Okay. Well, let's get started. Welcome to Science Circle Island. Welcome to the question-and-answer session on the viruses. We have Dr. Robert Hendricks with us today. You'll see a tagline there. And my name is Phil Youngblood. I'm a university professor, but I'm in computers and cybersecurity. So I know more about computer viruses and do research. There's a display here with us. You can take a look at it in detail. But the idea for the session today is please ask questions. Please share things that are going on with you or concerns. Please share information you learned here today. This is something that is global. It affects all of us. And so, and remember to stay connected socially. That doesn't mean touching. It means things like this. So we're glad to be able to sponsor this today before the conference begins. Okay. So without further ado, I'll let turn it over to Dr. Robert Hendricks. And if you have any questions, please ask them in chat or you can even jump in with voice. If English is not your strongest language, then go ahead and ask them in whatever language and we'll try to sort that out. Again, welcome to SineCircle Island and to this Q&A session on the novel coronavirus. Dr. Hendricks, would you like to say anything? Go ahead, Taglan, if you have any thing you'd like to share with the audience. I'm sorry, can you hear me now? Yes. Yeah, go ahead. I had started talking and I didn't realize it wasn't on. There was a question from the previous session. I'd like to address first actually two quickly. One was coronavirus seems activated by phosphoric acid to reduce dopamine. Can increasing dopamine reduce brain damage? My answer on that, frankly, I don't know of any medical reports of direct neurological damage from this coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. By the way, those two names arose about the same time. I think the WHO named it COVID-19 and then shortly after the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV, named it SARS-CoV-2 and it's SARS-CoV-1 is the SARS virus from or SARS for acute respiratory distress syndrome from 2002-2003. Those are very similar viruses. They have a similar spike protein that sticks through the envelope that gives the corona appearance on electron microscopy. But I'm rambling a little bit here but at any rate those, to me, either name is interchangeable although the formal official name of it by standards now would be SARS-CoV-2. And from what I read, I think the distinction, as you just mentioned, is that the SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus and then the COVID-19 is the name of the disease. I think that's the way they're breaking it out now. I see. Well, it wasn't that clear to me but I think that if one uses either term most anyone's going to know what you're talking about as long as they're aware of it. But at any rate in terms of the dopamine and brain damage, I think brain damage in these serious cases arises from cytotoxin storm causing massive severe inflammation of the lower respiratory tract and influx of fluids and inflammatory cells that fill the alveolar sacs and interfere with gas exchange and technically individuals die of respiratory failure suffocation. And so I think brain damage would be secondary to anoxia. There was one other quick question about an individual uses a copper vessel to drink from a copper water bottle because of the idea that copper would purify the water. And I don't know about that. Copper is a trace metal. It has biological function. You don't want too much of it. I have a copper fountain for birds that I would change the water quite often because I worry about the copper ions being toxic to the birds if I leave it too long. But one element that's used in materials like this that has antibacterial and protective effects known since ancient times is silver. And if you want to drink out of a silver cup you'll impress your friends but that actually might have more bactericidal effect. I don't know that copper would have much protection for you. I know copper is being used these days in a lot of stuff like bracelets and things. Oh someone's telling me my mark is on. So any other questions? Let's see. Max asked a question about whether someone who had the earlier SARS, SARS-1, might have some immunity against this one? That is a good question. I don't know. And they are clearly related but the umbral immunity, which would be the main thing that would protect you, I think. Humeral immunity meaning production of from a stimulated starting off with a naive immune system gets stimulated and you go from a new infection or acute infection to a convalescent stage. You produce antibodies like IgM antibodies initially and then the IgG antibodies for general systemic immunity in your serum. Those are against the spike protein and now MERS is distinct because the spike protein on it goes to a different receptor. It goes to DPP4 or diaphenyl, dipeptidil, peptidase 4. It has a gene that codes for it and that's a cell membrane receptor. But apparently both the SARS-1 and SARS-2 go for the angiotensin converting enzyme receptor ACE-2 receptor in the lower airways. And it's quite conceivable that there could be some cross immunity. I wouldn't count on it being very much though and I haven't seen anything published about that. A lot of what's getting out there right now is from past research and recent communications and a lot of things have not been and not had time to get into the journals. So I bet you that'll come out eventually but as far as I know it's not been addressed specifically yet. Okay there's another question about if someone with ulcerative colitis is more susceptible in getting this virus? I think and I would suspect they are. I would suspect they are but especially if there's anything that they are taking for it that might have immunosuppressive effects. But the same for Crohn's disease I think. But okay and the another question was will herd immunity like we hear with vaccine eventually defeat the infection? My understanding of these things is that obviously it has to have a host and as soon as you've either removed the host or everybody gets it that it can't spread but you're the doctor so please. I heard some figures on this and they probably arose from modeling but the conclusion someone came to was that if 25% of people in a fixed population isolate it will reduce and that's supposing and people are mingling casually and not having too many super spreaders that it will reduce 25% reducing their exposure. Markedly will reduce the spread of the infection by 64%. The take-home message is probably that there's a big payoff in any isolation we can get between people. It's a compounded payoff. Only a few cases in Africa. I know there's some cases in Nigeria and other places and I suspect that there are more cases than you would think that aren't recognized at this point. They're testing everyone in Iceland and they found that 50% of the positives are asymptomatic that Viking genes I guess. That's one of the problems. You have all these people who can have this longer incubation period apparently than SARS-1 and they can be shedding virus but not necessarily be ill from it or feel ill. So that's how you get community spread or transmission without attribution to a specific source. Well that's actually a very good lead in since this is a second group here. Why don't you tell, in other words everybody is affected by isolating and why don't you give them a good idea about what that will do? In other words why are we doing this? Why should people do this? What are we trying to accomplish by not going out in public and to hospitals unless we're really sick and that sort of thing? Can you give us a good idea of that? Yes. I described this this morning at in many times in my practice, in a surgical practice here's no straight headed neck surgery and I had cases sometimes that went $16 during my career. I needed intensive care beds for those. I sometimes had to cancel patients or had to transfer patients in some cases to other hospitals because ICU beds weren't available and I've seen times when I went through the emergency room if I got called in and people were in stretchers in the hallways waiting for a hospital bed. In other words the resources, medical resources, aren't that abundant and which may be one of the reasons in the United States at least that they have tried to prevent everybody from having great access to them. But if you have, as I heard someone on CNBC I think it was a financial program I put it on for a few minutes and one fellow was saying everybody should just go out and get infected, get it over with and then the economy can go on. Kind of a narrow-minded view and if that happens then 80% may be fine but you're going to have 20% that get seriously ill and need higher level medical care including hospitalization. 20% of the people requiring hospitalization right now are 25 to 40 or 20 to 45 that is. So if you have people not acting responsible or responsibly and going ahead and living life as though nothing was going to interfere with their happy times they're not only putting everyone that they come in contact with at risk but they're going to further spread this and have faster onset of new cases and the hospitals will be overwhelmed and you may as well be in a wilderness if that happens.  People are going to be triaged for we'll try to save this one and triage that put them in the tent and so I was encouraging people this morning and I'll encourage all of you as well be the hero for everyone around you be the leader that we need. Everyone should stand up to leadership right now step up to leadership and do everything you can to prevent this from spreading too fast and even if eventually everybody or most everybody ends up getting the infection at least the catastrophic excessive demands on medical care won't be reached and you may well have more chance of having a treatment if you yourself get into trouble and anybody can there have been teenagers that died of this and the original physician in China who wrote to colleagues that he thought there was a new virus that was much like SARS-1 and the authorities paid him a visit made him sign a confession that it was a fraudulent statement and untrue. He died of coronavirus he was 34 years old I think he's pretty young so so what we're trying to do as Dr. Hendricks is explaining is the flatten the curve you can see the display up there if let's say for example this we're back in 1918 and there were not global communications there were antibiotics like we have today or medical facilities like we have today. What would happen then is essentially like some people have said it would and it is an extort moment I've asked people like my dad is 89 and other people and they've never seen anything like this this is very different of course there's not a lot of people from 1918 still around but the idea is that if we did not do anything and no one did anything and they went out and did whatever they normally do is it would probably affect it would probably go through the entire population back in 1918 as you may have read that means at that time 30 or 40 percent of the world got infected and 50 to 100 million people died and even if you think you're healthy and may be able to resist this that's a whole lot of people that you have helped to infect so we all have to kind of bear with our individual inconveniences for a time to be able to defeat this thing would you agree with that yes I have a couple of comments about the 1918 situation and to distinguish it from our current situation and to emphasize how we can avoid getting in in as much trouble it was toward the end of world war one one of the major factors a major vector in the spread of this were troop movements troops being taken from one side to another across countries or across bodies of water and infecting populations they said that half the British army and on three fourths of the French army were infected with the influenza virus H1N1 there was another aspect of this I saw Chuck Grassley said the Spanish who never insulted it was called Spanish flu and it was kind of ignorant because the Spain was neutral in world war one and world war two and the journalists from France and Britain and probably United States and such were all being restricted and censured and what they could say they were carefully writing stories to keep positive upbeat tone about how the war was being won and our boys are doing great and all that sort of thing they did not went bad news the only journalists to speak of that reported on the flu that started to spread and kill so many people were Spanish journalists and so they called it Spanish flu there I'm not going to get into there's a another demographic that one Chinese one Canadian researcher thinks was the source of as a group of people that were working behind the lines not not in combat that might have been the source of the influenza to everyone else there was a bacterium called Pfeifers it was a German doctor Dr Pfeiffer and Pfeifers Baxillus that they didn't really understand viruses they didn't know what they were dealing with mostly they just had they had different from this people 20 to 45 they would be perfectly healthy no no problems at all they would get this and they could be dead in 24 hours gone and lungs filled with fluid wretched death and when they did autopsies they found Pfeifers Baxillus Pfeifers Baxillus is a hemophilus influenza bacterium it was a co-inhabitant the pharynx in a lot of people and in people that got ARDS and they had you know necrosis of all these lining cells in their lung this was substrate for this bacteria to grow and this was before penicillin this was really before any antibiotics could be used and so they died of horrible pneumonitis and most of the mortality was felt by some to be attributable to a co- infection not only with H1N1 but that along with this hemophilus influenza now we have better diagnostic ability and better understanding of the pathophysiology of this whole thing and also better treatment these days but if it's overwhelmed you know it's like having food in a grocery store but you can't go in and you just starve outside so we're depending on everyone to like i said be responsible and keep your distance socially and doesn't mean to not to look out for each other and reach out to each other and to make sure everyone's okay and have what they need i'll get through this but it's going to be psychologically hard on a lot of people but two meters two meters y'all keep your distance physically it's a new form of politeness so um anyway that's that's one point i wanted to make about Spanish flu there's been so many comparisons to it that uh uh it the times were different and fortunately we're not in a world war like we were back then and it wasn't until 1930 i think that Schof used a Birkenfeld filter i think it's called um which could filter out bacteria and he took filtrates from the um fluids from uh people who had this infection and showed that the filtrate which was bacteria free was still infectious so they began to understand this isn't a bacterium this is uh something smaller that can go through a tiny filter that would block bacteria from spreading okay and why don't we talk a little bit about what people can do in other words the idea is that um as you mentioned in the first session is that when somebody has coughed or sneezed there are very small aerosol particles that do stay in the air for a bit but in general it's not really like a fog um so you can go out jogging or walking or bicycling or other things provided that you don't touch or inhale particles from infected people in other words staying inside um absolutely inside may not be absolutely necessary would you agree or how would you state that differently no i think that's true i think you can go outside and it's healthy uh to do so especially during daylight um i mentioned this morning i worked and actually before i went to medical school quite a bit with the tuberculosis patients and uh with the mobile tuberculosis unit that went about and took x-rays and gave gave i did the x-rays i was trained to do that and give skin tests and i also sat with this pulmonologist and read the chest x-rays because he liked me and he knew i was going to medical school so i was i was already accepted i just had a job ahead um but uh from reading even back then eight seconds of ultraviolet ultraviolet light from daylight will generally kill bacteria in the air including tuberculosis um and i would think that it should be effective against viruses um uv will the old days people used to hang their laundry out you know and used to air out things in the sun there there are some practices which we may have forgotten that may be beneficial yeah although you have to watch for mosquito larvae and things if they're really wet mosquitoes can lay eggs in them and things like this you get yeah there is that too or where i'm living now it would uh your clothes would turn yellow from pine pollen but uh generally if you can leave your windows open and have air exchange in your house you'll probably be better off and uh uh yeah sitting outside in the sunlight or taking walks is uh and uh it's a kind of a generic recommendation but uh most everything i read includes exercise or being trying to remain fit as a uh positive factor in survival okay here's a question actually max if max is still in the audience here yeah she is okay is that my understanding uh is a virus uh which is really small it's not alive in that it's um it needs a host to replicate which is part of the reason why this helps it it can't just sit around uh it needs a uh uh cells other cells and humans to replicate that's one of the i guess the good things about viruses it'll die of it uh after a while if it just sits around true or not yes also it doesn't uh take in uh sources of energy to construct uh its life processes uh or support its life processes like cells do in uh higher organisms um it's a thing uh i don't think viruses are alive they are a thing that gets in and it's uh i i made an analogy something i woke up this morning thinking about you know you play a poker uh the ordinary deck of cards you've got 13 suits um 52 cards i know we have some people playing with something short of a full deck uh we've all known people like that but the um coronavirus is a type four uh virus by the david baltimore classification from 1979 generally viruses are classified according to their genetic machinery as that's comparative molecular uh studies um like seeing how close sequences of the genome uh in one organism or to another organism are the best way to know how closely related they are uh it has a single long strand of RNA 30 000 bases they're not base pairs it's a single strand it's positive sense so if the uh virus spike can get in contact with the ACE2 receptor and there's a peptidase action there it has two parts to it and um so there's some changes there that are being studied by cryo electron microscopy which allows flexible molecules to be um captured and imaged in all these different shapes they take um by um um plunge cooling of um a wet uh you you put a small specimen in water and you um plunge it into super cooled uh hydrocarbon and it will form like a vitreous or uh amorphous water uh environment that basically freezes activity it doesn't damage the molecules and you can see what they're doing so any rate um once uh the virus attaches there and goes through its steps for uh being taken into the cell and then uh uncoding and c-o-a-t-i-n-g releasing its one long strand of 30 000 um uh bases uh it can start to uh use your own machinery your own retosomes it your your own cells think it's messenger RNA and the first thing it'll do is to make uh a couple proteins that um act as reverse transcriptase and uh polymerase it's an RNA RNA dependent polymerase that um forms in complexes and it forms a mirror image negative strand RNA and that gets transcribed into two things a complete RNA genome and also seven or so short um positive sense messenger RNAs that the your cells will then start to translate and form viral proteins thinking it's your own um i point in is is life is short we think in small numbers whether we like it or not um we be elegant with finite mathematics um in theory and with uh uh practice and uh dealing with probabilities like in poker and such but nature is playing here with uh uh there it's holding a hand of 30 000 cards and everything that's possible that can happen in nature if it's physically possible eventually that roll the dice will come up it'll happen however complex it just is a matter of time and nature is on uh cosmic clock and we're on our little pathetic mostly less than a hundred year clock as humans so it's hard to appreciate but uh why is a virus like this show up because it can and because we happen to be here when it does and one thing we mentioned about this uh this morning this is not something to be blamed on any demographic or any particular race except the human race i think the race i would uh claim it on is the human race it reflects human patterns of uh how we deal with food and you know human expansion into every um habitat and uh stealing uh wild animals out of their habitat that aren't bothering anybody and then cramming them into markets uh or butchering them with 30 hands and uh wiping our faces and uh bats if they're brought in they uh they get stressed and will tend to urinate and uh also they'll be more inclined to get sick uh there's a lot of cruelty in the way humans handle animals and if you want to avoid uh this kind of thing happening again i would recommend avoid warm-blooded vertebrates you don't have to eat them i don't eat them and i'm pretty healthy and uh so at any rate nature's playing with a huge deca cards this virus alone is playing with it i guess you could say a deck of uh it's a it's a a hand with 30,000 cards dealt from a deck of 120,000 uh that's and that's how you get that particular strand of uh a base basis so ergon's question yeah there's actually a couple questions let me uh field them um there's one by max is one by barragon this one by a couple other people is that uh what are the symptoms and what leads to death in other words um the virus you know what what what in the body leads to death my understanding it's it's mostly pneumonia and stuff but what it what are the symptoms what leads to death okay the first off symptoms um when they occur um uh are generally uh sore throat it's sort of typical nonspecific upper respiratory symptoms of sore throat i think so much runny nose but cough and uh if somebody said they had a runny nose too it wouldn't be surprised oftentimes people with bronchitis have a runny nose simply because they have so much stimulation of their airway and it's it's not in a direct effect on it's like a synthetic effect on the nasal mucosa and um uh malaise uh chills uh constitutional symptoms of fever and uh indication that your immune system is having a reaction to something you know there's a difference between uh the presence of a pathogen and having an infection and infection implies that your your body's immune system is actually reacting to an inflammatory response and some people this will proceed to uh acute respiratory distress syndrome cause um or severe acute respiratory distress a rds or SARS uh because of massive inflammation and it's called since the avian flu of 2009 um uh cytokine storm cytokines are uh peptides that they were discovered around 1957 and um lymphocytes were the original source and um uh interferons and those sorts of things are cytokines uh there are cytokines uh their their purpose is uh cell to cell signaling signaling in other words messaging from one cell to another and they are sort of like hormones like a telephone line or something between specific kinds of cells and um there are pro inflammatory cytokines and the response is really marked in some people and will result in um um basically the lungs getting filled with fluid and inability to have gas exchange which is the fundamental uh use of the lung tissue for you to have a way for carbon dioxide to get out of your body and fresh oxygen to get in and if you can't do that you die pretty quickly so the and you can go on a ventilator and have positive and expiratory pressure and end up on 100% oxygen and get vasopressors like dopamine when you're in shock and still die and it can happen at all kinds of ages so you want to avoid the infection and you don't want to give it to anybody if you get it the reproduction ratio r0 it's also called r0 is two to three in other words every single person on average who gets infected will infect two or three other people and that's how these pandemics go if it was a r0 of one each person infecting one other person it would not become a pandemic it would be just a flat curve or a flat prevalence but at any rate the more people that get sick the more people you can expect to get sick and it'll quickly get out of control because it's got a it's got an exponential growth and max asked earlier max asked earlier about whether um this might be more infectious or effective but if you might be able to catch this more than a dna virus oh well this is extremely contagious it seems to have a long incubation period during which people are shedding virus and so that's how you get this community spread um i think i don't know if the virulence you know it's how many organisms it would take to get a person infected uh i suspect the virulence of this would be pretty high um it's probably sorry she actually i'm sorry she actually asked about the mutation rate where do you think that there may be a higher mutation rate than other viruses you know wouldn't have thought so but i saw an article and i um i'd want to see more of the support of this but in spain which has been a pretty hard hit uh they're talking about it looking like a different virus from what came in but they can trace the lineage of infections by a comparative studies of of um as the um virus mutates the virus will do will make mistakes and throw it out there it's producing thousands and millions of virons uh virions i should say uh with uh you know every infection and so if it throws out some uh mistakes and they happen to be more virulent they'll take off on their own perhaps um i i can't answer the mutation rate better than that it's certainly faster than uh mutation rate as one expects in general evolution because the number of progeny virus are so great okay so another question is uh if they don't have a fever do they still have to be concerned that they could have it yes you could have it without a fever you could be totally asymptomatic although there is a uh a really fascinating thing going on there's a kensa health dot com um i think it's called uh and it it's a product they sell thermometers these thermometers sort of smart thermometers uh they um are connected to the internet and so they will track your temperature and it also goes to the kensa health dot com to database you can go on kensa health dot com and you can see their map and they will pick up in real time fluctuations that are abnormal in average temperatures and they can point out where um something infectious likely is going on and they're a week ahead of the cdc and being able to do this nobody's having to write it down and report it on friday to the cdc it's going in real time into this database and i would encourage everybody just for edification i'm not pushing a product i don't own this i've just found it very interesting um there for sale i can amazon but uh let's see let me see if i can find it here real quickly in a moment uh yeah otherwise if you don't have it i can find it while you're there okay i let's see when i have second life on my computer won't do anything if anyone could look up kensa health dot com and see if they can find the website i'd appreciate it but yeah it's good to track your temperature if you get a little variation you may not feel it constitutionally you might feel fine but you may have a little bump in your temperature it brings to mind another thing that bats have wide fluctuations in temperatures i actually love bats i think that's really cool i uh had a bat that uh was in my son's window my sons passed away but i had a feeling like it was him coming back to see me and uh he was outside the uh their maternal colonies generally and they're protected animals they're beneficial animals they have their own niche and spend a lot of time high up in the air eating bugs that would otherwise maybe sting you or bite you and give you infections and disease and so at any rate their body temperature can drop and and they'll go into torpor where when it's really cold they'll go like hibernate but when they go out at a half an hour after sundown they'll fly out of their little niche and this one like to go up in this window because it would squeeze up between this the storm window outside in the screen screen was up just a little bit i always left it up for him um and like to go up and see him and um uh when they're flying about their temperatures can go up to 100 the equivalent 105 or 106 degrees fahrenheit which is like a high fever um and um so some infections a fever will change physiology and make the infection um have a harder time continuing for this particular virus having uh originated from bats as did the original SARS probably uh it came from via civet cats civet cats are kind of cool that they will their omnivores and they will eat bats if they can get all of them and uh apparently in china at the wet markets uh they had civet cats that they were um sometimes would butcher there and um that was probably a source of the SARS-1 uh but at any rate um this particular virus which is a beta coronavirus uh uh is happy uh to continue its processes with higher temperatures so when a human gets high fever this virus doesn't care it doesn't slow it down a bit because it exists in bats without and pretty well tolerated okay can you talk about what you have read um uh regarding touching things in other words people have talked about should i have take out food should i what about money what about packages from delivery all of those sorts of things like that in other words from a medical standpoint what would you say well i would think um if if you can wash your hands after handling anything uh that's going to be a ground basis for staying healthier uh in terms of mail one thing you could do is open the mail outside and uh put the envelopes in the recycling bin or but don't handle them bring them in on your counters and things and um uh you can um if you don't have gloves and you're really concerned uh you you know going out you could actually put a bag over your hand like a plastic bag and um you can mark one side as the outside of it and put it over your hand and then use that to grab a hold of things as needed and put them in so you don't handle them directly if you're really concerned about where you are and what it's a very public place or if you're touching buttons or whatever and then you can turn the bag inside out so that the contaminated side is down inside of there and eventually discard it there's ways like that just to protect yourself if you had a little rod of some sort could be almost anything to could be a piece of plastic from a ballpoint pen or and you kept it in a bag or a tube with alcohol and plastic and a cotton ball at the bottom so that the tip of it is in the alcohol the alcohol will kill an enveloped virus like the corona virus and you can use that for pushing elevator buttons and such so there's ways to avoid but fundamentally wash your hands have hand sanitizer if you can get it and wipe down your steering wheel and your car handles and things like that the areas that are most concerned are porous like porous countertops because the virus can get down in there and if they don't dry out they can survive so okay we got other questions here which are interesting is the one that a lot of people ask is about surgical masks including the N95 and and such you mentioned that in the earlier presentation about what who should wear masks and I think health care workers that are directly exposed I think that if someone's sick and they're out and about and they have a cough they should wear a mask almost any kind of mask helps reduce the aerosol and that was one of the points that I learned even back several decades ago when I was involved in taking care of so many tuberculosis patients which I fortunately never converted but that everybody wanted to wear a mask to be in around us tuberculosis patient but the tuberculosis patient was the one who should wear the mask and I think it's the same thing here that N95 mask that is kind of an ultra filtration mask to wear it if will feel like you're suffocating but you can survive with it but it's not a real comfortable thing to have on for very and it will help but it's not failsafe the other question was and they said this it's not a joke they're wondering if drinking alcohol would kill the virus my understanding is it has to be about 60 percent that would kill you first yeah maybe something stronger than whiskey no I think and and you know what and traditionally in bars people have to drink and leave the glass and the glass gets kind of dipped in soapy water and turned upside down it's not washed very thoroughly and people tolerated that for a long time to my surprise but I would be concerned about that just as I think you could go to carry out restaurants to help them stay in business and help their employees to have a living during this because this is going to be a hard time for a lot of people but go to places you trust where you know they take care of hygiene but I think surfaces and handling things like public pens and pushing the buttons on things that read your credit cards and that sort of thing that's that's a concern you need to really carefully wash your hands after that I'm gonna feel the one there's a question about how good authorities and governments around the world underestimate the risk for so long actually they haven't if you I've talked to the right people I mean I've been reading about a possibility of this for a very long time and what it could do and such like that I'm not sure how many people yeah I'm not sure how many people realize what kind of impact we would have in other words how people would react but kind of everyone knew this was coming at least as far as scientists goes would you agree with that yes and I've noticed that the well for instance the people at the CDC tend to not say much about this but the politicization of this process of has been criminal there are all these people and you can just go on social media of any sort and you can find tons of examples of people who speak disparagingly or disbelief about the coronavirus and they've taken their cue from someone who said it was a hoax or their political convenience and even now is being ambiguous about it and it's going to cost lives it's going to cost you know the damage to the economy that's going to cost misery to people because this whole thing we've lost two months I've been watching this I think it didn't take all that much to read about it and there was a report in the federal government in the United States about this coming and in fact there was a report in the news three weeks ago before he sold stock of about 1.2 billion dollars 1.2 million dollars of stock the senator from North Carolina spoke to sponsors that were in a group that were paid ten thousand dollars a plate and told them that this was going to have immense societal and economic consequences but he didn't say a word as the top of the government was lying and being obscure and throwing out disinformation this is a time when we really got to join together and where there's a vacuum in leadership well don't expect it to come late you got to be the leader yourself be the hero for someone else you today can help save others by the actions you take and I think that's what we have to do well that may be a perfect way to end this session each of the sessions were intended to only be about 30 minutes this one's gone to now an hour and remember that you can go ahead and ask tagline more questions you can do it by I am you can ask other people we are really in this together okay and this is one of the best ways to start is by being educated to know the science not just the rumors and so I appreciate everybody coming in today and taking their time to join us please this is an international group please share the information and let's all be safe and do what we need to do in order to not in order to help ourselves and to help our communities I'd like to add one last comment and we discussed this this morning can you still hear me oh yeah please go ahead okay I I've had personal loss due to suicide and this is going to be a terrible traumatic time emotionally for a lot of people and I want to encourage you to watch out for your fellow human being your families and your friends and your neighbors and people you don't know if you sense that somebody's despondent or you get this vibes that they are sinking do something talk to them interact with them show you care show some love and you may save their life it'd be tragic for people to take their lives out of despondency because of all this even when people are dying of you know actual you know physical disease and infection this is going to be hard on people and there are going to be a lot of losses it was a gentleman Dr Schwartz at Stephen Schwartz at he was an MD PhD at the University of Washington who died yesterday and he had been there is in the Department of Pathology since 1967 and was a contributor to research on cardiovascular disease and things like that but he was 78 but even though he was 78 he still carried a lot of experience life experience knowledge and had lot to offer and he's gone he died yesterday of coronavirus so we're going to have to hold it together and carry on but watch out for your fellow man show some love that's all i know thank you tagline Dr Henderson thank you now we've all got our what we've got our alter egos here in your first life yeah avatars and i appreciate everyone's attendance and your interests and um i'm honored to have been invited to speak to you and i've been honored to work with vik here uh our phil uh as a team on this presentation so um this is a magnificent gathering uh place and i think that uh especially in this time of increased social isolation uh things like science circle are a beacon a point of light on the hill so we can be proud of it okay and if you haven't seen everything on the island how's the time to do it we're looking forward to the virtual world's best practice education events starting march 26 and to the other pre and post conferences so enjoy thank you and if you have anything share with us too as far as places go and see and if other people have information on this that's the value of this place it's very global it's very uh sharing educational place take care be safe and um do something to uh you know for yourself and for others enjoy life i'll add one other thing uh on the fourth of april um vik and i are presenting an update on corona virus that's saturday and that will be 10 o'clock PDT specific daytime uh and uh you're welcome to come i'm going to speak more about the the molecular mechanisms of attachment and replication and some about strategies for treatment that might arise from knowing how this virus attacks us so any other questions or i'm going to turn off may mic ariana's history is shown uh you can see the display above us is there have been pandemics for thousands of years and they've always been overcome and uh society may have been changed but um the human race is pretty resilient uh so yes of course we'll overcome this if we uh do it together uh just we're not sure about when as someone asked earlier or what it will look like afterwards yeah i ariana i too hope that the olympic games goes on we have no idea right now of course how long things are going to be uh i think that's probably one of the big anxiety things is we don't know as far as um how long this will be how long individuals will need to be isolated uh what um how long economic situations uh will be impacted but uh it'll be very interesting to see and we're all living it together


Thank you, Jean-François, and thank you to the organizers for organizing this incredibly rich summer school, and for giving me the opportunity to speak. But before I start the talk, I like to use my modest voice to say how sad it is for mathematics, for science, and for mankind in general to lose a woman like Marie Mirzacani. Besides her genius for mathematics that we cannot copy, her courage and dedication to science are an example for all of us. So this talk will not treat any spectral property, but if we admit that the Riemann hypothesis is connected to almost everything in mathematics, so maybe it's in the scope. So I'd like to introduce this famous problem. So the story starts in 1859 when Bernard Riemann is elected at the German Academy of Science, and he writes on that occasion an eight-page paper which will have a tremendous impact over all the generations. And this paper is, the title is about the distribution of prime numbers, and what he discovers is that this distribution of prime numbers is connected with the, what would be called the Riemann zeta function. But this is it. But before Riemann, this function was considered as a function defined on R, on the real numbers, and he, it's a very, it's a novelty that to consider it as a function starting from complex numbers. And in this eight-page paper he, well you see in this writing you see that this has since only when the real part of S is strictly bigger than one. And what he's able to do is to extend this definition to the whole complex plane minus one. So maybe since it is a summer school, I could try to be as didactical as possible and show you how the way it is possible to extend this function. First of all, you can make some Abel transformation and say that this sum is equal to the sum over all n greater than one of n times n to the minus s, minus n plus one to the minus s. And transform it like this is an integral from n to n plus one of n is you write it as the integer part of x on this interval. And then put the right function which is this one. So you can change it as this, you can write, you can write this integer part as x minus plus. So what you get is that this is equal to s divided by s minus one. And this is just the integration of a bounded function divided by divided by x to the s plus one. So it is defined for complex numbers whose real part now is strictly positive. So we gained some extra domain and so the price to pay is that we have here a pole. And so remain with this and the extra functional relation is also proving in this eight pages paper which connects the value of data at s with the value of data at one minus s is able to define completely data on the whole set c minus one. Another remark here that you can see that when s belongs to the set of even negative numbers then the value of data vanishes because of the presence of a sinus by s divided by two. But for positive numbers you see that it's not the case but this comes from the presence of pole for gamma for negative numbers. So you have this picture so data is not defined has a pole at one and has roots for negative from even negative numbers. And what the conjectures says that the other roots of data are concentrated on this real line. The first one known is around 14 second 48. One half plus i times 14 something like that. And in this also in this eight pages paper he is able to connect the properties of data with not exactly the distribution of the prime numbers but the distribution of the powers of prime numbers. And in order to get really information on the distribution of prime numbers we have to wait almost 40 years with the results by Adamard and Lavali Poussin who are able to prove that if you denote by pi of x the number of prime numbers which are smaller than x pi of x is equivalent to x divided by log of x plus infinity. But still this doesn't really connect if yeah the proof connects use is a big achievement using complex analysis the Riemann zeta function and but the Riemann hypothesis is really linked with the distribution of prime numbers by the the theorem of von Koch in 1901 which states that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to some some final asymptotics of pi of x which is following so actually this function is equivalent to that one but this is not that one plus an error term which is a small o of x to the one half plus epsilon for every epsilon strictly positive. So it says that you can really have have a fine estimation of the probability for an integer to be prime. So today we are not going to ask this question about what is the probability for one integer to be prime. We are going to ask another question which is what if you take two random integers what is the probability that they are co-prime okay so this like that this what is the probability integers are co-prime. Of course if you don't define the the way you choose them it doesn't make sense so maybe you can start with the most natural choice one would like to take consider x and y distributed like in the von Koch theorem uniformly on one n okay and one can one can be said in this case so you have one let's say one so you have all that these points which which are so this is zero all these points are okay all these ones also are okay and you see for four you have all this one one and three only that that ones etc so so if we denote by p of n this probability well you have n n square point and you just for each k between one and n you have the the number of of coordinates be less than k which are co-prime with k it's phi of k so and you have also the same on the other side here so the the the number for each k you have two times phi of k points which are okay and you you have only one here so you have to to subtract one if you want to be completely exact and and this we know actually the the limit of p of n when n goes to infinity is known and we know it's this limit is equal to six divided by p to the square maybe i can give you an intuition of why is it is equal to to the limit is equal to six divided by p to the square it's rather simple admit that this this this set of points the set of points let's denoted by q which are points of n to the square with co-prime coordinates admit that q has a density then you can you can write you can write n square as the union the disjoint union of q two q three q etc but if q has an asymptotic density then the asymptotic density of q is is d well let's say that's a d plus this asymptotic density will be d divided by four etc and the sum of all of them will be one so that d is equal to six divided by p square i it's not approved since we i didn't prove that that it had a density actually but if we want but this is true you can find a proof of it in the ardy ardy and white book introduction to the theory of numbers and if if we if we want to have a result in the spirit of phone call then you see that it's not you have some fluctuations which are quite strong imagine that the new f you have some p of n minus one and then the new n is a prime number then at once you all at once you you you will get an extra five of n will be equal to n and you you will have a fluctuation of one divided by n which is we we feel these these are quite huge oscillation fluctuations of this of this quantity so the the fluctuations of this quantity were are quite tough to study and they were studied by by uh martins in uh 1874 i think and uh who's who proved that the the the the oscillations were uh not bigger than log n divided by n and uh this this was uh ameliorated by uh valfish in 1963 and the log n was log n to the 2 3rd and the the fluctuations were also bounded from from below by conway and uh it's a very but not no result like that like uh like as clear as phone call in the case when the distribution you take is uniform on uh on one n so we change the probability distribution and take another one which is uh for probability whether natural since uh you take x and y geometrically distributed so that's what we do and i can state the result i obtained with junior is now teaching mathematics but uh i hopefully will go on uh doing research in a very talented guy um so we take x and y two independent random variables geometrically distributed with some parameter one minus e to the minus beta well i could have taken beta but it's uh more convenient like that and so the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the fact that the probability that these two random variables are co-prime is when beta goes to zero because beta goes to zero it makes you choose a large large integer which is the interest so you recover this six divided by pi to the square plus so this takes a place of this this integral and if you have a neural term which is uh beta to the 3 3 3 3 3 halves minus epsilon for all epsilon uh then uh uh the Riemann hypothesis is true so i can show you the proof of it which uh is uh surprisingly rather uh not so complicated and at least uh much much much simpler than than uh then funkoff or funkoff result so i guess that uh you will prefer uh me to to show you the this this way because if you are able to prove this and you will finish you'll be able to finish the job so and for me it's more convenient so uh uh i i be you mean uh this this should be the parameter maybe okay when i when i will be not teaching i will change my you you can write explicitly this probability and find that uh it's um and and find uh that is equal to that so if we denote this sum by f of beta this expansion is uh equivalent to uh that one so that so that uh what we have to prove is that if we know this then uh the Riemann hypothesis is true so what we are going to to take is the median transform of f of beta so it is equal to the sum of when you take the median transform of of e to the minus beta times x plus y what you get is one divided by x plus uh one x plus y to the s and some uh gamma term in factor okay so this sum is not so nice because of the of the indices which are not uh a nice subset of uh n to the square but the the trick uh the only trick here is here and is consists in multiplying and dividing by data of s and when when you do that it's uh this sum is much simpler since you get the sum over all pairs of x and y and this and this is simple to to to compute uh using the data function since uh you can you can uh sum uh on pairs of x and y having uh a given sum and then what you have got is uh uh for for a given uh k the number of uh of pairs with sum is k is equal to k minus one but that what you get is s minus one so uh so essentially this is interesting since you you you see you you have here the the data the denominator so that's the reason why we are going to to to see the Riemann conjecture appear and this is really due to the fact that the indices were taken only on on on this uh coprime pairs so uh and and and and this trick now it's already most finished since we go back to the left hand side and right that this uh integral from zero to infinity we split it into the integral from zero to one of f of beta minus plus plus uh this in integral from the integral of that from zero to one which is equal to don't tell me i i have to compute it it's uh plus the integral from uh one to infinity f of beta times beta but this is since you see what is inside f of beta you have some of exponentials so it's the it doesn't make the convergence doesn't make any problem and this is oromorphic on on c and with this assumption on on f of beta you can see that you have a power of beta to the to the s minus one minus one half plus epsilon so that you see that it's olomorphic on complex numbers whose real part is larger than one half plus epsilon so it means that if this is defined on all complex numbers whose real part is larger than one half plus epsilon then data doesn't vanishes on that region and by symmetry that it does not vanishes on on the symmetric region with respect to one half either the other the converse is um is a concept is is a little bit harder but not much much more but it's it relies on um it it relies on a inverse mailing transform formula that that um writes f of beta in terms of of a contour integral of this of this function and then if you and then you apply residue theorem and get the what you what you want well maybe just I can write you the inverse this is for all strictly positive c you have that and with assumption of on on on data and applying the residue theorem then you you will uh you you you can find the the the the expansion on f the this expansion on f of beta uh you see uh yes and you apply it for for some at least for all c strictly bigger than you have to avoid strictly bigger than than two I would say in order to to to avoid and for s equal to two you have you have here a pole which is one it's it was the the the computation in the introduction and the residue you see here is gamma of two which is one divided by zeta of two which is uh pi squared divided by six so you you you get back the and since you don't have any if you don't have any zero in in some strip then you you will see that the the term after will be uh will be uh of one divided by so in the title I said two equivalent versions of the Riemann hypothesis so I gave only one so I have to to give you the the second one which actually was the first one because um this version is the result of of trying to simplify as as much as as possible the the the one I'm going to to present now so uh so it it it deals with um um a problem in combinatorics that has nothing to do with uh with with this which is the the following um I I want to count the number of convex polygonal lines which and um increasing ones which uh join uh the origin zero to the point of coordinates n n no no I I take another one no uh I take the first one if I if not it won't be interesting from the inclination and so uh you you see I I I does not distinguish this this line with that line okay for me this these are the same only the shape matters and so uh it's a problem which was considered in the mid of the 90s by um uh Barani uh Versich and uh Sinai separately more or less but with interactions and um and what they proved was that the number of of of of third chains was uh equal to the exponential of three times data or three divided by data of two to the one third times n to the two-third plus some o of small o of n to the two-third so they proved this and um um mainly uh what it seems it has nothing to do with the previous problem but if you think the way one can code uh lines like that you you can say the following well I will I enumerate all the all the vectors I I have to use the first one is the vector three one the second one is the vector two two but I I don't say it's the vector two two because it would because if I had the the vector one one twice I wouldn't be able to distinguish it so I say it's it's not the vector two two but it's a vector one one that I have used twice this one I have used only one only once and this I have used twice and the last one cannot be divided actually I use it I use I use it only once so so the the coding of context chains is is given by a function from this starting from the the set q of prime pairs to uh zero one two three etc and um actually um so we see the maybe I I I state just before um giving an idea of the proof I I I state what our result is uh with julien the our result is is is twofold the uh the the first result we have is a real um uh uh asymptotic equality for uh n of uh for n of capital n of n and uh and the second one is the um the the uh an equivalence with Riemann uh the Riemann conjecture for some uh maybe I I set it first and says the third ring you are able to to to prove that then and you you get the Riemann hypothesis but if you suppose the Riemann hypothesis to be true then you have uh precise equivalent of for n of n which is some explicit constant c divided by n to the some power plus the sum over all the roots not trivial roots of of zeta of well I write it because I have some it has some interest despite times n divided by uh this I call kappa so you see with rho having uh real part one half you'll see that uh the the order of magnitude of of this term is n to the one sixth and if you look more carefully at was what is in front of of this of of these terms you have this gamma of rho but I don't know if you remember where is the first zero the first coordinate for the first non trivial zero was 14 and and 14 but but gamma of of rho decreases like e to the e to the minus the the second coordinate of the imaginary part of rho so the the first the the large the largest term in front of this uh more or less oscillating powers is of of the order e to the minus 14 so it's something like 10 to the minus 10 something like that so uh if you see in practice uh you cannot see this this you have to wait for 10 to the n quad to 10 to the 60 if you you want this term to compete with this this one so uh uh a nice guy uh put on this uh after our uh papers uh was posted he made some computation put the put the put the the sequence on the o o e i s uh page and uh we can we can see that uh uh this is a good equivalent uh for but uh this never we never see that so you cannot even uh uh have an idea of the the truth of not or not of the Riemann hypothesis by by this mean and and simulations so um maybe i can say one word about about uh the the proof so um we it's a real equivalent yes yes it comes from uh uh um the the computation of the pole at s e of poles at s uh equals zero and uh well it's uh it's it's it's because you assumed that okay you said Riemann hypothesis is this line and if this line is true then in fact you'll get something much better yes yes yes because well you you can read uh you can read uh or the the the spirit is you can read the the the the the empty uh zero region on the on the on the on the power that you you have so the assumption is true also even if Riemann hypothesis is true? no no no it it it relies yes if it's it's true uh only if uh hypothesis is true so um what we use is uh but we we put it the we we use the method of sin i but we we use in uh um more extensive way and which is the following and uh it's a quite a nice idea that um actually what sin i say is that forget about this constraint of finishing at nn and uh we'll uh leave the chain uh the chains free but uh we we we will pick them at random according to to some to some distribution which um is the following for uh x and y uh being a co-prime we so we have this omega of x y which is a multiplicity of this vector x y we use in the chain and so we decide that uh all this uh all these multiplicities will be random will be also independent and um will be independent and geometrically distributed with some parameter i i cannot say but i can say the low and it starts also at zero so it's even worse than and the the parameter is e to the minus beta times x y so that with some beta we you fix some beta strictly positive and under this uh random choice you see that the probability for some chain to to appear is equal to well uh the product of all this but what k is nothing but omega of x y so we we have here the sum of x plus y times omega of x plus y okay times but this for all the chains which are ending at nn this is nothing but the first coordinate of the final point and this is the second coordinate of the final point so this is equal to 2n and all the under this uh probability distribution all uh all the chains who which are ending at the same point uh have the same weight okay so that the probability that the final point is equal to nn uh it's uh it's a small n i'm sorry trouble will be equal to this but since all the chains have the same power i will have the number of them times this this this function which is a function of beta so now the the the so n of n would be equal to uh well you see this e to the 2 beta n times z of beta times this probability but this probability actually you you can it's it's it's the final point is nothing but the the the the sum of uh independent integer variable so it's um with a local limit theorem you have you can have a precise estimation of this uh you can also calibrate uh beta so such that the expectation of the final point will be exactly equal to to nn so um what remains to to to do is have a very accurate uh way of dealing of estimating z of beta when beta goes to zero because beta will have to go to zero if i want uh the the mean final point to be equal to nn and this so what was sin i doing he was estimating z of beta with only the use that the the set of coprime pairs has an asymptotic density so it was a very weak uh material uh he used so uh with this only uh thing you can only have that but what we did was actually that we we we could write an explicit uh integral uh writing for z of beta and uh which is which is uh more or less similar at this this uh similar as this one i don't know if i can show you it's some three or four lines but uh sorry we are concerned i'm concerned by by this so uh it's a little bit harder than the the first because you uh you use the expansion of the logarithm and then you use the uh inverse milling transform here which says that e to the minus z is equal to the limit when t goes to infinity for all uh c strictly positive so you you you put in it in there and uh so what we get is gamma of s s is uh s is s but z z is this that's why and you have also the the sum over all the coprime pairs but now we are not afraid of it anymore because we know the trick so this sum will um make some data of s plus one uh in factor appear gamma of s this uh is uh like before uh with the trick uh what data of s and you have uh some data plus data s minus one so you see when you want to estimate log of z when beta is goes to zero then you see you see that you you are you are looking at the the residue and you see the first one comes from the from for uh s equal to two from this two minus one is one and so you see residue which is data of of three divided by data of two it reminds you divided by b to the to the to the square and gamma of two is one uh but you you have much more than that because you can uh you can use contour and uh uh examine all the residues for for uh uh okay so it's uh lecture are there any comments or questions when you apply the residue you need some control on the growth of the function of the imaginary large imaginary um um no um as as long as you are not on the the gamma the the gamma is uh is very made or all the things very secure what what is um technical is when you when you when you want to you have your contour and you you have to cross the critical uh line then uh we need some uh fancy result of of uh valier on in 1920s so you had this nice picture of the n by n grid with the points in q color color like points that are copper and color and so so my question is does this have a very mini shamblin i just i just learned what what what what it was no no no no no um what how do you define the connections so you look at look at it from a random point and see if that's a random color graph has a distribution so you know that the probability that the point is going to is this convergent to something which is this 6 over by square but that you can ask where is the probability of the point and in its neighbor ah yes yes yes yes i see ah yes oh congress uh yes uh right now question about the other fast about the other phase theorem. So can you replace geometry by some other distribution, like Poisson? It's a very good question, because you can do it. And you can do it, but not with some ad hoc distribution. I think with a zeta distribution, it's not long, and it's funny. So the zeta distribution is, actually, the parameter is simple. You take it. And well, I can try. It has some interest at the end. What you get is for x, y, co-prime, OK? And then, again, you use the trick. You multiply and divide by 1 over k to 2s in order to. And what you get is nothing, but this is equal to that. Then you have, it's completely explicit in that case. And you see that when s goes to 1, which is a case when you have large, the probability goes to 6, 9, 10. But for other, it's good for the fluctuations to be not too large that the distribution rapidly decreases. But. Yes, it was the same way, yes. But what I did not try was a number of integers which is going to infinity in the small o of the parameter. I didn't try this. But for finite, it goes the same way. But it's thank to nothing.


Hi, my name is Alyssa, I'm the Resource Center Director for the Union of BC Indian Chiefs, and today I'm going to explain the first step in our workflow for our redevelopment of the Resource Center and introduce you to our cleaning, assessment, and processing area. This caddy here holds most of our needed supplies to clean and process items that are going to be added to the collection. So we've got cleaning cloths, we've got various different implements, we have our stamps and crimpers that will be used to process materials. We have labels, label protectors, mending tape, all kinds of different things. We have erasers and things for cleaning documents and books in this little area. We have our special stickers that will be used on reference materials and our special collections items. And then this drawer holds some loose sheets of barcode protectors. We also have more of those on this reel and these rolls right here are our spine label protectors. The first station in our workflow is going to be a cleaning and a condition assessment. Every item is going to be wiped down. We start wiping down the outer surface and remove any loose dirt or grime that will come off. To use this we're using a magnetic dust cloth. These are called dust bunnies and they do a great job at grabbing loose fibers and dirt. When we're done wiping out the outside we're going to inspect the inside for marks, more dirt. If anything can be erased we'll use an eraser to remove anything we can. When we're done examining the actual pages we're going to support the text block of the book with one hand and then gently lift up on the hinges. If there's a gap and the hinges are loose you'll be able to see that easily. And this book is going to need some glue repair before it proceeds through the assembly line. When you're done assessing your book they will go in the appropriate bins below. Books like this that have interesting nice ornate covers are going to get a Mylar jacket cover. So these will go in the appropriate box for that. Any book with a jacket is going to get a jacket cover put on the book. So they will go in the appropriate box for that. Some items are going to need multiple repairs. This book in particular in addition to being cleaned and wiped down it's actually quite dirty. But it's also I suspect just from its age and condition it's going to need a lot of work. It's going to have loose hinges so that's going to have to happen first. Typically hinge tightening and glue repairs will happen first. Torn pages and paper men's will happen second. And then enclosures jackets and jacket covers will happen later. And I can see by looking through this book that there are several tears too that we are probably going to want to repair with a Japanese tissue and wheat starch paste because this is a semi rare and valuable book. We're not going to want to tape up this particular repair. For tears and things like paperbacks or textbooks things that are easily replaceable we'll use one of our book tapes or archival document repair tape to mend pages on things like that. If an item is in good condition and doesn't need any repairs we're going to attach a cover slip to it and it will proceed to be classified. So to do that we take one thin strip of paper we fold it around and then we're going to tape it down to our cover slip on top just using Scotch tape for this. Once the item makes it through the entire process these slips will be discarded because all the information will be transferred to the catalog record. So there we go. This item is ready to proceed and be classified. Depending on what kind of treatment or housings an item needs they'll be put in the appropriate box underneath the table. These two items needed their hinge titans and glue repairs prior to proceeding. So this one is also going to have paper men's but we're typically going to do glue repairs before we do paper men's so they are both going to go in this box. Our items that need mylar jackets or jacket covers we'll go in the appropriate box over here. Our item that had some mold damage is going to get quarantined in our sealed box which is in the back corner. And items that have extensive damage like this particular paperback whose binding is falling, whose has extensive highlighting and marking throughout it, who has torn pages and is just an overall lousy condition. Anything like that that needs major repairs or whose condition is questionable those are going to have to go in our questionable condition in major repair box and we'll decide whether we want to keep them replace them or just discard them.


My name's David Kirkpatrick, and I'm here to talk about the mobile economy, its ramifications, and its future. The reality is that so many elements in the mobile economy are shifting at the same time, that it's a very, very complicated thing to get a real grip on, and it's extremely exciting, because it's hard to name a part of modern life that isn't being transformed by mobile. The biggest single impact of mobile at a global scale is the inclusion of literally billions of people who have historically been excluded from the global economy into the global economy. The ways that mobile is changing things can hardly be enumerated there so long, but I think mobile banking is a key one where a lot of people think that the security that comes with mobile banking and not having to carry around cash, if they have their money in an account that's accessed through their smartphone, they have an entirely new set of opportunities. You know, meanwhile, there's a lot of interest in a mobile diagnosis of medical problems. I think we're going to see technology that are add-on technologies to mobile phones that will allow for even chemical diagnosis of skin chemistry and breath analysis and, you know, saliva analysis, blood analysis, so that it all be remote. I think we're going to find healthcare expanding globally at an astonishing pace. Now, the medical infrastructure has to learn to accommodate that, but it's a very big opportunity. And of course, education, we have huge numbers of people in the world who have access to literally no education. So whether or not they're going to get something equivalent to an Ivy League school is really irrelevant because a lot of people are going to have some education now who historically would have had none. And people want to have access to information and mobile phone and the mobile ecosystem will allow them to get that. Everyone pretty much assumes that we'll have smartphones comparable to an iPhone that are $25 within, you know, a very short number of years. There's enormous innovation, especially in China, to bring down the pricing for smartphones. However, the problem is that, you know, the infrastructure for the cell service is not nearly up to the quality and extent that it needs to be for really taking advantage of the smartphone revolution and this deployment that's happening globally.


And in Bainway, the governor-elect, Isind Aliyeh, has said President Buhari has done so much for Nigeria. Speaking with the city house, corresponding after a cuts-in visit to the president on Wednesday, Aliyeh commended Buhari for not interfering with the general election. Aliyeh, who is a Revin father, was elected governor in Bainway state after polling 473,933 votes to defeat Titus Uba, the candidate of the People's Democratic Party PDP, who pulled 223,913 votes. On his plans, as governor, Aliyeh promised to revamp Bainway civil service, which, according to him, is currently an intensive care unit. The Revin father also said that despite its potentials, the state is faced with many challenges. Aliyeh ordered that his administration will hit the ground running immediately after he swearing in on the 29th of May to make life better for residents of the state. Meanwhile, Katrina Olainga, the outgoing United Kingdom High Commissioner to Nigeria, has officially said goodbye to the president, Mohamed Buhari. Speaking at a meeting with the president at the Asaraka Villa on Wednesday, Aliyeh said she had a fabulous time in Nigeria, adding that she was fascinated by the music dance and culture she experienced, lying who has spent four and a half years as high commissioner commended Buhari for holding the country together. On his part, the president said the United Kingdom is a second home for many Nigerians and relations between the two countries will continue to work strong.


The home of English rugby, Twickenham Stadium, Surrey Cricket Ground, the Kia Oval and the Geraint Thomas Belladrome in Newport are just some of those. Six sporting venues throughout the UK have been renamed after local sporting heroes who have gone above and beyond during the pandemic by the National Lottery. And if you want to have a look up, the stadium has been named and you're honoured. That is amazing. That is so cool. We delivered emergency food parcels to vulnerable people within our area. Includes sort of disabled people, elderly people. And then it went from a few parcels to over 1,300 parcels. We are so thankful that they'd be mechanised by the National Lottery and by the RFU. We have Ratan from Capital Kids cricket joining us because he's doing amazing work with underprivileged kids in London. We've got a surprise for you up there. You just want to look behind you. It's been named after you today. It's a surprise for you. Brilliant. Excellent. So it's to congratulate you and to show appreciation for the amazing work that you've been doing. My name next to Geraint Thomas. Absolutely amazing. During the lockdowns we had to consider virtual challenges. Our members extend from Cardiff right up to the Severn Bridge. So we had a 500-mile virtual relay in April. And that motivated everybody. And that was just the start.  And it's like check that out. It is an absolute honour.


So, today we have something a bit unusual in terms of yung mga brands na nereview natin. We have two cases from Dark Flash, the DS900 and the DS900 Air. So, we're going to be building it, we're going to be testing it for performance and we'll try to see if masusurapraise nga ba kami by this brand. While spoilers, yes na surprise kami. So, I'm rocking the programmer and this is the DS900 and the DS900 Air case review from Dark Flash. Well, lucky you, pinakabago mula sa cilicyoffer.com, Windows 10 and Windows 11 activation codes. Legit, safe, and pinakamura, madalilo mo order. Hanapin ang windows version na gusto mo. Piliin ang preferred paper and pencil. Wala pang 5 minutes na ciliki ka na para sa windows mo. Maraming na kaming na tulungan. Date, 7-D purchase ako. But now, I'm from a log of my life. Date, ing-resin walang purchase ang life ko. But now, I'm a world-class Zuba instructor. So, web developer ako and content creator for a YouTube channel. And ngayon, ganun pa rin ako pero activated na yung windows ko. Kaya ako naghanap ka ng legit, mura, at original software. Check out cdkoffer.com. Check out cdkoffer.com. Check out cdkoffer.com. So, yung usual na disclaimer namin, Dark Flash did send us these cases for review for free pero they do not have a say dun sa final verdict namin onto the video. So, when it comes to Dark Flash, it's synonymous with budget, medyo cheap na materials, and yung mga hindi ka masyado naghanap ng super premium na features. And it's mostly true dito sa case na ito. I say mostly kasi, honestly, yung so first na nakita namin to, we were surprised at how beautiful this thing looks. It has very minimal branding, maganda naman yung finish niya. And also, at just looking at it, wala naman super egregious na mga features or, you know, protruding na stuff. Basically, it doesn't look cheap. So, for specs, it is an ATX case with a 270-degree panoramic view without the pillar. So, yung side niya that should have a pillar, wala siyang pillar, dalawang glass lang siya na magadikit. So, basically para siyang yung aquarium na mga PC cases. And, you know, that's not an insult sa Dark Flash. They do use that term aquarium dun sa kanilang mismo website. So, it's just a way to describe it. It also has Type-C included. So, yung front panel niya, lahat nung essential saan dun. May Type-C, may USB 3.0, may headphone and microphone jack, and of course, yung power buttons. It also has a controller button for your LEDs, if that's your thing. So, with this, you can insult up to 10 case fans. So, including na dun siyang pray yung sa rads, for example. And speaking of rads, you can mount up to 360mm dun sa top and then mayro siyang up to 240mm dun sa side. And yes, yung side niya mayro mga bota, so mayro parang mesh for airflow. So, really, this is a very versatile case. So, for storage, mayro nang provisions for 3.5 or 2.5 drives dun sa baba and mayro nang din siya dun sa likod na isa. So, for clearances naman, it can support up to 170mm na air cooler and a 425mm GPU. So, basically niya, yung nga napakabersetiyo niya na case. You can put a very varied configurations with this case. So, the overall team here, like I'm observing, is that it's bridging the gap between all the essentials and mayro crossing over dun sa mayro premium na look. So, acutitin nalang natin siya. Alright, so ito siya. So, by essentials, I do mean, for example, ito yung likod niya. Mayro siya mga cable routes naman na very, you know, very super basic, but it's very nice to have and it's very nice na niligay nila dito. So, isapay is yung nga yung mga provisions niya for HDD. Very essential. We've seen this all before. And basically, yung niya, it's a very essential case, pero ganito yung ityuran niya. Ang gada nung finish, mayro siya mga mesh dust filters. You know, if for anything else, this thing looks really beautiful. Yung esthetics siya talaga yung nagdadala.  Kasi yung nga, very basic and very, you know, very essential sa lahat nung niligay niya dito. You know, that's not a negative point naman dun sa Dark Flash. It clearly knows kung saang market niya to inaana talaga, pinupush. And yung nga, yung sinabi ka na medyo true pa rin yung mga alam natin tukos sa Dark Flash. Mayro pa rin siyang, you know, mga build shortcuts. And by build shortcuts, ay mean yung mga decisions na they made to build this case to, you know, of course, stay within the budget dun sa cost niya. So, one glaring example is yung PCIe Cover Slots niya. Kailangan mo pa, ito pa rin yung dipitas. Ito yung medyo annoying siya. Yung tip namin dito is that if you're going to build this, iplano mo na yung ko sa mong ilalaga yung GPU. Kasi medyo may hirap siya kapag kanan dito na yung motherboard. Kung pag kanan dyan na yung motherboard, tapos siya kama pa lang pipitasin yung PCIe Cover. Another is, siguro nanginhita niyo na sa screen. And we do have B-roll of this. Meron siyang fan grill. Hindi siya nakaka-attach pa. So, when this is off, as in, bilug na bilug lang yan. I'm guessing, you know, na it's, this is cheaper. This is cheaper to provide than, you know, perforating or creating a mesh para dun sa exhaust fan. So, you know, yung nga, yung mga parang build shortcuts na ginawa nila to save on the costs. So, another point to bring up is yung nga, tungkol dun sa build quality nung case. It is a very decent na case in terms of the materials and the build quality. Talaga mapapansin mo lang siya if you've come to know yung mga very premium na brands like, yung Practal, yung Corsair, yung NZXT. Basically, malaking-malaking yung difference nila in terms of yung tigas or like yung pagiging solid nung mga panels and materials. But, you know, in the grand scheme of things and regarding builds, kasi nga, yung nga, nag-build nga kami dito, we can honestly say naman na it doesn't impact the build itself, you know, the PC, the components and inside. It doesn't impact it too much. So, para-comparison lang, yung sa mga fractals, yung mga premium na cases na ganun, pag tinanggalin mo yung side panel nila, as in it's clearly super solid and they're not flimsy, they don't bend, and very thick yung materials na ginamit. Pag hinampas ko si Domer sa ulo nung, direcho ER siya, direcho ICU. That's how hard some of these cases can be. So, dito sa DS900, hindi siya ganun ka solid. You do see sa side panel nya, may kita mo na medyo nag-bibend and yung pinakambak panel nya, alam mo yung medyo may manipes, pero yung di naman siya like structurally compromised. Basically, pag hinampas ko si Domer na ito, masasaktan lang yung feelings nya. So, the DS900 comes in two variants. Isa is yung DS900 and Isa is the DS900 error. So, dito siya. So, the main difference here is the glass doesn't go all the way down. May siya dito mesh na panel that should generally help in airflow and temperature management. And you know, that's the only difference that we have seen. So, yung mesh nya, makikita nating, actually yung, makikita nating na up to dun sa harap, nakamesh din siya. So, pag nilagay mo yung bottom fans here, makatulung talaga siya dun sa airflow. So, to compare the difference dun sa air and non-air variant, nagawa kami ng identical na build using the cases. And we basically recorded CPU temps using SinoBench. And what we found is, medyo surprising, very similar yung kanilang results. So, yung pinakaparang insight ko dun is, yung non-air, maganda na yung airflow nya to begin with. So, if you just need that, yung very, yung extra na cooling performance, for example, mas ma-init yung CPU na ilalagay mo, you can go for the air version. But yung nga, pang extra nalang siya because yung air and non-air very similar sila na cooling performance. It's a little addendum here. You do want to point out that the s900 air does have a fan limit of nine fans versus the 10 of the s900 non-air. With that being said, the s900 air is still a tiny bit better on max temps. With four fans only, may conting discrepancy as the s900 pulls ahead being two degrees slower sa average temps, which I would put under margin of error. But very identical on max reach temperature, which is what matters most. For you, baka yung pinaka-esthetics nalang. Kasi yung DS900 air, medyo it still looks like a normal case and hindi siya masyadong, it's not giving aquarium vibes too much. So in summary, we have seen this case before. We have seen this design from other brands like Lian Lee from Force Air, from NZXT, but never at this price. So yung mga variants nya, yung air and non-air, they do come in black and white colors. Yung price nyan naglalaw lang and around 3,000 pesos. 3,000 pesos for something that looks like this. Yung at around 3,000 pesos, yung mga matiti nung pwede namin irakomend na CPU cases, medyo limited lang sa M80X. So cases like siya sa Deepcool, yung sa Montec. But now, meron na tayong option for 80X. It is a very decent na case. It will also very versatile in terms of the configurations that you can put in it. Plus it has all the essential features that you will be looking at at this price point. So if you don't mind yung para mga compromises nya and I would even truly say na compromise siya, yung ay PCI cover na kaya ang paghampitasin. This is a very cheap and very decent alternatives nung sa mga brands na we've come to know. So what should you get, yung air or yung non-air? Basically, it's up to kung ano yung gusto mo aesthetics. If you want yung full aquarium, full, yung uninterrupted view nung case mo go for the non-air. Hindi naman compromise yung thermals nya as we've tested. Very good pa rin yung air flow nya and yung configurations nya pareho pa rin. But you know, if you're going to be putting high and high performance parts on this, para lang yung know for your peace of mind and wala ka ng iisipin tungkol sa air flow or temperatures. Ako personally, gusto ko tung white na na non-air. It's very, you know, it's a very compelling na case because na kaka cheap nya. Plus, ang ganda pang mag-build sa kanya. We don't usually review ultra, you know, ultra budget brands like this but I'm happy we got the chance to review this because we were very surprised. So if you're looking for a budget ATX build, the DS900 or DS900 Air is a very good foundation. So if you like this video, give it a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't already. Visit our store dito sa Chino Roses for all your computer needs or visit our website at hwsugar.ph and also and also join our discord. Thank you and see you sa next video.


Everybody, Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We are in the Palo Alto studio for a CUBE conversation. We're going to take a little bit of a different tack than our normal tech conferences, but really kind of along the same theme with women in tech and diversity and really getting to better outcomes. But we're going to talk about the advertising industry, which is a little bit different for us. We're really excited to have Kat Gordon, the founder of the 3% conference, join us in the studio. Welcome, Kat. Thank you. So for the people that aren't familiar with the 3% conference, why don't you just give them kind of the 411? Yeah, sure. So I launched it in 2012, and the number 3% refers to how many creative directors and ad agencies at the time were female. So out of 100% of creative directors, only 3% were women. And the reason that it just bugged me for a long time was because I knew that the consumer marketplace, which advertising is supposed to motivate, is primarily female. So you have mostly these ideas that spring from a male sensibility trying to motivate a female marketplace. And I just couldn't understand not an activist movement, not a, I'm female and it should be different. Kind of like business suicide, why are we doing this? I am part of that 3% worked as a creative director for 25 years, and just could not understand why my industry did not see the imperative to put women in top leadership positions on the creative side. It seems so bizarre, but I guess we've all watched Mad Men now on TV, right? So we saw the budding, creative director trying to break on the scene. But you would think with, again, women controlling, and I know it's more than 50% of the household spend or whatever the historical numbers are, that that wouldn't be the case. And you would have more women involved in the creative to touch that. So is it just a legacy thing? I mean, why do you think that happened? Because you're like retail, like in Macy's or Nordstrom's, there's a ton of women in senior management coming up through the buyer ranks. Why do you think it's that way? Well, it's, I know why it's that way, because I've done research about it. And it's part of a legacy problem, which you alluded to, kind of the swagger of the Mad Men era and that a creative leader is perceived to be a dude. And then it's also just a lack of support for motherhood. So a lot of women, once they're eligible to become creative directors, are normally in their childbearing years. And advertising has become a very unpredictable kind of life. If you don't sell the concept in meeting one, you're working all weekend or you're on a plane. So it's a difficult field to have a family. And so that's another reason, lack of mentorship and just kind of outdated notions of, you know, what creativity looks like. And so much of what we see and we see 3,000 ads a day, every one of us, including our kids. 3,000. 3,000. And if you start to watch them, you'll notice that there are stereotypes that keep repeating. And one of the reasons why women are needed is just to have a different viewpoint and kind of breathe some fresh air into these notions of what we look like as a society. Right. And not even that so much. We talked about all the time at tech conferences when we cover the women in tech angle and most of them now have either a track, a networking thing, an evening, a pre-event. But really just the concept of diversity of opinion just gets better outcomes. It's really that simple. Cause we all look at things through bias ties. We can't help it. We've been raised and we've seen things when we've been influences by our lives. So you just have to have people that come in that put a different lens, a different spin. And the stories you hear about people, especially when they're doing workshops and things that come out from the quiet person in the back of the room that never really had an opportunity to say things, a huge impact and really can change the game. That's exactly right. And there's tons of research from Harvard and Catalyst about diverse perspectives actually not only create better ideas faster, they also result in better error detection in businesses like tech. So I think one of the things that happens in advertising, if you're a creative in advertising, you're often working odd hours and it's almost a very intense, intimate relationship you have as a creative team, art director, copywriter. And so a lot of times you work with someone that you just would wanna hang out with late at night and so you hire someone that looks like you. And what's sad about that is that I always say that if two people have the same kind of background, then one of them is redundant in the idea-making sessions. So you need that otherness, you need that discomfort. So it's interesting in preparing for this interview, I was reminded we did a show at SAP Silicon Valley where they invited the makers organization who's the leading kind of women's centric documentary company with PBS for a screening of, I think it's called Makers in America, women who make an American business, they have lots of them for different categories. And one of the women they profiled is Mary Wells Lawrence who is from the advertising agency, Kick and Tail. Her kind of breakthrough campaign was the Braniff, February members are probably too young, colored planes, really dressing up the flight attendants and did great and the boss said, I'll pay the money, we'll recognize you but we're not gonna give you the title. And so she had to quit and start her own firm which was very, very successful. Yes, Lawrence Wells, Rich Green. Yeah, Lawrence Wells, it's like a law firm, right? Wells, Rich Green, but the campaigns are so iconic, you know, pop-up fizz fizz with Alka Seltzer and I can't believe I ate the whole thing. I mean, these things that to me just kind of represent television in the 70s and the 80s. So you would think that that would start to change it but when is your 3% number measured? It doesn't sound like things are really changed. Right, well we did, we have made a dent which is nice. The number of female creative directors in America is now up to 11%. Okay, that's good. But there's absolutely no reason why it should not be 50% and unlike tech, tech has a pipeline problem. Tech is trying to get young girls interested. There are more young women graduating from portfolio centers than young men. So I almost find that the most criminal thing about the problem I'm trying to solve for is that we have the women, we train them, they're skilled, they have the great portfolios and we hemorrhage them right when they're most valuable. And so it's a fixable problem, which is the good news. Right, right. So yes, but I know Mary Wells, Mary Wells Lawrence. Mary Wells Lawrence, yeah, I met her at the Cannes Advertising Festival last summer. It was a thrill to meet her because she is a legend. Yeah, flick your big, the mightest touch. I mean, it goes on and on and on. Now what's interesting is the tech side would also say it's really not a pipeline problem. That it is this retention problem. And in fact, I can't remember one of the IVs, I think just graduated more women computer engineers than they did men. So, but I think it's some of the stuff that you talk about. It's hitting the ceiling. It's leaving to raise babies. Right. And we were just talking about before, Marissa Meyer says she works 130 hours a week, but she's got two kids. So, you know, where does that kind of shake out? That's not necessarily a good thing. Right. So talk about the conference a little bit and how you guys are trying to take specific steps to address the issue, help the women that are there, help the employees, help move that number. Right. So. Employers. We have kind of what I call our nuclear weapon. And it's a document, a living document called 100 Things. And it literally are, it's micro-actions, small things that any company outside of advertising tech anywhere can implement to create more inclusive cultures. And these are things that we have either witnessed through our traveling events. We've been to every major US city and put on an event. We've been to London. We're going to Toronto later this month. And so we listen and we hear what are the things that people are saying they need or crave or what are the programs that are creating traction. And it's micro-actions. It's doing micro-actions with consistency. But I would say that the number one thing we advocate for, and we did our own research around this, is that if you have 25% or more women in leadership in a company, all of the other things that the women that work there tell us they care about improve. They self-correct. And so the fastest way you can actually keep women in any company is put women into leadership. That's funny. We're at the Girls in Tech Catalyst Conference, early this year in Phoenix. And there's a group called the Athena Foundation, I think it's called. Oh yeah, I'm familiar. And they're all about getting women in boards, right? It's really getting them in at the board level. Very different than say the Anita Borg Institute, which is much more focused on kind of entry level and really engineering side. But one of the things Anita Borg did do is they put in place basically a scorecard where companies can go in, do the survey, score themselves, and then report back. And I thought what was really interesting is, a few companies are gonna win and they announce them at their Women in Vision Awards. Mellon Bank won it a couple of years ago. I can't remember when we won this last year. But more importantly, it provides a baseline. It provides a company that cares, a score, and something that they can work against. And we've had Kim Stevenson on from Intel a number of times and talking about really what Intel's trying to do. But most importantly is to establish a baseline. You start to put the measures in place so that you can actually see whether you're moving the needle or not. Completely and we have just done something similar at 3% where we did a benchmarking study, exactly what you're describing. We're ad agencies spoke to us under confidentiality about different metrics so that we would create a baseline for the industry and now we're opening up a certification program where agencies can ask us voluntarily to assess them, how they're doing against these key metrics that matter to the retention of women. And then those that are doing well and demonstrating leadership will be 3% certified. But you're right. I mean, the tech world took a beating in the news when they started to reveal their diversity numbers. And I was cheering from the sidelines because that's the absolute necessary first step before you can prove it anything. It's like if you wanna go on a diet, you gotta get on the scale at some point and find out how bad it is. Because it's never gonna get better if you don't know how bad it is. And so, yes, that's exactly what's needed. Okay, good. So again, just give us a date to the conference where people can get more information. How many people are you gonna have there? Who should attend? Yeah, so the event is on November 3rd and 4th. It's a Thursday and Friday in New York City. It's the weekend, that weekend is the New York City marathon, so it's a really fun time to be in Manhattan. It's at the Manhattan Center, which is on 33rd Street. And it's a two-day event. And we have, on day one, we're trying something new where we have these themed tracks for five hours. And so you basically self-select. You're either a man basseter, meaning a man who has the ability to create change within an agency or a brand culture.    And so we're going super deep on the things that would matter to those groups. And then on day two, it's more of a TED Talk style, like great inspirational speakers. We have Adam Grant coming to speak. We have Nila for Merchant. We have Marley Diaz, who's an 11-year-old social entrepreneur. So the people that should come are people who have a vested interest in their company in innovation. Truly, it's that. And men and women, of all ages, you don't have to be a creative. But if you work in a company that's trying to breed innovation, there will be amazing takeaways from our company. So I'm going to ask you one more question before I let you go. Mentorship versus sponsors. How do you see the difference? How do you see that playing out? How important is it to have both of those things within a changing culture within an organization? Right. So the way I, the definition I heard that sticks with me and I like is a mentor is somebody who talks with you and a sponsor is someone who talks about you normally when you're not in the room. So that's the person who's going to advocate for you when a promotion is available or when funding is available or when a transfer opportunity to another office is available. I think that's decidedly more powerful is to have someone in a position of authority that's in the meetings where decisions get made, knowing who you are, believing in your potential and advocating for you. And sometimes knowing better than you know yourself. Yes, what you're capable of. To put you in a position where you may not know you're ready to go. All right, well, Kat, well, thanks for stopping by and spending a few minutes. So we look forward to keeping track of the 3% conference and hopefully get a terrific event. So I want to tell you the URL. Did I? No, did you tell the URL? Sorry, I didn't. Oh, sorry. That's okay. It's the number three, the word percent and then C-O-N-F. So it's 3%conf.com. You can read the full agenda, buy tickets, see who's speaking. Okay, great. Well, the guys will put that on the lower third. So we'll make sure we capture it. So again, thanks for stopping by. Sure. Thanks for having me. All right, she's Kat Gordon. I'm Jeff Frick. You're watching theCUBE. We'll catch you next time. Thanks for watching.