The internet informed me that there's a trailer out now for the X-Men animated show. I have to watch it with my son. Let's go. We're on the move right now. This is a very organic visceral video. It's coming at you real-time, Connor. The moment's here. The trailer's here. Olivia, I know you don't care, but you're free to watch as well. Yeah. Stay vigilant. The professor entrusted us with his dream. Animation looks good. Here's that music. Gambit riding on Wolverine. Dude, that looks good. All right, I grew up obviously with the 97 X-Men. I was a huge fan of it. Who's this Bozo? Get out of here. Some dudes talking. Connor, you watched this a few years ago. You liked the X-Men animated show. Olivia refuses to even turn around and acknowledge that we're filming right now. Olivia had no interest in X-Men, the animated series. Okay, that's just depressing. How excited are you for this? Now that you've seen the trailer. 10 out of 10, but hopefully Wolverine will use his claws. That was a big issue with you as he didn't use his claws enough. He did get his butt kicked a lot in the old animated show. He always took a licking and got back up, but I'm hoping this time he dishes out more damage. Cyclops looks cool as the leader. I like Jubilee's new look. Storm has a new look. Magneto apparently is taking over. Did you see that at the end? Yeah, but no one likes Jubilee. Gambit, Rogue. Okay, no, they're solid. All right, so we're very excited for this. I have high hopes to bring back the original voice actors. The animation looks stellar.  The budget was cut in half. They cash grabbed it. This is going to set things right. Let me know your thoughts. Connor, I'm sure, would love to read some of the comments below. So let us know, like the video, subscribe, do all that stuff, and hopefully we'll see you next time. Olivia, excited? What? Excited?


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This lecture is part of the course Berkeley Math 115, which is an introductory undergraduate lecture on elementary number theory. So this lecture will be mostly about basic properties and divisibility, and we'll start discussing Euclid's algorithm. And so first we'll define some rotation. We define A vertical line B to mean A divides B. You may think this means that B over A is defined, but that's not quite correct. What it really means is that B is equal to x times A for some integer x. And if you think that's the same as saying B over A is defined, it's not quite because 0 over 0 is not defined, but 0 is still x times 0 for any integer x. So in particular we see that A divides 0 is always true for any A. 0 divides A is false unless A is equal to 0. Another example, 2 divides A is just a rather fancy way of saying that A is an even integer. So let's do something a little bit more interesting. We can show that 6 divides N times N plus 1 times N plus 2 for any integer N. So let's see why this is true. Well, if we look at this bit here, we see that N times N plus 1 is always even because N is either even or odd, and if N is odd then N plus 1 is even. So this is divisible by 2. And if we push this a little bit harder, we can see that one of these three numbers is divisible by 3 because if N must be able to form 3N or 3N plus 1 or 3N plus 2, and in any of these three cases one of these three numbers is divisible by 3. So this number here is always divisible by 2 and by 3, and since 2 and 3 are co-prime, this implies it's divisible by 6. And I haven't quite shown yet that if something's divisible by 2 co-prime numbers it's divisible by their product, but that's something we will see fairly soon and it's kind of obvious in this case. Well, that's a kind of rather clumsy way of proving this number is divisible by 6 because we've had to break 6 up into 2 and 3 and then do a separate little tricky argument on both of them and then put them together. And there's actually a much neater way to show this is divisible by 6, which is to identify it with a binomial coefficient. More precisely, N times N plus 1 times N plus 2 divided by 6 is just equal to the binomial coefficient N plus 2, 3. So you remember what this number is, it's the number of ways to choose 3 elements from a 6 element set. And that's quite easy to see because if we're choosing 3 elements there are N plus 2 ways to choose the first one and N plus 1 ways to choose the second and N to choose the third. So there are N times N plus 1 times N plus 2 ways to choose the 3 elements in a particular order, but there are 6 different ways of ordering them so we have to divide by 6. Now the number of ways of choosing 3 elements from 6 elements set is obviously an integer because we're just counting something and that's going to give you an integer. So this number here is an integer so 6 divides this number here. Another example, we always have 8 divides N squared minus N if N is an odd integer. So let's start just by checking a few cases of this. 1 squared minus 1 is 0, that's certainly divisible by 8. 3 squared minus 1 is 8, again obvious. 5 squared minus 1 is 24 and so on. So we can check the first 3 cases. It's always a good idea in a number theory to check the first few cases of a theorem just to see what's going on and to make sure you haven't made some sort of stupid error. So now let's try and prove this is true for all odd N. Well since N is odd we can write N is equal to 2N plus 1 for some integer N and now we find N squared minus 1 is 2N plus 1 squared minus 1 and we expand this out, it's 4N squared plus 4N plus 1 and then we've got to subtract 1 again and this is equal to 4N squared plus N. And we're almost there because we've shown this is divisible by 4 but that's not quite the same as showing it's divisible by 8 which is what we want to do. So to finish off we want to show this bit here is even and how do we do that? Well that's kind of obviously just write this as 4 times N times N plus 1 and one of these two numbers must be even because if N is not even then N plus 1 is even so this is 8M N plus 1 over 2 and this bit here is an integer. So next we just point out that the set of X such that D divides X is something called an ideal of the integers so I'll just recall what an ideal is. An ideal of the integers is just something that's closed under addition and subtraction. If you're working with general rings the definition of ideal is a little bit more complicated but for the integers we can get away with this simple definition and that's kind of obvious because if two numbers X and Y are divisible by D then obviously their sum and the product is also divisible by D so the set of multiples of any integer is always this ideal closed under addition and subtraction. Now we're going to discuss Euclid's division algorithm. This is not quite the same as Euclid's algorithm that we're going to discuss later so Euclid's division algorithm says the following. Suppose that we're given A and B which are positive integers then we can divide B by A with the remainder so Q is going to be a quotient and R is called the remainder and the key point is that we can take 0 less than r is less than A in particular r is in some sense smaller than the number A we're dividing by and let's try and give Euclid's proof of this. Well Euclid had a bit of a problem with division because the Greeks had no good notation for integers I mean the Hindu system of notation only turned up several centuries later and before that came along doing division was such a nightmare it's not even clear that Greeks had a concept of dividing one integer by the other as an algorithm what Euclid did instead was he represented integers or numbers more generally as line segments so you might write B as a line segment like this and you might have another line segment A and then what Euclid did was he took the line segment B and you subtract a lot of copies of A from it you keep going until there's no room to subtract any more copies of it and this little bit left over is then going to be the remainder r and also notice that Q is going to be the number of times you have to subtract A from it actually Euclid had several other problems first of all he didn't really count 0 as a number at all so he had to be careful to take B greater than A otherwise you would have 0 copies of A which is a sort of not really confused Greek mathematicians actually they not only didn't count 0 as a number they sometimes didn't even count 1 as a number which makes this algorithm even more confusing so this proves the algorithm whenever B and A are positive integers in fact you don't really need B and A to be positive if you don't mind not having to represent them by line segment so instead we could take any A not equal to 0 and any integer B if you're willing to use negative numbers and 0 it's not too difficult to give the proof of negative numbers here we're subtracting copies of A from B because A and B are both positive if B is negative you'd have to add copies of A to B and if A was negative you would again have to do subtraction instead of addition at some point we can also notice that it's fairly clear that Q and R are unique up to this condition here and I'm not going to prove that because it's very easy so we can also ask the following basic questions if I said suppose you've got a number D then the numbers X such that D divides X form an ideal closed under addition and subtraction and the converse is also true if you've got an ideal then I is equal to the set of multiples of sum number D greater than or equal to 0 and the proof of this makes use of Euclid's division algorithm what we do is we suppose I has some element A greater than 0 if not I is just equal to the single element 0 and the result is easy I is just the set of multiples of 0 so we may as well assume that we've got some A greater than 0 and we pick the smallest A in I with A greater than 0 and there must be a smallest integer because if you've got any non-empty set of positive integers now suppose B is in I what we do now is we write B is equal to A times Q plus R with naught less than R is less than less than A and now we notice that R which is equal to B minus AQ is also in I because I is closed under addition and subtraction you can get this from A and B by subtraction so because A is the smallest positive element this implies that R must actually be equal to 0 so B is equal to A times Q is a multiple of A so I is just the multiples of A where A is the smallest positive element in I and SI is non-zero this is a basic application of Euclid's algorithm it shows that ideals of the integers are exactly the same as multiples of some particular element now what we want to do is define the greatest common divisor of two numbers A and B so the greatest common divisor is going to be the largest integer such that D divides A and D divides B well this is actually not quite true if A is equal to B is equal to 0 then there is no largest integer dividing A and B so the greatest common divisor of 0 and 0 is set to be equal to 0 for a reason that we will see fairly shortly so the name greatest common divisor is actually a little bit misleading because it's not actually the greatest common divisor if A and B are both 0 and here mathematicians are a bit lazy in writing out greatest common divisor is a bit of a pain so it's normally abbreviated as GCD for greatest common divisor well actually mathematicians are even lazier than that and they quite often miss out GCD and just write the greatest common divisor of A and B as AB and this is a real nuisance because the notation like this can mean dozens of things I mean it can mean an ordered pair in the plane so it could mean a point of the plane or it could mean an ordered pair AB there are several other things that could stand for in elementary number theory it usually means the greatest common divisor and you just have to put up with the fact that mathematical notation is a bit of an ambiguous mess so we have to be a little bit careful in A and B as 0 you notice in particular that the greatest common divisor of 0 and A is always equal to A even if A is equal to 0 so the next question is how do we find the greatest common divisor of 2 numbers A and B well let's start by checking the sum method of finding the greatest common divisor so let's do the stupid method so the stupid method is we check all numbers 1, 2, 3, up to A to see if they divide B and we just pick the biggest and this algorithm obviously works because the greatest common divisor of A and B must be at most A so these are the only entries we need to check however it's really slow so what we want is a fast algorithm and the question is what does fast mean well there are all sorts of technical definitions about polynomial time but in practice fast algorithm means one that's reasonably easy to draw on a computer when A and B have hundreds of digits say A and B might both be around say 10 to the 100 so it'd be nice if we could have algorithms that work even for these sorts of numbers and here this obviously isn't going to work because this is going to take about 10 to the 100 steps and the universal have come to an end before we have time to check all of those so here's a better method what we can do is we factor A and B into primes for example suppose we want to find the highest common factor of 24 and 180 that's the greatest common divisor of these what we do is we factor these numbers into products of primes so 24 is equal to 2 cubed times 3 and 180 is equal to 2 squared times 3 squared times 5 and now if we've got a number dividing both of these it's power of 2 must obviously be at most 2 so here we take the minimum of the powers of 2 take the minimum of these two numbers and the greatest power of 3 dividing it is going to be 3 to the power of 1 so here this exponent here is the minimum of these numbers here and we will get 5 to the 0 because the minimum exponent of 5 is that and so on so the greatest common divisor is just going to be 2 squared times 3 which is 12 and for small numbers up to 100 or so this is actually probably about the fastest and easiest algorithm but there's a problem with this factoring large numbers is hard how hard is it? well nobody really knows people are finding better algorithms for factoring numbers regularly but it's still, if you've got a hundred digit number it's still quite difficult to find its factors and a thousand digit number that's out of the question fortunately there's a much better and much faster method for finding the greatest common divisor this is called Euclid's algorithm not the same as Euclid's division algorithm but it uses Euclid's division algorithm so Euclid's algorithm is possibly the oldest non-trivial mathematical algorithm still in widespread use and the easiest way to give Euclid's algorithm is just to give an example so let's try and find the greatest common divisor of 78 and 14 without factoring them so what we do is we write 78 is equal to 14 times 5 plus 8 so this is division with remainder and then we take the remainder and the 14 and we write 14 is equal to 8 times 1 plus 6 and then we take the 8 and the 6 so take 8 is equal to 6 times 1 plus 2 and then we write 6 is equal to 2 times 3 plus 0 the most confusing thing about this algorithm if you're doing it by hand is trying to remember where you get these numbers from I mean you sort of get them confused with these 5, 1, 1 or 3's which are the quotients and you should ignore and now we see the greatest common divisor of these is equal to 2 and let's try and see why that is true well the greatest common divisor of 78 and 14 is the same as the greatest common divisor of 14 and 8 that's because 8 is just equal to 78 minus something times 14 so if you've got two numbers and subtract multiples from one from the other it's obviously not going to change their greatest common divisor and similarly this is equal to the same as the greatest common divisor of 8 and 6 which is the greatest common divisor of 6 and 2 which is the greatest common divisor of 2 and 0 now the greatest common divisor of 2 and 0 is now completely trivial to work out that's obviously just 2 so we've checked that this algorithm when it terminates does give the correct answer because the greatest common divisor doesn't change at each step we can also check that this algorithm terminates and let's just see why it terminates well it terminates because these numbers here are all decreasing and they have to decrease because each of these is the remainder when you divide something by the previous one and you remember for Euclid's division algorithm the remainder is always less than the thing you divide by so we've got decreasing positive integers and if you've got a sequence of decreasing positive integers it must obviously be finite so this algorithm definitely terminates for the general algorithm if you're trying to find the greatest common divisor of A and B then you do something similar you just write A equals Q1B plus R1 B equals Q2R1 plus R2 R2 equals Q3R2 plus R3 and you go on until you get Rn minus 1 equals Qn sorry R I've got my R's modelled up that should be R1 so Rn minus 1 equals Qn plus 1 Rn plus Rn plus 1 and when this is zero then we stop and the greatest common divisor is going to be this number here so let's try and figure out how fast this is so the stupid algorithm is really slow it took a ridiculously large number of steps the factorization algorithm took however many steps it takes to factorize large numbers so we want to check that Euclid's algorithm really is faster than this and to see how fast it is we can ask what is the worst case well we're writing we will start off by writing B is equal to Q times A plus R we want this to be small because the smaller it is the faster we're going to get to zero so the worst case is when Q is equal to 1 and because then we're just going down by one step every time so we can see an example of this let's try and take the greatest common divisor of 13 and 8 so we write 13 is equal to 8 times 1 plus 5 8 is equal to 5 times 1 plus 3 so 5 is equal to 3 times 1 plus 2 3 is equal to 2 times 1 plus 1 and finally we get to 2 is equal to 1 times well this time we actually get 1 times 2 plus 0 now we've got 0 so our greatest common divisor is 1 so all these numbers here are 1 and you can see we can actually work backwards to find the worst possible case so we notice that when we've got these numbers R1, R2, R3 and so on we have each Ri is equal to Ri plus 1 plus Ri plus 2 except we want this recursion relation to be written backwards so let's try and work on what the Ri's are we start with 0 and 1 then each one is the sum of the two previous numbers so we get this sequence here so this sequence the numbers are given by fn which have the property that fn is equal to fn minus 1 plus fn minus 2 so finding the greatest common divisor of fn and fn plus 1 is the worst case for Hewlett's algorithm in some sense it converges as slowly as possible well these numbers are the famous Fibonacci numbers so Fibonacci's the Fibonacci sequence was introduced by Fibonacci in terms of rabbits so he started with a rabbit I'm a mathematician so I'm going to take my rabbits to be spherical so he starts off with a pair of rabbits and each month so the first month after a pair of rabbits is born they don't do anything but after that the next month they produce a pair of offspring and every month after that they produce another pair of offspring if you've ever kept rabbits you will know that this is a reasonably realistic description of what rabbits do and this pair of rabbits is also going to be similar so after the first month they don't produce any offspring but after the next month they produce more offspring every time and this rabbit does the same this pair of rabbits does the same produce an offspring here and this one does and so does this one sorry that should be there and now we have to see how many rabbits that are at each month here there's only one pair here there are two pairs here there are three pairs here there are five pairs here there are eight pairs here there are 13 pairs and so on so it's quite easy to check that Fibonacci's rabbits are reproducing at this rate well let's try and see how fast the sequence is growing so let's take the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 can we find an upper bound to it? well we can certainly find an upper bound an upper bound is given by 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 so here each number is equal to that number plus that number which is obviously bigger than that number plus that number so this is an upper bound on the other hand if we write this as 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8 and so on we can see that each number is either the sum of the two previous numbers or it's less than the sum of the previous two numbers so this is going to be a lower bound so fn, the growth of fn is sort of less than the growth of 2 to the n but it's bigger than the growth of 2 to the n over 2 so it's sort of exponential growth for some number that we'll actually find out in a little bit longer a little bit later in particular we see that n is something like a constant times the log of fn well n is the number of steps of Euclid's algorithm if we start with Fibonacci numbers so what this means is the number of steps of Euclid's algorithm is going to be bounded by some constant times the log of the number n which is about some constant times the number of digits of n so you see if you've got a thousand digit number Euclid's algorithm is going to take most of the few thousand steps which is going to be really easy on any computer if we compare this with the stupid algorithm you remember the stupid algorithm gave us some constant times n which is vastly bigger the factorization algorithm well how are you going to factorize numbers well a very crude way is just to check all the numbers up to the square root of n which is going to give you a constant times root of n they're a much faster algorithm for factoring but they're all much slower than just a logarithm of n so Euclid's algorithm really is giving you a very fast algorithm which just sort of grows the number of digits of your numbers I want to say a little bit more about Fibonacci numbers first of all they certainly worked first discovered by Fibonacci Indian mathematicians knew about them more than a couple of thousand years ago but nothing in mathematics or science is ever named after the first person who discovered it and it's too complicated to change names so we just sort of stuck with all these wrong names um then you can ask can you find a formula for Fibonacci numbers so we're trying to solve the following equation fn equals fn minus 1 plus fn minus 2 and we want some initial conditions f0 equals 0 f1 equals 1 say this is an example of something called a finite difference equation which is kind of a bit like a finite differential equation except it works with integers rather than real numbers and it's got constant coefficients um so a general finite difference equation for constant coefficients is going to look like fn equals a1 fn minus 1 plus a2 fn minus 2 plus a3 fn minus 3 and so on where the a1 a2 and a3 are constants um and there's a very easy way to solve all these differential equations that I'll just recall what you do is you guess the answer well um yeah I say you guess the answer is it makes you it doesn't make you sound like a professional mathematician so instead of saying you guess the answer you use something called ananzatz and this sounds much better although ananzatz turns out just to mean guess so you haven't really gained anything but what ananzatz is is you guess the form of the answer with some unknown coefficients um so what do you mean by guess the form of the answer well there are several ways of doing this um you can take um say a polynomial in n or a power of n um so power of n could be more generally polynomial you can take n to the lambda plus um a lambda plus a lambda minus 1 n to the lambda minus 1 and so on um you can even take lambda to be real um so what we've got is we've got some unknown coefficients lambda a lambda a lambda minus 1 and so on and we want to kind of adjust this to give a solution well these don't work very well but there are other things we can try and also try things like lambda to the n um so if you've got any equation like a differential equation or a or a different or a difference equation you're not quite sure what to do the the first thing you do is is you just try very easy um possible solutions like these and just see if they work and for finite difference equations this one turns out to work really well so the question is what values of lambda make this work so um let's try and solve f n equals f n minus 1 plus f n minus 2 and we're going to try taking f n equals lambda to the n let's try that as a solution well that means we need lambda to the n equals lambda to the n minus 1 plus lambda to the n minus 2 and we can divide by lambda to the n minus 2 lambda squared is equal to lambda plus 1 well that's just a quadratic equation and we find there are two solutions lambda equals 1 plus or minus root 5 over 2 and there's a bit of a problem here because neither of these values of lambda is going to give us the Fibonacci numbers because for heaven's sake and powers of lambda are going to be they're not going to be integers so so this just doesn't seem to work um but we shouldn't give up because what we can do is we can now take a linear combination of these two solutions so we can take a times 1 plus root 5 over 2 to the n plus b times 1 minus root 5 over 2 to the n so we're taking a linear combination of the two solutions we found and now we what we do is we try to adjust a and b to get the Fibonacci numbers well how do we do that well we know F0 is equal to 0 and F1 is equal to 1 so we want a plus b is equal to 0 and we want a times 1 plus root 5 over 2 plus b times 1 minus root 5 over 2 is equal to 1 well this just says a equals minus b so we find we get root 5a is equal to 1 and b is equal to minus a so this gives us an explicit formula for the Fibonacci numbers we find fn is equal to 1 over root 5 times 1 plus root 5 over 2 to the n minus 1 minus root 5 over 2 to the n that's quite extraordinary when you first come across it because these numbers are always integers but the formula for them involves these real numbers that aren't integers the Fibonacci numbers have enormous numbers of slightly weird properties for example I'm going to write them out and 1,1,2,3,5 and 8 and so on suppose we look at 5fn squared plus or minus 4 so here I'm going to take 5 times this plus 4 which is 9 here I'm going to take 5 times the square of this and I'm going to take minus 4 which is 16 and now I'm going to take 5 times the square of this which is 45 plus 4 is 49 and 5 times the square of this 4 is 121 you can see these numbers are all squares another weird property is suppose we take the product of fn minus 1 and fn plus 1 so the product of these is 3 the product of these is 10 the product of these is 24 the product of these is 65 and you'll notice this is very close to the square of the number in the middle so 2 squared is 4 3 squared is 9 5 squared is 25 8 squared is 64 sometimes it's 1 bigger and sometimes it's 1 smaller so we have fn squared equals fn minus 1 fn plus 1 plus or minus 1 so how do you prove these? well that's really easy you just leave them as an exercise for the people watching the video I'm not going to do it then these aren't very difficult to prove and Fibonacci numbers satisfy endless funny identities like this most of which are fairly easy to prove there's one other funny thing you can do with this if you take this number here this number 1 plus root 5 over 2 is somewhat notorious it's known by phi sometimes by tau and it's called the golden ratio and there's probably been more rubbish written about this number than any other constant except possibly for pi so you'll see if you go searching on the internet you'll see people claiming that the golden ratio controls pyramids and it's behind all beautiful architectural buildings and a rectangle is the most beautiful sort of rectangle if it's sider and golden ratio all of this is complete rubbish the building of the pyramids has nothing to do with the golden ratio and there are almost no buildings that incorporate the golden ratio into their construction you'll probably find one or two because some architects are mad and there's undoubtedly been some mad architect who designed the building based on the golden ratio but whatever there's one thing where it might possibly not be complete nonsense which is in biology you can sometimes find various flowers like sunflowers and sun and occasionally their petals are arranged in ways that look as if they have something to do with the fibonacci numbers it's not really clear if this is significant because if you look at fibonacci numbers you get 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 what you notice is for heaven's sake nearly every small number is a fibonacci number so if you find some random flower and find it's got petals arranged according to numbers 5 and 3 maybe that's something to do with fibonacci numbers maybe it's just a coincidence because all small numbers are fibonacci numbers so almost everything to do with fibonacci numbers or the golden ratio that people claim occurs in real life is probably nonsense there's one place it actually does occur and that's in witchcraft if you want to summon demons or something you draw all these pentangles and burn incense or something now if you draw a pentangle inside a pentagon the ratio of almost any two lines you can think of turns out to be either the golden ratio 1 plus root 5 over 2 or maybe it's square or something for instance the ratio between these two lines here is the golden ratio and the ratio between the lengths of these two lines is also the golden ratio and the ratio between say this line is also the golden ratio so the golden ratio turns up all the time whenever you're doing pentagons or pentagrams okay I think I'll take a break and continue with the rest of this lecture in the next video


Hey y'all it's Tammy we're out in the garden because we're gonna pick us some purple whole peas and I'm gonna make some fresh purple whole peas. I've heard several of you talking about how much you love them. That's why they're called purple whole peas. So you can see that's about how you want them to look. They need to start turning purple. If you wait till they're all purple then they're a little bit dry on the inside. If you wait till if you pick them before they're purple then they're hard to shell. So this is the perfect consistency or the perfect ripening stage I guess you would say. What would you call it Chris? This is the right time to pick them. All right this is the right time to pick them when they're like this. The bad thing about these peas is they come in all different times. So what we have to do to keep them from getting too dark is we have to come out here and pick a handful every day because we don't have long rows and then I put them in a gallon storage bag.  Hey y'all it's Tammy with Color Valley Cooks. I'm shelling beans. It's time for bed but I need to shell these before I go to bed. These are our purple whole peas that we planted in the garden and I don't have a lot of them but hopefully I'll have enough for me and Chris to eat some. Okay we got our purple whole peas that Chris and I shelled the other night. We did not put them in water or anything we just left them in the bowl just like they were so that they wouldn't get sour or anything. Here is a pod from the garden you can see that it's truly ready to shell and typically I just snip the end off of it pull it down and then we just kind of pinch them you can kind of pinch them through like this or you can take your finger and shell them like that but the bad thing about that is they want to pop all over the place so I usually just push them out that's the way I like to do it. Now if you got arthritis you have to kind of rotate how you do it. Now you can see that when they're freshly shelled they have a purple on their hull. There's a purple around that. Now this is some that has been on the vine too long and they're almost like dried beans already. Now you can dry these out leave them in their hull let them dry out in the sun you can plant them next year. So I have not washed these beans yet we just all we did is shell them I'm going to pour them in my pot and that was about a gallon size three-quarters full. Okay and so this is just after we shelled them I haven't cleaned them out or anything like that so we're gonna go out here rinse them see what floats on the top and get it out that's my favorite way to do it. So I'm just gonna run some water in them, grab some into skin with and I'm gonna squash them. Good. Now let me pick them up so I could see I can't see down in that sink I'm blind I'm old. Old and blind so you can see some of the thin stuff and you can strain it out if you want to you don't have to and it won't hurt your beans or nothing and if you see some beans that look bad you know they just look like they were too ripe or they're paper thin you can get rid of those but it's not a it's not a must or anything because you're gonna be boiling them but sometimes I just like to look and make sure I don't have any bad ones or like here's two ugly ones right here you see those two they're clear-looking like they were a little far gone to be shelled and usually not every time but even with dried beans most of the time the bad stuff floats beans that is and shells and holes and all that kind of stuff now I mean there's some down in there but they're fine so I'm just gonna rinse these out silicone thing that I like to use so just hold it tight and pour the water off now all we're going to do is I think I'll stay right here because I'm going to use the beef broth that I have left from cooking something a couple of nights ago and I'm going to pour it in the beans until it gets right about the top of them I had just enough to make my beans throw those down in there I'm also going to add just a little bit of water so that I don't have to follow here in five minutes and add water because these are going to cook for a little while we're going to get them up here on the stove now I had beef broth you can use chicken broth or beef broth this like I said it's purple whole peas whatever you like to do the most we're having to light it the old-fashioned way it's exciting ain't it alright so I'm going to go ahead and add some salt to it I always do when I'm cooking so I'll just go ahead and put about a half a teaspoon of salt in here for now you can put in oil or butter whichever one you want to use I'm going to use a little olive oil I'm going to turn these down on kind of a medium setting I guess you would call it add some oil I add oil to all my beans because mom I did the only thing I do different is lime of beans I actually use butter in everything else I use oil most time I grab the olive oil I like the way it tastes now I don't use dark olive tasting olive oil I buy extra light virgin and it's kind of clear-looking there's a big difference in the flavor okay so make sure that if you're wanting to taste stuff to taste like what me and Chris are liking it's not that strong greenish-looking olive oil okay it tastes completely different so we're just going to cook these and we're going to simmer them gonna bring them to a boil and then we're going to I'll turn them on up I'm gonna bring them to a boil then I'm gonna turn them down on low and I'm gonna simmer them for at least probably close to an hour all right our peas are ready all I gotta do is taste them and make sure they got enough salt so we're gonna pour them up right here go to your local fridge stand buy some they're coming in this time of year we're gonna taste them y'all right now these are out of the garden and remember what we put in the broth it's just very simple but it tastes so good I've already snuck a taste on y'all what I like about using broth and not meat as you can really taste the vegetable and those are absolutely my favorite peas ever they're better than Phil peas to me and all the other peas combined I love purple whole peas I hope you've enjoyed watching purple whole peas when colored belly cooks where we cook like mama did bye y'all go get you some fresh peas yummy


Hello, my name is Lena Laucas and I am the DCL STEM at November Student of the Month.  After high school, I hope to get my masters and maybe even get my PhD in aerospace engineering. After I get my degree, my hope is to design and build airplanes and hopefully become a pilot myself. A fun fact about me is that I have never worn khaki pants at school. I've only ever worn skirts at school. I would like to thank my teachers for always being willing to answer the million and one questions I always have and I'd like to thank my family for always being willing to do whatever they can to help me and support me.


If you're planning on opening or renovating a salon or barbershop, partner with Minerva Beauty, the trusted beauty equipment provider for over 175,000 beauty industry businesses worldwide. Scrolling the website, you'll be blown away at the wide range of designs, styles, colors, variety, and price points offered, truly suiting the equipment needs for every individual. Don't believe me? See for yourself by visiting Minerva's massive showroom and warehouse in Monroe, Georgia to experience everything their equipment provides first hand. Minerva's warehouse carries the largest in-stock salon equipment inventory in the world, so most of the items are available for same day pickup or shipping.  Don't wait, the deals end March 20th. Today's episode is powered by MinervaBeauty.com. What's up guys? Welcome to episode six, splitting hair six weeks in. Not too bad. Yeah, still going strong. Yeah, still going strong. That flew by. What'd you say? That flew by. Geez. Six? Wow. Welcome to being older, Carly. Speaking of being older. Speaking of being older. Speaking of being older. Thank you for that. Oh my God. Oh my God. Happy birthday. Oh my God. Happy birthday. Oh my God. I'm so glad. Oh my God. I'm so glad I can mix that. Yay. Awesome. Thank you guys. Now we throw the thing, right? At me? Yeah. I'm going to, I got to say, it's scary when you guys all aim those at my face. Happy birthday sweetie. Here, let me fix your hair. Is it good? No. No, it is not. No, it is not. We can edit that out. No, now it's perfect. Oh, thanks. Oh, that's very nice. Christine, you should do that more often. No, not taking that out of my hair. It was very nice of the confetti, right? Yeah. I meant she should do your hair more often. It looks good. No. Thanks. No, I thought you meant the confetti more often. So confused. I want glitter confetti. All right, so this episode is powered by MinervaBeauty.com. Yes, it is my birthday today. Thank you guys. I appreciate it. Another year older. I was saying to Carl, like weeks feel like days when you get older. So I feel like I'm happy that we're here doing this. And we've got Brian here. Hey, yeah, you do. Carly. Yeah. Christina. Sorry. Sorry. That's OK. Sometimes I'm running the cameras. Yeah. And I have to look at something and then I forget what you're saying. Yeah, I know. And I'm waiting for the... I'm paying attention to a couple of different things. That's why. A lot of different things. Make sure you subscribe because we got so much to say. Make sure you get interactive in the chat and in the comments. We actually had quite a few comments in the show last week. Finally. So thank you guys for typing and letting us know your opinions. That was great. We actually had a lot of views, more views than listens, which is new. So I feel like the show is growing. So yeah, so make sure you subscribe to us on YouTube if you haven't done so already. And then also on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, all of that. Make sure you subscribe to us on there. And then if you want to watch the episodes or keep up to date with anything that we're doing, go to freesaloneducation.com and you can just click the podcast tab and you can see all the episodes on there as well. So it's very easy to access everything that we're doing. Today we got a fun show. We're going to talk about... We're just going to have some real reactions, which are just some hair reels that are going around. And then we're going to talk about some of the latest trends and then how you can take care of your hair without damaging it, hopefully. It's the goal. So first thing is real reactions. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to play some reels and we'll just kind of have our opinions or see what you think. And you guys can let us know in the comments as well what you think of these, but these are just all kind of hair related things. So here's the first one. I thought this one was pretty fun. You see what it did. Oh my gosh.  It's like, bam. And then I thought that was funny. It's going to slay on audio. Yeah. Oh yeah, we should definitely explain what's going on. I think you should put all these videos on your Instagram so that people can go watch them. Actually go watch them after they listen to the podcast. I'll actually, I'll link them in the description of the podcast. This one, this guy, he takes a roll of tape and he puts the ponytail through the tape and then he takes a fan, like a piece of a fan.  And he puts our hair through that and then he fans the hair over the fan. And this is how he's going to cut the hair. I had so much hope for this. Thinking it was going to be cool. What was your hope? I don't know. I thought it was going to be like some kind of cool editorial look. But to realize that this is a setup for a terrible haircut and it doesn't even show the after. It doesn't show the after now. When you pull hair into a ponytail, like a lot of videos are out there of ponytail haircuts. Like I even, I've done one, but you can't do, I mean, you can do one ponytail. But if you pull that up to the center of the head, that over direction is all over the place. Yeah. So that's kind of the thing that I wanted to showcase in this video. It is kind of funny, but it's also just, it is a wet, you can cut the hair like this, but is it going to have any purpose to it? Not really. No, because like, I look at that and, you know, I'm not exactly a precision cutter, but I'm like, you've got, you're just hoping that all of the hair is perfectly pulled through that ponytail exactly where it needs to be. And then when it comes through the fan, you don't know where, like that hair that's hanging off the front could be hair from the back of her head. Like there is no, this is just to show, look at how funny this is to cut it. This is not going to be any kind of sound haircut. Yeah. It's definitely for views, obviously, but at the same time too, a lot of people are pulling things in ponytail. So I just want people to understand like you're saying, like the over direction into one ponytail and then spread out over that fan. It does make it easy for him to cut because it takes the density away when you fan it out that much. Yeah. But it's just not going to, it's layering it. It's because it's like holding it all up in the air.  And there's a big difference between having that ponytail and pulling it straight up in the air and cutting it off and then letting it fall over that fan area and then cutting it there at a low elevation. So now not only have you elevated it with the ponytail, but now you've put it at a low elevation afterwards. And it's just, so it's kind of a crazy... It just makes me think like when I learned to stop cutting my own hair was when I used to just like grab hair, twist it and cut it to get texture. Yeah. And then wasn't paying attention and twisted it too tight and cut it too close to the head and had a bald spot surrounded by long hair. Like that's just all I think about when I see ponytail haircut. Anything like this, it's not that simple. Yeah. It's our job to make it look that simple. It is not that simple. Yeah.  Then there was a small ponytail that went straight up in the head, but it was clearly sectioned where it should be. And then there was another ponytail in the very back of the head that was over directed up and put into a ponytail. So it was a lot of different over directions for layered haircuts. It's not even you wouldn't do like a precision haircut like that. But if you wanted to add some layers to a haircut, there are some ways to do it, but putting it into one ponytail and bringing everything up and then letting it drop to the ground is just going to cause. See, this is why we need to bring back hair shows so that people can do cool creative stuff like that on stage again. Yeah. That's got to be heavy on her head though. Like I... Right. But think about how cool that would look on stage or to do a style like that on stage. That'd be cool. For sure. Because when you see it online like that, it's not a tutorial. Right. Yeah. All right. Here's the next one. This one we all kind of saw. I don't know if they put it on every hairdresser's feed this week, but this is an interesting contraption that we can't figure out where it came from. So if anybody knows in the comments where you can actually get this thing, but what are our thoughts about this? So this... And what are your thoughts on this show? For the listeners, it looks like... Basically it looks like they have a hot glue gun that is producing super teeny tiny fine little bleach stripes on the hair to create a baby lights effect very quickly. They have a kids tool out that is... It puts beads or wraps a string around your hair for decoration, and that's kind of what it reminds me of. Yeah. Okay. Love that. I gotta be honest. I would absolutely love to try this. Because like I... Especially if someone has been doing hand painting for so long, I find myself having so little patience for trying to do a lot of baby lights. But I know that there is... There's a market for that. There's a look for that. I love the way it looks. I just run out of patience after like four foils of baby lights. But this I could see myself like, yeah, let's crank through and just do a ton of these tiny little highlights. Don't you feel like though, like when I watch this, I feel like there's just something about a brush pushing it onto the hair just slightly. Not like... Not a lot, but a little more pressure and a little more control with that pressure than using this gun that looks like it. I don't know how the gun's pulling the hair in and how it's spreading the lighter on.  Yeah, is that enough? Well, he's taking... Or they, I don't know who's doing this. Very small. They're super fine sections. Yeah. So I think it really is just utilizing that part of balayage where you don't smear it in for the fade and you just brush it on to create like that little dome that will help incubate inside. I really do think those highlights are going to look just like that when done. It won't have that fade in with all the different dimensional lifts that you normally get from hand painting. It is interesting like... Yeah, like maybe for a client that wants like not too many levels. Right. Just a nice... Yeah. To me, this comes off as someone who wants less of like that that ombre effect that a lot of hand painting can give you and more just like... Like a natural highlight. Yeah. Or someone with like finer hair. Like I feel like that would be good. Yeah. A-I-O-N hair. That logo on the cape is the same as the thing. Oh, okay. So we'll have to look it up. Oh, look at you detective. We'll put you on the cape Middleton case. You know me, I'm very observant. So... All right. All right, cool. And then... All right, next one. Oh my God. No, I have not ever done that. That was a clip. That's a strand test. So... Strands. That like those were very close to the scalp. Yeah. Yeah, I wouldn't go that close. She went in and ripped it out with a clip. I wouldn't even rip it out. No, I thought... No, it looked like it was... Was it ripped out with a clip or did you just close the texturizers and just pull it out? No, I think she closed the texturizers and pulled it out. But I feel like I wouldn't take it off the head. I can refresh this. For a strand test. Like why? Because...  Yeah, like... And call you in a week to tell you if we should bleach it. Thought process though. I don't know why she went so deep with it, but you could use texturizing shears to slide through it and actually grab it. You know, enough strands to actually test something instead of cutting a chunk. Yeah. It's a little more invisible. I don't know if it's invisible the way that she did it there. I couldn't tell it by the hands. I'll have to watch it again. I didn't watch that part. I'm so observant. But yeah, it was so... That was like scalp and down. It was like the one thing that they look for when you take the state board exam is how close to the head you do the texturizers. Oh. They didn't even have me use texturizers. Yeah, no. Are you licensed? Yeah, I remember the nail test. That was the biggest fear for me. All right. I don't know if these videos are really... I dropped my corner during my test. What'd you do? This one goes with the theme of the robot. I don't know.  It is a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle. Is it? Yeah. It's Leonardo. Oh, gosh. Oh. Yeah, I... His face. So this is... They're coming for our jobs. Literally someone built a robot. Oh, yeah. I forget to tell everybody what's happening. Thank you, Chris. Yeah. Yeah. Someone built a robot that looks like Leonardo from the Ninja Turtles, or it is him, and he's chopping this guy's hair with a clipper and a comb. He hits it with a comb a couple of times to move it up, which I think is hilarious. So this must just be popping up the top for him. Oh, putting the cape on, too. Notice that little strangulation. Look how much elevation he gets with that. Yeah, one more. And then bam. And the guy's face is wincing, so... Yeah, he's miserable. That's what my client's faces look like. It is. I can see from my chair. We'll move on from the reels. That was... It's fun, though. And we're all getting fed the same ones anyways. Today's episode of Splitting Hares is sponsored by Mevo Entour, hosted by Mevo Salon & Spa Software. It's an in-person series of beauty and wellness business conferences spanning five major U.S. cities in 2024. Mevo Entour welcomes spa and salon owners and managers to learn from some of the industry's best network with like-minded professionals and walk away with newfound ideas and inspiration for implementing it in their businesses. Upcoming conference locations include New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Dallas. Next stop on the conference series is New York City with an all-day event full of peer-to-peer networking, interactive strategic sessions on maximizing profit, creating unforgettable guest moments and overcoming industry challenges and more. For more information on Mevo Entour or to register for an upcoming conference, please visit mevo.com-mevo-on-tour. All right, the nirvana hair one. Let's talk about that. Okay. I do want to try to show everybody what the style looks like. Just describe it really well. Kurt Cobain nirvana? Yeah, I mean, that's basically what it looks like. It's a lob that people are wearing. Yes, the nirvana is the 2024's hottest haircut. So the red carpet has been filled with examples of the cut, which is defined by its length. It meets the shoulder or collarbone and blunt cut finish. The style is nothing but relaxed, super cool, and slightly disheveled. I think Kurt Cobain, but 30 years later, which is where the haircut gets its name. That is a weird way to put that. Someone who's very dead. So they have Jennifer Aniston's new cut, which is sort of like what you're saying, the lob. Yeah.  And then they have a picture of Emma Stone with her. Sydney Sweeney. Oh, yeah. I think she just cut her hair, right? I like the Sydney Sweeney one. Did she cut it or was it a wig? Oh, I don't know. Yeah, I don't know either. Because it looked like she could have just cut it. Right. What was that, the Oscars? Yeah. Yeah. I just love it. Like the names of these things, like they're just in a couple of years, it'll be called something else. Oh, for sure. Yeah. Nirvana. Nirvana. Nirvana. All right. Here's the Vogue. What's Nirvana? Oh, it's the lob. Can you hit the iPad? There she is. So this one I think really actually looks like Kurt Cobain's in a way.  He didn't really have much of a haircut. But, you know, but yeah, it's just, that's all it is. And then Jennifer Aniston, that one. I love her. And then, you know, the other ones won't. All right. So cut a lob and make it dirty. Yeah. Yeah. And what kind of products would you guys like, probably that one that you like is probably where you'd go. Yeah. I mean, I love a good dry texture spray. Yeah. I'd probably finish those ends off with some kind of like super light cream to make them a little bit pieceier while having a texture spray like keep it apart. Yeah. Because like that's one thing that I'm noticing through these pictures is, I guess that's the 90s grunge of it is like there's no fuzziness to any of it. Like everything has definition through the ends as though it was not washed. Yeah. I like the haircut. I think it's complimentary to a lot of people. Yeah. And it's an easy transition. Yeah.  Yeah. Like it's not a ton of like, I saw that there's like a butterfly lob now, which is like that same haircut, but with a lot of layers, I guess. Is that kind of like what Zendaya kind of has? Probably. Like the Jenin. Is that kind of what you're talking about? Could be. I forget. But I think your mom got it kind of. It seems like. Your mom got it. Your mama. I think your mom got it. You said it. Your mom got it. Yeah. She does. Literally your mom. Yeah. She just got her hair done. She's like the best client every seven weeks. Yeah. Yeah. She's loyal. Yeah. No. And her hair always looks good. Yeah. Yeah. She never. Yeah. I should take more after her. All right. We got. You just got to stop coming here for it. We don't have much time. So. I know I'm sorry. I heard that smoke alarms were going off because of my blow dry. All right. Do we do one more? And we really don't have time. It's your birthday. Whatever you want. All right. Let's do trivia real quick. That's how we'll do trivia. And then we'll come back and spin. And then we'll spin. So if you could let someone know someone in the chat ask what. A spin do. So. We got some newbies in there. Yeah. All right. So a spin is we spin the wheel of the free wheel. It has tons of different prizes on it. They're mostly for their preferred professional hairdressers. So we have tools, razors, scissors. Minerva beauty is giving away a TheraGun from their website. Formulate.co is giving away a free custom formulation hair product. So if you want to spin in your professional, let us know in the chat and we will put you on that. All right. I have a question. So this is the side sweep. When Bieber burst onto the music scene in this year, he sported a signature side swept hairstyle with his bangs combed over to the side and the layers falling effortlessly. This look quickly became the phenomenon inspired millions of teenagers to copy the style. What year did he first do this haircut? Are you tired of the same old formulation that just doesn't seem to work for your hair and skin? Then go give my friends at formulate a visit. Go to formulate.co slash Matt Beck. When visiting their website, you're going to fill out a simple quiz to find out everything you need to know about your hair and skin. And it's going to give you the perfect formulation for you. And also the needs of your hair and skin change over time and with the season. So if you have dry skin, dry scalp, thin hair, thick hair, curly hair, wavy hair, the formulate chemists are here to help. Go fill out the free quiz. Figure out what's going on with your hair. Get connected with the formulate chemist. And you can do all of that by going to formulate.co slash Matt Beck. What year is it now? 2024. That's tricky. I'm terrible with that. Well, think about his age. I don't know how old he is. I'm just trying to think about where I was when clients started bringing me that. That's when you know you're old. Is it the closest one wins? Yeah, we're doing prices right rules. Yeah. When do we guess now? 2008. I'm going 10. 10. Oh, it's 2009. So I didn't go over. Closer to that. Going over. All right. All right. Congrats. I got two. Yeah. Two to one to one to zero. I got to be honest. I kind of did that one. I knew you did because so Carly last night he's like, all right. So we were going to take turns everyone asking a question, but he's like, Carly doesn't have a point yet. So that wouldn't be fair. Like we want to give her a chance to have a point. So I didn't know what this question was. And as soon as you read it, I knew you did it in favor of her. That's how much of a. I did too. It's what I looked at.  You know, I'm a millennial trivia. Everyone gets a trophy. Yeah. In my world. Uncle Oprah. All right. All right. So spinning the wheel. You know what? I'll pick somebody from the comments of the last show. And hopefully they're watching the next. Nancy says happy birthday and she said 1998. It may be Nancy. Nancy, are you a professional? You want to spend the wheel to win a prize? Let us know. She might not be Nancy. All right. So I've got. What's Brian doing? By this pants. So Denise Jones. All right, Denise commented on the last episode and she looks like she's a pro and she got the answer right about the red head. She had commented it about the anesthesia and stuff. Okay. So Denise Jones, you're spinning. Didn't she spin last week? Was that her? No, I picked. I don't know. That's not how I picked. Okay. But maybe that's not her, right? I don't know. Oh man. Oh my God. The week's running. Whatever. She's spinning again. Yup. Spin it. Double the prizes. Double the fun. All right. Here we go. That was a good spin, Brian. Last week was weak. Oh, your pants look nice, Brian. Mevo. That's great. All right. Heck yeah. So Denise, you win a ticket to one of our millennium's upcoming events, Mevo's events to be inspired. They're all over the country. So get in contact with me and I will send you the information. It's Matt at freesaloneducation.com. So Matt at freesaloneducation.com. Email me. Let me know that you're the winner of the Mevo ticket and I'll send you all the information and we'll get you hooked up. Are we going to any of those? There's one in New York in June, I think. I think I'm speaking at that one. Do you need support?  All right. Cool. So that's it. That's the show. I feel like, you know, we'll edit it. It would be good. The magic's in the editing. It was fun. Yeah. Yeah.  All right. Cool. Thank you guys so much for hanging out with us. Thank you guys for the birthday stuff. Balloons. We want to be here without you. I wanted to do more. I wanted to do more, but I know how to run this stuff. And I can be creative on the end of helping you with ideas. But I don't know how to get the ideas onto here. Let's say like music or pictures or videos. So happy birthday. Oh, I'll teach you that. I don't really want to learn. Only for special tastes like this. Oh man. Well, we have other, we have other birthdays to figure it out. Okay. And then you can help. Yeah. I'll teach you. Sweet. You got a month. Everyone's birthday is going to look so much better than yours. That's good. Right. Yours is next, right? Yep. April. All right. Thanks guys. It's time to do hair. We're late. All right. We'll see you guys later. Thank you so much for watching. Subscribe to the channel. Make sure you follow us on everything. Follow Brian. Hairstyle. Carly. We'll see you next time. Bye. Bye.


As a farmer in the Great Barrier Reef catchment, environmental stewardship is at the forefront of everything I do. Protecting the land, air and waterways that grow our crops is our number one priority. Getting involved with programs like the BMP and water quality projects give farmers like myself an opportunity to see how our practices impact our businesses and the greater environment.


Most in demand online marketing skills for 2022, top five list. Hey, do you want to know? Sure you do. Do you want to know the top five online marketing skills that you need to make a lot of money in 2022 and probably forward from that point? Well, you're going to want to watch this video to the very end because I'm going to give you all five of them. But don't forget to subscribe. Hit that subscribe button down there. Turn it from red to gray. Don't forget to ring the bell. Turn on all bell notifications so you're notified each and every single time I go live. All right, let's get right to it now. We know that digital marketing changes. It changes every year. Things change. But right now, if you're looking to the future and you're looking to make a lot of money online, there's certain areas, certain skills that you're going to need. And I want to cover each and every one in this video that is on the top five list. Now here's the cool thing. You can develop any of these skills. It's pretty cool. First off. But the second part is if you develop these skills, you're going to be the highest paid, most in demand people in the market. That's kind of nice, right? Because these people make a lot of money. Okay, so let's talk about them. Let's do them not in any particular order because I think they're all really good. But let's start off with content marketing. There's no coincidence that I'm talking about content marketing first because every company needs to do content marketing. It's so very important to their bottom line. It's so very important to build their list, to get more customers, to get more views. All the things that they want to do need to be done through content marketing. And there's a lot of points to content marketing. There's a lot of angles to it. You've got to do keyword research. You've got to do audience research. You've got to do your niche research. So when you do develop this content, it meets the needs of the niche that that company is going after. Now there was recently a study of 2400 business to business people. And they asked them the question, what is the most important thing? Let me throw the chart up on the screen real quick. Now as you can see, content marketing is at the top of the list. And there's a lot of things on there that people want. But content marketing is number one. Anything that light touches under the sun can be content marketing. Now keep in mind, when you think about work, whether you're a freelancer, whether you're going to work for a company, you're going to work for yourself, there's going to be a greater and greater need for people who can do content marketing like everybody wants it now. And businesses just don't have time to do it. So you as a freelancer, or you as a consultant, or you as an employee can do this content marketing and make a lot of money. Now let's talk about some of the tools you can use for content marketing real quick. Keyword research tools, SEMrush, HREF, Moz, asset design tools such as Photoshop or Canva, video editing tools such as Premiere Pro or Frame.io, your content management such as WordPress, HubSpot, Ghost, Webflow. And then your analytics of course, you got to see what's going on with them, which is Google Analytics, Google Data Studio and Grammarly. The next segment, and this segment was really big when I got started in 2009, 2010, and that's SEO. And then people started buying ads and they kind of forgot about SEO. And all of a sudden it's a hot thing again. SEO is really hot. And if you get good at SEO, if you could help company with their SEO, which is search engine optimization, you're going to make a lot of money because it's very time consuming. You've got to know what you're doing, but it's very necessary now to get organic traffic because search engine optimization basically is a site coming up once people search in a search engine, search engine optimization. And if you can do that and you can generate traffic for a business or yourself, you're going to make a lot of money. Next up is a skill you may already have and that's social media marketing. What can you do post in social media and actually market your company? There's a lot of ways to do that. You can do that in videos. You can do it on Twitter. You can do it on Facebook. You can do it on YouTube. I'm doing it right now, right? I'm doing social media marketing by doing this video and teaching you how to do something. You may look down in the description and grab one of my free courses. Oh, by the way, I have one for $97 down there. You can click on it and get it absolutely free. No credit card required. Or you may actually buy a course from me. You say, well, this guy seems like he knows what he's doing, so I'm going to buy a course from him. Social media marketing is awesome. You can tweet stuff. You can use Instagram. There's so many things you can do. And if you're already using some of these platforms and you're good at getting interaction, you can do it and make money. Now, if you're wondering what the best platforms are, I'll put this chart up on the screen here. Facebook is still number one, as you can see right there. And then YouTube comes in at a pretty close second. Then WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger. Wexin, WeChat. And then it drops down to Instagram and all the other ones down there. There's a lot of great places to do it, but why not start at the top? I like YouTube. I don't do Facebook as much as I used to. However, I do a lot of YouTube. And if you check out this channel with over 1,000 videos, you'll notice that. And I will say this to you as far as social media goes or anything that has to do with digital marketing. You've got to stay on top of it. You've got to know what's working now, what's not working now. And you could do that by following some of the top people that are really good at it. Follow my channel. We constantly are looking for new ways of doing things. We constantly test stuff. And that brings me to number four, data analytics. So you can do all these things that I'm talking about right now, but you've got to go back and analyze and figure out which ones work. Let's say you do a post on Instagram and then you take the same post and you change the color of it or you change the title of it, put something along those lines. You would want to look and see which one got more clicks, which one got more views. That's what you need to do with everything. If you're sending out emails, you need to know which one's got clicked on, which one sold more product. Data analysis is one of the biggest things on the horizon right now. If you can analyze the numbers, if you can figure out what's working, you can have your efforts put in that area and get even more results. Now I'll put up on the screen some of the tools you can use. Analytics, Google Analytics, you really can't beat it. Social listening, Sprout, Social, Meltwater. Data visualization could be Google Data Studio, Tabloom. Event tracking could be Segment, Amplitude, Hotjar, Mixpanel, Google Tag Manager. Data enrichment could be Clearbit, Lead Genius and a lot of me. So there's a lot of things out there that you can use and a lot of tools that can help you in these areas too. Now if you're interested in learning more about some of this stuff, I do have some courses below in the description. We've been terribly successful. We've sold millions of dollars of products online, both digital and physical, and I've put a lot of that stuff into my courses, and you're welcome to check some of those out too. I actually have a free course down there. It's a $97 course. It's Click and Learn No Credit Card Required. And number five is going to be User Experience or UX and Product Marketing. These things are so important. And what is user experience? Well, user experience is when they go to a website keeping them there for a long time, getting them to convert, getting them to opt in. If you can optimize user experience, you're going to be at high demand. And obviously, product marketing is a big thing. We sell physical products, and product marketing is a big part of what we do. So those things are extremely important. And I'll tell you, most of the things that I talked about in this video are kind of an offshoot of a fact that ads have gotten really expensive. We used to advertise on Facebook. We don't at this point. And I'm not saying you shouldn't, but some of the products we sold and the audience and the size of it all, it just didn't make sense for us. We do advertise on Google. We do advertise on YouTube. And that makes sense for us. But it's expensive.  And I probably wouldn't be making these videos, though I love helping you guys out. But actually knowing how to do videos on YouTube can really build my audience. And it really doesn't cost me anything but my time. So if you can get good at some of these things, you're going to have a lot of people that are going to want your help, just because of the fact that running ads has gotten so darn expensive. Now, I will tell you this. You know, so many people want to learn this stuff. And they want to learn it for free. They want to go through YouTube. And there's nothing wrong with that. A lot of people have learned a lot from my videos. However, if you want to get organized and you want to get focused, I do highly recommend you taking some courses. Courses are not that expensive. I have some that are only $27 a month. I have some that are $97. I do have some that are $1,000. But understand the more you pay, the more you're going to get. But you got to get some training. You got to get some training. You didn't go out into life and not know how to do, you know, reading and writing and arithmetic. You needed to know how to do those things. And you spent years learning them. The cool thing about courses is oftentimes you can complete them in less than a week. Or it's a monthly thing when you pay monthly and you can go in and watch the videos. That's what we have on a monthly basis. So I highly recommend you doing that. Get some training. Don't try to do all this without training. The next caveat to that is only get training from people who are doing things that are successful. Okay? We've sold millions of dollars of both digital and physical products online. So I feel safe in saying that, you know, my courses and my instruction can get some results for you. You do have to put forth the effort, though. Don't think if you buy one of my courses or if you sign up for a monthly training that you're going to get rich because you won't if you don't put forth the effort. However, if you do put forth the effort and you learn the information, you're as likely to become a millionaire as the next person, okay? It's just effort and education. That's really all it is. So you are set. You are set for the next year. You are set. You know what to do. You know what areas to study. I went through all of the lists. Just like I said, I would. Now do me a favor. And that is click that subscribe button down there. Turn it from red to gray. Don't forget a bell is going to pop up. Bring that bell. Turn on all notifications. Every time I go live, every time I upload a fresh, new brand spanking, new shiny video, you will know about it. And don't you want to?  You don't have to come back looking and say, hey, did JR post a video? We will actually notify you if you turn on all notifications. So that's super important. Now I want to hear your comments. I want to hear your questions. Put those things below. Comments, questions. If you like the video, if you just want to say hello, say hi. I'm from Alaska. You can put that down there. And somebody from Alaska is watching right now going, man, I should do that. You should do that. You're right. Or Oklahoma. Or India. Or Dubai. Or wherever you're from. Put in there. I know a huge portion of my audience is actually in India. Probably equivalent amount in India as there is in the U.S. I'd love to hear from you in India. I work with a lot of providers in India. They do a lot of stuff for our company. And I love Indian food. So, you know, feel free to put some comments down there. I want to thank you guys so much for watching my videos. I really appreciate it. And I will see you in the next video.


You know, I think there's, I think in real estate, there's sales people and there's managers and people that want to lead. And I want to lead in a different way. I want to lead the industry. When it comes to real estate, I'm just a salesperson. I just love sales. It's in my soul. I have one assistant. I have another part-time assistant. She just writes letters, but I have one main assistant that really is the backbone of my operation. No buyer's agent, no other agents. I show all my own properties. Why? Because that's what I love to do. That's what I want to do. I choose to do that. And I feel very strongly in level of happiness. And if I can make a million dollars a year and still have time every day to answer every single one of your DMs without asking you for a dime, then I could be considered one of the happiest men on the planet. A lot of people that are very productive and not very happy. A lot of people that are very happy and not very productive. Where do you balance the scales? I say to myself, well, I could probably make two million a year in sales, but I would be less happy because I wouldn't have any time to do the things I want to do which is like answering your DMs. Or I could be a maximum happiness, make a million dollars a year and still have time to answer all of your DMs. And I choose maximum happiness.  How many people here want to be a million dollar a year real estate agent? Step one, every single one of you are walking million dollar a year real estate agents right now.  You wouldn't be here right now if you weren't everything that someone would want in an agent. And what you have to ask yourself is every day when you look in the mirror, am I gonna do what it takes? Do I have what it takes? Am I gonna put forth the effort that it takes to get there? Because it's there. The only thing in between you and there is effort and time. And you have to ask yourself, am I gonna do it or not? I promise you this. If a roofer grew up in a trailer and Alabama can do it, I promise on everything in the world that every single person in this room can do what you want to do. There's not a doubt in my mind for a second. There's so many great agents at the top for you to look at and say, if they can do it, I can do it. I know if I can do it, I know you can do it. I know you can do it. All you have to do is be willing to do what I did to get here. You have to focus on the actions, not the results. If you're taking the daily actions that you know are gonna get you where you wanna go tomorrow, don't worry about tomorrow. Let your actions speak. But the results just happen because you don't know what the results are gonna be. You don't know what your full potential is until you've put forth the full amount of effort that you can possibly put in over time.


Okay, so let's move on to the fourth concept. It's again, another RFA titled, Investigate or Initiate Research on Genetic Counseling Processes and Practice. And Ebony Madden, Program Director in the Division of Genomic Medicine will give the presentation. Go ahead, Ebony. Thanks, Rudy. Good afternoon. I'm presenting on behalf of my colleagues that are listed here. Nicole Lockhart and I are co-leads on this initiative. Next slide.  Risk assessment, genetic counseling if you or a family member may be at risk for certain diseases or disorders. Understanding a phenotype to address concerns if you or a family member are showing signs or symptoms of a disorder that might be genetic. And health management, genetic counseling for adults which classically included specialty areas such as cardiology, psychiatry, and oncology. Next slide. So we're now in the era of genomic medicine which puts us in the era of genomic counseling. Genetic test results have moved from single gene tests to include small risk changes for common diseases and pharmacogenetics. So this text complexity has led to ACMG to recommend that genetic experts be made available for patient test result consultations. Yes, yet based on employment estimates derived from professional memberships and certification we have about 4,200 genetic counselors and 1,300 clinical geneticists currently employed in the US. This number is insufficient to meet current and potential feature demand. Next slide. A survey done by the National Society of Genetic Counselors shows that the most common delivery method reported among genetic counselors is still in-person followed by phone, web-based video, and group counseling. Note that the survey respondents could indicate more than one service delivery model. Therefore, the percentages on this slide add up to more than a hundred percent. As we shift from classic genetic services to more genetic results integrated into the EHR we will need more efficient strategies for genetic counseling to provide genomic test results. In addition, there is a predicted growth in telehealth post COVID since CMS is now incentivizing physicians to reduce the load on face-to-face care. At the same time, counselors will still need to provide the emotional support patients need as complex genetic information is translated into sometimes difficult healthcare decisions. Next slide. So we are proposing this concept Investigative Initiative research on genetic counseling processes and practices. The purpose of the concept is to assess, innovate, scale, and or research the implementation of novel genetic counseling practices for genomic medicine. We will support investigator initiated research on how to optimize the genetic counseling processes. Next slide. Research topics on various approaches to genetic counseling and genetic medicine could include developing and evaluating processes to triage communication of clinical genomes, assessing alternatives to in-person genetic counseling, developing and assessing methods to increase capacity for genetic counseling in underserved areas, evaluating and improving strategies to communicate genomic findings and updating variant reclassifications, understanding needs of patients and stakeholders and the impact of genetic counseling processes on patient outcomes and evaluating strategies for including genetic counseling processes in clinical research workflows. Next slide. Responsive applications would include research personnel with experience identifying and overcoming challenges in genetic counseling and projects should be broadly applicable to genomic medicine. Projects setting a specific disease area would need to yield generalizable findings. Next slide. We have current activities in this area in our existing genomic medicine consortia. We have activities within the working groups that are relevant to genetic counseling practices and program staff will ensure that research efforts are complementary and findings are shared. In addition, the All of Us research program recently funded a genetic counseling resource. We had discussions with the All of Us program staff and we were developing this concept, as we were developing this concept and NHGRI and All of Us program staff have agreed to continue to discuss opportunities to share common resources or approaches between the two efforts, including holding joint meetings when feasible. NCI also supports some research related to genetic counseling, but its focus is cancer specific. I wanna know the NCI has approval to participate in this initiative, but funding will depend on the outcome of peer review and NCI leadership approval of the funding plan. Next slide. So if approved, we will have three complementary RBAs, R01s up to 500,000 direct cost per year with project period up to four years, R21s up to 200,000 direct cost per year with a maximum of 400,000 per grant, the project period up to three years, and we will have small business innovative research awards R41s and R43s up to 200,000 direct costs for up to one year. We plan to have two receipt dates to allow a chance for resubmissions and we're planning for about seven to nine awards across all mechanisms for the total cost across the initiative up to $5 million per year. Next slide. If this is approved, we hope to get the RBAs out as soon as possible and applications will be due in November of 2020. They will be brought back to you next May. We plan to have a second round with applications due in July 2021 with council review in February of 2022. Next slide. We'd like to thank you for your time and consideration of this concept and we're happy to answer any questions or suggestions that you may have. The discussants that we have for the concept are Jeff Bakken, Wendy Chung, and Sharon Pawn. Jeff, do you want to come in and ask questions first? Sure, thanks, Ebony. Very supportive of this concept. This is probably much overdue and obviously addresses longstanding issues with both the availability of counseling and efficacy and efficiency. So this is terrific. I do think a strength is the focus on counseling and professionals who provide genetic counseling as opposed to genetic counselors per se. I had to read through of course the whole statement and it is clear I think with the current draft but I think a little different emphasis within the text might be helpful there but I think it's a strength again that it's addressing all those different professionals that are involved in providing counseling. I think the budget levels are good for some really substantive projects. Very much like the notion of having separate lines for R1s and R21s. I think a lot of the proposals coming in in this vein may well be the type that won't have pilot data and may be smaller in scale. I think my only substantive comments have to do with the examples offered and a lot of good examples there. I think there's a significant emphasis on communication strategies in different contexts as you might anticipate. I think there's a couple other domains that I'd be interested in. I think should be within the scope or I hope are within the scope of this and one is play the economic models for funding counseling, issues around licensing, issues around billing. I think are probably critical for making sure these services are provided in an appropriate way. Second thing is as I understand from our genetic counseling program or our state that the majority of genetic counselors as professionals are being employed by industry. So I think that's a particularly interesting model from a variety of perspectives and it might be interesting to at least have a note in there that there would be a welcome of proposals that sort of looked at that domain of counseling services. And then lastly, I think there's a real opportunity to foster work on all the ethical, legal and social issues that are part of counseling. They really address a lot of very complicated ethical issues. And so sort of highlight that as part of examples of the types of projects that could be funded through this mechanism, I think from my perspective would be welcome. So thanks again. Thank you, Jeff. Those are great suggestions. Wendy? Yeah, so I agree with everything that Jeff said and I'll just underscore a couple of things. So I think within the era of COVID, I think certainly many of us have learned to do things in different ways and that's going to do well in terms of this RFA. I think people are creative and starting to think about these solutions as well. But I just wanna underscore what Jeff said, which is that one of the blockers for some of the solutions that probably are effective are the licensing issues and being able to figure that out. It's good that there will be a grant as an opportunity which won't have to deal with some of the reimbursement issues but some of the licensing issues are still going to be an issue. I also, given that there are going to be many of these grants out there, I think one important thing is going to be assessing how effective any of these strategies are and to the extent that there's the ability to have measures that could be used across studies. You can compare apples to apples is a strength and opportunity I think that program staff will have and it also could apply across some of the other genomic studies, ignite, emerge, other things. And so hopefully having really robust measures of outcomes I think is gonna be important to test this. And then finally, just to realize that not everyone won't be served by one single solution and just one of the things that's become apparent to me is that individuals across the diversity may not have the same access in terms of technology. Distance certainly will be improved by some of the technologies we might use but there are other folks in terms of their ability to use digital equipment or just health literacy in general where we might develop certain instruments or certain supports that may not work equally well for everyone. So I think it's important as these studies go out to figure out for whom the solutions work and that may not work for everyone and that's okay but as we're studying effectiveness to figure out for whom they're effective and who they're not. Thank you, Wendy, great points. And last Sharon and anyone else who wants to comment or make suggestions. Yeah, I also think it's a really important area to support and a little bit following up with Jeff and we talked a little bit earlier. I do think it's important to consider how to leverage the current genetic counseling and medical geneticists who I'm sorry to say we're left off the description of the RFA. Currently do counseling and how to leverage that and perhaps take pieces of it to use by other healthcare providers. I don't think we're trying to replace genetic counselors here. I think we're trying to leverage and make the best use of a limited workforce. There is a comment in the three piece that you really want investigators with experience in genetic counseling research. And that gave me a little hesitation. There are actually a lot of experts in communication who I would love to bring into this field and might have great preliminary data in nursing communication, physician communication that might get scared off by that description. So I would think about perhaps generalizing that you want for the R01 investigators that have a significant relevant experience even if it's not directly related to genetic counseling. Because in my experience in our own projects where we've brought those people in, they often really provide substantial expertise that we didn't have and really allow us to do the research in a better way. Thank you, Sharon. And I think when we were considered that we just wanted to make sure genetic counselors were part of the team and that other investigators who are not classical genetic counselors would be able to come in of their own. And so we just wanted to make sure that we could compare the existing strategies to some novel strategies. And so we wanted to make sure they had those experts there who understood those existing strategies. Right, and maybe it could just be worded that that part of the final RFA could be worded a little different. Yeah, that's a great suggestion. Thank you. Okay, I have Howard Chang and Jonathan Haynes in the queue. So Howard, go ahead. Sure, so Ebony, thank you for that presentation. I think this is an important topic area and I'm supportive of it. I want to react to Jeff's comment about genetic counselors working in the industry. And in fact, I think that perhaps most of the genetic testing in the US now is happening through direct to consumer kits. And then there's some limited amount of sort of guidance or genetic counseling happening through industry. And that might be the principle route by which then patients would refer to physician specialists and their own dedicated genetic counselors. So it seems that this is an aspect that working with industry is something that we want to incorporate into this RFA and certainly not exclude. Essentially you can think of it as this is a massive experiment going on already that different companies do different things to communicate their genetic testing results. We are not benefiting from collecting that information and how people react to it. And so if there's a way to kind of somehow capture that, it seems that we'd be very valuable. Thank you, Howard. Jonathan. Right, I actually have two questions. I think that the first is just getting a little bit more information of how this coordinates with and it's different from the existing activities and like Klingon and Caesar and Emerge. So and I encourage program staff who are part of the Caesar, Klingon and Emerge to speak up, but those activities do have genetic counselors involved and they're reporting back results. This initiative is looking at different strategies and how to make them more efficient now that we are giving back all this information. So I don't think those, even though that's incorporated in those programs as part of the programs, they are not researching those strategies and looking at those different outcomes. That's not quite correct. So we have an aim of ours where we're comparing telemedicine to in-person with our genetic counselors and with the communication expert. They're not the main part of anyone's project. They're definitely pieces of the Caesar project. Yeah, thank you for that clarification, Sharon. And that's the point as we want this done on a broader scale where there are pieces of different projects, but we wanted to look at these different strategies on a broader scale. And Lucia or Erin or Rob, I don't know if you have any comments on what's going on beside your programs. Yeah, this is Terry. They may not be unmuted and able to speak. I would agree with what you said, Ebony. And Sharon, you're right. There are small components within some of our consortia where they may be a little bit larger, but we're trying to do this on a larger scale because we're seeing the value of it in those consortia. So trying to build on that. And this is Lucia. I would add, so there are individual Caesar sites that have efforts or kind of little projects within their aims like Sharon mentioned, but they're not coordinated necessarily across the sites. And I think since Caesar was funded in 2017, so there will be likely to be different ideas for newer models or innovative models that will arise from investigator initiated ideas as well. So I think the idea is to also provide some funding for those new ideas. Right, so I guess my point is to both coordinate with some of those activities that are ongoing and leverage them to the extent that they can be leveraged through some ongoing things. So I think that's very good. And I am very supportive of this. My second question is very different and a bit more logistical. Why are there only two submission dates? Well, we're starting out with two submission dates. We wanna see how this works out. We're open to renewing this effort and continuing if it's a success and it looks like, but we're hoping this is a jumpstart and they can always come into the parent or one announcement, but if this does seem successful, I think we will talk internally about renewing it and having more submission dates possible. Yeah, and I guess that's my point is if this does seem to be successful and there's some good outcomes there that we'd want the opportunity to be able to continue some of those activities. Thank you, Jonathan. Other comments from council? Thank you, Terry had a comment. Thank you, Jeff. No, I just wanted to point out as well that this initial round and the second one that allows for revision and resubmission are really intended to work together. And so the idea is to kind of get them started roughly at the same time and have them meet and develop guidelines and best practices for the field. So thereafter, we may have a more generalized and disseminated approach. Okay, if there are no other comments or questions, can I have a motion to approve the concept? So moved. The second? Second. Fall in favor. Anyone opposed? Anyone wanting to abstain? Okay, thank you very much. Thank you, Ebony.