With the speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty house, silver, the lone ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Toto, the mask writer of the plains, led the flight for law and order in the early western United States. The stories of his strength and courage, his daring and resourcefulness have come down to us through the generations, and nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, from out of the past in the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver, the lone ranger rides again.  Shortly before the Republic of Texas was established, a young surveyor was charting a course across the great plains south of the Brazos River. Suddenly, a young Indian astride a painted pony rode over the rides in the prairie and approached carefully. How, how? Oh. Come on up, engine, nobody's going to hurt you. Up down gun! You always put down the gun, huh? Well, this isn't a gun, engine, it's a transit. It was several minutes before the young Indian could be persuaded to approach and dismount. He played slight heat to the young surveyor, but centered his attention upon the telescope and tripod.  Oh, I'm not a hunter. I'm a surveyor. You know Savvy, surveyor, do you, engine? Oh, no Savvy. Oh, what's your name? Flacco, my name. What's your name? Well, back in Tennessee where I came from, my name was John C. Hayes, but out here in Texas I'm just playing jack Hayes. Savvy Jack Hayes? Huh, me Savvy Jack Hayes, no Savvy gun on teepee poles.  Oh. What you doing out here, Flacco? You hunting? Hmm, me hunt Buffalo, no fine Buffalo. Oh, now that's tough, isn't it, Flacco? How'd you like it if Jack Hayes found some Buffalo for Flacco, huh? Flacco, no fine Buffalo. Jack Hayes, no fine. Well, we'll see about that. Maybe my medicine's better than Flacco's medicine. Oh. Now take a look over the west there. Over there. Huh? That way. Huh? See any Buffalo? No, see Buffalo. Come here, Flacco. Take a look through this contraption. Oh, no good. Gun on teepee poles. Oh, no, no. There's no gun in this, not on teepee poles. This is a surveying transit here. And this thing, see, this is a tripod. Come here. Take a peek through this. Just like this, see. Now you do like I do. Shut that left eye tight and look through this telescope with the other eye. Hmm. Yeah, that's it. It's not going to hurt you. You see? Hey, look. Huh? Huh? Huh? Huh? What do you see, Flacco? Flacco see Buffalo. Mutual Buffalo. Yay! I told you my medicine is better than Indian medicine, Flacco. Huh? Huh? Huh? Oh, now what's the matter? Look through gun on teepee pole. See Buffalo. Now look through gun on teepee pole. No see Buffalo. Buffalo, go away. Oh, no, Flacco. The Buffalo didn't vanish. Now you get on that painted pony of yours and write about half a son. You savvy half son. Huh? What do you mean? Half day? Yeah, that's right. That's right. You'll find your Buffalo. All you and your tribe can use. In my talk, that herd of Buffalo is just about 30 miles from here. You can't see them with the eye. It's too far from here. But they're there all right. You'll go. You'll find them. Skeptically, the young Indian followed Jack Hayes' advice. To his amazement, he found the herd of Buffalo he'd been able to see only through the transit of the surveyor. Thus was formed a firm friendship between Flacco and a man who was later to become the leader of the most daring and famous band of lawmen the world is ever known, the Texas Rangers. When General Sam Houston began his second term as president of the new Republic of Texas, he called Jack Hayes before him. The Indians of Texas trust you, Jack. Well, they have great regard for you, Mr. President. Well, for that I'm thankful. I hate to say it, but President Lamar undid much of the good work I'd accomplished among the Indians during my first term as president of the Republic. President Lamar hated Indians. It was his policies which inspired white renegades to make trouble and stir up the peaceful tribes. We must start now to remake the peace treaties that have been broken. The fate of the Republic of Texas depends upon it.  The ranges have found plenty of evidence of that. Well, fortunately, there are some tribes which are as anxious for peace as we are. The Lippian tribe, for instance. I have a very good friend among them. A young brave named Flacco. He's soon to be made a chieftain. So I understand. That's why I've sinned for you, Captain. Yes, sir? I prepared a message which I want you to have delivered to young Flacco's father. It promises protection of the Indians' right, protection for his buffalo herds, protection against white renegades. Well, the old chief will appreciate it, Mr. President. Sure, it'll make for a strong alliance between the Lippian Indians and the new Republic. And, uh, Captain? Yes, sir, Mr. President. I'm also promising to visit this tribe within a month. You will go with me. Fine. I'll be glad to accompany the President. Make certain the message gets through. If it should fall into the hands of our enemies... It will be delivered by a man I trust implicitly. And who knows a country better than... well, than any man in Texas. That is all, Captain. Good day. Meanwhile, stories about a great buffalo bull called Mucho Grandi by Indians and whites alike spread across the far western frontier. Leader of a vast herd of hundreds of buffalo, Mucho Grandi cunningly eluded all efforts of the white hunters to slay him. No Indian ever raised a hand against him. I'm telling you, Benzer, it's worth your neck to try killing that buffalo bull, but it'll mean trouble for you. I'm telling you, Benzer, it's worth your neck to try killing that buffalo bull, but it'll mean trouble for the Indians as well as Jack Hayes Rangers. This is the same stinger. I got an idea. A good idea. What is it? Well, will he get something like this? That big bull means something to the Indians. I don't know just what, but one thing is certain.  That's right.  I'll get this. I heard the other day that a young buck named Flacco was going to be made a chief of his tribe. Flacco's a friend of Captain Jack Hayes. He acts as a scout for him sometimes. Did you ever see one of those Lippian chiefs in warfinery? Yeah, a long time ago. They wear a whole buffalo head in a robe. Yeah, their head's like a big mask, so as you can see they face the engine wearing it.  Now, you're getting the idea. Did it ever occur to you that maybe that's why they're saving old Mucho Grandi? You mean maybe they're going to make a war bonnet and robe for Flacco when he's made chief? Yeah, that's it. Let's get the hide and head of old Mucho Grandi before Flacco gets it.  We could round up a bunch of them renegade reds. I could wear the bonnet and robe. We could raid a white settlement. Flacco and his tribe would get the blame. The peace treaty between Ellipse and Sam Houston would go up in smoke. Then? Yeah, then what? There's a fortune in it for us. All that's needed to bust up this new Republic of Texas is just such an incident I'm planning on creating.  Many miles away in the village of the Ellipse and Indian tribe, young Flacco stood before his venerable father and a group of the older men of the tribe. His father spoke solemnly. It is now time, my son, that you know great tribal secret. Secret? For a long time, my son, you have pleaded with me to go forth and slay the great king of the buffaloes, the great Bull Mucho Grande. These many moons you have been denied. The great king of the buffalo has been protected against all men who would kill him. Men who have tried to slay Mucho Grande have been slain, both red men and white men. Mucho Grande is great chief of buffaloes. He was quick to send danger in the wind. Lead his herd to safety from wild animals and the greedy hunter.  Yes, my father. You must go forth and slay the great king of the buffaloes, Mucho Grande. Slay him and return with a great hide and head. There are men in the tribe who will prepare the head as a bonnet and the hide as a robe befitting a great chieftain. That, my son, is the secret of the great king of all the buffaloes, Mucho Grande. Go now. Come not back until you have with your own weapons. Slay in the great king bull, Mucho Grande. Flacco obeys command of his father. Flacco will return quickly. The evening sun was fast descending over the range of the low hills when the lone ranger, Masked Rider of the Plains and his Indian companion, Toto, flew rain a few miles from the roaring falls of the Brazos River. Oh, silver, oh, silver. Spread before them across the grassy plain was a vast herd of buffalo, grazing leisurely and unafraid. That's the herd Captain Hayes told us about before we left Austin, Toto. Indian camp nearby, huh? Shouldn't be very far away. Probably near the falls of the Brazos. We can camp here for the night and reach the Indian camp by noon tomorrow. Plenty big buffalo herd, huh?  See that big fellow grazing a hundred yards or so from the main herd? Ah, Tonto Gnomes. You know him? Ah, him Mucho Grande, king bull of all buffalo. I've heard stories about him. He's protected by the Indian for some reason.  That's the reason we're taking this visit to the Lipton. Well, Tonto not savvy. President Sam Houston is determined to stop the slaughter of buffalo by white hunters. Ah, him Muchwise man. Good Indian. Love, love Sam Houston. Yes. Captain Jack Hayes of the Texas Rangers asked me to give a message from President Houston to the chief of the Liptons. President's going to visit the tribe soon. Not good. Him make peace between white man Indian. Look, Tonto, which will grandly see something. Ah, him get mad. Stomp foot. Ah, roar like falls of brazos. The herd's getting excited, starting to stampede. He's the Indian. Yes, you're right. He's creeping up on the big bull. Ah, him got bull and arrow. Mucho Grande is standing his ground. He's going to fight. Indian heap brave.   He's aiming. Big buffalo charge Indian. There went the arrow. Look, it got him. Ah, big bull fall. Arrow in heart. The Indian, yellow victory. Ah, him proud warrior. Very brave. Kimosabe, three riders. White hunter.  White hunter, one buffalo hide. You've got to stop this, Tonto. Come on, Tonto. Let's go. Strive the great horse silver. The lone ranger followed by Tonto, swept down the mesa. His six guns spitting a deadly fire into the ranks of the startled white hunter. The curtain falls on the first act of our lone ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. While delivering a message of peace from Sam Houston, president of the Republic of Texas, to the chief of the Philippian tribe of Indians, a lone ranger and his companion, Tonto, saw three white men trying to kill a young Indian warrior who had just slain Mucho Grande, king bull of a great buffalo herd. The outcome of the incident provided a heated argument late that night in a hunter's camp many miles away. Oh! You don't have to jab that knife so deep into my hide, you clumsy galoon. Well, I do. If I'm going to get that bullet out, well, hurry up.  I'm going to get that owl hoot and his Indian friend that shot us today. I kept us from killing that Indian buck and probably taking that buffalo hide to boot. And that was a hide of old Mucho Grande himself. Hey, you know... Know what? I got a hunch that it wasn't no owl hoot. No? Who do you think that ombre is? When I was down Houston last month, I heard some of Captain Jack Haynes' rangers talking.  Ain't a regular ranger, it seems, but Jack Hayes put a lot of stock in him for some reason. Now that's a lot of squaw talk. I heard some of that, too. Just a lot of stuff those rangers are spreading around to scare us hunters. I ain't so sure of that, Benzern. There's one sure way of knowing whether there is such a guy or not. Yeah? How so? Well, I'll be able to tell. Oh! Just as soon as I get this bullet out of Benzern's shoulder. Hey! There it is. I'll take a look at it. Let's see. What? White silver. Silver bullet. That's it.  The man you tangled with today was a lone ranger. Several weeks later, a lone ranger was camped beside the Brazos River awaiting the return of Tonto with gone to visit the young chieftain Flacco of the Lippian tribe. Oh! Oh! Oh! Kimosabi! Yes, what's wrong, Tonto? Much trouble, Kimosabi. Oh, what is it? Chief Flacco, him dead. Flacco dead? Ah, him killed. Indian Braves find him dead on trail. Shot. Shot? That means he was killed by white men. White hunters. How do you know they were hunters? Them killed, Chief Flacco, take Chief's buffalo bonnet and robe. That means trouble, Tonto? That's trouble. Indians fix now to go and war pat, kill all white men. Oh, this is serious. President Sam Houston and Captain Hayes of the Rangers are scheduled to visit the Lippian Indians right now. Ah, me know. Indians say them kill Houston, Captain Hayes. Indians say them not keep promise. The presidents and Hayes did promise to run the white renegade hunters out of Indian territory. I can understand how the Indians feel about it now. Ah, and what we do, Kimosabi. I knew what trail the president and Hayes were taking. I'd go warn them. If they don't capture the Indians, they won't be killed immediately. The Lippians will want to call in some of the neighboring tribes to see the ceremony. Ah, that's true. We're going to take a desperate chance, Tonto. And what we do? We're going to the spot where Chief Flacco was shot. Maybe we can pick up the trail of the killers. Tonto know where him killed. Here, Silver. Here, Scout. They've got to work fast, Tonto, silly big fella. You ready, Kimosabi? Come on, Silver. Get him up, Scout. Meanwhile, Sam Houston, president of the Texas Republic and Jack Hayes, chief of the Rangers, were riding toward the camps in Indian's. Suddenly, Hayes spoke to the president. Mr. President. Yes, Captain. What is it? You see that cloud of dust over to the west there? Yes. Be sure. Looks like a large body horse. It is. Indian horsemen. Probably coming out to greet us. Remember I sent them a message and I visited them at this time? I remember. I'm afraid you're wrong, Mr. President. You think it. I don't think. I know. You'll notice that those horsemen are not riding in column. You're right. Oh, boy. They're riding spread out in battle formation. In battle formation? Mr. President, it's a war point. But this is Lippian territory. You and the young chief flakko were friends. Undying friends. That's why I'm worried. Hello. We now have proof that chief flakko was killed by buffalo hunters. Ah, hunters in big hurry to get out of Indian territory. Hide buffalo robe of chief flakko. Yes, that's right. They knew that if the Indians found them in possession of the chief's bonneton robe, it would be scalped on the spot. They hid it under the overhanging bank of this creek. But then come back. No doubt that's their plan. We wait and catch them. We have time for that. President Houston and Captain Hayes may already be captives. And what we do? They'll take the chief's robe along with us and we'll track down the killers. Ah, hunter trained horses. Come on, silver.  Three heavily armed horsemen, their mouths flakked with sweat and breathing hard, pulled into a clump of cottonwood. Oh, oh, oh. For a half an hour they had watched with considerable concern a lone rider hang tenaciously to their trail. He's following us all right. Ain't no accident he's on this trail. Don't it's anything peculiar about that horse? It's big and it's white. Yeah, you're smart, Willie. That's the mask on me that shot us a few weeks ago. A lone ranger. Yeah, that's him all right. And I told you I'd get my chance at him one of these days. Looks like I got it right now. He would come riding up just when...  Take a look, grazing over there. Ah, Lee. It is a big one. Here, let me take a rifle shot. No, you don't. Why not?  Here's that mask on me riding right into our camp. You want to start shooting buffalo. The first shot would give our position away to that galoot. I reckon it would have that. Any fool ought to know that. Now you two get the horses back into the brush on a site.  Not on your life. He'd never know who shot him. I want him to take a look at me before I let him have it. I'll get going with those horses. Yeah. Come on. Here's my chance. The one I've been waiting for. Stick him up, you masked omring. Oh, silver, oh boy, boom. Easy now, mask man. Don't reach for them guns. I realize you have me covered. What for? I've been watching you trail me and my partners for the last half hour. Remember me, mask man? Can't say that I do. Take a good look. It's gonna be your last. I'm the fellow you shot not long ago when you took the part of that Indian buck with a big buffalo bull. Remember? I'm sorry my marksmanship wasn't as good as it should have been. When my two partners get back here, mask man, we're gonna have a little target practice. Wonder what they're doing. Hey, Stinger. Willie. Maybe they're hunting buffalo. What? What'd you say? I said maybe they're hunting buffalo. Maybe you've got something there, mask man. Just like them two yellow varmints. Fact is, we just saw a great big bull a few minutes ago. Hey, where is that buffalo bull? Take him, Toto. What, an injured? He's got him. Very big fellow. Hold on to him, Toto. Have you for this fellow? Me got other two fellas. Where are they? Me tie him up tight to tree. Good. Come on up on your feet, fellow. Where'd that Indian come from? He's the one that was with you before. That's right. As to where he came from, the buffalo you thought you saw was a horse. A horse? Oh, I know a buffalo bull when I see one. This time you didn't. The horse you saw was covered with a buffalo robe. The one you took when you murdered Chief Flacco. You found it? Yes. Knowing you were following this trail, Toto took a shortcut to this clump of cottonwoods. He only shelled her for miles around. He covered his horse with a buffalo robe and turned him loose to graze. The sneak and engine coyote. He had you covered all the time. He'd tried to shoot either his horse or me. He would have killed you. Ah, me wish me kill him. Come on, Toto. Let's round up this bunch. They've got a hard ride ahead of us. Ah, me get prisons from horses. In the vast camp of the Philippian tribe, Sam Houston, president of the Young Republic of Texas, was a prisoner. Standing resolutely beside him was the young captain of the newly-organized Texas Rangers, Jack Hayes. Sam Houston break promised to keep White Hunter from Indian lands. Jack Hayes break promised, too. White Hunter, come to Indian lands. Kill my son.  Me, sorry, great white father. Me, sorry, Jack Hayes. What are they saying, Jack? Something about somebody coming. They're pointing back at us. Maybe war's started now. Many men come. Who can it be, Jack? I've no idea. If they're white men, it means plenty of trouble for them. If it's soldiers, war's starting now. Mullah! He's ordered his brave to take battle positions to wait until he gives the order to fire. He'll be a massacre. Mr. President. A masked man. Do you realize your danger? I'm not a renegade. Jack Hayes can explain. I'll be glad to, Mr. President. Masked man, good friend, my son Flackel. One time saved my son's life. Him, my good friend. Toronto, my good friend. Great chief of all the Lipians. Once I brought you the message of peace from the great white father you now hold prisoner.  What they do? Those three men tied to their horses are the murderers of your son Flackel. How you know? Hello. Bring the buffalo, bonnet and robe. Me bring it. Buffalo, bonnet and robe of great chief Flackel, my son. These men will be punished to the great white father has promised you he would punish all bad men. Give them buffalo, bonnet and robe to me. Here. He's coming towards us, Jack. I think I know why. Great white father. Here. You mean... He means for you to put it on, Sam. Yeah, me help him. There. That does it. Great white father keep promise. Good friend of Indian. Good friend. Indian make great white father big chief of Indians. Lipians always be friend of white man. Me swear under sign of buffalo head. That mask ranger. He should be the one to... Where'd he go, Jack? No one knows where he goes, Mr. Presidents. You have just heard as a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


Hi, beautiful. How you doing? You look spectacular. Ooh, go in the mirror. Look at yourself. Tell yourself you're beautiful because that's what you are. Ooh, it's so intimidating being in your presence. It's almost a little nerve wracking. Hi, I'm Brad Mondo. I forgot how to like do this. I'm like so weird, like you're so pretty and it's hard to speak when you're being watched by somebody who's just so unreal. Thank you for being here. We're watching some people color their hair neon today. I am so excited because neon is just like the most extra type of hair color you can do to yourself.  Well, a lot of it extra. We had people going neon yellow, neon pink, neon green. Anything could happen today, really. I'm excited to watch these transformations happen. Let's do it. All right, up first we have Lorgia Natalia, Lorgia, Lorgia, Lorgia, Lorgia. One of those is probably is right. And the title is Dying My Hair Yellow. It is me, Lorgia. Lorgia, that's your name. Got it. All right, Lorgia. You'll be watching me have my 100 and millionth mid-youth crisis, also known as Dying My Hair. A mid-youth crisis. All right, yeah, that's what it is. See what you've got today, I'll be dyeing my hair yellow. That's gonna be a process. Will it turn out good? I don't know. That hair is dark as hell, thick as hell, a lot of hells. And I don't think she's gonna get a yellow, but I've been around before. First we have here. First you clear the color with a bleach. What are we using to do this? Prism lights and a shade violet. I can get with that. Because I'm trying to be the blondest I can be That's right. I am clearly trying to fry my hair. Let's not do that. But I like that she said she's trying to be as blond as can be to then go yellow. That's important because to go yellow, you're gonna have some blonde hair. That was rude.  Don't forget about the developer. I'm using the 40 volume developer. And I don't have to read in the directions, which I usually don't do. So we have prism lights and a 40 volume de-valley. Well, this is about to get wild. It says to use a 20 volume developer and I'm like. I'm not really sure what we're doing. Like I know we're going yellow, but I'm not sure like how much of her head is going yellow. Is it her ends? Is it her roll head? I don't really know what's going on. So I changed my mind. I am going to be using this developer because it has oil in it. You're gonna wanna do two ounces. Oh, I love that she's following the directions. I appreciate that. That's great. And we're sectioning. Yes. The entire free time I wanted to go home even though I already was home. I just wanted to stop, but I couldn't because I already put the bleach on. No, turn it back because I already freaking put it on. I have to say she's doing a great job. Dude, this sectioning is phenomenal. Well, it's good. It's not phenomenal, but she could have taken smaller sections for sure. However, she is fully centering that hair with bleach. See that guys? That is full saturation. She's getting it really piqued on there and I love to see it. And then she's putting it in foils and the foil folding is beautiful. And I like what I see. And it's developing. So she put all the foils in. I can't wait to see what happens to her hair. Is it gonna be good? I feel like this is gonna be really good for her. 20 minutes? I'm rinsed it a lot. It looks damn white. No idea if I rinsed all of it out. Didn't feel like talking. So I'm just gonna do a voiceover. We have this like very dark moment on the top then to this very orangey moment in between and then very white ends that almost look like they're gonna snap right off her head. And she's gonna now put the yellow over her hair.  It might be fine because she has that kind of orange in the middle. It might go from like dark to orange to yellow which is kind of like a moment. But also I don't know if that's gonna be right for her. And then for dye, I used two different dyes. The first dye I used was Pervana's Chromosocneon. Ooh, I've seen, I've used that before. It's really pretty. And then the second dye I used was Pervana's Chromosope Vivid's Loftin' and just regular yellow. And now it's time to mix it. You're gonna need to do one part for me at the end. This is gonna be so yellow. Oh. Okay, put it on your head. Breathe through me out. Look, look at that. Look at that. That does not look yellow.  I mixed it and it was perfectly fine. The yellow, I feel like it's gonna be really good for her. Put in the dye. Wow, we love and eat it. It means this part would- This is gonna be really pretty, I think. It's gonna be like 20 minutes. 10, 10, what does it mean? Oh my God, it's so good. Wait, what? This is gonna look so good. Yeah! Dude, this looks incredible. Wow. Do I like it? You like it? It looks incredible. Like that end to make it seem healthier. So this yellow is so good for her. I am actually shocked at how good it came out and also that yellow somehow neutralized that orangey part of her hair or it just kind of disguised it and it looks so great, especially with her natural hair color that is very cool toned. This very cool toned yellow looks great. I don't know, I'm just obsessed with this look. I love that she only did the ends and you know, it's like dip dyed. It's very funky, very fun and very fresh and I love it. This is what I want. Okay, let's move on to the next person. Up next, we have Nazia, Marook, Nacia. I don't know. There are a lot of hard names today.  Dying my hair neon pink and orange at home, wow. Hi guys, welcome back to my channel. Today I have decided that I'm gonna do something a little cray-cray. What are we doing? I'm going to bleach my hair and then dye it hot pink and orange, omre. We are just going right for it. So we're going from brown hair that looks like it has been dyed before to then bleaching it and then dyeing it pink and orange. I can't wait. I'm so excited. Oh, I can't wait. I'm using L'Oreal quick blue. L'Oreal, L'Oreal. Ion 30 volume developer. I might even be able to get away with 20 but we're gonna shoot for 30. I don't think 30 is good. I'm gonna have to bleach my hair one time. Okay guys. Oh, we did it. I'm gonna wait.  And I'm gonna let this sit for about 25, 30 minutes and then come back. I wonder what she has on her hair currently. It definitely looks like it's dyed over blonde hair. So the 30 volume and bleach might just really lift out top layer of brown color really fast and she might end up with a very blonde hair. I'm excited. We're about 18. Yep, I was right. Into the bleaching process and my hair's pretty blonde. Whoa. We're getting somewhere. So I think I'm gonna leave it for another 10 to 15 minutes and then I'm gonna wash it out. And I actually have you. I'm excited. A mixture of the two diluted before to get my peach colored hair and my hair was not even as blonde as this. I only left bleach in for like 20 minutes last time. I can't wait to see this look. I can't wait to see this look. My hair's gonna need to be a little bit lighter. So it's gonna need to be like 15 to 21 minutes. All right, guys, here's a product. I'm about 25 minutes of bleaching with 30 volume. Okay. It's very orangy. Yes. Obviously, if like if I wanted to go with a platinum, I would wait a week, bleach it again and then tone with like well a tea. But we're not doing that, I'm guessing. Done like gray hair and everything and used T050 I think it is, it's like a violet color. I really only needed it to be a little bit lighter because the colors that I'm going with are first of all orangy in nature and second of all, they're pretty bright. Okay, this girl knows exactly what she's doing. It's actually better to not lift your hair to a very bright color before putting reds and oranges on your hair because you want that existing warm pigment in your hair. That way the color is more vibrant and it lasts longer. If you put red or orange over a very white hair, it just ends up fading out really quickly and there's just no point of lifting it that high and damaging your hair even further when you don't have to. I've diluted this pink with conditioner and also mixed it with a little bit of this. So this is atomic pink. Atomic pink, whoa. This is napalm. These are so bright, I'm terrified. But I'm going to mix these up in two separate bowls and separate my hair like this. Ew. I'm going to separate my hair and then I'm just going to go at the base of my scalp with the neon pink and then as I go down, I'm going to gradually fade into orange. That's difficult to do on yourself. I feel like I believe in this girl. I feel like this could really go well. Oh yes, yes. Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. That is really bright pink. I love that versatile application of color on blonde hair. It's so exciting.  Okay, this is definitely a different look than what she just had. This is going to be a huge transformation from what she just had. I am psyched about it. I guess we're going to find out how this looks. It says to only leave on for 15 minutes. She is totally contemplating her whole life at this point. She's like, what the? Did I just do it myself? Here it is. It's saying that I'm disappointed. Wow. Now with this and see what it looks like now. Wow. It's crazy with my makeup, but I feel like we're going to do some bright colors today. Just, yeah. Yes. Give me the bright makeup. Well, I do my makeup. Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. I want to see the full fantasy. Give me curled hair and some makeup. I want to see it all. For tonight, this is the finished look. I did my makeup. I did some eye shadow to match my clown hair. And yeah, I actually love it. So if you want to keep this color for me, we'll do like a blue or something next. Oh my God, she looks stunning. So that's all that really matters. The orange and pink neon hair was so much better than her brown hair. Like, yes. And it's so fun for me to be able to say that now because you guys used to think that I hated brown hair. Well, the joke's on you because I literally have brown hair now. I don't hear you guys talking anymore. I don't hear you. What? I don't hear you. That was so good. Please keep your hair that color. It looks incredible. Let's move on to the next person. This video is by Mariah Kaelin. And this is randomly dyeing my hair in neon pink at 2AM.  So I think it would just look so cute because I would just look so like put together like dark finger waves. We'll be so cute like buddy boobies, you know what I'm saying? I wouldn't want to dye my finger waves with dark color. But first I'm going to experiment all colors. I'm excited. Even though I'm already experimenting with color on my waves and stuff like that, but you know, I took the front off. Yeah, you got some roots going on, girl. Please. That's going to be really hard to touch up those roots at home and not overlap with the existing blonde hair. I think that's really scary. I wouldn't do that. There's a lot of things that I wouldn't do that you guys do though, so that's not saying much. I don't know where the brush is at for the um, but we're not going to use a comb. No, no, all of it is overlapping. I really hated having black roots at blonde hair. Oh no. The worst way, you could have, oh. You're not getting my roots, you do what I need. So now what's going to happen is she's going to get probably like orangey yellow roots with really white ends. And then when she puts the color over all of that, she's going to get all different variation of colors in her head because she doesn't have an even palette to work on before she puts the color on. Okay, y'all. So I've been into bleaching my hair.  The back and the back is going to take forever to lighten up because my roots are taking forever to just lighten it. The plan was to do like an arm ray of purple going into pink, but one, nobody wants to help me do the back of my head in this house. Well, what the hell? I would have helped you. So I have my colors like planed out or whatever. So today I'm just going to do pink. It's neon pink and it's from Adore in the shade 140. That'll be really good for her. She's like going to really comment your skin and it'll look really nice. I am about to start this process. So my hair drying is not a problem. Ooh, her roots are orange. Putting the pink in. Her ends are white. What did I say, guys? I'm getting good at this. Wow, it's almost like my job. My sister said that I could just like pour it in my head. What should I do? Should I put it in the bowl? Put it in the bowl. No, my hair. No. The bowl, should I put it in my head? Should I put it in the bowl? Put it in my head. Put it in the bowl. Put it in my head. And she put it on her head. Great.   However, her hair is already varying in colors very much so. So I don't think that's the biggest worry of hers right now. It's going to look probably a little crazy no matter what. Oh, it is really bright. They were not kidding when they said neon pink.  Oh, yo. It's going to be so bright. This actually might be okay. So I'm going to go in the mirror and look at this while I'm doing it because I can't film it. That might be a good idea. I love that idea. I don't want the back of my head.  I'll be back. I applied it to the back. I don't know if I got all of it. Oh, with the waves dude with the pink. I washed it out. Definitely came out. Whoa. This was my first color I've done on my pink wave so far. All I did was dye it blonde. I mean when I first cut my hair it was red. Well on camera it looks hella good. Wow. Your hair is so pink and it actually looks quite even which I'm very shocked about. Last night I just went to sleep and I didn't film my outro. I look like a highlighter. You are looking like a hot highlighter. I'm glad y'all know that. Like the favorite highlighter in the pack. My hands are pink. We love that. Wow, look at the finger waves with it. Yes. But it's okay though because I second that. It actually looks fake. It doesn't even look real. If you wanna see next and subscribe to me to be a part of my little family I got going on. Oh my God, her hair looks so good. I think it's a really crazy look but I think it's really fun. It'll probably fade out really fast but I love the finger waves with the color. I think it really completes the look and just snatches it all together. It looks amazing. Yes, I love it. All right and lastly we have Eva Furser dyeing my hair neon green. I've had this hair color for approximately, I wanna say like a month. Oh, perfect. I don't like blue hair on myself. I like blue hair on a lot of people. That's why I dyed it this color. I don't like it and maybe it's because I have this white streak in my hair but I just haven't got round to dyeing that blue either. Yeah, something about this blue hair doesn't seem like the most optimal color for you. I feel like it could be a lot better. These are from just like different. I bought this one today. This one's there and this one's for me. I'm sure you can mix them together about anything that will happen. So she's using 30 and 40 volume and mixing them together. So what you can do to figure out what developer is gonna happen with two different developers is add the two developers together and divide them by two and that's sort of the area of what developer you're gonna be using when you mix them together. So 30 plus 40 is 70. Divide it by two is 35. So 30 and 40 volume together will create a 35 volume developer. It's a little strong for just taking blue out of your hair but whatever. You could have just done a bleach bath, mixed some shampoo and some water with some powder and a little bit of developer and just shampooed it in and actually lathered the bleach for once. Guys, I'm okay with that. And then just took the blue out and yeah, but we're gonna use 35 volume instead. Okay, these are the two colors we've got the basic blue the same. Oh yes. We'll play about the same. Yes, neon green looks so, it's gonna look so good on here. I can already feel it. I ended up bleaching it really badly. Like just defeated by my own hair and I couldn't be bothered even finishing the roots and stuff like, this was just a disaster for me. So, you know, here. Oh no. We have one side in navy blue. We have one side pastel blue. We have some yellow roots. We have a little bit of a green spot in between. We've gone this far, let's just cut it, it's fine.  I completely forgot to actually film myself cutting my hair. This is what they look like right now. So I can show you the reveal, but I just like tied them up and piped it. No, this is so bad. But it actually looks the same like. No, it doesn't. Okay, that one's physically shorter. Oh my God, her hair looks so cute.  Okay, so now she's bleaching her hair the next day again with 30 volume. Bleaching around a little bit better. I saw the patches that I missed last time and covered them up. Also, I forgot to film halfway through bleaching. I feel like this is gonna be a lot better. I love the haircut too. It's like right at her chin, it's super cute. The blue is still very much stand in. No. 20 minutes. Get the blue out. 20, that's quite long. Yo, blue is really hard to get out of hair. Really hard. But yeah, basically what I've done, yeah, if that fails then we're just gonna do it anyway. Okay, so she ended up just putting the green over her hair anyways. She was like whatever, it doesn't work where I'm over it, which I love that attitude. But yeah, I just used bleach London, slime green and color crazy lime green and I mixed them both together. Whoa. Now I'll show you the finished result. The green is actually overpowering the blue. Looks pretty green to me. Whoa, how did she get that to happen? The roots have went, you know, slime green and then these back to normal green. Luckily she was doing neon green, which is a lot of yellow. So the yellow mixed with the existing blue in her hair and made green. That actually ended up working out quite well for her. The roots are definitely lighter. Finished result. And this is a day later. You could see where the blue was because if you look, that's my root. Wait, I love that it's like tie diagram. The white part of my fringe, you can see that it's like.  Yeah, I'm like really happy with that. Me too. So the haircut phenomenon looks amazing. The multicolored green moment you have going on, I actually really like it, which is surprising. I mean, it's definitely not like a good dye job, but it like works for you. And the green is way better than the blue for sure. Oh my God, yes. I'm so excited for you. This looks so good. You should always have green hair. All right, you guys. So those were all the beautiful neon hair transformations I have for you today. The green one was probably my favorite. I don't know, they were actually all really interesting and really different and really creative and really cool. And I actually love all of them. That yellow one was really cool. The pink was like, whoa. And the orange and pink one was like a transformation and a half. And make sure you guys check out my two new X-Mondo products, Electrified Volumizing Foam and Wave Tech Wave Foam. These products are insane and incredible. Go check out the specs on the website. The links will be right below for you. These are a must have. Make sure you guys follow me on all the social media networks. You can find me on Instagram, Twitter and TikTok under BradMondoNYC. And you can find my Facebook page and my Snapchat show under BradMondo. And then make sure you follow X-Mondo hair on Instagram to stay up to date with new product launches happening all the damn time. That's all for today guys. Thank you so much for watching. Don't forget to live your extra life and I'll see you next time. Bye guys. This is Wave Tech Wave Foam. If you have dull, lifeless hair, you have no wave in your hair or you have a ton of wave but your hair is really frizzy and the wave doesn't stay very well, this is for you. It's also amazing for those of you with straight hair who want a natural looking wave and don't wanna use any heat tools.


Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss two important aspects of social control, formal and informal mechanism of social control. Formal social control involves the use of law and institutions to regulate the behavior. In Pakistan, for example, the formal mechanism of social control is enforced through legal system and different through different government organizations or through different government institutions. For example, police and center intelligence agencies and balancing the informal and formal social control is important for promoting a just and equitable society, as well as ensuring the individual rights and freedom. So, formal mechanisms of social control are acting mostly on the public spaces or public spheres where the jurisdiction of informal social control is restricted to certain aspects in which these formal institutions of social control do not exist. So, external means of control refer to the use of outside forces to regulate the human behavior. So, this can include law, formal institutions and social norms. So, in Pakistan, for example, the legal system, the government institutions serve as the external means of social control. Whereas, when we talk about the informal mechanism of social control, your institutions like family, school, they play as well as the peer group, they play a role as informal mechanism of social control. For example, and when you are in home and if you are having a deviant behavior, your family would react. It is not the case that they would call the police if you are considering the theft, the minor theft, or if you are considering the telling a lie as a deviant behavior, they would not call the police, rather they will define a mechanism for you as a mechanism of social control. Maybe they would punish you informally, but that does not mean that they would involve those formal organizations of social control. So, in a nutshell, these two mechanisms of social control are acting differently within the different cultural and social contexts.


So now, I'm going to cover the ability to leverage system time for casting template to build your custom views. Create custom views means that you can leverage the inter-site console different templates that we have made available to easy the process of putting together a custom view. So now, a new template which is system time for casting template is available to let you include in views time for casting models and also execute those models directly from the custom views. Customer value is the ability to predict the future behavior of one of more performance metrics in a single page on a view and multiple analysis of performance metrics into a single view. Now with that, let's take a look into the environment and see how this works. So first of all prerequisite for using the system for casting model template is that you have defined into the workspace into true-side capacity optimization console a time for casting model. So for example, I have defined the model which takes into account a number of virtual host VMware and I'm just trying to get a forecast for total data store space utilization, memory utilization and CPU utilization for all the virtual host that are included in my ECME vCenter global. So now, once I have created my time for casting model, I can leverage this model and display this model and execute this model into the custom view. Let's see how this works. First of all, in order to create a new page or a new custom view, you need to access true-side console and then point to the administration section and capacity views and hit the add view button. At this point, you are presented with this field that you can put a name for, select the name for your view. So I will just include my name here and you can also select a group where you wanted to include to save your new view. At this point, you are presented with the catalogue of custom view templates that is available to you. And now, you see that in version 11.0, we have a huge number which is 13 custom view templates that can help you to create custom views in true-side console. Now, let me also include a name for my page, let's say, forecast. And let me select the forecast system for time forecasting template. If I do create at this point, I need to configure my page. In order to configure my page, I need to select a time forecasting model that I wanted to leverage to populate this page. For example, in my case, I wanted to select the time forecasting model that I have created to forecast CPU utilization, memory utilization, and total data storage utilization. At this point, as you can see here, I can also choose to select a specific entity type to be used to visualize time forecasting model results or I can keep it unspecified. So let me first of all select a type here, so it could be the VMware host, for example. Let me save it. So you see that if I save this page, I can see results for time forecasting model related to the VMware host. So the power of this template is also the ability to select all the hosts that you have available in your environment. So even if you have created a time forecasting model into the workspace and you have selected only a few of your virtual host VMware, you can now span and select another host that was not included into the original time forecasting model. So that's one characteristic that I wanted to highlight related to this template. In addition, I wanted to also mention that it's really nice also because if you do not specify any of the system type, you can do save and you can, in essence, span the entire tree of system managed in true site capacity optimization and select another entity that you wanted to use and check forecast results. So for example, let's say in this case that I wanted to check forecast for a cluster. So despite the fact that we have created the model against a virtual host, we can select whatever time system type we want and we can also execute the model directly from the view. So as you can understand, in every custom view, you can use this template to display a specific forecast scenario for all the entities that you are managing in true site capacity optimization and that concludes the system time forecasting model template demonstration.


My name is Lutz Meboldt. I'm currently in charge of Ilvis-Masangiro Centre, which is a state-of-the-art environmental research laboratory and within the program of climate smart livestock I'm leading activity A and also contributing to activity C, which means activity A is we are really focusing on providing essential localized data on greenhouse gas emission baselines from livestock systems in East Africa but also we're trying to test specific interventions which are realistic for farmers to be implemented to become more climate smart meaning to improve their farm productivity to potentially reduce negative environmental impacts but also to be better adopted to climate change. Pacific activities is really what I just mentioned baselining so trying to understand the currently existing livestock systems this builds on experience we have from past projects but now we're expanding not just to different countries we're also going to Ethiopia and Uganda but also to systems we have not studied yet and this is particularly important because we need local data in terms of greenhouse gas emissions from animals from soils from manure from livestock systems in general to allow these individual countries to report under their NDCs and UNFCCC and the Paris climate agreement but also all these countries have signed the Paris climate agreement and they have to show how they can reduce emissions over time and you can only actually prove that you're reducing emissions if you actually know what your emissions are at the moment and this data has not been available so far and we're not just getting the baselining but we're also looking at farm productivity at current farm practices and farm management and try to identify identify options to actually boost productivity without compromising the environment. I think the program for climate smart livestock is especially important not just for the countries themselves to really fulfill their requirements under the Paris climate agreement but it is the first time the chance that we had a larger regional scale getting real localized data which really has not been available so far and can sort of evidence-based decision making also following what the farm systems look like what are management practices and how we can really sort of come to a brighter climate smart future and a big component of that is actually also capacity building so we have a lot of students on board who do this kind of work in the field together with the scientists but we mean which means we have master students in each of the countries locally employed we have research assistants so you're sort of also building capacity in terms of technical skills which are yet to be built and we have a whole range of PhD students who really sort of can become the future generation of scientists in the area of environmental sciences or global climate change science. I think what is really really cool about the project is that we are not just doing biophysical measurements but we're actually trying to multi-disciplinary understand systems so we have also our social scientists in the team are futures and are sort of people working together and we're looking at many different angles within the project but it's actually different disciplines working together as a team and it's not just individual components the whole project is built in a way that these are should interlink with each other and what I expect what we will have reached in four years or roughly four years when the project is finishing is first of all we have scientific evidence I mean we will have basically scientific publications which really prove on what is currently ongoing in livestock system in eastern Africa with that I think we have a whole pool of very skilled young researchers and research technicians who can actually sort of follow up on that locally and within local governments and what I really hope is that also that there is a bigger and better and more realistic understanding between the governments and also a link how things can be achieved at a farm level what needs to be done to become a real climate smart.


Hey everyone, I'm Rick Viskomi, host of The State of the Web. It's a new series committed to staying up to speed on all of the big web trends. We'll be using big data to shine a light on areas like security, performance, publishing, and more. You'll also hear directly from the industry experts who know how things are going and where they're going to be. This is going to be a lot of fun, we've got some very exciting guests lined up so please subscribe to the Chrome Developers Channel and tune in for a new episode of The State of the Web every other Wednesday. Thank you. Bye. Bye. Bye.


You said Devers got you for a quick one there in the first. What would you think of the way the offense responded quickly in the bottom? Yeah, I was pretty upset coming off the mound there. That's just a pitch I know better than to leave in that spot. And then the answer with whatever it was four runs. I think that really set the tone for the rest of the game. Put the momentum in our favor, and it kind of never left. How much does that allow you to attack and not worrying about being too fine out there when they're able to put some runs on the board early? Yeah, I was able just to attack and get a bunch of quick outs, pound the zone, and for a guy who hasn't had the results go in my way, it was nice to get those quick outs kind of flowing and just work through some mittings pretty quickly and cleanly. Were there adjustments that you made coming into this start that allowed you to get some better results? There were some adjustments, nothing mechanical. It was more just about understanding where my miss areas are. So if I'm throwing a slider, make sure I get it to the edge. We're off. Don't back them up and leave them over the middle, stuff like that. But it really wasn't anything too crazy. After the second hit, though, it looked like a complete turnaround. You got everybody out after that. Did you make an adjustment right after that? No, I kind of stuck with the game plan at that point. I knew I felt pretty good. My pre-game bullpen was really, really solid. I thought this stuff was in a good place. So I kind of just put my foot down after that. But I didn't consciously change anything. You've won a lot of games this year, both you and the team. But did you need this one a little more than most? Yeah, I mean, I think me and the team probably. The past week's been a little bit of a challenge. We played a lot of close, tough games. Obviously, playing Boston, it seems like we play them super close all the time. So it was nice to have a nice, relaxing win. And yeah, I mean, for me, the past month hasn't been easy. But I'm just going to keep my head down and keep working and doing the right thing. And hopefully, the results keep coming. Jameson, from a pitcher's standpoint, what has made Matt Carpenter so dangerous this year? I mean, the slug. I really don't know where to pitch him right now if I were on the other team.  He's handling fastballs, and he doesn't chase the tons. So there's just not a ton of room for error. It seems like you have to really dot your fastball either up somewhere or down and away. And I hope you don't miss.


Hello everyone, good evening, can you hear me? Okay, so last class, we discussed still critical pressure temperature, right? Critical volume. Yes, so we had discussed what is critical point and at critical point, what is critical pressure, critical temperature and critical volume, okay? We have also said almost we are done like I think almost 10, 15% left, okay? We'll finish it today and we'll start in the next chapter. Okay, could you check your notes? Have we discussed the correcting bulk problems in the states of America? Have we seen a topic like correcting bulk problems? Okay, so yes, yes, critical point we did. Okay, right down next. So I think last class we discussed about this, the critical point, just a quick recap that we did. Critical point we discussed, the definition of critical point and the various parameter at critical point, okay? The formula of PC at critical point, sorry, for critical point is 27 by B square. BC is equals to 3B and TC is equals to what? 8A by 27, RB, correct? 8A by 27B, okay? And with the help of these data, if you find out the compressibility factor, so this Z is equals to, we have PC, VC by RTC. And when you solve this, the value of compressibility factor at critical point is 3 by 8, till here we had discussed last class. Now we have one more term here that is reduced equation of state, reduced equation of state. Reduced equation of state is defined with respect to the reduced temperature, reduced pressure and reduced volume. So reduced temperature is represented by TR and it is mathematically defined as temperature divided by the critical temperature. This is reduced temperature. Similarly, reduced pressure is pressure divided by the critical pressure and reduced volume is volume divided by the critical volume, okay? With all these formula, we know pressure temperature and pressure from this, what we get? We get three relations, pressure is equals to PR into PC, temperature is equals to TR into PC, volume is equals to VR into VC, okay? Now all these term, if you substitute in a Wendervolt's equation, which is P plus A by, P plus A by V square into V minus P, I'm taking one mole is equals to RT, all these pressure, volume and temperature, if you substitute, you'll get the reduced equation of state. You don't need to do it step by step just to copy this down the final expression. PR plus three divided by VR square into three VR, three VR minus B is equals to AT. This equation is independent of AB, equation is independent of AB and R and this equation we call it as reduce equation of state. Not important, copy this down, okay, done. So this, you can substitute the pressure and when you solve it, you'll get A and B canceled. Left hand side and right hand side, if you substitute all the values, no. Both will get canceled because you see TR is nothing but T by TC, sorry. T is nothing but TR into TC, correct. TC you can write 8A by 27RB. So you have numerator A and denominator B, right. So when you solve, when you substitute this A and B and then the value of critical pressure and volume, A and B both sides will get canceled. Next slide down, the various type of intermolecular forces. Heading all of you right down, intermolecular forces. Intermolecular force are mainly classified into four categories, okay. Four types of intermolecular force we have, okay. Bitter-neutral molecules. The first one is dipole-dipole forces. Dipole-dipole forces, okay. This force right down, the ski points will see. This force exists between, exists between, between polar-neutral molecules, between polar-neutral molecules. And effective when, and effective when, and effective when the polar molecules are very close. And effective when polar molecules are very close, correct. Because you see, suppose we have A and B polar bonds we have. Logically, you can understand, right. Polarity in molecules is because of the electronegativity difference. B is more electronegatives, delta-negative, and this one is delta-positive. You see, so we have a charged center, right, at a certain distance. This is behaving as plus and minus, that is a dipole it is, right. So dipole-dipole forces work. So dipole-dipole forces work. If you have two polar molecules like this, with opposite charge close to each other, then there will be a force of interaction that is the dipole-dipole forces, right. So both should be polar in nature, okay. Right down, this force increases with, this force increases with the molecular size, the molecular weight, and dipole moment. Applied only for gases. The second type of intermolecular force we have, dipole-induced dipole forces. Dipole-induced dipole forces. It exists between, exists between polar and non-polar molecule, right. So dipole-induced dipole forces polar and non-polar molecule, polar and non-polar molecule, okay. So what happens here? Suppose we have a polar molecule, right. So obviously in polar molecule we have charge separation, and we have a non-polar molecule, right. So in polar molecule we already have charge separation, so it is plus and it is minus. And when these two comes closer, this plus charge will attract the electron towards the side, and because of the effect of this attraction, here we have delta negative, and here it becomes delta positive charge. So this kind of charge that develops because of the interaction with this polar molecule, in this non-polar molecule, we call it as induced dipole, because it is behaving as a dipole once it comes closer to the another molecule, which is polar in nature, right. So this one is a dipole, and the second one is induced dipole. So it is dipole-induced dipole forces between polar and non-polar molecule. So a few points in this you write down. It is weaker than, it is weaker than dipole-dipole forces, weaker than dipole-dipole forces, and it is also called, and it is also called De-by-forces, I'll write down here, and it is also called De-by-forces, D-E-B-Y-E, De-by-forces. It increases with, write down, it increases with the first one. Obviously, with dipole moment, more dipole moment, more will be the interaction, and more will be the induced dipole. The second one is polarizability of non-polar molecule, polarizability of non-polar molecule. These two factors we have for this. Third type of intermolecular forces we have, that is London dispersion force. London dispersion force exists between, between two non-polar molecule, between two non-polar molecule, and it is due to, due to the random motion of, motion of electrons within an atom, atom or molecule, next write down, okay, next write down, due to the motion of electron, due to the motion of electron, the motion of electron, and instantaneous dipole creates, due to the motion of electron, okay? Due to the motion of electron, and instantaneous dipole creates, which creates, which influences the, I'm repeating, due to the motion of electron in an atom, and instantaneous dipole creates, which affects the motion of electron in another atom or molecule. So what happens here? Suppose we have two atoms, mainly it is for noble gases, suppose we have, sorry, wait, okay. So we have suppose helium atom present like this, and we have another helium atom like this, it's present, right? So there are two electrons, so these two electrons are randomly moving in these two atoms, correct? So the moment, suppose you assume for a fraction of seconds, the two electron, the position of two electrons are here, and in this atom, the position of two electrons are exactly on the opposite side. For any instance, this kind of arrangement if it is there, then this side is slightly negative, this side slightly positive, similarly here we have slightly negative, and this side we have slightly positive. So for this instant, it experience a force of attraction here, and this force of attraction is nothing but the London dispersion force. So very weak force, in fact, all molecular forces are very weak, but this one is even weaker than the other forces, London dispersion, right? So it is because of the movement of electron in an atom or molecule, okay? This London dispersion force increases with, right down, it increases with, increase in number of electron, number of electron, molecular size, molecular size, polarizability, polarizability, and since we have molecular size, so we can also say molecular weight. So these are the three types of intermolecular forces we have. The fourth type we have, that is hydrogen bonding, and we had already discussed it, so this we are not going to do it again, okay? So we had discussed this two types of hydrogen bonding we have, intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding had already discussed it, okay? I'm just leaving this thing here. So these three types of intermolecular force, we have four types of intermolecular force we have within the molecule, okay? This thing is not that important. You probably know, sometimes we'll get some theoretical questions on this, okay? But overall, it is not that important, okay? Now, the two more concepts we have to discuss in this chapter, the last two concepts we have to discuss is the connecting bulb problems. You won't get these questions mainly in a school. It is mainly for the comparative exams, okay? So write down next, connecting bulb problems. Bulb in the sense we are having here vessels, right? There's two vessels when they are connected, okay? So suppose we have two vessel contains gases into it, right? Contains gases into it. And these two vessels are connected by a tube, right? Connected by a tube and there's a stop cork here, right? There's a stop cork. So purpose of this is it prevents the mixing of the gases in the two vessels, right? That is why we use it, right? Stop cork prevents the mixing of gases. When you open it, the gases may mix, right? So obviously we have certain pressure here, P1, V1, T1, and P2, V2, T2, right? So when you open this, the gases will flow from this column or this column to this column, and there will be mixing of gases, okay? When you open the stop cork, why this mixing happens? Because there is some pressure difference. And mixing happens till the pressure becomes equal in both bulb or both container, right? The gases diffuses from high pressure to low pressure, mix properly. Once the pressure becomes equal, then there's no further mixing, right? So here are two types of questions arises. Once when the temperature equals in both the bulb, T1 is equals to T2. And another time is when the temperature is not equal in the both bulb, T1 is equals to T2, okay? These two cases we are going to discuss that in both cases, what we'll do, okay? So case one, all of you write down. Case one, when there is same temperature in both the bulb, these two container we have, and these two container, like I said, connected with a tube and a stop cork is there, right? And a stop cork is there. What I'm assuming, I'm assuming the tube has negligible volume. The connecting tube has negligible volume. Now, the data which is given over here is we have 20 gram of H2 present in this vessel, 20 gram of H2, volume is 10 liter, and temperature is 300 Kelvin given, right? This is suppose bulb A, this is suppose bulb B, and in the bulb B, we have 160 gram of O2, okay? We have volume 15 liter, and we have temperature that is 300 Kelvin. So temperature is same in both the bulb. Could you find out, this is the data given, we need to find out, calculate the question is, calculate the pressure in both the bulb, in both the bulb when stop cork is closed, when stop cork is closed. Well, first question, stop cork is closed. And the second question, when stop cork is open, are you getting the question? Did you understand the question, guys? All of your response. So this is the two question we have. Now, obviously when the, okay, obviously when the pressure, when the stop cork is closed, then we can find out the pressure easily by applying PV is equals to NART. So pressure in A, if you find out that is P A into the volume V is equals to NART, ideal gas equation.  So number of moles, we know 20 gram of H2 we have. So 20 divided by 2 into R value, we'll take 1 by 12. I'm assuming here 1 by 12, R. Okay, because R value is 0.082 or 0.08 is approximately, you can assume, 0. Suppose if I take this 0.0, are you getting noise? 8 by 100, I am assuming. Which is approximately, we can write 1 by 12. Okay, this approximation sometimes helps you a lot in solving questions, right? So here I'm taking 1 by 12, especially in this kind of question you must remember this. T A is 300 given, and volume is given in the question that is 10 liter. Now when you solve this, you will get 12 into 224, 24, 2 and 2 will get cancel, 30 by 20, 300 by 20. So we are getting 25 atmospheric. Okay, it is 25 atmospheric, the pressure in the first bulb we have. 5 times, it is 25, 3, we are getting 25 by 3, that is 25 by 3 atmospheric pressure we are getting. So obviously what we are getting here you see, we are getting the pressure of bulb A is more than to that of B, is more than to that of B. Okay, it means what? Once you open the stop cork, right? Once you open the stop cork, then the gas from the bulb A starts diffusing into the bulb B because the pressure here is small and this will diffuse till the pressure becomes equal in both the container. Okay, so when this you open, then the total volume would be what? The volume of A plus the volume of B, that is the total volume once you open the stop cork. Right, this tube has no volume because we are assuming tube has negligible volume. If the volume of tube is given in the question, then the total volume once you open the stop cork would be the volume of this vessel plus the volume of this tube plus the volume of this vessel. Okay, since here the volume is negligible, then the total volume would be V plus VB. Okay, so in this one you see the second part of this question, I'll go to the next page. To find out the second part, we have total pressure, that is PF we need to find out the total number of moles equals to, we have the total number of moles equals to the number of moles of A plus the number of moles of B, number of moles of A is 10 moles of hydrogen and 5 moles of oxygen we have. We have 15 moles present here. The total volume BF is equals to VA plus VB and that would be equals to 10 plus 15, 25 liter volume we have. Volume we have. So when the stop cork is open, when the stop cork is open, then what we can write PFVF is equals to NFRT, T is 300 only. So this pressure PF is equals to NF is 15, NF is 15, R is 1 by 12, T is 300, BF is 25. Okay, this will give you 25, 25, 25, we'll get cancel, pressure is 15 atmospheric. Is it clear? Understood. Any doubt in this? No. You see for this we are assuming non-reacting gases, okay? That is H2 and O2 are mixing, but they are not reacting, okay? They are not reacting, they are just mixing. So what happens if they react? So when H2 and O2 reacts, it forms H2O, right? Liquid, okay? If you balance this reaction, if they are reacting, okay? If the gases are reacting, balance reaction is 2H2, gives 2H2. Number of moles of H2 is given, it is 10 moles, and it is 5 moles. Do we have any limiting reagent in this? Because it's a complete reaction with the data given, okay? Data could be anything, right? For this data what we are getting? For this data, for the given data, it's a complete reaction, it's a complete reaction, okay? It means there is no unreacted reactant left, there is no unreacted reactant left, okay? That is why we say all the gaseous particle here is converting into liquid, there is no more gas present in the vessel, and hence the final pressure would be zero, because the gas is not present. If we have any unreacted reactant, we'll find out the number of moles left, and that mole we'll use to find out the final pressure. Did you understand? Yeah, tell me guys, correct? Okay, so this we can do, we can add this volume here, see here, we are adding up this volume, since the temperature is same, if temperature is not same, we cannot add the volume, VF does not equals to VA plus VB, right? In that case what we'll do, that you see. So the case two we have, case two, if temperature in both bulb, in both bulb are, right, is different.  Done? Okay. So what I'm assuming here, the question is, assume all conditions are same, are same, but, temperature in B is 400 Kelvin, suppose it is this, and obviously gases are non-reacting here. Okay. All these things, if it is not mentioned, non-reacting, you don't have to consider the reaction. Okay. Question one is, calculate the pressure, the pressure, if stop cork is closed, cork is closed, right? So what we'll do here, same P, V is equals to NRT we'll use, PA is equals to, NARTA by VA, and this will be 25 atmospheric, because there's no change, we have calculated this already. PB will be, 10 the number of moles of oxygen, into 1 by 12, temperature is 400, divided by, the volume is 15 litre, and when you solve this, you'll get around 11, 0.1 atmospheric. This is the pressure we have, right in each bulb. So when you, once you open the stop cork, then the gases will mix, right? A will go into the bulb B, the gas A will go into the bulb B, but we cannot add the volume VF is equals to VA plus VB. So second question is, calculate the pressure, calculate the pressure in both the bulb, in both the bulb, when the stop cork is open. So we cannot write here, VF does not equals to VA plus VB, the reason is, the temperature is different in both bulb, right? This is one thing. We know this fact, that PA is more than PB, it means gas A is at higher pressure, so A will diffuse into bulb B. So what we are assuming, that X moles of A will go into the bulb B and the pressure becomes equal, right? That is what we are assuming. Assume X moles of A mix with mix with B. Okay? So for bulb A, what we can write here, one second I will go back. So bulb A you see, the final pressure is P, I am assuming, which will be same in both the bulb, temperature we have already 300 Kelvin, volume is also given 10 liter, right? Number of moles which is left here is initially it was 10, so 10 minus X. We can apply, PB is equals to NRT here, NARTA, that is equation one. And if you apply the same thing for bulb B, we have final pressure P, final temperature 400 Kelvin, volume of B is 15, I guess it is given, yeah, 15 liter. And the number of moles here, it was 5 initially and X moles of H2B. So for this we can again write PB VB is equals to NBRTB, this is 2. So if you divide one by this, you need to solve these two and for solving, we are dividing 1 by 2. So PAPB both are equal, so VA divided by VB is equals to NB is 5 plus, okay, we have VA first, right? So it is 10 minus X divided by 5 plus X, TB is 400 and TA is 300, volume is given already, you can solve this for X, tell me the value of X that you are getting here. Yes, I am going back one second. Find out X here. Yes, what is the value of X? You are getting 50 by 70, okay. Should get approximately yes, you should get approximately 450 by 30, I guess. Could you check your answer once? Okay, wait. This we have, VA is 10 by 15 is equals to 10 minus X by 5 plus X 3 by 4, right? So we will multiply, cross-multiply, so 14 to 5, we have 200 plus 40 X equals to 45 is 450 minus 45 X, right? So we are getting here 85 X equals to 250, so X equals to, I am getting 50 by 17, right? 15 by 17 we are getting, right? So 15 by 17 is approximately 3 moles, suppose I am getting. 15 by 17 approximately 3 moles we are getting. Now this we can substitute in any one of the formula of PV is equals to nRT, we can find out the pressure. Suppose the first one way if you apply PA is equals to VA NA R PA. We need to find out this pressure P is equals to, NA is 10 minus 3, that is 7 into 1 by 12 300 volume is 10 liter here, right? So 25 into 7 is 175 by 10 that is we are getting 17.5 atmospheric, this is the pressure we have in both countries. So always remember in these two types, how do we deal with this question? Okay, if temperature is constant if temperature is not constant. Did you understand this any doubt? Yeah, I will go back. Yes, understood? Correct. So these two types of problem you must remember important, right? Okay, the last part for this chapter we need to discuss the pressure due to liquid. So here we are going to discuss the concept of barometer how the pressure things are there in barometer. Right Don? Barometer is a pressure measuring device barometer is the pressure measuring device pressure, just give me a second pressure measuring device it uses mercury it uses mercury for the measurement of pressure like we use mercury in barometer column for the measurement of pressure you see in liquid what happens suppose you have a container and in this container the liquid is present, right for liquids at the same level the pressure would be same suppose here if you assume if you find out the pressure since it is open so at the surface the pressure is nothing but the atmospheric pressure right here the pressure is PATM at the surface okay here in the bulk of the liquid if you see the pressure would be different from the pressure at the surface right but the pressure at this point and the same level at this point at this point would be same so the same level on the same height the pressure due to liquid is same okay that won't change okay so how do we find and we know right down this point we know liquid exerts pressure liquid exerts pressure pressure because of its height okay one second