The 155th operations group closed out the water survival course at Branch Oak Lake on July 22. The water survival course has developed over the years to meet the needs of Air Force training. Seer Specialist, Tech Sergeant Brian Billington, was pleased to offer the opportunity to practice these tactics, techniques, and procedures. So if any of our members are ever trapped in an open water survival situation, they will know what skills to use and it will be repetition. The goal of the course is to equip members with the skills necessary to survive multiple situations and to return back home safe. The water survival course is just one way the operations group enhances their mission skill sets. Reporting from Lincoln Air Force Base, Nebraska, I'm Airman First Class Alexander Schreiner.


today I will be talking and sharing with you some tips about traveling to Tanzania. So we'll try to cover the travel requirements to go to Tanzania in 2021-2022. We'll talk about Mount Kilimanjaro. We'll talk about the safari in Tanzania and we'll also try to talk a little bit about Zanzibar. I have a couple of videos that are already out there on my YouTube channel and an article about traveling to Tanzania that is already up right now on my website. So I will try to address some of the things that you should keep in mind before you travel to Tanzania and of course if you guys have any questions feel free to leave them in the comments and I will be addressing them as we go. Hello, hello everybody. So traveling to Tanzania in 2021-2022, Tanzania was one of the countries that kind of opened early on to visitors from all over the world even during the pandemic. So we saw a lot of travelers who would still travel to to Tanzania even during the pandemic but they do have a bunch of rules in place just to make sure that everyone is staying safe. So if you are traveling to Tanzania I'll say towards the end of this year or even next year. It doesn't matter if you are vaccinated you will need to provide results of the COVID-19 test when you get to the airport and usually you will even have to present it at the airport before boarding the plane. So when I was leaving from LA to Tanzania I was flying with the KLM and then when I got to the airport in LA we realized that they wanted the results right there and I got my test done with CVS and because the labs were a little bit backed. We didn't have our results when we went to the airport and that was a whole horrible story where I thought that we will be missing the flights. We will not be arriving to Tanzania on time to start our climb which is critical. Usually if you're climbing Mount Kilimanjaro there is a set date or set schedule. If you're climbing the mountain on the 28th you are climbing with a group you cannot make any changes. So if you are late you're late. But anyway so that's a that's a whole different story but just make sure that you have your COVID-19 results with you before you get to the airport. So that's number one. Number two there is a health form that the Tanzanian government requires 24 hours before you arrive in Tanzania. And so in that form you will be basically just providing details about you and if you are experiencing any symptoms, where are you going to be staying, how many days you are staying in Tanzania. And also as you feel that form you will be asked to pay for a test and it's $10. This is a mandatory test once you arrive in Tanzania. You will be asked to take a rapid test at the airport and there will be a check for your temperatures just to make sure that you are okay. And once you arrive to the airport like I said you show them the QR code for the payment that you submit online $10. So that QR code they will basically test you and you depends on how busy the airport is but you probably wait for about 10 to 15 minutes and once the results are out and the results are good then you should be good to go. So these are the the requirements or pandemic related requirements to travel to Tanzania. Obviously for a lot of nationals from all around the world the government of Tanzania requires a visa. So even for you as citizens you do need a visa before you enter to Tanzania and it's pretty straightforward the application process. It's a visa upon arrival so you don't really have to apply before traveling to Tanzania. And I know that even for Moroccan citizens traveling to Tanzania you do need a visa upon arrival. So there are two ways you can do this right. You can either arrive to the airports when you go through the rapid test and health check and all of those stuff you can go to the visa office and you will be asked to provide them with the probably information about your return ticket and where you're staying, what is the purpose of your visit and stuff like that or if you want to avoid going to the to the visa office in Tanzania you can apply for an e-visa before you arrive in Tanzania. And I think this is this is the best way to go about it because when we arrived to the airport it was so busy the line was really really long and kind of just had to wait there for probably more than 45 minutes just waiting for the health check and stuff like that. So it's better to apply for your visa before you arrive in Tanzania. So the process is very easy and I do talk about it in one of the videos that I have up on my YouTube channel. So you pretty much just go to the website where you can start your application process. It's straightforward. They just ask you about your return ticket which I'm assuming by this time you already have your return ticket and then they will ask you for a copy of your passport which you can take just using your phone and they will ask you for a photo of yourself for the visa. So you submit all of that information and then you have to pay for the visa application fee. For American citizens it's 100 US dollars. For Moroccan citizens I think I heard someone a while back say that it was 50 US dollars but I'm not very sure. But anyway so you apply for the visa online and then within 24 to 48 hours depends on which day you are applying. You will receive an email that basically says hey we got your information, your visa application is approved, you're good to travel to Tanzania and then they will send you a PDF document with all of the visa information. So you want to make sure that you are saving that PDF document so that when you arrive to the airport and you are going to talk to the officers and then you got to show them that PDF document to be able to enter Tanzania. They will take fingerprints as well and ask you the same questions that you probably already answered during the visa application process and you're good to go. You are in Tanzania with no problems. So that's I think that's pretty much it when it comes to the requirements to travel to Tanzania. And let me just grab a sip of water. Hello everyone. Just for those of you who are just joining right now we are talking about traveling in Tanzania 2021-2022. I'm talking about travel requirements during the pandemic. We'll talk about traveling in Tanzania in general. We'll talk about Mount Kilmijaro Safari in Tanzania and also if you want to visit the beautiful island of Zanzibar. Okay so we talked about passport visa requirements, pandemic related requirements. I want to touch a little bit on vaccines required to travel to Tanzania. So if you want to travel to Tanzania we don't you don't really need the COVID-19 vaccine that I covered earlier but it is a good idea to talk to your doctor before you travel to Tanzania and usually your travel doctor or just you know your normal physician will basically go to the website from the CDC and then they are going to give you recommendations about vaccines that you should have or you should think about before traveling to Tanzania. So a lot of people think that the yellow fever vaccine is required for Tanzania but that is not true. If you are traveling from the US to Tanzania you don't need the yellow fever vaccine. The only time you need the yellow fever vaccine to enter Tanzania is if you are traveling from a country that's endemic for yellow fever. Like if you're traveling from Kenya to Tanzania you'll probably not not probably you 100% need a vaccine for for the yellow fever and you need to have your vaccine card with you. Other than that there aren't really any requirements for for to enter Tanzania as far as the rules and regulations go but when you talk to your doctor they are probably going to ask you about HEPA and HEPV vaccines and then they are going to ask you about the thife with vaccine and then they're going to probably talk about Malaria as well. So none of them are required but they're kind of important to have. So when I talked to to my doctor and I also had a consultation with the what are they called? Passport Health. Yeah so Passport Health is a company that you can go to depending on what destination you travel to and then they will have a one-on-one with you to to help you throughout the way and make sure that you understand what's required for your health and they can even walk you through some requirements for a visa and it's it's a very you know it's a very helpful meeting that we have with passport health but I really went to see them because I was curious about the service that they provide but anyway when you talk to your doctor they it's they're going to ask about HEPA, HEPV and then the thife with vaccine. I ended up getting the thife with vaccine before traveling to Tanzania only because if there is any we're going to be eating food on the mountain and then water. I'm going to talk about that later on but just if there's any contaminated water or food making sure that you have the thife with vaccine is important and then Malaria pills. We'll talk to your doctor about malaria pills. I don't want to give recommendations about medical stuff because I'm just not qualified to do that but for malaria pills there are two types there are malaria pills that you will take daily and malaria pills that you will take weekly so that's one thing that I ended up packing and then the other thing that you would want to bring up to your doctor if you are climbing multiple menjarro and if it's something that you are interested in is diamox to help you with altitude sickness so a lot of people who are climbing multiple menjarro they choose to to be on diamox medication obviously if their health allow it and it's something that you want to talk to your doctor about because you will need prescription for diamox and then you will need prescription for malaria pills as well. So that's for health and vaccines for for Tanzania. Now language in Tanzania the language just spoken in Tanzania is the Swahili language it's the official language in Tanzania. There are more than 100 tribes in Tanzania and every tribe has its own language but the the Swahili language is kind of bringing everyone together. You don't really have to speak Swahili if you are visiting Tanzania because depending on what activities you're going to be doing and whether you're climbing the mountain or going to safari the majority of the time your guide or the tour operator or the company that you're going to be traveling with they already speak English and that's going to be good enough but like I always say when you're visiting a new country and you want to interact with the locals and you want to immerse yourself in unique experiences I think it's a good idea to pick and learn some at least the essential phrases of of that language. So one of the things that we did Alex and I before traveling to Tanzania we we used Duolingo the free version and then we would set daily challenges for us to to learn a little bit and practice and at least know how to say hello how to say thank you how are you because the locals really appreciate it when you show them that you are not only interested in their culture but you are interested in the language as well and you're putting some time and effort into into learning their language. So that's about the the language currency in Tanzania it's the Tanzanian chillings and when you get to the airport there will be offices for currency exchange. Now you will be probably surprised when you when you convert your your US dollars to chillings because one US dollars is more than 2,000 chillings Tanzanian chillings and that's going to be a lot of bills for you to count. Every time I do transaction on money exchange I like to count money on my own but with the Tanzanian chillings it was a lot of bills I'm like oh my god I have to keep track of what I'm counting but just keep that in mind and I think it's a good idea don't wait until you leave the airport and find somewhere else for currency exchange try to have some bills with you at the currency exchange office at the airport and then the other thing that you want to keep in mind try to have both large bills and then also small bills because you will be tipping people here and there if someone is helping you taxi drivers if you want to obviously but make sure that you have not just the large bills because you will have a lot of 100,000 bills depending how much you're converting but make sure that you have 5,000 you have 2,000 Tanzanian chilling bills that you can hand every now and then. So that's currency in Tanzania. Hello everybody for those who are just joining it right now I'm talking about traveling in Tanzania just some general tips and things that you keep in mind before you travel to Tanzania and I will be also answering any questions that I receive right here. Okay so what else about traveling to Tanzania? Obviously water yeah I want to talk about water and internet and some of the other rules in Tanzania so water in Tanzania a lot of people even when you talk to your doctor they would say that you should try to stay away from drinking tap water and drinking unfiltered water just because even if even though you will see the local drinking water no problem but probably your body is not accustomed to the bacteria in the water yet so a lot of doctors recommend to stick to bottled water and when you're going to be going on your safari you will have access to filtered water if you're climbing Mount Kilimanjaro the porters are going to be filtering water for you they will treat water before you drink it which is great and then if you're just exploring around Tanzania just try to stick to bottled water to to avoid getting sick especially if you have just a short period of time to spend in Tanzania you don't really want to to get sick and ruin your experience and plans. The other thing for the internet yeah so internet in Tanzania it's not going to be the most reliable internet so keep that in mind when we were on the mountain we barely had any service whether you are using the roman service with your provider or if you are using a local SIM card the service on the mountain is not going to be great and usually people worry about how are you going to keep your family and loved ones updated about how you are doing on the mountain right a lot of companies do share updates to their facebook page or instagram page on a daily basis because if you're climbing the mountain for example you have eight days or seven days even if it's five days it's a long period of time and you know for me for example i wanted to make sure that my family know that i'm okay on the mountain so these companies would share updates on a daily basis with the group photo and then they would say okay team i don't know scavengers whatever is you choose we chose a name for our team before we start to climb it and so every time they post something they say okay team mountain holics i don't even remember the name of our team what did we choose this team anyway so they will they will share some photos and say okay they made it to camp fine day two day three they made it to the summit and that's good that's enough information to to share with your family and loved ones but yeah don't don't think that you're gonna have enough internet there was a nitro to where i used the roman service and the i was able to just see what's going on on instagram and for those of you who've been following for a long time i was able to share some photos to stories one of those days so that was pretty nice um other than that when you are staying in hotels and lodges i remember when when we during the safari because even with the safari safari we had the service some days and some days we didn't but the good thing is the guy that we went on the safari for he had a little modem in his vehicle that we could use as a hotspot and have internet throughout the way but you know it was sporty every now and then but i would say it was better internet than than when we were on the mountain some of the lodges and the hotels where we stayed they had decent internet but some of them it was it was not the best when we stayed in zanzibar for example the hotel where we stayed um there was a storm one of those nights and then the internet cut off so if the weather is bad the internet might not be reliable sometimes there is an access point you will see that there is a wi-fi uh that you can connect to but there is just no internet so um i would say that the internet was not really uh reliable in zanzania so so that's something to to pay attention to what else yeah so um budget for traveling in tanzania this is a question that i've been receiving a lot how much should i budget for if i'm going to tanzania and it was a difficult question to answer just because the the budget will vary based on what activities you are interested in doing and how much time you are spending in tanzania so but i put a video out there on my youtube channel i'm going to to leave a link to it in in the comment but if you go to our youtube channel trekking pals and then you basically just search for um budget to travel in africa or budget to climb mount cullimanjaro you will find this full video and i have the breakdown of the budget for cullimanjaro i have the budget for safari and a budget for one week in tanzania so that should be um enough information for you now um i want to briefly talk about some of the places or some of the best places that you want to see when when you are in tanzania and it's a very large country there are a lot of national parks there are a lot of beautiful places that are worth seeing and so many unique experiences that you can engage in but i'm going to talk a little bit about what we did and i'm going to talk about some of the places that you can add to your list so obviously mount cullimanjaro is the highest peak in in africa and it's one of the seven summits and it drives a lot of tourism activity to the area and if you are into hiking and trekking and an adventure traveling like we are you probably want to consider climbing mount cullimanjaro so for mount cullimanjaro um there are a lot of a lot of routes that you can choose from to to get to the top if that's your plan but regardless of climbing mount cullimanjaro just the national park cullimanjaro national park is a beautiful national park that you should visit whether you are climbing or not but if you are climbing there are many routes there are some routes that only take five days and then there are some routes that would take eight days and more it really depends on what you are interested in but the way it works is the more time you are spending on the mountain the higher chances of success because you are allowing yourself to acclimatize to the change in the altitude so usually um you'd hear people going for five days on mount cullimanjaro that is not enough time for your body to adjust to the change in the in the altitude um the route that we chose because this is a question that I receive is the machame route and we went on seven days up the mountain so seven days is a very good amount of time to to let yourself acclimatize and adjust because the higher you go up in altitude and the peak of mount cullimanjaro is about 19 341 feet so it's pretty high up there and if you don't um have experience hiking at altitude and even if you have experience hiking at altitude it's a lot of elevation gain from from where you start and you want to give your body some time to adjust and process um yeah so the machame route took us seven days um to get up and down and I feel like it was a good amount of time uh the machame route people would would would argue that it's probably the most scenic routes and the most popular as well and you will notice if you choose to do the machame route there will be a lot of people on the trail but because we hike I would say during the pandemic it wasn't as busy it can get a lot busier because uh A the machame route has a higher success rate and then also because it's very scenic because you go through these different climate zones you go through the the forest and then you are in the alpine desert area and it's it's really beautiful so I highly recommend the machame routes um there are other routes I'm not going to to talk about routes in the details I do have a live stream where I shared more details about each and every route and I will have them um listed on on the article that just went live on on the website so you can take a look at the umbuir route morango um there's the northern circuit there are many routes depends on what you are looking for but I highly recommend the machame route just because that's the route that we we we chose and we had a very pleasant experience so um the other thing about climbing multiple route it's going to be important is choosing what tour operator you're going to be climbing with uh because you can't climb Mount Kilimanjaro on your own uh it's it's illegal you have to have a guide with you or a tour operator and this tour operator this company is going to handle all of the permits that you will need they will uh supply you on the mountain there will be porters who are going to be carrying your camping gear tents and provisions on the mountain because it will be difficult if it's something that you you attempt to do by yourself it's it's a lot of gear and it's not even possible to do it by yourself but I'm just saying by way of having porters helping you on the mountain and then guides and assistant guides the the national park is trying to set climbers for success to get to the top of the mountain so choosing a tour operator when you're going to be uh planning for Mount Kilimanjaro is going to be uh you know big decisions going to take time to to do some research and make sure that you are choosing the right company because there are so many options out there it's it's pretty overwhelming so I would say um ask around shop around but also you have to know what's your budget how much money are you willing to spend because like I talked about in my previous video the budget can to climb Mount Kilimanjaro can range from 2000 us dollars to 6000 us dollars and sometimes even more depending on what outfit or you are going for and um there are usually companies that are local to Tanzania they operate in Tanzania and then there are western companies like kandu adventures rei uh killy warriors these big name companies are usually more expensive they do provide a great service but um they are the better the service I feel like sometimes the better the service the higher the cost um but yeah so you have to decide what is going to be your budget to climb Mount Kilimanjaro and then once you have that you start shopping around read reviews hear from people who climb with a certain company and then make your decision accordingly so that's for Mount Kilimanjaro I know that some of you guys have a lot of questions about climbing killy and then what you are supposed to be packing on the mountain which by the way the company the majority of companies will provide you the detailed list of the gear that you will need on the mountain some of it you will have to bring um you probably have to purchase it before uh you climb the mountain or even before you travel to Tanzania and some of the gear they will rent uh for you like for us um the porters are carrying the tents and then we have to rent the sleeping bag from from the company but other than that all of the gear was was ours even the trekking poles we decided to to bring our trekking poles our jackets our gloves mitten so the only thing that we rented from them was uh was the sleeping bag and it's pretty much the same for for everyone some people decide to bring their own sleeping bag but I think it's better to let the the company handle it especially if it's a good company because they will make sure that it's rated for the harsh temper the harsh temperature on the mountain so that's why we decided to rent the the sleeping bag um other than that I do have a list uh on kit.co kit.co slash trekking poles where I keep track of all of the gear that we've packed so it's a a live list which means I go every now and then and try to add some items but the the important items when it comes to what's backpack we we carry it on the mountain the water bladder and then some some pieces of our clothing that were really that worked really well for us on the mountain you will be able to find them there and they will be listed on the website as well um so that is for climbing Mount Kilimanjaro um what else yeah I think I'm gonna move on from Mount Kilimanjaro I think uh and I will be making a video in which I will talk in details about uh things that you should keep in mind and maybe some tips to help you increase your chances of climbing the mountain obviously training is pretty important to to increase your chances of having a successful summit on the mountain you really want to spend the a good amount of time and have a solid plan to train before climbing uh Mount Kilimanjaro the reason being and a lot of people don't there are people who don't really train for the mountain beforehand uh but the problem with that is even if you're fit and you go to the gym you don't want to be miserable on the mountain you want to be climbing the mountain comfortably at least for the first let's say three four days before summit day because summit day is going to be hard for everyone whether you train or whether you didn't train if you didn't train it's going to be probably very very difficult but it's important to train for the mountain and um I do have a live stream also about how we train for the mountain I think for for those of you guys who've been following us for quite some time we started we started training for the mountain about three um three months before our climb and that was it wasn't a super extensive training but our goal was to make sure that we are uh going on a on a high elevation hike or long hike every weekend I would say so every weekend we would go on a long hike and then throughout the week I would say we would go work out and train uh three times a week on an average that would be either uh walking for an extent the amount of time on the treadmill with an incline or sometimes going on the stair master just just trying to diversify our training focusing on strength focusing on on cardio and stuff like that so that is for training um on Mount Kilimanjaro and then the other thing that I wanted to talk about is a safari in Tanzania so a visit in Tanzania requires going on a safari it's just a wonderful place to go uh for a safari there are many types of safaris that you can choose from like I said depending on how much time you have to spend uh but the number of national parks in Tanzania are just so beautiful so um on an average if you're going on Tanzania let's say for two weeks or three weeks a lot of people would go for four or five days for for their safari and some of the popular attractions I'm going to talk about right now is the Serengeti National Park so Serengeti National Park is a very popular destination if you are going on a safari and then the way it usually works when you pick a safari whether you are going for a group safari or a private safari you can work with the company to understand what their itinerary will look like usually if you are going with a group there will be a set itinerary with specific national parks and places that you are going to see but if you are going for a private safari you there will be some a certain level of flexibility where you can say these are the places that I'm interested in this is the amount of time that I want to spend in every national park these are the experiences that I'm interested in but usually people would go to the Serengeti National Park I mean if you're going on a safari and you're not going for the Serengeti National Park that's that's that's the same you have to go to the Serengeti National Park there are two main or popular regions of the Serengeti National Park so Serengeti National Park is where you will be seeing a lot of beautiful wildlife there is the North Serengeti so North Serengeti is usually popular for the wildebeest migration when it's when it's the right season so a lot of people would fly from either Arusha or Moshi and then get to the North Serengeti and hop on the jeep and then you will start just cruising around and seeing all of the wildebeest migrations so a lot of wildebeest will gather herds of wildebeest will gather together and then try to do the water crossing and it's a wonderful thing to see I mean before going on this safari we would only see it on documentaries and then marvel at the beauty of the crossings and beauty of the wildebeest getting together but that's a unique experience in in the North Serengeti but usually if you have four or five days you'd probably be skipping the North Serengeti and you would instead go to the central Serengeti so central Serengeti is a perfect spot if you want to see big cats like lions, leopards, cheetahs you will be able to see if there are any you know if there's any river you will be able to see hippos and crocodiles it's so very wonderful even if you get to spend one or two days in the Serengeti National Park it's just amazing central Serengeti it's just amazing there are so so that's the central Serengeti Ngorongoro conservation area is also a popular destination if you're going on a short safari so Ngorongoro is a conservation area not a national park and it's a UNESCO world heritage site you will be able to see a lot of wildlife in there as well there are hippos there are rhinos usually will be able when you go to the Ngorongoro conservation area that is the place where your chances are the highest to see to see rhinos which we were not able to see on our safari but you will be able to see some gazelles zebras buffalos you name it it's just it's just incredible and then with Ngorongoro crater the majority of people would add this talk to Lake Maniara National Park we didn't get to go see Lake Maniara National Park but Lake Maniara is usually for people who love bird watching and the lake has a lot of flamencos and they have a lot of butterflies a lot of birds and it's really wonderful I don't think people spend more than one day in Lake Maniara so a typical safari would include central Serengeti Ngorongoro crater and then Lake Maniara and you can add to that if possible the other national park that we went to was Tarangiri National Park and I loved being in Tarangiri because there were so many elephants in Tarangiri National Park alongside with other animals but I just felt like Tarangiri had the highest number of elephants and you don't have to go to it doesn't matter whether you're going in the rainy season or the dry season you will be able to see elephants in Tarangiri National Park so that is for this safari usually the way it works with these safaris on a typical safari you are going to be in a vehicle with your guide and then the guide is going to be also your driver and the majority of these vehicles they will have a roof that can be opened so you can stand you have to remove your shoes if you're going to be standing on the sea so you get to stand and you get to see the wildlife around there are some areas I think in Ngorongoro conservation area just driving there you are not allowed to to leave the vehicle open you pretty much have to close the vehicle but the majority of the time you will be able to to stand up and then see around and it's a wonderful experience you don't have you you're not allowed to walk outside on these safaris like vehicle safaris you only walk outside of the vehicle if there if the guide decides that you're gonna be having lunch outside if it's safe to do so and if you have to use the restroom which is basically just going behind the vehicle and going about doing your business and then you get back to the car but you're not allowed to to hike or take walks in these national parks that I mentioned it's just not safe you don't know what animal can just jump and show up but there are other type of safaris like walking safaris where you pretty much go with a park ranger who's going to have a gun and who will be there and who is knowledgeable enough to keep you safe should anything go wrong but that's a different type of safaris I I learned after this trip to Tanzania that there isn't just one type of vehicle so there are so many types of safaris walking safaris hunting safaris there are safaris with the fully open vehicles where you know it's fully open you just drive in around beautiful national parks of the Serengeti it's just incredible so that is for the safari I will have a detailed list of things that you want to pack for your safari but maybe I'll talk a little bit about accommodation and if you are going on a group safari there are options where you can sleep in tents outside in the wilderness and that usually makes the cost of your safari cheaper but in all of these national parks that I talked about or outside of these national parks there are also hotels and lodges and bush camps and the prices are are different based on you know how luxurious they are but we the majority of the time we say it in bush camps and the way it works with the bush camp you are sleeping in a tent but it's more glamping than camping so in your tent you will have a comfortable bed and you will even have a shower but it is a tent so there isn't a big protection there isn't much protecting you from the animals outside so there was the first night that we spent in the north Serengeti we woke up here in lions roaring right outside of the tent and then one of the nights I think it was in Ngorungoro conservation area or outside of Ngorungoro conservation area we woke up to hyenas right outside of our tents which was which was just incredible I was not really scared because I knew it was safe and usually every bush camp has a set of rules where they would tell you you cannot walk outside of your tent at night you have to call someone to to escort you to to get to to the dining area for example so they provide you with the set with the set of rules thanks guys for watching so they provide you with a set of rules and you want to make sure that you are following them but yeah one of the nights I woke up listen there was literally a hyena outside of the bush camp and it was just incredible and then one of those nights I woke up that was in one of the more developed bush camps I woke up to an elephant right outside of the room and I took a video of the elephant just walking in the middle of the night it was it was just so surreal you guys I cannot wait to share all of these videos with you hey guys I see that we have a lot of people who just joined us if you're just joining it right now I'm talking about traveling in the beautiful country of Tanzania I was talking about some tips to traveling Tanzania things that you want to keep in mind climbing Mount Kilimanjaro and right now I'm talking about safari going for a safari in Tanzania so yeah so it's going to go in as far as just an incredible experience so that's for for some of the accommodation and I will be sharing more videos about this but as far as packing and things that you're how to dress for a safari in Tanzania like I said the majority of the time you are going to be in the vehicle so you want to make sure that you are in comfortable clothing and usually there are a set of colors that you want to to stay away from like dark colors like black or blue because these are the colors that attract the the tizi fly and although we heard from our guide and a lot of other people that there aren't really any you know there are no problems with the with having there are no tizi flies anymore probably in the majority of those areas but you do want to make sure that you're not attracting those flies you will even notice if you go on this safari but there are some traps like just a piece of cloth cloth cloth that's just a piece of cloth that's blue usually blue and black to attract the tizi fly so you don't want to wear those those colors you want to to stick to probably khaki colors and green just to to avoid any problems with the tizi fly with the sun you want to make sure that you're applying enough sunscreen you have a comfortable hat and because you're going to be standing and watching from the top of the car make sure that it's a hat that's not going to fly off of your head easily so usually with the hat that i had i made sure that you know it's just sitting there it's not going to fly with the with the wind and you want to make sure that you're applying sunscreen it gets pretty warm and pretty hot so long sleeve long pants is the best way to to avoid sunburns and yeah i'm gonna put a packing list on my kits.co slash trekking pal site and i will add in all of the all of the gear that we packed for mount calamansaro we did also pack some entire repellent insect repellent creams some of them are creams that you can apply to your skin or even your you know your face if you want and then some of them are sprays that you can spray around the vehicle if your guide aloe but i don't think there will be any problem with that so that is for safari in the beautiful country of tanzania okay now i want to talk about zanzibar zanzibar is a wonderful destination if you want to just go lay by the beach and then relax and that was much much needed after climbing the mountain and after the safari because even the safaris although you're gonna be staying in the vehicle every single day it's still exhausting because the sun and you know just being taking pictures all the time and it's not going to be the most comfortable ride because you are in the middle of nowhere and the roads are not maintained whether it's the serengeti or lake maniara any national park you're going to the roads are going to be not the best um i remember one of the days on on the safari uh we were really the vehicle was really having a hard time just crossing crossing the river and i thought that it's going to go wrong but we had a wonderful guide and he did a good job of just getting us safe from there but it was a very scary moment i caught that on on the gopro so i would see that the vehicle is not moving the tire was probably stuck and then i would turn and i see the the body of a wild beast dead in the river and then i turn to the other side and there's this huge crocodile just so close by so all i can think about oh my god if this car gets stuck in here there's a freaking crocodile outside of the vehicle it was just a scary moment for me but anyway so after all of that going to zanzibar was was was really um a beautiful thing to to just relax and unwind uh from mainland uh because zanzibar is is an island off of the off of the mainland or all of the coast uh we had to um we have to take a fair no we flew to zanzibar we flew to zanzibar from from arusha and there are a lot of things to do in zanzibar but some of the some of the best experiences we had was uh renting a scooter and then just driving around the island not going with the guide and just exploring on our own um some of the popular activities to do is obviously snorkeling and scuba diving um you can also go on spice tours because zanzibar was known for being the um it was called spice island they had a lot of spices like cloves and cinnamon and you can go on these tours where they would basically take you to um some spice farms and you get to learn about the spices that are native to the area um stonetown stonetown is a beautiful uh place to visit as well and from stonetown one of my favorite experiences was going to prison island so you get to take a boat and cross from stonetown to uh prison island this is the african or the tanzanian version of alcatraz island so there used to be a lot of slaves trading activity that happened in prison island and it's very very rich in history so we took a tour up there it was for probably four or five six hours i would say six hours took the majority of the day where we saw stonetown learned about the history of the stonetown we learned about the uh aerobic influence on the island of zanzibar and then we got to to go to prison island as well so that was one of my um favorite memories of being in zanzibar overall um yeah so this is all i wanted to cover for today i just wanted to give you guys bits and pieces uh as well uh big turtles too yes they do have huge turtles from the seashells they transported these turtles from seashells a long while back and then some of them are a hundred years old and you get to pet the the turtles on on the island as well so a lot of great things to to see in tanzania these are just some of the places that we visited um obviously lake victoria if uh if you do have time or if you have more time to spend in tanzania it's worth going to to lake victoria and exploring the area uh we also loved going to to lake yasi it is not a very popular destination you won't hear a lot of people talking about it but lake yasi is right outside of the serengeti national park and it's home to some uh unique tribes we get to to meet with the hizabi tribes uh it's uh it's a tribe who still lives uh of hunting and you know just that that's what they live all of they they hunt for baboons and gazelles and many more animals in the area and it was a really wonderful experience to meet with them so because when you are going on a safari and if you have the time you get to choose what tribes you can go and spend time with um the most popular one is the masai tribe you get to go hang out with the masai tribe and learn about their ways of living but that's that's not the only tribe in tanzania there's the the toga the the hizabi tribes and many more are more than 100 tribes in the country and really getting to to to experience and watch their way of living is is just an incredible experience okay so we have been going for a long time um i hope that you guys enjoyed this live stream like i said i don't do a lot of live stream on instagram but i just wanted the information to be right here for you guys and i will link to to the article that is now live on the chat on on the website trekkingpals.com and it's a full guide of traveling in tanzania as well as the videos that we have on youtube thank you so much for tuning in i appreciate you guys being here and i am going to wrap up for the day and i will talk to you eventually at some point bye guys


It's good morning, and welcome to the sixth meeting of 2018 of the Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform Committee. I want to remind everyone present to switch off mobile phones and other electronic devices as these may affect the broadcasting system. We have apologies today from our colleague, Claudia Beamish. The first item on the agenda is for the committee to consider whether to take item 3 in private. Are we all agreed? Yes, we are agreed. The second item on the agenda is to take evidence on stage one of the Crown Estate Bill. The first evidence session is to hear from Scottish Government officials on the background and content of the bill. I therefore welcome David Mallan, head of Crown Estate Strategy Unit of Marine Scotland. Mike Palmer, the deputy director of the aquaculture, Crown Estate Recreational Fisheries, European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, European Division of Marine Scotland. That's quite a title. Douglas Kerr, also the Scottish Government's legal directorate. Gentlemen, good morning. Let's kick this off by looking at the duties in section 7 of the bill. Can I ask how you think those might make a difference to the way in which the Crown Estate assets are managed? Yes, good morning. I'll perhaps kick off by outlining what the Scottish Minister's policy perspective on that is and perhaps my legal colleague Douglas Kerr could add if there's anything else that is worthy to say. The first thing to highlight is that this is a reform of the duty that exists in the Crown Estate Act 1961, which requires the manager to maintain and enhance the value of the estate and the return obtained from it, but with due regard to the requirements of good management. The reference to good management was never actually defined and has sometimes been interpreted as requiring good stewardship and other times has been interpreted as to include the ability to take account of other factors. There are some examples of the Crown Estate commissioners in the past and Crown Estate Scotland currently stepping into that second interpretation at a smaller scale. However, it has always been on the part of the existing managers awareness about the legal virings to do that. Therefore, the Scottish Minister is thinking about what the long-term framework for the management of the Crown Estate in Scotland should be. The Scottish Minister has wished to make it more explicit that the wider factors, the economic, the social and the environmental benefits that can arise from decision making can properly be taken into account. We would expect that, through the more explicit ability that a manager will be more encouraged and, in fact, will be careful to take account of those opportunities before reaching final decisions. I am particularly focused on the environmental wellbeing aspect. If one considers the role of the Crown Estate in leasing seabed for activities such as salmon farming or offshore wind turbines, as I would interpret at the moment, the Crown Estate performs that duty with a view to generating income, but it takes no account of the environmental impacts of salmon farming or those relating to offshore wind farms. We have had some contention around those in the east coast of Scotland. How will that be different or will it be different at all in future? The short answer is that we have to wait and see how managers use that new discretion, but also to try to add to that the existing decision making on the part of the manager of Crown Estate assets sits within a wider context of licensing by Government for activities to take place. There is already a fair amount of environmental assessment that takes place before any activity can take place in the sea. The Crown Estate lease provides the ability for an actor to secure the exclusive use of a space. Over time, with the new duties, there will be an increased spotlight placed on the environmental and the social. In the wider economic consequences of that, there will be a more narrow return that can be obtained from the lease to the Crown Estate. I am trying to get an understanding about what purpose is served by adding environmental wellbeing in here. I welcome it, but I am not quite understanding what difference that makes, because at the moment we are essentially relying on Marine Scotland, SNH and whoever to consider the environmental impacts of those activities. What duty does that place specifically on the Crown Estate? I think that we have to look at section 7 in the context of section 11. Section 11 is about transactions such as sales and leasing. Up until now, it has been a best consideration focus profit maximisation for the Crown Estate. Section 11 also contains reforms that open out the possibility of the wider factors being taken into account. I think that we could view section 7 on the part of Scottish ministers that they wish to see across the whole range of activity of the Crown Estate that consideration for the social, environmental and economic in a wider sense. Without section 7, we would be reliant only on section 11 when it comes to transactions rather than the whole ethos of how the organisation is operating. Could you envisage a situation perhaps in future where the Crown Estate before it allows the lease of the seabed engaging with the other agencies to see if there are any concerns around the environment, for example, before it enters into an arrangement? Yes. To be fair to Crown Estate Scotland, a lot of that discussion does already happen. There is also the context in the decision making that you referred to, convener, the presence of the national marine plan, which sets that context and gives a direction for all consenters, including Crown Estate Scotland or a future manager of Crown Estate assets. Over and above that, I think that that should provide even more explicit requirements for a manager to look up front at the extent to which the wider factors will play out, not just the return to the Scottish Crown Estate. Mike Palmer, perhaps you want to come because I'm interested in how you see this interaction. If I may just add, I think that the extra duties and powers that are placed on local managers are part of the overall balance that Scottish ministers will wish to see developing in terms of the management of the Scottish Crown Estate. So there is an ethos of encouraging greater and stronger local stewardship of assets, greater community empowerment, but alongside greater community empowerment there is a wish from Scottish ministers to ensure that due consideration is taken of these wider societal benefits that local managers should be seeking to pursue and to achieve. So up to now it's been a very commercial ethos, if you like, that's been pursued by the Crown Estate commissioners and Scottish ministers are seeking to broaden that out as part of the kind of trade-off, if you like, between local empowerment and letting go of some of that national management down to local level. Thank you, convener. Good morning. So if we move to this new ethos, then as you said previously, the machine had been there essentially to produce yield on assets, so there'll be a loss of focus on that objective. So how would you expect this to reduce the yield on the assets given this change in focus and direction and how much would you expect the yield to be reduced by given the tightness of the Scottish budget? There is a primary duty in the bill to increase the value of the assets and there is a response. Sorry. How will you measure value then? Well, there is a reference to seeking to achieve market value, which is clearly understood as a term and is defined in the commercial world as a concept. So that is written into the bill to seek to achieve market value except in circumstances which again are defined in the bill. So there is that primary duty on local managers to pursue market value to increase the value of the overall assets. So that isn't being lost in any way. There is a balance however to be struck in the eyes of Scottish ministers with these other considerations around social, environmental considerations and therefore it's about achieving a balance between those two but not losing sight of either one, if you like. Therefore, to pin you down on this, would you expect to yield from these assets to reduce as a result on this new focus? I think our overall expectation would be that the crown estate as an entity overall, a set of assets overall, that we would expect the yield to be rising because that also would be of benefit to Scotland and Scottish ministers' intentions are that across all of these elements, across the economic sphere, across the environmental and social spheres, that there should be benefit occurring to Scotland from the way in which the crown estate in Scotland is managed. So Scottish ministers would not wish to lose sight of that financial benefit alongside the others. So Scottish ministers would be expecting to see the overall yield being protected and rising indeed. Presumably some of that overall yield would not be coming to Scottish ministers, it would be going to local authorities. There have been commitments made indeed for part of the yield from those assets to go to local managers. Thank you. Mark Ruskell. Given the new objectives around the environment and social wellbeing, I'm just wondering how that could change relationship with the regulator. So, for example, you look at SEPA, currently undertaking a sector review of salmon farming, bringing forward new regulations. My impression is that Crown Estate Scotland has been only very loosely involved in that. So would you see going forward a different relationship with the regulator, perhaps a tighter relationship? How would you anticipate that changing? I have lots of discussion with Crown Estate Scotland and other regulators as well. My sense is that there is already a lot of dialogue that does take place. There is a partnership approach to many activities on the part of the public sector within Scotland. Around the margins, there may be new discussions that take place, but I think that the relationships are already there. My point is that we haven't really seen Crown Estate Scotland embedded into some of those processes, particularly around regulatory reform. Would you expect that to change or not? Do you think that the level of engagement that Crown Estate Scotland currently has with SEPA over a sector such as salmon farming is adequate, or would you expect that to increase as a result of the new objectives that are coming in? As I said, there is already involvement by Crown Estate Scotland in a lot of initiatives. As people understand that Crown Estate Scotland is here as an interim manager, they may be more involved directly in discussions. I think that what change we can anticipate through the bill proposals and the implementation of them is that there are more managers and discussions that could be had with regulators on a one-to-one basis. My colleague said that there is a wish to balance the local discretion with a national framework. The strategic plan that we see as a means by which there can be an outline of strategic intentions and there can be a way in which regulators, in an efficient way, can have that dialogue with the manager of Crown Estate Scotland. Over and above that, there may also be specific initiatives that managers could get involved in. We just have to wait and see. It is quite difficult to see that there is not really a blueprint on what the future looks like, because there is not yet full knowledge of the local ambitions for management of Crown Estate assets. With the best in the world, I think that everyone would like to see the manager of a Scottish Crown Estate asset involved in those types of discussions, but I think that we start from a fairly good foundation, and the question is how much more is needed as the changes play out. On the new discretion of social environmental good, I wonder where the final decisions on the social environmental good are made. If you take the example that the convener gave about salmon farming, let's say that Shetland Islands Council has control over the waters and decide on environmental grounds not to allow an application for a salmon farm to go ahead, is that their final decision or could that operate our lobby Scottish ministers? Where does the power lie? Is it with the devolved local managers or is there some kind of process where it can be overruled? The power does lie with the manager. The duty that they have to have regard to and the discretion that they can choose to take account of.  It is also a decision that is not taken in isolation. It sits within the wider context of the regulatory framework that exists in Scotland, including the regulations that govern the environment and the context for decision making, such as the national marine plan, in the case of the example that the convener gave. As I mentioned, the strategic plan that is contained within the bill for the wider and longer-term approach to the management of the assets should set a context for the manager. They would also have to, through the bill, have regard to that strategic plan, so local discretion. However, there are some kind of context to that decision making that are provided for through the wider regulatory framework and policies and legislation, as well as this bill. I might add that in terms of your question about where the power lies, the bill is drafted in such a way as to give ministers the discretion to decide on a case by case basis whether a transfer should be made to a local manager. There will be a very careful process of consultation and scrutiny of proposals that will be brought by the local manager for the way in which they wish to manage that asset, which would be undertaken before any decisions were made to make that transfer to the local manager. There would be checks and balances, if you like, in place in order to make sure that a very considered decision was taken by Scottish ministers on a case by case basis before the transfer was made. Can I just take you back to your answer to John Scott about what was envisaged in terms of income generation? In the financial memorandum, there is a speculation around the range of possible financial costs to the Scottish Government, where it suggests that there is a potential, and I stress potential, for a drop in income around local authority ports and non-operational ports and jetties. It speculates that the range would be zero to medium, which over a five-year period is put at anywhere between £2 million to £10 million. There appears to be an anticipation of the possibility of a drop in revenue from one aspect of the current income. Given that that is the case, do you still hold to the view that, overall, the expectation is that there will be an increase in income? I think that Scottish ministers would, overall envisage, be a substantial opportunity for the overall value of the estate to rise. There may be some elements of the estate that would not be expected to return as much in the short or medium term as other elements, but there are other opportunities, for example offshore in the marine environment, where it is felt that there is quite a high likelihood that that one could quite significantly increase the revenues from the overall estate. Clearly, it is not something that we can guarantee or know exactly how that will pan out in the future, but the current indicators are that— When there is an obvious one, but that is dependent on the UK Government's attitude towards financial support. John Scott, do you want to come in on that? I am intrigued by the concept that income will fall in some areas and therefore other areas will have to work harder and income will be greater for all those other areas. Would you care to be more specific? Are you talking about rents of properties, of farm rents, or what are you expecting? Where is the income expected to rise in that regard, given that others will fall? I will refer to David here on the detail. Just in very general terms, it is almost a statement of that. There will be some assets that could be expected in any one year, indeed, to deliver more revenue than others. That is something that it is not possible to predict with total accuracy from one year to the next. It is often dependent on the wider economic context in which one is managing the estate. Is there a business plan for the furtherance and development of this project? Crown estate Scotland interim management, which is the current national manager, has a business plan and a forward strategy for managing the estate. Clearly, as we move to the legislation and into a period where there is the potential to transfer down to a local level, the overall dynamic of the management of the assets will change. We will be looking at individual business plans and strategies drawn up by local managers, but at the moment, yes, there is a national level planning regime in place. I do not know, David, if you wanted to. I was just going to try to add by saying that I think Mike was looking at it in both dimensions, the first dimension being that the more narrow return to the Scottish Crown estate from a transaction, but also the second dimension being like a national accounting framework. When we think about the duties that would apply to a manager, the default would be a commercial approach unless they can demonstrate that those wider benefits can be expected to accrue. Where those wider benefits accrue, it is tolerable in the national sense to experience a reduction in that income, even though the fiscal framework accounting resulted in there being an overall reduction to the Scottish block. That reduction in the revenue obtained or the capital obtained could be expected to be accompanied by wider benefits that will accrue to Scotland as a whole. Overall, there should be at least a neutral or favourable position. If I may add, in the financial memorandum, the scenario that is contained there is painting a range from no change, which could be how managers choose to run and manage the assets to the scenario where the maximum is where, effectively, there is no charge and no revenue equivalent to what is obtained at present, zero revenue. Probably the truth lies somewhere in between, but until managers have the ability to fall their own priorities locally within that national context, the precise changes in the existing income level are quite difficult to predict. Have projections been made at all or not really? We have, through the work on the business and regulatory impact assessment for the consultation paper and building on that through the financial memorandum, looked at the potential consequences over the next five years and looked at the various scenarios. Underlying that are some assumptions and quite a lot of work that we have done with our finance colleagues and with our economists and stakeholders as well. Can I just be absolutely clear? When we talk about management of an asset, to what extent does the revenue accrue to the manager and to what extent does it remain with the Crown Estate? If I can cover this one and by all means, if I have missed anything, but the manager is responsible for the management of that asset and revenue generated, the gross revenue, would be received by the manager. From that gross revenue, the management of that asset and the costs associated with it will be paid for by the manager. If there is a surplus at the end of the year, it is required to be paid into the Scottish consolidated fund. In the hypothetical situation where you have a wind farm on one of the Crown Estates, perhaps the local community council wants to be the manager, but also at the same time the local authority wants to be the manager. There is a significant net income involved. How is that resolved? How do you foresee this bill putting in place a framework for a resolution of a potential dispute such as that? The dispute that you mentioned, if I am wrong, is to do with who should be the manager, whether it is a community or the local authority. That is not impossible to foresee that there is some level of difference or opinion. Scottish ministers would hope that through a due process for implementation of the bill that those issues could be resolved at an early stage in terms of who is the manager. In fact, as part of the implementation plan, rather than just awaiting ad hoc proposals from individual organisations, Scottish ministers are currently contemplating the value of a phased approach. A process that could involve seeking views from communities and local authorities over those who have expressed a view to date on their ambition to manage assets. It can be a considered view as to who, in any one circumstance, is best placed to take on management. As management is decided, there are some duties that apply to a manager, such as the production of a management plan to outline intentions over how the assets will be managed, proposed sales, etc. I would expect, at a practical level, to be quite a lot of contributions to that manager over what should be in that plan so that there is, at a second order, the ability to manage those potential differences in opinions between different parties. In 2015, the First Minister stated that coastal and island communities will benefit from 100 per cent of the net revenue generated in their area from activities within 12 miles of the shore. You might have touched on that earlier, but what is the current thinking on the arrangements for the distribution of net revenue from marine assets out to 12 nautical miles to coastal and island councils? We are in discussion with COSWA about the mechanics of implementing that commitment. I think that the starting point is that, even as we speak, with the devolution of the management that has been secured, we do not yet have a set of audited accounts for Scotland, let alone the assets at a more local level. That set of accounts will only be available at the end of this financial year. Once it is produced and finalised by Crown Estate Scotland and then audited by the Auditor General, that provides the reference point for what the net revenue is. The discussions with COSWA have been looking at a way in which there can be an allocation based on that amount to individual local authorities, probably on an interim basis, given that that will be the first set of accounts. If, presumably, based on your earlier answer to Donald Cameron, it would only be if the local authority was the manager that that revenue would go directly to coastal and island councils? Not in the initial phase, because Crown Estate Scotland, for the year, just going past is obviously the manager. In a broader sense, I think that commitment recognised the point being made that there is some benefit that should be accrued from the presence of these activities taking place on the assets adjacent to the population concern. Ministers so far have sought to draw a distinction between the management and the revenues, so that we do not have to wait until the management is settled before local communities can benefit from the revenue that is being generated. Respective of the manager, coastal councils will benefit from 100 per cent of the net revenue? In the sense that, if I could just slightly rephrase that, if that is all right, irrespective of the manager, we want coastal communities to benefit and the interim arrangements would be through the local authorities. Now, as management changes, we perhaps have a mix of community organisations and local authorities. I think that the unanswered question is whether it is correct that local authorities should be the beneficiaries of that income as the whole system develops or whether there is a need to re-appraise the way in which the money reaches the community. Just following on from that, where there are councils, Highland Council for example, which has some islands, but… The future should like in terms of use of the powers in the bill that exists for ministers, but also potentially in other areas that are not private areas. Then thirdly, the bill includes powers for ministers or trying to state Scotland to provide support costs for the transition of an organisation wanting to be a manager to become a manager or a delegate for that matter as well. I am right in thinking that you actually will empower groups, will be prepared to look at any proposals, legal ones by the way, that will increase assets or encourage community groups within the local areas. Yes. Any reasonable request needs to be properly assessed and a decision taken. I think that the cabinet secretary has made it clear that she is very interested in community organisations that wish to take on management of one or more of the assets. We are also in discussion with Community One Scotland and other organisations about how we can disseminate what the bill enables and how organisations can express an interest. Hopefully, the parliamentary scrutiny process will be important in raising the profile of the set of issues. Thank you, gentlemen. I think that that has been a useful scene set for the work that we are about to undertake. At its next meeting on 27 February, the committee will take evidence from Paul Wheelhouse on the electricity works environmental impact assessment Scotland amendment regulations SSI 2017-451. It will also consider its draft report to the Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee on its inquiry into the environmental impacts of salmon farming and consider its approach to future work on the marine environment. As agreed earlier, we will now move into private session. I ask that the public gallery is cleared as the public part of the meeting is concluded.


Good day everybody. This is Dr. Sanjay Sanyal, Professor and Department Chair. I'm going to give you a quick demonstration of the components of the spectral girdle, the clinical functional correlations and some clinical applications. I'm holding up the right clavicle for you and you can see this is the sternal end of the clavicle. This is the medial two-thirds of the clavicle, which is curved anteriorly and this is the necromial end of the clavicle. And we can see that the lateral one-third of the clavicle is curved posteriorly. So this is the right side. So this is the one which forms the sternoclavicular joint and this is the one which forms the acromeoclavicular joint. We don't have the sternum, but I will show you the acromeoclavicular joint. So I'm holding up this scapula here and you can see that this is the acromeone process. An acromeone process then continues as the spine of the scapula. So you can see that this is the smooth portion here. This smooth portion is the one which forms the acromeoclavicular joint and it articulates with this smooth portion. of the clavicle. So therefore, this is the acromio-clavicular joint. Both of them are sliding joints, the sternoclavicular and the acromio-clavicular. They are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and they are synobium joints and there is an intra-articular disc, a fibro-cartilage, which partially or completely separates the joint and both of them are uniaxial joints. The sternoclavicular joint is reinforced by several sets of ligaments. We have anterior sternoclavicular ligament, posterior sternoclavicular ligament. We have the inter-clavicular ligament and the costoclavicular ligament attaching to the first strip. So therefore, the sternoclavicular joint is very strong, very stable and during dissection we have a lot of difficulty trying to disarticulate the sternoclavicular joint and in clinical practice also the sternoclavicular joint hardly ever dislocates. Acromio-clavicular joint, on other hand, is also reinforced by many ligaments but it is more likely to either dislocate or separate but that will come to a little later. The ligaments attached to this one is the ligament itself connecting the clavicle to the acromion process that is called the acromio-clavicular ligament. Then we have some supporting ligaments. One of them is the coraco-clavicular ligament which extends on the corokite process to the clavicle. This has got two components, a medial component which is called the conoid part which is attached to the conoid tubercle and a lateral component called the trapezoid part which is attached to the trapezoid line on the clavicle and then we have a coraco-acromial arch which extends from the corokite process to the acromion process. With these two are extrinsic ligaments which indirectly support the acromio-clavicular joint therefore the true ligament of the acromio-clavicular joint is the acromio-clavicular ligament itself. Now let's take a look at the amount of excursions that are possible. As I said both the joints are sliding joints they are uniaxial joints. When my arm is in the neutral position so that is the position when this clavicle is like this. When I flex my shoulder the lateral end of the clavicle moves forward by 30 degrees it slides. So therefore at that position there is sliding movement at the sternoclavicular joint and at the same time there is sliding movement at the acromio-clavicular joint also. When I push my arm back extended the lateral end of the clavicle moves back by another 30 degrees. So therefore the total excursion is 30 degrees forward 30 degrees backwards. From the neutral position when I do overhead abduction. Then again the same sliding movement occurs here and the lateral end of the clavicle moves up by 60 degrees and comes back to the neutral position. So therefore the total excursion in this axis is 60 degrees and the total excursion in this axis is also 60 degrees 30 plus 30 and all of them are sliding. Now let's take a look at the scapula itself. The scapula as you know is on the surface of the chest wall and in between we have the serratus anterior muscle here and sub scapularis. This forms what is known as a functional scapula thoracic articulation. It is not a true joint. The scapula can rotate on the chest wall. It can move forward during protraction. It can move back during retraction of the shoulder. When we are doing overhead abduction the glenoid can rotate up and down. This is referred to as a scapula humoral rhythm and it's a fixed ratio of one is to two. That means for a full 180 degrees of abduction 60 degrees is constituted by the rotation of the scapula and 120 degrees is contributed by the movement of the humerus. So this is what is meant by scapula humoral rhythm one is to two. 60 degrees of this plus 120 degrees of this contribute to the total 180 degrees of overhead abduction. At this juncture I will remind you that the humerus and the glenoid fossa this is the true shoulder joint. This is not part of the pectoral girdle. However every movement of the shoulder joint is accompanied by movements of the pectoral girdle. The actual pectoral girdle on the bones are the glavicle and the scapula and the actual joints are the sternoclavicular joint and the acrobioclavicular joint. Now let's take a look at some clinical correlations pertaining to these joints. As I mentioned the sternoclavicular joint is very stable. It does not dislocate in clinical practice so easily and if it has to dislocate there will be much more serious injuries to the chest and the neck. In contrast we can have separation of the acrobioclavicular joint. If a person falls on his elbow then he can have tear of the acrobioclavicular ligament but the coraco-clavicular ligament will be intact and therefore there will be separation of the acrobioclavicular joint and you can see this in the accompanying radiological image which I am going to put in this video. This is an x-ray of the chest on the right side showing acrobioclavicular joint separation. On the other hand if a person falls on his shoulder then he can have a more serious injury and that is acrobioclavicular joint dislocation as opposed to separation and in clinical terms it is often quite erroneously referred to as shoulder separation but it is actually strictly speaking not shoulder separation but it's a complete dislocation of the acrobioclavicular joint and what happens in this acrobioclavicular ligament as usual is torn. Additionally the coraco-clavicular ligament which I said has got two components the conoid and the trapezoid part they are also torn and therefore the lateral end of the clavicle moves up and it forms a distinct bulge on the tip of the shoulder of course accompanied by severe pain. This is acrobioclavicular joint dislocation. This is another x-ray of the chest shoulder joint to show acrobioclavicular dislocation. Now let's take a look at some fractures of the clavicle. The most common type of fracture is at the junction of the medial two-third which I said is curved posteriorly and the lateral one third which I said is curved posteriorly. The most common fracture is at the junction of this and this usually occurs when a person falls on his outstretched hand and this occurs when a person is suffering from osteoporosis or it can happen in children because of the indirect blow transmitted from the hand to the shoulder to the clavicle the fracture occurs here so therefore this is an indirect blow there's no direct blow to the clavicle. When this fracture occurs then what happens the distal portion of the clavicle it sags down with the weight of the arm and the proximal portion of the clavicle moves up by the pull of the sternocleidomastere muscle which is usually occurs in all types of fractures of the clavicle and you can see that in the accompanying x-ray. We can get yet much less common but we can get if there's a direct blow to the clavicle then we can get a fracture somewhere in the middle of the clavicle and then also the distal portion of the clavicle the lateral portion sags down because of the weight of the arm and the proximal portion moves up by the pull of the sternocleidomastere muscle which is attached here this is the plain x-ray of the left side of the chest to show fracture of the clavicle showing upward elevation of the proximal fragment that makes me to an important point what are the secondary injuries which are possible when there's a fracture of the clavicle if you remember that the clavicle forms one of the boundaries of the cervical axillary canal other boundary is being formed by the first rib and the scapula upper border of the scapula and through the cervical axillary canal passes the brachial plexus the divisions of the brachial plexus which continue to the axilla and of course the axillary artery and the axillary vein when there is a fracture of the clavicle then it can injure the lower trunk of the brachial plexus more specifically the branch the fibers which contribute to the ulnar nerve so therefore ulnar nerve injury is a possibility in a fracture of the clavicle that will produce radial claw hand and loss of sensation on the major side of the hand another secondary injury that can happen is injury to the supra scapular nerve because the supra scapular nerve runs like this across the supra scapular notch supplies the supra's monitors in the supra's minus fossa and then it goes round and then supplies the infraspinus muscle in the infraspinus fossa and the clavicle is located right here so therefore fracture of the clavicle can injure the supra scapular nerve which produce paralysis of the supra's pinus and infraspinus muscle which are the rotated calf muscles so therefore the person will have difficulty in initiating abduction which is the action of the supra's pinus running on the skin cutaneous on the surface of the clavicle we have a series of nerves they are referred to as the supra clavicular nerves and usually there are three branches a medial intermediate and lateral they usually look like this in front they are a branch of the cervical plexus rarely they can go through the clavicle itself they run under the platysma and then they pierce the platysma and supply the skin in this region in a fracture of the clavicle one or more branches of the supra clavicular nerve can also be injured with loss of sensation in the appropriate region of the front of the upper chest or the front of the shoulder so these are the three associated injuries secondary injuries that you can get in a fracture of the clavicle so these are some of the points which I want to mention to you about the sternoclavicular acromuclavicular joint the clinical correlations their functional implications and some aspects of the fracture of the clavicle thank you very much for watching Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out if you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below have a nice day


Diga this is Anna. Four years ago she was in a work injury. She fell and she broke her hand in three separate areas. She had to get surgery and get a metal rod installed with screws. She said since the surgery she hasn't been able to move her wrist or hand properly, limited mobility. Today in service she says she began to shake intensely and she began to move her wrist. She says now she can move it as if the rod and screws aren't even there. Show me, whoa. Is that what this scar is from? You can see the scar where they put in the metal rod and now she's moving like it's not even there. You need to stand and give the Lord a hand of praise for that. That's a creative miracle.