Boston University's men's and women's cross-country teams headed out to Fairview Park in Jamaica plain Friday morning for the NCAA Northeast Regional Championships. While the heavy rain held off for the women's race, the trail remained dangerously muddy from earlier showers. Before the races, U.S. roll the hosts of the meet had to clear the trail of wet leaves. However, the strong winds and rain blew them back onto the course, creating a slippery terrain. It's muddy after all. I had to move away from the corner because everybody was tall. During the men's race, the weather took a turn for the worse, as sheets of rain buffeted the runners and spectators. Both teams' five scorers finished in the top 100 racers. The BU women's team was led by graduate student Corrine Batsu, who placed 38 out of 250 finishers, while the men's team was led by sophomore Matt Mason, who placed 46 out of 235 finishers. Unfortunately, both the men's and women's teams placed 12th at the meet and won't be moving onto the NCAA cross-country championship November 20th. However, many runners will continue running here at the track center as part of the winter track teams. For BU TV 10, I'm Eleanor Dash.


In our final video on weeds we wanted South Dakota farmers to talk about their experience with weeds in their no-till systems. And our question to the farmer was has weed pressure increased or decreased with no-till? Well what do we do if somebody has a garden at their yard? They mulch it to keep the weeds down. So if you do the same thing in your field you're using all the last years residue leaving it on the ground keeping the ground covered. You do keep a good share of your weeds from coming up. And over time my weed problem has actually diminished and I think you can see that by the crop here. And the reason for that is because I'm not burying the weed seed that might be present. In a low disturbance type system you're not stirring those wheat seeds up. They're laying on tops of ground. Right. As a whole the weed pressure has gone down in the no-till system. Okay are we saying that if you stop tilling all your weed problems will go away? Of course not. And we really like Al Miran's take on this. The weed species change some. We no longer see the weeds that have to have their seeds buried deep coming up and you need to manage that. No-till is not synonymous with no management. When it comes to dollars Matt Bainbridge walks us through his numbers. And honestly you know as we talked before where somebody is gonna do tillage to take out all their weeds to start cleaning I'm gonna use two to four maybe up to six dollars worth of chemical to do that. So you're comparing that chemical cost versus a full tillage pass or two tillage passes really. And they're still gonna need to use a pre and they're still gonna need to come back post the same as I am. So based on these last five videos we have a question. Lower disturbance systems especially when combined with diverse rotations actually reduce weed opportunity resulting in lower herbicide inputs. Merit or myth? We'll let you guys decide that one. See you soon.


As we've discussed in earlier videos, Newton didn't understand why his law of universal gravitation worked, only that it matched observations. One of the amazing ways that science progresses is by the discovery of simple rules and relationships that can explain many seemingly disparate events. So for example, we can derive all three of Kepler's laws from Newton's law of universal gravitation, and so Newton's law of universal gravitation is more fundamental.  So let's get into it. So to explore gravity that is more fundamental than Newton's law of universal gravitation, there are two aspects we can look at. Firstly, can we find any deeper relationships in physics, such as can we find an equation that explains not only gravitation, but also relates space and time? Or secondly, are there any problems we can find with Newton's law of universal gravitation? At this stage, we're going to take a brief diversion to discuss Einstein's theory of special relativity. A consequence of this theory, which you'll learn about in further detail later, is that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, C. At typical speeds, the classical mechanics that we usually apply to solve motion problems can accurately predict motion. However, if we were to jump into a super-fast car and start accelerating and continue accelerating, while in good physics fashion neglecting air resistance, then as we go faster and faster and keep accelerating, we'll start to notice that it is taking more and more force to accelerate us the same amount. This contradicts Newton's second law, F equals mA, which doesn't depend on velocity. To explain this kind of behaviour, we need Einstein's theory of special relativity. In fact, the speed of light in a vacuum is kind of like the speed limit of the universe. Physically, we do not expect that anything, including any information, can travel faster than the speed of light. So let's think about that for a second. Have you heard that if the sun were to explode, we wouldn't know for eight minutes? This is how long it would take the light to travel from the sun. We know that we couldn't know any faster, because any signal that we try to send could not go faster than the sunlight is travelling. So hang on. If you've been keeping gravity on the brain, you may see the predicament this leaves us in. We can imagine a situation where we have a large mass a long distance away from another mass that can feel its effects, let's say the sun and the earth. If the sun were to suddenly vanish or we were to pull it away quickly, then the gravitational field strength that the earth experiences due to the sun would immediately change. We know that Newton's law of universal gravitation has no time dependency. So in this case, we would know information from the sun before we could see the sun suddenly begin moving in the sky. And this information would therefore have moved faster than the speed of light. This means that either or both of special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation must be wrong. And in fact, resolving this was arguably Einstein's greatest achievement. Marrying the concepts of gravity with special relativity led him to develop general relativity.


Learn accounting by teaching accounting when going to school. I learned a lot of accounting by just working with other students The presentations from the instructor were great But learning from other students was good too in part because we were able to kind of present the material to each other have a Discussion with each other even if he can't have a discussion Just the presentation is often useful whether that be live or whether that be through something Like a YouTube channel because obviously that you have to be able to verbalize the thing that you are presenting Which often leads to problems where you have to sit sit back and say hey I need to understand this a little bit better So possibly I can present it and verbalize it a little bit better that then helps you learn the concepts better It also helps your presentation skills and your communication skills And I think that other people often learn Better when they're talked when they're learning from people that have different presentation skills and that have different levels of Mastery over a topic so even if you're not a complete master of a topic A lot of times learners that are on a similar level Like to see people that are working and kind of struggling with the concepts You know at that level as well So that's why I thought it might be kind of mutually advantageous to kind of provide materials possibly For anybody that wanted to kind of work through practice problems and practice presenting the practice problems Possibly setting up a youtube channel or something like that And so I was thinking that I can give free access to course materials for things like Some of our accounting courses that have the excel components to them So that you can basically work through the excel components in a presentation format yourself and and and you have like a youtube playlist about it If you so choose and then I can give some advice from a cpa about you know the The material itself or possibly about setting up the The youtube channel and so you can kind of work through the youtube channel and set up your playlist possibly some editing Instruction as well Playlist on accounting instruction youtube youtube and video about your channel So I could of course once you set up the presentations if you wanted to try to grow the youtube channel Then I you can set the videos up on your youtube channel if you so choose And if you want me to make a playlist on accounting instruction Our youtube channel from your videos on your youtube channel, it might drive a little traffic over there I'm not saying it'll drive a lot of traffic over there from our our channel We're not huge or anything either But we may be able to do something like that and possibly make a presentation about Your channel and your and your videos if you So choose and possibly adding support to improve the presentation so we could give some editing support as well We've been working with some editors so maybe we can edit some of the presentations or at least give some advice on How you could kind of edit the presentations and you can work with that Stuff as well because no matter where you are And in no matter what you do these days accounting or basically anything else It seems like the computer skills the editing skills the communication skills talking online And that kind of stuff is becoming more and more important. So what uh, what you need So what you would need to do this if you wanted to kind of set this up is you would need screen casting software You could use your you can have a video camera if you want to for your put your face in your screen casting software But you don't really have to I don't do that. Obviously you can do that if you want I think it actually does help your your video On youtube to have your to have a video of you in it too But so it's your choice of microsoft excel See so i'm thinking that mainly this would work well with microsoft excel problems because you can actually work the problem in excel And just practice the excel problems to the point where you can make a presentation about it and you can Reference, you know, what you're following along with and and whatnot Which which i'll give you those materials and then of course an internet connection would be necessary So how to get started so if that sounds like something interesting you can email me with the subject line A student instructor at b steel at book b o okay the letter in as in nancy tax t a x pros tros Dot com and i'm a little slow with the emails sometimes i miss the miss the emails because i got a ton of them So if i miss it don't be mad at me or something send another one and try to try it again And i'll see if i can get to it And i'm thinking of a couple courses that this might be good in One of them is is this excel course where we basically just create an accounting worksheet in excel In a step by step process which each of these instructional videos So we actually build the build the excel worksheet So you can basically i'll give you the excel worksheet which has the answer key to it and then it also has the the um The worksheet that you're going to work each component of the problem In and then you can get to the point where you can work the problem and basically do a screencast of it And make your own kind of presentation of it and if you can actually present this whole this whole problem Then you're you a lot of people that'll build up a lot of people's basically just excel skills And and accounting skills And we also have some other courses just general like basic accounting courses that might be good to do this As well, but those are some of our older courses. So so but they might be more kind of uh Basic accounting courses. So that's an option as well where we got some accounting and some excel Stuff to work through but that would be the general idea. So you might have for example This this item open have the excel worksheet. You download the excel worksheet like so And you have the excel worksheet open The excel worksheet has has two tabs on it We got the example tab over here that has the completed worksheet And then we've got the practice tab where we're going to just basically build The worksheet on this side and then you can kind of go back and forth to the To the video on a step-by-step process and try to work through the worksheet And you can put whatever style you want to do for your Presentations and how you want to format it for, you know You're a youtube for a youtube kind of kind of worksheet practice problem worksheet thing So that's what I was thinking that that sounds interesting to anybody. Let me know


So, the training that we're executing today is called a stress shoot. The course of fire behind me is designed to simulate combat conditions, and it's going to elevate their heart rate, and it's going to get their blood pumping, and it's going to stress them out. They're able to think without having to actually stop, and they're able to perform under pressure. So, they're going to be moving, shooting, communicating, and you do a magazine change and, you know, making sure that you have proper muzzle awareness and manipulating your safety in an appropriate manner. This is as close as we can get to simulating combat without actually being in combat, and the reason that we want to do that is so that we can get used to performing under those conditions. Start at the individual, we build through the team, squad, platoon, company, and then, like, that's how we prepare ourselves. This is how we get ready to be deployed. The old cliche is, you know, ounce of sweat will save a gallon of blood, right? So that's why we're going to be sweating a lot today. This is kind of like, not necessarily new in the way that it's never been done before, but it's just a different look at some of the foundational skills that we train on in a different way. It just kind of combines everything together, right? This will build not only their skills, but it also builds soldier confidence. Like, they can execute a course of fire such as this that's going to be very challenging. They can do many, many other tasks and be confident in that, and confidence goes a long way when you're talking about an infantry battle, gunfight, like, you need to be confident in what you're doing and how do you build confidence? Well, you train, and you do training that is very tough and realistic. The challenging training is something that is going to make us better and a more lethal fighting force and more able to defend the United States of America in any situation that we would need to be called upon to do. So yeah, so this is a dry iteration that they're about to run through right now. So we have the shooter, and then we have the safety, and the safety is just going to verify that everything is happening in a safe manner. We emphasize safety in our training. There's no reason that any soldiers need to be injured in training, you know? So we take steps to mitigate that risk. So to start the event, you'll see the shooter is doing 15 push-ups. They're now going to secure their weapon and maneuver through the tires, and then they are going to crawl underneath this barbed wire up to the first fighting position. They're going to engage two targets with two rounds in each target, and then they're going to bound to the next target once the safety says that they're safe. And then they're going to engage two more targets, but there's going to have to execute a magazine change at this station. Yep, weapons on safe. And then they're going to drag a simulated casualty, drag that casualty at a predetermined distance until the casualty has passed that marker. And then they run up to that third fighting position where they're going to have to correct a malfunction. We've simulated a malfunction in the loadout. And then they're going to have to pick up a heavy thing and then run to the end of the course of fire. Now there being time during this, and any misses that they encounter down range are going to count as a 20 second panel. Yeah, I really try to focus on the fundamentals. Just go back to getting a really nice base, making sure I'm not out of control with where I'm holding the weapon and how it's in my body. Making sure I'm not all loosey-goosey with it. And taking time if time isn't necessary, you don't want to rush anything, so. And then the buddy drag? Yeah, no, he's not my buddy anymore, no. Yeah, but that was a heavy but good one. Yeah, it's definitely good that we started incorporating that now. You know, just going out and shooting a few rounds and coming back in doesn't really get you ready for anything else besides doing that exact task. But if we can add a little stress, a little sweat, pick the heart rate up. I think it benefits everybody, especially if you go and actually do it for real. So, yeah, it's very important to do. I really replicates what we do in the field when you're in a gunfight. You're always tired.  You can't train that without doing this. Biggest thing when you're in combat or training for is to slow down. People don't think about that. I call it tactical patience. You know, you don't want to rush to failure. Slowest move and smoothest fast. I'd say join the guard because it's the best vehicle for your human development. There's been no place I've ever found to drive me to be better as a person and as a man than to come here with these men, learn how to be a better warrior every time we're out here, and nothing pushes you through to be a better person than the struggles we have to fight. Yeah, I really try to focus on the fundamentals, just go back to getting a really nice base, making sure I'm not out of control with where I'm holding the weapon and how it's in my body, making sure I'm not all goosey-goosey with it, and taking time if time isn't necessary. Don't want to rush anything, so. And then the buddy drag? Yeah, he's not my buddy anymore, no. Yeah, but that was a heavy but good one. But yeah, it's definitely good that we started incorporating that now. You know, just going out and shooting a few rounds and coming back in doesn't really get you ready for anything else besides doing that exact task. But if we can add a little stress, a little sweat, pick the heart rate up, I think it benefits everybody, especially if you go and actually do it for real. So yeah, it's very important to do. I really replicate what we do in the field. When you're in a gunfight, you're always tired.  So to do this, replicates that feeling that you have in your lungs, the adrenaline's pumping. You can't train that without doing this. Biggest thing when you're in combat or training for is to slow down. People don't think about that. I call it tactical patience. You know, you don't want to rush to failure. Slowest move and smoothest fast. I'd say join the guard because it's the best vehicle for your human development. There's been no place I've ever found to drive me to be better as a person and as a man that come here with these men, learn how to be a better warrior every time we're out here, and nothing pushes you through to be a better person than the struggles we have to fight.


If all these people were formerly non-yoga practitioners, how did you reach them? Were you involved in a community outreach program? Was it advertising? Was it word of mouth? Because for me, that's the hardest thing is like if these people have never done yoga before, what's the incentive to get them to start? How did you overcome that obstacle? I think because of our studio's original location, I think that was like, you know, in a way, a boon for us because we were down in the Chinatown neighborhood, which at that point didn't really have much as far as fitness, boutique fitness. Even in gyms, there were very, very few, six years ago when we opened. And so we didn't do any kind of paid advertising for the first basically like five years of being open, right Chrissy? All of our brick and mortar spaces were all super organic and how they grew. We did get some very generous write-ups in nice magazines that were like, try this space out, which of course helps to a degree. But I think also just the community feeling that was like inherently embedded in our spaces, let the word of mouth be our strongest asset as far as community growth and just getting people in the door. And like, tagging onto what Chrissy said in the last question, what was interesting I think also is like most studios, it's like the pre-work or the post-work that are the most popular classes, right? It's like people that have a nine to five job usually try and fit it in around their busy schedules. But especially at our Chinatown location, we always had people in the midday classes as well, which just I think speaks to like who was living in the neighborhood and who was interested in checking this out. And so that really I think also helped grow who was coming in because like Chrissy said we had like artists that were, you know, just freelance that could come in at any time of day. We had like old people that didn't work anymore that were from the neighborhood that were just popping in for a class. And so it was really like just a beautiful organic growth that happened. I've taken some yoga and my favorite line is always a drop of water is enough to curb a stone or something like something like that. Like a drop of water a day is enough to. I'm going to use that next class I teach. Thank you. I say it all the time, like when people are upset or like, I'll say to my wife if something's going wrong about like, you know, how just keep the action going.  No one believes that. And I'm like, you know, I don't know. I don't know if it's true, but it's I love it. I did Bicram for a little while while I was living in Boston because it's the only thing that makes you sweat. Well, it's like, you know, 10 degrees outside in the winter time. Our teacher says every cell matters. Even your pinky toe matters. So how did you guys decide? OK, because brick and mortar is a slow strategy. That's the issue with it. Like I'm a tech guy used to be in tech. And so brick and mortar is like, it's you're talking about decades and they just drive you crazy. But moving online, you can you can create some repetition. You can create some videos. And so what was the idea that made you want to go online? And then what was your first step, right? Everyone thinks, oh, let's go with an app. Maybe for you guys, it might have been YouTube. But the people was like the first thing you guys said, OK, let's try this in an online setting. I think the first thing for us was like, we had three studios and we had 80 teachers. And like we had 150 people working for Sky Ting. And we were like, that's not really doable to like keep going in this big way. And the first step really was people in France and London. And like, how can I practice Sky Ting? I can't find your methodology anywhere here. Like we love your blend of Katona yoga and vinyasa. So it really was like, how do we reach more people without going to the people physically? So we're like, instead of opening a studio in LA or Austin, which we seriously considered, we're like, let's pour our resources to trying Sky Ting TV. And our angle was to make the videos really cinematic and beautiful and design forward, just like the rest of our studio. Because a lot of online yoga things at the time were like a camera at the back of the room and like quality super low. So we were like, let's just make like 20 highly beautiful videos and launch a little online thing. So we started with 20 gorgeous videos 2019. And then we were like, OK, we got to film these from home qualities going down just for covid and kind of like did that for a few months and then got back in the studio eventually. But yeah, our goal with it was to spread these practical wellness tools and techniques that we love so much and have changed our lives to more people because we know how accessible our methodology is.


Good morning, and thank you. I think my role here today is take all the hope that you might have had after that session away as we head into lunch. So Neela Rossi-Howe, Chief Strategy Officer at RSA, and what I wanted to talk about today is the Hacker Industrial Complex. At RSA, we have this incredible fraud team that for the past 10 years has basically gone underground and infiltrated a lot of the criminal networks and really tried to study the latest tools, techniques, as well as some very interesting social patterns, which are beyond the scope of the talk today. But I wanted to start by just setting the context here and why all of this matters, and to try and understand some of the craziness that's going on. Everyone in this room really knows what 2016 was all about. It was some of the biggest attacks we've had. And from my perspective, it was just a window into possibilities for the future. I don't actually think we understand the full ramifications of what we saw in 2016. So whether you look at the Mariah Botnet, the largest DDoS attack in history, which showed that your refrigerator can take down Twitter. You look at Yahoo and the unending sort of news stories that seem to be coming from that breach. One billion accounts hacked. There's three billion users, internet users. So the impact there is pretty huge. Of course, the DNC hack, a country with the 11th largest economy in the world, has repeatedly shown how it can cause us to lose faith in our systems, in our government, in our most fundamental processes, despite the fact that they don't have the economic power that we do. And despite the fact that every demographic trend is working against them, they've been incredibly effective in cyberspace. 1.2 million pieces of malware released every day. And it all has very interesting implications to what we call the hacker industrial complex, or the wild wild west of the internet. So why is this all happening? It used to be the case that it was pretty hard to break into systems and actually extract valuable information. Rob Joyce, who is the new White House cybersecurity advisor, former head of TAO, gave a talk at the Enigma USNIX conference in February 2016, where he, on YouTube, you can watch the guy who ran offensive cyber for the NSA, talk about how he broke into systems, with the hope, by the way, of showing people what they had to do to defend their networks. And basically, it's a six-step process, right? Reconnaissance, you learn what systems they're being used. You can use scanning tools. You can use email attachments, removal media, et cetera. You exploit those systems. You find a way in. You figure out how to persist, install your tools so you can move laterally, and all with the goal of collecting, exfiltrating, and exploiting. Now, this entire attack chain used to actually be pretty hard to deploy successfully. The problem is it really isn't that hard anymore. Not just because the tools are readily accessible, but what's happening out there is there's a crowdsourcing of the attack chain that's going on. So you only have to know one piece of this attack chain, and you can get together through social media with people who are experts in other pieces of the attack chain, and you can actually conduct an entire operation impossible to have attribution because it's different groups doing it. And all of this makes, of course, our life on the defense side pretty hard, because their goal, of course, is to get to know your networks better than you do, which isn't that hard. The only way you can actually defend your network is to actually know what's going on. And it brings me to a couple of ground truths. We have basically lost control over our network. All of the advances that have made our lives more productive, more accessible, more connected, have fundamentally disintermediated our ability to protect our environments. The democratization of information, of technology, of goods and services, of banking, of financial transactions with blockchain, et cetera, means every aspect of our lives has become accessible and therefore vulnerable. We've moved from a world where you had to be invited in and trust was presumed in our networks to a world where trust is presumed not to exist. And when you look at the combination of unmanaged devices, unmanaged digital identities, the sheer number of applications that are being created, and importantly, the changing nature of the workforce, which today is demanding, to be able to access any application from any device at any time from anywhere in the world, means that without vigilant dedication to security, knowing our networks, let alone protecting them, has become very, very hard. Now, even when you have best practices in place, network segmentation, dual factor authentication, there are some headwinds that those of us who are on the defensive side have to face. First of all, it's asymmetric. An attacker only has to be right once to get into our systems, whereas the defenders have to be right every single time to stop them. The ROI on attack tools is continuous and basically unending, the same tools can be used over and over and over again. And when attribution is difficult, retribution is almost impossible. Layer on top of that, the fact that attackers have increasing access to more and more sophisticated tools, tools that nation states only had access to a few years ago or in the wild and being used by them, and the fact that we have a global internet, but no global norms of behavior that we've all agreed to, or frankly, standards as an industry that we're going to build our products to, you kind of get to the wild west. Now, the weakest link in all of this is us. It's humans. Even with everything else in place, we kind of keep messing it up over and over again. And so there's kind of an identity crisis going on. You have the world population over 7 billion, 3.2 billion internet users, 60 billion digital identities. And the reason I say digital identities is because it's not just human identities. It's not just you and me. It's all the applications and devices also have their own identity. So it's not just the internet of things we're talking about. It's the identity of things that we're talking about. And when you look at the attack vectors and why these identities are so important, web application attacks are the most common form of attack. 95% of them last year used stolen credentials. There were over 3 billion account credentials that were compromised. And so it's no surprise that phishing attacks are on the rise. What we saw between 2015 and 2016 was a three-fold increase in phishing attacks. And they continue to be incredibly successful. And the tools that are being used for ransomware and all of that are really starting to become available to the bottom feeders of the criminal community. By that, I mean the least sophisticated folks in there. So this brings me to basically the third ground truth, which is we criminals no longer need to hide in the dark. What we have seen is an absolute rise in an industrial and a new industrial complex of hackers actually working in plain sight to conduct all of their criminal activity. So now today you can buy cybercrime as a service. You want a point of service malware tool. You don't know how to make it, that's okay. You can go to a website and buy it. And here's what's amazing, you don't just get the malware, you get all of the resources, all of the tools that you need to conduct your attack is available to you through these websites. By the way, a lot of them also have call centers and service-level guarantees. You want to buy call center services. Pick your language, pick your gender, pick your accent. They're all available. Credit card troves, and we'll get to this in a second, but the internet is littered now with stolen credit card information. And what's interesting is in some geographies like Brazil, they actually take advertising and try to differentiate themselves through marketing very seriously. So they're using movie posters to advertise the services that they sell. Let's say you want to launch a DDoS attack, but you don't exactly know how. Totally. You can buy a spot on the Mariah Botnet. 50,000 bots for $4,600. That's about 10 cents a bot. Kind of affordable. And they will launch the attack for you. So what's really fascinating as we look at what's going on in this criminal industrial complex is the use of social media as the platform for conducting criminal activities. So outside of the U.S., where there is still some laws in existence, around the world, the need to go into the dark web is becoming less and less required because prosecution rates are less than 1%. So the criminals have actually moved to these social media platforms, and I kind of want to show you really quickly what the new dark web looks like. So let's take a look at what's going on. So let's hope this works. Okay. So this is my Facebook page. And by the way, let's just make sure it's working. It's my son getting a hockey award. It's my daughter. My son's putting on her goalie pad. So just showing you this is real. So let's say I got fired from RSA, and I really, really needed to buy a pair of shoes and can't afford them. So I kind of need someone else's credit card to do that. So you guys all know what CVVs are, right? They're credit card verification value. It's what you need in order to use someone else's credit card. So let's just run a search on CVVs. Here we go. First post. There's the credit card number. Expiration date is April, 2015. I don't think I can use that one. Let's keep going. Some advertisements for some places we can go. Let's look at this one. He's just advertising his wearers. You need to actually contact him. Oh, here's a good one. Peter Bingham. Does anyone know Peter Bingham in Australia? Because his credit card is right there with the CVV information, as well as from the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. And you can keep going down. There's, here's a good one from JPMorgan Chase, Michael Lynch. I even have his address and his zip code and his phone number. All right there for me to use, right? Right on Facebook.  Cool. So, here's what's fun on Twitter. By the way, before the election, when you put in dump, really it wasn't that that came up. Okay, so here's a website that basically, a Twitter feed that basically scrapes the internet for all sorts of dumps of personal information. And here's what's really cool. I went on this this morning just to make sure that we could do this fast. So, they post emails and passwords. This just got posted early this morning. This is 68 million hacked accounts, Dropbox accounts, and they've listed the email address as well as the hashed password for you to access. So, they're just giving you a taste of what's in that trove. If you want to actually access all those accounts, they give you the URL to go to, which is awesome. I actually, let me do this real quick. There were a few other places that I liked this morning. So, here's a more common one that you find. So, this is actually just another dump, but it's got all the usernames and passwords for these emails. So, if anyone knows Ben Warhammer, for example, in Germany, username and password is up here. So, in less than 30 seconds, I can either go find a credit card on Facebook that I can use. By the way, I was looking on Facebook last night just to see what was there. And there was a post on exactly how to use step-by-step instructions, a stolen credit card on Amazon, how to set up the account, the minimum purchase that would let you sort of not get caught by their fraud team, and what dollar values you should use as you made your purchases with these stolen credit card accounts. Now, interestingly, that post got taken down within a few hours of being put up there. And so, the social media sites really do try and scrape for content. And the reason I liked a bunch of the fees on Twitter is because they do get sort of pulled every once in a while, but not before they can cause a fair amount of damage. So, again, the whole reason that I wanted to show this to you is it's all out there. I mean, the amount of information that you can access online is fairly crazy. So, as we look at what's going on out there over the past six months, we have seen a 300% growth rate in the use of social media online. It varies by geography. In China, by doing QQ, tend to be the most common platforms that are used, for example, they're actually really good about scraping criminal activity off of those platforms, but the criminals have figured out how to use evasive techniques, use characters that don't get caught within those systems. So, the WhatsApp continues to be the most common and favorite source social media platform that's being used. And when you go onto these social media platforms, the amount of activity that's going on is fairly endless. The carding services I showed you is the easiest thing to access when you're there, but everything from malware hacking tools, mulling services, phishing botnet services, all of that is accessible with just a few clicks. Now, as we look at how this activity takes place, and this is just a map of countries that are launching the targets, and the countries that are the target, the red being the attackers, and the blue being who's being attacked, you can see that the US and UK are the target, and the attacks are coming from all over the world. Now, you will notice, for anyone who knows much about cyber crime, that Brazil's not on this map, and the reason Brazil's not on the map is because Brazilians tend to be very localized in what they do, so their fraud activities are pretty geographically limited. They don't tend to go out of their geography, but we are absolutely the targets for most of these activities, and the skill set for sure varies by geography that you look at. So, for example, the Russians tend to be incredibly sophisticated, very business oriented. Probably they've come up a few times today, and I assume they'll be continuing to come up a few times. Chinese are also very sophisticated. They focus a lot more on hardware and mobile, and then as you make your way to West Africa, it tends to be very much about financial transactions and things that can generate money very, very quickly. So, to highlight the complete absurdity of what's going on online, I thought I would show this website, which is a carding service website. I don't know if you can tell, but it's a very kind of professionally set up website. It has a cart, it has a place for billing questions, tickets, if you have questions about what they do. And this particular group was subjected to a DDoS attack, and they were really upset that they were subjected to a DDoS attack. Now, keep in mind, right, they're selling stolen information, right? They're selling stolen credit cards. Here was their reaction. So, this is from June 2015, for anyone who cares, this is a website set up in West Africa. Dear friends, we noticed that our site was under several attacks when a group of hackers, because they're not, tried to blackmail us, intimidating us with DDoS attacks and abuse, right? How dare they? Let's keep going. With our friends and customers, right? With our friends and customers, we overcame all the difficulties and saved our business, right? How many criminals talk about it this way? We always play fair, brothers, and we want you to play fair. So, what is beautiful about this from my perspective is just trying to understand the mindset of the people who are doing these activities and their view of right and wrong is very, very different from our view of right and wrong. And they, some believe it's a legitimate business, doesn't really have victims, and it's simply a way to make money in very difficult environments. And it kind of underscores the need for us to keep working and pushing, which is why all the policy conversations are important. This is the global internet, and we do not have norms of behavior that we've all agreed to, and clearly they vary so much in geography. So, I will end on that note, and hopefully it's not completely hopeless as you guys head into lunch, but I'm happy to entertain a couple of questions as well if anyone has them. No, there's no need to be depressed. There's just a reality out there. I mean, the good news right is, credit cards are pretty well protected, but if you're connected to the internet, this is the world and the people that you're connected to, and it's just really important to understand that reality. Just following up on that final point about norms of responsible behavior, in your research or as you looked at these different criminal actors, did you find that there were any attempts to establish kind of standards for responsible behavior among that crowd? And if not, is that something that you see coming? So the answer to that totally varies by region. I wouldn't say that there's necessarily standards of behavior, but there are folks who are invited in and folks who are not invited in. So if you take, for example, the Arab speaking countries, if you are not an Arab, if you can't interact with them using not just the language, but also the way they greet each other and speak to each other and all the pleasantries that goes around it, you will absolutely not become part of the community. So there's very well-defined norms in terms of communicating who's allowed in, who's not allowed in, where you conduct your activities, but there aren't really standards of behavior emerging as far as we can see. Okay, I know you guys do this for a living, so go easy on me. Don't worry. So we track a lot of, in addition to Russian and Chinese cyber criminals, we look at a lot of American cyber criminals. And one of the things I was wondering is within your team's research, do you see similar sophistication in US based cyber criminals? I know they tend to be kind of localized in their targeting. Do they run businesses in the same way? I'm kind of curious what you guys are seeing. So most of our research has focused on the international communities for a lot of reasons including, and my talk here, because in the US, we actually enforce our laws. So it is much more difficult to conduct business the way folks around the world are conducting business where the laws may not be well-defined. Prosecution simply doesn't happen. In certain parts of the world. But it is a very different environment in the US. Thank you.


Congratulations to everybody, the team that built it. And of course, the more than 1 million learners, congratulations to you all for participating in this extraordinary journey. So thank you again, Eva, for allowing me to join this incredible event. MicroMasters were the first of its kind where for the first time in the MOOC revolution, the program was a bundle of courses with a valuable credential at the end called the MicroMasters. So one, there was a valuable, those valuable learning, that's one. Second, was that it was skills focused in that, career focused in that when you completed, you learned enough that you could get a job, a promotion, or even a pay raise, for example, many of our learners who are completing these programs are telling us that they're getting new jobs. The third thing is that there is a credential called the MicroMasters. It's a valuable credential with masters in its name. And then the fourth feature that is incredibly valuable is that you can translate the MicroMasters into credit at one of many either residential or online master's degrees. It can be an on-rem to a degree. And this had never been done in the world before. So this was the very first time that we had a modular credential, which was stackable into a degree program. It was a revolution at that time.


Do you have a question or a doubt from espressoenglish.net? Students often say, I have a doubt, and then ask me something about the English language. However, native English speakers don't usually say it this way. If you want to know the answer about something, you should say, I have a question. So when can we use the word doubt? Well, the word doubt in English is more often used as a verb. It means to be uncertain, with somewhat of a negative connotation. You are expressing that you do not have confidence about something, or you believe something probably won't happen, or is not true. For example, I doubt that my team will win the championship. This means I think my team is not likely to win. After reading that book, I started to doubt some of my beliefs. This means I began to feel uncertain that my beliefs were true or reliable. My kids have always doubted the existence of Santa Claus. This means my kids always suspected that Santa Claus did not actually exist. When used with the word have, we typically use doubts in the plural, followed by about. For example, I have my doubts about his ability to do the job. This means I am not 100% certain that he can do the job. The senator has some doubts about whether the new law will be effective. This means the senator is not confident about the new law. We can also say a situation is in doubt if it is uncertain, it is not yet decided or resolved. For example, they haven't yet finished the scientific study so the outcome is still in doubt, meaning it's not yet finalized. The company has been having financial problems and its future is in doubt, meaning its future is uncertain, the company may succeed or it may fail. Let's look at more expressions with the word doubt. Room for doubt. If there's room for doubt, it means that there is a chance that a situation may not be exactly as it seems. For example, don't believe everything you read on the internet, there's always room for doubt. Plant or sow a seed of doubt. This expression means to do or say something that makes another person begin to feel doubt, begin to feel uncertain or suspicious. For example, she claimed she wasn't cheating on her husband, but her frequent phone calls to another man planted a seed of doubt in his mind, meaning that her actions caused her husband to begin to feel uncertain or suspicious. Give someone the benefit of the doubt means to decide to believe or trust someone in a situation where you could choose either to believe or not to believe him or her. Here are some examples. The boss doesn't track our time, she gives us the benefit of the doubt. This means she trusts the employees to work appropriate hours without directly tracking the time. My brother broke my computer and said it was an accident. I gave him the benefit of the doubt. This means I believe his claim that it was accidental and he didn't do it on purpose. No doubt, and without a doubt, are used when you are very certain or very confident about something. You can also use without a shadow of a doubt for even more emphasis on the fact that you are 100% certain. For example, she's so smart, she'll do well in college, no doubt. This means she will definitely do well in college. There's no doubt that this medication works, it has been tested extensively and proven to have great results. This is, without a doubt, the best chocolate cake I've ever had. I've known him for 10 years and I can say without a shadow of a doubt that he's an honest man. English has a lot of words that seem to be the same, but native speakers actually use them in different situations. This is where a lot of English learners make mistakes. I've collected 600 confusing words and I'll teach you how to use them in my e-book, 600 plus confusing English words explained. It has simple, clear lessons explaining each of these words with examples so that you can use them more confidently. Click on the link in the video or in the video description to get the 600 confusing English words explained e-book.