Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners. Thanks to all of you, including Dustin Campbell, Tim Deputy, and Brandon Brooks. Coming up on DTNS, Section 230 heads to the Supreme Court, sort of. A standard to make voice assistants more accessible. And Andrea Jones-Roy is here, helping us understand how bias creeps into algorithms. It's Halloween. This is the Daily Tech News for Monday, October 3rd, 2022 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Ribbit, I'm Sarah Lane. I'm the show's producer, Roger Chang. And joining us, Andrea Jones-Roy, data scientist, comedian, circus performer, and host of majoring in everything podcast. Welcome, Andrea. Thank you. It's great to be here. It's good to have you. Let's start right off with a few tech things we all should know. Deliveroo opened Deliveroo Hop, its first brick-and-mortar grocery store in partnership with the chain Morrison's on New Oxford Street in central London. Customers don't have access to store shelves. Instead, they can use digital kiosks with orders picked by store employees and bagged within minutes or pickup orders placed in the Deliveroo app. Staff will also pick items from the service's delivery couriers. Stores will offer over 1,700 grocery items, including ready-to-eat meals. Let me like Instacart starting a grocery store here, I guess. YouTube TV rolled out support for you to subscribe to channels without having to sign up for the $65 YouTube TV plan. So you could just get HBO Max through YouTube TV, or NBA League Pass, or MLB.TV, or Showtime, or Starz, or Hallmark Movies Now, Cinemax, Epic, and more. No channels from the base plan are included in the a la carte options. Prices range from either $2 to $30 a month, depending on which channel you're adding. Each is available for a 7-day free trial as well, if you just want to see. Give me ESPN, and that is a done deal. It's the only reason I subscribe to YouTube TV. Twitter started rolling out the ability to edit tweets to Twitter blue subscribers in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This allows for editing a tweet up to 5 times within 30 minutes of posting if you really need to think about it. Tweets will display the timestamp when it was edited with edit history viewable by clicking through. So if you're curious, you can know. Twitter says that the feature will also come to the US soon. The Los Angeles Unified School District confirmed that a ransomware organization began publishing exfiltrated information about students online. The attack occurred over the Labor Day weekend, a few, like almost a month ago now, right, with the threat group issuing a ransom demand on September 22. The district decided they would not negotiate, they would not pay the ransom. Bleeping Computer reports folder names in the leaked data suggest it might include things like social security numbers, passport information, and some secret and confidential documents on students. NBC Los Angeles law enforcement sources say includes legal records, business documents, and even some confidential psychological assessments of students. Last week, several outlets, starting with the Daily Mail, reported that actor Bruce Willis had licensed his digital rights to a company called Deep Cake to make ads and movies and TV shows that starved digital versions of him. Deep Cake has used Willis' likeness in an ad in Russia, which we mentioned on Friday's DTNS. Over the weekend, a spokesperson for the actor told the BBC that Willis had no partnership or agreement with the company. Deep Cake told the BBC that, quote, he gave us his consent and a lot of materials to make his digital twin. Also clarifying, the wording about rights is wrong. Bruce could not sell anyone any rights. They are his by default. It sounds like Deep Cake got a little over their skis in promoting what they were doing, but otherwise, you know. Alright, let's talk a little more about two cases headed to court. What do we got, Sarah? Alright, so the US Supreme Court has agreed to hear appeals in two cases regarding an online platform's liability for messages posted by users. We've talked about this a lot in the past. One case, Gonzalez versus Google, involves a 23-year-old US citizen that was killed in Paris in terrorist attacks in November of 2015. Relatives of the victim accused YouTube of passing along content that encouraged the attacks and sharing revenue with them. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a dismissal of that case. They found the claims against posting were all protected by Section 230 and ruled that the plaintiffs could not prove that revenue was a connection. Alright, so the family is appealing Section 230 directly there, but the second case, Twitter et al. versus Tomna, involves a Jordanian citizen killed in a 2017 terrorist attack in Istanbul. Relatives accused Twitter, Google, and Facebook, all three, of aiding and abetting terrorists in violation of the US Anti-Terrorist Act. That case did not touch on Section 230 issues, but it had more evidence of revenue sharing like AdSense accounts. They had the receipts basically, and so the 9th Circuit Court let that case proceed, and so the appeal is saying the revenue shouldn't be a connection. So the 9th Circuit decided these cases together, along with a third similar case that isn't being appealed, that they were decided together. So it's notable that the Supreme Court took both of them because they were similar, at least as far as what was being alleged, while Section 30 was deemed sufficient in one, but not relevant in the other, several of the circuit judges criticized Section 230 in their opinions. And given that the Supreme Court justices have previously written about their concerns with Section 230, kind of reasonable to expect that the Supreme Court will review the Section 230 element in these cases. So Tom, what is Section 230? Ah, I'm so glad you asked. Yes, I am. We have a whole episode of Know a Little More on this. If you want all the details, go to know a little more dot com, look for about safe harbor. But here's the short version. Since 1959, in a case called Smith versus California, the standard had been publisher versus distributor. So bookstore owners weren't expected to read every book before they sold it, but publishers were. So if you were a publisher of something, you were liable for what was in the book.  When the 1990s rolled around, though, CompuServe and Prodigy provided interesting new twists on the question when they ran online forums and chat rooms. Were they publishers of the user comments and therefore should have known what is in all the user comments? Or were they distributors like a bookseller? CompuServe didn't moderate its content, which sounds wonderful. So it was deemed by the court to be a distributor and therefore immune. Prodigy, on the other hand, did employ moderators. And because of that, the court ruled, well, you're choosing what stays up and what doesn't.  Congress recognized that this, if they let it continue like that, would encourage platforms not to moderate their content, leaving them full of libelous and dangerous postings. So they included Section 230 of the CDA in the CDA, which says that, quote, No provider or user of an interactive computer service, basically the platforms, shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider, mostly users. In other words, if you try to make your forum a decent place to post things in, the government didn't want you to get punished. Now, the first test of the law was 1997, Zaren versus AOL. AOL was accused of not removing posts that tied Zaren's phone number to the Oklahoma City bombings. And he wasn't connected to those. So he sued. And the Fourth Circuit wrote that it would be impossible for service providers to screen each of their millions of postings for possible problems. That was back in 1997, mind you. And doing so would restrict speech, which was reverse of the intention of Section 230. So they said it's not AOL's fault that the stick got passed along. Go after the people that passed it along. Since that time, there have been exemptions implemented for Section 230. You're not immune from federal criminal liability under Section 230.  You're not free from intellectual property claims. You're not free from facilitating sex trafficking. But anything else is largely under Section 230. All right, now back to the case before the Supreme Court this term. In a concurrence, Circuit Judge Marsha Burson noted that, if not bound by circuit precedent, I would hold that the term publisher under Section 230 reaches only traditional activities of publication and distribution, such as deciding whether to publish, withdraw, or alter content. She's basically talking about moderation as far as internet platforms go, and does not include activities that promote or recommend content or connect content users to each other. In other words, she's saying, leave moderation protected, but establish that recommendation is not protected. The Supreme Court is going to weigh in on that. Supreme Court hearings will take place this term. A decision will come sometime before the court recesses next June. And Andrea, I'm curious where you think this line would be drawn. If you were a Supreme Court justice, do you have an idea of where you would come down on this? Well, I think my main thought at the moment, and maybe this is unfair to the Supreme Court justices, is that there's no way they understand what's going on. Maybe I'm being horribly agist, but I hope they're bringing in consultation from people who study this stuff more closely. I would say that there's something, and this is getting to some of the stuff we'll be talking about later, there's a line in there somewhere related to the recommendations, because if you can show that you're more likely to see some kind of dangerous, harmful, something piece of content, gosh, how do you define that? I don't know. But if you can show that they're making money or they're profiting from eyes on the screen if they're promoting this kind of content, and they can link that content somehow to an event, I feel like there's a line in there, but there's a huge technological barrier. I'm not a lawyer, but I almost feel like the legal decision is going to be clearer than the implementation. Yeah, to me it's going to come down to, okay, let's assume that the content in question violates the anti-terrorist act. Nobody's debating that. Is Google liable because their algorithm that they're not supervising? Again, just like the posting in 1997, they aren't looking at it, but the algorithm kicks it out. Are they liable for that algorithm? And we're going to be talking a lot about algorithms today. And that is a very interesting question and one that I don't know that the courts are competent to really decide, not because they're old, but because the law doesn't contemplate that part of it. It doesn't contemplate algorithmic recommendations. You could turn it into something where it says if it were a person, would we allow, would we think that was problematic? We actually don't know that the algorithm needs to be unpacked in order to say, well, Google built something and Google is providing a service and Google is making us all more likely to see this piece of information now. And yes, if we can agree that this piece of information is tied against the counter-terrorism laws, then I feel like it's actually not that much of a stretch to blame. One of the things that we talk about in bias in AI is accountability, and I think actually Google should be held accountable for this. And that's what it's going to turn on is Google is going to say, oh, look, like it's not a person, it's an algorithm, and we don't always know what the algorithm is going to do. Obviously, if it was a person, we wouldn't have recommended this. And whether that's a sufficient defense or not, that is, of course, the question. Well, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Tom, you're familiar with that college? Go on. Partnered with Microsoft, Meta, Amazon, Apple, Google, and several nonprofits, including the Davis Finney Foundation and team Gleasonon on the Speech Accessibility Project, seeking to improve voice recognition for communities with disabilities and speech patterns not factored into those AI algorithms that we've alluded to thus far. Speech interfaces are critical for communication and expression. If you're unable to normally or more usually, I should say, express yourself in other ways, and they are often not usable by those that would benefit the most from that. Building out a dataset that can reach a wide community required partnering with big tech companies on the infrastructure component of this. The university is going to recruit paid volunteers, collect voice samples from them, look to create a private, de-identified dataset out of that, and then use that to train machine learning models. Yeah, so instead of each of these companies building their own separate and maybe duplicative initiatives, the Speech Accessibility Project will provide a central dataset. At least that's what the idea is. U of I says it hopes to benefit those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. You might know that more commonly is Lou Gehrig's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and a wide range of medical and non-medical conditions that affect speech. Efforts will initially focus on American English.  What does this look like to you? I mean, I think it's very exciting. I feel like I came in hot being skeptical of algorithms and I will continue to be. But I think part of it is, you know, what are the consequences of using these algorithms and what are the stakes of the algorithms being incorrect. And I think the application seems very promising. And, you know, I think we all know folks, maybe if not personally friends of friends who would benefit from such a thing. You know, I've some friends and family with ALS and other diseases in my life who I think would benefit greatly. And so I think that it's great that it's being offered. Of course, I get nervous when I hear about, you know, de-identified data because there's a lot more to de-identifying data than just stripping out names. You know, a lot of times you might be able to build it back together and maybe come up with a way of triangulating where that data came from. But I would want to know more about how they're collecting it and how they're treating it to be anonymous. But generally, I think this is one of the more exciting and heartening applications of tech and AI that I've seen. Yeah, it feels like they're really pushing this as far away from controversy as they can. They're paying the volunteers and they have to volunteer to do it. So you have to actively consent. Then they're going to still try to de-identify it. I mean, at that point, they could just get people to say like, if they know who I am, I guess it's fine. But they're like, no, we're still going to try to keep it private. It's going to be shared amongst multiple places. It's going to be held by a university so that, you know, there's not a lot of motivations to, you know, keep secret what's going on with it. Yeah, I'm with you. I think there's a lot of good things about this. Devil's always in the details, though, of course. Right, right.  Maybe I'm being pessimistic about this, but part of it is our own ethics and understanding of how these things work change. But generally speaking, this is one of the few pieces of news about tech that I was just like, wow, great. Perfect. Yeah, feels good. I love it. This is a good thing. Yeah. Well, folks, if you have a good thing to tell us about, you're like, hey, you missed this good thing. Send us an email. Our email address is feedback at dailytechnewshow.com. In January 2023, a New York City law will go into effect requiring companies to conduct a bias audit. That's what it's called in the law, a bias audit on automated employment decision tools. And then once they've finished that audit, they must post the results of those audits on their website. Now you may ask, what is a bias audit? Well, the law says that a bias audit means an impartial evaluation by an independent auditor. And you may say, well, what does impartial mean? And what's the evaluation? And who counts as an independent auditor? And the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection is working on all of those guidelines on these audits. But they don't have a timeline for when those guidelines are going to be available. Financial audits are old hat for businesses, and there's lots of accepted practices for what that counts like. But what does an AI audit look like, Andrea? Is there such a thing? Is there even a standard? If there's a standard, I don't know what that is. Part of the challenge is that, well, let me back up. This goes back to what I was saying earlier, where I think the law is actually easier than the implementation. Not to say that the law is easy, but I think the tech implementation, a lot of these models, there is no real way to validate or test them. Or the true test is to roll them out and then go back a year later and say, who did we rule in? And who did we rule out on hiring? And what do we, whoever this independent auditor, I agree with you on asking those questions, what did we think of it? So there's in some ways difficult to actually evaluate without actually implementing it, which goes against the entire purpose of getting ahead of the bias in the first place. On the other hand, it does depend on what type of model they're using. So I think part of the coverage of this that makes me nervous is they're saying, well, it's AI. You know, it's this black box AI thing and we don't really know what's going on, but every model is different. Every company that's providing these models to different organizations is different. The organizations are implementing them differently. I mean, if there's one singular test, I assume it would only be if every company is using the exact same algorithm in the exact same way. And I simply doubt that's the case. I will also go back to say, you know, anyone who's done any statistics will think back to, you know, we used to do, we still do regression diagnostics, right? A very simple linear regression where we say, what's the association with X and Y? And even then it's not easy to tell what's bias. We look at, you know, 10 different graphs and a bunch of different numbers, and we try to think really hard about whether we've got some issues in our model. That gets astronomically more difficult as you get to AI. So I don't know what an A test looks like. That said, there are examples of tests out there. They just take a lot of work and a lot of care and they tend to be very tailored to the actual algorithm. You just flashed up a study from ProPublica that carried out a very long investigation into bias. It took an extremely long time and, you know, if they can roll that out everywhere, great. But there's a lot of ifs wrapped up in that. And I think you hit on a lot of the big ones right up top. So let's assume that they come up with a way of an agreed series of methods. Maybe there's like several of them. I think a lot of folks in the audience are going to be asking like how is a machine biased anyway? It's a machine. Let's not anthropomorphize this thing. It's just cranking through. How is bias work there? Yeah. So I'm so glad that you asked. So I work with a lot of companies as a data scientist and in particularly around people analytics. So this is exactly the area that I spend a lot of time working with companies on, on hiring, recruiting, promoting, right? And all of that is about saying, all right, we've got some data about some humans and we wish we could run it through some computer where that computer could tell us which humans are most likely to be successful in the next role, successful at this company or whatever. And so I, you know, the other example that came up was the same sort of thing. We're making a guess about who's likely to recommit a crime if they're granted parole. Banks use this to say how could we, you know, figure out who's going to be more likely to repay their loan. So that's the kind of algorithm that we're talking about. And there's three big ways that I think about when I think about the bias that can go into them, maybe a fourth depending on how far we want to go with this, right? So the big one that we all think of first and that I believe this article and this possible legislation are talking about is the algorithm itself. So most algorithms, not all, but most algorithms that I've seen that are working in this space basically say, okay, we have patterns from the past. Let's learn, quote, learn those patterns, fit those patterns according to some set of rules like matching means or finding what's nearby or whatever it is that we're doing. Let's learn what those patterns were. Then we're going to take new data. So here are new incoming employees or people who have applied for the job and say, what features do these employees have that make them look like the employees that are currently doing well in the company? However, we've defined that. And the computer will say, aha, of these 100 employees, these 12 are most likely to succeed. What that algorithm is usually doing, not always, usually doing is figuring out who's most similar to the leaders. And that's okay in principle. But if you think in practice that humans in the past have probably been at least a tiny bit biased, all the algorithms are doing is learning the bias from previous data. So unless we're starting with some kind of bizarre engineered made up simulated data, which has its own wild problems, right? Of some like utopian equality, which I don't think is what we want to do, right? All we're doing is training the machines to replicate who's at the top. So the other piece of this is what are we measuring to begin with? And maybe that is what we want to do. And there's a version where that's not so problematic. But the second part of the bias is the data itself. So the data that we collect on humans reflects our own biases. So if you think of the data that we might have and the data that I've seen, we tend to have things like where did someone go to school? What did they major in? Did they work at a peer company that was successful? Did they get high performance evaluations? Did they get promoted quickly when they got hired? And all of those things might be indicators of great talent, but they're probably also picking up some other biases along the way. So the things that we're measuring and that we're mapping people to also tend to be biased in terms of what it is that we're even looking at, right? Maybe what we want is data on is this person a team player? Do they let other people disagree with them? Do they welcome con... There's probably stuff that we want to know and we'd want to match, but we don't have that in the data. The data reflects these other biases around like, well, if they didn't get an MBA from Stanford, then we don't want them, right? Right, yeah. They're not as good as the person who did. Exactly. So the third version of the bias is, you know, what do we do with that information once we have it, right?  And then the challenge is that humans look at that and they say, well, it's from an unbiased source, so this is the objective choice. So even if you spot bias, I've seen companies do this with performance evaluations.  And then the leaders sit down and they say, actually, I think it's these other, but they're like, but it's the computer. And so they almost, they default to it, thinking that it's objective, which is its own warped thing. You know, there are more issues, but I don't know, those are pretty depressing ones. So the first two feel like problems with the metric, right? If you have a problem with your metric, which is okay, our metric is going to be the current leaders are examples of the ideal leadership. If that isn't true, then you don't want to use the current leaders as the metric. Or if it's the metric for a successful employee, are these list of things, if you're like, ah, but that isn't always true, then you don't want to use those things. And then the last one is a bias for machines. It's like, well, if a machine said it, I guess I should believe it, which if the first two are true, is certainly not going to be trustworthy. It kind of turns into something where I feel like, if I was a human that was hiring somebody, it's like, sure, there are all these parameters that you kind of have to look at. And then there are all these exemptions. There are just, you have a rogue situation where you have to treat it differently. And if a machine can't do that, then it becomes problematic. Well, and the other thing to keep in mind for all of these is that any machine learning AI or even a statistical model, I keep going back to statistics because a lot of the instincts we have for statistics, if any of us have instincts around statistics, apply to AI, they're all going to be wrong in some way. They're all going to make errors. If they're not making errors, we're overfitting and we have another problem and that's not great. So that means that we're going to get it wrong some of the time. And that's okay if what we're trying to do is sort of get a broader understanding of like, oh, generally people who majored in this tend to do well, even if that's problematic, we could still learn something, right? Or we might say, on average, we're pretty good at picking these people. But these are people's lives at stake. So our tolerance for error, I think, ought to be quite low. And some of these models, the example of parole in the article that was posted earlier, it was 68% of the time it was correct, which is kind of high for some models. But if you think about that, that means that people are wrongly being kept in jail and denied parole or put back out on the streets and recommitting crimes. That's not a very good rate. And we're really messing with people's lives every time we make, say, a Type 1 or a Type 2 error. Yeah, it feels like everybody's head is at, well, let's just improve the metrics in the data set that we're using to train the algorithm, which I'm not saying you shouldn't do. Right. But there's a lot that really needs to be done that I don't hear as many people talking about, which is let's also moderate our expectations for how useful this is. They use these kinds of algorithms in medical practice all the time, but the medical practitioners are very aware that they shouldn't blindly follow the algorithm or they're going to kill a patient. And so they use them. It feels like there's a better awareness of, this is a tool that I'm going to use to inform my decision, but I'm responsible for the decision that you're not seeing in the hiring practices. Exactly. And a lot of it is the fault, I would say, of the companies that are trying to sell this technology to these companies. And frankly, it's the fault of every advertisement you ever see on television or any YouTube ad where it says, thanks to AI, we're predicting the, we're all being fed this stuff that AI is this magical thing that can cure all our problems. And it's incredibly powerful and awesome, but it's still just a tool. And I think you're right that I'm not in medicine, but I'm hopeful that you're right that doctors think of it as a piece of information and another perspective. Whereas I think a lot of people who are professionals and have been in their own, experts in their own area and understandably don't interact with AI have no reason to say, well, why would I understand that this is bias? Because they're just being told it's not, and that is objective. Well, A, I may not be able to solve everything, but Sarah, I'm pretty sure B Real can. So we've been talking about popularity growing rapidly of B Real for a while. I'm still not on board, but some of my co-hosts are it's achieved another milestone though, recognizing it's growing status and that is in a Saturday Night Live sketch. And it's 48th season premiere, SNL more or less explains exactly how the app works. But they do it in a SNL way, showing hostages in a bank robbery demonstrating the app when they get a notification during a stickup. Everybody has to do a B Real because, you know, if you do it later, you're going to ruin everything and everyone's going to know that you didn't do it at the exact time. You have to do it right then where everyone knows you did it later, like much comedy. It's funnier if you watch the clip than me explaining it to you. But yes, I think B Real has officially arrived. Did you see this, Andrea? I haven't. I'm disappointed in myself. Are you on B Real? I'm not. Maybe I should be on it. Are you on it? I am. I am the other co-host that she was referring to. Who is on B Real. I wondered, yeah. You know my co-hosts. Some of her other co-hosts. Some of them really like B Real. Tom's been talking about B Real for, I mean, gosh, what are we talking about? Going on a year now? Yeah. And yes. And literal things I've said to Sarah about it are said by the hostages in the bank robbery situation in the SNL skit. They do a great job of covering things Sarah has said, things I have said. They're all in it. It's too invasive, Tom's like, no, no, but it doesn't have to be. They stole our lines. Maybe they were watching you all and then said, all right, here's our sketch. Here it is. I think they might have been. You could sue. Hi, Kenan. Yeah, B Real. Also, yeah, welcome back SNL. I love my Saturday nights. Also, thanks so much to you, Andrea, Jones Roy for being with us today. Let folks know where they can keep up with all that you do. Yes. If you can't get enough of me ranting about AI bias, you can follow me on the internet at Jones Roy J-O-N-E-S-R-O-O-Y on all the social medias and Jonesroy.com. Beautiful. Well, we're so glad to have you on the show today. Please come back early and often. Also, thanks to some new bosses that we got over the weekend. We've got Alex, we've got Al Spaulding, we've got Ogenefer Giro, Michael and Frank. They all just started backing us on Patreon. Big, big, big thanks to you, Alex, Al Spaulding, Ogenefer Giro, Michael and Frank. Ah, that's great. It's good to start the month strong with some new patrons. Yeah. Really appreciate that. Thanks, y'all. Feeling good, feeling good. Speaking of patrons, do stick around for our extended show, Good Day Internet. We roll right into it after DTNS wraps up, but just a reminder, we do the show live. And you can catch the show live Monday through Friday at 4 p.m. Eastern, 200 UTC. Find out more at DailyTechNewShow.com slash live. We are back tomorrow talking corporate network security with Rod Simmons. Join us. Talk to you then. This show is part of the Fraud Pants Network. Get more at FraudPants.com. Diamond Club hopes you have enjoyed this program.


Select Dan, how your decision to come to Brooklyn and the future with Brooklyn? Oh, I mean, I'm I'm still happy with my decision. I mean, this was a obviously a tough loss and now we're expected to be. But, you know, injuries are part of the game.  You know, a messed up situation.  Just proud of these guys and how hard they fought. And as far as the future, I mean, the game ended an hour ago. So I have not even thought about that. Alex Schiffer, hey, Blake, just kind of touching this a little bit, but James told us how you degrade to hamstring stream, which obviously takes a while to come back and kind of speak to what he was able to give you guys, especially getting better game over game, given how limited he was and what he was playing through. Yeah.  But mentally, I mean, to go out and have to sort of protect yourself but also give give yourself to the team. You know, I couldn't ask for, you know, a bigger sacrifice from a guy. You know, he came out when we needed him and obviously wasn't himself, but helped us a lot. Calm down, Brooklyn Nets dot com. Hey, Blake, just looking at kind of, you know, the minutes Bruce played on Middleton and you kind of match in minutes with the honest, you know, how much of a grind it out defensive mindset that the two you kind of bring to try and set the tone tonight?   And, you know, could have could have matched matched a little bit a little bit better. But Bruce does a phenomenal job. I mean, he's put every position in the book. He's guarded, you know, guys, six inches taller than him, guards some of the best, best offensive players for the team. He just has that mindset.  Christian Winfield with the New York Daily News. Hey, Blake, two quick ones for you.  And then second, given that James was rehabbing from a hamstring, how much of a gut punch was Kyree's injury when it happened?  Like, no, nobody would have, nobody would have had us going in this series. So, you know, people can say whatever they want now. But, you know, him having to play, James having to play on one leg is tough.  Like I said, I mean, it doesn't matter for us. I mean, we try to do our best to sort of help him. I just feel bad for him.  You know, has to hurt.


So the duration of a patent is 20 years and the U.S. patent is a monopoly you can use to prevent somebody else from making, using, selling or importing the idea in the United States. This monopoly lasts for 20 years after your filing date and once the 20 years are over cannot prevent anyone from using your idea. After the 20 years, your idea is considered dedicated to the public. That means that anybody else can use your idea without owning any licensing or royalty payments to you or getting your permission, but it also means that nobody else can file a patent on your idea either because it's part of the public domain. The only way they can file another patent is if they improve your idea and come up with some new, novel and non-obvious change.


RNA interference, RNAi, an evolutionary conserved mechanism for post-transcriptional gene regulation has recently advanced towards clinical trials. However, the successful translation of RNAi into clinically viable treatments requires the development of safe and effective delivery systems. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems offer promising solutions to address the challenges associated with RNAi delivery. This review focuses on the major hurdles in achieving efficient RNAi delivery and highlights recent advancements in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for targeted RNAi therapeutics. This article was authored by John C. Burnett, John J. Rossi, Jojo, and others.


What is up everybody welcome back to the channel you guys shout out to Japhil and shout out to the godfather magician These two people right here loyal subscribers been with me for a minute for a hot minute and I'm just going through so many freaking comments, man, and I apologize. I haven't I haven't got to this video just yet But dropping the bomb right now for you guys I'm gonna just kind of break down a Question here which led to the godfather wanting to kind of know the same thing as well So I'm gonna kind of just show you how I do it and how it's done You know in 2021 and beyond with with Facebook ads and landing pages They're just simply commenting on a video that I dropped this video is kind of I think it's an older video This but I mean shit is same same, you know same strategy same same stuff applies So I'm gonna try to answer the question as best as I can in today's you know world but a lot of the shit's still the same So let me see this video was Was dropped on Let's see April 19th 2020 so From this one video alone not much has changed other than that the updates on the Facebook Business manager side but again, I'll touch on that and and and really try to make some sense of this one So let's break down his question real quick Great vid, but can you make an updated 2021 video the platform has changed a little bit? Added one or two new things. Also, I would love to see what you do to complete a full ad For example, I am not sure how many interests I should have and also what estimated daily reach should aim for great questions, man First of all what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna I'm gonna link at the end of this video I'll also link it in the description Video that I just dropped a couple days ago on on on the new business manager So the the new Iowa the new Apple iOS 14 Updates when it comes to the Facebook business manager, okay? I have a full-blown video full-blown training I'm coaching a couple clients through that whole setup. So I'm gonna rather than going through all that right now Because I want to I want to really answer and and really unpack your other questions here I'll just link that video. So so when it comes to this one this first one The updated 2021 a little has changed added a two more Added one or two more things. Yeah, for sure that that is is the whole Apple iOS update thing So I have a full-blown video linked right below that will teach you everything about that Okay, also, I'd love to see what you do to complete a full ad for example. I am not sure how many interest, okay? With that one as well with that one as well I'll link a video below where I'm walking I'm walking a client through how to set up multiple ad sets So what you really want to do is when you start running when you start running conversion ads Okay conversion ads when you go to the ads manager you click on the green button You click on create and then you go to the ad objectives right traffic engagement video views lead generation if you're in the business of capturing leads if you're in the business of making cells and or if you're in the business of Scheduling appointments. So if you're trying to get clients to schedule appointments with you then That's the third one. So if you're in if you're in the business of those three Objectives lead capture making cells schedule and appointments Conversions is what you want to be running. Okay, so when you go into the click on the green button You go into the objectives. It's conversions. Okay When you go into that section and you and you set that that first step up that first step Yeah, the the objective you choose conversions. Then you go into the second step, which is ad sets Okay, that's your ad set level. That's step number two In that in that second step When you're running conversion ads, what you want to do is you want to separate your interest So right here. I am not sure how many interests I should have What you want to do what a lot of rookies do is they'll put in a ton of interest in that one ad set, right? So so as you go into the detail targeting you're putting in Health you're putting in wellness. You're putting in people interested in in diet You're putting people who follow this health magazine. You're you're you're putting in people who are following weight loss programs You're you're you're typing in an interest of people following Any of the of the top weight loss professionals, right? You're putting in and packing in a ton of interest in that one detail targeting That's how you don't want to do it. That's what rookies do. Okay, so when it comes to this question it comes down to It's up to you But how you're going to do it is you're going to separate them and that's multiple ad sets So for example, if you're in the health and wellness field I would run the ad I would go again conversions Go to the second step which is ad set where you put in the budget you put in the calendar date you put in The detail targeting your demographics. That's all on the second step. That's your ad set But if we're in the health and wellness space Let's say for example How many interest let's say we go with five, okay Now again, we're not going to take the five interest and bulk them all in and bunch them all in and and add all five of them We're going to take the five and separate them We're going to create five separate ad sets. Okay five separate interests five set up independently Individually separate. Okay. That's multiple ad sets. So again, I'm going to link a video for that Right below how to set up multiple ad sets that will help you with that but when it comes down to it is There's two different ways you can take let's say we have five interest keywords, right? How many interests let's say we have five you can have 10 15 20. It's up to you can have freaking 60 It's up to you, but here's how it really plays out Let's say we just have five we bunch all the five in and then and then we're running at five bucks a day When you do it that way, you don't know which one keyword which interest keyword out of the five You don't know which one it is that popped. Okay, you're running five five bucks a day You're targeting five different Interest keywords. You don't know which is the one that's giving you an ROI. That's the rookie way That's why what you want to do is you want to set up multiple ad sets You want to create five ad sets if we have five interest words We're going to set up all five of them individually and it's going to be its own ad set But here's where again, you got to be in it to win it. You got to put money in you got to put skin in the game Because it's going to cost you more when you run it the right way. It's only going to cost you more upfront for a few days Okay, so here's how it how it works The five interest words are now set up Separately. Okay, all the same same ad same everything same ad everything The only difference is how we're setting up we're setting up the five interest words separately Which now has its own separate daily budget So what rookies will do is they'll put five bucks a day 10 bucks a day Whatever and they'll bunch all these different keywords in i'm telling you not to do that Again, the video will be in the in the description. All right Watch that video how to set up multiple ad sets Because the real way you want to do it is you want to take these again and separate them But now as we create multiple ad sets for five different keywords We're now spending five bucks a day times five Right. So now again, you want to play with the big boys. This is how we're playing Now i'm at 25 bucks a day And again, that's why most most most don't want to do that most can't do that most can afford to do it Whatever the excuse is some are legitimate some are not you have to be in it to win it, but again It's only for a few days. So as you run that you're now running five bucks a day times five five bucks For each word for each interest keyword, right? But you're only going to be running that for three days Now again, that's costing you 75 bucks to do it But here's what ends up happening in three days by the fourth day You're going to see the one ad set.   It'd be appointments or it'd be leads You're you have five of them running By the time the fourth day hits you're looking at the metrics and the four that do not perform that are not performing the best You shut off and you let the one ride that is okay That's multiple ad sets.  You got to separate them. That's multiple ad sets You got to be running conversion ads if again your capturing leads making cells or freaking looking for appointments It's conversions So hopefully that address that again watch the video in the description that will make a lot more sense As I as I take a client through through that training also the estimated daily reach I should aim for so It's not the it's not the daily reach It's not the daily reach that you really need to care about because it is what it is Whatever the reach is whatever your your your niche whatever the audience whatever Whatever it is. It's up to you what it really comes down to is your daily budget.  It is what it is now You don't want to just target a freaking one zip code, right?   You want to be targeting more of a broader area Even if it is local You want to target the city you don't want to target the the micro city like for example I'm out here in san diego, right?  I'm in california. I'm in san diego San diego. There's over three million people san diego, right quote unquote san diego There's a little over three million people but in san diego. There's a shitload of micro cities Many of them. I live in a micro city in san diego I'm in chula vista a micro city in san diego. So in my case You got we got chula vista, right? That's that that's the micro city and then and then in this micro city There's a shitload of zip codes. The city is actually big. In fact, you know what? Let me Let me let me look at the population right here so population in chula Vista, okay So the population is two hundred and sixty eight thousand. Okay So In chula vista it's it's micro micro micro micro micro You got san diego and then the micro city is chula vista in chula vista There's micro zip codes now. It's all chula vista two hundred and sixty eight thousand. That's chula vista But there's a shitload of zip codes and it's and it's actually a big city I can't just walk around in the city. I got a drive, right?   That's my city. I'm in chula vista.  If I had a small business and I have a you know storefront And I'm open open for business and a lot of my business comes from this surrounding area, which is just a couple zip codes I can target that area And and have a have x amount as a potential reach or I could just target the whole damn city Which I probably would because again It's not a big deal. It's it's it's the whole city anyone in the damn city can come to my business I'm only a few miles away from anybody in the damn two sixty eight so I'll just run an ad to the whole damn city and have a potential reach of two hundred and sixty eight thousand but again As I go and set up my ad It may not show me that because the potential reach is based on my budget So even if my budget was was ten bucks a day It'll give me a certain potential reach if my budget was 15 or 20 bucks a day It'll give me a more higher potential reach if my if my budget was only three bucks a day It'll give me a smaller potential reach.  I would target two sixty eight I would target the whole whole city But again, that's not going to be my potential reach because the potential reach is really based off the budget Okay, so how do you let me break this down even further? So how do you even determine your budget? Here's what you want to do on the budget The budget should be based around your product or service So if I'm selling a product and my product is a hundred bucks Every time someone buys it A hundred dollars comes into the business whether it's net or profit or I mean, excuse me whether it's net or revenue Let's look at the revenue Right, the net is how much you take home from that from that, right? I would look at the revenue a hundred dollars. The transaction was a hundred bucks.   Then we're for sure freaking profiting But but if you're just making mouse in it and spending five bucks a day To make and here's what a lot of people do Especially real estate agents shout out to every real estate agent.  It's like what you make five to six grand per deal You're making three four grand per deal.  Are you kidding me? 150 150 bucks a month.  Mathematically makes sense makes absolutely zero sense A person if you're me if you're real estate example If if every time I close a client Help a client sell a house help a client buy a house and I make A minimum of four grand How am I not spending four grand?  How much do you make when you sell a product or service? How much does that make not the net on what you take home the revenue Of what comes in on the transaction You have to look at that and that has to either determine your daily budget or your monthly budget Okay, depend on your product or service or how your how how the transaction is structured How you're how you're making the money right how how it comes in and what type of business your your real overall Process is what's the freaking what do we make what do we make per client? What do we make what do we make per customer what I'm saying is spend that per day or spend that per month You have to be thinking bigger. Okay, because again, if you can spend that Real estate example if I can spend 4,000 a month and if all I got was one freaking client from it How do I lose? I don't What if I got two clients? What if I got three clients? What if I got four clients? What if I spent four thousand dollars this month on facebook ads? I got four clients and each client I made a minimum of four thousand each I just made 16 grand on four thousand So break it down Drop a zero What if I spent 400 for the month and I'm making 400 Per customer or per client right so I just got in four clients I made 1600 off of a 400 spend on facebook ads you have to be looking at that way where Worst-case scenario if I just got one customer I broke even or if I just got one client I broke even you have to do the math and the ad spend that way. Okay, so I hope that made sense on that joe feel. Thank you so much for your question And again, I apologize if this video is coming out a little late I just been swamped man on my grind doing the damn thing speaking to people every damn day on this shit and and and Just trying to stay trying to stay up to date with with everything that's going on But yeah, uh, based on your your first two, you know questions There's two videos in the description. Okay, and one will be coming up at the end of this video But just the links are in the description The updates the two new things the updates and then also the ad sets. I'm gonna link both of those videos below. Okay Um So hopefully that made sense on everything else and then I got my boy down here the godfather magician Um This one right here who said did you make a video any link? And one question does my landing page need some kind of terms and conditions like the lead up form For facebook regulations. Very good question. Very very good question. This is let me show you this real quick Still this part from your from me right here you guys This right here this okay, so this right here is a simple page that I run ads to right But down here This right here is what you want. So you for sure if you're running facebook ads to If you're running facebook ads if you're running facebook ads Rule number one is that the link needs to be your custom domain So you can't just run facebook ads to any random link anymore Okay, let me let me show you an example um Let me go to facebook real quick As I scroll through the news feed, let's look at what my friends are up to what everyone's doing and then I come across a Sponsored ad austin. Here's his ad right when I click on learn more Actually, he's running a freaking lead form. Let's see if anyone else is running an ad to a page um Learn more so shout out to peng june. This dude freaking crushes it This guy right here. He's taking me to a link Let me show you um right here Before we used to be able to run an ad Okay A conversion ad to a landing page and before this used to be Used to be able to have any link right here as long as that's your page right your click funnels your cart your page Whatever your lead page your freaking kajabi, whatever As long as that's your page, then um, you can run a facebook ad to it So no matter what the link set up here You were fine With this new apple ios update this link needs to be yours Okay, that needs to be your custom domain that you get from go daddy or name cheap or whatever That's rule number one. So so going back to over here um Landing page needs some kind of terms and conditions. This is the first one This link needs to be yours that link needs to be integrated with facebook So again the link in the description will walk you through That update with apple ios and how to how to integrate your domain. I have a full blown video. That's in the description That's one of the two in the description That that will walk you through how to how to do that part. Okay, but that that's number one And then yes, if you're running ads to a landing page or any page You need these at the bottom and i'm pretty sure that paying has has them for sure Which is the support the terms of use And he doesn't have a privacy policy, which is very interesting Because I know this guy crushes it and he doesn't have maybe it's just terms of view set that that he gets by with But normally you need a privacy policy on this page for sure So back to the page that I run ads to I have my privacy policy the terms of use and the and the disclaimer So that's what you want right there. Um And in fact what i'll do is i'll link these below as well So you'll see you'll see mine most of them are very generic like you can you can google Um privacy policy generator and you can see that all of them are pretty much the same like even with this dude over here paying Let me click on his Like if I click on his terms of service, they're all the same like no matter what company like they're all the same Like terms of use terms overview all this bullshit all this freaking legal jargon It's all the same shit, you know, so so there's there's apps online There's there's there's companies online. You can type in free Privacy policy generator and and and and find a company that can do it that does it for free and you just you know Fill in the information and they generate it for you.   So that's what you need for sure. Um now on your facebook business page On your facebook business page you want to you you need to include that as well So your privacy policy needs to be on your facebook business page. Okay, so That's set up over here. Let me show you where that's at. So if I click on Should be over here if I click on settings And then I go to general it should be under the general. Um I know when you set the page up It's somewhere in here page info might be page info Actually, yeah, it's page info. So if you scroll down, you'll see it right Here, where did it go? Where did it go? Where did it go? It's this one right here, bam privacy policy Okay, so if you go to your page click on page info This is where that link to your privacy policy needs to go It needs to be a privacy policy on your facebook business page And then and then on the actual, um landing page that you're running facebook ads to It needs to be there as well privacy policy terms of use and disclaimer And what I would also do is add this little Find print right here at the bottom.  I'll paste this right in the description as well So you'll see this right in the description. It doesn't hurt to add this Not all of them have this like this dude over here paying. He doesn't have that but Coaches that I follow and mentors that I that I follow and learn from This is what they have at the bottom of their page. Okay, so that cannot hurt And again, it's in it's in fine print. So it doesn't you know throw off anybody It doesn't distract anyone. It's just right there for facebook compliance if if if needed But I'll I'll paste that at the end. I'll paste that in the description. I'll link These links in the description as well so you can copy my my legal pages And that's it and and again, you're just you're just driving you're driving it to A link that you own. Okay, that's the big big thing right there So hopefully that made sense to you guys and I use cartridge for everything So my my my landing pages my email automation my my privacy policy all my pages my online calendar Everything I I use cartridge for at all. So Right below there's a 14 day 14 day trial profit with cartridge dot online Activate a 14 day trial compare it to the landing page software that you're using today Most of these softwares out there are just that one specific software landing pages I'm spending a hundred bucks a month just for landing pages I use cartridge because cartridge has everything all for the same hundred bucks So I got my landing pages my email auto responder my online calendar I host my online membership course. I host my videos.  I do all in one. That's cartridge. Okay, so I highly encourage you is to activate a 14 day trial Compare it to what you currently are using and see if it doesn't change your life See if it doesn't change your business. See if it doesn't save you a ton of money and headache every single month on these services I also host um two live Online q&a's I do a zoom every monday and wednesday at 1 p.m. Pacific time It's a group zoom where I get everyone that that activates their 14 day trial And I literally walk you through how to set it up how to get off to a fast start how to navigate through the cartridge system And all that stuff. So right when you activate your 14 day trial, you'll get an email from me With all that information the detail is the time the link for the zoom call All that but you got my back you got my support to help you really take that software and take your business to the next level online Okay, so hopefully that made sense you guys again check for all the links in the description um The godfather magician add those terms and conditions the links are in the description add your privacy policy And and and drive conversion ads man conversion ads to a landing page And capture all the leads your heart can possibly imagine. All right guys, so anything else man Comment below ask me some questions and if you guys are new to the channel. My name is david. I'm out here in san diego I've been building a social media agency since 2016 And a digital product business online here using cartridge and obviously a youtube channel So if you're into social media marketing facebook advertising and just making money online subscribe man Smash the bell for notifications and drop me a comment below Let me know what kind of business you got going on and let me know how I can help you On line. All right guys. I'll see you in the next video over now


Hello lads, welcome back to the Swedish history series. I am checking in from a an iron age fortress, so this was in use during the four or five hundreds AD, so a bit earlier than the Viking Age and there is a little legend about this fortress that There lived a woman here who inherited a large fortune from her father and she had a lot of suitors Who perhaps they were out for the inheritance as well who knows but she spurned the mall and one day There came a raiding party and sacked the castle Might be some truth to it even though it's a legend. I don't know But what I do know is if you look around you hear it's quite far from the coast But during that time during the Iron Age and Viking Age the sea level was much higher than it is today so this was actually connected to the sea and The next location I will show in this video was also connected to the sea So right now this is out in the forest basically, but back in the day it was an important a hub where you could go Out into Viking or you could trade and stuff so a lot more connected back then so that is Where I'm at an Iron Age fortress, so yeah, you can have a look around Common sequence this place and then we'll move on to another place, which you might Be familiar with since I've taken a lot of pictures there Just are watching so make sure they are admiring what they see so you might recognize this epic room stone right here and Where I am at right now is just as the other place It was connected to the sea back in the day, but now it's just a lake a little a little walk further in that direction and What was happening here you ask? Yes, it was a ting so a ting was basically a Meeting place slash council basically where men got together to decide on matters of law So if someone had an errand, yeah, you took it up with the thing So our kills tingsta is what this place is called and of course since this is quite central and connected to the sea it was a quite well visited thing and a lot of powerful men came here with their supporters to do lawfare against each other if Some predicament had a card So that is basically what I wanted to show in this video Just showing some sights in the nice nature on to the next site Greetings and salutations. I am checking in with my good friend survived the jibe. That's right. That's right Frace of power that we use here. So basically I will link his video as well I have recommended his channel for a long time. I will do so again very good content. So we are at a Bronze age Petroglyph, so I will show that now and I don't know which video I will end up using this material in but I'm sure it's a great video Anyway, so yeah, have a look at this absolutely aesthetic thing So I'm actually not quite sure how much of it you can see because of the light But it looks quite aesthetic from from where I'm looking now at least so yeah a lot of Epic finds here, so I just thought to check in with that except so


Alright, I just gotta say something about this Patreon situation. This thing is getting ridiculous, and it's the same battle I've been fighting forever. Okay.  It's a huge problem because a lot of what Patreon is, is because of all these people who've joined and brought audience. Like, we've basically built Patreon up into this big successful thing.  I don't like what you're saying. So it's a problem. They're breaking the deal. Now you can forget about who they've kicked off recently, or how we need to react, and all this craziness going on around it right now.  And it's the same thing. Like, every time there's a problem. Okay, so Patreon's causing a problem. Now they're getting pressured by their... by the credit card companies and PayPal. I don't know. Like, whoever's making their business work, they're sending them pressure. And those people are getting pressure from higher up. And their bosses are getting pressure from the next bosses. And you follow this pipeline all the way up.  And that dude up in the sky, the dude on the toilet, does not want the best for us. This is just the same thing over and over and over. We're all being crapped on. And I... and sitting here and arguing amongst ourselves about, ah, it's Patreon's fault. No, it's the credit card company. No, it's your fault for not getting off Patreon. No, it's your fault for staying on. No, it's your fault for fighting over it wrong. Your fault...  Now they do this trying to manipulate all of us. And all they're trying to do is to figure out what kind of turds they have to send to us to trick us into enslaving ourselves. So let's analyze this latest situation. They're doing whatever they need to to trickle down to get people kicked off Patreon. People who are specifically speaking up for free speech and fighting for freedom. That's who they're targeting. Very clearly. So they kick one of these people off. And it can be Sargon of Assad or Lauren Southern or any of these other people who've been kicked off in the last, I don't know, year. I've even gotten an adult rating on my channel. I don't even swear on my channel. Half my audience is parents and their kids, but no, I get an adult rating. Apparently I'm on their radar or something. Whatever.  So the dude in his toilets getting reports back. Okay, this guy who's fighting for freedom, Sargon of Akkad. I don't know anything about him. But I know these four free speech and I think he needs to have the free speech. And I made this video two years ago about free speech. And I have to say I was disgusted at how many people were defending getting rid of free speech. No, you have to have free speech or else freedom is done. Okay.   We've just taken one of these peoples, we've taken one of the enemies' fundings away. And Sargon is trying to make life difficult for Patreon, which is a completely reasonable reaction because they've wronged him and now he's trying to make it difficult for them. And in the process of all this, a whole bunch of other people are leaving Patreon, right?  This is the people who care about freedom who are fighting for free speech. This isn't people who don't care about this. This is the important people who are leaving and their fans and the people who support them.   They've been, they've all been set back like a year. So in a couple more months, let's do this again. Just when everyone calms down, let's do it again. Then they're doing this to us. Now the worst possible outcome of this situation is that people who are supporting, who are being supportive on Patreon, and now I'm going to dump this all on the end user, and I don't mean to dump it all on you. I'm just pointing it out that whenever these things happen, it's always the end user who has all the power. And the end user never realizes it. Not never, but usually doesn't realize it. So the worst possible situation is people pull their support from Patreon and just leave it at that because they've taken their hard earned money and donated it to someone voluntarily, which is a very, that's a big thing in this culture. They voluntarily given up their hard earned money and they've just been slapped in the face for it. So yeah, just turn around and walk away. The problem with that is that the net result is that all the people who are fighting for free speech, fighting for your freedoms, they've all been taken from. They've all lost something. They've lost part of their ability to fight for your freedom and to fight for free speech. Now the best situation that can happen is everyone who's supporting someone on Patreon. If you feel that Patreon has caused a problem or somehow you feel like you need to do something, which is completely understandable. I think a lot of people feel that way and it's yes. You should take your support from Patreon and go directly to the person's website because like almost all these people have websites. I have a website where you can donate directly to me. You can do Bitcoin and PayPal. You can even click a button to send good vibes and the good vibes counter is like six figures. It's amazing. So anyway, take your support from Patreon and then send it to people directly because then the dude who's crapping on everybody in the toilet looks down and says, oh, I just crapped on all those people and it didn't really have a very good effect in making them do what I wanted to do. If anything, there's kind of a backlash because now the people fighting for freedom and fighting for free speech are actually getting more money because they're not having to give Patreon a cut. And the really best result of this would be that every time we get crapped on like this, people just like increase their support of people who are resisting that stuff. So that's about all I have to say about this Patreon situation. It's such a headache. I have important things I need to do and I'm still fighting for everyone's freedom and free speech as much as I can. Regardless of how this Patreon thing goes, and I don't know if I should get off or on, but really the responsibility, the most power is in the end user. You guys can really decide. So I'm just trying to make it as easy as possible for people to donate to me in various different ways. It's up to you guys to choose how to do that and how to support anyone else you're supporting. Okay, I gotta go.


So, this is a convenient unit which units are 1 over m. So, 1 over meters is the unit of diopters and what it tells you is the converging it can also express diverging power of a lens. So, how hard does this lens work to bend rays and in which direction? So, if I have parallel rays coming in and I have let us say a really thin lens here that is so thin that I am not going to draw it and then these rays converge to some point here and that is supposed to meet. Let us suppose this distance and this is a simple example let me write 20 centimeters. So, the focal length is 20 centimeters the diopter is just going to be the inverse of that. So, it is just 1 over f. So, in this simple example we would have a 5 diopter lens which we write as 5 capital D. So, this is a 5 diopter lens 5 diopter lens. So, in general we write 1 over focal length D diopter. So, you can think of it as you know if I were to perform this operation over and over again I took parallel rays converge them to a point and then start with parallel rays again and converge them to a point this tells me how many times in a row I could keep converging parallel rays inside of a meter right one way to look at it I do not know if that is helpful or not I find it helpful. So, it gives me you know the the higher this number is the more times I could converge parallel rays in a small amount of space inside of 1 meter let us say right. If this is less than 1 what does that mean if it is between 0 and 1 let us say between 0 and 1 not including 0 what would that mean it is going to take more than a meter to converge those rays. So, they may eventually converge, but it will take a while and if it is equal to 0 what does it mean.  If we have the case of a diverging lens. So, for a diverging lens we get negative 1 over f diopters. So, you can just write a negative number and. So, that will correspond to the amount of divergence and if you remember this picture here. So, I guess in this case the focal point would be written as this f here is written as a positive number and then you make it negative there for diopter we could have instead made this assigned number and said f is negative for diverging lens it is just a convention. And so, as you see the stronger the divergent power of this lens the closer the focal point will be to the center of the lens correct to the central axis of the lens here. So, and so that makes good sense right. So, if you had a diverging lens of negative 100 diopters where would this focal point be be like 1 centimeter away I think from the left side of the lens right assuming this thing has 0 thickness and does not get in the way of the lens itself right ok. So, there is one very nice property about using diopters and this is why optometrists prefer to it to use it. Those of you who have prescription glasses may have heard a lot of discussion about diopters and such in correcting your vision. And what is nice is that in combining lenses or interfaces I will say interfaces between media the overall power is d equals d 1 plus d 2 plus d 3 plus dot dot dot.  So, that makes the algebra very simple. So, an optometrist does not have to pull out a calculator do some very complicated calculations and algebra and all these kinds of things right by calculating 1 over and then adding and then pulling it 1 over again. So, using diopters just makes it very easy to reason about the power of a sequence of lenses that are arranged in space and it will work even if they are combining converging and diverging lenses. So, I think that is very nice right. So, so once you have done this 1 over f conversion or minus 1 over f conversion in the diverging case then you just add up these d values and it ends up being very nice. Questions about that? Let me talk a little bit about the structure of the human eye and I will tell you what the diopter of the human eye is. Anybody know the diopter of the human eye? Anybody want to guess? 40? 20. Pretty good right. So, the diameter of the eye ball is around 20 millimeters. So, that means the focal length should be around that roughly and if the focal length is around that then maybe some ballpark estimate would be 1 over the focal length which should be about 50 right. Isn't that interesting right because you have parallel light rays coming in let us say and you have to focus them on the retina. So, let us look at this picture. I was kind of hoping this one would be looking to the side like our eyes normally do, but this is an eye ball looking straight up. So, the light is coming in from the top, the rays of light pass into the cornea then there is this liquid area here. You may feel sometimes like your eyes are dried out especially if you are dehydrated. So, the aqueous humor corresponds to a liquid area where the liquid is very frequently refreshed for cleaning purposes let us say. And in through your pupil the light goes you have a lens which is called the lens. This lens is controllable. So, you have muscles that can squeeze this lens or contract the lens and that will change its diopter and then that will change the diopter of the entire system. If you are older this happens roughly in people's late forties on average. Then the ability to change the shape of this lens will start to deteriorate it is why older people have reading glasses right. So, you have automatic high powered reading glasses built into your eyes if you are young and eventually you will lose that. So, sorry that is the way it works. So, the light comes in and then it eventually hits the retina. It has to travel through this other liquid here called the vitreous humor. There is nothing funny about it, but it is its humor is the kind of liquid I think in the Latin. And it hits the retina. Notice how the retina is curved all the way around like this. So, that is different from projection screens or camera imaging systems that we tend to make because things in engineering I said this before in engineering we tend to like rectangles and flat surfaces and things like that. I know people are getting wild with curved screens now and you know in the industry and so they are trying to break out of the mold. But just notice that the images that are projected onto our retina are actually being projected onto a curved screen, but it is ok the entire optical system is designed for that. And the part of greatest concentration where we can receive the most information in the highest density is at the fovea. Because of that we end up rotating our eyes very frequently. There are some other reasons why we rotate our eyes and I am going to get into these kinds of details, but I just wanted to point out that while I am talking about focal lengths and focal planes and I will be talking about images forming. Keep in mind that your eye is an optical system. Now let me say a couple of things about its optical power and then I will talk a bit about image formation probably after the break. So, if we look at this top part and we have light coming in through the cornea, travels through this aqueous humor, goes through this hole which is the pupil, then traverses the lens, then traverses the vitreous humor. So, it looks like there are 5 different materials that are relevant here. Let me try to draw a picture of that a little bit. So, we have the cornea, we have out here air assuming you are not swimming under water while we are talking about this, which will of course, affect your vision. Then we have the aqueous, then we have there is the pupil where the light comes in and then there is a lens on the back side here. So, this is the lens. So, the rays of light that are coming in, I am not pretty sure I cannot draw all the bendings correctly here, comes in like that let us say right and eventually has to go back and hit I guess I have drawn an enormous eyeball here. So, it has to hit the retina back here somewhere right. So, let us look at the refractive indices of these various materials. So, there is air out here which I will call N 1, I will have N 2 for the cornea, I will have N 3 in the aqueous, I will have N 4 for the lens and I will have N 5 for the vitreous, which is a it is also kind of liquid or more like gelatinous let us say material. So, what is interesting as well is that once the light hits the cornea, it never really sees air again right, it goes through all this liquid gelatinous stuff and then ends up on your retina, which I find kind of interesting right. So, it is not like the optical systems that we build in engineering. So, here are the refractive indices air is well about 1, when I looked up these numbers it was 1.009, I am sure it depends on things like altitude and humidity and other things, but I am no expert on that. Two, the cornea is 1.376 and three, the aqueous or ocular fluid is 1.336. So, not too different. So, there is not too much of a change going from the cornea to the aqueous and four lens 1.4. So, a little more significant change there and then vitreous is similar to the aqueous. So, N5 is 1.337 ok, who knows what the precision is here is essentially the same I think. So, air, cornea, aqueous, lens and vitreous. Notice where the biggest transition occurs, where is that at? So, air to cornea. So, actually the optical power, the convergence power that is greatest in your optical system is at the cornea. So, your cornea is doing more work to bend light than any of the rest of these including the lens, which I find quite amazing. So, that is that surprises me and I remember emphasizing this over and over again to my students before in teaching this class and they still get it wrong on the test every time. So, be careful the cornea is the place where the greatest bending power happens, the greatest amount of refraction happens in the eye's optical system. So, if you combine all of these, if you go through and do the math which I am not doing here, the total power of the eye's optical system is 59.52 diopters, which corresponds to a focal length of 16.8 millimeters right.  If I just go and buy some lenses online somewhere you know which I have a set of lenses here if you want to play during the break by the way. If you just go buy some standard lenses chances are they are not so highly curved as to achieve nearly 60 diopters right. So, the optical system that we have in our eyes is very very powerful. Any questions?


Hi everyone, Joe for jasmiescasebreaks.com coming at you with a one-box break of Immaculate Basketball this edition right here high-risk high reward In this one box break, but pretty fun stuff big. Thanks this group Thank you for buying your spot straight up that group up there and congrats again to the winners in those two filler breaks down there All 30 teams are in it's roll it randomized names and teams six and a three nine times one two Four six and three more times seven eight and ninth and final time After nine we got the sheer down to map six into three nine times For the teams two three four five six Seven eight and ninth and final time After nine we've got okc Down to the Sixers All right Bashir with the okc thunder Anthony with the heat Eric K with the jazz Jose with the trailblazers Playing my Lakers right now Matt with the calves Bashir with the nuggets Eric with the spurs Logan with the Celtics Rudy with the Nets Alan You got my Lakers and the Pacers Josh with the Kings Logan with the Mavs Louis with the Suns and the Bucks Jose with the T Wolves Bashir with the Charlotte Hornets Ben with the Pelicans Ryan with the Knicks Bashir with the rappers Anthony with the Gris Louis with the Rockets Michael with the Clippers Bashir with the Washington Wizards Russell with the Hawks Louis with the Warriors Jose with the Pistons John with the Magic Michael with the Bulls and Matt with the Philadelphia 76ers let's sort by alphabetically by team and While you're considering trades. Let's see which box we're gonna do So we numbered all the boxes now. We're left with box one and box three Here's what I'm gonna do We're gonna select a die. Let's like that one We'll go one two three for the top box and four five six on the dice roll for the bottom box And it's one top box and And this we're gonna save for pick your team 15, which is already on the site right now Random team 15, you know what I meant You go random team 15 And I think that this is the last immaculate basketball box we have in the shop for for now We may be getting more But for now that might be it so if you want to run that back we can definitely do it tonight I think we're selling 10 full spots couple fillers And then we'll be in breaksville rather quickly on jazby's case grace calm Celtics up for trades is Logan I'm gonna pause the video right now when we come back We're gonna see if there's any offers for Logan Celtics and then we will have this one box break stick around be right back All right, welcome back everybody No one offered any anything for Logan Celtic So I guess Logan's like you just got to pull me the Jason Tatum logo man now at this point I'd be crazy out of a one box break And a random team you never know ladies and gentlemen, this is why This is why we get into all these group breaks Some green on green over there. You see that green that Celtic screen. Let's use this blank card here Slow play the hits a little bit First one out of the gate is Devin Vassel 7 out of 10 Spurs that'll be for Eric K and San Antonio top loaders. All right next is Enos Cantor 59 out of 99 Piece of his jersey going to Portland. It's gonna be for Jose and the trailblazers We got Peyton Pritchard jersey numbers 37 out of 50 for the Celtics Logan tried to trade couldn't trade mojo for the Raptors Freddy Gillespie one out of 99 rookie auto for Bashir and the Toronto Raptors a couple more here. We have Mason Jones for the Sixers 65 out of 99 That's for Matt in Philadelphia and last but not least It's a Celtic. It's two-color patch on cart autograph 11 out of 25 Peyton Pritchard rookie patch and auto for Logan and the Celtics Tried to trade couldn't trade mojo and with the spot that you won in a filler pack Not bad not bad at all Thanks for watching everybody. Remember we got another one box break in the store on Jaspies case breaks comm Could be some monsters in that last box. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


So these, so Carles here representing technology partners. I have, I present for the first time. So we have done a user survey regarding integrations where I also ask the users a few questions about their tasks and the model functionality in general. These next slide please. So this was answered by teachers, by model administrators, by learning designers. Next please. And regarding industries. So they were a number of mixed industries, but as you see here, so higher rate corporate K to 12 and government finding number two on which tasks do users spend most time and which tasks do they think it could be run more efficiently? I wrote here effectively. Creation of content materials. Again, model administration, course maintenance and grading. In the, so continuing the list, creating quizzes, creating reports, migrating courses and roll over. So course maintenance, but specifically this part and automatic checks for accessibility so that when people create content, they are sure that they meet some accessibility criteria. That was also a request. Next please. The other quotes slide. Content authoring tools within the LMS. Obviously there are some, but they were pretty clear on that request. So that's one. And in this direction also integrate tools to instantly convert PowerPoint or docs into an interactive lesson or book. So essentially making it easier for people to create content. Next slide, please. Thank you. Regarding areas of integration now. So I'm leaving the part of model questions and moving into specifically the part that is related to things that the users understand. They don't want model to deliver this with better partner with the tools they're already using. There are colors on the table. So I think there is clarity that regardless of the sector in which people are active and also if you see in the full report regardless of the role, there are very clear trends. Most request to think content creation tools which was a surprise. So things that help them shape beautiful looking courses. Second item, video conferencing tools maybe more expected or virtual classroom as our default big button, but many others. And third position for voting tool. So real time interaction with the students. The list goes on. So gamification tools, analytics, integrations to content to MOOCs, social networks, ERM assessment, there is you can read a lot more about it if you want to in the link that is afterwards. Next please. And the final finding that I wanted to present here was specific tools. So the tools that came up most were H5P, Zoom, Office, Kahoot, Articulate. So some of the chapters that we have seen before like for content creation, some for video conferencing. Next cloud for the CMS, which is not so obvious and also something that we had planned to tackle in the technology partners team, but we are not been able to start on this and some other tools, but mainly on these areas that were already there.