Okay, so this simulation shows what happens when you add a salt to water. So we've got a salt shaker here, and when I shake it, some crystals come out and they fall into the water. And you can see each of the crystals is represented as a little sort of crystalline cluster of ions. This is table salt, sodium chloride, so the green ones are chloroides and the red ones are sodium ions. You can see that when they go into the water, they break apart from their crystal structure and dissolve in the water and then are able to move freely through the water. Notice that the volume in this simulation, the sort of pretend volume of water in our container, is tiny, 10 to the minus 23 litres. The reason for this is that it then means that this particular number of ions that we've got dissolved in this volume of water actually gives a physically reasonable concentration. So it's as if you're really scaling down a normal size system, like shaking some actual salt crystals into a glass of water, scaling it down to how small it would be if you could see the individual ions. And you could in fact calculate a concentration from this. So you can see over on the right hand side here, we've got a little tally of the sodium and chloride ions. We've got 92 dissolved sodium ions, 92 dissolved chloride ions. If you were to turn that number of ions into moles, using Abogadro's number, and then divide it by the volume, 5 times 10 to the minus 23 litres, you would arrive at, like I say, a physically reasonable concentration. Okay, so I'm going to add some more salt. And if you watch the tally over here, you can see that the effect is to increase the number of dissolved ions. The bound row here refers to ions that are stuck in crystals. At the moment we have none of those. It's pretty much as soon as they go into the water they dissolve. So we've got now 162 sodium ions and chloride ions in the same volume of water. So that means I've increased the concentration of the salt. But at the moment we have no equilibrium. There's dissolving going on, but there's no reverse reaction happening. There's no precipitation. So we're going to keep adding some more salt. And eventually we get to a point, as you can see now, where not all of the crystals dissolve. So we have a lump of crystals sitting at the bottom of the container. And you can see now that you look at our tally of ions. Our dissolved ions, about 180 each of sodium and chloride. But now we have a certain number of bound ions. That means the ones that are fixed in crystals, about 87 of each. Now watch the crystals closely and have a look at the edges of them. If you watch for a little while you will see that what's going on is that every now and then an ion will detach from the crystal and head off into solution. That's the forward reaction, that's the dissolving. But equally every now and then an ion will come from solution and attach itself to the crystal. That's precipitation, that's the reverse reaction. And the effect of that, if you watch for a while, the effect of that is actually to change the shape of the crystal, as some parts dissolve and other parts precipitate. But overall, if you keep watching the tally of bound ions, overall the size of the crystal is not changing at all. If we increase the amount of crystals, we're going to add a few more. Watch the tally over here. There we go. Before we had about 180 sodium and chloride ions, we've added more crystals and we still only have about 180 sodium and chloride ions that are dissolved in solution. The only effect of adding more crystals from the shaker was to increase the number of bound ions, the undissolved ions in the solution, the crystals that are sitting at the bottom. So it doesn't matter how much more salt we add at this point, you can add even more, you will see that the number of dissolved ions just does not change. You've reached in fact a saturated solution. And this is the point at which an equilibrium has been established when the concentration of the dissolved ions is no longer changing. So the equilibrium for this process was the sodium chloride solid in equilibrium with the sodium ions and the chloride ions that were both aqueous. So when we write the equilibrium expression for this, it's the Ksp, the solubility product, equals the concentration of sodium ions times the concentration of chloride ions. So you can see that the solid sodium chloride doesn't appear in this expression, and that's due to the fact that the concentrations we're interested in and the concentration of a solid doesn't change. Its amount might change, but its concentration never changes. Therefore it doesn't affect the rates of the forward and reverse reactions, and therefore it doesn't affect the position of the equilibrium. So when we were adding more crystals in the simulation, we weren't affecting the concentration of the sodium ions or chloride ions that were dissolved in the water at all. Now it's interesting to note that the value for the Ksp, now it's interesting to note that the value for the Ksp for sodium chloride is about 36. If you think about this, it means that the concentrations of the sodium and chloride ions must be quite high because when you multiply them together, you get a large number like 36. And this reflects the fact that sodium chloride is very soluble.


In this module of the sterilization, we will discuss the source of contamination. As concerned the fermentation process as we have seen in our previous module that fermentation process is actually the mass culturing that require a suitable medium. So, during the fermentation process when we see the whole organization of the fermentation process that is first one is the source of contamination is the leakage or the fermentation vessel. Second source of the contamination is actually the medium. When we formulate the medium, when we make the medium and then feed into the fermentation vessel then the contamination can happen. And third is when we sparge the medium with the air then the contamination may come through the air. So, there are the number of factors that can be the source of contamination. If we first of all if we avoid those and we can have a control check over all those factors from where the contamination can occur then we can run our fermentation only with our production organism which we called as our fermentation organism. So, how we can avoid the contamination? As concerned the avoidance of the contamination so, the first is we use pure inoculum in the start of the fermentation. If there will be a contamination in our inoculum then there is no more way by which we can avoid our contamination. Our inoculum should be 100 percent pure and without any sort of contamination. And second is the medium which we are using and we are employed because there are two techniques. Either we sterilize our the medium inside the fermentor either we first having the sterilization of the medium apart from the fermentation vessel and then we add into the vessel. So, if we employed the medium then our medium should be sterilized. So, the sterilized medium should be employed. In this case when we are adding the medium sterilized then our fermentor vessel should be clean and sterilized. So, in fourth case the sterilization of all the material to be added into the fermentation that should be sterilized. What are those materials? That can be antiphone that can be any other alkali or the acid medium or if we are running with the fat batch then those ingredient and those part of the medium which we are adding through the fermentation process that should be properly sterilized. And then the fifth one the maintenance the maintaining the aseptic conditions during the fermentation process then we can avoid the contamination in our fermentation process. So, as concern the extent to which the procedures are to be adopted for the avoidance of the contamination that will help to check out the probability of the contamination. If we have a very control mechanism of the avoidance of the contamination then there will be a less probability of the contamination. Why we are talking about the probability of contamination? Because when we say that the number of unwanted microorganism present into any object then our whole sterilization process will be. So, we can say on the base of the fermentations in two category either that was protected or unprotected. So, in first case in most of the fermentation they are termed as the protected. If the media may be utilize only a limited range of the microorganism which we called as the process organism and in the result of the development of a selective growth conditions for our desired organisms in term of pH, in term of nutrients, in term of other conditions. So, in case of just an example if we are the breathing of the beer falls into the category if we are using the whole presence tend to inhibit the growth of many microorganisms and the growth of breathing yeast tend to decrease the pH of the medium. So, this is the case when such type when there is a microorganism then how that effect on the pH of the medium. So, thus the breathing what are boiled, but not necessarily sterilized and the fermentations are thoroughly cleaned with disinfectants, but are not properly sterilized. So, also there are some precautions used when the development of the inoculum. So, in case of the inoculum development then that should be having a very pure and having no contamination. So, the majority of the fermentations are the protected, but we can say that then there are the majority of the fermentation which we cannot say that they are protected. So, if there is a contamination that can lead to different consequences as we have discussed in our previous modules. So, in case of the protected then we can assure our fermentation process in a positive way, but if our fermentation process is not protected then so many consequence which we have discussed that can happen.


Get over a narcissist in 19 minutes, contrary to what people might believe, it is actually very easy to get over a narcissist by realising a simple fact, because many of you think the narcissist in your life is so special and important. You think there's something significant, you think they're powerful and attractive, you think they're so charming. But none of that actually matters in the grand scheme of things, because in time they will be forgotten. People won't even remember their name. People won't even know that they existed, it is a common understanding that after two to three generations after our death, the majority of people are unlikely to remember that we ever existed. Because time passes and memories fade, people move on with their lives. Most people are completely forgotten as if they never existed within around 100 years of their death. And this is actually the narcissist's greatest fear, to know that people will never even remember their name or what they look like. To know that they will become a distant memory until they're nothing at all. But this is how you can get over the narcissist by realising that they're not so special after all. Because in time people won't even know that they existed, they will fade away into the darkness. But some people will not be forgotten. Some people will be remembered, whether it's through their music or through their words, they will leave an impact on people. A strong effect and influence. By doing something different, by going against the grain, rather than doing the same things that everyone else is doing, because by doing that you will be quickly forgotten. But this is the reality of the world today. Everyone looks the same, everyone has the same mannerisms and characteristics, there's nothing that makes them different.  They won't be remembered, which is why when you leave this world you need to go out with a bang, you need to depart in a grand and dramatic fashion, and you can do that by using your words or music, by using your imagination and creativity, by generating and recognizing original ideas, alternatives and possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating and entertaining other people and yourself, because it is your inventiveness and process of innovating that will leave a lasting effect on people. It will make people feel some type of way, but narcissists are not going to have that type of impact on anyone, because they all look and dress exactly the same. They all do the same things, there's nothing that sets them apart, there's nothing that makes them different, they do the exact same things that people have done before them, which means that they will be forgotten, even though it may seem like they are powerful and successful, they may only be impacted a small part of the world, it may just be in their own city or town, which means that they will be forgotten soon after they pass away, because they are not impacting the entire world, they are not impacting different countries, which means that they are not going to leave a lasting effect, people will quickly forget about them because they didn't leave a footprint, most of the world didn't even know that they were there, because people don't typically remember the bullies or perpetrators, they tend to remember the targets or victims, the oppressed, the people who were subjected to hardship or authoritarian treatment, yet they become heroes or champions against all odds, but narcissists are all about themselves, so they're not going to leave a legacy, they're not going to impact their children, so in time their culture and traditions will long be forgotten, they won't be remembered, the world won't even know that they were here, which is their greatest fear, but there's not much they can do about it because they're short term focused, they're not seeing the bigger picture, they're constantly in survival mode, so they're only thinking about what they can do or get right now, they're not concerned about the future until it's too late, until they're laying on their deathbed, which why they will soon be forgotten, they will fade away into the depths of time, while we're changing lives, while we're leaving an impact for generations to come, because we have so many talents, so many positive traits that we have worked on, we have so much information to share, we have things that set us apart, we have these quirks and mannerisms, these things that make us different, these things that will cause us to be remembered, but narcissists, no, they won't be remembered by anyone, because they all look the same, they all dress the same, and they all act the same, they all do exactly the same things, there's nothing that makes them stand out, which is why my channel and other channels like mine are so popular, because no matter where you are in the world, you will have the same experience if you're dealing with one, they will love bomb you, they will devalue you, they will discard you and then they may or may not come back with a hoover, so there's nothing memorable, they're not even worth remembering, because there's nothing special or unusual about them, there's nothing that makes them different, there's nothing that sets them apart, they all do exactly the same things, while if you are the grey day source of supply, you are unforgettable, they will never forget you, even long after you have forgotten them, because you left an impact on them, you treated them differently than everyone else before you, and they're never going to forget that, it will play on their minds until the day they die, especially if you progressed after you moved on, then they definitely won't forget you, it will leave a lasting effect on them, but you will forget them as you focus on new things, as you focus on leaving an impact on the younger generation, as you meet new people, they will become a distant memory, and in time you won't feel any desire to be involved with them again, but they will still be thinking about you, because the odds are that if you were targeted by a narcissist, there's no one else like you, there's plenty of people like them, you can replace them very easily, there's always another one of them just around the corner, who can help you to quickly forget about them, and to focus on something else, but they're not going to have that same experience with you, because despite what they may have led you to believe, there is no one else like you, they just want you to think that, because they don't want you to think that you're special, but if you weren't special they never would have targeted you, they wouldn't have stuck around for a very long time, but even if you only had a short-term experience with them, there's a reason for that as well, and it's because they already know they're not going to have a lasting impression on you, they already know that there's nothing that sets them apart, and that you will soon forget about them and be on to something else, because narcissists want to be remembered, their greatest fears are to be abandoned and forgotten, which is why they will typically target people who have nothing else going on in their lives, which may have been you at some point in the past, because they want to be around someone who will remember them, rather than someone who will quickly forget about them, so if they know they're not going to have that type of impact on you, they will try to replace you, but that doesn't mean that they're going to forget about you, because you are very different, there's just certain things about you that make you stand out, it's the way you walk, the way you talk, the way you carry yourself, the way you perceive yourself, the way you just are who you are without any apologies, you don't care what other people think, you're just you and you don't care if people accept you, you're just going to be you no matter what and that is what makes you stand out, because most people are not like that, they're too afraid to be themselves, they're too worried about what other people might think, so they cower away, they hide themselves from the world and by doing that they will be quickly forgotten, people won't remember them, because they have no fight left in them, they have no strength or courage to do what needs to be done, instead they lurk in the shadows waiting for something to happen, instead of taking action and creating their results, which is why no one is going to remember them, because they didn't take it upon themselves to leave an impact, they left it to chance, they didn't prepare or plan for it, which is how it's so easy to predict how things are going to turn out for them, you don't need to watch or monitor them, you don't need to pull up their social media 10 years from now, because you already know it's already able to be predicted, understood or controlled, they're not going to amount to anything, they're not going to leave an impact on this world, they're going to grow old, their life is going to pass them by and then they're going to be quickly forgotten, after they spent every day doing the exact same things, living in the same house or apartment, going to the same job that they hate, eating the same food, talking to the same people, just a feeble existence, without meaning or purpose, because they lacked strength of character, they lacked the will to fight what they wanted out of life, but as for you, you can make a difference with your life, there's TikTok and YouTube, you can put out content, you can share information, because people are seeking knowledge and awareness, people want to know and that's the most important thing, because people should want to know what you're doing, people should want to know what you're about and when you leave this planet, you should have a legacy that you're leaving behind, you should have something that you offer to mankind, recognize that you only have a certain amount of time on this planet, your time is ticking, time is running out and you have to make a difference now before it's too late, by showing people that you have your own opinions and ideas, you have something that you've been thinking about for a long time and if you don't, then find something that you are passionate about, find something that you believe in and share it with the world, speak to me or other creators, show people that you have a voice, leave an impact on this world, instead of just fading away and being forgotten, because that is the end result for the narcissist that you are dealing with and it is the end result for most people in this world, they're going to be forgotten, no one is going to remember them, no one is even going to know that they were here, it will be like they never even existed because they didn't take advantage of the time that they had left, they threw it away because they didn't see the value in themselves or because they didn't have anything to give or because they didn't realize it until it was too late, which is why now is the time to raise the vibrations on this planet, it is time for you to share your message with this world, because even if somehow your message is forgotten, your energy will be remembered for generations to come, it will be passed down to your children and your grandchildren, your energy and ideas, your way of life, your value is not determined by what you accumulate in this life, it is determined by what you give, so give something every day like it's your last day on earth, share your message with the world, let the world know that you are here, thank you for watching, if you found this video helpful please give it a thumbs up, share your thoughts in the comment section, hit the subscribe button to receive the notifications, if you would like to support the channel, you can donate at paypal.me slash narc-survivor, you can book a one-on-one with me on my website, it's narc-survivor.uk, thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft, thank you for watching my tutorial today. This is another Easter project and as you can tell it's a giant carrot so yeah a little bit of a more of a contemporary abstract looking carrot but a carrot nonetheless and I love it. It fits loads and loads in, I'm going to be buying some mini eggs tomorrow, put them in the cellophane and they're going to go inside. So you can put a little tag on if you want, I did start preparing one but then I thought actually this is going in my basket which is here so obviously I've got a card that's going in there as well that was the project that I've made before this is going to sit inside as well like that so it's got all the green in there as well and then there's a few others going in as well which you will see but yeah so basically you just undo the ribbon on the top here and then under like so opens up to reveal a very large inside. Yeah straightforward to make a little bit of the gluing I guess is the hardest bit because you've got to sit there and kind of hold things in place for a while but in terms of scoring and all that kind of stuff it's very very easy so I'm not going to do the bow I'll just do that up for now but like said that's how I've done the tag you could put Happy Easter now you could stick it down here if you wanted or just have it kind of hanging off there would look really nice as well but I just pulled out all those colors that were inside inside on this one. Okay so you're going to need just pop that one there for once minute. Okay so I've already prepared one half because it comes in two parts and I prepared a bit of my grass. It's not even grass is it? It's the leaves the foliage on the top of the carrot. It's the evening of a long day. Okay so we're just cracked straight on into the scoring so you're going to need, make sure I'm all in there, so two pieces of six by whatever length card you're using. Okay so if you're using 12 by 12 you could do six by 12, A4 is six by five and sorry A4 would be six by 11 of five eighths or three quarters and if you're using letter paper it will be six by 11. Any of those measurements will work and I'll explain a little bit of the scoring when we get to it. So first of all you want to score along the six inch side you want to score it three inches all the way down. Okay then rotate it and you want to score along whatever length it is that you've got do your first score line at one inch then if you've got 12 inch card you're going to score from this side in by three inches so you will score at nine inches. Okay basically you need to have three inches you need to have whatever you need to score down here by whatever width this piece is here because it will form this perfect square on top. So if it's 12 by 12 you'll come down and score at nine. If you're using the same as me which is A4 and it's coming in at 11 and five eighths then you will score at eight and five eighths. If yours is coming in at 11 and three quarters then you'll score at eight and three quarters. If you've got the 11 inch card you will be scoring at eight. So all it means is that if you're using 11 inch you're going to have a slightly shorter carat and if you're using 12 then you're going to have a slightly longer carat that's all it's going to do but you can still do it with that. So I've tried to make sure that it was something that people can make with anything that they've got really. This also evolved from my pumpkin that I made for my Halloween series so yeah so I just kind of played around with that and made it a bit longer. Okay so you need to repeat that so you've got two pieces then get rid of the scoreboard you don't need that anymore and what you need now is a metal ruler and I find using the smaller end of the stylus that works best here and basically what we're going to do is we're going to score so you've got these one two three four five six squares all along the top here. The middle square on each of these three inch panels so this one here for example the left and the right hand bottom corners of it we're going to score from down to the corners of here so again that one we're going to score down to there. This is exactly the same concept as the pumpkin one except instead of scoring a straight line we scored a curved angle so if you want to have a curved looking one I guess it would kind of work. I play around with it, it has some fun with it. So let me just do this one first and then I will bring it up so you can see it. You need to be really accurate with your scoring you want to make sure you do get it point to point you don't really want to be off with this otherwise it you know it might not join that nicely like so and then this one again if I just hold that up so it catches there we go you can see those score lines so it's coming from this middle square so there's those one two three the middle one bottom left hand side score all the way down to the top of this big you know square down here so just down to that score line and again then the other side to the bottom right hand side score all the way down and you can see that they're meeting and then that one comes up and goes off to that one and then the last one comes down like so okay so repeat that on your second piece and then you want to burnish all of your score lines so carefully go along and get all of those burnished do the main ones first and once you've done the main ones don't do these ones yet I find it's easier to do them when you cut these two bits first so I'm going to cut just up this bottom score line and I'm just removing just kind of the bulky bit again because you're going to see all this it's all exposed you can see it all here so it's just nice just looks a bit more neater so just take such a tiny piece there then rotate to this end and just cut down every one of these score lines just to that first score line okay like so and then we're going to cut from the end here you're going to remove that completely like so go to the other end and remove that one like so and then you'll be left with four one two three four the two in the middle you're going to remove completely so again just really neatly and this is exactly the same process that I done for the pumpkin so again just to get rid of that okay so that is now the shape you should have you want to repeat that so you've got two pieces you have your two big squares and then this with these score lines now you can burnish these so very carefully this is where I find find and fire found my bone tool really helped getting right up to this edge here so because you've got such a tiny little amount here but that will be glued to another piece of card and I'll show you how to do that with you know with ease when we get to that bit so just take spend some time and you're folding them all down on each other the ones in the middle are really easy so those ones are done and then the last one again take some care making sure you get it right up to the end and this is what I mean about making sure those score lines are perfect I just bring that right up now to the camera the light can see that I've got a really nice sharp kind of point with that score line okay right now we need to glue so I find the wet glue works best for this and this is what I was saying was the most fiddly bit really now is just getting it glued together so what you want to do is go right to the end just put glue on one side of this like long half triangle your big triangle in the middle you just want to put it onto one half but you do want to make sure you get right up to the end here and then just kind of rub it out with it rub you know bring the glue right to the edge there it's all going to dry clear I know this glue that I use dries completely clear then fold it over okay don't fold it completely flat but with your bone tool lift it up and work it against that score line and you want to push right to the end and actually just manipulate it over a little bit so you're actually creating like a 1 eighth of an inch little piece there you see so it has stuck now to this piece on this side without if you didn't kind of just push it over a little bit there that it would just it wouldn't join properly but just holding it up there and just following your bone tool all the way down that score line will not only give you a perfect really nice crisp edge here but it would also make sure it's all stuck together and then just pull all of that glue all the way up to the end and you'll see now it all comes out on the bone tool like so and just rub away any excess and that will be so secure now and then once it's dry we'll be cutting that away if you've got any glue here if you've got loads and rub it away but that glue there will dry completely clear so that's what you want to do so you want to you see you've got to be really careful on that end bit to make sure that stays attached so don't even attempt to you know start folding it and bending it until that is completely dried out and it's rock hard okay so I've got that one and then I've got this one that I've done already but this one here that's really really hard that piece of card so now what I can do is cut about a quarter of an inch away from the score line all the way down and what that does is just removes that bulk and it just allows you to have more room inside your carrot and now I can bend that right the way around fold it right back over on itself and it is still joined right up to the very very end there okay and that's because I've let that sit and let that dry so at this point now you kind of just need to walk away from it and just leave it and let it set so both pieces are completely hard so that's what I'm going to do with that bit for now leave them to one side whilst that's kind of doing its thing we can do the little leave leafy bits yeah I guess on the top so you need two pieces of three by three okay and then you need a pair of these cool scissors now if you don't have these scissors then you can just use normal scissors and just cut individual strips but basically these are kitchen scissors for cutting vegetables and making things look fancy they've never been used in the kitchen but they used a lot in the craft room basically just choose a three inch side and you want to come in about the width of whatever the gap is between the scissors so in this case about one eighth of an inch so I'm starting one in one eighth of an inch in and then just cutting down and where the scissors stop is then what's giving me this kind of tab at the bottom like so and then again you want to come in one eighth of an inch so you're already starting off your next kind of little I don't know whatever you want to call these and then again always coming in one eighth of an inch roughly don't worry if it's a little bit odd because let's face it they're not perfect anyway in real life and then the very end ones again just bring that right down like so then I just used my bone tool and I kind of rolled some of them that way then turn it the other way rolled some that way back the other way and so on just so you've got them all all over the place because that's how they would be if you look at a real carrot like so yeah so you want to do that twice you've got two of these and these are great for using on cards for using on the bottom of gift boxes if you want to create like a grass scene these are great I mean already that looks like you know if you imagine this is the bottom they go that looks like so another cool little thing there I've got my ribbon already ready here as well I've got 19 inches I just cut off but obviously you know you want to make sure you can get your bow made and stuff with that okay so I'm just going to let my dry okay I'm pretty happy that that one is dry I'm still going to leave it this way for the minute I'm not going to fold it over like this one so I just leave that in the same way just for the purposes of the video so now you want to stick another two together and I've seen how these are separate so it looks a little bit different but basically you want to you know to have so this one completely flat with the bit that you just stuck I've just trimmed that bit which I showed you this is the outside because that's all nice okay the bits with all the bits inside you want facing up so this one I'm going to open up actually now very carefully like so when it's flat again just go along and just make sure you've got a really nice crisp edge like so and then these two are going to stick like so okay so you see what I've got since the two outer bits those two triangles are going to now stick together like this again grab your glue I've got a really noisy ring on today and just again hide the glue all the way on just on one half make sure you get it right up to that tiny literally millimeters you know wide but it will stick and because you're going to manipulate it a little bit wider it will obviously all work fine so now just stick them together making sure they line up perfectly the most important bit is making sure it's flat because that's obviously the under underneath of this is the outside of the box so as long as they're completely flat together you can kind of start working them together and what you can do is just so and I'm making sure I'm sticking the sides there with my bone tool again I'm kind of pushing that card up so it is sticking together so it's literally I'd say two mil sticking right at the top there but it's enough bearing in mind it's only little gifts in these it's not like they're going to be used as like a handbag or holding really heavy items and then just pinch the rest together so it's stuck the most important bit is this edge this end bit here and again just leave that for a minute and let that dry so another thing if for some reason you know you don't get a perfect join here and there's a gap where maybe it's not been cut right or something and you could on the outside there's no reason why you can put ribbon around the top of this because this would be where you would notice any kind of gaps this is where where this is where it's joined by literally that tiniest piece if there's a hole there or gap just put some ribbon around this top piece and it's easily disguised so you can see now if I bring that up just how much is attached there it is the smallest bit on the side see literally millimeters but it is stuck same with that one there tiniest amount and then the other one there as well here okay now that one is the dry that's the one I've just done this one here I'm going to cut so again doesn't matter which end you start from but come in about a quarter of an inch I would say and just remove that bulk like so and I'll do this one now as well actually because it won't hurt this bit so okay so I'm just taking all that bulk and now it means that we've got lots of room inside the only bit that you won't cut the bulk from is this bit but the way we stick it together it'll be flat inside on one of these sides anyway so it won't interfere again just going to make sure that is all joined so now what we've got to do this is all you're inside remember with all these bits you're going to bring it around and we're going to put glue on one of these and then they're going to go in like so and that's where we need to make sure this top bit sticks and that's where the carrot is basically going to come together okay so pick whatever one you want to add your glue to first I'm going to pop it again going right up to that end okay that's the most important bit of all of this box the hardest part and again with this one because we can't obviously apply any pressure I'm just going to make sure that the glue is literally right up to the edge there maybe matter too much about that inside bit if you've got a glue that's slightly better when it's just turning tacky like it's just drying and that might be good for this part as well so now just fold it in and carefully line the whole thing up and then squeeze it down so now you're flattening that whole side or the whole box okay so this is what I mean inside it'll be flat now on one side inside that box so it doesn't matter it's not going to interfere and it also means that you can get a nice drawing on that corner at the top here okay turn it over just make sure it's all nice on that side there as well and just leave that just give that a few minutes to just completely dry and you can see now when I kind of form it back into its shape that's nicely joined there at the top okay so now we can just seal off the bottom decide if you've got a preference to what you want to be at the front or the back I'm not too fast because there's drawings on all of the edges basically fold one piece down and just pop some glue inside and pop the other one down pop some more glue next one and then the last one okay pop it on its you know up the right way and just pop your ruler in there and you should be able to just make sure that they all stick nicely together and again choose what you want to be your front so I'm gonna have maybe I'll have this one here so these two side bits are going to go down and then these two you're going to pinch the tops until they line up perfectly together like so okay then with your grass you want to put some glue on one side of the tab at the bottom and then just stick it it's about half an inch that little tab just stick it on the very end so the grass the cut piece is the bit that's coming off from the top here all right that one okay so that's them now both stuck down then pinch them back together again make sure they're lined up two orange bit tops are lined up like so and then the whole thing means it's all squared off then pinch it down a little bit further because it's just below this green bit here with my hole punch I'm lining it up with the bottom of the green strip and just punching in it's about three quarters of the way in and then just go on to the other side again making sure it's all nicely still lined up using that green line as my gauge so it's nice and straight like so okay there we have it and then with the ribbon you want to thread it through keeping it pinched together obviously you're putting all your bits and pieces a really cool very large carrot so if I grab as another because I was thinking about this when I was making it first time round but if you've made this basket you could have just bring that up a bit more but you could fill this you know with it with another I'd say you get four in here maybe not as much of the grass in there as I've got if you imagine you've got this with all these carrots coming out I think that would look really quite cute and they'd also be nice for a Easter egg hunt as a gift at the end there's so many fun ways to do it if you haven't already seen the tutorial for this I'll share that now as well because this was the first project that I made and I've made this one as well so I'll share that and they're all would be at the end of this tutorial but they have it so a fun Easter project from me today hope you've enjoyed it please hit the thumbs up if you did and subscribe to this channel to see more thanks for watching


Welcome back. Let us look at some illustrations. Consider this example. We have a closed system, say a gas and we are trying to stir it. W stirrer we know according to our sign convention is negative. So the energy would rise. So we cool it. We keep it in contact with some cooler system and then there will be a heat transfer from the system to whatever is the surroundings. So this will be less than 0. Q will also be less than 0. And if we adjust our stirrer and the rate of heat transfer, it is possible that our system undergoes no change of state. So we are trying to mix up something. It gets warm. So we keep it in a chilled tray or chilled packet of water, maintains its temperature. So this is a situation which is definitely not adiabatic. It is definitely not reversible but it is isentropic. Why is it isentropic? Because there is no change of state and hence it is isentropic. Let us look at another example. The second example is similar to the first one but let us say that we have the system now and we maintain it in a set of adiabatic boundaries and we then stir it. Naturally in this case there will be a change of state and hence because there is a change of state and we know it is an irreversible process, it will definitely be not isentropic. It is not isentropic because of the stirrer work, it is not reversible but it is adiabatic by design. Let us take the third example. Here we have a gaseous system. Let us say it is in a cylinder piston arrangement and we keep it in contact with a reservoir at temperature say T0, thermal energy reservoir. This is our system which is also at T0 and then slowly carefully we have a quasi-static expansion and it absorbs heat but maintains its temperature. Temperature is maintained, pressure decreases if it is a gas as it expands at constant temperature pressure will decrease. So in this case we have a process which is reversible but the state is changing so it is not isentropic and definitely there is heat absorption so it is not adiabatic. So here we have illustrations of situations where just one of the three adjectives is applicable. In the first case it is only an isentropic process. It is neither adiabatic nor reversible. In the second case it is purely an adiabatic process. It is not isentropic, it is not reversible. In the third case we have a reversible process which is neither isentropic nor adiabatic. I think these three illustrations makes the appreciation of the three adjectives clear. Thank you.


Aging is the leading cause of human deaths. So about 150,000 people die every day across the globe. About 65% of them die of the age-related regions. So that proportion is much higher than higher in the industrialized nations. So there are a number of hypotheses as to why aging occurs. For example, it is programmed by different sets of genes and then DNA damage by, such as radicals in cells. So this aging is very hot topic right now to slow down our aging process. So every organism has different lifespan. So the longest day human has ever been to prudent to live is 122 years. So the case of John Clement. Whereas the lifespan of the wild-time mouse for research purpose is about three years. So the question is why their lifespans are different. So that's very interesting question. So maybe genetic difference between the mouse and human may account for this different aging rates and that they have different efficiency of DNA repair system. And then they are very different in a way to how to metabolize energy. And then they have different rates of renewing cells. And important thing is there is another difference. That is microbiome. Like stars and galaxies in our universe, there are a tremendous number of microbial cells in our body space. So human microbiome consists of 100 trillion microbial cells in our body. Those microbial cells are very important for our health. These are the different pattern, microbial patterns in different human organs. And then they have very different functions in our body. And then they are really closely related with the human disease. For example, the people affected by anxiety disorder, they have an abnormal composition of gut flora. So the gut flora is very important, particularly important. So by doing research on their functional roles, we can characterize the gut flora as a forgotten human organ. There is one possibility raised that is the mammalian immune system is in fact controlled by microorganisms. That's very surprising. The question that we have, the weather of those microbial patterns is changing according to the agent process. So my lab analyzed different microbial patterns is according to agent process. So indeed, microbial patterns of mouths is changing according to agent process. So the microbial patterns of elderly and young individuals have very different proportion of two groups of bacterial cells. That is, those are the bacteria dates and formicutes. Elderly individuals have a high proportion of bacteria dates, whereas the young individuals have high proportion of formicutes. So what is their function in the body? This is the best example. So the gut microflora, they promote the level of serotonin in the body. So serotonin is a signaling molecule that controls diverse body function. They control the gut movement and they control our brain function as well. So this led us to design an experiment which connected two mice to one. And then this experiment enabled us to exchange their bloodstream. Indeed, the microbial patterns of old mouths was drastically changed to the data of young. So that's very interesting and surprising result. Then look at this slide. Then the microbial patterns of old mouths was drastically reversed to the data of young mouths. Then this led us to another experiment, design the another experiment. So we thought there is something in the blood whether that is produced by microbial cells or not that controls the microbial patterns. So we really wanted to find what are those? So this is our another experiment of design. So we injected the blood plasma of young mouths to the old mouths. Then we observed identical results that we observed from the parbiasis experiment. So that was really interesting. So this something in the blood can control the microbial patterns. And then if we can reverse the microbiome, gut microflora from old to young, that means we can reverse our aging process. So taken together, the microbial cells can affect our body functions. And even they can reverse our aging process. They control our brain functions. They control our metabolic functions. And even they can control our aging process. That's very interesting. So here I have a question. Is it really possible to reverse our aging process by controlling gut microbiomes? If so, what are the consequences from that rejuvenation?


If you get a Kiki this guy you'll get some free stickers. Let's go subscribe and turn post-notes on. Yeah All right guys, what's up welcome back to the channel good morning. I'm so tired today. I didn't sleep much last night But yeah, I'm at the square right now. I've got to go ship off some orders for you guys Gonna get those sorted out. I've got to buy a tripod that I'm meeting up with young Jamie Then we're gonna go skate this new park You didn't get to skate a few weeks ago because it was still getting worked on so hopefully it's done today Because I'm pretty keen to set up this new board and then skate this new park So yeah, hope you guys enjoy this video Actually what I got to do right now is I got to go buy another disposable t-shirt I've been buying these shirts for like four bucks for skating So I'm gonna go to big W and cop one right now So I have a fresh shirt to wear to ruin today You know out of the four dollar ones, so I'm gonna have to get one of these ten dollar ones But yeah, it's organic. So you know save the environment Update I just bought a tripod for a hundred bucks a bit of a sting But I was sick of buying the cheap ones because they break after a while So I bought a gorilla pod got a boost here's my usual boost, but It's going good so far. I just noticed they had a bunch of vegan boosts So I got that plant-powered one because like I said, I was feeling a bit tired So hopefully I feel better after this. So this is the this is the tripod that I got. It's the Joby gorilla pod Hopefully it's sturdy look you can wrap it around a branch or you can hold it in your hand Or you can put it on the ground like that and it'll stand up So I hope this lasts longer than the last one. If not, I'm gonna write a really bad review What's going on bloke? Are you doing? You're leaking my address. What's it called? We've driven about 40 45 minutes Out to North Rocks to Cullingford to suss this park out and it's still not ready The park is finished, but they're still doing the landscaping around the park and we can't get in and who knows how long It'll take I reckon another I reckon by the early new year. It'll be open So we're just out here at the dawn more community center Young Jamie's punching a dart and we're gonna head out to Cherry Brook I think so I can set up this board to make sure you smash a thumbs up Bit of Sunsafe the Englishman's got some Spray on here good No, I'm good. We're about 13 minutes away from Cherry Brook, so we're gonna head out to Ches All right guys, we're out here at Cherry Brook right now. It's a little bit windy, so I hope you guys can still hear me Yeah, we're the only ones here today No one else here for now a bit early though later in the afternoon. I think more people will end up coming down A bit of a warm day today, but we've got a little bit of a breeze hence the wind noise So yeah, it's your name young Jamie Strobloak. Is that you? It's you sir. There you go. There's your package, mate. Welcome to the mob, mate Young bloke filmer here young young Strobloak. Tell me to cry for the bloke Tell me to cry Never had something like this before You guys are from out this way you've probably been in this park before but if not, I'll give you a little tour right now Got a little five four foot four foot five foot to a six foot bowl Just pull coping in the corner over there There's a spine and it goes down to this other bowl section transition section bits of this park pretty rough because it is an older park Like a fun box in the middle here a little nipple Some more transition a little wave bit and they just extended it like I don't know how many years ago But there's a whole street section here. It's a little ledge box thing here. It's cool flapper hip pretty dope little box here a China gap With a roller in the middle looks like someone's coming forward some cement in between that gap here a little bit of DIY at the park and then a quarter at the end here So you can flow back and forward So I got this FA Vincent Tazuri class model pro board I think this is his first pro board because he was on 917 and I think F8 pinched him and then made him pro on F8. So yeah, I'm gonna set this up today This is an 8.5 Yeah, here we go. So I'm gonna take this FA sticker and I'm gonna put it on stock X for $50 someone will buy it Come on. Give us a Lumia special. We get clips Tell this bloke to get some clips today. Would you comment below get clips make sure young Jamie gets clips? The tripod is suiting you really well. We're just having a break right now out at Cherry Brook I think we're gonna go get some lunch soon and then hit much park. They don't want to go the DIY It doesn't want to go. It's too privileged to hit a DIY So we're gonna get some food soon and then hit hit much park Which is good because that was the park that I snapped my other Board out and I didn't get the ride So I've got a fresh set up here and I've got my old deck as a spare in case I snap this but I'd highly doubt it But I've got new shoes too. So everything's feeling fine There's a bridge you guys can see it.  So once we go under the water the water doesn't get in check it out Harbour tunnel southbound and go for a swim Pretty crazy. We're in the seat run the harbour Sydney harbour right now This is what it looks like under the water. See you guys can see Made it this front of the video that means you've enjoyed it So smash a thumbs up if you guys are new here make sure you hit that red Subscribe button check out the rest of my videos follow me on Instagram at a knuck ism if you're not following the mob Yet as well make sure you head on over to Instagram follow the mob at evening mob Check out evening mob comm grab some gear join the mob today all orders come with free stickers guys That's right free stickers make sure you head on over join the mob today, but until next time guys Shouts out to all the new subscribers. Thank you for watching the video, and I'll catch you all in the next one Subscribe to Sean enox


we have been looking at the utilization of the machine equations that we have derived so far. We have seen how the equations for induction machine could be used to solve the dynamics of induction machine namely speed increases, speed falls, wave forms during non sinusoidal supply voltage conditions most specifically inverted driven induction machines and so on. Using the synchronous reference frame approach one can also derive small signal model for the induction machine which can be used for control system design and applications. Therein one can look at the vector control formulation where by aligning the reference frame along a particular space vector one can derive decoupled and simpler models with which one can derive control system representation. Now we will go on to look at the alternator machine model and see what are the uses that it is applied for some specific applications examples of use of the alternator equations. Now when we look at alternators in the case of alternators we have a field winding on the rotor and a three phase winding on stator. So since there is a field winding on the rotor it is natural and the most used approach it is very natural to align the D axis of the synchronous frame. So the D axis of the synchronously rotating reference frame is aligned with the field winding on the rotor and then you have the Q axis is aligned on the inter polar region. So this is a simplistic way of representing the alternator since there is no winding on the Q axis actually existing on the machine similar to the field winding. So the alternator may be represented at that is the rotor of the alternator may be represented as having a D axis and then a Q axis with the field winding being represented here and no winding on the Q axis because there is no explicit source of excitation or impressed source of excitation. But however we have seen that in the alternators you have arrangements called damper windings or damper bars which basically form a closed circuit arrangement it looks like we have seen it looks like the squirrel cage of the induction machine and since the rotor rotates at synchronous speed and the field of the alternator energised by the stator also rotates at synchronous speed there is no relative movement between the air gap field and the rotor and therefore the squirrel cage so to say does not have any induced EMS and therefore this arrangement is normally equivalent to an open circuit under steady state that is when the alternator is really rotating at synchronous speed the field is also rotating at synchronous speed there is no induced EMS and there is no flow of AC current and hence one may say that this is really an open circuit which is there but however when there is a disturbance in the alternator when whenever there is a relative movement between the rotor and the air gap field which may happen due to faults that may be there on the stator side due to increase in mechanical input there may be a momentary acceleration of the rotor until it settles down again to synchronous speed during such times there is always a relative movement between that of the stator field and the rotor and therefore there is induced EMS in these bars and therefore since they are closed there is a flow of current in the dampers which serve to decelerate the machine which serve to bring the rotor back into synchronism and therefore any model of the alternator which aims to simulate the dynamics of the rotor must include a representation for this arrangement of dampers as well without that it is incomplete and now if we say that we need to include a representation for dampers then the issue is how to represent it. Now we have seen that in the case of the rotor if we draw the rotor as follows you have the rotor structure which looks like this we are drawing one pole of the rotor and then we said that there are slots that may be provided here through which the damper bars run and then that is then shorted by an end ring on either side therefore it forms a closed circuit. Now this will in effect cause some field along the polar axis and some field along the inter polar axis that is the field that is produced by this flow in these bars can be thought of as having been produced by a winding on the direct axis and a winding on the q axis as well but however if we look at other effects that may be there for example if the rotor is going to run at a slightly different speed as compared to the stator flux we may have induced flow in the rotor itself in the rotor iron itself the rotor iron especially if you have solid rotor alternators under ordinary circumstances when the rotor is rotating at synchronism since there is anyway no induced emf you need not have an arrangement on the rotor where the main field pole is being made of is being divided into rotor lamination right because in any case since the rotor is going to rotate at synchronist speed there will be no eddy currents induced no emf is there no eddy currents are there and therefore it is not really necessary to have a laminated arrangement in the main physical rotor as such but however the rotor shoes this area where the rotor pole shoes are there that alone may be laminated in order to account for variations in the air gap and therefore induced emf that may arise due to that because of effects due to stator slotting because of that there will be local flux variations and that may induce an emf and to not allow that to damage or to cause increase in heating one may have lamination in the pole shoes but however the main central core of the rotor which is this area that may not be laminated and if it is not then if the rotor undergoes any disturbance in speed then there could be substantial eddy currents induced in the rotor and therefore fields produced due to that which act in a very similar way as compared to fields or induced emf and hence the flow of current in the damper bar so the issue is then how to represent this we may go for an arrangement where if you have the dq axis of the rotor this is your d and q fixed to the rotor in order to represent the fields produced due to a disturbance in the rotor speed or in the air gap field you may have a coil represented on the d axis and a coil represented on the q axis this is the barest minimum in addition however if there is going to be substantial induced emf in the rotor itself may be one may go in for additional coils that are represented on the d and q axis of course being solid rotor and therefore flow of current can be there even on the damper bars they are shorted and therefore these coils are invariably represented as shorted one so all these are then representations of damper circuits to be more to be more general this may be formed within the damper bars or it may be formed in the solid rotor part of the alternator that is somewhere in these regions all together then produce a field which then tends to retard against the oscillation of the rotor so depending on the accuracy that one wants one may go in either for single coil representation one on each axis or you may go for two coil representations on each axis and so on right so for our discussion now we will look at only one coil representation we will assume that the effects of the dampers can be sufficiently represented by having one coil each on the d and q axis so if that is the case how does the alternator equation look like we have of course derived this earlier but let us look at the expression once again so here we have the alternator equation equations considering one damper circuit on in each axis we have here the d axis equation v d of s that is when we represented this way it means that the voltage along the d axis attached to the rotor but of the stator variable so similarly you then have voltage of the stator along the q axis so you have the d axis expression on the rotor that is equal to RS plus LDSP LDS is then the direct axis synchronous inductance and then you have minus LQS ? where ? is the rotor speed LMD x P these two represent the mutual effect between the field and the d axis of the stator between the direct axis damper and that of the d axis of the stator and then the q axis you have a rotational emf term now note that both for the field and for the direct axis of the damper you have the same LMD term now this arises as we have discussed earlier this arises because the equations that we are we have written down they are equations referred to stator turns and as we have said before once you refer it to the stator turns then all the mutual inductances become equal to the magnetizing inductances mutual inductance becomes equivalent to the magnetizing inductance along the respective axis so that is why you find these term then if you take the q axis you have RS plus LQS P LQS then is the quadrature axis synchronous inductance and then you have LMD x ? referring to the field pdmf and then pdmf due to the damper and then the di by dt term due to the damper in the same axis and then one can represent the field equations and so on field equations equations for kd kd and kq represent the these two represent damper winding so kd represents the d axis damper winding and kq represents q axis damper winding that is what is then shown here if these are not there we will have only this of the alternator equation where you have only d and q axis of the stator and then the field now in addition we have one coil representing damper on the d axis one coil representing damper on the q axis so LDS is then equal to the leakage inductance plus LMD which is equal to the magnetizing inductance on the d axis similarly field these are inductances which are referred to stator terms in the earlier notation we use to write this as LF dash meaning it refers to the stator means the inductance referred to stator terms and similarly this would have been called as LKD dash this would have been LQS and LKQ dash but however in the normal notation of the alternators that we are going to see now whatever simplification of the equations that we are going to see this dash is used to refer to something else and therefore we will omit the use of dash in this region and we hope that there is no disturbance arising due to that so LF really represents the stator terms referred field inductance LKD represents the stator terms referred inductance of the damper along the d axis and so on. Now having seen this it is useful to reduce this to an equivalent electrical circuit we can see that this entire representation can be reduced to two equivalent circuits one along the d axis and one along the q axis so how do we do that we take a look at the first equation VD of S that is VDS we see that can be represented as here is your VDS that is being consumed in a stator resistance and then an inductance of the stator so one can see that VDS is RS into IDS that is the stator resistance part and then there is also a speed EMF term which arises due to flow of currents in the q axis this term is being multiplied by IQS this term is multiplied by IKQ both are due to q axis flow of currents that will not be there in these flow of currents is not there on the d axis and therefore if we are to draw an equivalent circuit on the d axis it is appropriate to represent it by means of a control voltage source so this control voltage source will have a value –LQS into ? into IQS –LNQ into ? into IKQ after that the circuit has LDS that is seen here LDS P into IDS LDS in turn consist of a leakage inductance plus magnetizing inductance and therefore we can write this as a leakage inductance and a magnetizing inductance so this is LLS and this is LMD this is RS and the EMF source as we have said it is the control voltage source controlled by flow of currents in the q axis so if the current that is flowing into this is IDS then we can see that the first equation is already met VDS is nothing but IDS multiplied by RS that accounts for this term and then LLS plus LMD multiplied by this d by dt of IDS so LDS plus LMD is then this term so this equivalent circuit accounts for this term and this term and these two PDMF term now what is left is these two terms which arise due to field current and KD damper now let us look at the equation for KD that is this equation normally VKD which is the voltage applied to the damper winding this is equal to 0 because the damper form a short circuited set of winding whether it represents the rotor body or the damper bars both are anyway short circuited. So this means that 0 equals LMD into P IDS now LMD into P IDS would already be here and then RKD into IKD plus LKD PIQ LKD again is given by LLKD plus LMD and therefore this equation can be adequately represented in the equivalent circuit by having one more branch like this so this is RKD and this is LLKD if we call this as IKD then this is the current flowing in and if you apply KVL around this loop one can see RKD into IKD plus LLKD plus LMD into IKD P of that and then you have the field winding also so if we now represent the field winding here this is LLF and RF and then this is now your field voltage VF this is the field current that is flowing in IF so you have field current coming here IDS coming here IKD coming here which means the flow of current through this branch LMD is nothing but the sum of all those. So now if you look at this equivalent circuit one can see you can take any equation and see that it is represented 0 equals LMDP into IDS plus LMDP into IF plus LMDP into IKD now you see that all that is accounted for by this branch IDS into LMDP IKD flowing into LMDP and then IF flowing into LMDP plus RKD into this so this loop accounts for this equation. Similarly now if you take this loop it accounts for the first equation and if you take this loop it accounts for the field equation so this equivalent circuit is able to represent the first equation second the third and this fourth now similarly we can draw an equivalent circuit in the Q axis the Q axis equivalent circuit will then have VQS that means the Q axis stator winding put in the Q axis and then you have the resistance of the stator and then the leakage inductance of the stator well you also have an induced EMF so let us represent the induced EMF first and then the leakage inductance this is the magnetizing inductance along the Q axis unlike the D axis there is no field winding there is only a damper and that can then be represented in this manner so you have RKQ and then LLKQ this is LMQ this is LLSRS and then your induced EMF so this current that is flowing in is now IQS this current that is flowing out of the damper bar is IKQ that is the rotor current and together these two currents flow into LMKQ so what the flow of current in this branch is IQS plus IKQ that would flow here so if you now apply KVL around this loop one can see that you get this equation with the source representing the speed EMF LDS ? x IDS plus LMD ? x IKD that is the value of this source with that if you apply KVL around this loop you get the second equation that is here and if you apply KVL around this loop you get the KQ equation here. So this is these two equivalent circuits then represent the alternator model together in the D and Q axis now what we can do is similar to the definition of flux linkages that we have been writing down for the induction machine along the D and Q axis one can write now ? DS this is the stator flux linkage along the D axis this can be written as LDS x IDS plus LMD x IF plus LMD x IKD similarly one can write an expression for ? QS as LQS x IQS plus LMQ x IKQ now with this then if you look at the first equation if you look at this equation you can see that VDS consists of RS IDS and then this PDMF terms if you look at all the D by DT terms that are occurring that is the first one third and the fourth one P of LDS P IDS can be written as P LDS IDS similarly this term can be written as PLMD IF and this is PLMD IKD and that is what you see exactly here P of LDS IDS PLMDIF LMD IKD all that would then simply mean that it is P times ? DS and therefore this expression VDS VDS can be written as it can be written as RS x IDS plus P times ? DS and then you have the PDMF terms which are here now this PDMF terms LQS ? x IQS and LMQ ? x IKQ now that you can see here you have LQS x IQ that is this term LMQ x IKQ that you have here only thing is in the first equation there is a multiplying factor ? as well in both the term therefore this first equation can be completed as this – ? QS. Now similarly one can write an expression for VQS as RS x IQS plus if you look at the derivative terms you have LQS you have LQS P IQS and then LMQ P IKQ LQS IQS and LMQ IKQ are already here derivative of that would mean derivative of this flux linkage and therefore this expression can be written as P times ? QS and then you have the PDMF terms one can see boils down to LDS IDS LMD IF LMD IKD that is exactly what is there in the flux linkage term all those are multiplied by speed and therefore what we can write is plus ? DS now having written these two forms now let us compare this with the equivalent circuit again you have VDS that is applied here RS IDS is available here PDMF is available here which means that the voltage available between these two nodes is nothing but PS IDS RS IDS is already available ? IQ is available here and VDS is nothing but the sum of these three therefore this expression this voltage between these two nodes must represent PS IDS similarly this voltage between these two nodes must represent PS QS by the similar argument now having seen this let us look at that part of the equivalent circuit which is only this region that is let me do it in a different color so this region of the equivalent circuit similarly let us look at this part of the equivalent circuit alone so we will redraw that equivalent circuit here what we have is the leakage inductance and then the magnetizing inductance and then the damper representation and then the field representation so this is the circuit that we have this is LLS this is LMD this is LLKD this is RKD this is LLF and RS remember that these are all terms that are referred to stator turn so we are not really putting dashes everywhere but that is understood this voltage is nothing but PS IDS so if we look at this equivalent circuit we see that there is current flowing here this is IDS and there is current flowing here this is IF VF is the source of excitation that is given here so this circuit being a simple circuit which has one input here we may consider IDS as another input so if we consider IDS as one input and VF as another input then PS IDS can be written as a function of these two input variables that is in this form now we have switched to the Laplace representation where P is nothing but the differential operator so D by DT of PS IDS can be represented in the Laplace domain as S times PS IDS where this is the Laplace transform of the direct axis flux linkage now this voltage can then be written as some transfer function multiplied by ID of S plus another transfer function multiplied by VF of S which one can obtain by superposition so in order to obtain this A of S what do we do we short one of the input make this since this is source of voltage that is to say in other words what we are doing is we are assuming that there is a current source here that is ID of S there is a voltage source here that is VD of S may remove this there is a voltage source here that is V of S and what we want to write is an expression for the voltage here that is S side ID of S so how does one do that this being a voltage source you apply superposition because there are two sources in order to determine the response due to this source we deactivate this source that means short this source and if you short this source what we have is this impedance comes in parallel with this branch that is coming in parallel with this branch and therefore this voltage is nothing but ID of S multiplied by this way of S which is nothing but S times LL of S that is the impedance of this plus the impedance of all these three branches put together which is the reciprocal of one over the sum of all the admittances that is one by RKD plus S times LLKD is the impedance of or rather the admittance of this branch one by RF plus SLF is the admittance of this branch remember this is shorted one by SLMD is the admittance of this branch so add all the three admittances and then take the reciprocal again you get the impedance this impedance plus this impedance is the total impedance here multiplied by ID is the voltage available due to this source alone then we need to find out the contribution to this voltage from the other source so deactivate this source deactivating this meaning this flow of current goes to 0 that means this is an open circuit only this is there and therefore the voltage across this is the same as the voltage across these two branches because this is an open circuit and that is then given by this voltage multiplied by this impedance divided by the sum of these two impedance that is the total this plus this which is nothing but therefore this B of S is the numerator is then this total impedance which is a parallel combination of these two so S times LMD which is this multiplied by this RKD plus SLKD divided by the sum of these two impedances RKD plus SLKD plus LMD this is this impedance so the voltage available across these two is the sum numerator divided by denominator consists of this plus this which is what is here RF plus SLF plus this impedance itself now let us take a look at the first of these two terms that is the term AS now AS can be written as SLS plus we further reduce this expression so the denominator will now consist of product of two of these terms taken at a time so what would come for example here is this term multiplied by this term that is what you get here and then similarly as a numerator for this you get SLMD multiplied by RF plus SLF and if you look at the term here it is RKD plus SLKD multiplied by SMD this denominator which consists of the product of these three things because divided again goes to the numerator so this is the term you have that plus SLS now this entire term can be imagined to be consisting of a numerator and denominator the denominator of the entire expression will be the same as this denominator the numerator will consist of this denominator multiplied by SL of SLLS plus this term so let us now look at the denominator alone the denominator which is this term if we expand all the terms together what you have is obviously one can see it is a second order expression so you have a squared term coming from all these three terms so you have a squared into LLKD into LLF this a squared term and then you have an S term which then comes out of RF LLKD and LLF RKD that is occurring here contribute S term this and RKD RF term comes here from this term you get a squared LMD into LLF here also you have a square LMD so LMD is taken common and LLF LLKD now is seen here and you have SLMD RF plus RKD so that is the expansion of this what we can do is take this now you have RKD RF here this can be taken out so we can rewrite this expression as RKD RF multiplied by this term becomes a one and then take the S terms together S times LKD RF LLF RKD and then you have LMD RF and LMD RKD so that is now divided by RKD RF and then the S term as well divided by RKD RF now this term can be written as LMD into LLF plus LMD into LLKD plus LLKD into LLF that is what this expands into and what we can do is simplify this as you can combine these two terms together that is LMD into LLF plus LLKD into LMD plus LLF so what we have done is taken these two terms together and then taken LLKD common LMD plus LLF is here this is retained as it is so with that what we can do is RKD RF remains as it is you have one now these terms can be simplified to a form that looks by an L by R ratio so if you take this RF term and this RF term together divide by RKD RF what you get is LMD plus LLKD RF cancels and you get RKD here similarly take these two terms together then you have RKD being same in the numerator and denominator that is removed so you have LLF plus LMD by RF so these look like an L by R ratio similarly here we take this LMD plus LLF outside so S square multiplied by LLF plus LMD and then you have this RF from the denominator is retained here then the remaining term here would be this LLKD plus LMD LLF divided by this since we have taken this common outside so 1 over RKD now this expression now note that they are all in the form some L by R here L by R here again you have an L by R here this LMD plus LLF by RF is the same term that occurs here also similarly you have another inductance here divided by a resistance and therefore the expression the denominator itself can be written in the form as shown here where T1 is a time constant having the form of inductance ratio of inductance to resistance that is nothing but LLF plus LMD divided by RF so if we look at what this is this is nothing but the LMD is the direct inductance plus the leakage inductance of the field together it constitutes the self inductance of the field the ratio of that to the field resistance and therefore this is nothing but the field time constant similarly we can define a time constant T2 as LMD plus LLKD divided by RKD the numerator is nothing but the inductance of the D axis damper circuit denominator is the resistance of the damper and therefore this is nothing but D axis damper time constant there is yet another term T3 which is LLKD plus LMD LLF by LMD plus LLF together the whole thing denotes an inductance divided by this resistance of the damper so this is another L by R ratio. Now let us look at how one can write this or how this expression is related to the equivalent circuit itself now if you look at the equivalent circuit here what we have is LLKD plus LMD LF by LMD plus LF that is what we have here so if one were to imagine another equivalent circuit another circuit that looks like this you have your LMD here and then RKD LLKD LLF shorted upon each other and then we find out what is the inductance as seen by the two terminals of the resistance you can see that LLF occurs in parallel with LMD and those two together occur in series with LLKD so this is nothing but the inductance as seen by the resistance of the damper so that is what is shown here. Now we need to move further ahead and try to reduce these expressions to a more manageable form for the numerator also and for the other terms and then we will be able to derive certain interesting expressions relating to this equivalent circuit so that we will continue in the next lecture we will stop here for now.