Okay, I have one hour now. I'll talk fast. Good morning. Good morning. Good morning. First of all, I wish to thank, I don't have PowerPoint, I lost it. First of all, I wish to thank Christina Juan, and the SOAS Philippines Studies Program for inviting me here. I was not actually sure if I had something worthy to share with you. After all in the last five years or so, several young scholars have come out with exceptional works that have in a way superseded what I've written. Let me mention a few. Nathaniel de Manila's university's history department, Patricia da Kudau, who has wrote a Mordok dissertation at Mordok University on the socio-economic and cultural transformation of frontier Davao from 1898 to 1941, which when she has corrected much of making Mindanao, the book I wrote, while broadening the focus of Professor Shinzo Hayase, the Wasila University's work on Japanese and Okinawan's in colonial Davao. But that's a book I think is coming out in Nathaniel de Manila University Press. Oliver Charbonneau? Oliver is. Ah, there he is. Okay. Oliver was just hired by the University of Glasgow to teach his foreign policy, right? Yeah. And his book Civilizational Imperatives, Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World will be coming out of Cornell University Press in Davao. Next year. Oh, next year, okay. Then there is Anthony Medrano, who studied under Alfred McCoy, who's, this is usually fascinating. The title of his dissertation is Following Fish, Science, Industry, and the Asian Marine Environment from 1822 to 1941, where he has a couple of chapters in the tuna industry in southern Mindanao. And it's history in what he called the protein boom that fed and fueled the rise of urban society, plantation agriculture, and imperial expansion in the interwar period. Anthony's book, I think, is coming out with Harvard University Press. Then a few months ago, I met Alisa Perez at Yale University, who is completing her dissertation on plantation agriculture and the making of the Philippine-Japan trade. She has quietly put back political economy in the discussion of Mindanao studies. She's fluent in Tagalog, English, and Japanese. And her project is to look at the new connections within East and Southeast Asia through Sweet Banana. So the Japanese have discovered Sweet Banana, you know, Michiko-san. And so she's studying the connections between that from communities in Mount Apo up to shopping centers in Japan. Then finally, while he was a few years younger than me at the University of the Philippines, Francisco Lara's decision to enter grad school it saw us. A decade after decades as a communist cadre, Rojas led to the production of publication of insurgents, class, and states, political legitimacy, and resurgent conflict in Muslim Mindanao Philippines. It's a first ever comparative study on the relationship between strongman rule, the Islamic rebellion, and Mindanao's illicit economy. Pancino hits international alert and has formed a multi-talented research, Mindanao-based research, a field work centered researchers, academic and NGO researchers that produce out of the shadows, violent conflict, and the real economy of Mindanao. An edited volume based on various case studies of illicit trade in Mindanao from castle wrestling to gun smuggling, both books were published by Atineo Press. Then we have our Japanese scholars who are working in Mindanao. Two weeks ago was in a conference of young scholars in the Philippines in Nagoya, where we came up with a preliminary list of 178 Japanese faculty, graduate students, and independent researchers working on the Philippines, the biggest, the largest group globally. 12 of these are working on Mindanao. We have Taniguchi-san, who is an expert on the, you take sides, no? More Islamic Liberation Front and the Moro National Liberation Front. She goes to Mindanao frequently, and we have Midori-sensei, our expert on Nanao. So that said, though, so, you know, I feel relevant, although that said, I may be able to add, I think I may be able to add these special scholars perhaps as a last hurrah, but it's all far too, the works become antique and archived ready. So let me continue with this sort of, this organized speech by citing a couple of introduction about Mindanao. The first is geography. So we often refer to Mindanao as the second largest island of the archipelago, but in its land area of 37,675 square miles, it is far bigger than Ireland, Austria, Slovakia, Estonia, Denmark and the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In Southeast Asia, it's larger than Taiwan. East Timor in Singapore. Singapore is at 278.6 square miles only. And if you put it alongside the difference, the 50 states of the American Union, it is far larger than 13 other states. So the island is the eight most populous island in the world with a total population of 21.5. Yet if you think about how much has been written about these countries and these states, and you put them alongside the literature of Mindanao, this creep and see is quite palpable. Second, because of presidential authority and Islamic terrorism, Mindanao has become the most discussed conflict-ridden region in the country. It is also the least accessible as a subject of study. Global and Manila anxieties of prominent governments and families to prohibit or strongly warn their children's scholars to go to this turbulent frontier. Fulbright, for example, does not allow students to go down after Sibu. A student who was studying, working on the Akinauans in Davao, and he said, I'm going to go to Davao. No. So Fulbright said, no, he can't. So as we saw, we still know very little about the moral rebellion, that TGH George, Tom McKenna, Martius Bitoch, and Glenda Gloria, and Taniguchi San and her colleague from Osaka University, Masako Ishi, have written about the problem with Taniguchi San and Masako San's dissertations that are written in Japanese, so hopefully she'll translate it soon. But two topics, I think, cry out when it comes to the MNLF rebellion. First is that the Islam, Muslims have participated in international connection, notably in the 60s with Al-Azhar University, Muammar Gaddafi, Afghanistan, Pakistan in the 1980s, and also throughout the decades, Malaysia's intimate relationship within the multinational and more Islamic liberation front. One of these imams I interviewed in General Santos was this guy who was uprooted from his village in the middle of the night and said, do not open your mouth. We're going to Sabah. You be Bachaus, you're not Indonesian. Then another, he was then transported from Sandakan to Kuala Lumpur, and the next day he was on the flight to Pakistan. Then the day after from Pakistan he lands in Tripoli, Libya with five, I think, ten other Muslim, Filipino Muslims, driven into a desert scum. And then made to stand, and was given initial training by East German military specialists in anti-tank warfare with the Irish Republican Army, the Tamil Tigers, the Southern Thailand Separatist movement. There's another group. And this guy was just uprooted after an hour. He came back, but then his leaders stole the money. So he stayed a while in Sandakan for ten years before he was able to come back and become an imam. When I was doing research in 2008 in the war zones, the American USAID was building a mosque. And the funny thing is the American anthem is played, everybody stands up, and the Philippine anthem plays, why do you do this? Where did you get your education? They would mention Afghanistan. But again, resistance is not however exclusive to the Muslims up until the split in the 1990s. The communist party of the Philippines, largest and fastest growing regional organization was the Mindanao Commission. It had a particularly idiosyncratic leadership, consisting mainly of Cardis Carl, correct me on this again, Gustavo Gutierrez as the all of the liberation. In fact, the Commission's United Front Committee was composed of nuns and priests. And mainly of its legal apparatus were church bays. Its leaders were very experimental and prone to military experiments which was despised by the national leadership. But Mindanao Commission was the oldest society where 800 of the communist Cardis were killed and tortured from starting in 1987. There were victims of an internal clash that came out of the fear and paranoia of military infiltration. The story of the Commission remains unwritten, made more difficult by academic leftist Bacom saying that what the current party leadership describes as the deviation of the Mindanao Commission is the real truth. This is unfortunate because at the University of Philippines archives you have the eight microfilms of primary documents of the Mindanao Commission nobody has ever explored it yet. I was able, somebody helped me donated his box as to UP and then microfilmed it and sent it back so it's ready for research. There's also initial studies on anti-Muslim anti-communist militia groups especially after the fall of Marcos but the problem is they're all leader-centered so we have glimpses of Norberto Ramanero, the guy who killed the Italian priest. The Ilagas of South Cotabato my favorite militia anti-Muslim militia Fereziano Luzes alias Commander Toothpick and his brother Commander Toothbrush who operated the borders of La Nogil, so he's dead now but they say his spirit goes around and then of course the Parohino family from their own hometown who used to run the dreaded militia comes syndicate Coratón Baliling the mayoral skill last year which used to run the heroin and legal Vietnamese import, rice imports in the 1980s and 1990s so we have very few journalistic pieces about them and therefore we need more research. The other armed group actually that scholars of Mindanao have ignored is the Philippine military. After he declared martial law Marcos sent over 70% of the army to Mindanao to quell the MNF rebellion, they were all in the 18, 19 year olds. This was the second conventional war that the country suffered indeed. So we're not only talking of devastations of villages and towns the displacement of people but also the encounters of community for the first time in the national state. The image of the national state for many of these communities was not the teacher but it was a soldier shooting at them. But also ironically the Mindanao war created the first signs of national integration. Muslims were displaced from the communities ending up in different cities and towns in central and north Philippines and so now you have like 40 mosques in Manila alone and the Mindanao is running this wonderful illegal trade from Tawi Tawi to Baguio. The other thing is the round kernels we remember Gringo Honasan and his crazy kernels have tried to overthrow Marcos and actually earned their support as lieutenants during this war. They had brutalities and the Muslims but also refined torture techniques that they learned from the CIA during that war. They were politicized by the war and eventually thought that they could become Caudios and tried to overthrow President Marcos in 1986 and Mrs. Aquino from 1986 to 89. The war also helps explain and I think there's a panel on the 30 the glikes of the Ampatuan family and Rodrigo de 30 so there's a panel later we're looking forward to what they say. So we are aware of these changes but we have to prove their origins and resilience. The third area is political economy. So it stands on colonial economy like Professor Hayasi and Patakudao have studied the hemp plantation in Okinawa. Mike Hawkins who at Creighton University has studied the moral exchanges under American rule and in 1970s and 1980s Afrim and NGO in Davao people like Carl were studying the impact of land use, export crops, timber and the fishing industries on the economy and the role of Japanese and American capital in it. The impulse behind the letter was this research was the Marcos develop the partnerships frenetic type to open the island. I remember for the first time there were cement roads in 1974 1973 crossing and the Marcos were but also but then the kind of research that was focused here was developmental because if you say politics during the Marcos era you get arrested so the Marcos made a speech about the third world so everybody tapped on it to do research on the banana industries the fishing industries and the pineapple industries in Davao. It was thought in the way in 1986 ironically at a time when Davao's natural resources exploitation of his resources have been ramped up fishing bookings by Naples but also a lot of vegetables then there's a sign but there's a sign of revival on political economy albeit on the illicit side thinking of Pancho Lara studies in fact so these contradictions have yet to be explained and I think it must have something to do with the fact that the Marcos bias we have towards the island we treat Denmark, Ireland, Singapore as national states with complex histories but Mindanao is only a region of the Philippines in fact one professor in Australia referred to it condescendingly as a province so the island is always treated as local and not a center of its own to borrow a phrase from the famous historian of pre-colonial Southeast Asia so in a way we know very little about Mindanao even today now in one of our drinking sessions Ben Anderson once wondered why political scientists do not write funny things an example after was always there in many of the Philippines our political writing just recall the tremendous amounts of funny stuff you can find in results novels and in the essays of Nick Joaquin so as a result I have shifted after making Mindanao attention to studying two areas in Mindanao which I think would be funny but also might have implications in the advance of Mindanao studies one is the Darat Darat's which in 1950s was almost caused a lot of famine all over Mindanao and the other one is on smuggling I grew up with smuggling my brother had a favorite smuggler would bring Singaporean bananas Cadbury chocolates with the other one oh the Belgian rifle which my brother and themselves used to sell so I can tell you later the rats but what I'd like to do today is to sort of use the smuggling story by asking this hypothetical questions that I once asked in 2014 to graduate students in a workshop at the Atinae University and then in 2017 to members of the Philippine Political Science Association in Sibu so I never received any good answer from them so maybe this group will be able to yield something different so here goes my hypothetical question so what would Philippine history look like if you encounter a Muslim woman with the last name of Tan sitting in a hut in Sange Sapu Sange Sapu Island at the northern tip of Tawitawi province Bhaitan is sorting out not of iPhones and blackberries they're called blueberries in Sambuanga from South China Malong from Indonesia 5-in-1 coffees are chased from Malaysia copies of the digitized version of the famous Japanese porn film Ichiju's Wet Lust and bullets from the public National Carbacarabide the Belgian rifles stolen from the Indonesian Army now she's doing this by watching reruns of her favorite Indonesian drama Love in Paris featuring the Hang Dima Zangara on a rewired Japanese-made TV she bought cheaply from a Filipino crew of a Panamanian-owned cargo ship passing through the area occasionally she glances at her cell phone expecting a WhatsApp call from her Sibuano husband who is arranging the transport of the smuggle goods which is a stand for an underground shop in the capital church all these things you can buy there and also assassins she's also waiting for a text from her Saudi-based Saudi Arabia-based daughter who will tell her mother how much she will remit to the bank called the Oro branch in Tawitawi and she hopes to get the text at 1 p.m. because past that time the current shifts and if she takes her mother then she will most likely end up in Bukan Gorontalo province northern Sulawesi so here is a citizen a felon by livelihood a Filipino settler-holder whose mental world is national Sangat Shapo, Sambuanga Manila but also global, northern Sulawesi Saudi Arabia, Panamanian cargo ship Japanese television and porn Indonesian telenovelas Malaysian coffee, Indonesian Malong and China and most surely Singapore she is Muslim but comfortable with marketing the most Islamic goods Japanese pornography if you interview some of these Maranau's in Green Hills and ask them their favorite photographic movies they would always say Japanese of course and they would say well because there's a story before the sex there's a story Americans just straight to sex they go see the movie theater in Kya Po and you'll watch it but Japanese professor boy meets girl, girls meet with the park they complain about their parents and then they have sex so try to interview Maranau women in Green Hills they're so funny so she lives in the edge of a national territory Sangat Shapo Island east of Tawi Tawi a very beautiful island an area with government leaders with trepidation because this is where the political order is the most intense and the national state that's weakest but Baitan is Moro and Chinese she's a spawn of two minority groups the people in the center mistrust recall for example the racist rants of the national artist Eftian Iloze against the Chinese and in the 2004 Filipino Human Development Report Survey 48% of Filipinos still believe Muslims are terrorists and Gohama when you place her in the narrative first as a woman she may be challenging to study feminist politics back home focus mainly on the open struggle of women activists movements and organization but the South though everyday forms of female resistance and its hidden transcripts are still in return prompting for example a professor from Cali University of the Philippines to complain that when General Leonard Wood noted that the best leaders the Philippines were not the likes of the Spanish but they were the women he encountered Professor Fernandes said if this is true how come women in the Philippines are invisible in history books historian my lord is Karmaga he was aware of this defect and appealed to fellow historians to look for data in iconographic evidence such as pictures, literature, diaries letters and those that are derived from oral history but here's the problem the problem really is perhaps women prefer to be in the background because they don't want to show their power among Muslims for example even Angeles who teaches at University of Pennsylvania wrote a piece on this first wife of Normie who and she spoke about her quiet influence in the formation of the MNLF chairman's ideas and to go back father there was a wonderful data in the U.S. archives about the U.S. district officer Lieutenant Colonel Siddi Kloman who was watching in awe as Princess Piyando nodded her husband the Sultan of Sulu to wear a termite ravage tuxedo when facing the Americans because this is how they dressed up with trading in Singapore then there was by Piyando's knees the American educated Tarhat Akeram very wonderful who married the strongman Datu Tahili Dazan then convinced her husband to lead enough pricing against the Americans which of course failed but it has been praised by historians as another evidence of moral resistance but in fact the real story was Datu Karhat Akeram fell in love with another person and wanted to get rid of Datu Lidasan so he said go revolt and go to jail and I'm going to marry Datu Buyong after that the way back in 2008 Datu with Muslim feminist scholar Rufa Giam and her former MNF guerrilla friends I was like Kloman enthralled by the description of this of their commander Hassuatz as fools whose only talent was to assemble and dismantle and fire their weapons while they the wives raised family run the business and were the real administrators of local government and offices they were more than happy however to let their husband be the public face and the darlings of local international press because they know both of them and even their husband and the audience know that they have they do very repowered lives if you're familiar with Clan Wars Rideau for example Rideaus are resolved not by the husbands but by the wives so the biggest violation that the Ampatuan massacre did was the Ampatuan killing the wife of Mangun Datu and the constituted law of family how family clans fight together and the rumor was when Ampatuan asked how can we repay that Mangun Datu said you have to kill your three of your boys that doesn't happen now Bhaitan however she's not a woman she's also a moral so when you factor in this ethnic identity and figure out its relationship to national politics this will bring out the rebellion of the MNLF and the MILF there's a lot of literature in it but largely underappreciated and rallying parallel to this is this why we're resilient belief Oliver probably can talk about it more that Americans had consistently been the morose friend and ally historians are right in reminding us that Americans wage a bloody war against the Muslims however they made very little of the fact that after peace was established the American soldiers also became the morose public school teachers as well as a dogged defenders against the forced integration by Filipinos their datus ended up compromising with the colonial state and its republican successors but communities remain nostalgic of the days of what they called Americans what kept this family for the colonizer ally was the failure of course of the national state to establish legitimacy through a well run public education system the reason for example what the world making MNLF was I was interviewing a 91 year old man in in Wauu and when his granddaughter said oh this is Jojo Pinales he's America and he's from Osama city and he wants to study the rebellion and the old man said what a slave because we science a slave a slave in America what is a slave doing in America but the last the last question stumped him because he said well when is General Leonard Wood coming back to save us from the Filipinos he was six years old when the Americans promised if Leonard Wood becomes president we can come back separate America now and integrate it to Guam since his fund is even people like Michael Hawkins realize that in interviews in Lano he had a datus say hey when will we become the 51st state of the union so this failure this American popular colonial rule from the popular very helps explain such peculiar moves in the 1930 Danzaland declaration of Maranau Datus appealing to the U.S. the separate Mindenau before the establishment of the commonwealth or the MNLF's the demand that the United States Agency for International Development be involved in the post-war rehabilitation of Mindenau and then there is the enduring letter the warrior letter from W. Bush asking the Americans to be the fellow mediators with the emulations in reviving the peace process with the Ramos government and of course there was the survey in 2000 when Americans started coming back in Lano in Mindenau 60% of Muslims said yes that's something that has to be understood so but then war is really just a small part of Baitan's life because she was really very much a smuggler in the eyes again of the nation state she's a criminal who is a member of an underground trading network that subverts the national political economy for the economy because the commodities she sells are untaxed and cheaper compared to the legal high price taxable products of the competitors one of the funny things in Samuanga when they realize you're an old guy hey professor we have Viagra from China I'm like no I can buy that but we tested it who did you test it with the American soldiers there it worked so and the illicit sector today constitutes 50% of our gross domestic product the store rumor is you cannot run for a political office if you do not have 40% of your budget paid for and funded by gun dealers, smugglers number operators and in fact I found a document that says between 1960 and 2011 over a 52 year time the cumulative financial flows of smuggled commodities and monies into and out of the Philippines totaled 410 billion making the Philippines the sixth largest exporter of illicit capital from the developing nations and in fact Al Makoy when he wrote Policing America's empire is a very interesting book because he said well you know the real history of the Philippines is all these criminals running it now I think to a smuggler's power is a realm that cuts across several nation states it covers a swathe of land and sea from maritime to mainland Southeast Asia to southern China to Japan or even as far as Asia as well this is the world of Baitan a sprawling zone that has a history longer than that of the nation's state the smugglers of today belong to a long line of merchants that go back as far as the pre-colonial period they are thoroughly familiar with their terrain their forefathers crisscross treading routes across the region where the authority of charismatic Pugdeishas and business savvy strong men and strong women wax and wane according to their ability to train for example in the colonial era the colonial era began not with the British, the Dutch and Spanish armies conquering Southeast Asia in fact colonialism was an attempt by these Europeans to tap and insert themselves in this maritime trading network initially as minor players sometimes with fatal results as the case of Magellan and Maktan the British did this too in Malaya setting up training arrangement in the early years with the sultans of Johor and Perak before they started to make more state-like formations with the feather states of Malaya now this contrast then gives you an idea of how the political thinking is quite palpable and different from that of Manila so in the islands of Sulu for example it is said that for most part of the year the families imagine themselves as Malaysians Malaysian nationals and the only day they become Filipinos their data say hey you have to vote and then they switch back to their Malaysian nationalities and then how then with this perspective so that's another problem so finally Baitan's lineage is also Chinese she is the descendant of a Chinese merchant who settled in Holo in the evil colonial era and those of you familiar with Muslim trading history is one of the popular arrangements that strong men in port cities like Holo did was for the Chinese traders to deposit one of their members in the town so that he would be the guarantee that the guys would come back most often he gets married to the daughter of the sultan of Sulu and becomes the financial advisor of the sultan so think of Datu Pyong's father who was Chinese and who was apparently his father as minister they become members of the son in law and become members of the council of advisors and therefore are bestowed some authority by the sultan of the royal family their mestizo children and later on grandchildren and great grandchildren continue this role as the mediators between trading partners there is position strengthening because of their being Muslim and Chinese if there is one reason why Chinese are not kidnapped the local elites of Tawitawi and Holo are last names are Tan the other group that's not kidnapped are the Americans and the Lohanos so laying out this contradiction and describing this imaginary story of a Muslim Chinese smuggler is one thing but doing the research to find which explanation has the most substantive empirical grounding is another thing not only a hard place to conduct research but its people also do not really open themselves to the prying eyes of outsiders the war of course is a major obstacle with people dead in this place documents burned in this place long term fieldwork are those and dangerous and then the persistence of small arms terrorism by the Abu Sayyaf and other groups also make it this likely for many researchers to come for information across the war zones yet it is not likely impossible as Pancho Lara a sociologist his colleagues in the international Jameil Kamiyan is a historian Kiam is an anthropologist Keteras and Keterian are actors have done we took on Gloria were able to do that too so did Medrano and Paredes but there is also the fact that this anti-center sentiment in the last they can seem to spread the prime agents of integration in Medina now the settlers now today it's not only Muslims any more complain of the exploitation from the north children and grandchildren Christian migrants my friends from Davao have similarly appropriated the term Imperial Manila to define their position vis-a-vis the rest of the country now why this sentiment has persisted despite say the nationalization of Tagalog everybody speaks Tagalog now even the kidnappers speak Tagalog it's okay it's very one of the ironies in national language spread is the war on kidnapping because in part actually one group of Mindanaoans that have not been studied are the settler communities nobody have studied them that there but finally what I think keeps Mindanao difficult to study is its people's cosmopolitanism if you go to Tawi Tawi and hang out there for a couple of weeks you will notice that the war at Bhaitan's world is literally a tower of Babel but unlike where the people in this periphery understand each other quite well people who live in the French as I am in the now are polyglot by nature switching languages and identities with ease in a training zone where being multilingual is the norm so a lot of the smugglers for example can just switch to Baza Milayo Bahasa Indonesia and Hokkien and then Bisayan, Tagalog a little bit of English and a given day in places like Basilan and Tawi Tawi one can actually hear people effortlessly conversing in Bahasa Malaysia Bahasa Indonesia, Bisayan, Tagalog Tausug, Hokkien Maginda now, occasionally Mara now because in the north some Arabic and a little English this is a place difficult to monitor because the spice is the state only learn two languages English and Tagalog and this is where I think those of us who sincerely want to study Mindanao and also Sulu may want to seriously consider and that is to understand that the studying Mindanao entails that in a many ways trying to understand how Mindanao wants to talk to each other and to address the outside world we have to under memories ideas of national and community politics everyday lives and where they hope their children would be in the near future the study Mindanao is the privileged area studies once again for to do so it distinguishes us from scholars who see the island only as a step to tenure and promotion and those who study the island and its people because of our love for it thank you is that question oh ok ok I don't mind we have a little bit of time ok I'm very pleased of the emphasis on smuggling because as I always tell my students people see frontiers as a terrible imposition but actually they're a wonderful resource no frontiers, no smuggling so not training well you can have to train but smuggling the state calls it smuggling right then one like to kick off with any particular questions at the back there yes it's more like how you act I guess it can be done actually if you're familiar with one of three languages you can there's certain areas of course that you can go because the app will say yeah but the other thing is if you have sponsors they will protect you you going there it's a fun place going down the long path are very much integrated in the whole system so they don't stand up for it so what are the impact you see happening on society ten years, five years down the line so the warlords that are closer to the national government are the ones running in the dark trade and this government actually has continued its connection to this a lot of the smugglers actually are not involved in that they're very much involved in trading like there were 14,000 former moral national liberation for Kareela that shifted to the U.S. funded their economic life build project they're more interested in the market for his market now in China as a trade exchange state they rarely go into drugs because of the children there is that group that likes to prevent they like to prevent drugs from coming in the only problem is with the creation of methamphetamines you can now move your production site from Hong Kong to Marawi and it's easier to make and extremely profitable you can earn what, 2000 pesos in five hours met so that's a big fight now on kids to just participate in that network rather than do the traditional I don't know what will happen unless this warlords are killed Carlos Carlos Gaspar from I was like a college student when he was Carlos Gaspar I have no questions but a number of comments on some of the points you raised but I was very delighted because that too is our advocacy especially today there seems to be a lot of interest on Mindanao but you have like people flying from all over the place the problem is the Mindanao peoples themselves are not able to be effectively promoted to research as being conducted in Mindanao and there's some efforts at this particular time to help them because there's a lot of interest within Mindanao from the Maduras schools to the Lomad schools to the universities to really expand on Mindanao studies so thank you Jojo for getting that talk but there are four points I'd like to raise number one, certainly there should be a lot of interest regarding the Mindanao commission under the CDPN here and even until today introduced on that time and yet it is very difficult we would like to know that there's been this development of Mindanao's materials and the time to do that is now where some of the people are still willing to really share but as you know there are also a lot of visitation because the current situation political situation in the Philippines was to still create a lot of risk for researchers in this area because it can be easily misunderstood regarding where your loyalties your interests and your engagements are related to that the second point is specifically what you said regarding the rule of recent seminarians, lands, settlers around the Christian left political landscape which certainly played a very important role as you know peculiarity and there's been very little by way of trying to expand on what you've begun and there should be interest but yet because of the very risky situation which you are in right now it's also quite difficult in relation to the state but in relation to the institution of church because the irony in Mindanao church is the progressive element within the institution of church as we may be treated into very conservative mode and yet ironically the very same institution of church is very supportive of the moral people's struggle at least in terms of the PONL barn because the bishops are on direct or in our university have come out very openly in support of that and yet when it comes to the other rebellion, revolutionary agenda that for some people is even more legitimate in Mindanao there would be very strong participation. Third precisely in that particular terrain the challenge for research is also very urgent for the moment because in regard to that no one's seeing in each anthropology piece of development in the university and we try to expand our outreach in the whole discourse of revolution and so on and the counters to that as you mentioned took me all the way to your area where you were the late early the birth of the university tried to do something at least in terms of the visual exhibit and it was there I hope it's still there in the section of all the symbols that were used by the applied communist cult or social movements complete with all the cloth that they have produced the signs and symbols and so on which was their way to provoke scholars to move in this particular area and fortunately I do not even know what student interested to pursue the entire study which I think is very important because it expands the whole element of it's great to the point what you raised that we didn't try to scan the literature of as to all bring conquest until today the prevalence of research is still primarily dealing with the oral and the rheumatic there's a very very distinguished studies with Mike and Sanders and yet the construct today no longer cannot ignore the fact that what two generations already decided have lived there and considered their homeland and yet the research is not able to move in that particular direction all this I think creates all these challenges but for the moment in fact our problem is there's very little resources available generally they are promoting a lot of interest in the end of studies but where funds are concerned there's very little and within the local resources of course even a frame for the moment as you know was the change of research especially in terms of the political economy there's just one document there and all the papers you mentioned there's a danger of it but obviously you don't know they're in Cornell University they're in Cornell University yeah anyway thank you well two things Carl one is the millionaire commission stories in 2005 me a couple of us interviewed veterans of the first quarter the first generation and the only way they would open up you gotta tell our story we're not gonna tell you we're not gonna publish it we're telling this story of young children and they opened up so we have about 50 interviews like two hour interviews and we're depressing and transcribe you just have to ask permission from these people some of them are dead for example the family if you're willing to publish a transcription it's a new peanut copy the second one is the millionaire commission there's a friend of ours apparently was the librarian the nice thing about Filipino communists they were conscious about history so whatever they write they send it to the library or they send it to somebody so this guy, this professor has five boxes of primary documents I mean they love to mention some hundred and he's agreed with UP to transcribe to microfilm it initially he said I don't want you to read it so it's available now at the University of the Philippines I think I have a copy if you're interested it's a large file I'd be happy to share with you the third one is the 2008 mintana anthology that Albert Alejo and several others have published they don't know where the CD is now but I have I have I paintfully, that was my first paper actually to look at this anthology because it's so long it's like so long I'm finishing the section on history and culture and typing it down and those of you who are interested I'd be happy to share the data it's all these big dissertations research, MA thesis articles written by mintana ones in mintanao so if you ask yourself what the mintanao ones read it's very fascinating I get curious of it because my mother's MA thesis was there study of music, piano lessons what the heck is my mother doing here and then my next girlfriend was there too and she was a teach public school teacher so I have I'm almost finished with it and if you're interested I'd be happy to share with you send me your email the third thing is the settlement of Rachel Reyes she's not here yet I think I can think of something on the 30 that might be the start the biggest problem really is a lot of it is oral and in the US you can do oral because you have to ask the permission of the interviewee to sign it and say I smuggler so on so approve this and so because a lot of the newspapers are burned down as they put it recycled, we send it to the Chinese for recycling so the simpler stories actually have to be mainly oral one I discovered the ilagas in southern Cotabato because these guys were at the back and they said hey I have a church what for you they had a church and they had the ilagas and they were father of Manero and that's how I discovered it and you really have to go to the field the imam I discovered was just the with Kufa hanging around the market so it's really difficult to study but there are already sources and those of you who are interested in working on it I have some of them I'd be happy to share with you so that you can write about it I haven't had a question about rats yet you know Jonathan Sahai is studying rats in Burma really? yes so if you want to have a productive talk I mean it actually defined the ecology of Mindanao it's very important right, non rat questions what have we yes German German that's our trick record my trick record our trick record is not that good because of someone that went missing but what I wanted to ask you since you mentioned the contradictions in the very beginning of the talk based on now the few months of the BTA in place and it's a long standing expert in this color is it positive about the future or do you perceive early working science that you might hear that essentially is during the repeated session you can answer but I think the more Islamic liberation from what we learned from the more national liberation fund that for you to be able to take over as a state as a governing you have to have skilled people permanently not have that the Japanese government I think Neda and the Malaysian government have before the BTA have been working with the MLF training the catalyst on basics like how to do accounting how to prepare reports and they're very serious about it which makes them different from the MLF the MLF really more pragmatic so there's a hope for that the big problem is what to do with the private armies the MLF has 14,000 strong army will it go after private armies it's complicated by the fact because of Lido where everybody's official titles are overlapping on the name of the base of the family but I think it can also be done there were zones of peace I think that were established in 1996-97 maybe Carl later can talk about it on what the status is but there were early efforts to do that the fifth thing is very interesting I've been studying the USAID project in the now and unlike the Germans and the Japanese when you demobilize army you take their arms away the Americans kept their arms if that arms to farms it's farms with arms because the state was weak the police were weak the only way in which these could protect itself was to allow it to keep their arms and so one of the fascinating things when I was doing research on this that if you read USAID reports in Washington DC it's really bland and boring it's like human resources because and this is what localization has done because the first revenues of this library project $1000 MLF recipients of the 8th project do 4 things one is the buy a new boat or a new motorcycle in the USAID report in Washington DC it's just new equipment the second thing, the buy a new gun and thank God for the US Army there because after every military exercises general exercises the US Army leaves its guns to the Filipinos and the Filipinos sell it to them USAID report in DC it's new equipment the third thing is they connect I think it's over now but they connect illegally with Indonesian TV global TV you see it in Sandakan but you have all these channels to direct to the world and their argument was that we need our kids to learn about the world the fourth one is human resources but it's actually to get a new wife because you're allowed four wives in Islam so that sort of thing part of the reason why it's successful is this gray very grayness approach that the Americans have used we will raise we will donate 20 computers your PTA, you form a PTA and match that we don't care where your money comes from you can use your arms for example there's wonderful two towers we have machine guns guarding a 1000 marine safety zone and this the Americans build the tower the machine guns are there in the left to protect water zones so this grayness I think that can be the source of optimism but middle now it's all gray it's really gray there's no blackout right there so we're going to China to Thailand but we have very few local and I think that the next panel will give you a lot about that and to write this we'll reveal in 320th century which is more coming to Southeast Asia you might move into 21st because in Sandakan there's a section in Sandakan where it's all more on national liberation from guerrillas who never went back and they've really settled their family there there's a journalist I admit last in Japan luckily studies it but nobody has studied it from the perspective so you might want to do that go to Sabah there you go I can give you the name of the journalist quick last question yes you should do more than that you should do more than that you and George can play some more of the guns whatever I'm the academic I can be cynical you're the guys in the field but you have to really get rid of the guns and the guns is not only a project it's also this Indonesian some of the guns come from the Thai military you guys know that so that connection also has to be cut and I think Japan knows it the Germans know it they're running around you know those guns and yeah that's the only answer I can give otherwise it's all speculation political power comes from the barrel of the gun no man can run faster than a bullet from a gun as Idi Amin said well on that rather unfortunate note perhaps now thank you thank our speaker very much very stimulating work and we're breaking for coffee which is just outside excellent and please be back promptly because our next session starts at 10.30 on what Elsa has asked for looking back in time


Hi, I'm Lieutenant Joe Mike Dana, Deputy Commandant for Installations and Logistics. I understand that dogs are part of the marine family, like Molly here. We know PCS and dogs overseas can be rough, but it doesn't have to be. Here's a few things you should know. Pet space is limited, so call your transportation office as soon as possible. Yeah, I'll hold. Owners are responsible for gaining all required documentation, immunizations, and DOD forms. I needed that. Pets can get stressed, so make sure that they exercise before the flight. And make sure the kennel fits. Stumb-dose pets are at risk during travel, so see a vet before you go. Hi, Chesty. I know you booked a flight to Hawaii, but the commandant needs you here. Please check the PCS website for details.


Pinky Doll made the rounds recently. She acts as an NPC based on the gifts that she gets while she is live. It's like a glitch to NPC. It's so fast in a way. She popped up in my feet don't know why I just happened to. She was actually there for 5 hours. I didn't watch all 5 hours. 5 hours! Yeah, she'd been there 3. That's exhausting! That's gonna go for you 2, we know this is a flesh and blood human on the other side. know that we are interacting with that person a lot like we are used to in these other ways, but I'm getting this real live person to acknowledge me. And it is easy to judge it and go, ah, this is too weird for me. We're, we're living in cyberpunk town. A lot of what I'm doing is about numbers going up when I play a video game. And if you start boiling that down to its most primordial ooze, that's what this is. Yeah, it's a dope. This is people wanting to see, yeah, dopamine hits, watching numbers go up, watching things flash on the screen and watching a reaction. And it's worth your two bucks, your three bucks, your four bucks.


Well, OK, let's get started. And good morning to the second day of the Linux Foundations Collaboration Summit. This here is the automotive track. And I'm Rudy Strive. I'm the director of embedded solutions for the Linux Foundation. And I'm also leading the Linux Foundation's automotive grid Linux collaboration project. And I'm going to give an overview of the state of the Union, where we stand with automotive grid Linux. Automotive grid Linux is one of the Linux Foundation's collaboration projects. We have quite a few of those. And the idea of these projects is really bring interested parties together and collaborate on common issues or common features projects and move the adoption of Linux forward. So we started automotive grid Linux last year in September. We launched it at the Automotive Linux Summit in Gaten in the UK. And at launch, this was our membership. We had our inaugural steering committee meeting there with 16 companies who were interested in joining automotive grid Linux, become a member of the steering committee, and drive the adoption of Linux in the automotive industry. Today, we have added quite a few more members. Now we're about 26. And it's really every month or so, we're adding two, maybe three more members to it. And it's a broad range of companies from the automotive industry, OEMs, tier ones, as well as from semiconductor industry and telecommunications and information technology industries. And the thought really of automotive grid Linux is not just for systems inside of a car. But of course, everyone is talking about the connected car, connecting the car to the cloud. That also includes a lot of cloud services and technology that is necessary to make this happen. And so the vision of automotive grid Linux is not just having systems in the car, but also extent to infrastructure. Our mission here is to enable the automotive industry to successfully utilize Linux and open source technologies for product development with an open collaboration on items that everyone really needs to be able to successfully develop or to deploy products inside of a car. Collaborate on the non-differentiating items, drive forward some of the technologies, future technologies that are interesting for the automotive industry. That can be what Ethernet, ABB, to network systems inside of a car can be a vehicle to vehicle to infrastructure communication stacks and many other things. And we'll also really provide processes to do so a reference software and hardware that gets engineers off the industry easily started. And if you have been to Matt Jones's keynote yesterday morning, he was talking about this survey that Geneva actually conducted looking for what are people looking for or what is their major problem, essentially, when they're trying to adopt Linux and open source. And one of the major problems really, there is nothing you can go through. There's no distribution, so to say, for automotive or even for embedded Linux. If you want to use Linux and open source on a PC, well, then you have a broad choice of distributions. You go to download it within 20 minutes or half an hour. You're up and running. And this is also one of the goals, really, also of automotive, great Linux to be such an enabler to provide these distributions and other things. And also complement that with education and best practices on open source. So these are kind of the major staples, so to say, of the deliverables of automotive, great Linux, a reference hardware and software. We don't build the hardware. We just select the hardware. Although one of the membership companies of automotive, great Linux, did build a hardware that has some typical automotive components on there. They did that. It was commissioned by Toyota. And it's a hardware that actually provides Intel x86 architecture as well as ARM-based architecture. So systems with different CPU platforms. So we have ARM reference hardware that are Intel-based as well as the ports going on to ARM-based hardware, such as the Ponderboard and also FreeScale IMX6-based platform. The demonstrator we'll be talking about runs on a Nexcom hardware that uses an Intel Sandy Bridge chipset. Really, the idea is also to have a download, really be able to download and software and go. Put it on the hardware and run with it and make it really that 20 minutes from downloading, you image your system and then you have a system up and running. And we've been working intensively on that during the last couple of weeks. And the first product of that is that demonstrator that we will be showing in detail later. Another important part, of course, is processes and tools. So OK, you have an image, a distribution that you download, you put it on your system. But you don't necessarily know how to build it. And it's not like that. There's not one size fits it all. Once you want to go into an embedded system into automotive deployment, you need to be able to build your system, essentially from scratch.  So one focus of automotive analytics is also build systems, of course, collaboration, source code management, eventually automatic testing, QA, and also establish some best practices. One thing with the industry is, like any industry, there's quite a learning curve in how to get involved with open-source software. And it's kind of really a three-step process. The first step is really you use open-source software, you use Linux, and you utilize it, you build something with it. And then the next step would be, eventually, you want to be able to directly collaborate in those open-source projects. Because in the course of your development, your adoption, you have maybe made some changes to the source code of some of the projects to better fit your needs. And you think, oh, yeah, well, eventually what I did there is actually also very useful for other people. So we want to contribute back, which is kind of the next level, working in open-source projects and contributing back to that project, and also make sure that what you have written, or what you have provided for the benefits for others. And it's also for benefit for yourself, because once you have submitted something to an upstream project or so, then part of the maintenance actually is done inside of that upstream project, too. And then this third step, of course, is if you say, well, I have a very specific need. I have an open-source project, or I have a project, but it's not really covered by any other open-source project. So I want to launch my own open-source project. And I want to create a community around it. And this is also what has happened. One example, you have heard it yesterday, is about the OpenMama project, which is another open, Linux foundation open-source collaboration project, where the New York Stock Exchange technology company went out and said, well, we created this software, but it's for the broader benefit of many. And we want to open-source it, and we want to basically enable the community around it. Next thing is certainly also education. I talked about this right now with the collaboration of Contagoon to Open-source Project, but also around open-source licensing and compliance. Of course, open-source has a lot of different licenses. And you need to stay compliant with these licenses. Eventually, you are sourcing from suppliers. You need to do supply chain management. And there are, of course, other talks. Today, later on, we will have a very interesting panel discussion about open-source licensing. And there is also presentations here today about the SPDX license exchange format and others. What is the idea or the concept behind Automotive Great Linux? It is really about really being developer-oriented, rapid prototyping, and some starting engineering. That's why we also call our reference distribution, or commonly dubbed or name it, the Fedora or Debian of Automotive Linux. And if you're familiar with Linux distributions, you know that Debian and Fedora are these cutting-edge developer distributions. They put the latest Linux and open-source technologies in there. They integrate it. And it's really a good way for developers and engineers to experience some of the latest and greatest technologies around Linux and open-source. And the Automotive Great Linux reference distribution seeks to do exactly that. So we want to integrate latest and greatest technologies that are relevant to the automotive industry. And put this all together in a package so that developers can easily get started with it. And that comes, of course, with these images, with source code downloads, as well as documentation to do that. Upstream focused. The idea is never ever to re-invalid really the wheel if there is an upstream project available. And it provides and has a lot of rights and necessary features or so. But there may be enhancements or so. Then Automotive Great Linux and the companies and contributors working with it would make contributions to those upstream projects. Then also, of course, eventually provide upstream projects, like really our user interface or so, our HTML framework. That could be an upstream project. And others as well as serve as an upstream project itself so that others can use what Automotive Great Linux is putting together, such as the reference distribution, the reference distribution, of course, is not meant to be production-ready, but people can use it and kind of derive production-ready production systems from it. Of course, Automotive focused, all the core components that need the needs of the automotive industry, putting things in there, developing that could be new features or can just be kind of optimization things such as, OK, how do you do fastboot with Linux so that you can show real-time images from cameras connected to the system within two to three seconds from startup, which is what you want to have for backup cameras and surround you with your cameras when you're driving your car out of a parking spot. Other things are, like how do you lay out a file system correctly for an embedded device that has to live in a vehicle for maybe 10 years or eventually longer so that you do not wear out your solid-state devices? So how do you optimize and put things into read-only sections so that you don't, or your log files or many Linux components or frequently write temporary files to disk, how do you do this without really wearing out the file system or maybe you don't have to really directly write to the SSD but you have an overlay, sort of a RAM disk or something like that to do that. It's really all about addressing and closing on those technology gaps. OK, this is structure on how it looks. So the project is hosted by the Linux Foundation. Linux Foundation provides the infrastructure for it, like we do it with many of these collaboration projects that we have. Linux Foundation, of course, is a neutral body. We don't have a stake in it, but we do provide these services to companies who are interested. And so HL is one of these Linux Foundation collaboration projects. The work group is structured in a steering committee. Steering committee, these are corporate members, companies who have a stake in automotive great Linux who want to actively drive on the development set, the directions. There's a steering committee coordinator. That's what I'm doing right now. And then we have a set of expert groups that address certain domains and focus on those. And we'll go into expert groups in a little bit. And then there can be contributors and resources from many different areas. Thank you. The open-source community, of course, companies, academia, individual contributors. Everyone really interested in driving adoption of Linux and open-source forward in the automotive industry. Or interested just in playing around with it. And that's one of the things that we enable from playing around a lot of new interesting things can be derived and come up. Steering committee members, these are the HL stakeholders. The companies who have a vested interest in it. They provide their expertise, guidance to advance HL's missions, goals. They lead the expert groups. And they contribute really actively to HL on the resources, requirements, specifications, implementation, test, and documentation. While code and open-source projects is always kind of at the center, of course, there's a lot of different things that can be done and can be contributed. And if somebody just downloads on the image and puts it on the system, maybe on a different system, and says, well, I tried this image on a different piece of hardware. And this work and that work, that's really valuable feedback, and it's a valuable contribution. And of course, if that's all documented, that helps moving the course forward. Come on in, please. The expert groups, they focus on a specific domain. They really actively drive a technical or organizational area within the project. They have their domains of focus. And they're led and run by a lead, one or multiple leads. And they are individuals who are typically employees of the Steering Committee members. And it's really a dedicated leadership. And everything requires leadership in some form to move things forward. Expert groups, they really understand the industry goals and requirements for their domain. They seek the input and form a vision where they want to be, what they want to accomplish. And one of these expert groups is our reference distribution. And we have a certain set of goals that we want to achieve, such as, well, you should be able to use the reference distribution within 20 minutes from downloading. Eventually, you should be able to build the entire reference distribution from source code, from scratch, to an image yourself, and other things. They also have a good understanding of the current reality, the status of Linux in respect to the industry requirements, what is required, what is needed, and how can we close the gap? How can we get there? Where are we? And what do we need? And also then identify stakeholders. Who do we need to make things happen? And that can be people, organizations, from the industry, as well as from the open source community, saying, OK, maybe there is some, for an example, there is a Bluetooth profile that may not be implemented yet in the standard open source Linux Bluetooth stack, which is BlueC, so how can we work with the maintainers of the BlueC project to eventually close that gap, or maybe some other things that are related to the kernel? And this is also where the Linux Foundation can provide valuable resources to the entire thing, because of our connections, of course, to the community and kernel community and many other communities. And then, of course, have a plan. How can we involve those stakeholders? How can we close the gaps? And how can we get there where we want to be? And, of course, execute that plan and work in action. So we had an automotive grade Linux steering committee had a meeting during the Linux conference in Barcelona last week. And we launched a whole set of expert groups for that, reference distribution hardware, multimedia, over the air updates, and so on. That's what we thought was a good idea. So we set up all this structure, but now we really can need to fill also everything with life. Automotive Linux is still a pretty new project. And really, the most progress really made in terms of the reference distribution and the enablement, in particular also with that demonstrated project that we just did within the last couple of months. And we're, of course, hoping to involve more and more people and more and more companies into those expert groups and say, OK, yes, we want to take a lead here. We want to do something there. And we will have a new expert group pretty soon also about vehicle-to-vehicle-vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and open source software stack. That componentality of company is also active in automotive grade Linux. We'll be open sourcing and inviting people to contribute to it and collaborate it and also to try it out and see how it works and how can we make it better. Automotive Grid Linux is really about action and getting things done. It's not really so much about standardization. Standards don't really work if you kind of sit at a table and try to dream up, oh, that's great, a new standard and everybody's going to like it. It doesn't work that way. It never worked that way. Standards evolve, eventually, and things evolve through action, getting something done, Ethernet evolved, somebody developed something, and it was made available. People used it. People improved on it, and eventually it was more formalized and standards were set. Automotive Grid Linux is also not about compliance or so. There is no such thing as automotive grid Linux compliance. The reference distribution is not meant to be the blue print of a compliance specification or so, because it doesn't really make that much sense either in this setting or so. Everybody has different requirements for that. Everybody has different requirements. There are different requirements and different ways to integrate things. You build a different head unit, company A, or OEMA builds a different head unit than OEMB. And then they also have different hardware. They need to adapt their things. They want to have a different feature set. They want to modify it. And the reference distribution is really only a super set of a lot of different technologies. And you may need all of those technologies so you can remove and customize it. So it's not like that you have to use what HAL produces. This is really something that enables you and gets you started. So what have we been doing? Elsewise, HAL webinars. We launched a webinar series. We have this really every month. And we had one in February, Matt Jones, and presented on the Jaguar Land Rover's experience in moving to Linux-based IVI systems. And in March, McVillan and Osama Othman from Intel were presenting on leveraging the Tizen IVI built infrastructure, how to build packages and software with four Tizen IVI. And now upcoming in April, we will have Constantin Kite from Confidentiality talking about open source solutions for vehicle to infrastructure. And we go to vehicle to vehicle communications. And that's also an invitation. If anybody wants to present, has something interesting to present or wants to present a webinar about technologies related or relevant for automotive and open source, we invite those. Yes, that's actually a good point. Thank you for bringing that up. We have this also always on the HAL website. There are the registrations for those webinars. You can sign up for them. And if you have missed those, you can download those. And you can download the presentation slides itself, as well as the entire video and audio feed from the webinar. So you can always come back and look at it. And all right. So we're doing also a couple of promotions here and there. In the media, we had Doug Newcomb from Wired had a nice article in which automotive grid Linux was represented. Linux drives the open source car. Jim Samlin, also in Wired, had an opinion page. The next battleground for open source is your car. And then Doug also did an interview with Doug Newcomb on automotive grid Linux in more detail than he wrote an article again for Wired can open source or solve car tech problems. And of course, we strongly believe so. And other things are events. I've been representing events. I've been representing automotive grid Linux a couple of times. I'm doing events. First time there was telematics at China in 2012. That was December 2012 in Shanghai. We talked about automotive grid Linux and what it's doing and why it makes sense. And there will be another event coming up, content and apps for automotive Europe on 2013 in June. And we'll have another one on connected cars in 2013, also in June in Amsterdam, where I'll be representing and talking about automotive grid Linux. Projects. So how have the projects been doing? Demonstrate a project that has been visible here today in vehicle IVI, vehicle demonstration, Land Rover LR4 in the breezeway down there, Valet parking area. And this actually has been really a collaboration project between HAL companies, Foylab, Symbio, Symphony, and Telica. And as Matt also yesterday said, we'll put this together in a very short time frame just to see what can be done, actually, what can be done if you really throw everything overboard, typical waterfall type of development, and just embrace some open source or kind of rapid scrum type of development, and see what you can do in three weeks and how it works out. And we think it worked out pretty well. And it's really an excellent starting point for the automotive grid Linux, some reference distribution to which we want to build more and more. So what we did really do, we integrated the system even with the CAN bus, CAN controls. We mocked around with the Linux CAN drivers and everything, tried to get that run on the kernel and load into the kernel and so on, and then send out messages, can frames to the CAN bus. We added a media player and controls for the heating ventilation, air conditioning, and it actually can control through the CAN bus the fan and the temperature in the car. And then we said, OK, we'll take it also a step further. Can we add some remote control functionality to this so you can log into a website or eventually can use your mobile phone and change settings in your car and do things. And for that, we also built up Cloud Server in the Linux Foundation's cloud that enables that functionality. And that cloud server and all this functionality will actually also be available to collaborators to do similar things. And the way how it just works, of course, it's secure. You have your own logins and things like that, so you don't control somebody else's car or systems. And those downloads will be available on automotive.linux foundation.org and the HAL demonstrated. So together with this, we also have this now user experience contest. We said, OK, so we did something in three weeks. And we said, OK, let's find people out there who can do maybe much, much more than we could do in three weeks, maybe in a rather short time frame, sorry. And enhance and improve on this even more or just use the entire framework and say, OK, well, I use the framework, but I throw away all the skins and the gooys and everything, and I decide my completely new thing. And that's what we're out for. We're looking for. So what can you really do with this enabler? Because going back to our mission, we wanted to enable this collaboration and say, OK, now we've put something together. It's not perfect. But take it and run with it and really go out and show what can be done with this. And so we created a couple of user categories for that, best user experience, best visual appearance, best new concept or additional feature. And there will be some prices for that, of course. We'll have one winner and two runners up for each category. And everybody will receive a tablet PC. And the winners will also have the opportunity to work with AJL and Jaguar Land Rover on the proof of concept and really get what they have designed into this entire thing. And well, that's by the way, at least, you get recognition. And that works for individuals as well. It works really for companies, too. For software engineers, software developers, open source is really a great way to build up your reputation. It's almost like a publicly visible resume, but not just the resume saying, I did this and I did that. But here is also the proof. This is what I did because I collaborated in these projects or did this and that. And of course, for companies, a collaboration in something like automotive grade Linux is really a way to directly show expertise and show technology that the companies have and have developed and showcase that. There's terms and conditions at this website. Of course, there is a time frame to it, so really the contest started yesterday and at the Automotive Linux Summit in Tokyo, in Japan. Well, actually, a little bit before that because we need some time to review everything and find the winners and runners. So really, what's next? Around the AJL demonstrator, reference distribution. Matt already also mentioned that yesterday, integrate open source navigation on Navit into it. Integrate Bluetooth, telephony, automotive message broker to kind of have an abstraction layer, essentially, from the middleware or from the user interface to the vehicle interfaces so that it makes it easily portable from one car to a different car. Web API for vehicle sensors and controls. That's meant to be a broad superset. Really ideally, we go out and get really input from all different OEMs and car makes and models and see what sensors are in there and provide standard input interfaces to read those sensors as well as standardized interfaces to issue commands or to take control. And this is supposed to be or will be aligned with W3C automotive platform business group. I talked to representatives of that business group last week, and coincidentally or not, this business group actually will have a meeting also viewing the automotive Linux summit in Tokyo and in Japan. So I want to bring this together and also really provide AJL's input to that business group. Another thing is really a source code and build system. Really, an image gets you quite away there, so you can work with it and play with it, but eventually you need to be able to build it yourself and build it from scratch. So we want to have some system builds from source code all the way to the image and use a build system for that. And really, what else? You name it. And this afternoon we'll have an open steering committee meeting in which we can discuss all the topics and things that our people are interested in and would like to address in the framework of automotive great Linux. OK, a couple of upcoming events. Talked about the webinar already on open source solutions for vehicle infrastructure, vehicle-to-vehicle communication that's presented by constant kite componentality, first day April 24th, sorry, 25th. We always do two webinars to accommodate the different time zones around the globe. And we have one for Europe that will be at 8 AM, Central European Summer Time there, 4 PM, Japanese Standard Time, or for the US. For me, unfortunately, it will be at midnight. And then we'll have another one for the US at 6 PM, European Standard Time, and that will be then 9 AM Pacific Time. Registration will be available shortly on automotive.linux foundation.org slash webinars. So we can sign up for it there. And then, of course, we'll have the automotive Linux summit 2013 in spring. It's a two-day event, May 27 and May 28. It's co-located with LinuxCon Japan. And we have a great lineup of speakers already. And good keynotes, and about 34 or 35 breakout sessions. The program will be published this week on our website, too. And what else? Yeah, there also will be a hands-on lab on build system, on the Tizen IVI build system, too. If you're interested in that. And yeah, thank you so much. And your questions.