So this time in this UPSC paper one three questions were asked for mentioned medieval and Compared to the early years this year questions were not directly from the art and culture It was properly from ancient India medieval India as such So that makes it imperative for you students to study ancient India topics and medieval India topics for the GS means So let's discuss about the questions first question Explain the geographical factors towards the development of ancient India So explain the geographical factors for the development of ancient India Factors for development of ancient India So this is a 10 marker question Environmental factors for the development of ancient India So suddenly when a question on geographical factors and development of ancient India first part You have to think about the geography of India So just have the understanding that India had a very diversified geography with the presence of the Himalayan mountains Himalayas the planes the plateau and the coastal belt Coastal region. So this is how the diversity of India's geography. So this is known to everyone So you can start your answer By mentioning the geography of India that is the Himalayas in the north Surrounded by the seas then the plains plateau and the rich rivers that drain this land and how all this Contributed so you can just start right from the ancient beyond words how this contributed to the growth of Ancient India so you can say that the presence of Himalayas and the coastal plains Presence of Himalayas and the coastal plains Influence the climate of India. So this is the major determine the climate of India the coastal plains as well as the Himalayas and When we look at the development we can say that the Himalayas and the plateau regions That provided the foundation for the development of human life in India right from the Paleolithic age So the stone age of India was facilitated by the presence of plateau and the Himalayas which enable the rocks and Water for the survival of the people. So the human life originated in India thanks because of the hill ranges in India if it was no hill ranges and only planes The stone age would not have been possible in India. So the beginning of that then the plains The North Indian plains that provided rich source for agricultural development Which directly resulted into the rise of Indus Valley Civilization and later the developed agriculture in India So the plain areas the rich plains of India contributed to the development of Developed agriculture in India. Then you have to mention about the mountain passes the mountain passes through the Hindu Kush mountains that provided natural Gateways towards India. So India was a land where there was no human race originated and The civilization of India was created by the people who migrated to India from outside So the beginning with the negritos to the Aryans all entered India only because there existed Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush like Hyber and the Gommel Bolan passes So this passes enabled the entry of people into India and this contributed to the rise of Indian civilization So the geographical feature of mountain passes played a very big role in the rise of India then the plateau region of India The peninsula plateau region of India provided rich mineral deposits rich mineral deposits especially iron Which radicalized the Indian civilization which enabled the settled agriculture in India So the mineral deposits in the peninsula plateau region of India that Contributed to the growth of India further then the coastal plains then the coastal plains This coastal plains linked India with outside world from time immemorial The different foreign cultures entered India through the plains which Contributed to the growth of trade in India and it became highly visible during the post Moria period Which converted India into the richest land in the world So all this favorable geographical conditions played a roles and this is a 10 marker question This much points if you could address this is more than enough. So that's the first question Then the 15 marker question we have two questions from ancient India and medieval India this time What are the major features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of the features are still prevailing in Indian society? The major features of Vedic society and religion and do you think that some of the features are? prevalent in the Indian society So this is a 15 marker question and maximum you need to write for 200 books and the question is Vedic society and religion It never mentions anything like a Rig Vedic society or later Vedic society So here we have to take a broad approach Broad approach is what we have to do for this question. So you have to say that the Vedic society and Religion where a product of evolution so in the first part when you give the introduction You have to say that the Vedic society and the religion where a product of evolution from the early Vedic to later Vedic so it evolved and Changed so that introduction you have to give so that then only we will understand that there was difference in the early Vedic and the later Vedic so it was a product of evolution from early Vedic to the later Vedic and While analyzing the Vedic society we could see the common features join family system Join family system Patriarchal family Patrilineal family These are the basic features of the society join family patriarchal patrilineal then The egalitarian society egalitarian society gave its way to cast base the society cost base society Through the Chatur Varna through the Chatur Varna by the end of the Vedic age by the end of the Vedic age then Women who had a better position in the early Vedic period Women who had a better position the early Vedic period Got a subordinate status Towards the end of the Vedic age What is subordinate status towards the end of Vedic age severe restrictions were imposed on women they lost the freedom to attend the public life they lost the freedom of Choice of marriage they lost the freedom of choice of marriage Such things will happen then property rights were denied to women with the emergence of private property Property rights were denied to women then Vido remarriage existed Vido remarriage existed and Education was also given to women Education was also given to women then regarding the religious features Regarding the religious features The Rig Vedic religion became spiritualistic spiritualistic Which was originally materialistic which was originally materialistic and it became spiritualistic in nature then God's transform from nature worship God's transform from nature worship towards Brahma Vishnu and Shiva or Brahma Vishnu Shroudra Brahma Vishnu and Rudra then Acrifices became the chief mode of worship Sacrifices became the chief mode of worship Then Brahmanical domination or priestly domination Brahmanical domination or priestly domination was established and and talk traditions talk traditions like palace worship talk traditions like palace worship and Mother Goddess worship where a feature of the Rig Vedic religion or where a feature of Vedic religion so initially the religion was something different and towards the end of the Vedic age all this became the features of the religion and When we see today many of the features we see in this Late Vedic society and religion is still continuing in India very simply Cast discrimination still continues in India Subordinate status of women still continues in India Priestly domination religion is still continuing in India Then this gods are the same gods which ammo that period we are still continuing They are the major gods the folk traditions are still continuing So all the major features even join family system prevails in the villages of India and Indian society is by and large even today patriarchal and patrilineal So this is a very easy question. You know the facts very easily you can present this answer Now the third question Which asked this year What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period? How did these technological changes the influence the Indian society? How did this technological changes influence the Indian society? So Sultanate period we could see very technological innovations in India First one is Persian wheel the Persian wheel as an irrigation device Persian wheel as an irrigation device was introduced and it contributed to the growth of Agriculture there was an all-round development of agriculture then Technologies were introduced in the textile manufacturing textile manufacturing like Vivo's loom, which is the Charkha then pit loom then block printing block printing and The silk production These technological things Amos during the Sultanate period and this contributed to the development of textile manufacturing many cities in India got converted as leading textile production centers and this gave Plenty of employment opportunities to the people This textile manufacturing and weaving became the secondary occupation for the farmers of India During the lean period so with the growth of this new technologies and improvement in agriculture Employment opportunities increased for the Indian rural class most of the farmers took to this textile activities during the lean period so this Introduced or this contributed to the more prosperity in Indian society during that period then paper manufacturing Paper manufacturing and Bookbinding paper manufacturing and bookbinding glass manufacturing glass manufacturing thin coating thin coating Distillation These are some of the other technologies introduced during the Sultanate period and these technologies That provided new type of employment Opportunities so that way that influences society then paper manufacturing and bookbinding Contributed to the spread of knowledge now books were created There was a dissemination of knowledge among the people of India so that positively Influenced the Indian society so this is how these are the new technologies introduced by the Turks and Turks especially during the Sultanate period and these are the impact of these Technological innovations So all these innovations that a positive impact in India new employment opportunities Influence of the society through this growth of what we can say educational knowledge and even Many urban people this another important development is that growth of urbanism the new employment Opportunities and new technologies contributed to the development of urban centers in India So many rural areas got converted into urban areas. It contributed to the development Plus it played a role in reducing the caste Inequalities also urban centers were comparatively free from the caste Inequalities so that way it influenced the caste system of India also so these were the changes introduced by the Technologies At this time a lot of questions were from history ancient India medieval India. We got three questions in This year's examination to 15 marker and 110 marker when we compare with the ancient medieval questions of the previous year This year there is a change Normally ancient India medieval India questions were centered around art and culture But this time none of the questions are from art and culture. We cannot say this is purely art and culture this time the questions were directly from the Economic aspect of medieval India and the societal aspect of ancient India So society and economy Questions came from society and economy in ancient and medieval India This makes it imperative for the students to take ancient India medieval India for GS mains Seriously till now we were focusing ancient India and medieval India mainly for the problems Because most of the questions of ancient India medieval India was for problems so it was very crucial for problems as art and culture and We used to focus more on art and culture and modern India in the mains GS But the trends of the question this year shows that Rather than focusing on art and culture. We have to focus bit more on Economy and the society of ancient and medieval India in the coming years Paper one question number two What was the differences between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Thakur in their approach Towards education and nationalism Before straight away entering into the differences because question is very clear cut Differences between of this if it is a comparison you have to write both Differences as well as similarities since that state question is differences Before entering into that a brief introduction about both Mahatma Gandhi as well as Rabindranath Thakur Better to give their holistic life in three to four lines if it not possible two or three lines for two or three lines for Mahatma Gandhi another two to three lines for Rabindranath Thakur then straight away come to the answer rating for education as well as nationalism Because 150 words within that with very difficult to give all kind of that differences as well as the Similarities so here Matt must focus on differences of this so how could we write of this introduction? I leave it to you even if you want to Need some information from me is right I we could start like this both Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Thakur That worked for the nationalism the great contemporary people In this right so you have to give in three to four lines that interaction of both and straight away come to education When come coming to education First one or two line is similarities then you go with different door question is clear cut just one or two like what kind of similarities they have is Both in favor of humanistic studies Both in favor of the child education Both in favor of Self-sufficient self-oriented education rather than mechanical education systems the education should realize who you are It's not mechanical education. It's like a self-realization So just two line of similarities then straight away come to differences whenever difference Automatically you have to come with this Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Thakur put like this because it's a ten more question. You can't answer everything up What are the differences is if it look at this in the case of child development? Right Gandhi G was more emphasized on child development of this If you look at this Rabindranath Thakur is little variation from the child development of this Even if you look at that child should choose your own educational System of this because very normal what you know school days we will consider this in your lawyer Standard That's why up to 5th or 6th. Why not up to told the standard what we consider of this Education means whatever we study in the school in home. We should not even some childhood say no no Education not studying only in home or school in home should not you might have felt In your home itself if you are a elder brother sister have Has the child of this so in this Gandhi and Rabindranath Thakur slightly different This is a first day of it and the second thing is Right second thing is in the case of Rabindranath Thakur is more Emphasized education is above self-development. So both accepted self-development of this, but here is above self-development From self-development to self-realization. That's why I already told that right here Both wanted realization is that self-development to the self-realization Right. This is a second difference on this and the third if you look at in the case of education If you look at that Gandhi's education, even at one point a Varda scheme of basic education system You can mention this here one particular factual information. What is a Varda scheme of basic education is it mentioned about Naidhaalim? Naidhaalim is it's a new education if you look at this Naidhaalim policy. It is more of a vocational based Right. It is more vocational based. It is more towards the education on the mother tongue And one more thing is both accepted to be taught in mother tongue whole-heartedly believer of this So in the case of Gandhiji, it is a Naidhaalim mother tongue as well as what one it's a vocational based What vocational based and more training based office Right in the case of Rabindranath Thakur more institutional based Studies So these are all differences in education regarding education of Gandhiji and Thakurji next next to come to nationalism Initially, if you look at this both the nationalism or seems to be one Both the great nationalist Right first similarities to be written both are great nationalist contemporary people in 20th century of this But who actually in Indian nationalism earlier is Thakur. If you look at that His active things for dissipation in in in Sodeshi movement itself because by the time Gandhiji here is the Thakur right Gandhiji was in South Africa by the time if you look at that by after 19 19 17 only Gandhiji school involvement in India But in the case of Thakurji right from the Sodeshi movement was an active participant Right and this is one thing you can early participate though Gandhiji in in in South Africa he participated, but nationalism in India is a faster and the second thing right is In the case of Gandhiji is more favorable to Ramaraja So the word is related to Hinduism, but he want more idealistic because the King Rama Was considered to be the more idealist more perfect king of this That is Ramaraja here means it's not related to religion inclusive of all the people Right inclusion of all kind of people. It is more idealistic idealistic one in the case of Rabindranath Thakur. He was initially a nationalist, but because later he become Paka internationalist He opposed nationalism vehemently. So initially both were nationalist I am discussing when they were accepting the nationalist case of this In the case of Ramaraja, we here is practical a practical approach towards the national Right when both accepted the concept of nationalism later Thakur entered into internationalism, you'll discuss that And the next thing if you look at Swarajya What is Swarajya? Swarajya for Thakur Swarajya for Thakur is Atmasattva Again and again you could have seen in in Swadesi movement itself I'm right. So all soul power In the case of Gandhiji, it is Abhaya fearlessness Abhaya it is based on Aghimsa and Satyagra. We're telling the truth. Whatever happened. No need to fear that concept another difference and next thing is Idea perfect nationalism here is the things and another thing if you come to that Both the opposed the violence. It's a common point Both opposed violence You can see that in during Swadesi movement when gradually revolutionary nationalism started in Bengal Anushiran Samithi Kolkata group Dhaka Murari Kupur Bomb through Murari Kupur case or Alipur conspiracy what Thakurji did it gradually came out from the concept of nationalism Same thing you can see After Tauri Chauhara incident immediately after Tauri Chauhara incident Gandhiji stopped non-cooperation So in that tense he was there. But what similarity is Thakur after that he considered He considered that nationalism would be brought by means of more violence or would bring more violence But Gandhiji's concept is not like this. No no in any national movement violence in course of time inevitable. Why? During non-cooperation movement. He didn't accept violence civil disobedient movement little accepted But Kuttindaya movement he highly accepted of the violence That's why you can see throughout the Kuttindaya movement. You can see eruption of violence You can't write everything in this but for your understanding of this These kinds of information And at last you give a conclusion of this and one more thing when the complete differences Erupted between Gandhiji and Nehruji is during the non-cooperation movement So in the non-cooperation movement phase, you can see complete difference of ideologies Whenever Gandhiji wrote and letter or article in his in his newspaper Hindu Swaraj writing Immediately counter letter or newsletter will be published by Rabindranath So question number two is over next question is straight away come to Question number 13 Question number 13 What are the match? How did colonial rule affect the tribes in India? First one part and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression? Right. It's a very famous concept even traditionally in the classroom itself. I have given deliberately as like a 15 mark question Exactly of this. So what it's a first 15 mark question three and three pages you can write of this Right. So first you have to write the definitions or explanation of the tribes What about the nature? Who are the tribes of this?  They never disturb others But in the name of developments development itself is different definition In the name of development or in the name of curtailing them, right? We started we means civilized people so-called civilized people started to enter into their activity their sphere When their sphere is affected, they started to retaliate. This is common. Who are tribes first of this? And immediately after two lines or three lines of this Right tribes were much affected during the British touch Because of the following policy just you will enlist of the following policies Just a topic one line. Just a subtopic one line. What kind of things is some Christian missionaries? And they're forcibly inversion So because of that loss of fear of their local societal and religious customs And second is loss of land loss of land Because they were expelled from the traditional forest in the name of enacting forest law By enacting forest law, they were expelled from the forest because They were criticism. You are destroying the forest in the name of protecting the forest forest law was made. Actually it is not They are not the destroyer of the forest. They are the protector of the forest loss of land that is loss of the traditional land And next is outsiders So outsiders problem is the biggest thing even in the books in some of the people started the revolt Right outsiders. They call them as a decouche Like merchant moneylenders Or intermediate people even for tribes another tribes group is also an outsider So these people entered and started to destroy their local practice of this and one more thing is by by enacting Criminal criminal act the JB movie Right the JB movie is based on this The forest tribes tribes means criminal backgrounds All right, if your tribes are then certain forest tribes have criminal background If they are released from the jail immediately arrested because you will commit crime That's a crux of the jail Right a criminal antecedent. For example, if I am a tribes if I committed a crime Automatically that mark will go to my son and daughter Right society will come to your son and daughter. We are also a criminal arrest What kind of logic is this? That's why at a criminal notified community Some certain community had criminal antecedents Yeah, so because of this They consider and the introduction of the commercial crops. That's the biggest issue Whenever commercial crops especially plantation crops means you have to destroy a lot of forests While destroying the lot of forest and you have to migrates the tribes forcibly on this Not only commercial in the name of development also Especially hill resorts like this in the name of development. They were forcibly exquisite If it is possible, you can give one or two example Right, so our causes next what you could do right against this is how tribal revolted Normally, I will suggest my students to go for the map. It's the best way Because it's a 15 hour ghosting just east one or two click here one or two like this You you try to give nearly seven or eight tribes. For example, santhals here santhals. What is the cause of that? Got it here cookies What is the cause? Right here, uh, rampa revolt allury sitar amaraju Simultaneously, you write the leaders If you show like this five to six point causes another six to seven tribal revolt with the leaders as well as the particular class Your answer is more oblivious Got it. So Almost we had done with the first part of the question. How did colonial drive affect that and what were the tribal response? So now last what so first two five to six point there another five to six points here And last are response How they responded with this first thing is violence I'm right. They started the violent movements So if you look at that almost all the movements were the violent movements Best example munda brisham munda the great leaders correct And the question is uh Yes, what was the tribal response in the to the colonial oppression? This is one thing right and the second And the second thing is they try to protect their culture as well as they land For example, uh at the end of the santhal revolt, right santhal pargana santhal pargana was created where no one was allowed And third is more customs strict customs So by means of customs strict custom by enacting of this not law customs They never allowed the outsiders to come That is one more thing So not just violence of this Right and what happened is so one is usage of violence Right and another thing is that santhal pargana. They want the land and another thing is customs Right. So these kinds of things are their response. But what is I think is uh, all the revolts were suppressed Right all the revolts were suffered except one or two of this and one more thing Is they provided actually these things are initial face of what the nation's So it is not related to question They provided the nationalism. They were the first to small the british raj uh ugly things because 1850 is 1900 itself tribes were then only you can see educated Middle-class people started to the world and provided the base for indian national movement So you have the five points You are the fight to who are tribes also here five to six point next thing is India map and another thing is by what kind of so try to answer what is asked that's enough And next question is question number 17 This is related to post-independent and consolidation From being a net importer of 1960s, India had emerged as a net exporter To the world provide reasons Right, you can approach in geography wise as well as history wise right here. It is given as that 18 1960s onwards you have to more approach on history base Right, it means that what happened before 1916 60s after 1960s what happened the question is related to green revolution In starting line itself In starting line itself you can give uh green revolution of this right During indira gandhi period the concept of green revolution was started m s one and then play a vital role and other agriculturist and Agriculture union agriculture and food and agriculture minister as supermanium also so indira gandhi He's supermanium emma swamina then with that 1970 71 india becomes self-sufficient country Not only that from net importer to the net exporter introduction over at it now because question we have to address the question from Uh being importer in 1960s, india had emerged as a net food exporter to the world So what happened is that it seems independence if you look at that india frequently faced coming There's no doubt Why frequently based coming is though india is an agriculture Agriculture based can be indian agriculture is not that much of production oriented But like that of the western education western agriculture system Why because of the colonial because of the colonial Role Because because of the colonial role industries were collapsed all people forced to entered into the agriculture That led to disgust unemployment This led to pressure on the land This led to uh, this led to what happened is uh Fragmentation in some part But at the same time due to jamindari system what happened land in the hands of samatha people only few people Especially in bangal bigha region land only in few people. They are worked as a absentee land So give you a brief in pro even colonial So because of the colonial period what happened is right, uh and lack of technology agriculture Technology was not implemented In a great manner during british rule. So 1947 onwards india based recount family So that forced india to import the default Weed rise we started to import Even the fire one thing next thing is even the fire plan fire plan concentrated on agriculture If you look at that first or second fire plan concentrated on agriculture, we didn't get such a sufficient record I can and third reason is One side agriculture is a problem other side is ever increasing population actually if it is a agriculture Problem means we can't blame on agriculture. So we are producing but a simultaneously population issue So that's why india had to face the deficience nutrition deficiency protein deficiencies of this Especially best to famine is 1964 famine 63 64 famine. This is the break. That's what the question Over now come to 1960s So that's why next input best example is given in post independence book itself indra gandhi indra gandhi went to usa For asking with help at the time. There is a program. What is the program is pl? Uh 480 480 program in that 15 million tons of wheat was given by usa at the same time we forced to devaluate our current Our currency to 33 percent This is all typical point. You can take it from 12th and 30 political science book post independence Because the topic is there in 12th and 30th right now Let's do you recent work in 1960s onwards of this right by 1923 Why such a change? What is the reason is? uh best statement jai javan jai qisan So this is initial jai javan jai qisan actually jai javan is related to 1965 or jai qisan statement because of the famine It is lal boudhu sasri statement jai qisan Because of the jai qisan what happened is the green revolution concept was initiated because it was lal boudhu sasri What he did is he appointed right a subramanian as union minister of food and agriculture And in the name of jai qisan Complete liberty was given to agriculture departments. Uh, how to say example is bureaucratic intervention is and other generalist intervention in agriculture department was reduced and agriculture scientists were given free And lot of subsidies already subsidies are given in in in uh fire plan itself here subsidies more substitution So jai qisan is must but after sudden death uh Indira Gandhi also promoted these things What happened ms. Swami Nazan and other people Agriculture scientists were sent to Mexico. They looked into the wheat variety that led to the green revolution. This is one reason Another reason after 1960 years, right? He started to go for agriculture uh technology more technology based thing Right no small small innovation in agriculture for example drilling drilling in a organized manner improved education system This is technologies were introduced or brought from other countries And third third is more educational institutions agriculture universities agriculture colleges were often So not just one reason another thing is land reform It's a very important because land reform of this It was given to the people. So what happened is absentee landlords. It's not like that That is one of the reasons And actually a land consolidation to be done, right? But here land reforms are green revolution So not just green revolution. You have to go beyond that also These are all causes these are all reasons according to the question, right? As of now, we do have great buffer states Not only buffer states. We are exporting it to the other countries also Thank you So, welcome everyone. We'll have a discussion on the geography questions of general studies paper one up is the exam 2023 So, what was the question? There are around seven questions were asked from geography So one of the questions, uh, what is uh, why is the southwest monsoon is called as a poor via or easterlies In the burj poor regions, how has this directional seasal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of this region? So an aspirant who have been in preparation for the past one year Will not be knowing what is poor via exactly That is actually a colloquial name used for denoting the southwest monsoon in uh, Indo-ganjitic regions that is in a basically in a burj poor regions of the the plains So but this question Uh, first of all first of all this question is uh, is a bit a generalized question You can see that some of the keywords are there some of the keywords will give you some hints What exactly the uh, the person who said the question, uh, uh, try to explain So, what are the keywords here the why is the southwest monsoon southwest monsoon is a keyword So southwest monsoon is a keyword Poor via or it is called as an easterlies It is clearly mentioned in the question that is a poor via is the sterlies In the burj poor regions in the burj poor regions and how has this directional seasal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of this region So there are two parts in the question one is why the southwest monsoon winds of india or southwest monsoon winds in india Is called as poor via in the burj poor region. That is the first part and second part of the question is It is how this poor via or the seasonal directional wind system Influence the cultural ethos of the regions cultural ethos of the burj poor regions So, let's divide this question into two parts. One is uh, one is a why it is called as a poor via So we'll have a discussion about why the southwest monsoon winds is called as an easterlies Uh in the burj poor regions and how it influenced the cultural ethos of this region So What is southwest monsoon southwest monsoon? We know that southwest monsoon winds are the seasonal Winds that is advancing towards india during the summer season mainly in the months of mainly in the months of June july august and september So this is a wind system that is advancing towards the mainland of india from the Indian ocean south indian ocean And basically this southwest monsoon system or this seasonal advancing wind system is having basically Two streams that this is two branches are one branch is the arabian sea branch that we know that arabian sea branch and second branch is the bay of Bengal branch So this arabian sea branch will be advancing towards the western coastal regions and they causes a Heavy rainfall spells in the western coastal regions of india and a part of it enters into the gujrat rajasthan regions And they moves towards the north and reaches the poodles of the shivalik regions and the other branch that moves towards East parallel to the eastern coastal regions all across the coastal regions and it advances towards north north eastern direction And what happens afterwards? It meets with The arachan yoma hills which is an extension of the himalayan fold system in the Myanmar region arachan yoma mountain ranges arachan yoma mountain ranges and after that they take A bend towards the indo-ganzitic Plains this is how the wind system is advancing towards the lanes of india So in general a person if a person observe the southwest monsoon winds from india We generally call this wind system as southwest monsoon But if you are observing this wind system from the indo-ganzitic plane all across all these regions This wind system this wind system is not coming from their southwestern direction It is coming from the easterly south easterly direction It is coming from the southeastern direction and it is advancing towards the indo Gangzidic plane like this. It is advancing like this So the person who is observing this particular wind system from the plains of india will feel that this wind is coming from South easterly direction. So they generally call it as easterly So for the entire nation it is a wind general wind that is coming from the southwestern direction But the people who is residing in this part of the geographical territory called as For the for them it is an easterly wind. So this easterly is the purvaya And purvaya is a colloquial name used to denote the easterly winds that comes in the month of june july august september And purvaya is a technical or colloquial name used by the people who is residing in the bojpur regions of the plains And what is this bojpur region? What is this bojpur region is? So bojpur is Bojpur region include the parts of bihar eastern utra pradesh eastern up madhya pradesh jargant madhya gandaki and lumbini regions lumbini regions of napal So this region this Linguistic cultural region which is located which spans in this regions of bihar utra pradesh chatisgarh madhya pradesh And some parts of the some parts of the napal is generally called as bojpur region So for the people who is residing here Feel that this wind is coming from their southeast early direction. So they call it as a purvaya This is why the southwest monsoon winds are called as purvayas in the bojpur regions So let's see that So some of the keywords how we can structure the answer i'll give you an insight about that one is the seasonal advancing winds The southwest monsoon winds is a seasonal advancing wind that blows from south south indian ocean towards the Main land of india during summer season from june to september And it is the major source of rainfall for the entire country. In fact, it produces 86 percentage of rainfall for the entire Country that is 86 percentage of the rainfall And in the pojpur region It is a linguistic and cultural area spanning in the states that i mentioned that i mentioned just now So all these regions this wind is coming from their eastern side So the wind is named as purvaya So all these things all these key words have to be there in your introduction introduction part So the bay of bangal branch the bay of bangal branch of monsoon that is striking the arachneoma of miyanna northern plains of india that enters the northern plains of india from the southeast early direction And that produces around 100 to 200 centimeters of rainfall in this region And that is a major source of rainfall in the plains of india Then how this purvaya or a seasonal easterly winds of pojpur region influence the cultural ethos of the population residing that area So purvaya, we know that southwest monsoon as it is producing 86 percentage of rainfall for the entire territory for the entire country This purvaya this pojpur region the major source of rainfall is Pojpur region major source of rainfall is the same southwest monsoon that is their purvaya So what are the important features or important influences that the southwest monsoon or their purvaya is doing in the pojpur region That influences their main economic activity. What is the main economic activity of the pojpur regions? The people generally are agriculture Agriculture employed so the agriculture that is practicing in this pojpur region is highly rainfed So the source of water for their agriculture field is given by the purvaya So that is a major input for the agriculture activities So what is that majority of the pojpur population is engaged in agriculture activities Purvaya brings the much awaited rainfall for the crops Sowing seeds in the time of the arrival of purvaya. So it's purvaya when the purvaya arrives They are eagerly waiting for the sowing for sowing of the crops There are rituals and there are rituals and customs associated with it Then monsoon festivals like tige is celebrated tige is the name of a monsoon festival celebrated in the bojpur region then folk musics like Savan ki which is celebrated which is having an which is an integral part of the monsoon festival in this region It is called as a Savan Geet and there is a khajai folk song and dance during the rainfall season So the main economic activity of the population the population the people depending on the agriculture practices And this agriculture is mainly the water supply for the agriculture is given by the purvaya So major source of water is the purvaya Then the arrival of purvaya. They are eagerly waiting for the sowing of their crops during the purvaya period Then purvaya time then tige is a Monsoon festival celebrated in that area then Savan Geet is a Musical the folk music which is an integral part of the monsoon festival And there is a khajai. These are the important cultural influence given by or done by the purvaya Southwest or the wind that is coming from the eastern side of the plains so the next question So the next question of the discussion is about a field the field question is how are the fields are formed? Why do they constitute some of the picturesque areas of the world? So this question is asked from an area of geomorphology part of the syllabus and within geomorphology There is areas like agents of erosion. So agents of erosion if you talk about the agents of erosion There are five agents of erosion one is running water ocean waves. There is underground water wind and glacier And this particular landform that is called as a field is a product of the erosional work of glacier So what is what is a field? How this field is being created and how this Field is becoming a picturesque or producing a picturesque landscape and the world So let's see that we'll break the question and we'll discuss about it. So what is the field? So field is a glacial trough created by the erosion action of glacier So fields are a glacial trough or it is a narrow depressions created by the glacial erosional action of a glacier So let's see that. What are the factual things that we have to explain here? So fields first of all, we need to explain what is the field and how it is being created So what is that fields are a long narrow and deep glacial trough which have been occupied by the sea water These U shaped valleys are created after the erosion action of glacier mainly found in no way Canada, Greenland and New Zealand So within this introductory part we have mentioned what is the field and how this field is created and in which old regions of the world We can see these fields So it talks about the formation the first part of the question is how the field is being formed So we can divide the formation of field into three separate parts One is the erosional font the erosional action of the glacier second one is We can we can go for the retreat of glacier that is the second phase and the third one is the sea level rise So we can divide the entire process of the field formation into three parts of one is this erosion action of the Glacier So just like any other agent of erosion like running water wind or sea wave This glacier is also an important agents of erosion mainly in the high latitudinal and high altitudinal regions of the tropics So when a huge mass of ice, what is the glacier? Glacial is a huge mass of ice when a glacier moves from one place to another. They'll be having a What a severe abrasion from the ground that is I suppose this is a huge mass of the glacier glacier will be having a High erosion action here in the surface surface area and the sidewalls of the valleys if a glacier is moving a huge Sengofis is moving like this. There'll be greater abrasion and plucking erosion action by the glacier So let's see that how it is created. So glacier this glacial fields are a deep U shaped valleys Are created by the glacier due to their abrasion and plucking action along the coastal regions So feuds can be seen in the coastal regions So they are the course one of the erosion land form of land forms of glacier created in the Coastal regions of the world And basically this coastal regions are you can see that Norway, Canada, Greenland, New Zealand all these all these all these regions are located in the high latitudinal regions Where the glacier is acting as an agent the most important agent of erosion So what is that high? What is the erosion action? So when a glacier region in the in the region where the glacier is an activation of erosion when a glacier Sengofis start moving it downstairs So when from a hill region when a glacier start moving in a downstairs What happens when a glacier moves like this they'll be having a greater friction They'll be have they'll be exerting greater friction abrasion will be there a plucking will be there All these things will be done by the glacier and when they enter into a valley They'll be scratching on they'll be upgrading the valley region and ultimately they'll create a U shaped depressions on the coastlines like this So they may be traveling from or are moving from here. They'll be moving like this They will enter here and while they are moving they are creating greater stress in this two sides and the floor of also And after the after the formation or after the movement they'll be creating a U shaped value over here And this is the formation. This is the beginning part of the formation and after that what happens Due to some changes in the temperature or when the temperature increases This glacial or this ice mass start Start melting and the retreat of glacial can be seen due to this increase in the temperature And just after the retrieval of this glacier you can see that there will be a general rise in the sea level And when the seawater enters into the U shaped valley created by the glacial erosion That forms the one of the most picturesque landforms in the world that disappears So some of the examples so within the answer you can explain some of the example like Pio Pio Tahi of New Zealand Outerland field of Norway and cubic field of Canada. These are some of the examples for an important picturesque landscape in these regions So what makes fields to create some of the major attractive sites in the world And this is the second part of the question So if you see a picture of a field you can see that all these are high Highly attractive locations in the world and what makes this attraction? So there you can see that steep mountain rocks falling directly into the field water So if you see a field field as I said it is a U shaped valley It is a U shaped valley which will be having a very steep walls created by hard rocks Steep walls created by hard hard rocks and this is occupied by the sea So there will be a reflection of this steep side side walls within the water. This is an important factor And you can see that waterfalls from field banks from this From the side banks, there will be waterfalls that is entering into the sea This sea will be this you can see that there will be entry of water in both sides So waterfalls will be entering into the field. This is one of the next attractive points And there are rocky portions projecting the rocky particles in the rocky portions in the This one a field that is called as a scurries Scurries are the projection of rocks within the within a within a field and the glacier this one This water in a field is a it's not for the not for its color That is a deep blue color can be seen Then a pristine ecosystem in the surrounding area cold Water coral reefs can be seen calm and stable surrounding villages All these are all these are collectively makes this land of fjord And it's one of the most important attractive locations in the world So we have done the second question also what is what was the question the question was How are the fjords are formed so fjords are a result of the glacial erosion operation and plucking action There is a formation of a U shaped valley when they When they are in a coastline when they move Towards the coastline from a coastal mountain when they move like this They course is the formation of a U shaped valley in the coastal regions And when the glacial retreat that area will be filled with the seawater And that results in the formation of the piores and the second part of the question is asked That is the answer that is how they are becoming one of the most attractive Picture of location in the world. So these are the important points that you have to write in the answer Next question is that is a ten marker question that is asked about the availability of freshwater in the world So the question is question goes like this. Why is the world today is confronted with a crisis of availability of And access to freshwater resources So again, there are two parts in the question. What is the first part? The first part is why is the world today is confronted with a crisis of availability of freshwater And access to freshwater resources. So there are two parts two parts that we have to discuss So what are the reasons? What are the reasons why the world is facing that is the face is leading into a crisis of freshwater and access to freshwater resources So let's see this. It's a generalistic question. It's a generalistic question. What are the things out there? So it's a generalistic question. So you can you can answer some of the important points factual points like growth of population is an important thing So nowadays every urban centers throughout the world throughout the world every word there is an increase and an increase in the population is taking place mainly In a third world countries in a tropical countries all these regions has a huge Population explosion is taking place and there is a this is a reality climate change related Cursity of water. So climate climate change is a villain right now climate change is a villain right now And how we can see that climate change related increase in the temperature climate change related increase increase in the temperature erratic rainfall erratic rainfall And frequent occurrence of droughts frequent occurrence of floods all these are the results of the climate change related Cursity and what is water pollution water pollution mainly occurs in urban centers mainly in the cities and water pollution caused by the industries Industries agriculture And household waste Waste all these are considered as one of the reasons behind the pollution of the freshwater regions in the world and over exploitation of freshwater Over exploitation of freshwater is an important factor that leads to the scarcity of scarcity of the freshwater Or exploitation by the industry again industries will come into the picture industries and inefficient irrigation practices Then in agriculture agriculture all these are Example for over exploitation of freshwater and inefficient irrigation practices that is again related to agriculture Lack of infrastructure limit the access to freshwater. So infrastructures like so we know that this freshwater is not distributed throughout the Topography or throughout any country. So some places will be having a lot of rainfall that that is that region will be having a huge large amount of Some places where the rainfall is very less or added climate as in as in as in the there will be the scarcity of water So in that situation if we can implement or introduce some pipeline transfer of this water freshwater from that area to another That can solve the issues, but there lacks an infrastructure limit the access to freshwater. That is an important factor Economic inequality when this freshwater become highly scarce inaccessible The demand for the freshwater is very high So the price of the freshwater in the cities mainly in the cities urban centers will spike up So there will be an economic inequality that mainly the marginalized communities will be the affected affected highly affected due to this lack of availability Interstate conflicts for water resources Especially you can you can include here that is a karnataka Tamil Nadu issue interstate water dispute of Water sharing so all these are considered as one of the reasons behind the scarcity of Freshwater availability fresh water availability and what is the way forward for this? So the way forward is sustainable. We need to implement the sustainable water management plans sustainable water management plans like In agriculture industries and a household we need to rule out all the wastage of fresh water So the available available freshwater can be utilized for the usage of the public judicious use of available freshwater resources without any wastage We need to use it for judiciously increase public spending for last mile availability of the freshwater So the that talks about the infrastructure development that the public Fund have to be channelized for building infrastructure for supplying fresh water Introduce the most efficient mode of irrigation techniques Mainly drip irrigation we can depend on drip irrigation that is a drip irrigation as the most water efficient irrigation system With up to 90 percentage of water use efficiency. So These are considered as the way forward for the question. So what was the question? So the question was Why as the world today is confronted with a crisis of the availability of an access to freshwater resources? So we need to give an introduction and after that these are the important points that have to be There in the answer. That's the growth of population climate change related scarcity Water pollution over exploitation of freshwater inefficient irrigation practices lack of infrastructure for the transfer of the freshwater Then economic inequality interstate conflict. So these are considered as some of the reasons And way forward in the way forward you can give some of the suggestions such suggestions That that can be used to uh used to solve the issue like sustainable water management judicious users available Water resources increase public spending on infrastructure Introduce the most efficient mode of irrigation techniques in drip irrigation channel So the next question asked is uh, it is about the consequences of climate change on the food security of the world So especially in the tropical countries. So what is the question? That was a 10 marker question again The question is discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in the tropical countries So what are the what are the keywords in the question? So discuss the consequences of consequences of climate change On the food security. So it talks about the food security directly And especially in the tropical countries So what are the keywords one is the consequences of climate change And work and the food security Where it is tropical countries tropical countries So these are the three keywords which are there in the question So how can we connect it? So one is the climate change second one is the food security third one is the tropical countries So if you want to connect the concept of climate change to food security There as a hidden factor is that we put food security climate change directly affect agriculture When agriculture become weak weak, there is a shortage of food stress Climate change can also affect the society in a different way indirect indirectly Directly it can affect the agriculture practices then indirectly it can affect other other spaces also So so climate change food security and the tropical countries affected countries. So uh the tropical countries So we need to give some of the examples to Substantiate the points that we are explaining here. So let's discuss about it So what is food security? So if you can give an introduction like this an introduction which is given by the world food summit in 1996 Food security exists when all the people at all times have physical and economic Access to sufficient and safe and nutritious food. That means their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life So that is a definition for world Food security given by the world food summit of 1996 food security exists when all the people at all times have physical and economic access For sufficient safe and nutritious food for their dietary needs So as highlighted by the latest assessment report of IPCC they said that Climate change threatens to reverse the progress Made so far in the fight against hunger and malnutrition So we have been doing a lot of things to solve the issue of hunger and malnutrition But there is a threat from climate change climate change is Trying to Reverse the progress that we made in the fight against hunger and malnutrition So how this climate change is going to affect a society directly and indirectly food security directly and indirectly So climate change have a different spectrum of Impact zone of society that is the food security will be affected The climate condition will be affected Biodiversity will be affected and here in the question the concept is the food security. So how can it affect directly? So when the climate is changing, there is a possibility of a rise in the temperature A possible rise can be seen in the global temperature Then we can expect erratic rainfall. That is an uneven rainfall in some of the regions The regions that are not receiving rainfall will be receiving heavy rainfall And some of the regions that used to to get rainfall for the for hundreds of years or Will have a shortage of rainfall So food and flood and road condition that is a regions that are having heavy rainfall Spells may affect may occur frequent floods and road conditions are expected in some other regions So some of the extreme situations will come as a result of the climate change So which can affect directly, which can all these things which can affect agriculture production production directly Agriculture so all these things can directly affect agriculture rise in temperature Some of the crops are highly sensitive to temperature conditions So rise in temperature can hinder the growth of crops and the production of the food steps erratic rainfall And just like any crops the food crops also depends on the large quantity of water the supply of water And majority of the the fields are rain food throughout the world, especially the tropical countries So whenever there is some Erratic rainfall or a shortage of rainfall the food production or agriculture will be affected the most affected floods and road condition is a major threat and climate change related rise in global temperature or a regional temperature can Accelerate the spread of pest so pest attack in food crops that may lead to shortage of foods So f a o food and agriculture organization estimates that annually up to 40 percentage of global crop production is lost to pest So it is a status is by food and agriculture organization So what are the indirect consequences of climate change on food security? So how this food security is affected indirectly by climate change? You can see that loss of rural livelihood and income So in most of the third world countries in most of the tropical countries This one the major economic activity activity of the people or a population as agriculture If agriculture is directly impacted by climate change This agricultural income of the farmers will get reduced and their purchasing power purchasing power will get reduced Their income will will come a shortage. So there is a loss of rural livelihood and income of the farmer communities If the farmer communities are affected the majority farmer communities are affected That can that can impact other industries also the part when the purchasing power of this huge population has Has decreased when the purchasing power decreased their demand for other product will also be coming down So the production industry can also be affected if agriculture is affected loss of marine and coastal ecosystem and livelihood So this this is this is creating a drastic change in the coastal regions especially the coastal regions in the tropical regions like when there is a sea level rise happens or when there is a Salt water intrusion occurs in the coastal regions all these can leads to all these can leads to loss of agricultural crops along the coastlines and that can also trigger that can also That can also affect the fishing income of the fishermen communities in the coastlines Loss of terrestrial and inland water ecosystem and livelihood So again, it is affecting everything as climate driven Factors that are affecting the Limelihood of the population and their income and in that way that can leads to food insecurity So, what are the factors that are leading or consequences of climate change in the food security? One is it is directly affecting directly it affect the agriculture production second one is Indirectly it is affecting the income of the population So you can give some of the examples for since the since it is asked for the tropical countries You can give some of the examples the examples are one is ethiopia erratic rainfall resulted severe shortage of food supply in ethiopia So erratic rainfall in ethiopia ethiopia and african region african region erratic rainfall resulted severe shortage of food supplies in ethiopia brasil brasil phase shortage of food stuff from 2012 onwards due to a rise in the temperature climate change related rise in the temperature And tea and coffee productions of indonesia is affected by climate related threats And in the case of india the states of panjab and hariana has affected the rice production and wheat production of panjab and hariana is affected by the Heat waves of this region So these are some of the impact of some of the examples for how the climate change is affecting agriculture directly agriculture production directly If agriculture is affected it can directly affect the food security of the region And it can also indirectly affect indirectly affect the purchasing power of the farmer community So these are some of the hints these are some of the hints for the the the factual points that you have to write in the answer Next one is a way forward. What are the what are the solutions? Do we have? So climate change is the reality climate change is the reality It is it is taking place it is taking place yesterday it took place and now it is taking place in the future also climate change We have to anticipate so what all things what adaptation we can make here So first of all introduce a drought resistant varieties of crops So the regions that are having a high threat of Inavailability of rainfall or a shortage of rainfall that we can adapt the situation by introducing drought resistant crops So we can introduce some of the crops that demands less water availability like millets and all is an example introduction of millets Millets are high having a high nutrient contents and millets are demanding less amount of water So flood resistant rice varieties So that is an important adaptive measure where you can you can use this method and Mainly in the regions where the regions are highly sensitive or vulnerable to flooding Introduce the most efficient mode of irrigation practices So that you we can save the available water we can save the available water if the rainfall is Short rainfall if you want to save the water fresh water We have to introduce the most efficient mode of irrigation We can depend on the drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation and in relative to related to sprinkle is Sprinkler irrigation drip irrigation is the most efficient Diversify the crops that we have so this is an important feature diversify the crops and diversify the rural employment sectors So nowadays most of the population the rural rural population is depending on the Agriculture activities and if this agriculture is affected by climate change It is going to affect their income also or the purchasing power or the standard of living will be affected So instead of depending purely only on the agriculture practices if you can diversify the rural employment We can buffer this crisis which is produced by agriculture climate change in the field of agriculture So diversification of rural employment Diversify the food patterns of the people Rather than having a the staple foods like rice or wheat continuously We need to think about the diversifying the diet of the people So by giving all these way forward solutions we can conclude the answer in such a way So the next question and in the gs paper one is Identify and discuss the factors responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation in India As is the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India. It is a 15 mark question. So 250 words So there are mainly two parts in the question Really two parts. So one is Identify and discuss the factors responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation So what are the factors responsible for the diversity of vegetation? We need to identify. What are the factors? responsible for the diversity As is the significance of wildlife sanctuary So what are the keywords? So what are the keywords in the question? The keywords are identify the discuss the Factors responsible for factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India natural vegetation And assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India So these are the keywords one is the factors responsible for the diversity of the vegetation second one is Significance of the wildlife sanctuaries. So we can break the question and we can discuss about it So natural vegetation, what is a natural vegetation? How natural vegetation is diversified in a country like India? So let's see that So natural vegetation in India is Is highly diversified and a study conducted by a hg champion hg champion in 19 34 19 34 Showed that there is a 116 varieties of vegetation in India natural vegetation in India including the sub types So no need to answer no need to write all these things in the answer Since it is a generalistic answer we can eliminate these points and all So no need to write all these things So what you need to do is one is that identify and discuss the factors responsible What are the factors we can just see that natural vegetation of a region is a product of Topography and soil in general So what are the important factors one is climate topography Third is soil factors. These are the broad factors which can influence natural vegetation operation So again, we can discuss about the climate climate. What are the factors in climate like there is a temperature condition Temperature condition the climate there is a amount of rainfall There is a presence of water vapor that is a humidity content of a region So these are some of the some of the important factors related to climate that can influence the distribution of natural vegetation Second is a topography topography talks about the altitude or height of a region like a plain a plateau or a mountain All these will be having a say in the temperature condition of that region So and soil different types of soil the soil distribution also affect the diversity So let's discuss that So being a tropical country with a lot of variations in the distribution of temperature rainfall humidity condition distribution of soil India produces a wide variety of vegetation the wide variety of vegetation in india we can see that Like the vegetation and the northern mountains of india northern mountains Northern mountains of india like the Himalayan mountains in this region Himalayan mountains Is different from the vegetation that you can see in the coastal regions of india the southern southern states And the seropitic vegetations of Gujarat is different from the vegetation that you can see in the evergreen lands of northeastern states So there is a wide stretch of variety of vegetation can be seen throughout india So what are the important factors one is rainfall distribution distribution of rainfall So if you talk about the distribution of rainfall the rainfall is distributed differently in different parts of india So let's see that how the rainfall is distributed differently So this is a western gas which is running along the western coastal regions of india. This is our northeastern states So let's see the southwest one soon as considered as the major sources Or it is a major source of rainfall in india which produces or which gives 86 percentage of rainfall in india And this rainfall is not uniformly distributed throughout this geography. So some places of india We have a heavy rainfall heavy spills of rainfall some places like rajasen and all an interior part of the continent We have a less amount of interior part of the subcontinent. We have a less amount of rainfall So let's see about the rainfall distribution. So along the western coastal regions of india We have a distribution of rainfall of around 250 to 400 centimeters If you're talking about the northeastern states where this bay of bungalow winds are lashing Heavy rainfall that produces 400 centimeters 400 plus centimeters of rainfall And the lever the levered side the rain shadow effect of western gas in the eastern side of western gas These regions are receiving less amount of rainfall. That is around 80 to 100 in the Eastern side of eastern side of western gas in the southern states like the western Tamil Nadu And in this part it is around 60 to 80 centimeters And in this part it is around Around 50 to 60 centimeters and the rajasen region it is 25 to 40 centimeters and the indogancitic Brahmaputra plains indogancitic plain it is around 100 to 200 centimeters of rainfall So this is a generalistic distribution of rainfall in india when When a subcontinent when a region is exhibiting this much of difference in the distribution of rainfall Which will be having a greater role in determining the vegetation pattern of this region So this rainfall itself will produce a great a great variety variation the distribution of vegetation So the regions that are receiving a 400 plus centimeters of rainfall and regions that are receiving a rainfall of ranging from 250 to 400 Will be producing some of the evergreen regions in india evergreen wet evergreen forest evergreen forest in india then some of the regions which are located in the Leaward sides of the mountain like a rain shadow regions of the western gas will be producing a tropical dry Desidious forest in india and some of the regions that are in Located in the western side of rlv which is having a very less amount of rainfall will be producing Only the shrubs and bushes of the deserts or acerophytic vegetation which are drought resistant vegetation And this area this 100 to 200 centimeters indogancitic brahmaputra regions this plain region produces or produces a tropical dry Desidious forest so in effect the most most widely spread vegetation in india as a tropical dry desidious forest So this is how the rainfall distribution of rainfall influence the distribution of vegetation And if you talk about Talk about the distribution of temperature the temperature of india Mainly varies according to the Altitudinal factor mainly vary according to the altitudinal factor We have a snow capped mountains in the north that is like Himalayan mountains and we have the western gas here We have some of the kilnery regions in the In this the peninsula region and all and this altitude differences in the altitude makes the differences in the temperature condition And when this altitude makes a difference in the temperature distribution some of the places in the North and mountains that we know that these are the snow capped mountains will be having a different vegetation When compared to the vegetation of the acerophytic vegetation of rajasthan And this type of vegetation will be different from the sundarban regions So there will be a difference and how it differ So in in a while while considering the temperature distribution and altitude The vegetation of india is ranging from tropical to subtropical Subtropical to temperate temperate to alpine and alpine to tundra vegetation of the mountains So this much of difference is the tropical to subtropical temperate to alpine and tundra vegetation So this Great and difference in the distribution of temperature has a greater role in the determining the vegetation type In that regions Next important factor that causes the biodiversity of vegetation is the biological interactions So this is a possible possible thing that can lead to diversity Interaction of natural vegetations with other organisms like pollinators or competitors May alter the vegetation diversity in a long run that is considered as a factor biological interaction with other Organisms anthropogenic interventions anthropogenic interventions like deforestation agriculture practices Invasion of non-native species all these Will have a say in the distribution of diversity of a natural vegetation So one of the second part of the question what are the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in a rainforest regions So if we consider the if we count the wildlife sanctuaries in india the wildlife sanctuaries are around There is a 567 existing wild sanctuaries in india Covering an area of 120,000 and 564.86 square kilometer. So there is a 567 existing wildlife sanctuaries Which is 3.73 percent of the geographical area So while writing an answer no need to mention about all these things you need to mention At least this one 3.73 percent of the geographical area of the countries under wildlife sanctuaries So these wildlife sanctuaries the significance are these are established to protect the endangered wildlife So the endangered wildlife So wildlife sanctuaries are established to protect the endangered wildlife in their natural habitat Without without making them to shift from one place to another We are we are protecting them in their natural habitat by establishing wildlife sanctuaries So help in protection of landscape From encroachment if you declare a wildlife sanctuaries we can protect it from the encroachment encroachment activities from outsiders protection of endangered species conservation of biodiversity of the region And education and public use We can educate educate the general public is not aware about the value of The forest the value of vegetation value of wildlife in and around that region. So While establishing by establishing a wildlife sanctuaries we can Educate the general public and we can create an awareness about the value of all these services of the biodiversity biological wildlife sanctuaries in that regions And importance of environmental preservation Protection all these things can be passed on to the generation Yes So the next question is A christian which is asked for 15 mark that is uh, why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in india? Why did human development? Why did human development fail to keep a pace with economic development in india? So there are two Concepts are given two concepts are there one is one is human development And second one is economic development in india human development and economic development So there was an article in hindu that is an editorial article in hindu which came in March 2023. So this christian is directly framed from that article So the the that article was the wide disparities in human development. That is the article So you basically has framed the question from this particular article all the things are discussed in the article So, what is that? So there are two keywords one is human development and second one is economic development So this is a christian that demands some of the statistics that we need to We need to prove or establish this particular statement. So they demand some of the statistics So what is the statistics that you can depend on? So human development human development reports is published by UNDP United nation development program And economic development that you can depend on the economic survey Latest economic survey then if you want any Prediction if you have if you want to give an introduction like with a future prediction of the economic development Some predictions done by uh morgan stanley any other institutions you can use it So, uh human development report as per the human development report of 2021-22 India is in a rank of 132 out of 191 countries Out of 191 countries indian rangas 132 based on the economic survey economic survey 2022-23 Economy about the economic development india is the fifth largest Economy in the world. We are the fifth largest economy in the world According to morgan stanley prediction of the economies in the world It says that by the end of this decade By the end of this decade india is going to surpass japan and germany and india is going to become the third largest economy first largest economy So, let's see that human development and economic developments are the two key words here So human development report that is 2021-2022 by UNDP is there economic development 2022-23 economic survey and morgan stanley economic predictions that by the end of this decade india will be the third largest Economy surpassing japan and germany so What is the human development? What is the human development index or what is the human development report? So we can say that it is a composite statistical measurement composed by UNDP a composite Statistical measurement composed by UNDP to evaluate and compare human development in different regions of the world So human development in different regions of the world. So it is a composite statistical report that not only measure the economic terms, economic development terms and this human development index measure the development in a variety spectrum. So it has started in the 1990s as an alternative to gross domestic product calculation. So let's see what are the wings of human development index.  So it talks about, generally it talks about a long and healthy life, knowledge of the population, a decent standard of living. So the general components of human develop indexes are long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. So as per economic survey 2020 to 2023, India is the fifth largest. As I just said, India we can write, we can write an introduction like this by giving some of the statistical things in the introduction itself. That is an, as per the economic survey, 2020, 2023, 2022, 2023, India is the fifth largest economy. According to Morgan Stanley prediction, shows India will become the third largest economy in the closing years of this decade. But human development report, see is India ranks 132 out of 191 countries. So there is a great disparity between the human development and the economic development. So what are the reasons? So the reasons are a number of reasons that maze India in a 130 second position in human development. What are those factors? Uneven distribution of wealth. Uneven distribution of wealth in India. That is an important factor. Around 10 top 10 percentage of the population of India holds around 70 percentage of wealth. So this is an important factor. The top 10 percentage of the population holds 70 percentage of the wealth, which will be going to affect the remaining 90 percentage of the people or a major chunk of the population is going to be affected for their affordability of all the basic amenities, sanitation, education, the health, all these things are going to be affected. So this is an important factor. Uneven distribution of wealth in the country. Then poor penetration of social security schemes, especially in the unorganized sectors, social security schemes, poor penetration of, though the security schemes are the, it is a less penetrative or it is a poorly penetrated. Gender inequality that is remaining in the workspace, gender inequality in education, all these phase of the society, gender inequality is an important factor. Unemployment of youth, unemployed youth or unemployment or under employment can be said. Inflation, inflation is rising inflation due to some other factors, like climate change, the loss of crops, loss of employment, all these things can lead to this one. Lack of proper education infrastructure. So when it comes to education, India lacks proper education infrastructure, likes number of schools in the remote areas of the countries and the number of teachers are very less in some of the regions of the country, northern regions of the country. So that is an important factor. Poor quality of education. That is the poor quality of education. Education is factually education. We need to give a quality education for the enrichment of the next generation. Lack of skill development, this is an important factor. So skill development that is a job oriented education. So the syllabus or the curriculum has to be made tuned in towards that line. Lack of proper nutrition. Lack of proper nutrition that talks about the longevity of life or health systems. Lack of proper medical care, especially for the rural population. Lack and access of high standard medical facilities in the rural area. Maternal and infant mortalities. So these are the some of the factors that leads to a greater drastic changes in the between the economic development and human development reports. Based on economic development, as per the economic survey, we are the fifth largest economy. But according to Human Development Report, we are one 30 second rank. So all these factors are attributing to this one 30 seconds. So what are the way forward? What are the solutions? Way forward. So addressing income inequality. So as I said, around the top 10% of the population hold around 70% of the income of the country. So that we need to address the income inequality. Equal pay for equal work. Equal pay for equal work in a female per capita income in India was only 21.8% of that of the males. So this is a comparison, gender comparison female per capita income in India was only 21.8% of the male. Skill development. We need to increase the spending on a skill development in education sector. Affordable childcare for working women. That is a gender-based, gender-based things that you have to reach. Employment generation, especially for women. And related to knowledge or education segment, improve quality of education, invest in education infrastructure, monitor child dropouts, student dropouts in the schools and all. Long and healthy life. So for attaining a long and healthy life or improved healthy life, we need to increase the public spending on healthcare, penetration of medical facilities in the rural areas, make effective penetration of health insurance among the people. So health insurance is an important factor. So that we can reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure on health can be reduced. So penetration of make effective penetration of health insurance among the people. So all these things can be utilized for improving the human development index in India. So next area is a comment on the resource potential of the long coastlines of India, highlight the state of natural hazard preparedness in this area. So again, this question is having a two parts. So comment on the resource potential of the coastlines. One is one-on-one part and second part is to highlight the state of the natural, highlight the state of the natural hazards preparedness in this region. So what is the first part? Comment on the resource potential of the long coastlines of India. So coastlines of India, the main line starts from the Gujarat and it up to West Bengal and including the island territories, we have a coastline of 7,516 kilometers of coastline. We have a vast stretch of coastline including the island territories. So we need to find what are the, for the answering the first part of the question, we need to find what are the resource potential of this region. So what are the resource potential? So resource potential in the sense there are mineral resources, energy resources are there. So then there is a salt, fisheries, tourism, agriculture, biodiversity, all these are considered as the resource potential of this region. So what are the things? Mineral resources. So the coastline that is stretching from Gujarat to West Bengal and including island territories is a rich source of, have a rich source of different types of minerals. Some of the place or important place or deposits can be seen here. That is India has a significant important place or deposits, the mineral like ilmenite, rhodile, monosite, all these things, all these minerals can be seen, place or deposits can be seen in the coastal sands, coastal regions. And apart from this mineral resources, there is a energy resources potential of this region. Coastal regions is having a great energy resource potential that is from the tidal energy. So tidal energy. So if we calculate the distribution of tidal energy or the capacity of the coastlines throughout the world, there are only 20 important locations that are having a high potential for producing tidal energy. Throughout the world, there are only 20 regions, 20 places, 20 locations that can produce a greater amount of tidal energy. One such port is located in India that is the Gulf of Kutch and Kambi regions. So what is the demand? The height of the high tide must be at least five meters. The height of the high tide and low tide must be at least a five meters, that is 16 feet, higher than the low tide. So the difference between high tide and low tide have to be a minimum of five meters. This is the requirement for an efficient tidal energy production. So there are only 20 places in the planet where the tides are this high in days, one of them. So where exactly it is? It is in the Gulf of Kambi and the Gulf of Kutch. These are the two locations where we have this potential. The Western coast and Gujarat have the maximum tidal range of 11 meter and eight meter. So if you're talking about the Gulf of Kambi, it is a 11 meter height is there. And if you're talking about the Kutch, it is eight meters of height as there in the coastal regions. So it's Karkoda, Bhavanagar, Porban, the districts of Gujarat, all these are salt-producing regions and fisheries Indian coastline is known for Sardine and Chovis, Robinson, Macarel, Salifish, Etuna, all these are the fishery resources of this region. Tourism is an important attraction, agriculture, biodiversity, all these are the resources, potential of the coastlines, important resource potential of the coastlines. of the coastlines of India. Then about the second part of the question that is the preparedness, natural hazards, preparedness of all the coastal regions of India. That is we have a cyclone preparedness. What are the threats of the coastline? One is a cyclone, cyclone is a threat. Then flooding is a threat. Then a tsunami is another threat. So for facing all these threats, what are the preparatory measures that we have been taken for preserving the coastlines? So first thing is that is a cyclone preparedness. So we have a regional specialized meteorological center for tropical meteorology for tropical cyclones over North Indian Ocean under Indian meteorological department. So what is the agency that is a regional specialized meteorological center for tropical cyclones over North Indian Ocean, which is under Indian meteorological department. They are having the responsibility of tracking forecasting cyclones. And this Indian meteorological department follow a four stage warning system for giving for a cyclone. Just before a cyclone, Indian meteorological department is following a four stage warning system in India. That is a pre cyclone watch, cyclone alert, cyclone warning and post landfall outlook. So we have a color coded warning system. IND follows a color coded warning system in India. That is a four stage warning system. And accurate predictions of tropical cyclone along the east and western coast helps to make people and authorities prepared for facing the devastating weather phenomenon. So the prediction is an important thing. The prediction is an important thing. And after prediction, we can prepare, prepare the general public and prepare for this devastating weather phenomenon. Next is the tsunami preparedness. So we had a tsunami episode of 2004. India has tsunami early warning system through Indian nationals and the four ocean information services. Regular drills and awareness programs have been conducting along the coastlines. So tsunami preparedness is on the go. Flood preparedness. The states like Kerala, Viswanagar, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtras are highly prone to flooding. Coastal embankment construction is on the go for the state like Odisha and Kerala, etc. Then awareness creations among the coastal communities regarding the potential natural hazards in this region is an important steps in the preparedness of this natural hazards. So all these are considered as the preparedness for the natural hazards in the coastal regions of India. So natural hazard preparedness of this area. So these are the points that we have to write in this area. Good day everyone. This is Rajita and we are here to discuss this year's that is UPSC 2023 Civil Services GS1 paper Society Questions. Let's go to the analysis of these questions first. If you look into the placement of the questions as usual there is no very big deviation in the placement of the question. Question number 8, 9 and 10 in the 10 markers and question number 18, 19 and 20 in the 15 markers. As usual there were 2 pages given for the 10 markers and 3 pages given for the 15 markers this year as well. A similar pattern has been followed in the past couple of years as well. Fine. So let's go into an analysis of the questions. From the last couple of years we are witnessing that the nature of the question is little bit in depth. There are at least 3 out of the 6 questions which are of optional depth and some questions which are of typical general studies nature very generalistic, very correlative as well. And this year's GS1 if you see there are a lot of questions where a candidate is expected to move and cross-functionally write questions connecting say geography and society say for example the Purvaya question and the cultural ethos and the colonial rule and tribes in India where you can see a touch of history plus an ethnicity touch to it. So there are a lot of cross-functional questions found even in say that railways questions that they had asked question connecting history geography together. So this is something very typical something very exclusive found in this year's general studies paper one paper. So let's move on to overall what were the nature of the questions. Question number 8 where there was an opinion on whether marriage is a sacrament or not, whether the value of marriage is continuing in the same way or not an opinion based question. The ninth question which is on the causes and reasons for suicides among young women the 10th question which is on say consequences or the impact of child cuddling especially with the replacement of child cuddling with mobile phones then the 18th question which has been a broad question on connecting geography and society which say exclusionary urbanization or slums and deprivation as the core area and analysis questions connecting poverty that is the slums in urbanization plus the segregationary nature or the exclusionary nature which is found in them especially metropolitan region which is connecting to the geography part. The 19th question where you can see a typical question on caste system it's of the optional type where the nature of the caste system or the features of the caste system has been asked where there is continuity and change in the caste system or not static nature and fluidic nature of the caste system and the last question which looked like economics but the post-liberal autonomy question can be adequately compensated with the term say globalization because they are kind of closely linked so syllabus has this word called as globalization so perhaps it is a customization where they have asked it as the post-liberal economy and connecting it to say ethnicity and connecting it to communalism so almost every single area of the syllabus has been touched and more than one area has been interconnected and asked in the kind of question a very beautiful blend of questions connecting each and every part of the syllabus a very nice overall paper to write generate points there must not have been a dearth of points some specific questions like child cardling some generic questions expected from salient features but one important thing that we can notice is the importance of salient features over the years it has been increasing and this year out of the six questions predominantly 50% of the questions three questions out of the six they have been asking from salient features of the Indian society so the weightage of that particular area has been high in the last couple of years and this year as well salient features is kind of really very important alright so now we will proceed to the question by question analysis let's proceed further let's take up the question question number eight do you think marriage as a sacrament is losing its value in modern India perhaps the spelling of losing should have been a single O or if it had to be loosening then maybe it would have been a little different but however I'm assuming from the Hindi translation of this question that it's a question on the relevance or the changing nature of marriage as such so let's assume it to be L-O-S-I-N-G and let's proceed further with the answer to this particular question alright so it's overall an opinion based question which means a candidate can take any stand say he or she can write it is losing its sacred nature no it is not losing its sacred nature or it is like it has certain elements which continues to be of the sacred form and certain elements which is continuing to be or which is which is kind of transform or it has lost its value and then take a balanced kind of an answer it's up to the candidate as to how you want to write but looking into the nature of points it is better to mix and match and write so that you are having adequate number of points to present in the examination so stand can be anything but looking into the predominance of marriage in the present day society we can perhaps conclude by telling that it continues to hold its importance but there is a little bit of desacralization or marriage is losing a little bit of its sacred nature but it continues to hold its stability as an institution so perhaps some stand like that could be taken okay so let's look into the reasons for why we would come to such a kind of an argument so first let's look to how we are going to structure this question initially on why is marriage considered as a sacrament and is there any evidence for that or is there any written proof for that or why do people believe like that then whether it is relevant or whether it is losing its value and some examples or instances for that and then finally conclude with an opinion by taking a stand as to what exactly is your opinion on that particular question which they have asked so let's go in this particular order so first of all marriage is considered to be a union of individuals consenting individuals in the modern times but it used to be considered as a union of souls right so it is because of this factor that marriage was and is continues to be a religious duty across major religions and tribal groups in India that the word dharma marriage and dharma has come in and so because of that is one of the reasons why it is considered as a sacrament or why it is considered to be holy or sacred the second instance being whether there is a change or not for that let's kind of consider the cases of longevity of marriage or the years that a person is continuing in marriage or whether there is a change in that duration for example we can see some instances like marriage often happens to be the first sanskara or the first combined ritual that a man and a woman take it up certain instances in the Indian society there are special occasions or functions conducted for the girl children and some only for the boy children certain instances for every single child it is conducted but then there are a lot of variations but the marriage rituals as a sanskara is generally something which is common for both the men and women and this is one of the reasons why it is considered to be sacred so having said all these things into consideration there is also this understanding that marriage is something which once a person enters into even in despite rebirths one would be connected to the very same individual through their souls so saath janmon ka saath that is how the consideration has been and so perhaps because of that also it is once due to be sacred however we can see that there are changes in marriages for example forms of marriage like sololagami wanting to enter into marriage or not is an individual choice these days so rising individual orientation or rising individualism because of which a person can decide to remain as a bachelor or a spinster non-commitments to once marriage say for example entering into a live-in relationship and not entering into marriages and institution because most of the functions of what marriage is giving to an individual you are getting satisfied even outside marriage so why at all to get married that is another case getting into late marriages is one another case right so these are all instances where you can see that the stance of whether marriage is a universal institution or not is being questioned over and over again similarly on the other side with rising individual orientation we can also see that there are also increasing cases of marriage disillusions there are cases of higher divorce rates there are also cases of how people create single parent families because through adoption it is possible to create a family through surrogacy it is possible to create a family so with these instances there is a possibility to create a family even without marriage right so because of these instances there are a large number of questions raised on whether marriage as an institution will survive in the Indian society or not having said all these things Indian society is still reeling with instances of how when a person is filing in for a divorce the provisions for why the divorces are given is still something which we do not want it to happen in the first instance so we give adequate time judges give time so that people consider whether they are genuine about their intentions to separate from a marriage so marriages regarded more people want to hold on to marriage more than separate instantly so time is given counsellings are given so that people are able to adjust or they are able to adjust with the situations they might come across the realities that they might come across in satisfying one another's expectations so compared to the number of instances of marriages and registration of marriages to the number of divorces that we see or the dissolutions that we see marriages continue to have a higher dominance over the amount of divorces marriages continue to be a higher amount when compared to the number of say cases of non marriages so having said all these things sacred nature of marriage is definitely questionable because marriage has become also a matter of convenience it has become a matter of a familial affair it continues to be a familial affair but whether it is a sacrament or not definitely some amount of its sacred status has come down forms have changed but marriages and institution continues to be a stable institution in Indian society explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society so a question like this in fact there are lot of articles even a couple of days before the mains paper had come out the instances of barmer women suicides that is barmer in Rajasthan recording a large number of cases of suicides where there were lot of paper articles on this scenarios which have been there for over a period of time but the state had to close a large number of wells because the men were jumping into the wells and committing suicide so however the UPSC paper must have been set a very long time back still this could be a very important example that you can write in this particular question alright so let's go to structuring this particular question suicides among young women so here who is considered to be young for example from the age of 15 to 29 is what is considered as youth so assuming young to be somewhere similar to that we could classify the young women into multiple categories so one the teenage girls who but then who have become women because of entering into puberty and then say 18 to 29 as the second categorization here you could see the cases of married young women as well as unmarried young women so we could have one is the teenage women next we could have as married women and then we could think of unmarried women like this perhaps you could think of instances of what could be the reasons for suicide among these people right so an introduction like this where you would want to mention that there have been instances for where there have been a rise in the number of cases of suicide especially close to 40,000 women according to the ncrb reports have been shown to commit suicide so the question here is on causes or reasons so plural causes or the case of multi causality so let's take these instances say for among teenage women there could be say instances of harassment, molestation or say cases of teenage pregnancies which might put them into some kind of a societal shame they might not be able to accept that instance as such and societal pressure in terms of continuing education these girl children might be very highly performing in school but then having to withdraw from from school or from their high school as such because they have entered into puberty many instances like this we find in Indian society similarly withdrawal from higher education say from college education because of force wanting to be being pushed into marriage as such even when they might or might not be interested so here comes a situation of expectation from one's life versus the reality which the society puts these girls or women into because of which there could be instances of suicide where one has to compromise on one's life goals this could be a pressure it could create a societal pressure similarly the dual standards or the dual yardsticks with which the girl children and the boy children are kind of judged or the young women and young men are judged with respect to how they handle their work situations and studies as well as their personal lives especially wanting to enter into marriage the pressure of getting into marriage early then once getting married to have children all these instances which might create a pressure now one important factor that we notice is if there are instances of childlessness or instances of infertility often the woman has to bear the brunt so there could be instances of taunting which could push this woman to a case of suicide it could there could also be other personal reasons familial reasons for why there is a depression or there is a situation of improper mental health which might push the women into suicide then there could be copycat or imitation suicides as found in the barmer case then there could be say instances of violence against women especially domestic violence against women and they are not in a position to tell this out because of the nature of the society and they are not financially independent perhaps in certain cases or because of the stigma taboo which is existing in the society by which they keep quiet and so they only went out there that they might have might be to push themselves into suicide this could be another case then instances of postpartum suicides which you can find among women then we also did find a case of large number of suicides during covid's as well a covid situation as well so these all could be various instances and then from the paper article there were a few other points which we can add on say child marriages entering into marriage very early and so not able to handle the pressure and so suicides then cases of extramarital affairs cases of intercaste marriages wherein there is a pressure exerted on this woman and so there is a suicide so these are all reasons so explain why it is there why women are committing the suicide and then the support system which is available to them whether the support system is coming in handy to help this woman whether there are enough amount of vent outs that are available inside the family outside the family and then some kind of a conclusion wherein you could make a comparative between women of the younger age group and the older age group women with men there could be a comparative and in the end you could end the situation by mentioning that suicide is something which is a drastic step and hence when young women are committing suicide this is indicating a case of alienation it is indicating a case of anomy it is indicating a situation or an illustration of how the support systems have to work better and so all that is possible has to be done to prevent such cases from inside the family as well as outside the family something like that when you are going to write in the conclusion let's move on to question number 10 child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones discuss its impact on the socialization of children so initially in this question there is a statement given so in your introductory paragraph you are expected to write something on that particular statement that is given and then the second part of the question which is dealing with the impact of the consequences of socialization on children alright so let's move on to the first part of the question child cuddling so what is the meaning of child cuddling hugging the child and ensuring to give the warmth and solace to the child is what is called as child cuddling child cuddling is usually done among smaller children in order to ensure that they are feeling safe they are feeling secure that they can actually approach someone some elder person or their friend or anything whenever they are in need of some kind of emotional support that is what is referred as child cuddling so the scenario given in the question is replacing child cuddling with mobile phones that means replacing the human touch with say a machine or with say an instrument now given the situation let's first understand how to present the first part of the question so initially there were instances of a larger amount of child cuddling before the advent of mobile phones instances where parents and other elder members of the family would ensure to give the kind of support to the children whenever there is a requirement which the child exhibits say the child cries in order to comfort the child when the child falls down ensuring that the child is feeling safe for example we do find instances wherein we have parents hitting the ground telling that it is not the child's fault it is the ground's fault and trying to give that kind of support to the child so in many times when the child feels insecure when you hug the child and give the warmth that you have to that particular child the child grows up to be a very emotionally stable teenager or an adult so the question here is about having the importance of haptics or the touch the influence of the touch, the touch of the elder how this influences the emotional security of the child how it makes the child to be a happier, healthier individual as it grows up now the instance where we are replacing this cuddling with a mobile phone so when say the child is very cranky in order to comfort the child giving a phone and when the child starts looking into the phone seeing games or rhymes or whatever it is the child is diverted into a very different world so now what are all the impact of all this on socialization of children this is the nature of the question so initial 2-3 points to mention what is this cuddling how it has got replaced with the mobile phone say when the child is eating its food or when the child is being fed or in order to divert the child all these instances how the mobile phone has replaced the human so this is what is the initial 2-3 points that you write and then move on straight away to talking about impact of consequences when you mention about the consequences of course there are a lot of negative consequences and a few positive consequences also so let's go into each of these things one by one say primary socialization of children that is how the child grows up to be a stable adult in that what is the importance of cuddling versus the mobile phone so say instances of wanting or the instances of becoming an unfulfilled individual say impacts which are there on imitation the child tends to imitate the characters which it sees on its on the phone especially when there is an unregulated rhyme or a game or a video which a child watches many instances of imitation of those characters can come into the child's the child can internalize it that individual or that character can itself become like a hero for that particular child there could be an impact on the physiology of the child for example when a mobile game is replacing what a game a child would play so sedentary lifestyle that is coming on to a child impact on the eyes impact on the mental health of the child then many a time the naivety of a child the innocence of a child we've heard people telling that the child is no longer behaving like the child the child is speaking like as if it is an adult so exposure to those kind of content on the mobile phone can also have an impact on the innocence or robbing the child of its childhood then the kind of replacing the cuddling with a mobile phone can have an impact on how say the child gets more and more materialistic not wanting any individual kind of being emotionally you know alone feeling loneliness as such then on the other hand the child can also pick up multiple languages it can pick up newer words even more than what the adults who cuddle the child do say it can also bring in some kind of linguistic intelligence on to the children sometimes exposure to the mobiles can also if regulated can help in building the analytical capability of the child on the positive side child can go on to become a self-reliant individual rather than fending or getting habituated for cuddling so these kinds of instances can also happen but you can see a lot of other instances wherein we see children in public spaces like restaurants etc when they throw pamphlets parents often give them a mobile phone they start looking into the mobile phone and then they just glued to the screen so many a time the child lives in its own world it lives in a state of loneliness and so definitely this can have an impact on the personality stabilization of the child child can get more and more materialistic the kind of makeups which the child sees on the screen it can influence how it wants to groom itself as an adult how it wants to groom itself as a teenager all these instances can happen in terms of mental and physical health similarly the bonding is a very important thing in cuddling the more and more you cuddle a child the child tends to bond with its parent it tends to develop a kind of emotional support it develops a sense of family connect it brings in a sense of values among the child with its parents, with its grandparents and with the other members of the family or with its nanny who takes care of it so you can also see that certain instances of fascination towards whatever is a colored object like a mobile they give even dummy phones to the children when they are being fed so these instances definitely have an impact on the mental and physical health of the child and sometimes even adults when they get increasingly irritated with the child keeping on crying in order to have some diversionary tactics mobiles are given to the child so that they are able to get some kind of a meet and because the child often wants itself to be the center of attraction that kind of support but when the parents are unable to give that kind of a support or when the family members are unable to do that like say with increasing number of working parents and nuclear families instances of the child care has often gone outside the family and even if there are elder family members who are taking care children are these days very hyperactive so taking care of them is also becoming very very challenging because they grow up in very challenging environments even when they are in the womb so those kinds of instances mobile phones are happening to be an alternative but there is no alternative to the emotional and physical warmth that a cuddling can give to a child and that makes them to become a wholesome individual a complete individual and mobile phones can be used to complement child cuddling rather than replace child cuddling altogether this could be some kind of a conclusion that you present in the answer first question in the 15 marker question number 18 urbanization social segregation marginalization of the poor in the Indian metropolises alright so if you look into the nature of this question it is like asking you to comment on whether urbanization or its pattern has led to marginalization of the poor especially in metropolitan regions so this is a question which is cross-functional once again metropolitan regions which is a part of settlement geography and urban poverty which is a part of society so it is like a cross-functional nature question that you have been asked now the answer here it could be divided into two portions so first you start with what exactly is the pattern or the nature of urbanization in India in your introduction paragraph wherein you say that pre-independence from close to 17% urbanization to more than 31% of urbanization which is found as per the last census there has been a rapid urbanization a haphazard urbanization which has been happening especially post 1990s which we can see in India and there has been a growth of metropolitan regions growth in two ways one is the number of metropolitan regions two is in the population density in the metropolitan region and third in the population size of the metropolitan region so all these aspects have been changing so subsequently because of this nature you present the case of segregation of urban spaces and the marginalization of the poor alright now for segregation of urban spaces so what do you say here for example urban areas there are a large number of gated communities which are found in urban centers there are apartments there is this apartment culture flat culture etc that has been found so you can see that there is a vertical expansion rather than a lateral expansion because of the the lack of land availability especially in the central places in urban areas especially in the metropolitan regions then you can cite a few examples you can cite Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta Bhopal as a region you can discuss about Chennai Bangalore, Kochi all these you can give as examples alright so how there is this presence of skyscraper buildings how there is a segregation of urban spaces in terms of gated communities so gated communities once again you can see that there are for different sections like say upper middle class, middle class then for the richer people all these sections you can mention and in that the poor have been left out okay now come to the second part urbanization with its rapidity and because of the rapid increase in the cost of living in the urban areas one can see that there is an exclusionary nature to urbanization so exclusionary urbanization could be the keyword so there is a there is a rise in the number of poor which are found in the urban spaces especially in the metropolitan regions and the megalopolitan regions you can mention about that and then perhaps you can use the Rangarajan committee report or say the recent world bank report for saying that on one end we do have instances of reduction of poverty as such but then the urban poverty is much more cruel when compared to the rural poverty and so then you can come on to discussion about slums and ghettos etc here more discussion about slums okay so marginalization has happened you can mention next you will have to take a stand wherein you say that these are the instances there are more and more instances of where segregation and marginalization has happened because we have more points on that side and then you can go on to the nature of marginalization say for example there has been social marginalization in terms of access availability affordability of the poor say to education to out of pocket expenditure which is coming on to health for nourishment needs for the reproductive health needs then in terms of infrastructural access the cost of living in general inflation all those aspects you can write as examples for social and economics there you can mention then you can discuss about say the political marginalization which has happened with respect to say the slum areas becoming vote banks so not there is a collective bargaining which is present only during the electoral scenario rest of the time there is more of a neglect which is happening in those areas because of the lack of bargaining in the other areas then you can further move on you can discuss about the marginalization in not having awareness regarding legal aid regarding the bail amount the adequate degree of jurisprudence which is needed so there is a legal illiteracy which is present and so there is a legal marginalization which is found because many a time there is the scenario of crime and delinquency which is found in urban spaces and most often because of stereotyping of people from the slum areas irrespective of whether they have actually committed a crime or not many a time they become the first suspects so sometimes it is found in reality many times it can also be a stereotyping and labeling that is happening so you could present on that side as well and then you can discuss about the technological marginalization wherein there is a presence of not just a social divide there is also a presence of a technology divide also so access to technology higher technology utilization of technology ensuring or having a better scope for social mobility having a better access all these things are becoming quite very challenging so you can present that stand and then you can conclude your answer by mentioning that there are various efforts that have been taken for addressing the scenarios of marginalization which is happening especially in the cases of urban urban poor spaces so there is a wide variation in the urban social spatial patterns and then this segregation and marginalization have become inevitable but the consequences of such such a scenario have to be addressed so that there is more of an inclusion that is happening in the society let's move on to the next question number 19 why is caste identity in India both fluid and static ok so the question is why is caste identity both fluid and static in the introductory paragraph you mention about how caste is an identity in India and that it had varied features one such feature that we can find is continuity or the changing that is static nature and the changing nature which is found in its dynamism or in its fluidity fine so why why is it so they are asking us the causes so one primary reason is caste has been very strongly rooted in culture another reason is there is a hereditary orientation or an ascriptive orientation because of one's birth criteria one gets a caste identity so it's kind of very difficult to let go of one's caste identity because it's very strong social identity next is the case of marriage as a situation predominantly marital choices are based on a selections selection of spouse form one's own caste background so this is one reason why there is more and more continuity that is found in caste prevailing as an identity however if you see the scenarios of hierarchy earlier caste based hierarchy used to be present in the society but with the constitutional provisions coming in or non-discrimination on the basis of caste we can see that to an extent the ritual hierarchy that used to be present based on the caste system this has been overshadowed by other forms of hierarchy so today there is a skill based hierarchy there could be a hierarchy which is based on much more a secular aspect than what you can see in the earlier day aspect so there is some kind of fluidity that one finds in the hierarchical pattern next is occupations earlier occupations were completely based on parental or ancestral occupations but today there is a fluidity that is found in that people take up occupations based on not just what they have inherited but based on whether they have the willingness whether they have the skill whether they like that occupation or not whether they want to see themselves in that kind of a career so there is a change in that pattern the scenario of untouchability untouchability used to be prevalent in multiple spaces in the social scenario erstwhile but these days we can see that untouchability has entered into a latent form it is present in a hidden way there are not much of open expressions of untouchability in a very wide scenario like what used to be 100 years back one can see some fluidity that is happening in that situation apart from this why is caste identity still continuing because caste consciousness is present among people among all ages why one caste we can see has pervaded religions in India for example caste is found not just in Hinduism but also other religions of India so it has pervaded religious boundaries caste has become a political necessity from aspects of political manifestos to electioneering to campaigning to vote fragmentation or enlarge when we discuss about vote bank politics caste definitely happens to continue to be a social necessity so one can see that though there are lot of instances of caste changes certain things are also found like say reservations in education higher education especially in job profiles in terms of higher appointments one can continue to see caste holding its relevance so today one can see that caste is having some features or some aspects of both continuity as well as change or both fluidity and it is continuing to have some static nature as such so in conclusion you can mention that caste is a social reality its forms have changed it has become more and more amorphous in nature but that it is a reality is undeniable let's move on to the last question in society does the impact of post liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism discuss the impact about it alright so question is on impact and post liberal economy let us just convert it to sociology terms post liberal economy was accompanied or it came in trend with globalization so I would like to convert it to say it's something like a hidden question or an interrelated question on globalization and ethnic identity and globalization and communalism again a wonderful blend of words that are present in the syllabus so we can see that ethnic identity and communalism they are trending topics and they have picked it up in terms of correlating to another trending topic that is post liberal economy alright so let's look into it so the question is impact so in your introduction you begin with mentioning that the post liberal economy accompanied by the globalization which was found in India there were multiple impacts on Indian culture as such ethnic identities and the religious aspects that are found in India underwent a drastic amount of change so with globalization and with the entry of trading with different parts of the world in a multiple in a multi full fledged scenario one can witness that cultural homogenization or flattening of the culture did happen so as a reaction to this cultural flattening there were multiple instances where there were movements and there were protests against dilution of the ethnic identity or the religious identity so some of it was in terms of say the impact was seen in terms of trying to hold on to one's identity or trying to revive one's identity or trying to reform one's identity we can see it manifested in multiple ways some of it was over some of it was hidden we can see the illustrations for changes or the impact on which all aspects of ethnic identity say example of tribal identity how there was a change in the tribal identity say we've had scenarios of creation of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and the recent kukimeti conflict much of it the way the protests have happened the way the mobilization to create states or asking for one's rights so the rights consciousness all these things have very drastically changed because of the exposure second is a case of language as an identity so with globalization and with multiple amounts of exposure we can see that linguistic identity of regions they got diluted so on one end we can see revival of languages on the other end there was acceptance of more of global languages so both were happening parallely and subsequently you can also see that there is a change in say regional aspects as well so ethnic identity which was associated with regional pockets that again there was either a revival that was witnessed or there was an acceptance so today one can see that there is more of a fusion on one end we can see that reviving is happening the other end there is more of acceptance also that is happening come to the second part of the question impact on Communalism so Communalism definitely it means the ethnocentrism that is found in the society on the basis of religious identity so when the post liberal economies impact is found in the society or globalization impact is found in the society Communalism can get triggered in multiple ways on one end then there are more and more threats which are perceived on the religious identity on one end a group of people can become extremely religious conscious this is our 2017 main GS1 question rising instances of religiosity found in the Indian population so religious consciousness can happen and people can simply stay as conscious about one's religion that's all the other end there can be instances of fundamentalism that can be witnessed and fundamentalism on one end can be hidden or it can be manifested when it gets manifested there can be very cruel forms very violent forms that can be seen the other is the instances where Communalism as such can get triggered so for this there could be some trigger events like say hate speeches the animosity that is found between religious groups some instances of majority minority conflict or minority minority conflict that could be found in the society so in all such instances where there are perceived threats to one's religious identity from exposure to another part of the world or from exposure to another region even within the nation there can be instances where people can polarize they can mobilize on the basis of religion and then this can lead to riots and once riots break out there could be further other kind of manifestations and the impact can be differential one the differential impact can be based on how politically it gets handled how legally it gets handled that is in terms of how the politicization of Communalism it can be prevented and how it can be controlled with our police mechanism and how it can be rehabilitated with respect to effective cooperation in terms of speedy dispensation of cases which have happened based on erstwhile communal riots and generally whenever there are instances of Communalism the impact is felt across generations there is a sense of reactions that is carried on across generations so to a greater extent if there is a speedy rehabilitation if there is an adequate not just a financial compensation but also a livelihood compensation an upskilling that can happen to remove the animosity which a group has over another group many instances such like this the