Do you know someone close to you with a heart as warm as a summer's day? Their smile is so bedazzling that it can illuminate the gloomiest of times. Well, meet Steven, a wonderful soul with an extraordinary ability to put smiles on other people's faces. But there's one thing that makes him extra special. He's a people-pleaser extraordinaire. He's that yes man who's always willing to go the extra mile to make sure his family, significant other, and friends are happy. Even if it means sacrificing himself. He's a sweet child. He always helps me around the house despite having no extra time or energy. I remember there was one time I needed someone to pick me up from the airport early in the morning. He agreed to drive for two hours to the airport despite having a mid-term exam on the same day. Yeah, that's how Steven is. He bends over backwards for the sake of other people. He puts other people's happiness above his own so much so that he sacrifices his own desires and needs. But his people-pleasing nature eventually gets the best of him. His girlfriend is a compulsive shopaholic with a high credit card debt. So Steven steps in to become her savior. He takes on the caretaker role, helping her pay the debts. But as time passes, his girlfriend's shopping addiction becomes increasingly severe. Each time, Steven feels like he needs to save her from herself and tries to guide her to get out of her addiction. But he can only do so much. Ultimately, he finds it financially challenging to help his girlfriend. Now the relationship is slipped out of balance, and it seems Steven is doing more of the heavy lifting. He's always the one fulfilling the needs of his girlfriend without receiving an equal amount of effort back. The relationship with his girlfriend makes him exhausted. Steven feels a sense of great emptiness and resentment creep inside of him. He takes on his girlfriend's problems and pain as his own at the expense of taking care of himself. Then, it gradually dawns on him that he has neglected his own needs in his efforts to please other people. He goes to see his university counselor to discuss his dilemma. Since you've devoted so much time towards making everyone else happy, you simply forgot that you also need to make yourself happy. Remember, you can't pour from an empty cup. It's beautiful to do something for other people, but never at the expense of your own well-being. And so, from that moment on, he embarked on a journey to improve his well-being and learn important lessons on how not to let his cup dry out. Try to figure out the reason why you wanted to satisfy other people in the first place. How are your parents treating you when you were a child? Are they very dominating or authoritative? People-pleasing is a self-protection mechanism you may adopt as a child, especially when you wish to steer clear of disapproval and conflict. What do you fear will happen if you stop helping your girlfriend paying her credit card debts? I fear that she will stop loving me. Helping her helps me feel validated. I feel like I have a role in her life. I want her to see me as her hero. When I can't help her, I feel like I'm a failure. Stephen? People-pleasers have the underlying belief that who they are is not lovable. Rather, they crave being loved in order to feel worthy and happy. Having a strong need to be accepted, understood, needed, and loved leads them to be self-effacing and compliant. They're overly accommodating to other people's needs so much so that it's hard for them to say no. You have to be more authentic and communicate your difficulties in fulfilling their needs. Someone who really loves and appreciates you will totally understand. It's okay to say no. Declining to help others when you have your needs to cater to does not make you a bad person. It allows you to fill your own cup so that you can later pour it into other people. You have to assess your priorities. Too frequently, you rush in and say yes without thinking it through because you believe your response is the right one. The next time you face a situation, you must consciously pause to reflect before acting. That's okay, Stephen. I'll ask my sister to pick me up instead. Good luck with your exam, buddy. Stephen realizes that he should choose the people that he really wants to please. This might be just a few individuals on a regular basis. His significant other, close family members, and close friends. Helping those he cherishes will help give him a sense of satisfaction. There's no point in placing his highest priority on casual acquaintances, people who want to take advantage of him, or fair weather friends. It's alright to help strangers from time to time if it feels right, but remember to prioritize your loved ones first. Something truly remarkable unfolds as Stephen learns to distance himself from people pleasing behaviors.  He discovers that finding a balance between caring for others and honoring his own needs allowed him to form more profound, meaningful connections with people. The story of Stephen shows us what it means to recalibrate other people's expectations, set boundaries, assess our priorities in a world that often expects us to put others first, and choose people that you really want to please. We could all learn from Stephen that our happiness matters just as much as the happiness of our loved ones. If you found this video helpful, don't forget to like, subscribe to our channel, and share this with your loved ones.


In today's Cobb Highlight, we take the already popular Cobb Knob to an even higher gear, with the weighted Mazda Speed 6-speed Cobb Knob and weighted Tall Cobb Knob. For many years, people have loved getting their hands on the tried and true Cobb Knob, but there has been a lingering common request that has finally been granted, the Cobb Knob with some extra mass for slammin' gears. Both knobs are compatible with the Mazda Speed 6 and both generations of the Mazda Speed 3, including the international models outside of North America. The original Cobb Knob is made with a machine combo of Delrin and Aluminum. The weighted Cobb Knob maintains the same comfy and heat-resistant Delrin upper piece, but replaces the lightweight aluminum section with a chunky stainless steel center insert, producing an 83% increase with a total weight of 240 grams. And for those with large hands who desire a larger shift knob to match, the weighted Tall Cobb Knob takes that added girth even further, with an extended design that tips the scales at 325 grams, roughly two and a half times heavier than the original Cobb Knob, and nearly twice as tall to offer a significantly better grip that many will find much more satisfying. But we didn't stop there. Each knob shape is offered in either white or black Delrin, but one of our favorite additions to the new design is the swappable collar on the bottom. Each option includes a red and black collar with the Cobb logo etched on the side. They snugly clip onto the bottom of the steel insert and are held in place with the provided O-ring so they don't rattle around. In a matter of seconds, you can pop off the red or black collar and swap to the opposite to match your mood. Grab the latest Cobb Knob and other shifting accessories at CobbTuning.com.


Alrighty! So this is gonna be one of my biggest updates I've done in a really long time and it's super exciting so I'm gonna try and remember all of the information that we've learned and all of the information that we saw today while flying. So this footage is from literally an hour ago, I came back immediately after flying after a few birdies told me to and then I watched the Ontario live stream and I'm gonna go over all the information that we know and it is all really good news. Of course there's a lot of what ifs when it comes to Doug Ford but I'm gonna go over all the good news and you guys can choose if what you believe and what you don't believe. So first of all as of today because the stay at home order has expired all of Canada's Wonderlands maintenance teams and construction workers and shop people are all back at the park working. Mindbuster is getting ready to start construction again and there is definitely work going on that you'll see in a couple of these super zoomed in shots on HDR so the drone can take these HDR shots so we've got some cool shots for you guys that I've zoomed in and edited but yeah so Mindbuster looks like they're about to start the track work again so they still have to install the metal rails that the train passes on back onto Mindbuster and they got the crane back on site and a blue cherry picker off to the other side of Mindbuster so they're going to start very shortly and they got the wood planks back on the grass so they're where the crane can go for that. They also have a little either I'm not quite sure what it is either a water drain truck or oil like they're pumping oil back in I don't know some of these rides do require oil for their lift hills and all that or grease whatever they use again I'm not I'm not an engineer I don't know the stuff like that so again if you do work in this field comment down below to help us out but I'll show you a shot of that none of the rides are unwrapped yet and the brakes are all still wrapped again this is going to be a very long process getting the park ready so Wonderland's gonna move as quickly as they possibly can to get the park ready especially with the premiere making announcements that they could start stage one sooner than later as you if you've watched the announcement today in the question period our reporter asks when we're gonna start reopening and he says that his goal based off of current stuff is we could be in stage two before July 1st again our original prediction for this year has been that Wonderland will open up around Canada Day and it looks like that's gonna hold true as long as everything goes the way it's going the company that has been working at Wonderland for over a year now on its electrical grid is back in the park as you can see right down there next to um oh my god I haven't been in the park for so long I'm forgetting the name is Backlot Stunk Coaster next to Backlot Stunk Coaster the team is down there working again that you can see that little white trailer next to Backlot that is the electrical company that is on-site upgrading Canada's Wonderland's electrical grid uh for those of you that don't know Wonderland has had problems with their electrical grid and that's just them upgrading it. Nothing significant yet one could say that you know it's for a future roller coaster down the road but probably for multiple reasons including Winterfest and again maybe their potential goal to house a hotel um nonetheless uh super exciting again we are going to be there on specific days filming certain events at the park um so super excited about that uh we're gonna have a lot of really cool content over the next four weeks for you guys three to four weeks um and I'm just super excited and I think I went over everything that we saw on today and that we've been told so again uh not Canada's Wonderland Ontario is looking to start stage one around June 9th June 10th based off of the mathematical equation of Doug Ford saying that their goal is to be in stage two before July 1st now um so using the 21 days we're looking maybe June 9th June 10th maybe even the Monday before June 9th um let me look at what that date is I would say we're going to enter stage one anytime between June 7th and June 10th uh based off of everything he said but nonetheless super exciting news um and hopefully you guys had an amazing what day is it today I was about to say weekend it's Wednesday but yeah I hope you enjoyed this video and uh stay positive good things are coming we're almost there we're literally almost there don't worry get your season passes ready um look forward uh for some announcements from us on a new program we're going to be launching super excited about that we've been hard at work messaging uh some theme parks and attractions in Ontario and yeah again thanks so much for supporting us thanks to our patreons who continue to support us as well and uh don't forget we have some awesome new merch at amusementinsiders.com so head on over there uh to check out some of our new merch again thanks so much for supporting the channel and hope you enjoyed today's update bye guys


The study presents a conceptual framework to estimate the cradle-to-market life-cycle seasonal greenhouse gas emissions impact of fresh produce commodities, including production, post-harvest processing, packaging, and transportation stages. Using oranges as a case study, the study estimates the carbon footprint per kilogram of fruit delivered to wholesale markets in four US cities and assesses the relative importance of transportation mode, transportation distance, localness, and seasonality. The results show that the cradle-to-market carbon footprint of oranges delivered to US cities can vary by more than a factor of two, depending on production origin, transportation mode, and seasonality. The study highlights the value of regional and specific carbon footprinting for fresh produce and the need for a consistent and standardized data, reporting framework for agricultural systems. This article was authored by Eric M. Bell and Arpid Horvath.


Welcome to today's class. So we are in module 4 and we are trying to learn about the different applications to which radar remote sensing can be helpful in the field of hydrology. So we are presently in the 4th lecture of the 4th module. So as part of today's class let us try to understand about radar ultimetry. I am giving you a new term here, ultimetry. India has 4% of the world's freshwater resources, ranking it among the top 10 water rich countries. You know despite such abundant water resources, there are recent research studies which have reported India as one of the most water stressed countries of the world. And the conventional method of representing river discharges is by indirect measurements in the form of a rating curve which is nothing but a calibrated relationship between water levels and corresponding discharge. Rating curve, calibrated relationship between water levels and corresponding discharge. But then due to low gauge density, monitoring the surface water resources with in situ gauges becomes slightly challenging especially when we are considering global surface water resources. This is also partly caused by the inability to access isolated locations. As a result, majority of rivers, lakes and reservoirs remain unmeasured, un-gaged. As a result of this, the primary constraint for hydrological studies related to reservoir monitoring, climate change impact and ecological assessment is the lack of data from these un-gaged water resources of India, lack of data. And this is where radar ultimetry comes into picture because radar altimeters, they are the most common type of radar system which are used on aircrafts and satellites. And the importance is that radar altimeters help us to give precise measurements of average height of a water surface even up to centimeter scale accuracy. And a satellite ultimetry, they provide us with complementary information about the river discharge by measuring the hydraulic variables such as the width of a river or slope of a river, water surface elevation and so on. And before we move into the details of radar ultimetry, let us first try to understand the basic concept. The fundamental principle of satellite ultimetry is to estimate the water surface elevation by measuring the distance from the satellite to the surface of the water. Remember that the sensors that are onboard the satellite, they are capable of transmitting signals at the rate of even around say 2000 pulses per second for the high precision altimeters. So, these pulses of microwave radiation, they travel towards the earth surface whenever I am explaining, you can look at the screen and then relate to the diagrams shown. So, the sensors onboard satellite, they transmit signals of microwave radiation which travel through the atmosphere towards the earth surface and the earth surface in turn are scattering these radiations. So, the earth surface receives these echoes from the target surface. Once again the sensors onboard satellites, they transmit signals even at the rate of around 2000 pulses per second and these microwave radiation travel towards the earth surface. And finally, the sensor is measuring the two-way travel time taken by the signal in travelling from the sensor to the target surface on the earth and then back to the sensor. There is a two-way travel time which is being measured and this two-way travel time is used to estimate something known as a range R. When we were discussing the concepts in module 2, we have covered what is range in terms of a radar. But now in the case of radar ultimately, think of it in this way. There is a sensor onboard satellite and the two-way travel time of microwave pulses are used to estimate the distance of the sensor from the target, target being the water level. So, time is converted to one-way distance or range here. Now remember, the height of reflecting surface above the reference ellipsoid is used here because any horizontal surface cannot be considered as a reference surface for measuring vertical elevations, isn't it? This is where the geoid comes into picture. Geoid is nothing but the surface of equal potential energy. So, imagine the earth surface is something like this what you see on the screen. We usually consider mean sea level as the datum. We define mean sea level as the geoid and we use it as a reference surface from which all the vertical elevations are calculated. Remember, any horizontal surface cannot be considered as reference. For us, the mean sea level is used as a reference surface from which the vertical elevations are calculated. Remember, geoid is not a mathematically well-defined reference surface. It is not possible for us to mathematically define a geoid therefore, we have an ellipsoid which is why the height from the ellipsoid was estimated in the previous slide. Once again, mathematically well-defined reference surface which are created to provide a common reference surface and this is also used to form the basis of map of projections. And ellipsoids, they approximate the shape of geoid which is why they are preferred to be used as reference surface. Now, let us move ahead to understand the history of satellite altimetry. Towards your left side, you see a series of missions, their names are being displayed. The first altimeter sensor was onboard Skylab 3, satellite launched in 1973. This was followed by GOS-3, CSAT, Geosat, ERS-1 and it was in the year 1992 that the era of high precision altimetry started and this was started after the launch of Top X Poseidon followed by Jason-1, Jason-2, Jason-3, Searle-Altica, Sentinel-3 and so on. Remember, all these are names of satellite altimetry missions from different countries, from different space agencies. So, the continuous observations from satellite altimetry ensure the availability of a consistent time series of data in a fully operational manner. At this point, let me introduce you to Searle-Altica. See, it was jointly developed by ISRO and CNES, that is the French Space Agency. And Searle mission provides altimetric measurements to study the ocean circulation and the sea surface elevations using Ka-band altimeter, that is 35.75 GHz altimeter. Again, please feel free to visit the MOSDAC website for more details. Now, please note that a space-bond altimeter shall have a footprint, the area that the satellite sees at an instant of time, which we discussed in module 2 as having an elliptical shape, having a major axis and minor axis footprint. So, a space-bond altimeter shall have a footprint which is very large, very large of the order of kilometers. But then altimeters, they have an advantage because the first part of the echo coming from an altimeter shall be from the nadir, unlike synthetic aperture radars which have side-looking geometry. Remember, we covered this as part of module 2. So, the size of footprint can be defined by something known as the pulse length.  Let us try to understand more about altimeters by a simple derivation. So, at flying height of an altimeter which is somewhere here, we have defined the pulse surface footprint that is FB, the beam surface footprint that is FB and of course, C we use to denote the velocity of light. So, what I will do is, I will try to apply the Pythagoras theorem and write H plus C tau P whole square equal to H square plus X square, I can rewrite this relationship as C tau P is nothing but H square plus X square under a root minus H and just re-written the relationship. So, I am going to call it as equation 1. Remember, we know what is C velocity of light tau P, we know what is H flying height and we know what is X that is FB by 2. So, let us try to focus on H square plus X square. Can we expand it using some means? H square plus X square under a root, I can write it as H 1 plus X square by H square, simple expansion, which means I can write H square plus X square under a root as nearly equal to H plus X square by 2 H and I am going to call it as equation 2. So, what I will do is I will try to substitute 2 in 1 and rewrite 1. I can write C tau P nearly equal to X square by 2 H. So, what did I do? I first used the Pythagoras theorem, I defined C tau P, I called it as equation 1 and then one of the terms of C tau P that is H square plus X square under a root, I have expanded it and I have substituted the value in equation 1 to rewrite C tau P as X square by 2 H. So, hold that thought because now I want to use X as F P by 2 from the diagram, remember? Which means we can further use F P as which means I can use the relationship and write F P is equal to 2 into 2 C tau P. Again, why am I showing you all this? Because I want to discuss about pulse limited, altimeter limited, altimeter. Let me write that down. In pulse limited altimeter, F B is going to be greater than F P. F B is going to be greater than F P and here the pulse size is going to determine the footprint size. Always remember the pulse size is going to determine the footprint size. So, in pulse limited altimeter the pulse is going to determine footprint size but what about beam limited altimeter? Here, the scenario is F B is less than F P and this altimeter that is the beam limited altimeter is going to have a very large antenna. So, most of the altimeters shall be pulse limited owing to restrictions on the size of antenna. Keep that thought in mind and let me show you how a satellite altimeter collects data. Remember, in the nadir direction the pulses are being sent and you see the data collection from an altimeter which means if I download the data from an altimeter and then try to visualize the data samples are going to look something like this. Pulsars are being sent in the nadir direction and what you see here is the data visualization for JSON2, one satellite altimeter emission JSON2 and here you see some red dots as well as some green dots, is not it? So, the red dots refer to 20 hertz data and the green dots refer to 1 hertz data. More details are also shared here and here whenever you read a research article on radar altimetry you will come across a term known as virtual stations not actual station, virtual station. It is nothing but the intersection of an orbit ground track and water body. Intersection of orbital track and water body we call it as virtual stations. The details about the satellite based and model based modes are given here. Turn your attention a little bit on ultrasonic sensors now because you know there are many ways by which we can measure the water surface elevation from rivers and lakes and reservoirs and the schematic that you see in front of you shows how measurement of water levels can be done using an ultrasonic sensor. So, the ultrasonic sensor it transmits short high frequency sonic pulses at regular intervals that propagate at the velocity of sound and the ultrasound they exhibit the property of reflection with wave reflection being the change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns to medium from where it originated. So, the level of water is determined by the distance between the sensor and the level of liquid which is causing the reflection and distance is measured by measuring the total travel time. You see something here known as MCU is not it? It stands for microcontroller unit which is programmed to send continuous signals and to record the time of return of signals. So, the total time recorded includes travel time of the incident and reflected wave. Again the data that is recorded by sensors is usually transmitted to other sensors or machines for processing using internet of things technologies, IoT technologies which is made available at the user interface. Just a simplistic diagram to help us understand how ultrasonic sensors can also be used to measure water levels. Now, let me try to discuss a few case studies using radar ultimately that we have worked on. What you see here is part of a research study wherein you see different locations, isn't it? Different location of dams. I am just going to expand, zoom and show you the details pertaining to Bansagar lake and what you see in red and green are the tracks, the path covered by Saral satellite, Saral Altica in green and red shows the track covered by Jason. Now, to discuss in more detail, the maps of reservoirs and satellite passes are shown here for different regions. We have Srisailam, we have Rana Pratap Sagar and different regions are shown here wherever there are virtual stations that is wherever the satellite orbital track is crossing a water body. You can see the legend is mentioned here, Gage station, Saral Altica orbital track, Jason II or III orbital track and the reservoir. So, our trace with radar ultimately began when we were trying to estimate what is the accuracy of water levels that we get from radar ultimately. So, what we did is we tried to compare the water levels, what we get from satellite with respect to what is recorded by the CWC Institute stations on the ground and what you see here is a comparison between Saral Altica developed by ISRO and CNES, Saral Altica. So, the water levels from Saral Altica are compared with respect to the Institute stations here. You see the R square value for different reservoirs along with a scattered diagram. So, this is a direct comparison of how accuracy assessment can be done for the water levels that we get from radar ultimately. So, at this point, let me take the liberty of introducing some of the research based studies wherein radar ultimately have been used in hydrology. So, the surface water and ocean topography abbreviated as SWAT SWOT. So, the SWAT mission is scheduled to be launched in the year 2022 and it is committed to measuring surface water hydrology and it is developed by NASA and the French Space Agency CNES in association with the Canadian Space Agency and the UK Space Agency. So, this mission it shall be providing the surface water elevation as well as the water mask of water bodies using a 2D wide SWAT KA band interferometer. I am going to repeat that again 2D wide SWAT KA band interferometer and SWAT is going to have a temporal resolution of 21 days. So, at this point, let me try to show you the difference between ultimetry satellites and SWAT. Ultimetry satellites measures the footprint in the nadir direction which means there are footprints crossing a water body and what we need is the virtual stations wherein the orbital track is crossing a water body. We get to estimate the range once we know the travel time taken by the microwave pulses. The notations are given here along with the corrections of Cp known as propagation correction and Cg known as geophysical correction. This is for ultimetry mission. Now, when it comes to SWAT, it has a 2D wide SWAT KA band interferometer what you see on the screen. 2D wide SWAT KA band interferometer and when measurement is to be made over reservoirs, the data collection is as shown on the screen. Remember, the ellipsoidal height is getting converted into elevation by taking local undulation in account, ellipsoidal height converted into elevation by taking local undulation into account. So, to choose an appropriate case study region for examining the potential of SWAT mission, let me show you the Hirakut reservoir here which lies in the Mahanadi river basin of India. So, what I will do is I will try to zoom out a little bit and then overlap the repeat orbit that will occur during the calibration validation phase for SWAT mission. You can see that it directly passes over Hirakut reservoir, isn't it? For our study, we decided to use the Mahanadi river basin as it is one of the well documented river basins of India and also it is one of the gold sites. We call it a SWAT gold site which implies that more data is going to be collected at these sites during the calibration validation phase than anywhere else during the three year scientific phase. Remember, we discussed about radar calibration. So, I am talking about Calval phase of SWAT mission here. Also interesting to note is how the Mahanadi river basin is getting covered by different ultimatary missions. So, towards the right side what you see is the SWAT of SWAT mission over Mahanadi river basin. So, the one day repeat phase of SWAT mission is shown here. Remember, it is one of the gold sites where SWAT Calval orbit is going to pass. So, studies are being conducted to evaluate the potential of SWAT over Mahanadi river basin in India. With this background, let me take your attention to another story. See, I am trying to give you different aspects of research which are being conducted using radar remote sensing pertaining to hydrology and in today's lecture, we have been focusing on radar altimetry that is how water levels are measured from space. So, in this context let me introduce you to a toolkit known as SIMS which is known as Sentinel-1 based inland water dynamics mapping system. It was developed in-house by my group at IIT Bombay. So, always as hydrologists we know that for generating discharge velocity relationship curves or flood inundation maps, one of the key inputs which hydrodynamic model needs is the time series of river stage data. So, to access this toolkit, one can visit this site which opens up a basic interface like this and first step is we get to define the study area for processing and for demonstration purposes to make it consistent with my earlier slides, I am going to zoom to the Hirakut reservoir and what I have done is I have specified the polygon, I have specified the time period of analysis and the remaining options are for processing reverse. So, once processing has begun, this tool is going to extract the Sentinel-1 data for the region of interest within the time period selected and you can see the tab that displays the progress. So, water pixels are identified using thresholding technique and we do have options to generate the maximum extent water mask shapefile, the time series of water surface area and the time series of surface water extent shapefiles. You can see it is showing processing started and the number of images identified 5. So, each shapefile or output can now be exported and the download link is going to be visible for us to export the same. You know, the reason I am showing you this is because monitoring changes in inland water, it is of paramount importance because they directly tend to interact with the oceans and atmosphere through horizontal and vertical mass fluxes. And in this context, since toolkit, it was developed using Python and Google Earth Engine, it is capable of automated extraction of temporal dynamics of surface water extents, particularly over rivers, lakes and reservoirs and just showing you for demonstration purposes what can be achieved by open source kits. So, once download is complete, we get to visualize the results in QGIS platform. We just need to extract the files and import them. So, in the interest of saving time, I have already opened the list of files in QGIS and corresponding to the study area, we have specified. You can see the time series of surface water extent shapefiles, they are displayed here and the time series of water surface area is also present. These are the outputs you get from Sims Toolkit. Let me shift your attention towards the plans for getting ready for SWOT after launch. Again, these details are being shared as a glimpse to discuss the projects which are relevant to hydrology using radar altimetry. So, temporarily speaking, from the perspective of SWOT mission, each place is going to be sampled at least twice every month. Now, the exact timing of course is going to depend mostly on the latitude and SWOT we know that it is going to rely on a very normal technology. But then, how do we know that the data we get from satellites is correct or not, as in it is accurate or not. SWOT is going to require an in-depth program of calibration and validation and the phase when the satellite is going to fly a specific orbit dedicated to the calval activities and finding gold sites like the one in India, finding gold sites in the tropical band where the biggest reverse flow was the aim of the project. So, before I end my today's lecture, let me also take your attention to an ongoing NASA earlier doctor project, which is titled Leveraging Citizen Science for the Monitoring of Lake Volumes Using SWOT. See, lakes, we know they are the key components of biogeochemical processes and often the lake water levels, they are used as proxies, proxies for indicating climate change. So, I am going to take your attention to a lake which is in Vineyard in Kerala, because it is also falling in the orbit of SWOT. So, with the help of center for water resources development and management at a CWRDM Kerala, an institute monitoring site has been established at Phukod Lake in Kerala and this is mainly for monitoring the water level in the lake because it also falls in the calval orbit of SWOT. So, next time when you visit Vineyard, please check out Phukod Lake and how you can contribute to Citizen Science. So, let me hope that you could understand the lectures today about radar ultimate tree and let me also hope that you could get a small glimpse of the research works which were being carried out. I shall meet you in the next class. Thank you.


We call this activity past the candy, and we find that it's an instructive and fun activity for introducing the topic of recursion or reinforcing the concept. Prior to class, you will need to prepare a bag of candy or other small items for each student. For this activity, it's better to vary the amount of candy each student receives. Later in the video, we'll discuss tips on how to distribute the candy. Let's get started. Divide the class into groups. Each group should be made up of three students. If your class size is not evenly divisible by three, place the extra students in groups so that you have no more than four students in each group. Arrange the students so that they are seated facing each other. Each student should then be given a tally sheet and a bag of candy. The tally sheet is provided on this site. On the tally sheet, have each student record the number of candies in each group member's bag. These values are our initial starting values. Iteration zero. At your instruction, each student will divide their candy in half and pass half of their candy to the person on his or her left, keeping the remaining half for themselves. Pass the candy. Pass the candy. The first student has 20 pieces, so she passes 10. The next student has six pieces, so she passes three. The third student has 16 pieces, so he passes eight. Have each student count the number of candies in his or her new pile, what they kept, plus what their neighbor gave them, and have them record the number of candies for each group member on their tally sheets. At your instruction, each student will repeat the iterative process, having their candy and passing half to the left. Notice that student two now has 13 pieces. She will keep seven and pass six. Alternatively, you could choose to have students pass the extra piece instead of keeping it for themselves. Either way, be consistent with how students handle having odd number of pieces. Continue this iterative process and observe the outcome. In this activity, there are three distinct outcomes possible. The final states are referred to as equilibriums. When distributing your candy to the class, you may want to do so in a way that ensures that each type of equilibrium occurs. This will allow rich discussion with the class. In some scenarios, each person ends up with the same number of candies. An example of this is if in a certain group, one student begins with 20, one begins with six, and the third begins with 16 pieces, as was the case in our demonstration. Here you see the completed tally sheet for such a distribution. Notice that in this example, each student ends up with 14 pieces. In another scenario, eventually the amount each person has remains the same from step to step. However, different group members have different amounts. An example of this is if in a certain group, one student begins with zero, one begins with 10, and the third begins with 16 pieces. Here you see the completed tally sheet for such a distribution. Notice that in this example, one student ends up with eight pieces while the other two end up with nine. In the final scenario, eventually one extra piece or pieces of candy moves from member to member in an infinite loop. An example of this is if in a certain group, one student begins with 20, one begins with 16, and the third begins with four pieces. Here you see the completed tally sheet for such a distribution. Notice that in this example, at any given time, one student has 14 pieces while the other two have 13. To facilitate discussion following the activity, you can have a member from each group record the following information on the board. Initial number of candies for each student in their group, final number of candies, the equilibrium values, the type of equilibrium, and the number of iterations to reach that state. The students can record the collective information on their tally sheets. As a next step, have your students write recursive equations modeling this activity. From there, you and your students can explore the various situations using technology. We have provided a link with helpful tips on this process.


Lecture 44, As-Salaam-Alaikum. Welcome to the virtual university's course on business and technical communication. In this lecture, we will continue looking at how to give speeches and oral presentations. In the last lecture, we learned to categorize speeches and presentations according to their purpose. We also looked at how to analyze audience for speeches and presentations and we started discussing the steps required in planning a speech or a presentation. In this lecture, we will learn to develop a body and a clothes for a long formal presentation. We will also learn how to select, design and use visual aids that are appropriate for various types of speeches and presentations. And finally, I will talk about how you can deliver your speech or presentation and how to handle audience questions effectively. Let us start by looking at the body of the presentation. We talked about planning the effective beginning of the presentation in the last lecture and today we will continue with the main body of the presentation. The bulk of your speech or presentation will be devoted to a discussion of the three or four main points that you want to talk about. You will use the same organizational patterns that you would use in a letter, memo or report, but you will keep things much simpler than in a long report for example. Your two goals are making sure that the structure of your speech or presentation will be clear and making sure that your organization will keep your audience's attention. Two goals would be, one is that your speech or presentation structure is clear and the other is that you can keep your audience's attention. Because if your presentation is not clear, then obviously the audience will not understand and if you do not understand them, then their attention will not be clear. So these are the two things that go together and you have to keep these two things in mind. Now how will you emphasize structure? To show how ideas are related in oral presentations, you will rely more on words. For these small links between sentences and paragraphs, one or two transitional words will be enough. Words like therefore, because in addition etc will be enough to show transition and they will be enough to show the relationship of ideas in oral presentations. To link major sections of the speech or presentation, you will need complete sentences such as now that we have reviewed the problem, let us have a look at the solutions. And also every time you shift topics, you will need to stress the connection between ideas. And also every time you shift topics, you will need to stress the connection between ideas. So, first of all if you are talking about one topic and then you are talking about the other element in the same presentation, then you will need to stress the connection between ideas. And also, if you are talking about the other element, then you will need to stress the connection between those ideas so that the audience will know how and why it came out. If you do not emphasize the connection, then your presentation will seem unrelated. The different ideas in your presentation will not make any sense. You can also emphasize the structure by summarizing what has been said before and previewing what is to come. And the longer the speech or presentation, the more important these transitions become. When you present many ideas, the audience has trouble absorbing them and seeing the relationship amongst them. Therefore, listeners need clear transitions to guide them to the most important points. They need transitions to pick up any ideas they may have missed. If there is a long presentation, then there is a lot of chance that because the information is being given a lot, then there is a lot of chance that the audience, the listeners will miss something or they have to understand something. So, if you summarize those things, if you provide transition elements, then it will be easier to understand. If they have missed something, then they can pick up. If their attention has been wandered a little, they will also be able to understand what are the important points. Therefore, if you repeat the important points, if you repeat the key points in a presentation, then you can compensate for lapses in the audience's attention. You can also call attention to the transitions by the use of gestures or changing the tone of your voice or introducing a visual aid. The second thing we did, which is very important, when you are planning for the main body and developing the main body, the second important thing was that you can hold your audience's attention. The first important thing was that the structure of your presentation is good and I gave you some tips about how that structure will be good. You will introduce your transitional elements. You will also show the connections between the topics. You will summarize one topic and preview it in the beginning of the next topic. Now, let's see how you can keep the audience's attention well. Let's have a look at a few helpful tips that will be useful for you in keeping your audience's attention. You can relate your subject to the audience's needs. People are interested in things that affect them personally. So, present every point in light of the audience's needs and values. Obviously, when you want to hold the audience's attention, the things that you are talking about are the needs and values of the audience. When you mention them, there is a lot of chance that the listeners will want to hear them. But if you do it in such a way that the audience doesn't know what is the connection with us or what is the benefit of listening to them, obviously, they won't hear it. They will feel that we are wasting our time. So, relate your subject to your audience's needs. And the second important tip is that you should explain the relationship between your subject and familiar ideas. By showing how your subject is related to ideas that the audience already understands, you give people a way to categorize and remember your points. If you tell a connection of your subject, you will relate it to it. With the previous knowledge of the audience, it will be easier for the listeners to remember your ideas and they can categorize them. They can put them in some category. If they feel that what you are talking about is outside their scope, then it will be difficult for them to absorb it. And if they can associate it with something, then it will be easier for them to remember and absorb it. You can also hold the audience's attention by introducing variety in your speech or your presentation. Now this is the main body. Now let's have a look at the closing of the presentation and how to make the closing effective. The close of a speech or presentation is almost as important as the beginning because audience's attention peaks at this point. When you started the presentation, people were sitting in a room. You have to draw them towards your presentation. So your introduction is very important that it is effective. After that, you can keep their interest high. And keep the main body of your presentation so that you can keep the audience's attention and interest high. Now when they hear what was in the main presentation, there is one point that their attention is the highest. They are the most engrossed in what they are hearing. Then you go towards your conclusion. When you have said all your main things, now you want to tell the nature of it. So plan to devote about 10% of the total time to the ending. You have 10% of the time for the ending so that your time is running out and you have to finish your presentation quickly. Begin your conclusion by telling listeners that you are about to finish so that they will make one final effort to listen intently. And don't be afraid to sound obvious. When you start going towards your conclusion, you should tell the audience that you are about to finish. If they have a little tension here and there, then they will start listening to you immediately so that they will know that you are about to finish the presentation. Now listen to me quickly so that we get the control of the presentation. And if the presentation is not finished and our attention had gone somewhere else, then we should know what happened. Say you can say something like in conclusion or to sum it all up or finally, you can use this type of transition. You can use such a marker so that the audience will know that you are almost at the final leg of your presentation and your presentation will be finished in a few minutes. Once you have planned how to get everyone's attention, repeat your main idea. When you have seen that all the people have come towards you again and are paying attention to you, then repeat your main idea of your presentation so that even the people who have lost their attention can remind you again about what the presentation is about and then their focus will come towards the presentation. Be sure to emphasize what you want the audience to do or think. If at the end of your presentation you want the audience to take a step, do something or start thinking about something. You might not want them to do something. You might just want them to think about something. Then emphasize what it is.  You can tell them that it would be better that they should do this or take the idea that you want them to think about and emphasize it. Then state the key motivating factor. How will the audience benefit by doing what you suggest that they should do or by thinking the way that you are suggesting that they should think? What is the motivating factor for them? What is the benefit for them to listen to you? Also in your close, reinforce your theme by repeating the three or four main supporting points. Whatever your three or four main supporting points tell them again so that your discussion is reinforced. And basically generally a few sentences are good enough to refresh people's memories. You don't need to repeat the entire presentation again. Just a few sentences that reinforce your main points so that people remember that this is what happened.  Remember that all these discussions are about long presentations. In short presentations you don't need to do so much repetition because it is obvious that if it is a 10 to 15 minute presentation then people will only remember what you said. If it is a longer presentation then you will have to repeat it again. Now some speeches and presentations require the audience to reach a decision or to agree to take specific action. It can also be that you don't just have to make a conclusion you have to make a decision as a result of your presentation or you have to make a decision on what to do next. So this can be a next step after your closing. And in such a case the closing provides a good wrap up. It shows that your closing was clear. You indicated that the presentation has been wrapped up and then you can discuss the next steps. If the audience has agreed on an issue that was covered in the presentation began to review the consensus in a sentence or two. If there has been a consensus during your presentation and the audience has agreed then you repeat the consensus in your closing in one or two sentences. If the audience has not agreed on a consensus if it has not been decided on what to do and how to proceed then make it clear that there has not been a consensus. If the decision has not been made then you highlight it. By saying something like this we seem to have some fundamental disagreement on this question. There are many times when there are points where people don't agree then you highlight them so that there is a doubt that this is a decision. And after highlighting this you can then suggest a method for resolving the differences. Obviously it is not enough to say that there are some differences or some issues that have not been solved. Your job is to tell how the issues will be solved because in a business situation it is not necessary that you identify the problems until you give solutions then your work cannot go ahead. So at this point then you will suggest some solutions. If you expect any action then you must explain who is responsible for doing what. If you feel that the problem needs to be solved then you will tell who has to do what. If you are in this position that you have to make a decision or you can suggest that if these people share this work then it should be solved or we can reach a conclusion. One effective technique is to list the action items all the things that need to be done. You can make a list of them and include an estimated completion date and the name of the person who is responsible. So when you make a list in which you will know that you have to do this work till this time or till this date and these people will be responsible for these work. Then it will be done very easily and what will not be done will be done by the concerned people so that people can follow up with them. And then you can present this list in a visual aid that can be seen by the entire audience and ask each person on the list to agree to accomplish his or her assigned task by the target date. Obviously you cannot decide who has to do what till this date. You will just make a list and then you will show your audience and you will take an agreement that the work that you are telling is also ready to be done and whatever you have suggested you can finish that work till that date or not. So when you are showing the list to your audience then you can also note and by getting this commitment publicly you get the best insurance that something will happen because obviously the audience who are responsible for these work you have delegated the work and now you have asked everyone to tell them that you can do this work till this date or not. When they agree then they made a commitment that this work will be done. So that is the best way to work done in such a situation. If the required action is likely to be difficult then make sure that everyone understands the problems that are involved. You do not want people to leave the presentation thinking that their tasks will be easy only to discover that the jobs are quite demanding. So whatever work you have has the right impression. Do not try to misguide people. Do not give them the impression that the task is very easy when it is quite difficult. If you do this then it will be easy to do difficult work and on that basis people will take agreement that they can do that work whereas when they actually go out to do that work then it will not be your work. So if there are enemies just tell them in the presentation that these are the enemies and if you have a solution then you can suggest that too. But from this at least the people who will agree that we can finish this work they will know what are the enemies involved they will not have any excuse to finish that work. Or if they feel that we will not be able to do this work then they will tell you that they can give other work. If people start doing a work and they start thinking it is easy and then it will be difficult then it will be discouraging and demotivating. And obviously nobody wants people or workers or colleagues in their company who are discouraged and demotivated because then work cannot be finished. So this way you will use the clothes to alert to any potential difficulties in the required action. Now you also need to end your closing. What will you say that it will be effective and when you go out of the room people will remember it. You need to make your final remarks enthusiastic and memorable. Even if part of your speech will be downbeat try to develop your ending on a positive note. In your presentation there are some parts that are negative and demotivating maybe you are giving information that the audience likes or the work on the basis of that information is of no use. But when you finish your closing then take something positive so that the audience has a positive impression. Express the benefits of an action or express confidence in the listener's ability to accomplish the work ahead. If you have given them a difficult job to your audience then in the ending you should show that you have confidence that they can finish the work in a better way. In this way you are creating confidence in your colleagues and enthusiasm in them. Or you can end the closing with a question or a statement that will leave your audience thinking. One way to finish your closing is to finish on a positive note to reinforce your audience to create confidence. The other way is to ask a statement or a question in the end of your presentation to which the audience can leave the room remember that your final words round up the presentation that is what the people will remember as they are walking out of the room and as you are leaving the podium you will want to leave the audience with a satisfied feeling and a feeling of completeness. Also remember that the close is not the place to introduce new ideas or alter the mood of the presentation although you will want to close the presentation on a positive note avoid a staged finale keep your ending natural. As I suggested for the introduction do not have a staged introduction in the same way do not have a staged finale. Now after you have finished the presentation we come to the question and answer session along with your introduction body and those you will include time for question and answer session in your presentation because if you do not have a question and answer session, if there is no interaction with the audience then you might as well write a report and circulate it amongst all the people the benefit of the presentation is that you can interact directly with the audience if you do not have any intention to interact with the audience then you should write a report and give it to the audience the important thing to consider when you are developing your speech is the nature and timing of the audience's interaction where do you want your audience to interact and what type of interaction are you expecting from the audience responding to questions and comments during the presentation can interrupt the flow of your argument and reduce your control of the situation if you will be addressing a large group, particularly a hostile or unknown group then questions can be dangerous and in such a case then the best bet, the best thing to do would be to ask people to hold their questions till after the presentation till you have concluded your remarks so if you are presenting a large group especially if you feel the group is hostile or unfamiliar then you can ask them questions after the presentation you can ask them please feel free to ask any questions after the presentation is over so they will know not to ask questions during the presentation on the other hand if you are working with a small group and you need to draw out ideas and you want the interaction during your presentation then encourage comments from the audience throughout the presentation when you are giving the structure of your presentation then you can say please feel free to ask questions wherever you want and also then through the presentation at different points you can invite questions you can invite comments so that will show to the audience the interaction now visual aids is a very important thing which you will use in your presentation because obviously if you are just standing in front of someone then it is not necessary that they can absorb all your questions and remember them so you will have to use visual aids to highlight a lot of things visual aids dramatically increase the audience's ability to absorb and remember information from a purely practical standpoint there are convenience for the speaker if you have visual aids it is not easy for you to remember things you can use visual aids as a tool for remembering details of the message and if it is a long presentation then it is not easy to remember details especially in a long presentation visual aids are very useful novice speakers they are new to presentations also like visual aids because they draw attention away from them they get attention from them and go to visual aids so the new speakers who are unconfident they get reprived now when you think of developing and presenting your visual aids you need to keep in mind that two types of visual aids are used to supplement speeches and presentations text visuals or graphic visuals text visuals consist of words and they help the audience to follow ideas because text visuals are simplified outlines of your presentation you can use them to summarize and preview your message and also to signal other important ideas and you can use them to indicate major shifts in thought on the other hand visual aids illustrate the main points they help the audience to grasp numerical data and other information that would be hard to follow if it was printed orally simplicity is the key to effectiveness when designing both types of visual aids whether it is text aid visuals or graphic visuals you need to keep them simple because people cannot read and at the same time the visual aids have to be simple enough so that the audience can absorb them and understand the information within a moment or two when the audience is watching they can hear you it will not be like you are standing quietly they are doing two things simultaneously so the visual aid has to be simple so that the audience can absorb it while they are listening to you as a rule text visuals are more effective when they consist of no more than 6 lines with a minimum of maximum of 6 words per line if you have text visual try not to have more than 6 lines and also produce them in large clear type using uppercase and lowercase letters with extra white space between lines of text do not use all capital letters because they become hard to read use capital letters and small letters together and have a large font also when you are looking at the size of the font make sure that it is large enough to be seen from any place in the room if there is a large auditorium and people are sitting there they should be able to see the text place the items in parallel grammatical form use telegraphic wording for example compensation source instead of saying only compensation whatever you use use the title everyone has a parallel form if you are writing in one list and if you are like this the audience will understand what you are saying it is a good idea to include both a noun and a verb in each item on your text visual you can use any of the graphic visuals you might show in a formal report like pie charts, bar charts, flow charts etc for text visuals we also said do not use more than 6 lines do not use more than 6 lines try to have a parallel form in each phrase in each item use a noun and verb in graphic visuals you can do a special variety you can use any of the graphics in a report mostly you can use in your graphic the graphic visuals used in oral presentations are simplified versions that appear in written documents so if you are using graphic visuals in a report just simplify them a bit and use them in your presentation for the same material also make sure that for a presentation you will eliminate anything that is not absolutely necessary to the message reports are very long you can add some extra information but you have to keep the presentation very concise so if there is something that is not there just remove it so that the audience does not get the interest to help the audience focus immediately on the point of each graphic visual use headings that state the message in one clear phase like earnings have increased by 15% then you can show visual aids when you present visual aids you will want people to have a chance to see your explanation so be sure that all members of the audience can see the visual aids you do not want to see the audience so make your visual aids visible allow the audience time to read a visual aid before beginning your explanation for one moment leave the visual aid on the screen or wherever it is or start your explanation and also limit each visual aid to one idea do not show more than one idea on one visual aid you also have to remember that you should illustrate only the main points not the entire presentation do not put everything in visual aid only the main points and do not use any visual aids that conflict with the verbal message the verbal message and the visual message correspond with each other paraphrase the text of your visual aid do not read it word to word obviously on your visual aid if the text is written you do not need to read it out because your audience can read it your job is to paraphrase it or to explain it because if you just read it it implies that the audience cannot read it or they cannot see it so you do not need to read it they can read it themselves you just need to paraphrase it and when you finish discussing the point that is illustrated by the visual aid remove it from the audience's view do not leave it there because if you reach the next point and the visual aid is placed the audience will get confused that you are talking about the same now you also need to select the right medium which type of visual aid to be used visual aids for documents are usually on paper when you want to write a report generally on paper the visual aid the graphs will be on paper which will be included in your report but for speeches and presentations you have a variety of media to choose from you can use handouts even in a presentation you may choose to distribute sheets of paper bearing an agenda an abstract supplementary data etc this is one way of visual aid or you can use chalkboards and whiteboards when you want to draw out ideas from a group of people they are very effective because you can write on them as people are talking to you as people are giving you ideas or you can use flip charts these are large sheets of paper at the top like a tablet and they can be propped on an easel so that you can flip the pages as you speak as there is a small note pad there is a big flip chart and you can write information on it as you are talking you can follow the pages or if people are giving you ideas you can also write on it or you can use overheads one of the most common visual aids in business is the overhead transparency which can be projected on a screen in full daylight you can write information on a transparency and show it on an overhead projector transparencies are easy to make whatever information you have you can type on a paper and you can use a plastic transparency which is the size of an A4 paper to make a photocopy or you can use 35mm slides the content on slides may be text graphics or pictures if you are trying to create a polished professional atmosphere you might find this approach worthwhile particularly if you you will be addressing a crowd that doesn't mind speaking in a darkened room whereas you can use the overhead transparencies in a Russian room you will have to darken the slides so if your audience thinks they will not mind talking to you or listening to you slides are very effective remember that you may need someone to operate the slide projector and that you will need to coordinate the slides with your speech obviously if you are speaking and the slide projector is somewhere away from you then you have to coordinate which slide will be shown and also you need to take a few minutes before your speech starts to verify that the equipment works properly whenever you are using electronic equipment slide projector, overhead projector or computer do check it before the presentation so that you are not standing to speak and your equipment doesn't work another form of visual aids can be with the aid of computers with a special projector a personal computer can be turned into a large screen or an intelligent chalkboard which allows you to create and modify your visual aids as the presentation unfolds power point presentations you must have seen a computer can be projected on a screen and you can also change it as you are speaking because you have a keyboard or computer when the presentation is over you can print out hard copies of the visual aids if they are interested also you can use a computer generated slide show which gives you the opportunity to make changes right up to the moment before you start speaking if you have made your presentation then you can start the presentation one minute earlier so that you don't have to go somewhere else and make it photocopy or prepare it earlier you can do the changes and then you can start your presentation there are other visual aids that you can use in technical or scientific presentations a sample of the product or material allows the audience to experience the subject directly models can be used if they are built to scale their convenient representations of the object film strips and movies can capture the audience's attention with color and movement so these are the two tips are good for showing demonstrations interviews and other events so these are also different media through which you can enhance your presentation but commonly used is what we talked about earlier now once you have planned the whole presentation you know what visual aids you are going to do then it becomes the final part of delivering the presentation it can be very good when you go in front of the audience you have a variety of delivery methods to choose from and some of them are easier to handle than others you can memorize your speech but unless you are a trained actor avoid memorizing an entire speech especially if it's a long one because you are likely to forget your lines and a memorized memorized speech often sounds very stiff and stilted don't try to memorize the speech because if you forget then it can be a big problem on the other hand you can memorize a quotation an opening paragraph or a few concluding remarks and that can bolster your confidence and strengthen your delivery so that your presentation becomes stronger if you are delivering a technical or complex presentation you may want to read it and officials are sometimes read out because the wording may be critical for example if you choose to read your speech practice long enough before so that you can maintain eye contact with the audience and while you are reading it out also you can speak from notes making a presentation with the help of an outline note cards or visual aids is probably the most effective and easiest delivery mode you have something to refer to when you have eye contact and interaction with the audience if your listeners look puzzled you can expand on a point or put it another way because you can see them you are only looking at the notes so you can also see the audience so if you feel that you don't understand your audience then you can explain it generally note cards are preferable to sheets of paper because nervousness is more evident note cards you can also speak impromptu but avoid speaking unprepared unless you have spoken countless numbers of times on the same topic or unless you are an extremely good public speaker if you are asked to speak of the cuff without preparation take a moment or two to think about what you are going to say and avoid the temptation to ramble don't come too far because you haven't practiced try to keep yourself confined to whatever you want to say regardless of which delivery mode you use make sure that you are thoroughly familiar with the subject whatever presentation you are using knowing what you are talking about is the best way to build up your self confidence it is also helpful to know how you will approach preparing for successful speaking delivering the speech and handling questions so if you planned it beforehand it definitely helps you can build self confidence by practice especially if you haven't had much practice in public speaking before even if you practice in front of a mirror try to visualize the room filled with listeners if you are practicing in front of a mirror keep in mind that there is a room filled with people put your talk on tape to check the sound of your voice and your timing, phrasing and emphasis and then you can listen to it and improve yourself if possible rehearse on a video tape to see yourself as your audience will see you go over your visual aids and coordinate them with the talk that is very important so that you are not talking about something else and the visual aid is showing something else and whenever you can check the location for your presentation in advance and locate the light switches and dimmers because if you want to use transparency or slides then you will need dimmers or light switches for computer projection you will need to dim some lights so you can familiarize yourself from the first location also check for any small but crucial items that you might need like chalk and eraser or whiteboard marker etc if you are addressing an audience that doesn't understand your language then consider using an interpreter any time that you make a speech or presentation to people from other cultures take into account cultural differences in appearance, mannerism and other customs in addition to adapting the content of your speech obviously if you are presenting with other cultures then you need to adapt your content to suit their needs and if you have any other customs that you might need to change or adapt according to their customs now when it's time to deliver the speech you might feel some stage fright don't get put off by this it's very natural most people get stage fright even professional actors so a good way to overcome your fears is to rehearse communication professionals have suggested other tips and we are going to have a look at them now prepare more material than necessary that's one very effective way of overcoming your nervousness if you know that your knowledge is much more if you know that you have good knowledge of the subject and your audience is genuinely interested in the topic and so are you also think positively about your audience about yourself and about what you have to say see yourself as a polished and professional presenter and your audience will see you as that as well be realistic about stage fright after all even experienced speakers feel butterflies in their stomach before they address an audience so don't worry if you have stage fright also tell yourself that you are ready use the few moments while you are arranging your materials to calm your nerves and to give yourself that self confidence by telling yourself that you are actually ready for this presentation and that you will do very well also before you begin speaking take a few deep breaths this will help calm you down and it will improve your delivery and have your first sentence memorized having your opening on the tip of your tongue helps you get started and everything else then starts falling into place it also shows the audience that you are confident and you are not stumbling when you start the presentation if your throat is dry drink some water tension often causes your mouth to become dry so it is best to have a few sips of water before you begin in fact you can also have a glass of water by your side while you are giving the presentation and sip during the presentation if you feel that you are losing your audience at any time during the presentation if you feel that their interest is the wonder of the audience then do not panic stop there try to pull back and involve them in the presentation that will get their interest back use your visual aids to maintain and revive audience interest visual aids especially those involving color and movement are much better way of getting back the audience's attention that you might have for them so if you feel that their attention is wandering then you are directing them point towards their visual aids and also keep going and things usually get better if you notice that their attention is wandering try to maybe get more enthusiasm in your voice change the tone of your voice if you feel that you have become too monotonous but keep going do not become nervous and stop and if you keep going and if your presentation is good then they will come back to it now what about handling questions at the end of the presentation the key to handling this question answer session effectively is preparation as well spend time before your speech to think about the questions that might arise including abrasive or difficult questions and prepare accordingly think a little bit ahead what kind of questions you can ask and prepare accordingly experts also suggest that key information or key statistics do not tell in your presentation and use them in question answer session however bear in mind that circumstances may require some changes in the answers that you prepare when someone poses a question focus your attention on that individual if the question is vague or confusing ask for a clarification give a simple direct answer if you understand the question clarify it and then answer also do not say more than you need to if you want to have enough time to cover all the questions if giving an adequate answer would take too long simply say I am sorry but we do not have enough time right now but if you see me after the presentation I will be happy to discuss this with you if you do not know the answer then do not pretend that you do if instead of presenting just say something like I do not have these figures I will get them for you as quickly as possible and also do not allow one or two people to monopolize the question period sometimes it happens that one or two people keep asking questions and others do not get the chance try to give everyone a chance to participate call on people from different parts of the room but if the same person keeps angling for attention say something like several other people have questions I will get back to you if time permits also if you feel that the audience or some members of the audience are using the question answer session to project themselves or to air their complaints or take the presentation away from you then you have to maintain control make sure that you maintain control you might admit that you and the questioner have a difference of opinion if you keep asking questions like this where you are having a conflict then you admit that you have a difference in opinion and offer to get back to the questioner after you have done more research if they catch you off guard and if you do not have some information then say you will get back to them with more information do not indulge in put downs which may backfire the questioner sometimes there are hostile questions and we also attempt to answer them but the audience will be more sympathetic with the questioner so avoid putting your audience down prepare the audience for the close of session by saying our time is almost up let's have one last question even if more people want to talk and after the reply if your last question summarize the main idea of the presentation and thank people for their attention conclude the same way you open by looking around the room and making eye contact and then gather your notes and leave the podium keep your shoulders straight up and your head up as well in this lecture we learnt to develop a body and a close for long formal presentations we also learnt how to select design and use visual aids for speeches and presentations and how to deliver a speech and presentation and handle questions effectively with this we come to the end of our lectures on speech and presentations until next time Allah Hafiz


Hey everybody, what's going on? I am Greg Salsman joined today by Jim Sanis of Fandall, who's here to break down week five. From a DFS perspective, what's happening, Jim? Well, good Greg, I'd be a lot better. Sam Darnold didn't still have mono, so I guess we're tracking that and seeing how that goes. I would love to use Levy on belt in my season long leagues, but we're kind of just sitting here and hanging out and seeing how that goes. So I guess I'm better than Darnold. That's not saying a whole lot. How are you? I'm doing fine. I got Danny Dimes, man. These are great. Yeah, it could be a lot worse there, for sure. Getting golden tape back this week, that will certainly help matters. Vikings are tough, but not as tough as it used to be. So Danny Dimes could be a fun one to watch again on Sunday again. Hopefully not as fun as the Texans are against Atlanta, as the Sean Watson, Deandre Hopkins, Will Fuller, and the crew have a very, very tasty matchup. That's where we begin our stacks for this week. Why do you like Watson? Which water seeker are you pairing him with? Yeah, we talked about this exact same stack of DeSean Watson, Deandre Hopkins last week and it didn't exactly go too well, but I think it makes sense to run it back this week. I like Will Fuller too. He's not the guy we're discussing here, but I think that he is very worthwhile coming off of a dud. Eventually DeSean Watson will hit him on a deep ball and that'll lead to really good things. And it very well could be this week because the Falcons defense got gashed last week by my guy Marcus Mariota. They don't really let Mariota do a whole lot, but that team was still able to move the ball quite a bit against this Atlanta defense. No Keanu Neal and now they go on the road and they're playing indoors again, which does not bode well for this defense. As far as DeSean Watson goes, I would say this is the best matchup they've had all year. And yeah, I expect them to do well last week, but that Panthers defense is legitimately pretty good. I was there mostly based on the pace. The pace should still be there, but I think we get a boost in matchup here for DeSean Watson. And because they were a letdown last week, we get them at a discount. DeSean Watson, $8,000 on FanDuel for this week, DeAndre Hopkins down to $8,500. And Hopkins still has 31% of the team's deep target this year with 30% of the overall targets. The workload has still been there. These guys are still really good. We just haven't seen them blow up since back in week one. I think that could happen once again this week. So I'm buying back into the Texans. I know last week stunk. It ruined a lot of my tournament teams that they did not do that well, but I think it now is a good time to get back in on them as they host a beaten up Atlanta team. The Atlanta defense has not looked right yet this season, just allowing a ton of points week in and week out.  And I think it's DeSean Watson, DeAndre Hopkins, pairing going to work out well for us. In season long, people are ready to jump ship from DeAndre Hopkins. They'll do that, especially not this week. Jim, let's continue on and let's get to Baltimore. Lamar Jackson and Mark Andrews have been an awesome combination throughout this season. I expect this week will be no different. Yeah, I think one of the keys to attacking Pittsburgh is attacking guys, then with guys who move into the slot, because we've seen it forever, essentially. They struggled to cover guys who move around in the coverage. And it should be better now that Minka Fitzpatrick is there, but Fitzpatrick I think will more so help them covering in Marquis Brown. I think that Marquis Brown is still a guy that I'm gonna use once again this weekend down at $5,400. And Mark Andrews is the safer guy to stack with Lamar Jackson because we've seen Andrews get those more intermediate and shorter targets, which is nothing that Hollywood Brown gets a lot of, gets a lot of, which means that we're gonna see a safer floor out of Mark Andrews. He has at least seven targets in each game, despite playing limited snaps due to a foot injury. He has still seen a lot of targets. Tyler Eifert got some pretty good volume early in the Bengals game against the Steelers. Didn't finish very well, but we've also seen Andrews have a better role than Tyler Eifert so far this year. And Andrews is not to totally devoid of upside. He doesn't get as many deep targets as Hollywood Brown, but he does still have six targets, at least 16 yards downfield this year. He also gets some looks in the red zone, gets a lot of overall looks. So I think that if you're looking to stack with Lamar Jackson, Andrews is a safer piece for stacking at $6,100. I think that Brown will still be a good play at $5,400.  And again, that's gonna pay off really well given how talented and fast Marquis Brown is. So I will still go there, but Andrews is definitely the higher floor guy to stack with Lamar Jackson. Jackson himself has been phenomenal so far this year. He is $8,300. I think that is a super fair salary to pay for him. He's viable every week, but I think against the Steelers defense, that has still had some issues even without, even with Minka Fitzpatrick being there, I still can go with this Baltimore team. So I wanna go Lamar Jackson. I think that Andrews is my preferred stacking guy, but I will get some Hollywood Brown in there as well. Hollywood Brown, Lamar Jackson's been your lethal combination since week one. You don't know that it's working, which is why you're going to Mark Andrews. I know you'll still sprinkle like you said, with Brown and Mark Andrews. Well, he's been going top 10, tight end all year long. Lamar Jackson, after a rough couple of weeks, we expect him to get it back right this weekend against Pittsburgh. Speaking of Pittsburgh, they were able to defeat Cincinnati pretty handily on Monday night, but things should go a bit better for the Bengals this Sunday where they take on an Arizona defense that shouldn't even be called a defense. Pairing up Andy Dalton with Tyler Boyd makes a lot of sense because he barely has anybody else to throw to. Dalton and Boyd seems like a lock this week, Jim. Yeah, I think that with this Bengals team, you can look at that game against Pittsburgh, but it's a divisional team on the road on Monday night. A team that did just add Minka Fitzpatrick. You can kind of understand why they would struggle in that spot, but now they're back at home and they are on short rest, but the Cardinals are traveling from the West Coast to the East Coast for a one o'clock game. And I think that that should have set up well for this Bengals offense. And yeah, they're banged up with no John Ross and that offensive line missing a bunch of pieces, but what that's going to do is funnel additional targets to Tyler Boyd. As you mentioned, he is just $6,700 for this week. He has 24% of the overall targets, along with 24% of the D targets this year for Cincinnati. And both those numbers should go up with John Ross sideline for this weekend. So Tyler Boyd is a cash game consideration at $6,700. And Dalton probably not quite that high because his offense has struggled to function, but this is going to be the best spot they get the entire year at home against a pace-up offense that has a terrible defense with Patrick Peterson and Robert Alford still being out. So I don't think we're going to get a better spot than this the entire year for Cincinnati. So if you're ever going to use them, it should be this weekend. I think that the way this game sets up, I see enough here where I will still use them despite the disappointment we saw back on Monday night. I think that Joe Nixon is actually in play here too, despite the fact he has not had the best usage so far this year. He's been getting work in the passing game. He's very cheap and he's facing a bad Cardinals team. So Joe Nixon, a viable guy here, so is Audentate at $5,300. But I think if you want to go the volume route and the safest route, the route we know the best, it's Andy Dalton, paired with Tyler Boyd. I think it makes a lot of sense to go at both sides of this game. We'll talk about the other side in just one second, but the best stack to me within this game is going to be Dalton Pair with his number one wide receiver. Absolutely, against Arizona, pairing Tyler Boyd with Andy Dalton this week is another no-brainer. A lot of good stacks here this week. Also kind of crazy, all these games are one o'clock, by the way, Jim, we've looked at that before. But Arizona is a defense that you can take advantage of. This week is with Andy Dalton and Tyler Boyd, both very, very fairly priced. Let's continue on, Jim, and let's stay in the game. As Kyler Murray and David Johnson also make sense because Cincinnati's defense, well not as porous as Arizona's, not good either. Yeah, the Steelers were able to do what they did given that they didn't throw the ball beyond the line of scrimmage more than once the entire night. I'm pretty sure Kyler Murray can move the ball here. And yeah, Kyler's had basically a similar style of attack the past two weeks where they haven't gone deep very often. We know that a deeper passing game is still within the range of outcomes. And I think that they could tap into that this week as they're facing a defensive line that is good. The Bengals defensive line is good, but the overall defense still not wanting to really fear even with the Cardinals offense that is still trying to find its footing so far this year. As far as pairing Kyler Murray with David Johnson because we should see Johnson continue to get targets here with Christian Kirk banged up. And so far this year in the games where Johnson has not gotten hurt, he has 22% of the team's targets this year. And if you use Kyler Murray paired with David Johnson, you're probably going to have access to every touchdown that the Cardinals score. And they could even score one together as they did back in week one with a passing touchdown from Murray to Johnson. You're getting that for just $6,800 in David Johnson. I think that he is a really solid running back play on this slate, still super underpriced compared to the role he has played thus far. As far as Kyler Murray goes, he has still had at least 16.36 fandal points in every game so far this year. This is easily the best matchup that they have had. These are both teams that want to throw the ball a ton and that can lead to a lot of play volumes. I think that bodes well for both Andy Dalton and Kyler Murray. I think this is a great place to go for game stacks. There is the potential to disappoint because we don't have John Ross and potentially don't have Christian Kirk. So that is certainly a red flag for both sides and maybe we don't want to go too hard at this game. But if you're going to game stack here, you're going to get it for pretty cheap salaries on both sides and I think that's attractive. So Kyler Murray, David Johnson, my favorite ways to get exposure to this team and I think it's a pretty viable stack against this Bengals defense. Absolutely. Also, I'm kind of tempted by the way, even though Arizona's defense is awful, we kind of stack them in there too, man. The eight sacks the Steelers had on Monday night are fresh in my mind, but maybe that's a little bit more crazy. Instead, let's go Kyler Murray, let's go with David Johnson. You said Christian Kirk maybe a little bit too much but hey, I think this is going to be a high scoring affair, Arizona and Cincinnati. There's not that many Cincinnati Bengals to choose from. With Arizona, we talk about this a lot. You know where the ball is going. David Johnson, the number one option for Kyler Murray. As we continue on, we get to the Patriots where a lot of us, myself included Jim, expected the Tom Brady to Julian Edelman game this past Sunday against Buffalo. It didn't happen. It was the Tom Brady to James White game. You're going back to the Edelman well here against Washington. How come Edelman over White and some of the other choices in New England? I think that White does make sense again because you've seen a lot of volume in the two games where you've had the same personnel setting but you look back at that last game and personally I'm willing to throw it out because the Patriots were facing a Bill's defense that is ludge yet. So I think that you can kind of throw that game out both from an efficiency perspective and to an extent from a usage perspective. But even there, Edelman still had the usage. He had seven targets there and in two games without Antonio Brown and with James White being in there, he has 25% of the team's overall targets in those two games. He has three deep targets, two in the red zone. So getting some high leverage work as well. I think that bodes well against a Washington defense that has been really bad so far this year. That's why I like Edelman. As far as Brady goes, you could be concerned about the game script but when you look at the first three games the Patriots played this year, they obliterated all three opponents and yet Brady still had 20 or more Fandal points in each of those games. He is down to $7,500. And I think the reason that Sally went down is because he disappointed but they were on the road. In a divisional game against, I would say a top five defense in the NFL, I don't think we worry about that game. Now they're facing Washington. Washington's defense is atrocious and Brady should come through even if they do get out ahead here pretty early. So I think that it makes sense to go to Tom Brady here by low off of a bad week last week and get Edelman in their stack with him. Because Edelman has been the number one wide receiver in this personnel grouping so far this year. I think that Edelman will be my number one target but White does make sense as well. Edelman or White, you probably can't go wrong. You can go wrong. You want to get it right. James White, he makes sense. But for Jim, Julie and Edelman, going to step up another week removed from that injury should be healthy and ready to rock.  One final stack to get to today Jim and that brings us to the Saints where Almond Camara has been on otherworldly since Drew Brees went down with the injury to the Almond Camara show. But if we're going to stack Camara with somebody, who's it going to be? I kind of dig the Saints defense here from a tournament perspective because last time we saw James Winston, he was lighting up the Los Angeles Rams for 55 points on the road, which is awesome. And I love to see that. It's fun to see quarterbacks who have fantasy assets tied to them doing really good things. And James did that last week, but he still managed to throw a pick six in an awful situation because he is still James Winston despite that. And now he's going on the road to face a Saints team in a pretty tough road environment in the Superdome. We do talk a lot about, you know, a lot of shootouts being there, but this defense does play better there. It's a rowdy environment as well. And that can be tough for an offense to go to, especially when they have an offensive line that is as leaky as Tampa Bay. So I think this Saints defense could be in line for a good spot this week. They are only $4,000. That is a low dollar way to get exposure to what I think is a high upside defense. So I like the Saints defense. And as far as Camara goes, like you said, he's had a good workload since Drew Brees went down, averaging 16.5 carries and 6.5 targets per game. In that Seattle game, Camara set a new career high for Snaprate. The highest Snaprate he's had his entire career. So basically the Saints plan without Drew Brees is to throw short and lean on their superstars. And both those things lend themselves to a lot of uses for Alvin Camara. So I think it does make sense here. Now I'm not expecting a lot of rushing efficiency out of Camara because this Bucks rush defense has been really good so far this year. And Todd Boles knows how to cook up a good rush defense. So I'm not expecting rushing efficiency, but I do expect a lot of passing game work. And I care a lot more about that than what I do about a running back doing on the grounds. I think that Camara, $8,200, one of my favorite running back plays on this slate. I think it does make sense to pair him with the Saints defense, given that people will be avoiding them after what James did last week. Absolutely, it's a sneaky, sneaky play with the New Orleans Saints, given that James went nuts last week against the Rams. Maybe the Rams were looking too far ahead to Thursday night football against Seattle. Nevertheless, you know what Alvin Camara could do. You know that usage rate and you know how the offense operates. Dink, dink, dink. All Alvin Camara, hopefully the Saints can do enough, keep that team, the Bucks, in the game, so it's all Camara all the time. We think this could be a close one, which means the Saints defense certainly a team to consider. That's gonna do it for us here on the fan. We'll hurry up. Jim, it's been a blast. It's been so much fun. Let's do it again tomorrow. Yeah, there are actually some pretty good value plays on this slate too. So I'm looking forward to swinging back tomorrow and talking about them. Looking forward to it. Greg, should be a whole lot of fun and we'll talk to you then. Absolutely, some undervalued players coming your way tomorrow. For Jim Sannis, I'm Greg Sussman. Have a wonderful night. We'll see you back here tomorrow.