My name is Ulf and I'm going to talk about continuous deployment of IoT sensors. First we're going to have a look at what really is continuous deployment, but also why is it useful for embedded devices. And we're going to look at the different parts of such a system and the things you need in order to build it. So I'm a software engineer at Red Hat. I work in the drug IoT team and that's a project which really is about creating these open source components for building an IoT solution. So we have a lot of open source projects around building applications, but you don't really have this end-to-end story about the device to the cloud, to the applications consuming the data. So it's a collection of components. One of them is a connectivity layer so that you can ingest events using several standard protocols. It's a device management registry so that you can manage the configuration of your devices and do the provisioning and store the credentials. It's also a firmware update service which we'll talk more about in this talk. And we also have a toolkit for writing firmware for a lot of popular market controllers. So with this we get this end-to-end solution and hopefully you can use this to build your system and not reinvent the wheel. So with that, what is continuous deployment? So I tend to think about it in three different ways. So you have continuous integration which is the shortest cycle of testing that you have centrally in your team where you build and you run maybe some simple not-too-long tests, but it depends really. And then you merge your changes and you continue to do this so that you know that your system is working. Then you have another step which is the delivery step. What that is is that you really add the ability to create some releasable artifact from your stuff. So you can do this for every build but maybe it's not that necessary or efficient to do that. So the releasable artifact, with that you can deploy to a production system. And that's what continuous deployment is at least in my world where you take that artifact and deliver it to the production system. So all in all you have these three different types of integration. And with the continuous deployment you can get this full end-to-end lifecycle of you writing your application and ultimately it ends up on some device. So what sort of devices are we talking about? We are talking about really tiny microcontrollers in this case with very little RAM and also very little storage. So this means that you have very little facilities to do updates of your applications. You basically need to build this into your application and we'll see how to do that later on. So why would you want to do continuous deployment of IoT sensors? After all it's not like all IoT devices need to be connected but those who are connected might have bugs. So you might want to fix that and the idea is that by rolling out firmware updates you fix issues in your software. There might also be non-critical fixes but there might not be bugs. It's just simply that the world is evolving around you. Maybe a root certificate needs to be updated and rolling out firmware updates might be a way to do that without over-complicating the deployment pipeline. So you have this mutable firmware images that they deploy. There's a lot of factors to consider when thinking about continuous deployment of sensors. One is that it's a big risk of course. You might need to make sure that your firmware will work because if it doesn't then the device can actually stop functioning and you have to perhaps send someone on site to actually fix the device. So that's not a great solution if you have millions of devices delivered across the world. So that's one aspect. Another aspect of the risk is that a lot of the microcontroller software is written in C which has a lot of pitfalls. So you really need to have a lot of testing. You also need to think about resource usage for these types of devices because they're quite small with a little RAM, a little flash. So you need to consider that when you think about the size of your firmware but also that you might need to have two copies of it in order to swap them which we'll talk about later but size and resource usage is important. Most IoT devices are connected in different ways. So you have different bandwidth restrictions depending on which wireless technology you use. Your device might not have the capacity to actually retrieve the firmware updates in one big swoop. So you might need to spread it out. And finally the tooling for building a continuous deployment pipeline. There's nothing that's tailored to embedded but we might be able to reuse some of the existing open source tooling that's out there in order to avoid reinventing the whole thing. So how do you reduce risk? You need to do automated testing on your device. Ideally you also need to be able to roll back to a previous version of the firmware because if you can do that then you can always try again later. That really allows you to, rather than preventing errors from happening, it allows you to plan for them to happen. And this might be a more robust approach longer term. And as I mentioned programming languages might have something to say as well. You can use a language like Rust which is what we like to use because it eliminates a big chunk of the possible bugs that you can have in your firmware. And programming language also matters for the resource usage because you can't have a big runtime for your language if you're going to run this on a microcontroller. And for the connectivity there are a lot of different options there. You have Wi-Fi or Internet, they are both a lot more power hungry than the alternatives. And you have these small network protocols like Thread or Bluetooth which require an additional gateway in order to connect to the firmware update services. Or you might have some long range system that might already have gateways deployed like Lora One or via your telco provider. So they all have different trade-offs but for instance with Lora One there's a limit on how much airtime you get for your device. So you won't be able to consume firmware that quickly. Let's say you have 64 kilobytes of firmware that if you're using a publicly available things network, gateway and account then you will spend four days doing that firmware update. Which might be fine but it's something to think about. Finally, we have all this tooling for building regular applications. We can run them on Kubernetes. We can build the applications using tecton pipelines. We can store the artifacts in container registries. And that's a lot of things that is just there for regular applications but it would be nice to be able to use that for embedded as well. So how are we going to do that? So let's start with the sensor, the lowest level in the stack. So the sensor firmware needs to be able to roll back to previous versions which means we need to have some component which is a bootloader to load the application. So it loads the primary active application but you reserve some space in your device so that you can store an updated application. And then it's the bootloader's responsibility of switching between them and then persisting some kind of state to know if the firmware is good or not. Like if it tries to run the new firmware and it doesn't work it needs to make sure that it can load the previous one before allowing it to be overwritten. And the way we've done this in our system is that we have a very minimal bootloader that is only able to swap these images. It doesn't support any networking. So all the process of retrieving the firmware is done by the application itself but using a library that we provide. And the advantage of this is that your application can continue to function while the firmware update is being downloaded which might be important if you're taking four days to download it. So that's the bottom layer of it. Some devices need a gateway as well which we won't cover here we're just assuming that there is some gateway deployed. And finally on the cloud side the events from the device comes to the cloud via the draw cloud connectivity layer. And you can use this protocol endpoints in HTTP, MQTT or co-app to send events to draw cloud. And you can report the current firmware status from the devices. So when the device reports its firmware status it gets sent to the protocol endpoints which checks the authentication in the device registry. And then it stores these telemetry events in the Kafka itself. And then the consumer applications consume these events using Kafka directly or via some integrations that the connectivity layer provides like MQTT or WebSockets. And the nice thing about this is that the applications don't have to care about how the data gets from the device. They can just consume it and the device don't really need to care about which application is consuming the device. So the applications can be anything from a serverless function to a digital twin system to actually a firmware update service which is what we'll demonstrate here. You can use draw cloud to manage devices and gateways. It has a REST API and also a console. So with this you can group your devices into applications and you can also have a gateway that is registered to serve a given device. So ultimately you can do provisioning with this as well. For firmware updates we have made a delivery and build system called DrawGazure. This system is just like any other application but it uses draw cloud as the connectivity layer. And the advantage of that is that it automatically gets support for all the different protocols that the connectivity layer supports for the devices. Ultimately it means it can deliver firmware updates over MQTT, HTTP, Co-WAP or Lora1. It is really nice. It uses a special, let's say a small type of message using the C-BOR encoding which allows the device to minimize the bandwidth it needs in order to send these updates. So the device sends updates to the firmware delivery service about its current firmware and then the delivery service sends back a message saying you're up to date or it sends a next firmware blob. So the nice thing with this is that the update service doesn't really need to care where in the process each device is. It's up to the device what it wants to fetch next. And the delivery service can fetch the firmware from different sources. One is Eclipse Hawk Bit which is another open source project that specializes on managing firmware and scheduling updates and so on. But we've also been playing around with the idea of storing firmware in container images so that we can reuse all of the mechanisms that exists for other cloud-native applications using build service and combining it with the tecton pipelines. So that's really what the update service is. It has a console so you can get an overview of your application devices and your current builds. You can also see the progress of each device and the information about the progress is stored in the Drogcloud device management system so you can also get that using REST APIs. And if you're familiar with Kubernetes resources it follows a similar schema to the data. You can also trigger builds from this console. So if you have a build section specified in your firmware, which we'll see later, you can actually trigger the builds from here. And with that let's do a demo of the entire system. So what we're going to do is to have a microbit connected to a gateway, which can be anything from a Raspberry Pi Pico or a more powerful thing. And the gateway forwards these events to Drog IoT. The Drog IoT runs in the cloud. It uses a container registry for storing the firmware updates and we also use the tecton pipelines to build the firmware. So with that let's go to the demo. So in this demo we're going to use the Drog IoT sandbox. This is a public service which you can use to build your IoT system. It basically contains the connectivity layer so that you can send the data from devices with HTTP, MQTT, co-app or even LoRa one. And you can run applications on your own servers that connect to this to consume the events. So it's very much like a broker or an Apache Kafka instance, but with some additional, let's say, services on top. For device management, authentication and also the ability to integrate with other services like the things network. It runs on an OpenShift cluster and uses a managed Apache Kafka instance from Red Hat. So you can free to use this. You can also run Drog IoT on your own, of course. It's an open source project. But it might be easier to try it out this way for the first time. So we can log in to the console and what we're going to do is create a device in the registry for our microbit here. And then we're also going to specify how to build the firmware for it and then trigger a build. And eventually deliver that firmware to the microbit while it's operating, reporting temperature and so on as normal. So let's start by creating the device. We'll use the command line for it. We can also use the browser, but there's some functionality that you need to use the command line for. So we're going to start with that here and then move to terminal there. And then we have the ability to create the device. Let's have a look at what the device looks like in the browser. We can find our device here and then we have a special section in the device configuration, which is about how we deliver firmware for the device. So in this case we're going to store firmware in container images, just like regular applications. And then we're also going to build it using tecton pipelines, just like regular applications. And whenever the pipeline is finished running, it will also publish the firmware to the internal registry on the OpenShift cluster and use that to deliver firmware to the devices. And then now that we have the devices ready, we can also go and trigger the build, which we'll do. So we have the firmware console, which you can use to do that. The firmware console, we have an overview of the devices. We can see that our microbit is not yet in a known state because we haven't really started it up. So what we have is a new version of the firmware already ready to be built, so we're just going to build that. And then I'm going to edit the firmware and run the build locally to make sure that we have something that we can see the change up. So in our initial version here we're going to flash it, which means programming the bootloader and the Bluetooth driver and our application so that the microbit will blink with letter A. And our firmware built will be built from the GitHub repository, which will cause it to blink B once it's updated. But in order to do that, we need the gateways in order to deliver the firmware to the device. And we're going to look at the browser again and see that our build is running. We also have the device reporting its state eventually, and we can also look at the temperature data from the device. So it might take some time before the system will report the status. So there we have the temperature being reported. And it seems like it's very hot here, but it's because the unit is really... You need to divide it by 10 in order to get the actual temperature. This is in order to save space within a single byte. So the temperature is being reported in a special channel named Foo. And we have channels out of the way to multiplex data streams on top of the topics in Kafka. And we can use this to have a special channel for the firmware updates. So now you can see it's reporting the current firmware status device. We can also see that the build has succeeded now. So we can actually see that the device is receiving the firmware updates from the system eventually. So we can see it's updated live here. And the target version is basically the Git revision. And this is basically sending updates over the connectivity layer as commands to the device, which goes via the gateway, which goes back to the device using these Git services. And while this is happening, you can still see that the temperature is being reported from the device. So it's doing normal operation while performing the update over the DFU channel. If you remember, I mentioned that when the device is fully updated, it will blink the letter B instead. And the reason for that is that in the source code we have committed that it's going to display B, but locally we've just flashed it to display the letter A. Just to see and notice that there is a difference. So depending on your device bandwidth, this is going to be much faster or much slower. The device is actually the one determining the block size of each update. So if you have a device that can receive larger batches of firmware in one go, your device can report that when it's reporting its firmware status. It also says which block size it supports so that you can sort of let the device decide the speed of the update. Because ultimately there is some delay between receiving the blocks, but it's also considering that devices might take a lot of time to update. So it's not about getting the delivery as fast as possible. It's getting it as reliable as possible. So now it's updated. You can see it stopped blinking because it's now actually swapping the firmware and it's actually rebooted and now it's blinking the letter B instead. The update progress says 100 because it haven't reported a successful boot yet. That's going to happen soon, hopefully. We can see if it starts reporting temperature. So now the device is functioning as expected, reporting temperature to service. And we can also see it reported something on the DFU channel, which means it got synced. So now our device is in a synced state and we delivered our first firmware update to it. And now we can make new changes, trigger the pipeline using the console if you want to, but also using REST API. So we can build automation into this and build a full continuous delivery pipeline. So with that, let's take a look at what we just saw. We had our device, which in our case was talking Bluetooth via a gateway, that we're sending from temperature readings, but also further status updates to the drug IoT connectivity layer. And the connectivity layer stores that in Kafka. And then the firmware delivery service receives those events by consuming from Kafka and essentially it looks at the status of the firmware, compares it with what's stored in the firmware storage, and then sends back either OK, you are up to date, or it sends the next firmware blob that the device should write, or it tells the device that your update is complete. You may proceed to reset and switch the firmwares. We've seen that in this case we used a container registry to store the firmware, but you can also use other registries if you wish. This is very similar to how applications running in containers that are not embedded are built and deployed as well. So it's very similar to that flow. We also saw how the build service, which we triggered using the REST API, basically creates tecton pipeline builds that build the firmware using a builder image and then publishes it to the internal registry of the firmware storage. And once the device, once the new firmware was available, the device started updating it via the gateway and at the end the delivery service instructed the device to switch and it came up reporting the new version, which was in sync with what is stored in the firmware storage. So that's the whole end-to-end and keep in mind that all of this was happening while the application was also reporting temperature and functioning as normal. You can also use this with direct Wi-Fi devices or using Lora One or any other technology that allows you to talk to drug connectivity endpoints because the protocol itself is layered on top of those or the update protocol itself is layered on top of those different transports. So that's a nice kind of feature that we get for free by running this on top of the connectivity layer. It can be slow, like if you fetched the firmware directly, of course, and it would have been a lot faster, but this way the device themselves determine how fast they consume the update. And that's really nice when you have a big fleet of devices that might have different capabilities. They might have different connectivity and so on. So it's really important to be able to roll out the firmware gradually and independently of each other. So to recap this presentation, we've seen how we've reduced risk by introducing the ability to roll back in the device firmware. We're using a bootloader for that and an active passive partition. It's very similar to like this AB testing that you get with regular applications but it's not running both firmers at the same time, of course. The device was connected using Bluetooth in our demo, but with Drogh Cloud you can connect any device. You can also easily integrate with different third-party services. Like we have an integration with the Laura one, the Things Network, and you can easily build your own applications that integrate with a legacy system or any third-party system that you might have. We've been using open-source tooling, of course. You've seen Kubernetes and OpenShift and you've seen Apache Kafka, Postgres, Keycloak and Tecton. So it's really about gluing this together and providing the right abstractions for IoT. You can try this demo yourself, the repository you saw in the demo. And also you can use the public sandbox, as I mentioned. It's freely available. In order to play with firmware updates, we've had to restrict this on a per user basis because otherwise you could potentially use a custom Bitcoin mining builder image. So we don't want that. So if you want to play with firmware updates, get in touch with us and we can help you out with that. And yeah, you can go to these URLs to just log in with your GitHub IDs and you should have examples there in order to get started. And if you go to our website, there's a lot of documentation there on how to use our APIs, how to deploy drug IoT yourself. But also how to use these command line utilities or even firmware updates and things like that. For the device side, we are working with the Rust embedded community to create an ecosystem with drivers and examples that work. But you should be able to work with any U-stroke cloud with any types of device as long as it talks to open standard protocols. And that's it. Thank you for watching.


Welcome traders to today's session with me, Patrick Munley, we're going to get started here in 30 seconds. If you can hear me loud and clear and you can see the welcome screen if you just type of why into the chat box so that I know we are good to go here. Testing audio 123 type of why in the chat box if you can hear me and you can see the welcome screen. Testing audio 123 testing audio 123. Okay. Welcome to today's introduction to the E mini and E micro SMP contracts in today's session of introducing you to the instrument structure and advantages along with highlighting some unique market mechanics. I will also introduce you to my core strategy for trading the minis and demonstrate how you can consistently use my pre market analysis to reap consistent returns from the markets. Those of you who are here for the first time. Let me briefly introduce myself. Like I said, my name is Patrick Munley and after I graduated from King's College London, I joined a city PLC consulting firm. I left with some colleagues and went on to successfully code found and exit consulting startup which was focused on C suite executive search for technology businesses. Having a front row seat the dot com bubble witnessing people make and lose a fortune in the markets, quite literally at times overnight I decided to explore my curiosity for markets with some capital to play with and some time on my hands. I started day trading the SMP 500 or more appropriately day gambling after some early beginners luck I racked up some solid gains. However, as is often the case, my beginners luck run out and as the market phase changed. I began to average down basically giving back all my gains and ultimately experiencing a significant six figure financial hits to say this was a gut wrenching and sobering experience is is an understatement. I had to really stand back and figure out if it was feasible for me to make a living from the market so I decided to get serious about trading and sought out a mentor with an excellent trading track record, working with my mentor for a period of two, 18 months to two years in a row. It was a time during which I not just my technical game in terms of researching developing and extensively back and forward testing strategies that crucially suits my personality, all of which were underpinned by rigorous risk approach, but most importantly during the period of mentorship I significantly developed my mental game and probably most importantly I made the watershed shift from being a highly goal orientated individual focused on financial gains to becoming purely process orientated. So what does that actually mean well, it means I had to stop focusing on what I could make from the markets, and focus solely on manage my mindset to allow me to consistently execute my trading strategy, oftentimes in the face of negative feedback from the markets in the form of losing trades, but once you become process orientated and have a professional trading mindset, and you understand the true nature of trading being a numbers game, in which you're simply playing the probabilities, you lose the emotional investment and that hellish emotional roller coaster of living dying by the outcomes of individual trades. So I'm no longer concerned with the outcome of individual trades or even a string of trades my focus is on the next 100 trades as I know, if I focus on excellence and execution, my edge will demonstrate itself over an extended series of outcomes. My multi strategy approach has delivered profitable annual returns since 2008. Since 2013 I've also been managing investor capital through a managed account service, delivering annual positive returns, and currently responsible for managing a multimillion dollar portfolio. Since 2010 sorry I've also mentored hundreds of private traders of all experience levels from complete novices to former CME floor traders in developing the technical mental skills to read consistent returns from the markets. In addition to my fund management and mentoring I'm engaged in other market orientated projects I'm resident market expert exclusively providing market and trade analysis to tick mill, and providing an in depth daily market outlook for fundamental and technical drivers for the day ahead. I also provide daily technical setup videos for two to three markets or two three instruments that I'm tracking in in the market and I also obviously run the tick mill rapidly expanding E-mini strategy group where I provide a daily specific trade plan with intraday trade updates. And since its inception, I've delivered over 1000 points of upside. This project is leading trader education for a premier trading education brand called effectscareerswap.com. We offer development and funding to retail trading talent effects career so we don't just develop retail traders market and trading strategy knowledge. We work on mindset development through our structure program that culminates in managing the firms capital at zero personal financial risk on a profit share basis. And recently I've been involved in developing the trader blueprint strategy group, which is a professional trading community where traders of all experience levels can access daily institutional insights from tier one investment bank trading desks and market strategy teams. They're regular market bulletins within depth positioning and sentiment analysis actionable real time chart analysis with daily setups and trading updates from our expert traders. We have live trader education sessions, helping traders to develop a professional consistent approach to navigating the markets and the mental mind games that must be mastered to make it as a pro. So that gives you a flavor of where I'm coming from so let's jump into today's material. The E-mini or the ES or the minis is a futures contract that tracks the S&P 500 stock market index. It's traded on the Chicago mercantile exchange or the CME via their Globex electronic trading platform. Trading is 23 and a half hours a day five days a week using the contract symbol ES. Trading contracts are available on a wide range of US stock market indices commodities and forex. However, when traders refer to the E-mini or the minis or the spools, they are generally referring to the most important contract the futures contract that tracks the S&P 500 stock E-mini futures were originally launched in September 1997 to attract non professional investors into trading index futures. Previously, the only game in town have been the large S&P contract, but it had become too expensive for the little guys to trade. So the CME created the E-mini contract, which was one fifth the size of the large S&P 500 futures contract and importantly only required one fifth of the margin to trade. The E-mini became a huge success, not only with non professional traders, but with professionals too. The micro E-mini futures contract is the same as the regular S&P 500 E-mini contract in every respect, except it's one tenth the size. That is each one point move in the S&P 500 index is worth $5 per micro E-mini contract compared to the $50 for the E-mini or the ES and the margin to trade a micro E-mini contract is also one tenth the size. So what are the benefits? Well, it's equally easy to go long or short, you either buy or sell the current E-mini contract and there is no uptick rule. There's 24 hour trading, like I say, which makes the E-mini attractive to traders around the world. Overnight moves in related equity markets like the DAX or the FTSE in the UK can be played with one trading vehicle. The electronic trading platform means that your orders are entered instantaneously and when executed, you are notified instantaneously. Changing and canceling orders is trivial. There are no phone calls to brokers and you know exactly where you stand every second you're in a trade. It's a level playing field and so far as the Globex electronic trading platform means that large and small traders have equal access to the market and trades are executed in the order they received. Unlike the days of old with the pit traded futures or equities, there are no more of those backroom gains being played. There's a tight bid ask spreads. There's so much volume is traded through the E-mini. The difference between the bid and the ask price is only ever one tick or 0.25 index points, which is the minimum price movement. Again, that large depth of market means the liquidity is there so that there's plenty of volume either side of the last traded price for large orders to be filled with minimum slippage. It's volatile, yes, but not unmanageable. The E-mini is active every day, which gives the day trader plenty of opportunity to trade. Remember, a sleeping market is pretty much impossible to trade, but the E-mini volatility is also manageable, except maybe around certain key events like the FOMC or the non-farm payrolls release. The brokerage rates make it extremely attractive. Broker commissions for trading the E-minis continue to fall. This excludes the exchange clearing and regulatory fees. And when you factor those in, your round trip or the in and out brokerage commission is very attractive. Like I said before, there's a low margin requirements to open the day trading position with tick mill. You only require $1,000 to open a micro account.  The lower tax rate, it offers a lower tax rate than trading forex or stocks. The income from trading E-mini futures is taxed as a capital gain. There's no trade by trade accounting. Another advantage of the tax treatment of the E-mini futures is that the tax reporting requirements are minimal. In particular, there's like I'd say no trade by trade accounting, only the net profit for the full year is needed. So now we understand the instrument and the trading venue. I want to demonstrate some of the unique aspects of this contract. The fact that the E-mini is a derivative of the S&P 500 allows us to access some unique information commonly referred to as market internals. Market internals are often compared to the instrument dashboard on a car, giving indication of the performance and alerting the driver to any issues occurring under the hood. So let's take a look more closely at what market internals are and how we can incorporate them into a consistent trading strategy. First volume, as a unique feature of trading the exchange-traded derivatives as opposed to contracts for difference or the forex volume data, which is incomplete at best, as there is no central forex exchange, and the banks who dominate forex trading don't share volume data in real time. However, we get a true reflection of actual volume which is shared directly by the CME and it's available to all market participants in real time. I use volume as a tool to confirm breakouts and opportunities to fade the market. Spikes in volume will often be accompanied by intraday profit taking. The next instrument that we use in terms of our internals is the New York Stock Exchange tick index. This gives us the relationships of stocks up ticking versus down ticking. The tick is an extremely useful tool for intraday traders. For example, if there are 3,000 stocks trading on the NYSE and 1,500 trade higher from their previous price and 500 trade lower than their last price, the tick will read plus 1,000. But wait, what about the other 1,000 stocks? You say, well, they could be unchanged from their last trading price. When using the tick, we are looking for extremes to enter or exit a trade. Tick readings of plus 1,000 or minus 1,000 are considered very strong as we typically trade between 1,000 most of the time on the New York Stock Exchange. We have some interesting tips for using the tick. Tick readings within the 400 plus or minus 400 bracket indicate chop and we can pretty much ignore them when we want to stay out of the market when the tick is registering in those ranges. On a range day, you can look to fade tick extremes. I apply a moving average to make it easier to see the trend of the tick. And note that extreme tick readings for the day when we get a high tick and a high in price at the exact same time, this more often than not indicates the high in price for the day. When a high tick prints without that simultaneous high in price, we can continue to make new highs until a new high tick is reached, and obviously the reverse is true for a low tick followed by new loads. The next tool I use is the advanced decline line or the AD line for short. It's the second most important of the internals this indicator tells us the net sum of advancing stocks minus declining stocks. There are roughly 3000 stocks on the New York Stock Exchange and 3000 on the NASDAQ and AD line reading of plus 1,500 is very bullish and a reading of over 2000 is extremely bullish. On the flip side readings of minus 1500 and below are very bearish and readings below minus 2000 are extremely bearish. These extreme readings are indicative of trending days where once the market continues to trend all the way into the close, we look to the AD line in conjunction with the breath ratio to confirm trend days. For example, a day with 2500 advancing stocks and only 500 declining stocks would yield a net plus 2000 as an extremely bullish reading. So it's going to take a large catalyst to shift the market direction for that trading session. When you open you continue to see the AD line moving say from plus 500 to plus 700 to plus 900. This is a sign of market strength. If however the market is moving higher but the AD line is moving lower. This is a divergence and we could see the market turn. Next we have the breath volume ratio composed of volume flowing into up stocks versus volume flowing into down stocks. This is expressed as up volume minus down volume. This reading is important in relation to where it has been especially where we are now compared to where we were when we open the day. For example, if at 10am we have 10 million shares moving up and 5 million shares moving down, the resulting breath ratio is 2 to 1 positive. So as much volume is flowing into the stocks going up as going down. If by 10.30am the market is sold off but we now have a breath ratio of 3 to 1 positive. This is a signal that the markets are actually becoming stronger and it's time to buy the pullback and look for a long set up. Last but not least, we have the cumulative delta. This is a cornerstone of order flow analysis. This data summarizes buy versus sell activity and can help us determine market direction trend strength and support resistance areas. A positive delta refers to when the buyers and the purchases exceed the offers on sale negative delta is when the sale exceeds the purchase cumulative delta consolidates the accumulated delta information and then plots this information visual as you can see on the graph on the screen by recording and displaying a running count of weather and by how much buyers and sellers are in control order flow can. We can better extrapolate order flow and the flow of the market delta is an excellent tool for detecting divergence between price and the underlying order flow in the market. When price is making new highs but delta isn't making new highs it suggests an underlying weakness to the market and often precedes a pullback or a reversal and obviously the same is true on the downside. So now we understand the market internals and the unique insight they provide. I want to briefly walk you through my strategy by understanding the market context in which we are trading. I'm looking to execute two types of trades. One is a mean reversion trade in arranging environments and then I'm looking to trade momentum trades in trending environments underpinned obviously by the signals from the market internals. Every day I plot pivotal support and resistance action areas that are derived from my multi timeframe market volume profile analysis. This allows me to avoid engaging the market in areas of heavy rotation or chop where most traders lose their accounts, the sport resistance action areas have three purposes. They can act as entry levels in the reversion setups, which is the majority of the time in directional trending environments the action areas act to confirm momentum entries and lastly they can be used as targets for trades. I also know it's additional key data from the prior days price action. These levels are often important to define the bias for the day previous volume point of control, the highest volume price from the previous day buys and sellers. This is the level at which they perceive price to be at fair value for the trading session. I confirm the current market context. The dominant side for the market in the near term so one to three days, one to three weeks and then one to three months. There are times when neither side is dominant and then it's important to assess how the cash session develops as to where we're going to engage the market. I also highlight positive probability plays based on where the cash or regular trading session opens in relation to the prior day, either above below or within the private days range. There are key levels and probability plays that are based on price testing these levels over an extended data set. This can prove useful for trade entry, exit and management. Lastly, I note volatility or range analysis as this helps to inform the current market context, and is whether or not the markets in balance in relation to the current volatility. Equally we can confirm a market that's out of balance and inform the bias for the day. It also helps to inform trade execution and trade management. So what I want to do now is take you through some examples of how this stuff actually works in real time. So this, the setup here for the day, as we came into the session we were trading below these, these are a couple of key indicators here you should be aware of. This blue line here is the current session volume weighted average price. So it's the perception of where fair value is based upon the current trading action. This straight line here that moves as you can see with price action, and that's called the mid and what the mid is basically tracking the 50% retracement level of the current session. So when we open up the session here on this on this trading, on this trading day, we're trading below the midpoint and we're trading below the VWAP. So we're already looking for for short setups and the short set up basically is going to be a break of the primary support here. So what we're going to assess is whether or not the internals are confirming weakness in the market. So we have a tick distribution versus the moving average that's below the zero line. So that means that the tick is giving us a negative sentiment reading. We then have the AD line below the zero level and declining so for again giving us further indication of weakness in the market. We have the breadth ratio weak weakening from the open below its zero line and declining. So we've now got three of our four internal suggesting weakness. And then last but not least we have the delta cumulative delta also below its midpoint and declining. So that gives us an entry to play for a continuation trade. So here we're trading through the 4386 area and our initial target then is 4375 so that's a 10 point trade there to the downside. We did actually get a signal there versus what we would call an exhaustion whereby we made a new low of the day and we made a new low in terms of tick so that was our signal to cover that position. So this is a 10 points 10 point trade to the downside. Take a look at another example. This is a trader bullish continuation trade to the upside. So what are we looking for here well as we open the session the cash session we're trading above the midpoint and above the VWAP have our primary resistance here coming around 4385. The positive tick distribution the average the moving average for the tick is above the zero line. We have breadth improving from below we're trading above the zero zero line. We do have. Sorry we have Brett the AD line is trading above the zero line so positive so we have two of the four so far. Brett is below the zero line but you can see the moving average is improving. And most importantly here then we have the delta breaking to the upside and trading above so we have three of the four indicators or three of the four internals supporting the idea of a breakout. And we know that we're trading above the VWAP and above the midpoint so that secures a trade to the upside there and through that 4385 gives us move up into our target zone at the 44 so giving us a 15 points of upside there and all three three of our four indicators are supporting the trade. Here we have a move again a breakout to the upside. What we want to pay attention to obviously is initially we pull back into the primary support zone and as we do test that support zone. What's important to note here is that we have a positive tick distribution. We have positive momentum. We have positive AD line positive breath and importantly again we have a positive delta so the couple of entries here you can either enter at the primary support, or you wait for price to exceed through the primary resistance, and then you can set long positions as a breakout play to the upside targeting the next resistance zone here coming in at the 4300 level. But you'll note that in this instance we don't get any exhaustion signals and we can actually by using the internals and their positive slant here, we actually could have trade up into the secondary, sorry the third resistance zone up to 4320. So depending upon where you entered, if you played the reversion trade or the breakout trade, there was certainly 20 to 30, 20, 30 points of upside to be taken from that setup. Another example here, market trading below the VWAP below the midpoint for the session, we open up the session internals are weak with trading below the zero line, weak delta. But there is a break through the primary support in around that 4330 and that takes us down into our targets and they're at 4316. So another 1415 points, again just using these internals to confirm the break the breakdown in the market. So this is incredibly important here with respect to taking these trades we're not just blindly taking breakouts of reversion trades, we're reading what's going on underneath the price, the headline price of the index to see what the underlying derivatives are actually telling us and the flow, the money flow within the market and where that's going. So if you look at another example here, this one is a breakout to the upside we're trading above the VWAP above the midpoint, we have positive internals, everything above the zero line and improving. We're trading the break out to the upside there through 4340 and that gives us a target up towards 4355 and another 15 points of upside. And again we have all our internals confirming this move to the upside and the breakouts. So if you look at one more example. This is a breakdown trade here. So this is a continuation trade to the downside. We open up below the midpoint below the VWAP, negative tick distribution, negative AD line, negative breath and negative delta, and that's all once we get those signals to the downside so we trade through that initial support around the 4335 down through the 4029 area in below 4320 and ultimately down into this 4310 zone. And notice as we get into that 4310 that we get some divergence here I referenced this in the beginning that the delta is extremely good for tracking divergence and letting us know when a trend may be coming to a conclusion. So I don't want to keep going through example after example, looking back at charts. It's not particularly useful but what I didn't want to be able to just show you is how you can use these internals to read that underlying in the market. So what I'm going to do now is I'm actually going to pull up the live chart heading in for today's session. And this is this is the setup as we are looking at today's cash session. And in the tick middle even strategy group every day before the market open normally between half one and two o'clock UK time I provide a five minutes, three to five minute video where I highlight the setups for the session ahead. And I also review the prior days price action versus the plan that I had in place for that day. So, so you can see how the price action plays out versus the plan. And that's posted into the, the tick mill futures and options strategy group here. You are all welcome to request a two week free trial to that. I'll post the link there, those that are interested into the chat, and you can request a two week free trial. Within this I also provide intraday trade analysis I provide quantitative setups. I also provide access to tier one investment bank research with respect to the equity indexes, and I also provide real time trade updates throughout the trading session, letting you know how I'm trading market versus that the plan I've provided. And where there are new opportunities as the day emerges because there are some days where the plan is the market doesn't reach the support and resistance levels as per the plan. But I see additional opportunities develop as as the session develops and as I'm able to read the internals in real time, and I provide updates for those during the opening hour of the cash session. So, you are able to follow along in real time there for those sets. So, looking at today anyway let's let's see what we're looking at. I had a short position from yesterday, I highlighted in the strategy group that I was getting a short at 43 10 we have the openings swing low there at 43. 45 11 and that got filled over the night and actually traded down into the primary support zone at 44 98. And I cover that position for plus 10 points and I updated that in real time in the strategy group. Now as we head into today's session. Let's take a look. We're trading below the daily volume weighted average price for the five period look back that comes in at 45 28 so that gives us a bearish to neutral perspective on daily session. In terms of the globe accession to the overnight trade was bearish but it's come more back into a neutral posture now we're actually trading just below yesterday's volume point of control. That's the highest volume traded price there, and we can see that comes in at 45 20. So for me today, as we head into the cash session to trades that I'm going to be looking at one is going to be a break of primary resistance, which comes in at 45 30. We're going up into that 45 30 and we have positive internals so positive tick distribution, positive a D line positive breath and positive delta, then I'll actually be looking for long positions today. And I'll be training through 45 30 looking initially for a test of 45 45 to the upsides, I'll be using on a continuation trade you can see I have the stop of using a 9.5 point stop for that continuation trade. So if we get filled that for at 45 30, I'll be using a stop of 45 20.5 and then I'm looking initially for a 15 point move to the upside. If we can get through there. Then we should see new all time highs and the next target on the upside for me will be 45 56. The other trade I'll be looking at today will be a bearish continuation trade so if we trade down retest these glow vex lows and break them down so I'll be looking for a move through 44 93 is the trigger point there for this trade to set up I'll need to see a negative tick distribution, negative a D line negative breath and negative delta. And if we get that then I'll be looking for a move down to test the next support zone at 44 80. So as I head into today in the pre market, those are the two types those are the two trades. And then I'm going to wait for the internals to confirm those setups as as the market goes live at 230 UK time. I'll also obviously like I say I'll be recording short video that we placed into the, it's a live stream into the chat into the strategy for traders to review that in advance of the market. So that really gives you an overview of one the mini contract and its structure, its advantages in terms of using these market internals to better guide your trading to allow you to play to play with these breakouts and reversion trades. And three then obviously we have the strategy group whereby on a daily basis I'm providing a pre market plan, and then I'm doing the first half of the cash session and giving intraday updates, giving actionable insight into what's going on in the market how I'm seeing the internals develop and where I see additional opportunities outside of the initial plan. So with that, it does anyone have any questions, you can either type into the chat box or there's a Q&A box there you can type a question in if you have one. I've put into the chat there, hopefully everyone can see at the link for you to take a two week free trial of the strategy group. If you join the strategy group and you decide to stay, the only requirement there is that you open a an e-mini, sorry an e-micro account with TickMill and you have that account as a live funded account and then you can have permanent access to the e-mini strategy group. So are there any questions? Equally if you don't have a question and you think I've done a fairly good job of explaining this stuff, if you type an N in the chat box so that I know we're all on the same page and we're good to go. I'll just give you 30 seconds there. Okay, I can't see any questions coming through so I'm going to wrap this session up. Like I say, really strongly suggest you take advantage of the two week free trial to the strategy group and I look forward to seeing you in there. Okay, I'm going to wrap this one up here. Thanks very much everyone for your time and I hope you found this session helpful.


Next question is from Ty Finnecombe. What's something you've taken for granted that has come to light during the coronavirus situation? And as a result, what will you do differently once you're back to normal? You know, what's interesting is that we were kind of talking about this already, right, early in the intro. And, you know, while we're having conversation, like my mind's been spinning about that, because I knew it while it was happening. And then having to say it on this podcast made me really think about it. And now my brain's been going like, you know, what am I, how can now I realize that? Now, how can I organize something for my family? And so I have two, I have two brother-in-laws that are like musically talented, both of them play the guitar and have incredible voices. And one of my my personal favorite, and I'm pretty sure most of my family members favorite things to do is to get together as a family. And these are opposite sides, right? So actually never do the two of them get together. We've never, both my brother-in-laws that are the musicians have never been in the same family party or without that, they're on different sides of the family, but both very talented. And both sides of these families love to get together, have food, have some wine, and then play music.  And I just think that would be so rad and something that we had never done before. And I wouldn't even have thought to do that with that with until this whole COVID situation. And you know, who knows, maybe both sides of my family start getting together. And if it becomes a regular thing, and, you know, we've got everybody on there and enjoying music and seeing each other. And I think that's what I'm going to do. I mean, I literally have just like that just came to mind, as we were talking about this, because that was something that I noticed. I thought, you know what, we don't as much as we all do get together as a family, we don't do that that consistently. That and that could be a very easy thing that I make as a monthly thing that we all do. I love that. I love that idea. I'm on the same wavelength. As much as I value family, I realize that I took a lot of it for granted. And what I mean by that is I see certain parts of my family regularly. I see my parents, you know, at least once a week, maybe we'll have dinner together or whatever. I'll see my siblings, you know, twice a month, maybe once a month, maybe I have cousins and stuff that, you know, I'll see up big family events, but I don't see a lot of them enough. And what's actually happened is because of this, because I think all of us want to check in on each other. And we do love each other. You know, my cousins and I, we care for each other, my aunts and uncles, although I only see them for birthdays and Christmas and stuff like that. We definitely care for each other. And what's ended up happening is we're contacting each other more often than we ever have through FaceTime and through that type of stuff. And I'm really enjoying it. And I'm realizing I don't have a relationship with a lot of these people aside from the big family functions. And I did take them for granted. And I'm going, and that's what I do now.   It's 10 minutes, 10 minutes on the phone, FaceTime. And I think I'd like to keep doing that. I think, I think, you know, as much as I value family, I still took some of it for granted. That's for sure. Yeah, no, I totally agree with you guys on that. I do think too, one thing that I've really been stoked on, that we've started to kind of do it with our own family and our kids. Besides always just kind of going outside with them, horsing around, you know, doing like activities outside and enjoying the sun and climbing and all that, which has been great. We've designated like an hour of just creative time. And so this is something like we have been able to, like my oldest, for instance, has started to draw a comic and he's really getting into that. And like, I've never seen them really gravitate to doing artistic things. And my youngest is building all these elaborate things right now. And he's really getting into that. And then we spend time on the three of us like learning guitar and I'm kind of walking them through and they're working their way through that. But it's just something that, besides getting all of the education from school, hanging out with their friends and all that, that's like really rich time that I get to spend with them. And I want to see if I can maintain that going forward. Yeah, you know, it's something else too that I never used to do, that now I do a lot. When I would go on walks, because I would still do walks and stuff regularly, just to keep activity or whatever. If I passed by someone or someone's out in the garage or whatever, I never used to say hi to anybody. I used to just walk, do my own business. Maybe if I'm with Jessica or the kids, I'm paying attention to them. Now I make it a point to say hi to anybody I pass. And on Easter, Jessica and I went for a walk and we saw people out or whatever. And now that I've been saying hi to people, now they're starting to have conversations. So like I walked by this lady and she was talking to her neighbor and I said hi and she's like, hey, how are your babies? How are your kids? How are they doing? And I realized like, oh, she knows I have kids because I've walked by now several times and said hi. And so we're starting to build that community feel that I didn't have before. 100% took that for granted before.


Welcome to this segment of PSC teaching which is known as the polarizability. In this segment we will discuss about the periodic property known as polarizability. So polarizability we can explain it as how we can distort the electron density present surrounding an atom. So if we have a electron density that we can distort very easily in the presence of an external electric field and where the external electric field is coming it is nothing but coming from the neighboring ions. If it is such that this electron density present on an atom we can easily distort we say we have a higher polarizability and if we cannot we say it is a lower polarizability and generally it is represented by this term alpha. So over here I am showing you the example how we can define polarizability. So over here I am showing you two ions one positive ion over here and one negative ion over here both these ions actually having one charge the red one having a plus one charge and the blue one having minus one charge but this charge is distributed all over the atom electron density differently. In this red color positively charged cation it is a very small in size so all the charge is confined in a very small space. So we can say over here the charge density which is nothing but showing you how much charge is there around the system at unit volume it is quite high because it is plus one charge at a very small space but the same time over here the charge density for this blue anion is pretty low over there it is quite high and over there it is quite low although we have the same magnitude of charge and why it is so because it depends on the electronic distribution around the system. This anion is a large size anion where the electron density is quite well spread around it and that is why it is actually have a low charge density and not only that the presence of a strong electric field for an example the presence of this red cation itself it actually distorts that electron density because this electron density around that anion are loosely held they are not controlled very strongly from the nucleus. So that is why a low effective nuclear charge and a low charge density which is generally found in large ions is the main place where we can easily distort the electron density and that is why we can say these are the highly polarizable system. So over here out of these two system I will call this one a highly polarizable system and that is because the electron density of this system can be distorted very easily. On the other hand this system over here we cannot distort it very easily because it is much more strongly controlled by the presence of the nuclei. So we cannot play from outside with this electron density and distort that very easily. So we will say this is less polarizable. So now if we combine them together we can say a good polarizable system or highly polarizable system is such those where the ions are in higher in size so they are larger in size. They have very low charge density and low effective nuclear charge so that the control over this electron density is actually pretty low from the nucleus. So that is why another electric field coming in the form of a neighboring ion can still control that electron density. So not only the presence of electron density but a very weak control from the nucleus itself is the main reason where we can see a highly polarizable system. On the other hand if I have a very small ion very high charge density with a very high nuclear charge that means my electron density will be controlled very strongly. I cannot distort that very easily and that is going to show very low polarizability. In a different term when we have a system an ion such a way that which actually cannot be distorted very easily that means less polarizable but they can have polarizing ability because they can use their large charge density to control the electron density of the other metals the other ions the other ligands present around. So that is known as the polarizing ability. So the polarizing ability can be high the polarizing ability can be high when we have a less polarizable system. So we can conclude over here that the high polarizable system are having less polarizability whereas the low polarizable systems having higher polarizing ability. Now to understand this fact we are going to use a few problems to follow the polarizability system. To understand the polarizability better we are going to go through some examples. So the first problem in this particular set is we have a series of cations even over here lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium each of them has plus one charge. We try to understand what is the polarizability order among those cations. So as polarizability is a periodic character we are going to show you the periodic table over here and over here you can see the cations all the things we are talking about is present in group one. Now what is happening over here? So each of the cations have plus one charge. So that is quite straightforward. Then we look into the size of each of the cations because that has plus one charge. Now we want to have idea where we have the lowest charge density because lowest charge density means there is less control over the electron density from the nucleus and to have an idea what is the lowest charge density I need to have an idea about the charge and about the volume. Charge you already know all of them are in plus one charge. The difference now comes with respect to the volume and from a periodic table we know if I go through this particular group from the top to bottom the size of the atoms or ions increases. So over there from lithium to sodium to potassium to rubidium to cesium if we take the cation size and look into the radii we found that the size will increase as we go down and as it shown over here lithium plus ion has a size of 0.6 angstrom sodium increases to 0.95 potassium is now more than double of lithium 1.33 it continued to increase even in the rubidium to 1.5 cesium is 1.7. So you can see almost 3 times increase as we go from lithium to cesium and at the same time what is happening we are not increasing the charge. Charge is remaining the same only we are increasing the radii that means if we consider each of the ions as a sphere the overall volume actually also increases. So as we know the volume is equal to 4 by 3 pi r cube if we consider a perfect sphere r is the radii and the radii increase almost 3 times from lithium to cesium. So almost 27 times increase in the volume is expected as we go from lithium to cesium and that is going to affect the charge density because the same amount of charge plus 1 I am distributing over a huge amount of volume as I am increasing from lithium to cesium periodically and that is going to affect my polarizability because as we know from the definition of the polarizability low charge density high volume is actually gives me a better or higher polarizability. So we expect the polarizability will also follow the same trend as we go from the lithium to sodium to potassium to rubidium to cesium ions and once it is measured we found that is the crest. So the polarizability is given in a volume factor so that is angstrom cube it starts from 0.02 unit for lithium it is solely increased by almost 10 times to sodium it continues to increase almost 5 times to potassium then to almost 1.5 in the case of rubidium ion and cesium ion it is almost close to 2.4. So you can see a huge increase in the polarizability as we move towards the word size. So if we are talking about the same amount of charge we are only increasing the volume in a periodic property the polarizability will also follow the same trend increase the volume increase in the polarizability because if we consider the same charge the charge density is going to follow the same trend as the volume. So that is the first question we discuss about the polarizability. Next take another question now we have taken instead of a cation and anion set we have fluoride we have chloride bromide and iodide over here which is nothing but in this group over here group 17. So all of them again have the same charge minus 1 and again we want to have an idea about the charge density because the charge is same so if we want to have an idea about the charge density we need to know the volume and again very similar to this group 1 all the groups if you go top to the bottom you increase the volume and we increase the volume over here also from fluoride to chloride to bromide to iodide. So we are going to increase the volume and that is going to decrease the charge density as we go from the fluoride to the iodide why because charge density is nothing but amount of charge divided by the volume the amount of charge is remaining same volume is only increasing as we go down to the group so the charge density also decreases around it. And as we just know the polarizability means nothing but increase so as we know polarizability is directly connected to the charge density as we decrease the charge density there is an increase in polarizability because with the decrease in charge density there is a more probability that I can distort the electron density with ease and this easiness of charge density distortion is known as the polarizability. So if we have a very low charge density that means control over this electron distribution from the nucleus is pretty low and that is going to reflect with a higher polarizability. So even in this case the polarizability order will be fluoride greater than chloride greater than bromide. So with an increase in polarizability we are going to see in a way iodide will be showing you the highest polarizability is the largest ion then the bromide then the chloride then the fluoride. So if I want to write down over here the polarizability order so iodide has the highest then comes the bromide then comes the chloride and at the end come the fluoride. So this is going to be the order of the polarizability of this system. Now go to the next question this is a very interesting question we talk about some metal fluorides and all these metals are coming over here from this group number 2 alkaline earth metals we have taken magnesium calcium strontium and barium it has a plus 2 charge and that has 2 fluorides bound to it. Then when we try to look into the bond angle of this fluoride metal fluoride we found in magnesium fluoride the bond angle is 180 degree which is actually expected for this kind of molecule we are expecting a linear structure. However we go to magnesium to calcium we see a little bit bent structure from 180 degree it becomes 140 it bent further when you go to strontium almost 108 degree and this trend continues as we go from strontium to barium it becomes 100 degree over here the question is why. So if we look into this all these metal fluorides the common factor is fluoride is the same anion bounding to all the metals and then when it binds to the metal we know fluoride itself is actually less polarizable but it can be a strong polarizer so it is a strongly polarizing anion so it can polarize the electron density of the metal it is binding with so both of this fluoride present over there that can interact with the electron density present in the metals and try to distort or polarize them. So now we have to find an idea about those 4 metal ions plus 2 charge which is going to be more polarizable which is going to get polarized with respect to the fluoride atoms present there. So over there as we are seeing this periodic properties again polarizability they have all same charge plus 2 all the metals are in plus 2 charge over here. Then we look into the volume magnesium to calcium to strontium to barium I am going to increase the volume as we go down and as we increase the volume with the same plus 2 charge I am going to decrease the charge density as I go magnesium to calcium to strontium to barium and that is going to give me an idea because lower charge density means highly polarizable. So the order of polarizability will be this following barium will be the most polarizable system then strontium then calcium and magnesium will be the least one. So the fluoride which is a strongly polarizing ion that can polarize each of the metal ions but extent of polarizability will be different the maximum polarizability we will find in the case of barium then the strontium then the calcium then the magnesium and how it is connected with the bond angles because when you have a huge electron density present with a very low charge density these fluoride ions are going to polarize them when it polarizes it has larger charge density on this side less charge density on this side and this fluoride atoms are going to face some serious repulsion with respect to this polarized electrons density. So this polarized electron density is going to repulse these fluorides and that is why they are moving from the original linear position. So when it is a magnesium the charge density is quite high in the magnesium so there is not much interaction with the polarizability so magnesium is very less polarizable. So that means it is not get polarized and it is not showing any interaction between the fluoride and magnesium charge density because it is not polarized anymore but as we go to calcium it start polarizing and it start moving the fluoride out of its original linear position and that start from calcium and increases as we go down because this electron density is going to get bigger and bigger with the less charge density but the electron cloud the volume is going to increase as we go down. So the fluoride is going to squeeze further and that is shown with the bond angle over there. So it is the fluoride which induces the polarizability and then the polarizable character of the metal ions come into the picture higher polarized highly polarizable barium is getting a huge impact on the position of the fluoride which actually repositioned such a way that we have a very narrow fluoride barium fluoride bond angle of 100 degree which is almost 80 degree shift compared to the original linear magnesium fluoride. Now the last question of this segment we have put 5 different inert gases over here from helium to neon to argon, krypton and xenon and we given the boiling point from helium it is only 4 Kelvin, neon 10 Kelvin, argon 100 Kelvin, krypton 170 Kelvin and xenon 220 Kelvin.  Question is can we rationalize it? So understand it we have to understand the basic phenomena boiling first. So in the boiling when it happens there is a liquid phase changes to a gaseous phase. Now in the liquid phase we have a better intermolecular interaction between the molecules. In gaseous phase the molecules are far apart so they have very minimal interaction happening there. So in the liquid phase there is a good interaction in gaseous phase it is not. So now it depends how good the intermolecular interactions are. If that is a very good and very strong intermolecular interaction that is going to bring the molecules together and that it will be very tough to get rid of those interactions so that I can move from the liquid to the gaseous state. So if a system has a very strong interaction between the molecules it will have higher boiling point and if it has very less amount of intermolecular interaction I am going to see a lower boiling point. Now this inert gases doesn't have any dipole moment, doesn't have any charge to initiate some intermolecular interaction. However they create a very unique phenomena called induced dipole induced dipole interaction. So how that is actually coming into the picture? So over here say we have a inert gas molecule which is spherical in nature and have no particular dimole moment present over here. The dipole moment for this term is 0. However when it is coming near to another molecule search for instantaneous motion because the electrons are not static so they are moving for instantaneous motion for a particular instant this electron density can actually get distorted a little bit and that will create a dipole moment that can happen to the other molecule also and that will create this dipole moment where we will have a dipolar interaction. But this is happening only for a very little instant and then it goes back to its original position again. But this very minute amount of dipole moment creation is good enough to create some interaction between those inert gas molecules and those are known as induced dipole induced dipole interaction or in other term London force which is actually the main factor which actually bring the inert gases together. So now better is this instantaneous dipole moment formation higher will be the London force higher will be the intramolecular interaction between the molecules and that will make sure that the inert gas would like to stay in the liquid form longer and that will reflected in the higher boiling point. So what we just need to know where we can get better induced dipole induced dipole interaction. Now induced dipole interaction happens better when we have a polarizable electron density. So when you have a polarizable electron density it has much higher chance to create this induced dipole moment because it is controlled pretty weakly by the original nucleus and now the polarizability order in this particular system is again coming from this particular group helium to neon to argon to krypton to xenon as we go down we increase the volume and that means it increase the polarizability order also in the same way. So the highest polarizability I am going to find with xenon then the krypton then argon then neon then helium. So xenon has the higher polarizability. So now if we say what is the order of producing the induced dipole moment it is going to be the same higher the polarizability higher is the tendency to create the induced dipole moment. So that is why we are going to create a very similar trend of polarizability order. So over here higher the polarizability higher will be the tendency to create this induced dipole moment induced dipole moment or London forces among them. So xenon will have the most strongest interaction and that is why it is reflected the highest boiling point. On the other side helium which is a much more smaller size atom which will have the least amount of polarizability it will have the least amount of induced dipole moment and that is also shown in the boiling point which has the lowest boiling point among this particular series. So if we want to summarize polarizability of an atom of an ion is actually nothing but how much we can distort the electron density. If it is very easy we say it is highly polarizable and generally it is found with large ions with huge volume of electron but with very low charge density and that is also important to know that if we have a system which is not very polarizable but it can polarize other things very easily for an example a small cation with very high charge density it can distort electron density of the neighboring atom. So it can be highly polarizing power although it itself will be less polarizable. Same thing happens on the other side a system can be highly polarizable when it has the very low charge density however it will also affect the neighbor also pretty weakly so it will be less polarizing. So that is what happens in the polarizability which is a direct connection with respect to the electron density distortion with the effect of an external electric field generally given by the neighboring ions. Thank you.