on the list that are going to change specifically that we talked about, that you might want to flag that as different. And like I said, please feel free to reach out to us and we're happy to help on that as well. Okay, I hope you're pronouncing this right. Jaina, it's a really pretty name, is the five-day limit applicable to the first download only? If I'm getting several licenses that I need to distribute to multiple remote staff, not sure five days will be long enough to complete. We totally appreciate that and understand that. And I think that that's one of the reasons we wanted to call that out specifically because we know that that's usually not going to be enough time for everybody. As I mentioned before, I think it is applicable to the first download only. But if there is a need to regenerate that link, you can always call TechSoup and we can regenerate that link for you as well. I think the other question here is from Kaylee. Will Microsoft offer the Microsoft Azure for a more affordable price to nonprofits? That's a great question and something that I can definitely raise to with Microsoft Teams as well. Right now, what Microsoft offers is a pretty generous grant on a year-over-year basis. So every year, eligible nonprofits can get up to $3,500 in grant credits that go towards Azure. And there are a lot of Azure services that are embedded in some of the cloud solutions that you can always access as well. So that's what we know of right now. I'm not sure if there's any plans to change that offering. But Kaylee, if you have any suggestions, please feel free to email us and we're happy to kind of advocate on your behalf as well. Steve asks, once we get 2022, will we again be able to order on-prem server and user calz? On-prem server and user calz will still be available for nonprofits, depending on the exact server you're talking about. And I'm assuming Windows Server. Windows Server will still be available for nonprofits as a donation until April. And then after April, it will still be available but as a discount. Again, those discounts are about 60 to 75% off of the commercial or retail pricing. So it's still a significant donation or still a significant discount, excuse me. And they will still be available to us and to the sector. It's just going to be at a little bit different of a cost. Nancy asks, are there changes deadlines only for Microsoft products? What about QuickBooks and other TechSoup products? That's a really good question, Nancy. The dates that I had provided about out of stock are only for Microsoft on-premises offers. So this does not impact any other products on the TechSoup product marketplace. You can still get QuickBooks licenses. You can still get all of the other products you need. You can even still get all of the cloud Microsoft licenses you need. So these changes are really particular to the Microsoft program on-premises download device-based licensing. Chris asks, the email address for our TechSoup admin account is different than the email address for the Microsoft 365 tenant account. Will this cause any issues activating donated licenses purchased by TechSoup? This is a great question, Chris. So right now, the way that this works is any licenses that you've purchased in the past, you will still be able to access and get that through the Volume Licensing Center. As you create that new account and that we can distribute licenses directly to your Microsoft 365, those licenses will go into that portal moving forward. Microsoft is also doing a process. So when you log into your Volume Licensing Center, you might be prompted to link your work account and they are working on a process so that it makes it a little bit more seamless that you can bridge those two accounts together as well. So hopefully that's not going to create a problem for you to get your licenses, but there will be some opportunities for you to merge those as well. The next question I have here is from David. Are there any changes that will impact startup nonprofit organizations? David, that's an interesting question. I am not entirely sure. I fully understand it so I apologize. If you send us an email at reachus at TechSoup.org, I am happy to try to answer that a little bit more completely and understand what you might mean by that and how we can help. The other question from Cara is will updates be offered for on-premises products that we currently have? So the on-premises products that you currently have, if there are security updates, if there are still patches and releases, Microsoft usually commits to supporting those products that exist already for either up to five or ten years dependent on the license. So for all of those products, those same product usage rights still apply. And so as long as it's within that term period, Microsoft will still support that product and provide any necessary updates or critical updates. If you want new versions of products, you would have to request an additional version. But if you're talking about security and patch updates, things like that, Microsoft does commit to continuing to provide updates for those. Megan asked what is the charitable discount? So it ranges from product to product, but typically standard level products have a discount rate of about 75% off of the commercial rates that products are available for. And premium products or professional products, those are usually about 60% off of the retail price. So that's usually where the charitable discount rates come into play from Microsoft. Michael asked, can I identify TechSoup as my partner? And if so, what is the cost? Absolutely, you can identify TechSoup as your partner. There is no cost for us to partner together. We do not charge anybody to partner with us. We are here to partner and make sure that we can provide you the licenses, the solutions, the support you need.  All right. Joe asks, once we set up a microadmin account, through that account or through TechSoup? So that's a good question because it's a little bit kind of confusing. So when you come to TechSoup and you say, I want this product or I want this license or I want some help here, what we can do is direct you through that process. There will be a step where you have to go directly to Microsoft and create your Microsoft account. But as soon as that account is set up, you can send us that information and that can happen pretty quickly. You can send us that information and say, I've created the account. Here is my domain name, that's which is what they'll ask for. And as soon as we have that, we can go ahead and go through that process. So technically it's a Microsoft account that you're creating, but you do that in partnership and through TechSoup in some ways. There'll be a few moments where you have to go to the Microsoft site to go through their process and sign their kind of adaptations and policies. But other than that, once you provide that and once you have that created, you can send that to TechSoup and then we can create and manage the account from there on. Okay. Ramald asks, what details can you give us about options to keep our sensitive data secure with the shift to cloud? That is a great question and we could probably and actually we do have webinars devoted just to that topic. And so I would say Ramald, I would love to reach out to you and provide you a lot more information on that, but at a very high level. We have, I think there, it depends on the type of security that you're looking for and the type of backups maybe that you're looking for as well, but there are options particularly in cloud licensing with E3 licenses, business premium licenses that come with really robust security solutions that can really help secure your data, secure your access and secure your devices that we would recommend. I also just want to quickly say that we know that nonprofits can particularly be vulnerable to security threats and security attacks. And one thing that Microsoft has made freely available to everybody is something called Microsoft account card. I'll put some information on the slide that we hand out back on this, but Microsoft account card allows you to sign up for a service where Microsoft will alert you if they see activity on your account or if they see anything that's going on that seems like other people are trying to hack into your account as well. And so there are a lot of amazing services that are part of the cloud solutions and part of the nonprofit offering that Microsoft does make available to enhance and have robust security features. And as I mentioned, we do have webinars and content about that, but that's a really, really high level answer and I'm happy to get through in more details with that as well. Mary asked, how do we set up a direct account with Microsoft?  The one thing to note is that the person who creates the account is the default administrator of the account. So that's something just to note and to be aware of. So if there's somebody you would want to be in the admin role, obviously once they create that role, they can set you as an admin, but as a default, the person who's creating that account becomes the administrator. And like I said, if you want to do that through TechSoup, we have cloud licensing available as well and so we can help you through that process. And one of the resources I think that we'll include here is a step-by-step guide on how to register on the Microsoft nonprofit portal as well. Okay. Crystal asks, who do I contact regarding reviewing our account since I'm not familiar with what products we have and the changes that may or may not impact our account? Great question. Crystal, you can contact us at reachus at techsoup.org. You can send us a little note and we can look up your information and we can help you through and sort out exactly what changes might impact you based off of the licensing that you have. Steve asks, any idea what the cost will be after April 4th for office standard on premises when it goes from donation to discounted? I do have that actually. Let me share my screen again really quickly and I do have some additional information in the slides that we have that you'll get access to that provide some additional resources. So let's see. So particularly right now, you can get the office standard 2021 version at $52 a license with a max of 50 licenses. Once we move after April 4th, the discounted version will probably be around $167 for a license that's similar. So that has software assurance. So that would be the price differential between what's available as a donation and what's available as a discount. And one thing to note here particularly with office standard is that you can still get office standard applications and functionality if you want it through the Microsoft 365 business premium cloud offer. And like I mentioned before, that's available as a donation, a complete donation, so $0 for up to 10 people in your staff. Okay, that was helpful. And all of these slides again will be available to you after. So you'll be able to access them. So the next question from Ben was will unused Windows 10 licenses which are currently available in the volume licensing center still be there? Yes, the volume licensing center is not going away on December 29. It's just being reduced. And for new licenses, we're going to be starting to deliver that through the admin center, the Microsoft 365 admin center. But any existing licenses that you have, you can still go ahead and access within the volume licensing center itself. Matthew says I'm guessing the five day thing doesn't actually apply to licenses we already have. We have a few licenses that haven't been used yet. That is correct. These are all changes that are going to be applied moving forward for new licenses. And it's only really applicable for those licenses that are going to be distributed in your Microsoft 365 admin portal. So for licenses that you're requesting today or that are still going to be delivered through the volume licensing center, that will still remain there. And you can still access it there as well. Tom Jay says is there a plan to build a knowledge base or webinar for installing on premises software? It's so much more involved for office now. That is 1000% true. So we do have a few resources and I can make sure that that's available as well to help on downloading those licenses. The new install methodology is a little bit confusing and can be complex. So we have some guides on how to do step by step instructions on how to download that. We also offer a service. So we work in partnership and we offer a service for organizations who need support and help to do it by computer or by license itself to install it on your behalf. So I can put both links in here but we do appreciate that it's a little bit confusing and hard. So we have tried to create some assets to make that a little bit easier for organizations. Okay. So we have a few questions about libraries and I want to make sure that I just also just state one more time is that we will be going over specifically the impacts to libraries, the licenses that will be available for libraries as well as the pricing for libraries particularly as we look to serve not just public access computers but all of the libraries needs that will be conducted on Thursday and I think around the same time as today. If you can't make that time for any reason I'd suggest you still register because you will get access to the slides, you'll get access to the recording and you'll get some more information. And then on we are continuing to create content and make sure that everything that we're communicating today lives and breathes in writing so that you can come back to it. We know that some of these changes are not going to really make sense until next year anyway so remember as you think through something you can think back to this webinar and say oh I remember that that was going to happen let's go find that information and so we're trying to create a central repository for you to be able to get all that information together. Let me move on we know we only have about 10 minutes left. Kurt Rosen asked to the on-premises changes apply to Mac-based versions as well. Great question Kurt and yes both of those all of the changes apply to both the windows and work Mac versions of products. Dave B asked in terms of on-premises versus cloud many of the cloud apps have a downloadable desktop app does that change affect the ability to run for instance teams on the desktop? So when I talk about desktop applications that are built based off of the cloud licenses those are not changing at all the only changes that are going to be happening are for those specifically downloadable device-based licensing. If you're accessing desktop applications through your cloud license that is not going to shift or change at all and you will still be able to use teams on your desktop you'll still be able to use one note power apps all of those solutions that you have right now and continue to use them moving forward. The changes that we're talking about are really specifically about those that you request upfront as a device-based license and so don't actually have a cloud-based license behind it. I hope that helps. Jennifer P says we have an extremely strict confidentiality requirements by law which is why we do not use cloud-based services. What will be our options especially for smaller nonprofits without a large tech budget? We completely understand that Jennifer and I think that's a lot of many organizations face similar challenges working with vulnerable communities or working in areas and serving organizations or serving people who have really much stricter sets of requirements. On-premises licenses like I mentioned will still be available it will be available as a discount unfortunately after April 4th but they are still available today and they will be available from today until April 4th. Other than that short period and window of time from December 29th to January 4th those products will still be available to you to request. After that period they'll still be discounted products available and if you don't feel comfortable using some of the cloud-based solutions even the desktop applications there's also an opportunity for us to talk about other solutions that might work for you. Maybe it's a Microsoft solution maybe it's not but we're happy to figure out and work with you to figure out how we can make sure that you can abide by all the requirements that you have and continue to operate effectively as well. Michelle asks will we be able to purchase Microsoft 2021? Yes you can request Microsoft Office 2021 today. Hopefully somebody can put that link right in chat. 2021 has been available since October and is available as a donation product right now on the TechSoup website and so you can get access to that immediately if you would like. Taha asks does TechSoup have Office 2019 professional discounts? We have Office 2019 standard for desktop with our Office 365 account but we have a few users who need professional plus. Absolutely Microsoft makes available the Office 2019 professional licenses or Office 2021 professional licenses as a discount. Those are available so if you go to our techsoup.org and if you navigate to our Office products you should be able to see that with the tag that says discounted and you'll be able to get the professional version of the products as well. I'll also state that some of those features are also available in an Office actually a Microsoft 365 enterprise license enterprise apps license so there's a few different ways that you can solution and get that but both of those are available through TechSoup today. All right we have a couple of questions I think on Windows Server and Windows Licensing so in terms of Teresa asks for Windows 11 will that be offered as an option? So Windows 11 is pretty interesting as a new offer so right now Windows 11 is available as an upgrade for people who already have Windows 10 licensing and who meet the hardware requirements so there's some hardware requirements that are necessary to run Windows 11 really effectively so if you go into your Windows account and there is a a checker like a product a hardware check that you can run to see whether or not you're eligible for the Windows 11 upgrade Windows 11 upgrade is a free upgrade available to anybody who has a Windows 10 license it just is dependent on whether or not you have the hardware specifications that meet what you need to run it. Thomas asks will this affect this being the changes affect Microsoft Server Cal donations discounts and how many that we can purchase in a two-year period? So the changes that we talked about today for Microsoft Windows Server Cal's those Cal's are still available right now as both a donation for Windows Server user and device based Cal and for additional ones you can get that through the discounted program those will remain available to organizations until April and then after April those will only be available as a discount so you'll continue to be able to get them they will just be available at a slightly higher cost to organizations still 60 to 75 percent off of the retail value but it does have an impact in terms of your cost. The two-year period is a great question that two year period is still in effect so every two years you are able to get additional licensing after April there's not many as donation not not as many donation offers available but there are no quantity restrictions on the discounted licenses so you can purchase that whenever you need and there's no restriction in terms of you having to only have certain quantity restrictions on that. The next question that we have is can you upgrade a PC from a Windows 7 to a Windows 10 or 11 with the business premium license and is there somewhere I can find more information on this that's a really good question Sarah technically as long as you have a Windows professional Windows 7 or Windows 8 license you should be able to use your Microsoft 365 business premium license to actually do that upgrade you're eligible for that upgrade there it is a bit of a confusing process I'll be honest it's not like one click and it's all done so if you want to send us an email we'd be happy to send you a little bit more information on how exactly to do that we do have some information available to you on some of the steps that you can take or services available to help you through that as well I know we're coming to the end we only have a minute left there are tons of questions that I unfortunately have not been able to get through yet I would love to spend more time doing that and unfortunately we just want to be mindful of everybody's time as well so what I would love to do is say that as much as possible we'll try to answer questions and send those out when we send out some of the materials that we'll be sending out I'll just really quickly state again that when we send out these materials we'll also be sending this out with many additional resources that are going to be available so things that we didn't get through today including how to schedule free consultations courses that we have articles in terms of how to actually get access to these tools and services and guides that we've created as well as this email address reach us at TechSoup.org so that we can answer your question directly as well I thank you all for your participation today I'm very sorry that we didn't get through all of the questions but with 500 people it's really hard to be able to get through everybody so I really hope that this was helpful to you we'd love to hear your feedback I'm sure in our chat we're going to be posting a link to that it really helps us to know if these are valuable to you so and I see a couple of questions in here about the utilization requirement there are slides in here specifically about that we actually published a blog and a user guide specifically on that so there are areas that you can go to and get access to more information there and as I mentioned multiple times please email us we know we didn't get to everything today but we want to be here to help you so thank you again for all of your time and we really really really appreciate your partnership and good luck for the rest of the year and we hope you have a wonderful holiday season coming up as well


So, the next topic is grid generation. I will start with an introduction followed by algebraic method, elliptic partial differential equation method towards the end I will discuss multi block grid and multi level adaptive Cartesian grid. Now, this is a topic which does not have any relation with fluid mechanics and heat transfer. This is a pure geometrical problem. What is the problem? What we want to do in grid generation? In grid generation we want to calculate coordinates of the vertices of the control volume. So, do you think calculation of coordinates or converting a region in space into some small region whether it involves fluid mechanics heat transfer or it is a pure geometrical problem. So, there will be no conservation laws mass conservation, momentum conservation they will not be involved in this topic. What will be involved is some mathematical equations like algebraic equations with which we will generate a grid which will called as algebraic grids which you can do for some simple domain, but for more complex domains you may have to use what is called as elliptic partial differential equations to generate structured grid. Note that here I am discussing only the structured grid. The methods I will discuss for a structured grid, however I will discuss what is unstructured grid. I will start with an introduction. As I had mentioned earlier there are two methods finite difference and finite volume method which are popular in computational fluid dynamics. In finite difference method grid points are defined at the intersection of the grid lines and in finite volume method they are defined at the centroids of the control volume generated by the intersection of the lines. Now, let me explain what is structured grid, what is simple domain, what is complex domain. I had mentioned that if in your problem which you want to solve if the boundary of the problem is either horizontal or vertical boundary may be not interconnected like they may be separate. You may have an inner boundary for a problem and you may have an outer boundary, but if the boundary continuous boundary let us say outer boundary is made up of horizontal and vertical lines and inner boundary is also made up of horizontal and vertical lines. Then you can solve the problem in Cartian coordinate system. If the inner boundary is circular and outer boundary is also circular on which problems you get this inner boundary, outer boundary like flow across a car. One inner boundary is the surface of the car and the outer boundary will be the far field boundary which you are taking or let us say a square plate with a circular hole. If it is a circular plate with a circular hole, hole is circular which is inner boundary. Your outer boundary of the plate is circular, both are circular then it is a cylindrical coordinate system problem. If it is a square plate with a square hole both the boundary is inner as well as outer are square which are made up of horizontal and vertical lines. It is a pure Cartian coordinate system problem, but if you have a square plate with a circular hole then it becomes a complex geometry problem because it is neither a Cartian or neither cylindrical. So, that is what is called as complex geometry problem and for those domains I am calling it as a complex domain. You can generate algebraic grid using algebraic equation for non uniform grid generation in simple domains, but for complex domain you may have to use partial differential equations to generate the grids. Now, let me discuss what is called as a curvilinear grid and note that here we try the when we generate grid we here there are two types of grid which is one which is called as body fitted grid where the grid lines are fitting the boundary. So, let me discuss this in a more detailed and simple way in the white board. So, like for Cartian coordinate system there are two family of lines, let me draw the simple domains. So, what are simple domains? Let us suppose if you have a square plate with a square hole or let us suppose if you have a circular plate with a circular hole.  So, this is your hole. So, you get grid points which are in the solid control volume. Here what you do? So, here you have drawn what are the lines which you have drawn? There are two families of lines. What are this lines? What are vertical lines? X is equals to constant. What are horizontal lines? Y is equals to constant. In this case you draw concentric circles and what are these lines? Radius is equals to constant. You also draw equispaced radial lines. What are these radial lines? Sorry. So, these are r is equals to constant. These are phi or theta is equals to constant. So, this is x y coordinate system. This is r phi coordinate system. So, there are two family of lines x equals to constant, phi is equals to constant for Cartian and r is equals to constant, phi is equals to constant. Now, when we want to go for complex geometry we want to draw grids using two family of lines only. Although in complex geometry it cannot be x y it cannot be r phi. So, in complex domain, so in simple domain right now I am showing you two family x y and second r phi. In a complex domain we cannot have r phi like let us take a square plate with a circular hole. In this case I cannot take x y because my hole is circular. I cannot take r phi because my outer domain is square. So, let me define some instead of x r let me define this as xi and instead of this y and phi let me define here as zeta. Actually there is a purpose because there is a reason why we want to restrict to two family of line because we want to create a Lebrick equation such that the value at a particular point is function of its four neighbor in case of 2D problem north, south, east, west. Like in this case if you take this control volume and you zoom it on you know which is north, south, east, west like if I take this node you know this is east neighbor this is west this is north and this is south. So, when you have two family of lines note that scrolling through the point or neighboring information is inbuilt because the data structure which you use is matrix. So, you can store the coordinates of the centroids of the control volume you can store the temperatures or velocities or pressure in a matrix where the neighboring information is inbuilt. So, and that is very important as far as when you want to develop a code like just to tell you if you use an unstructured grid the neighboring information is not built that is why this grid is called as it is having certain structure why where what when we say it is having certain structure what do we mean neighboring information is inbuilt what is east i plus 1 what is west i minus 1 what is north j plus 1 what is south j minus 1 this is what we mean by inbuilt information in an unstructured grid this is not the case. So, when we say unstructured what we mean by what is that where structure is breaking the neighboring information has to be stored separately then whenever you want to solve for a particular control volume you have to develop program and in that program it will go and search its neighbor. So, neighbor searching takes computational time. So, in unstructured grid note that it takes more computational time to solve for node, but what is the advantage in unstructured grid there are problems where if the geometry is too complex you cannot create the structured grid. So, for those cases unstructured grid is better otherwise another issue is that unstructured grid has a good characteristic as far as what we call as a local grid refinement is concerned which is not true for structured grid. So, if you look into this whiteboard in this case we want to create two family of lines. So, one family will be such that it will start with circle then it will slowly move towards square. So, there is one family of line which is starting with a square, but slowly moving towards square starting with a circle which is this is the whole and you can see that it is slowly approaching towards a square this is one family of line. What will be the second family of line which will be radial which will be radial here, but actually I cannot call as radial because inside it is circle, but outside it is square. If you look into one control volume in this case it is like this if you look into one control volume here may be near to the circle it will be like this, but here it may be straight. So, let us suppose here it is curve, but here it is straight. So, let us say the line which is initially circle and we which moves towards the square let me call it as xi and this radial outward lines let me call it zeta. So, this xi zeta is called as curvilinear coordinates. We are defining let us come back to this slide. So, we are defining for simple domain standard coordinate system for complex domain why we are calling it a body fitted I would like to mention that body fitted because the grid is fitting the hole it is not crossing the grid line is not crossing the hole. One value of xi is fitting on the circle another value of xi is equals to constant is fitting on the square ok. So, this is we call as body fitted curvilinear xi zeta coordinate. Each segment of the physical domain boundary is described by a constant value of one of the curvilinear grid. Now, when you want to generate a grid like this and if you want to propose a method which is simple not semi implicit pressure linked equation which is literally simple. So, when you want to propose a methodology for structured grid generation it is proposed that let us define a computational domain which is square in which is square where there are horizontal and vertical lines and there is a physical domain where there is one to one correspondence. Let me go back to this white board and then show you what I mean by physical domain and computational domain. So, this is a physical domain where we have let us say a square plate with a circular hole. Now, this circle slowly becomes square as you move out. So, let us suppose this is one family of line denoted by xi is equals to constant. By the way how many xi is equals to constant line you are having in this case this circle is also xi is equals to constant. Let us say this is xi 1, this is xi 2, this is xi 3 and this is xi 4 and let us suppose I have 4 lines for zeta also. This is zeta 1, this is zeta 2, this is zeta 3 and this is zeta 4. Now, this is physical domain where at the vertices of the control volume you have x and y coordinate. So, in this domain the coordinates are x and y because this is the real world situation this is the physical situation. So, the coordinate in this domain has to be x y coordinate although in this physical domain note that we are generating two family of lines which we are saying xi zeta. Now, for the simplicity in developing a method for grid generation what is proposed is that let me propose four vertical line, four horizontal line. This vertical line xi is this is xi 1, this is xi 2, this is xi 3, this is xi 4. This horizontal line zeta 1, zeta 2, zeta 3 and zeta 4 and this is my xi coordinate and this is my zeta coordinate. Note that here it was x and y and this I will call as computational domain. Why this is called as computational domain? Because we will use equations mathematical equation to solve in this domain why? Because the size of this domain note that it is always 1 by 1, it is always square and 1 by 1. What will be the xi and zeta coordinate for a particular point? What will be the delta xi here? 1 by 3. In this case the way I had discretized delta xi what is the length in the xi direction unity? How many divisions I am doing? 3. So, delta xi is 1 by 3, delta zeta is also 1 by 3. This is the origin 0 comma 0. So, can you calculate xi zeta coordinate on all the vertex? This will be delta xi, 2 delta xi, 3 delta xi and so on. Here you will have 0 delta zeta, 1 delta zeta, 2 delta zeta, 3 delta zeta. So, with this you can calculate xi and zeta coordinates on all the vertex. Is that clear? Now the mathematical equations which is used. So, there will be a equation which will be used to convert this xi zeta on this how many points you have? 16 points. So, this xi zeta we will have an equation. So, we will have an equation. The 16 values of xi zeta will be converted into 16 values of x and y. Where let us say there is 1 to 1 correspondence. What is meant by 1 to 1 correspondence? Let us say this point corresponds to this point. Note that this is just a geometric problem. You start from the computational domain just for ease in obtaining the x and y coordinate in this physical domain in which you want to solve here. Whatever I taught in my lectures all those are applicable after you have generated the grid, after you have obtained the coordinates of the vertices. I had told you about the simplest form of the grid generation. Here I am discussing more complicated form. This equations can be an algebraic equation for simpler problems, but for more complicated problem it has to be partial differential equation. Let us come back to the slide. This is an unstructured grid where the neighboring information is not built. In the unstructured grid the procedure is no mapping transformation is done and grid point cannot be associated with orderly defined family of grid lines. There is no definite structure between the neighbors. Due to the limitation of time I have 15 minutes left I will skip certain slides and I would like to discuss the important slides in this topic. As I mentioned in the whiteboard recently that we do a mapping. Start from a computational domain which is square. We divide into certain equal parts in the x and y direction. You calculate delta xi, delta zeta. Once you calculate delta xi, delta zeta you can calculate xi and zeta coordinates at 16 points which are taken in the figure. We use one mapping function or a mathematical equation with which we convert those 16 xi and zeta to 16 x and y. Those 16 x and y we take it to a plotting software. The software use those x and y and create a grid. It is as simple as this. The equations could be an algebraic equation and can be a partial differential equation. If this is the algebraic equation then from this computational domain you can get this type of algebraic grid. If this is the algebraic equation you can create grid for let us say flow over a flat plate where flat plate is the bottom. Note that in this algebraic equation you are still generating the quadrillion grid. However the grid is more fine near to the plate. You can use another algebraic equation. Note that if there are 16 xi and zeta you can create 16 x and y and you can create a grid like this. For this equation now the grid points are not only fine on the bottom wall but they are fine on the top wall also which is needed for flow in a pipe or a plane channel. If we use this type of equation algebraic equation you can create grid clustering in the interior of the domain which can be used for let us say flow not only over the top but if there is a flow at the below the flat plate also then your flat plate will be sitting in the middle of the domain. This is clustering at the interior of the domain. So that is obtained using algebraic equation. Now if you use partial differential equation actually this is the what we call as the equation then we do inverse transformation because why inverse transformation we do? Because we solve in computational domain where we want xi zeta to be independent variable and xi and y to be dependent. So this is the equation where x and y is a dependent and xi and zeta are independent variables. So using this equation we discretized by finite volume method. These are the details about the Taylor series expansion. I would just like to show when I was answering the question I had mentioned that when you do a Taylor series expansion you get an algebraic equation and then you get a truncated terms and the lowest power of delta x in the truncated term which is 1 here besides the order of accuracy. So this is the first order representation of del phi by del x using forward difference. This is for backward difference. This is for central difference. This is central difference for second order derivative. Here is the computational stencil. This is for cross derivative. So using that finite difference method if you discretize the different differential terms you end up with an algebraic equation where the stencil is such that it not only needs north south neighbors but it also needs corner neighbors. All these are discretization. What I will do is that I will show you the computational stencil. I will show you as an animation. Here I am showing you the computational stencil. So these are the nodes of the finite difference method. So n represents not here time level but it represents iterations because here there is no time. There is only xi and zeta. So n here represents iteration. n is the previous iteration or when you are doing first iteration it will be the initial guess. Now here the equation is such that it not only involves the east west north south but it involves corner neighbors also. So the computational stencil is such that you scroll through the 9 points to calculate x and y on those 9 points using xi and zeta to solve the algebraic equation 9 times. Let us come back to this slide and this is the solution algorithm. Maybe I will put this lecture slide in the model where you can go through it. This is just the procedure step by step how we solve that differential equation. I will be more interested in showing you that once you solve how the grids are generated. So I will discuss this through some animations. So let us take an example square plate with a circular hole. So now you can see that the grid the way grid is generated in this case that the slowly the circle becomes an let us say octagon and finally it reaches a square. Actually this is good for let us say square plate with a circular hole but if you have a flow across a car or a cylinder this grid is considered better. This is called as an h type of grid this is called as an o type of grid. If you have a 90 degree bend then this grid line is aligned along the stream lines then in that case this is the grid which is considered better called as c type. So this structure there are 3 types basically you get 3 types because what we do is we do mapping because we want that let us say if you have a square plate with a circular hole we want to map the boundary of the physical domain with that of the computational domain. So the inner boundary let us say in this case is this circle circular hole which is the left wall of the computational domain. The outer boundary of the plate BC is the right wall of the domain but the boundary here is connected. So what should be AB and BC? So the idea here is let us suppose if you take a paper and if you have a hole at the center and if you cut it from here and let us suppose this is made up of rubber then you can rotate it and you can unfold it like this. So when you unfold this let us say flexible material then there is 1 to 1 mapping of the inner boundary, outer boundary and this is what is called as branch cut. Physically this AB and CD are same and note that when you are solving in this computational domain where x and y is the dependent variable you need boundary condition for the dependent variable. So you need x and y coordinates in the circle you need x and y coordinate in the square. I will discuss this in the next slide. Let us let me discuss this in the through an animation called as O type structure grid I will show you an animation. So let us take a problem there is a square plate that is suppose the size of the plate is 10 by 10 units let us say. So what is the radius of the circle? 5 units sorry the plate is of dimension 10 by 10 the circle is of radius 2. So the radius of the hole is 2 units. So what is the radius of the hole if I this is the x y coordinate we have drawn a branch cut like this where what is AB? AB is the hole which represent the bottom boundary of the computational domain. CD is the complete outer square which represents the top domain top boundary of the computational domain AD and BC note that physically coordinate of A and B will be same. But in computational domain we are showing it as a 2 different point. So let us suppose I divide this circle into 8 equal parts where I know that the radius of the circle is 2 units. So can you calculate x and y coordinates of this blue circles? You know the radius you know how many equal divisions you are doing? So you can calculate x and y coordinates. Note that the blue circle in this animation is not only coming on the right figure but it is also coming on the computational domain. So those are the x and y coordinates which acts as the boundary condition at the bottom boundary of the computational domain. Now note that the radius is 2 unit diameter is sorry the plate dimension is 10. Let us say the origin is at the center of the plate. So what will be the top right corner coordinate? Origin is at the center of the circle hole and what will be the top right corner? Let us come back to this slide where I can show you in a better way. So if the hole is 2 unit and if the dimension of the plate is 10 origin is at the center 0 comma 0 is this. So what will be the coordinate of this coordinate? Plus 5 5 comma 5 this will be minus 5 comma 5 this will be minus 5 comma minus 5 this will be plus 5 comma minus 5 and let us suppose you are doing 4 how many equal divisions you are doing here? 3 equal divisions x equals to 0.2 which is the radius y is equals to 0. This point will be y is equals to 0 x will be 3 here it will be 4 here it will be 5. Let us come back to the animation. So I will show you points not only on the physical domain but there will be corresponding point on the computational domain on the right boundary BC of the computational domain where corresponding x and y coordinates x as a boundary condition. Similarly we divide the outer square and we can calculate we are doing equal divisions we know the origin we know the size of the plate we know the size of the hole we can calculate x and y coordinates on this blue circles and there is one to one correspondence and we can calculate we can use those x and y coordinates as the boundary conditions. So this way we set the boundary condition in the computational domain and we solve the partial differential equation which is discretized by finite difference method in the computational domain. Once we solve we get x and y coordinates and I will show you one to one correspondence one circle yellow circle will come in the left figure another one will come in the right figure this is in the left figure and this is in the right figure there is one to one correspondence. So this x and y coordinates in the physical domain if you take it to a software it generates this if you use a command machine you can see that the number of control volume in the computational domain and that in the physical domain is same the number of vertices are same this right now I had shown for O type you can get a different type of grid by having a different type of branch cut. Now note that here the branch cut is how was the branch cut in the previous slide it was a circle sorry it was a branch cut is shown by a line in this blinking line. So when the branch cut is like this you got get this type of grid called as O type grid because one of the family of line of xi and zeta is goes from circle to square. Now in this case the branch cut is not that only that horizontal line but it also includes the circle. Now in this case you get here again we do equal divisions and we apply boundary conditions the way I had discussed earlier. Now you are moving from on the circle note that you are still in the bottom boundary of the computational domain. Now you come back in the branch cut note that this completes the boundary condition only for the bottom boundary of the computational domain. Then you go on the right boundary of the computational domain there is a one to one correspondence there are two circles coming in this animation note that one on the left half another on the right half. Then you solve with this boundary conditions and domain computational domain you solve a partial differential equation. So it is solved iteratively and the converge solution of that gives you sorry this is the boundary condition last boundary condition then you solve the partial differential equation and this is the results which you obtain results are x and y coordinates and you join by certain lines this is called a c type grid. Similarly there is an h type grid I will not go into the detail maybe there will be one thing which I would like to show to you this is what is nowadays becoming popular using Cartian grid method. So after let us say unstructured grid nowadays again the grid which was the which is the easiest and which was the which is the oldest grid in CFD let us say the Cartian grid is gaining lot of popularity because when you use this unstructured in a grids in a moving boundary problem or an industrial problem the computational time in machine is very large where we want the grid to be static and moreover this Cartian grid have a very good accuracy when use unstructured grid in the formulation level there is lot of inaccuracies. So in a Cartian grid what I am discussing here is what we call as the adaptive mesh refinement. So the idea here is that there is one data structure which is used in computer science called as octree or quatery type of data structure. So here the data structure is not simple matrix data structure. Actually this method this adaptive multilevel refinement was used in Cartian grid and this is quite this was earlier used in compressible flow but nowadays it is also being used popular becoming popular in incompressible flows because in any CFD calculation the grid refinement adaptive multilevel adaptive grid refinement because you want that the action of the fluid mechanics shifts with respect to time. So you want that your fine grid should your grid should find in the region of action. This is what is called as multilevel grid refinement the idea is like this that if there is a parent which is called as root there are four children's and then there can be four grandchildren's. So this is what is there in the octree or quatery. Octree comes in a 3D code development and quatery comes in a 2D development because in 2D there can be four subdivisions in 3D there can be eight subdivisions. So four children's or eight children's. So using this technique one of our M. Tech student Rakesh has developed a code and I will show you an animation. What he has done is that he has right now it is a conduction problem. He has taken a circle where there is a volumetric heat generation and that circle itself it is like it rotates about the center of the domain. So you will see that the grid will be refined and it will move in a circle. So you can see that that volumetric heat generation is rotating and with that the grid refined grid is also automatically adapted. This is called as a multilevel Cartesian grid adoption. As we are close to lunch maybe I will stop here. Thank you for your attention.


Look at these haunting images from Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. Yes, today we are going to talk about urban flooding. Urban flooding is a phenomenon that happens when massive and prolonged rainfall overwhelms the drainage system in the city or the urban area. Is massive rain the only culprit behind urban flooding? No, the other culprits include anthropogenic factors like unplanned urbanization, encroachment on drainage areas like lakes, wetlands and riverbeds, illegal sand mining activities, surface sealing and human cost climate change. The major impacts of urban flooding includes loss of life, loss of urban infrastructure, loss of human livelihood and more importantly, stagnation in the economy. To address urban flooding, early warning system, design and management of urban drainage system, rainwater harvesting and conservation of water bodies are some of the measures that can be taken to reduce the impacts of urban flooding. To know more about urban flooding, click the link in the description given below.


Hi Olivia, how are you? It's so good to see you again. It's been more than a month that we are back from Cope. So how have you been doing since Cope and what are you busy with now it is? Oh, hi Procrity, thank you. Yeah, I'm okay. Coming from arrests now. I'm starting to my work, my everyday work. Yeah, so what about you? I have been doing good. I am involved in research activities in few organizations in Nepal. Along with that, I am working on publishing my thesis report now. That's great. So Procrity, what can I can say? What variable is something you learn about being a negotiator? Why we were at SRAM the last year? As a negotiator, you are not representing you but your country. So it's very important to know our position, our targets, goals and what we as a country want as output from the country. So we should be very mindful about that. And apart from that, I learned that when we speak in block, it makes more sense. It makes more impact than speaking alone, especially for small and reasonable countries like Nepal. We have been following Cope for more than a year now. What would be your top advice to someone who is attending negotiation for the first time this year? You must pick something you are going to follow. It's not good that you are going to follow everything. And also, you need to get as much information so that you will be ready while we be attending those negotiations. And also, you have to be sure that you are surrounded by many experiences, people that will guide you when we be at the Cope or in negotiations. What about you? What do you think about it? Yes, adding to what you just said, I would advise them to get in touch with people within your country if possible who attended UNFCCC sessions before to get an overview of what we expect from the negotiations. And also, visiting UNFCCC websites will be very helpful because we can get the documents of different items and also the schedules from the website. Awesome. So, Procrity, during COP107, me and you were in a mentorship program. And I think you were mentored by Issa too. Yes, the mentorship program helped me to have someone around me to ask questions. He helped me by responding to my questions and also guiding me to what to expect from the first week and the second week of the Cope. And also, my experience was very unique and he provided me with answers and documents that were especially about loss and damage finance, which is also in her expertise that helped me to get more details on the financial part and that I couldn't get anywhere else. So, what about you? How did your mentor, Amikani, help you as a mentor in your daily basis? He helped me a lot as Amikani was not my first time to see him and he was very friendly to me. And also, from the time we started before starting the negotiation week, he helped me to organize myself before the starting of the negotiations. Also, he asked me to outline my goals and how I will achieve them and then he had some useful inputs. And also, most of the time, he asked me to give him a daily report by saying that we need it again to use those reports. At the time, I will be reporting for the whole session. And also, I tried asking him a lot of questions about the best way to engage with technical texts and it helped me a lot because I was ready during the negotiations room. Thank you so much, Ovid. It was so nice talking with you after a long period of time. Yeah, thank you so much for creating me too. It was so much to see you again.