Hello, I'm Steve and welcome to Retro Tech. If this is your first time on the channel I'd please appreciate it if you would consider maybe subscribing or if you do like the content also like the video and we always Appreciate feedback so comments are always welcome So today's episode. I want to look at something very special Recently I had a collection of toys given to me. This was handed down to me from my grandparents and my father These it was a large collection of toys I've taken out what I consider to be the better parts of them. There's a lot of things from the 60s but some of them I found was this box of Vintage Matchbox series cars These were in a container like this. They've been sitting there for decades And a lot of them all of these were actually still in their original boxes. I even got the original manual for that year 67 and They were A lot of them are in great shape the boxes are still in great shape I just want to show you how I handle this kind of a collection in case something like this happens to you you could either start collecting these or I'll show you what I ended up doing and let's first take a closer look at some of the better toys This is a closer look at these matchbox series cars and There were about 30 of them There was this nice Collectors catalog USA edition which had been filled in checked out some very colorful still looks great for its age And not missing any pages in pretty good condition so This was just something that stood out to me. There were a lot of Kind of special Special ones here that I thought I'd show you first some of them are not not too sought after But they they are pretty neat This one was kind of sought after it's a Land Rover and some of them had one side missing out of the box But even with that it does have a pretty good value on some of these they were ranging from anywhere from 10 to You know up towards of some people were asking $60 $70 a piece for some of these rare ones, but you see they're extra Clean a lot of them some are in rough shape But this is a good example of one of the cleaner ones is Land Rover a really high quality toy These were originally manufactured by Lesney and that's actually in in England. You can see right there Every single one of them very high quality toys. I Can see why they lasted over 50 years to this point and some of them some of them were even designed to do mechanical motions like this dump truck or this trash truck here and So what do you do when you get all these things you find this and somebody says they want to give it to you They're gonna throw it out or maybe you see it at a yard sale and you think maybe I should buy that and Do something with it? Well the best way to get the most money is going to be online sales Most likely through eBay and a bay Does charge you some fees? Please realize they charge you 13% nearly with PayPal and eBay fees off whatever you're charging and So you need to remember that when you're trying to sell something that 13% of it's going to be taken away and fees right off the right at the beginning and So if you can find some other way to sell it, they'll be nice the way to get the most money is to be patient try to price your products the right way and Then you can price your products the right way and then you can just Use a buy it now and Wait for a buyer to come along and want the exact item that you have I'm actually gonna I've got these all Listed at the time of this video on eBay and I just started them all at 99 cents a piece for an auction because I was trying to test and see Kind of the interest and some of these are really cool like this race car here I mean just great condition look at these toys. These are amazing shape. This is an old Ferrari. That's just beautiful and for the age so Again sewn on eBay. There there are the fee to drawbacks and then you do have to worry about Customer service and make it sure your listings are all done with a lot of details and correctly But the good thing about eBay is you can sell worldwide So you're not just limited to the To the area That you know, you would be able to sell this maybe locally look at this old Volkswagen van Just great toy. Look at the doors open up beautiful inside table in there Great colored glass plastic And just a top quality toy. They just don't make them like this obviously anymore But that'll be one of the more solid after ones things like this anything that looks kind of iconic Is a good one? This one's pretty cool. It's a little record truck You do want to check and make sure all the parts are there the wheels are intact working and the glass is in The windshields. Here's another one. It's got some more parts on it. There's a snow track See it's got these tracks that sometimes obviously would get lost Or tear up because they're rubber And some of these boxes if this is just a beautiful box even near meant it looks like it came right from the shelf in the 60s so just a lot of them I will Put a link in the description to the auction for all these So you can check them out if you want to take a closer look. There's a lot of detailed pictures on there But that's my recommendation on what to do with them is to just go sell them on eBay You could try Facebook groups too, but the good thing about eBay is even as a seller you do get some protection because You know people are buying through eBay and they realize that you're paying a lot of these fees So they will they will understand having to pay a little bit more for something and then Once you get going on eBay if you do people if you treat people right and just consistently list your products Correctly then you really won't run into a lot of troubles I've had about one or two troubles in three years on eBay selling all kinds of collectibles and most of the time if you just price things right and treat people with respect and and fair they will understand and Will give you good feedback And even sometimes buy from you again and always answer, you know emails and questions Just good things for customer service so Again, if you'd like to see more of them, there's they're all listed below and If you have any other kind of toys and there were some other toys that were in the collection that were some old random Army toys and and things that just weren't in their original boxes There was actually some matchbox or not matchbox some Hot Wheels cars from the 60s and one of those It's not even in the box and it's worth, you know 20 bucks But I might do a follow-up video on the other parts of the toys because there's some things I just have no idea what they even are But that's just something you know if you run across these just realize that this box I don't know how much it's gonna sell for All this stuff But if you have a little no money invested in this you come across as somebody who just wants to get rid of it you should consider picking it up and taking the time to Just list it on online to try to get some some money So if you have any questions, please leave them below or any comments I appreciate them and thanks again for watching retro tech. Have a great day


I'm Caroline Wigley, I am a junior here at UA double majoring in Public Relations and Marketing and I am from Gilbert Town, Alabama, so the epitome of small town Alabama. I love that UA has so many different things to offer. I was torn between two colleges at the very end of my senior year of high school, so I can absolutely relate to that student who doesn't really know where they want to go just yet. I knew that I wanted to stay in Alabama when I was looking at colleges but I wasn't really sure what I wanted to major in, which made it a little bit harder to figure out where I wanted to go, but I knew my college experience really kind of defined who I am and helped kind of shape my future, but no matter what I was interested in, no matter what major I looked at, UA always had something that was there for me that I could get some tangible hands-on experience, really add to my resume, and really just know what I was doing and get some experience before I ever graduated, so that's kind of what sealed the deal for me on UA was just all the experiences and opportunities that they offered. Really think about what you want your life to look like after college and how you want to grow and how you want to develop and make sure that you're choosing a college that will actively pour into you and make sure that they have plenty to offer, because that is so crucial and critical.


Welcome to What's New in Chrome Extensions.  My name is David Lee. I'm a product manager for Chrome Extensions. And first, I want to give a refresher on extensions in general and what better way to do that than looking at a few of the awesome extensions that can be found in the Chrome Web Store. Let's talk a bit both about how these extensions help users and how they bring traffic and revenue to the developers who make them. First, we have education extensions like Read&Write, which provide reading and writing tools to help students succeed in the classroom. Text help, the company behind it, does licensing deals directly with schools to bring these enhanced experiences to over 10 million users. Second, Honey is a shopping extension from PayPal that helps users save money online by finding coupon codes and offering rewards. They're free to use for the shopper and make money through commissions from merchant partners for successful purchases. Finally, Pinterest Save button made by Pinterest allows users to save images and ideas from across the web to their Pinterest boards. It's also free to use. The Save button augments Pinterest's core offering allowing users to carry Pinterest with them as they browse other sites, improve user experience, and engagement. Many extensions like these have found success in our store and we would like to continue enabling developers and businesses to find similar success. That is why in the last few years, we've been investing heavily in adapting the extension platform to meet the changing state of the web as a whole. To explain what I mean, let's talk about how the web has grown and evolved in the 14 years since the web store launched in 2009. What I want to highlight is not just the sheer number of people online, but also what people are fundamentally using the internet to do. In the last five, six, seven years, individuals and businesses have come to rely on the web and on extensions for increasingly important and personal parts of their lives. People now frequently bank online, look at their medical records online, and seemingly do everything else online. And along with this change, it's clear that user expectations are also changing, especially as it relates to privacy and user data. People know the risks are now higher. So user expectations have also become higher. Therefore, our standards for the ecosystem must likewise be higher. For extension developers, many of the platform changes for these rising standards have been baked into Manifest V3. I'll pass it off now to Ali to speak more about that. Hi, I'm Ali Spivek, lead for Chrome Extension's Developer Relations. And today I'm going to talk about Manifest V3, the next version of the extension's platform. In the early days of web browsers, and even at the launch of Manifest V2 in 2012, it made more sense to open up the browser and watch the data exposed to developers. In 2019, when Google proposed Manifest V3, it acknowledged the need for better protections for sensitive user data being exposed to the browser and extensions. For perspective, the EU put GDPR into effect in 2018, so these kind of changes to better protect user data were top of mind when designing Manifest V3. In addition to addressing issues with how extensions access and use data, Manifest V3 also aims to improve the performance of extensions. Manifest V3 is currently supported by Chrome, Edge, Firefox, and Safari. And we're working with other browser vendors in the W3C web extensions community group to ensure greater convergence and predictability of extension APIs in the future. So what exactly is changing in Manifest V3? I'll cover a few of the major changes and some recent improvements to platform capabilities that came from developer feedback. First, Manifest V3 removed the ability for an extension to use remotely hosted code, which, well, powerful, present security risk when unreviewed code is executed in extensions. With this change, an extension can only execute JavaScript that's included within its package and subject to review by the Chrome Web Store. Second, extension service workers replace background pages to improve performance and better manage resources. Background pages are independent of any other window or tab are persistent and allow extensions to take action in response to events. However, they have a few characteristics that impact performance, such as creating a consistent drain on resources by essentially having a full web app running in the background at all times, even if it's not being used. Unlike background pages, service workers are formal by design, are stopped when not in use, and restart when needed. Similar to web workers, all the work they do occurs on their own threads and won't compete for attention with other tasks.  We received a lot of feedback from developers on improvements and changes needed to support their use cases. Based on that feedback, we've recently made several updates to how extension service workers function. We improved the idle timeout mechanism and made sure activity keeps the service worker alive. We removed the mandatory five-minute timeout. We made changes so some APIs will always keep a service worker alive during critical operations, such as native messaging, and are working on more intuitive lifetime rules for other APIs, such as messaging and web sockets, so they're not shut down while continuing to do work. We also released the off-screen documents API in Chrome 109, which allows extensions to open minimal, scoped, and relatively unpermissioned off-screen documents at runtime through a dedicated API, which gives extension-using service workers access to the DOM. Third, declarative net request replaces the blocking version of web request. To understand this decision, it's helpful to know that between January of 2018 and June of 2019, during the design of Manifest V3, 42% of malicious extensions caught by the Chrome Web Store review were abusing the web request API. This informed the approach to both this API and the blocking version. In the web request API, the browser sends all the data in a network request to the extension. The extension evaluates it and then tells the browser what to do. This gives developers great flexibility, but also allows extensions to read everything a user does on the web. At the bare minimum, we believe users need more information and control over this functionality at install or runtime to give them the privacy they expect. The blocking version of the web request API is a little different, as it allows extensions to intercept and block network requests programmatically, including altering the content of the page. This is useful for certain types of extensions, such as ad blockers or parental controls, but it also carries a significant risk of malicious code injection and requires these extensions to have access to sensitive user data. The declarative net request API can support many of the same use cases as web request blocking, but allows extensions to block network requests without accessing their content. Since declarative net request does not require access to user data, we're able to avoid requiring explicit user permissions to access site data. The new API helps performance as well. Real-world data from Chrome shows declarative net request is on average 600 times faster. The declarative net request API uses rules to specify how the browser's handles requests. We are actively discussing the current limit of 300,000 shared rules per use, plus 30,000 per extension in the web extensions community group, and we'll continue to evaluate different rule limits, adjusting if necessary, in addition to bringing new capabilities to this API. We don't want to trivialize the impact of these changes on developers and realize there is significant cost in migrating extensions to Manifest V3. Recently, we announced changes to the Manifest V2 deprecation timeline. We remain firmly committed to Manifest V3 while acknowledging there's more work to do on our part. Going forward, we are making the following commitments to developers. Before announcing a new timeline for deprecation, we will finish addressing our prioritized platform gaps and closing critical bugs that are documented on the Manifest V3 status page on developer.chrome.com. We will give developers time to build, guaranteeing at least six months between a timeline announcement and any experiments deprecating Manifest V2 features. We'll enable a better feedback loop and be more responsive. In the coming months, we will add additional support for developer questions and launch focus groups for feedback. We will continue working with other browser vendors in the web extensions community group to define improvements and next generation functionality. That's where we are with the Manifest V3 and the timeline for deprecating Manifest V2. Outside the platform, we're also making a number of changes to Chrome UI and the web store. I'll hand it back to David to give you more information. One point I'd like to emphasize is that Manifest V3 exists as part of a larger picture. It's needed, but not sufficient by itself to ensure a safer, more privacy-preserving ecosystem. Over the past few years, we've also made many changes in other parts of Chrome and Chrome Web Store. We introduced badges for those who have verified their identity and followed best practices. We added privacy disclosures. We've also overhauled our store policies to be easier to understand and have strengthened the language in some cases where we felt the landscape has changed. And now, we're continuing the evolution of our security and privacy story. Unlike with web requests blocking where we believe that declarative net request can function as a privacy-preserving alternative that does not require any user intervention, our approach to the non-blocking version of web request needs to be different. Extensions are tools in a user's toolbox. Some tools need user data to work their best, but the user should be the ones to decide if they want to give them that data. We want to avoid situations where users give up data to extensions without fully understanding what they might be getting in return. So, we want to give end users more clarity and control over what they're sharing with extensions and when. This is why we're launching a new extension menu that better highlights page permissions for extensions and allows users to easily toggle those permissions on or off across the web. This is a continuation of our efforts in recent years to make these controls more visible and powerful. Maybe the user wants to share their data with only certain extensions. Maybe they want to make sure that no extensions can access their data on their banking website, but they're fine with sharing everything else. With this new extension menu, we want to make that easy. We're currently fine-tuning the experience so the details may change from what's on the slide, but expect this new and improved menu very soon. Of course, this privacy control should also be possible at extension install time. That's why we're also exploring how to give end users easier ways of toggling host permissions at install. Our goal is to make sure the user feels informed and in control of what information they're trading for the entirety of their extension journey. Showed here are variations on an idea for how that change may be implemented. We hope to start experiments for this before the end of the year. In summary, because data online is becoming increasingly sensitive, it's important to raise the bar for data access. Our approach for the blocking and non-blocking versions of web requests are a bit different, but the end goal is the same. Ensure a bright future for extension developers and the ecosystem, given the increasing user expectations and increasing safety risks that come with the growth and evolution of the web. We believe this added security, privacy, and transparency for Chrome users is a must-have requirement. It's a prerequisite. It's something we must do before we invest heavily in new experiences and introduce APIs and capabilities that allow extensions to further customize the user's browsing experience. Since we've come so far in our security and privacy journey, though, we do have an exciting sneak peek to share with you all. Later this year, we are launching the public beta of a completely redesigned web store with enhancements to search, personalize recommendations, and the broader user journey, your high-quality extensions will be easier to find than ever before. Expect to learn more about this redesign very soon. And that's not all. We're also shipping a very powerful new API, which Oliver will now introduce. Thanks, David. And hi, I'm Oliver Dunk, a developer relations engineer working on extensions. I'd like to show you one API we're bringing to Chrome this summer in direct response to feature requests from many developers over the years, me included. If you've been paying attention to Chrome, you may have noticed the side panel. This is a new UI surface which attaches to the side of your browser window. It's previously been used for features like the reading list and bookmarks, but now we're bringing it to extensions. With a new UI surface, your extension can now show contextual information directly alongside a page, like this dictionary extension, which shows the definition of a selected word. Let's see how it's built. To use the side panel, extensions need to request the side panel permission in their manifest. We also need to add the side panel key and a default path pointing to a page within our extension bundle. Then in our service worker, we'll add a context menu item and register a listener, which broadcasts selected text to the other parts of our extension. We'll also create our side panel.html file, include a script and listen for messages from our service worker. When we're asked to define a word, we'll update DOM. It's worth noting that here you have access to all of the APIs usually available to trusted extension pages. That's a quick overview of the side panel and how to get started incorporating it into your extension. We didn't show it here, but the API also gives you additional flexibility to control how and when the side panel appears. You can get started and learn more about which conversions this API is available in, in our docs. As an extension developer myself, I hope you're as excited about the side panel as I am. Now, back to David. Thank you, Oliver. Our goal is to ensure that the extension ecosystem thrives long term. To achieve this goal, we have taken steps to tighten security and adapt to changing user expectations of privacy. These changes will enable us to introduce more exciting new platform functionalities, such as the side panel API and overall improvements to the Chrome Web Store. We look forward to continuing to deliver new experiences and functionality that will enable you, our developer community, to create and distribute high quality and powerful extensions for your users. We are excited to see what you will create.


Oh, there we are. Nice, OK. So apparently, I pulled the early lunch slot. Anyway, welcome to the Futures here. And the idea to do this talk came because a few days ago, I again got a bill of materials on my desk that was, let's say, a little bit extreme. So I was thinking, why don't we talk about how the changes in hardware over the last four or five years have changed the whole landscape of cloud computing? So I've built cloud for many years. And this is basically what we were up against six, seven years ago. We had, first of all, dedicated computing storage nodes. The reason why was that the storage nodes needed a lot of slots, two and a half inch slots, for hard disks because the performance of the hard disks was so poor that we needed lots of spindles to create enough IOPS to drive the cloud. We had exclusively multi-CPU nodes, typical Xeon E5 nodes. We had a relatively low core count because the CPUs were just so extremely expensive. We had, for instance, the top of the line CPU in 2016 was about $5,000 apiece. So you would have $10,000 alone in CPU in your node. We had low memory because of the cost of memory. And so essentially, the cloud was relatively large. And the performance was just adequate to put it like that. So what has happened in the last few years in hardware? First of all, just for comparison, the biggest CPU that Intel sold in 2016 was Xeon E5 V6, 2699 V4. It had 22 cores per CPU. For comparison, if you buy the hottest CPU that you can get on the market today, it has a 96 cores for the CPU. So this is four times the core count in the single CPU. Plus, the cores are 2 and 1 half, three times as fast as the cores used to be back then. Second thing is memory prices went on a steep decline since then. 256 gigabytes memory was a very well-endowed compute node back then. Nowadays, you have compute nodes that have one and a half terabytes and more. The only exception to this are the relatively new 128 gigabyte modules, which still cost about four times per gigabyte what the other modules cost. Then SATA SSDs, they all thought it was the future. In 2018, 2019, the prices were coming down. And they have vanished pretty much. If you buy new compute nodes nowadays, most of them are equipped with NVMe, not SATA SSD, because SATA was essentially a disk protocol for a memory chip that you are trying to address. So this is really not such a good idea. And then finally, networking also became much faster. So now if you imagine your old cloud from 2016 and you think about, OK, you had a number of workloads on it. You had, let's say, 50 workloads on it. Now imagine a CPU that has four times as many cores and each cores twice as fast as it used to be. And you try to condense your cloud to these nodes. What would happen? All of a sudden, you would have 500 workloads on a single node. And while this is kind of enticing, you could say, OK, I'm decondensing my 100 node cloud into 10 nodes. The downside to that is that if one of those 10 nodes dies, you are going to be in deep trouble. So what we really need is an approach that reduces the amount, of course, per node. We don't want to just reduce the oversubscription because that would just waste the expensive CPUs that we stuff into there. And I want to show you an approach about this today. So this is, again, what we were talking about here. This is the left one is the hottest CPU that you could buy in 2016. And then for comparison, just take this and then the third column over. This is literally five times as fast. There are no benchmarks on everything, but this gives you a pretty good picture of what these CPUs really can do. And then here, this one, this one, this is pretty much an entry-level CPU that you can buy right now. And you can see it's still faster than the top of the line CPU from back then. So what can you do with all that? We already talked about that. Let's go right onto this. So one thing that you can do and that I think you should consider when you're building a cloud build of material these days is to go from a dual CPU system to single CPU system. This has a number of advantages. First of all, you'd reduce the core count. You increase the node count to a reasonable level. But the big advantage to this is that NUMA is a loose coupling between two CPUs in a system. And when you have a NUMA system, you typically have the hardware, network cards, storage devices attached to a CPU. But you cannot guarantee that the code is also running on that CPU. So the data is coming in bouncing around between your CPUs, memory, CPU, storage device, and you're going back out. So you see a significant performance degradation. So what we can do is to say, OK, we are simply going to the system. One CPU, one memory PCI Express, and you will have no NUMA lag. And one CPU chassis is also a plentiful now. It used to be that most of the server chassis were two CPUs. Nowadays, buying one CPU chassis is a pretty common place. Looking at memory, again, prices have come down. But one thing that really has met my eyes that the customers tell me, we want to standardize 128 gigabyte modules. So instead of putting enough memory modules for all memory channels in there, they say, OK, we are just putting enough 128 gigabyte modules in there to get out to meet our performance target, or our memory target. So for compare these two scenarios, you can say, OK, we put four 128 gigabyte modules into the server for 512 gigabytes, or we can put 1632 gigabyte modules in there. The one, this one, is going to be roughly four times the cost of this. And it's also going to be, from a performance standpoint, much slower than having the memory channels properly populated. Let's talk about memory channels for a second. This is also an important point. The CPUs from back then had four memory channels. The CPU I mentioned and all the smaller Intel CPUs, they all had four memory channels. So if you had four memory modules on that CPU, then you would get the full throughput. If you are nowadays looking at the CPUs, you will see that Intel has gone to eight memory channels, which is part of the reasons why the CPUs have gotten so much faster. And AMD even went to 12 memory channels. But to get this speed, you actually have to populate all memory channels. Otherwise, you will throw away a memory bandwidth. So this also can be a little bit problematic. For instance, if you buy a very small service for, let's say, control plane purposes or so, 128 gigabyte modules with 12 memory channels, well, 12 memory channels will give you 192 gigabyte at the very minimum. But so you cannot really build anything smaller than that anymore. Another thing that has also radically changed is flash storage or storage in general. We used to build self-service with 2 and 1 half inch drives in a 2U chassis. And for SSDs for the back then, the journal, later, the BlockDB and the Ryderhead log. But the downside to that is that you are still at the speed of the hard disk. Even if you have flash devices to catch the metadata operations, but to write something or to read something, you're at the speed of the hard disk. And a hard disk can deliver maybe 100 IOPS, maybe 110, 115 under normal circumstances. If you go to complete flash, and I have done the math here so you can compare this, if you go to compete, these are prices from today, by the way. This is if you were to build a traditional server these days, you would look at about $10,000 for the 8 2 terabyte hard disks. If you were to build the same thing with SSD, it would be only a few $100 more. And then the big surprise is that NVMe is even at the same price these days. And NVMe is drastically faster than both SATA and hard disks. Networking, we have 25 gigabit ethernet. I have customers who go to 100 gigabit. Typically, it's not really worth it. It's just not worth the cost. It makes more sense to build smaller servers. If you buy these, build these monstrosities with the high hot list CPUs that you can find and everything, 100 gigabyte network may potentially make sense because you might bottleneck on it. If you buy built normal sized servers, you will find that 25 gigabit ethernet is plenty for everything. So what would this look like? We could either build from entry level CPUs. We could basically use that silver 4314 that would give you pretty much the same cloud. This is about the same size, the same performance. And you would still have, let's say, a 100 node cloud. But this is what I would lately recommend to everyone. Split the nodes in half, use single CPU systems, and half the memory, half the storage devices, half everything. With this approach, you have twice the number of nodes over the big guns. You have more resilience. You have more performance, less risk to get bottlenecks. But most of all, if you are doing converged, and converged is all the rage, this stays for good reason, if you put NVMe devices in your system, you will find that this performs significantly better than a system with two CPUs and half the cores. Simply because you're eliminating the lag coming in through the network, going to the storage device, and back out through the network. Then you could also reduce oversubscription. But this is something that I normally do not recommend, and it's quite on the contrary. The new CPUs are much faster than the old CPUs. So oversubscription would normally actually go up. But don't overdo it in either direction, because if you go up too far, then you have the same problem that I mentioned at the beginning that you have too high of a workload density. If you're going down too far, you're throwing away money for the CPU. So here, this is a direct comparison between a system with a system that has two CPUs and a system that is exactly half of it, with a single CPU. So you have instead of two CPUs, you have one CPU, half the memory, half the data storage devices, and everything. And you can see that the cost for those nodes is roughly half of what the cost for the bigger nodes are. But this is, by the way, is cost per node, not for the whole system. But what you can see is that the half system, you will have twice the number of nodes. So half the impact, if anything, happens.  And overall, the risk of encountering network bottlenecks or storage bottlenecks is significantly lower in the system with twice the number of nodes. So this is the final stretch. I was asked by a company whether we could upgrade their 2013 vintage Xeon E5 V2 clouds. I said, theoretically, yes. I mean, the systems are supported. The downside to this is that these systems eat so much power compared to modern systems, that you literally, and I did the math for them, and it actually came out exactly like that, that the cost of the power alone pays over three years, pays your entire new greenfield solution. The other advantage of greenfielding, of course, is that you will have time to move all the workloads from one side to the other. If you try to upgrade, this is always the risk that something does not work the way that you want to, that you'll get stuck, and that you're spending a lot of time and effort doing this. And then finally, of course, you have the two big points. The hard disks are obsolete. The systems that he had obviously had hard disks in that 2013, there were no SSDs around. And they were already bottlenecking on hard disk performance, and going to a new SSD system was drastically increased performance for this. And the other thing is at some point, the bathtub curve, at some point, you will simply have a point where the systems become so unreliable, especially hard disks, that you're starting to have cascading failures. And cascading failures, especially in distributed storage systems, are pretty problematic. So as final words, when you build a build of materials, it's very important to consider all aspects, not only, OK, here I have my number of CPU cores. I have my number of memory. I have my capacity. We have to think about how does every choice that I make impact my environment.  Thank you very much. I hope that I brought a little bit of information to the table and that it takes something home with you. And thanks for being a part of the Open Infra community. Any questions? Yes? One question I had was when you were showing the comparison between two CPU and one CPU, how does basically the power cost factor into the difference between the number of CPUs in a node and the higher density you get out of a dual CPU node? That's actually a very good question. So yes, one CPU systems will take a little bit more power. You will, of course, save the big power consumers in the system are the SSDs and the memory and the CPU. But the main board does consume power. So your power consumption is going to be somewhat higher than it would be with the two CPU system. This is, again, an example that you have to balance your different parameters against what you have. For instance, if I had a data center, this is extremely cramped and I simply cannot put more than a certain number of nodes. Then I'll bite the bullet and build something that has a very high application density simply because I cannot build anything larger. But it's not ideal. So in the end, this is what we as engineers and architects have to decide. How are we going to balance the pros and cons of each solution? Do you have any insider experience with other architectures that have better power characteristics? I'm thinking of the Ampere Ultra, which is advertising an 80 core system with a very low power consumption relative to the comparable cores on Intel or AMD. So yes, we are looking into ARM-based servers. I think everyone who is in the market at the moment does at some point. But the problem that I see at the moment is that the software that is currently built is still built for Intel CPUs. And at the moment for this generation, like if I was to build a data center right now, I would go with Intel slash AMD 64 CPU architectures. I would bet that in four or five years, if I hopefully maybe stand on the stage again, I can say, OK, the biggest shift in the last five years has been the shift to extremely power-efficient CPUs that are perfect for the new type of cloud environments. But so yes, AMD is coming. Definitely. Thank you, everyone, and thank you for having me here.


And over 200 widows, orphans and the less privileged in Cardinal State have benefited from food and non-items. The beneficiaries were selected from eight communities in three local government areas, including Chico, Cardinal North and South. Habila Dorofa files in this report is presented from our studios. The incessant attack on communities, especially in Northern Nigeria, has increased the number of widows, orphans and many families displaced in most affected areas. Some of the affected persons have fled their ancestral homes to the urban centers to seek for refuge and another source of livelihood. This has prompted the women of interest to put smiles on the faces of the widows, the orphans and the less privileged who has worse eats by insecurity among other challenges. Speaking at the distribution of the food items, the team leader Gloria Immanuel says over 200 people have benefited.  Make use of it, because this item, some of them might say it's small but we pray over it. Any woman that takes this item to her room, we pray for more open doors. By the time they keep it in their store, more will come. Also the patron of the group, Peter Tawfra says widows and orphans are in dire need due to the harsh economy and insecurity in the country. The beneficiary will not sell it because we really know what we are facing in this nation today. That is why most of them are taking home with joy to cook and even eat with their own children. Some of the beneficiaries appreciated the gesture, commanding the women for their efforts. It will help me because I will put this one inside my foot, it will be a blessing in my own foot, in my house. I appreciate, I appreciate very well that God should bless this organization. I hope it and with the help of God and the help of the people. It will help me a lot, it will help me a lot. I say to them thank you, God will give them much and God should give them and God should open way for them to help people. The women called on well-meaning Nigerians and corporate bodies to assist by providing support to the lesbians.


Greetings and salutations, today I want to share my insights for the future to all fathers with daughters now before I begin to elaborate, I would like to aware y'all of the fact that this excruciatingly aesthetic linen shirt is available at legugloria.com, first link in the description box below Now a little update upon the princess of ultimate cuteness and cuddliness. She is doing just fine. She is truly a blessing from the gods, from mother nature herself. I might be biased here, but I do think she's the cutest baby there ever was and Yeah, she's always happy, always smiles when she sees me and I always get happy when I look at her So yeah, as I said in my recent video my experiences on becoming a father Truly a joyous thing. So yeah, if you are in a position to start a family It it's my warm recommendation to do so. She brings a lot of happiness to To me and my wife. So yeah, most most glorious indeed. So that's the update upon the Princess of ultimate cuddliness and cuteness now since I get so Filled with love every time I look upon her. It's my Duty and responsibility to gain as much knowledge as possible so that she might avoid Some of the dangers of the modern world So I've thought about this quite a bit as of the last few months So I thought share some insights with you and and also keep in mind There are guys who are a lot more qualified to speak about this. This is just me talking basically So first and foremost we can look upon the physical aspect and that's quite straightforward and simple As a father you are the first line of defense to your daughter Until she gets a husband basically the police or society is not the first line of defense you are so That is something to keep in mind and then also when it comes to physical security You should obviously red pill her upon what can I mean to avoid and you should obviously Put her into training so I will teach my Princess Thai boxing boxing MMA and If she wants to start training herself She can obviously do so for self-defense purposes and then with weapons as well if she So wishes So that's the physical aspects quite straightforward, but I thought it's more interesting to talk about the Metaphysical or the cultural aspects of A daughter in the modern age So for us all who have young daughters now We want to create a better society for our daughters than the current one I wouldn't want my daughter to be 15 now because it's not a good society. It's not a good Cultural site guys. It's not a Good thing at all what is going on right now. So we have to work really hard to change that until our daughters come of age No, if we look upon the women who have Who have perhaps been hit the hardest of the modern world of decadent behaviors and Degenerate behaviors, etc It's most usually girls who have grown up without a father And some dating advice for all single guys out there if you're looking for a good woman You can judge her upon her father. It might sound a bit mean, but it is still a legit course of action So always ask her what is your relationship with your father and also what can a man is he if you can meet her father The sooner the better And also judge what kind of man he is because the quality of the father says a lot about the daughter And that's also a insight we can carry with us So if we have daughters, we know that the better we conduct ourselves the better our daughters Will turn out to be the more well adjusted the better life outcome she will have and this is also to a certain extent true for Women who grow up with feminine fathers or fathers whom they don't really respect then they will Not have that solid rock in their life Which all girls need they need that and that's something that you need to keep in mind You need to be there. You need to be her loving and caring protector You need to be a rock in her life So she can always come to you just as she also needs a mother to tend to her other needs So man and woman complement each other and the father especially for daughter extremely important and when we're talking about Good women having been brought up with fathers, etc There are obviously plenty of exceptions where there are good women who have grown up without a father But generally speaking it's a good father good daughter good woman Now another aspect is you have to ask yourself what kind of man do you want your daughter to To eventually marry what kind of man do you want your daughter to seek out for a mate? If you have been a good father who have been loving caring and protecting she will note That's the kind of good masculine qualities that she needs to look for in a mate So it's to a large extent up to you how you conduct yourself And if you conduct yourself in accord with what you want for your daughter's future husband Yeah, you can stare her in a good direction So if you conduct yourself as a good but strong man, she will probably want a good and strong husband later on And if you look upon girls who have grown up without a father They might be more attracted to the bad boy archetype where he has someone who's grown up with a Strong and loving father might rather go for a good but strong man So that is something that is of utmost importance to keep in mind So the same thing I suppose when it comes to raising sons, it's not about what you say to them It's not what you teach them. It's how you conduct yourself So then your son will look to you and say, okay, this is how I conduct myself And for your daughter is this is how a man conducts himself and everything that is not Congruent with that sort of behavior is deviant and to be avoided and therefore she can avoid A lot of bad men various if she grows up without a good Masculine role model she might have no clue what a good man is and then fall prey to bad men So that's the main point with this video that it's mostly up to you how you conduct yourself. So if you want a Solid well-adjusted daughter, you have to be solid and well adjusted yourself You have to conduct yourself to the best of your abilities at all times And if I could choose now a future husband for my daughter In 20 or 25 years, or I don't know what would I choose? Yes, a guy who adheres to the same principles that I try to promote So a loyal steadfast intelligent strong hard-working man Because I know that will be the best match for my daughter So I don't want someone who is feminine or weak or unintelligent or impulsive or a loyal I don't want these sort of modern unmasculine values I want someone who is very masculine because I know that will be the best match for my daughter to ensure her safety And the safety of her children in turn. So for all fathers with daughters We also need to promote a masculine culture for the sons of our People the sons of our countries so that our daughters can have good matches when they grow up if they have only Feminized men they will not be happy So that is another aspect to keep in mind So anyway, these were just some some insights I want to share with you all and I will make more Of these sort of videos later on as well. I think it's an important topic But yeah, again to conclude if you want your daughter to become well adjusted according to my insights at least it's all about you conducting yourself in a gentlemanly and strong masculine And also loving and kind Manor so thank you for watching xx. So boom


but check this out guys so this is what i was talking about so we have the hellcat ported 92 millimeter tb we got the stock one look at look at the size difference here check this guys out check it out i mean that's massive look i can take the original tb and stick it inside the other one and look at this wobble it around i mean that is massive huge flip it over look at the difference here there's a massive massive difference it's gonna be a lot more airflow that's for sure so far fam i hope everybody's having a blessed day today we're gonna be putting on a new mod for frostbite hopefully make the poor girl a little bit faster so we can hopefully get that nine second pass so let's go check out what we're gonna do what we got and uh it shouldn't take too long but before we get started we have literally an absolute race of maniacs over here at the house um all the kids got out all of our racetrack event toys and uh yeah look at this crap look at this crap they are terrorizing the neighborhood my son the littlest one he's got his little go-kart out here he comes flying get it look at him get it and we got this monstrosity coming my golf cart yeah my daughters are running the golf cart ragged just fixed it they're probably gonna break it again and that one's a handful but yeah so anyway if you wonder what all the noise is in the background today well there you go we got we got the the little kids 500 indy 500 going on outside today so yeah so we got frostbite she's still in the trailer in hibernation we haven't took it out uh pretty much since the last time we raced and we got a new modification to put on like i said um as you can tell this guy right here is the stock original throttle body um yeah still running the stock original throttle body since day one of this truck and that's what we're gonna be changing guys so FRP right there FRP the man flying right in performance he sent us over it's a ported hellcat throttle body as you can see this thing is super thin um so yeah it's a ported hellcat throttle body and i believe the hellcat throttle bodies are like 92 millimeter whereas the original i want to say those are 84 could be wrong but it's it's somewhere right there in the low 80s i do believe um so yeah this is gonna be a huge difference like this throttle body can eat my original throttle body let's just put it that way so we have another adapter plate that we had to get this is a holly uh adapter that's the part number 300-661 um because my holly intake manifold or the upper lid is the um the basically the LS style for like the 105 millimeter throttle body so it's got a very large opening and then we're using a uh throttle body adapter plate as you can see right here that necks that down to accept the stock uh 84 85 throttle body so that adapter won't work we had to get another one um especially if we want to get out of here boss get out of here especially if we want to um not you know not neck it down and reduce it so that's what we're trying to do we're trying to keep the larger hole all the way through the intake so that's the plan and that's pretty much what this is going to do as you can see it is the diameter of this throttle body um so we are going to be able to retain that larger diameter all the way into the intake manifold so that's what we're going to do uh so stay tuned we're going to swap this thing out real quick it shouldn't take too long it's you know a handful of allen belt handful of allen bolts and uh yeah we're going to do it right here in the trailer and then after we do that we are going to have to uh revise the tune um so the truck you know will run correctly because we're going to be flowing a ton more air um through the manifold through the tb and you know all the sensors and everything it's all going to be kind of wonky it's going to be seeing a lot more air so the idle isn't going to be very you know probably very good it's not going to be happy uh so we're going to have to retune and adjust for all this extra airflow that we're getting and uh hopefully that extra airflow and that's us a nine second pass so stay tuned let's get this thing swapped out we're going to remove the meth injection nozzle hose the feed line right here off of the intake tube next thing i'm going to do i'm going to remove this uh clamp right here for the elbow and then i'm going to remove the other clamp over here on the torque storm supercharger um outlet and then should be able to just kind of lay my uh charge pipe to the side and get it out of the way bus this thing loose with the old 11 millimeter i hope everybody's having a fantastic weekend out there i think after this i might get the old truck out and give her a bath or we might just hop on the Harley and go for a ride i don't know yet it's a pretty nice day right now just waiting for it to warm up a little bit more all right got that one loose come over here with our handy dandy 10 millimeter bless this one off we should be able to give it the old what i call it the jiggle wiggle the jiggle wiggles who the old jiggle wiggles and we're just kind of lay all this stuff over there on the side and we got the throttle body electrical connector down here give it the old squeeze and pull unplugged that guy and the other thing i want to mention we did have to order this um i originally ordered it from summit and it went on backorder and like two weeks went by i still never got it so i found out mm x had one actually in stock so cancel the summit and ordered one from mmx had it in two days this is a tb adapter harness um because the you know frostbites of 2011 and it's got the old style throttle body connector and all the new stuff has a throttle body connector it looks like this so this harness adapts basically the old to the new in order to use the newer hellcat throttle body so for those that has the older generation rams or hammies or whatever this may be required depending on the year your vehicle so we're gonna get an allen head and we got bust off these four screws bust off these guys real quick so yeah kind of uh excited to see what this does hopefully we pick up a little bit of power um frp flying ran was telling me that you know normally on like a bolt-on car um you know doing a tb swap normally with a tune um he said you can normally you know pick up maybe you know 15 20 wheel possibly with a tb swap so i don't know i mean it's not a lot but uh maybe with us being boosted you know having this larger tb should allow um um hopefully all the extra air that we're pushing to gain us some power so we'll see i don't believe it's going to make us slower you know so i think it can only help so we'll we'll go to we'll go from there see what happens on the track ticket i know we're running out of time because you know springs right here around the corner or pretty much here here starting to get warmer um granular we're still having some you know some mildly decent cold days so i'm kind of hoping that i can still get a pretty good um cool track day to you know go run the truck and get the nine on the original motor you know before we end up putting in our new bge 392 that we're building currently and uh try to get that nine second pass um on the stock 57 you know that's that's my plan want to try to get it want to try to get it really soon because like i said the the good air days are are going to run out here soon and it's going to be getting hot and uh it's going to be a lot harder to try to get it in the heat that's for sure probably the only way to get it in the heat if we're forced to is going to be using the old nitrous and uh i've been trying not to do that i don't want to do that i want to be able to do it with just the stock motor and the torque storm supercharger because i think that you know that that's going to be that's a huge milestone um for for a truck that you know is 46 20 pounds you know over over 4600 pounds that's that's pretty that'd be pretty impressive in my eyes but we got our bolts out i'm gonna have to kind of bump this with a hammer because uh we used a little bit of honda bond rtv silicone or whatever between the throttle body and this adapter plate that is how we sealed it um for the time being when we installed this stuff so you got a little bit of a stick get off that's good stuff i'm telling you what just maybe a little pry bar right here maybe we'll get it loose there we go tell you what that old honda bond is some serious stuff buddy this seals it up no leaks i'm telling you now we got four screws to remove this uh adapter plate that goes from the 105 holly end tape to the i believe like i said it's 84 85 86 millimeter somewhere in there for the stock throttle body here we go as you can see the holly has a ginormous hole uh literally fisting my motor the stock ported hellcat throttle body let's see it just does fit inside the holly manifold so there you go definitely gonna be a more matched you know throttle body than the stock one as you can see that's the reducer plate that we did have so yeah we're gonna flow a lot more air boys that's for sure so we got our tb ready we got some bolts we got some blue loctite good old buddy friend of mine mr john cope says one drop a loctite on your bolts works best he's a smart fella so we like to listen to him um we got our tb our new one from holly we got it all siliconed up um because we don't have a gasket to go between it and the manifold so we're just gonna use silicone like we did no big dilly works better i believe anyways not as prone to blow out gaskets under boost that's my opinion so then the front of it has an o-ring installed from holly that actually seals the tb throttle body to this adapter plate you can see that's the big o-ring all the way around so the new holly screws are five millimeter instead of the ones we did have we got them torqued and smushed all right so we got our adapter put on oh look i can still put my hand up in there and now we are going to install the actual throttle body with these 10 millimeter screw 10 millimeter head screws we'll put a drop a loctite on each one of those we're going to get our fancy new throttle body get one drop here this oh one good dropper one drop of goop and there there goes one go a little bit on this one and we'll go a little bit on that one we don't want that one to get mad at us and we'll get this one because it's trying to get left out give it about a couple human right of tats pretty good pretty good got them things torque click click click click it's a good torque wrench right there boom ported hell cat throttle body is installed now we're going to get our wiring adapter nice and click click i think what we're going to do so this don't get down in my belt is where i'm put the intake boot on and we're going to hold this cord over here like this to kind of keep this in between the boot and the pipe and keep our wire out of the way we've been bamboozled again they're mopar fam so we got the uh we got the uh hell cat throttle body on as you can see but we're going to order some more parts i didn't think about it but this tbs basically about four inches um the opening and my 90 degree boot that we were using this is three and a half inches and then it goes to a three inch for the tubing uh for a charge pipe so we are going to have to get a bigger boot we're going to need to get a four inch to a three inch um i thought i could stretch this thing over there but yeah it has basically called me a wussy as you can see i am literally bleeding um if i even get it stretched over it it is going to be a nightmare every single time we got to try to put that thing on it's just not worth the hassle so i got to get a new boot all right guys so as you can see we got everything back together we got a new boot uh we ordered in from amazon we got a four inch to a three inch boot everything's back together plugged up plumbed so now we got a ported hell cat throttle body so otherwise it's awesome hanging out with you guys today don't forget give a video thumbs up comment down below uh what you think the truck hopefully will do or pick up power wise um thing is going to get us to the nines we're close we last time out what it was 10 008 and now we're putting a monster throttle body on compared to our old one so what do you guys think the thing is going to do it it's going to be enough i don't know we'll see comment down below what you think we'll see you guys on the next one


This time I'm going to create that vertical analysis, but I think there's an easier way to do it. We were doing it with the layout tab, and if you hit this drop down here, they actually have a percentage of income in here already. So that's a nice deal. So I'm going to select that and get rid of the decimals and update it. And so now we've got like our vertical analysis. I'm going to call this vertical analysis, something like that. I probably spelled it wrong, and we're going to say, you've done it a hundred times. You should spell it right by this. I know, but whatever. So there we have that. Let's update it. And then I will open up that in Excel. Just to put that one there. And I'll also save it. Let's save it in our custom reports. Report number two vertical analysis. Let's say


Now in this video It will not be me getting a haircut this time But it has to be my cousin Brianna. My cousin has the exact same curl pattern as I do So needless to say her curls were popping. But as time went on Brianna's curls actually had an affair with a flat iron Now if you straighten your hair every day every other day twice a week a lot Your curls are gonna think that you just don't like them.  She has some curls at the top. That's her new growth. That's her healthiest part of her hair But now there's certain parts of her hair that just refused to curl So she just has random straight parts all over her head now when you get to this point There's not much you can do besides cut it your hair is way too straight. You need to cut it You can deep condition all you want But there's a good chance that it's just dead and the curl powder is not going to come back So you're going to have to cut it now because Brianna was tired of these random straight parts for hair She decided to get a diva cut and luckily I was actually in Florida where she lived at the same time So I got to go with her to her diva cut now for those of you that follow me on snapchat You already know about this haircut because you got to see it happening live And if you guys want to see my day-to-day life go ahead and follow me right now at miss beyond for me That's my snapchat and my Instagram and my Twitter. So let's be friends and go ahead and follow me So now let's cut to the actual footage of the haircut first thing you will notice when you walk into a real diva Certified hairstylist salon is that she will have all of her accomplishments and her diva cut certificates right there on the wall You shouldn't have to be searching through her drawers and looking under scissors to see if she certified the best part of this Cut that I was so envious of is that she cut it while it was dry That is the whole point of a diva cut if I went in right now She would just lift one of these curls and she would just cut wherever she thought needed to be cut And that was probably like the thing I was so amazed by she's not combing out her hair Like my hair cut and she's not cutting it while it's wet. So we're seeing the shape Right now. We don't have to go home and wait for it to dry and pray that doesn't shrink up 50 inches This is how you're gonna look the watch is cutting your hair. She said alright This is just step one the fact that she has steps prove She's a real diva certified because there's steps to the diva cut I didn't get any steps when I got my hair. I got brush out mess up After she does the initial cut she's gonna give it the shape. This is Brianna shape just already looks so much better Now after this now she's going to wash the hair to wash her hair She used the diva curl no poo shampoo and their one condition Now you got a good wash going on You know the best part so nice and relaxing then the stylist will Brianna to flip her head over and she's actually using a new method I just recently heard about which is applying the product to your hair while it's dripping wet Now this is supposed to reduce frizz Interesting right so I'm gonna try this myself and see how this method works for me stay tuned But then after that she put Brianna under the dryer and let that sit Their product she used was the diva curl set it free spray and the diva curl frizz free volumizing foam After the dryer she went back to get in the last minute little stragglers that might need to be cut and then she got out the Claw Okay, no, it's the diva dryer. You don't know what this is. I have a whole video on it. It's pretty awesome Ta da here is the final look of the cut it looks so much better And you already see her curls trying to come back it looks so much healthier and you look fabulous I'm so proud of my cousin Brianna your hair looks amazing and your curls are only gonna get better with time as long as you Don't touch that straight Now if you happen to live in Florida, this salon is actually in Fort Myers, and it's called hair by Maritza I will put her information down below so if you're ready to get that cut go ahead and do that But if you don't live in Florida, you don't have to fly all the way to Florida unless you got the coins to but you can Go on the diva curl website and there is like a search so you could find a certified diva stylist in your city Okay, now let's talk about price Brianna's haircut cost about I want to say 65 somewhere between 65 and 75 dollars Which is a really good price for a professional diva hair cut You could go to supercuts and get your $20 cut But who knows how you're gonna look and I hope you guys enjoyed this video and if you have heat damage Just get the cut you need to do it. I know you're scared I know you don't want to you're holding on to your length, but you're holding on to a long piece of dead hair That's not very attractive So would you rather have long ugly dead hair or short pretty beautiful fabulous amazing curls You guys like this video, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe I post new videos every single Sunday So if you've got curls or you just like my videos in general go ahead and subscribe leave me a comment So I know that we're friends and I will see you guys next week. Thanks for watching Bianca Renee today


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in the industry and more. Today, we have intraoral radiographic techniques and its modification in oral radiology. So, this session is about periapical radiography, then bite wing and occlusion radiography. In periapical radiography, we have the most important paralleling ankle technique and bi-setting ankle technique and also we will be looking into bite wing radiography and occlusion radiography. To begin with, intraoral radiographic examinations are the foundation of dental radiography. It is through which we inspect the teeth and its supporting structures and how do we take it? We keep a film inside the mouth and direct x-ray beam at various angles from a position outside the mouth through the anatomical region of interest towards the film. So the general steps for taking radiographs are we need to seat the patient, adjust the x-ray unit setting, then position the tube head, then examine the oral cavity, position the film inside the cavity, then position the x-ray tube towards the film, then make the exposure. Now the films, the periapical films can be classified based on the size as 0, 1 and 2. So 0, 1 and 2, 0 is used for children that is around 3 to 5 years, it is smaller, comparatively smaller one because it is used for the deciduous teeth. It is 22 to 35 millimeter, then size 1, 24 to 40 millimeter, it is used for adults, anterior region and children's posterior region and size 2 that is 32 to 41. It is length by breadth, it is 32 by 41, not 32 to 41, it is 32 by 41. It is a standard film, can use it for adults anterior and posterior and also 9 to 12 years children anterior and posterior, so size 0, 1 and 2. Based on the film speed, we have A to E that is A, B, C, D and E, A is the slowest and is the fastest. D and E speed films are commonly used in intraoral periapical radiography. D speed films has half the exposure time than the D speed films, so there is large silver bromide crystals and increased silver bromide in emulsion. So what are the types of intraoral radiography? We have three types, this is the periapical radiography, this is the bite wing radiography and this is the occlusion radiography, this is the maxilla and this is mandible. So the first one, periapical radiography, it is to record the images of the outlines, position and mesiodisital extension of teeth and surrounding tissues. So periapical radiographs must contain the full length of tooth and at least 2 mm of periapical bone. So this is a lesion, it is located at the apex. So in order to understand the full details of this lesion, we need to have 2 mm of periapical bone, that is what is known as periapical radiography. So it is indicated when there is periapical infection or inflammation to understand the periodontal status and also to know the root morphology before extraction, especially the complicated extraction and in endodontics we need to understand the working length, we need to understand the apical foramen status and to understand the implants postoperatively and also to get a detailed picture of trauma to teeth and alveolar bone. So there are 2 techniques to take periapical radiographs, they are paralleling or right ankle or long con technique, bisecting or short con technique. So it can be asked as paralleling right ankle or long con and it could be a short con technique. So you need to know all the names because it is a very common question. So what is paralleling ankle technique, it is also known as right ankle long con technique. So the principles are the image receptor or the X-ray film or digital sensor placed in holder. So it is placed in holder. So we can see the film here behind the teeth. This is the X-ray tube and we have a film holder and an indicator road here. So this is positioned parallel to the long axis of tooth. The X-ray tube head is, this is the X-ray tube head which is right ankle to the film and so here the image receptor it is kept parallel to the long axis of tooth. So this is parallel to the long axis of tooth and the X-ray tube is right angle to the film and tooth. So from here the X-ray will be produced. So here will be the X-ray tube. So this is the X-ray tube. This is the film. So when long con beam technique there will be less magnification and increased definition. So we can see the object and its image here. When there is a longer con, so we can see the longer con, this is a longer con, the image is slightly magnified. When there is shorter con, this is a shorter con, the magnified image will be there. So this picture shows the long con. When there is a long con, the image magnification will be less and there will be more well defined the resulting image whereas a shorter con will result in a magnified image with less definition. So we need slight magnification with more definition. So that is the advantage of long con. When there is long con, it will result in more defined and less magnified image. So that is the idea of paralleling technique. So film position for maxillary incisors and canine, it is kept at volt of pallet and mandibular incisors and canine, floor of the mouth in line with lower canine or first primolars. For maxillary primolars and molars it should be at midline of pallet and mandibular primolars and molars at the lingual sulcus. So this is the long axis of tooth, film is placed at parallel to the long axis of tooth. This is the film holder and this is the x-ray produced from x-ray tube and the x-ray tube or x-ray produced will be at right angle to the long axis of tooth and the film. So position of tube head, tube head is the x-ray tube head that is film should be placed so that it covers the particular teeth to be examined. And vertical inclination that is the central ray of x-ray beam should be perpendicular to film and long axis. So the central ray should be perpendicular to the long axis of tooth and the film and this film should be placed so that it covers the particular teeth to be examined. So we are taking x-ray of this tooth. So the film should be placed in such a way that it covers the entire tooth. Sometimes if this is mispositioned the entire tooth will not be obtained. And the horizontal inclination that is central ray of x-ray beam through the contact area between the teeth and central ray of x-ray must be directed to the center of the film to completely cover the fillet. The advantages of paralleling techniques are accuracy, simplicity, duplication, the periodontal bone level and there will not be any concutting. So we will define periodontal bone level is obtained. Disadvantages are the film placement is little difficult and there will be increased exposure time and the holders need to be autoclaved and only 20 degree margin of error. So these are the maxillary teeth projections for the central incisor. It should be like this primolars and the canines and the molar region. So the angulation of tube head is changing. This is almost 90 degree, this is around 40-45 degree, this is parallel to the root amin tooth. So similarly in mandibular teeth this is incisor, primolar, canine and molar region. So the modifications if there is shallow palate, cotton trolls on either side of the bite block, then increased vertical angulation and in case of bony growth, tore also we need to modify the placement mandibular, primolar region. So mild film curvature should be recommended to avoid the anatomic constraint area. So the next technique is bisecting ankle technique, which is also known as short con technique. The principle is Sisynchi's rule of isometry. It says two triangles are equal when they share one complete side and have two equal angles. So this is Sisynchi's rule. This is a triangle. This is a triangle. So it has one common side and two equal angles. So film is placed close to teeth. So the film is placed close to teeth. So the angle between long axis of teeth and long axis of film is bisected. So the angle between long axis of the tooth, this is a long axis of tooth and the long axis of film is bisected. This is an imaginary bisector. So imaginary bisector and the chendral ray is coming at perpendicular to this bisecting line. So the x-ray tube head is right angle to this bisecting line. So the actual length of the tooth in mouth will be equal to the length of tooth on image. So the actual length of tooth in mouth will be equal to the length of tooth on image. So this is the one side of the triangle and this is the other side of triangle. So this is Sisynchi's rule. So this will be equal to this. So since it is isometric triangle, the last sentence that is actual length of tooth in mouth will be equal to the length of tooth on image. So this is the actual length of tooth in mouth. This is the image that is the image produced here. So this two will be equal because angle are equal, these two angles are equal. So film placement, so hope you understood this concept of Sisynchi's rule of isometry because two triangles are equal when they share one complete set and have two equal angles. So we have two equal angles here and here. So the sides will be same. So the film placement is close to teeth and anterior, vertical and posterior horizontal. That is the position of film. So in anterior teeth we keep it at a vertical fashion and posterior should be at horizontal level and there is two methods either we can use a film holder or digital method. So the vertical angulation, so we can see this is a occlusion plane and this is a mid sagittal plane. So this is zero angulation and this is 90 degree angulation, 60 degree and 30 degree, 30, 60 and 90 degree. So angulation will be changed according to the tooth to be x-rayed. So we have maxilla and mandible. The molar should be 25 to 30 degree that is plus 30, primolars plus 40, canines plus 50 and incisors 55, bite wings 10 degree whereas the mandible it is minus 10, for molars it is 0, primolars minus 10, minus 15 and minus 20. So this is angulation, horizontal angulation, central tray perpendicular to the curvature of arch and through the contact area of teeth. So in molars 0 degree, transcontila plane as seen from vertical above the patient and in primolars it is 30 degree, canines it is 45 degree and incisors it is 90 degree. And this picture shows the point of entry of x-ray beam. So we can make out maxillary, this is incisors through the tip of nose, canine, alof nose, primolars, pupillary perpendicular to the at line and the molars outer canthus of eye perpendicular to this at line and mandibular teeth, the incisors through the tip of chin, canines angle of mouth, primolars pupillary line, molars outer canthus of eye, third molar the ICM behind outer canthus. So the advantage of this bisecting ankle technique is it is simple and quick. Hand positioning is reasonably comfortable for the patient, can hold the film using his finger, decreased exposure time as short distance is used. If all angulations are assessed correctly exact replica image can be obtained. In paralleling technique we get slightly magnified image because we are using a long con technique. This is short con technique we are keeping the image as close to the teeth as possible and there is no sterilization of folders are required. But the disadvantages are image distortion there will be angulation problems and con cut, digital film holding method, then shadow of zygomatic bone frequently lies over the roots of upper molars, then buckle roots of primolars and molars are foreshortened, the crowns of teeth are often distorted in films preventing the detection of those proximal caries and not possible to obtain reproducible views. So the modifications when there is shallow pallet we need to use cotton rolls and to also increase the vertical angulation. So this is how we use cotton rolls and also modifications required when there is mandibular tori and maxillary tori mandibular tori and maxillary tori. So people with gag reflex or obese or children people we need to make them relax and reassure the patient, we need to distract the patient and we need to apply little bit of topical agent such as mouthwash or spray and reducing psychic and tactile stimuli. So third molars we may need to use this holder because keeping a position at third molar position is too difficult. So in endolontics the difficulties are film placement and stabilization, we need to understand exactly at the root apex and the working length, sometimes the observation. So identification and separation of root canals and assessing root canal length, so we need to keep special image receptor holder and taking two radiographs with two horizontal angulation to understand the root canals. For also edengulus ridge we need to go for panoramic radiograph and in children small size mouth or very small size children we need to go for modified bisecting angle technique. Next we have bitwing radiography, it is include crowns of both maxilla and mandible and alveolar crest of the same receptor. So it is mainly to use, so it is like this alveolar crest and crowns of maxilla and mandible, it is to detect the interproximal caries and to monitor progression of tunnel caries, detection of secondary caries below any restoration and also to evaluate the periodontal conditions and alveolar bone crest levels and also for detecting calculus in interproximal area. So the advantages are it is very simple, film pack at held firmly in position and cannot be despised by tongue, position of the x-ray tube head is determined by the holder thus it is less operator dependent ensuring that the x-ray beam is always at right angle to the film packet and it avoids conning off of anterior part of film and holders are autoclayable or disposable. But the problem is position of holder in mouth is operator dependent, it is not accurately reproducible, not suitable for monitoring of progression of caries, positioning of holders can be uncomfortable for the patient and some holders are relatively very expensive and holders are not usually suitable for children. Next the last one is occlusion radiography, indicated to locate the retained roots of extracted teeth, to locate the supernumeric teeth or un erupted or impacted teeth or to locate the salivary stones index of submandible earthland or to evaluate the extent of lesion in maxilla or mantel or also to examine the areas of cleft palate or to measure the changes in size and shape of maxilla. So classification maxilla and mantel occlusion radiograph maxilla it is both are cross sectional this is topographical anterior posterior lateral and also pediatrics. So maxillary occlusion topographical. So it is to view the maxilla for anterior alveolar fracture or to understand the cyst supernumeric teeth or impacted canines on pathology. So the patient position and direction of central ray, so this is a central ray direction and mantibular topographical occlusion radiograph uses to view the anterior portion of mandible to understand the fractures, cysts, root tips and periapical pathology and also it provides a very good view of symphysis region of the mandible and this is pointed the central ray of x-ray is going like this at 55 degree. So the cross sectional is taken at 90 degree to view the entire mandible for fracture foreign bodies, root tips, salivary calculate and tori. So the direction of central ray is like this 90 degree and posterior oblique axillary occlusion to view the maxillary posterior region or to view the maxillary sinus. The projection may be used in place who have a tendency to gag or to examine the periapical pathology of fruit. So central rays directed at 60 degree. So similar mandibular occlusion oblique it is directed at minus 50 degree it is to view the posterior teeth or to locate cysts and fractures and also to supernumeric teeth periapical pathology. So maxillary vertex occlusion, so the direction of central ray it is at 90 degree to view the buck co-parallel relationship or unrupted teeth in the dendrel arch. So that's all about the radiographic techniques. The most important techniques are paralleling and bite wing techniques in periapical radiographs and also we learned about bite wing radiographs and occlusion radiographs. So this is most commonly asked question that is paralleling technique or bisecting angle technique you need to draw pictures to get the maximum marks and the advantages and disadvantages of paralleling technique and bisecting angle is very important and also the bite wing radiographs and occlusion radiography. So I will come up with a new topic in the industry and more. Thank you.