Here are my three favorite rotations that I did in medical school. Number one has to be internal medicine. This is the kind of doctor I am today, so I'm definitely biased, but the reason I loved my internal medicine rotation is it felt like the definition of what I thought a doctor would be. Somebody who just kind of knows a little bit about every organ system could essentially admit you and go ahead and discharge you and diagnose you all in one go. That was pretty awesome. Number two, surprisingly, was my OB-GYN rotation. Now, I wasn't expecting to enjoy this rotation if anything, I was the most nervous about it, especially being a male, going into a very female predominant field. It was an awesome six-week experience where I learned so much about pregnancy, about labor, about contraception, that I can now use to better take care of my female patients today. And then finally, number three is my family medicine rotation. This one's definitely biased by this awesome attending that I had, where we just worked one-on-one in his clinic for four straight weeks. Often, he would have two to three patients in a clinic room at a time, and he would send me into one of them while taking care of the other two. It was an awesome experience and I learned so much in that four weeks. If you want more insights and behind-the-scenes of what it's like to be on medical journey or being a full-time doctor, make sure you hit that like, subscribe, and follow for more content just like this one.


Good afternoon everyone and welcome to an upcoming lecture learn how to earn a quarter of a million dollars a year day trading lectures by me Melissa Armo I own a company called the stock swish LLC and if you'd like more information you can go to my website www.thestockswish.com or feel free to email me at melissa at the stockswish.com for more information. This upcoming lecture is going to be great because we're going to talk about day trading, day trading and day trading for a living if this is what you really want to do. A lot of people have never thought about doing this as an actual career but you can. You can go to my youtube site and see all the videos I have there which is quite a lot. You can also get a facebook, twitter, linkedin, pininch, and add me to your skype. Again email me at melissa at the stocksswish.com for more information on this free lecture. So it's monday it's st patty's day but you have plenty of time to come to the lecture before you go out and party and have fun with your friends. It's monday march 17th at 4 30 eastern time you can go to this link right here just click on it and register registration is free the webinar is free you do have to sign up ahead of time so we're going to talk about making a quarter of a million dollars a year day trading learning how to do it that's what the lecture is going to be about it really has to do with reaching some new heights not only new heights with your training but also perhaps new heights for you economically financially if you can master the market and actually become successful as a trader the great thing about trading is it's one of these careers where you don't have to work 50 60 hours a week you don't have to work yourself to death when you're trading i'm trading the morning i'm done every day very quickly and early in the day that's one of the great nice things about this job so have you ever thought about day trading maybe you thought about it but you didn't really know where to start or who to talk to where to go there's so many people out there and not everyone out there has a detail specific strategy to trade i actually am trading and i'm teaching people only what i trade and that's one of the reasons why i have a niche in what i'm doing here do you want to day trade but don't know where to start meaning you thought about it you've actually looked into it but you're not exactly sure where to start and do you trade now but do not have a reliable strategy meaning you're trading right now but something that you're doing isn't working consistently some of the days you make money some of the days you lose money after all of a sudden done you're flat down a little or up a little you're really not making enough and i feel like something's up something's not working right like what is it well maybe your strategy have you been searching for a new career maybe you're doing something it's nothing to do with the markets whatsoever but you're looking for a new career not only that one that can provide a good financial income are you feeling financially behind the eight ball in your life like no matter what you do you're getting nowhere like you feel like you're going round and round and round and round in a circle if any of these things sound like you then this lecture is definitely important for you to come to it's time to give yourself a lift up and a lift up financially motivation wise mentally everything in your mind it's time for you to lift your thoughts and get a new start a new career a new life and a new you because it is still very early in 2014 this can be a great year for you this could be a big year for you for where you decide you know what i'm going to do something different i'm actually going to something better i'm going to make more money this year now i'm going to say i'm going to do what i'm actually going to do it if you want to say that to yourself and you decide you want to learn something new and you want to change careers the market is a great place to look into this because there's so much money that can be made trading the market if you think it sounds too good to be true that you can make a quarter of a million dollars a year trading then stop and think again because it can be done billions of dollars run through the market daily every second actually every minute earning a quarter of a million dollars a year as a day trader means you would only be taking a small piece of what the market offers on a daily basis day trading is a very profitable way to trade and after you book the trade the money is yours meaning after you enter the training you're flat in a positive trade that money is there it's in your account it's there and nobody can take it away from you when you do over nights or core trades you could be up money one day but something could happen then all of a sudden the next day the profit's gone day trading is great because the money is there right there that day after you're flat and you're flat every day by four o'clock and i only trade the morning too because that's the best time of the day to trade to get moods and book profits day training is a highly lucrative and expeditious matter to make profits and mostly because you can do it so quickly and you've got the money right there it takes more than hard work however to get to this level of success as a day trader to be able to earn substantial money each year like a quarter of a million dollars a year i mean it does take hard work but it takes more than that too it also takes ingenuity and a detailed plan of action to trade the number one key ingredient to becoming successful as a trader is having a specific strategy that can offer you reliable and consistent profits on a regular basis this type of trading success and financial success in the market is by pure design it isn't luck what does it take it takes having a niche which i do by the way if you want to trade like everyone else out there then your results will be like everyone else and if you want to have outstanding results and you're trading then you need to be different you need to grab hold of what works grab it and learn from a trader who has a special talent for reading the market which i which i do and i'm so grateful that i do i'm thankful that i do thank you market for teaching me everything that you have in the last several years of my life and and hats off to myself for sticking with it and learning and listening to the market and listening to what the market says to me and me alone because it's about reading price it's about having a specific strategy to trade it's about learning the methodology and a system that is unique and i have a unique method and a strategy that i trade which i alone created so learn to work smarter not harder in trading it's almost like less is more except for size it's true the less trades the more you make this is true of working smarter is the answer not harder to reach the income level you desire and never more true in anything other than trading making a quarter of a million dollars a year day trading is achievable if you set yourself on the right path the longer you wait the more you are pushing out the further achievement other goals and your own financial success so you gotta ask yourself this time keeps ticking the market keeps moving time is marching on every day time in the market marches on with or without you will you get on the right path to success this year will you do you have what it takes i don't know ask yourself be honest with yourself too because this is about you you and you alone and you doing it doing it for yourself do you want to learn a unique method or a stale one well 2014 be a big year for you our year like every other one before it so what do you consider a lot of money well this again is different for every person i can't even say like it's the same for everybody because it's not i will say though that a quarter of a million dollars a year in many many places is well above the average income in the united states of america it's above average income it's considered a high level of income in the united states so depending on what country we live in i don't know exactly what the medium income is and you have to convert the dollars to your currency wherever you live but there's people in other countries that can trade the u.s stock market you don't have to be a resident of the united states of america in order to trade the u.s stock market again free enterprise wonderful country we live in here isn't it anyone can participate in the u.s markets it's a great thing so let's look here at this this is what i consider a golden gap is a spear and lo and behold i actually shorted this stock on the day again skill skill skill skill i've shorted this this was a short this is a short it's a short i've shorted this on the day and made money in pier it was a golden guy and it even flipped in the day when green and i had a beautiful exit on this really nice train played it extremely well with skill again it's about skill skill skill building you build the skills you learn the skills you do it that's how you make the money the play in this was really good you actually could have shorted this into the morning here's the morning move between nine thirty and ten or you could have done a late play in this year from ten to ten thirty again the home move for the day though is done in the first hour of the day so it really helps conserve your time the time that you're doing this you don't have to stand in front of the computer sit in front of the computer for eight hours a day most jobs that you work at for full time you can't even make this kind of income for a eight ten hour work day and you can make this kind of income doing this job in 30 minutes 60 minutes it's another reason why i love to trade so how much money could you've made on pier let's just say if your goal was to make a quarter of a million dollars a year if you had reached five hundred sixty dollars in pier you could have made thirty seven sixty on the play only getting a portion of the move that isn't even the whole move so the risk to reward in this play was six point seven times the amount made in profit on the secondary move so this isn't even including the whole thing by golly and no ads either so that means for every dollar you risked you made almost seven so for every this what risk to reward means that for every dollar you make your risk you made six point seven so if you took a dollar and you said here i'm giving you a dollar market the market is giving you back six dollars and seventy cents for that buck that's a good trade the entire move for the day was done by 10 30 eastern time beautiful the rest of day yourself go to the pool go golfing go to the gym go skiing if it's winter where you live how is this possible how can you do this well it is possible and you can do this and you can do it consistently too using the golden gap rating system and i'm going to talk about this on the webinar on monday march 17th it really truly is about working smarter not harder and how are you going to do that you have to have a detailed strategy a plan of action i have a rating system i use to trade to pick my stocks and i have a way that i take the setups and the trades you have to use your brain to your advantage to become successful it is one of those tools that you are given that you have and everyone has it so it's not like trading is one of these things where it's only for the rich and famous and beautiful people you can actually trade the market successfully even if you don't have millions of dollars you will have to take the money that you have use it to learn how to trade correctly and then size your risk accordingly to get good over time as you learn how to train with whatever money that you have in the market you can increase your risk over time to an advanced risk to be able to get to the level where you can make a quarter of a million dollars a year day trading if you are on a smaller financial economic level you will have to risk less than someone that is in a higher economic level who has more money to put in the market for their risk but even people that have a lot of money need to learn what to do first before they trade so everyone starts from the same level playing point really in the market it's about having the right level of information and knowledge whether you're rich or poor if you want to be successful in the market you've got to learn what to do because if you don't have a lot of money you can turn what you have into a lot if you learn what to do now it may take you longer than someone that starts out immediately risking an advanced risk on a train but you still can get there you still can get there if you get on the right road and this is what it's about you have to use your head you have to use your head and so it's about learning it's about learning what the right thing is to do and how to trade right empower yourself today well this looks beautiful here with the with the earth and those fireworks doesn't it this is it this is the big year this year 2014 is it empower yourself today empower yourself i'm teaching you the information boy i love that picture that looks great so the golden gap course is a complete system to trade it's a complete system that you use it is all the pieces of the puzzle you take the rating system you take the entries the exits the targets and you learn how to trade correctly and you learn how to make money and you start out from the beginning and work your way up the ladder this is how it goes it's the old-fashioned way people you gotta learn what to do first you have to learn what to do first one step one step second step third step you take the steps up the ladder and you eventually get there you eventually get to your mark you have to start from somewhere it all comes from the white level of information market is on equal pass with everyone ever has an opportunity here to be successful in the market you gotta learn what to do and how to trade right to get there the class i teach is called the golden gap course it is a full two-day course in how to strategically find pick-and-play stocks that are professional bearish gaps retakes are free online the class is online it can be anywhere in the world and take it it is a professional bearish gap system the class is march 22nd and 23rd from 9 a.m to 5 p.m eastern time the cost is 24.99 if you'd like more information email me at melissa at thestockswish.com for the information to sign up for the course i do suggest pre-registering for the class that i am a boutique firm i'm a boutique educational firm i teach the class and i trade every day so i have a limited amount of people that i take for each course if you're seriously want to do it my suggestion is to sign up ahead of time to be in the course it's not this weekend it's a filing weekend march 22nd and 23rd so i will see you at the webinar monday monday march 17th 4 30 eastern time go to this link here and register don't forget it's saint patty's day don't forget it'll be a fabulous fabulous class and say patty's day and then we'll go out and party sound good everybody i will see you monday thank you so much for coming have a wonderful week don't forget to get registered on the link there have a great day everybody if you'd like more information email me at melissa at thestockswish.com thanks and have a great day


That's good, I thank you, Presiding Officer, for reversing the order, that was very extremely helpful. To ask the Scottish Government how it ensures that children and young people have access to mental health services in the light of the reports that over 16,000 rejected referrals in the last three years. Minister, Jamie Hepburn… minor, we are committed to ensuring that children and young people of any age get access to high quality mental health services. all children referred to specialists, child and adolescent mental health services will be assessed. On an individual basis and where a request is not deemed suitable for intervention, we would expect clinicians to refer to the child to an appropriate service. Children accessing mental health services will have their needs assessed by a multiple discipline team, which may include psychiatrists, psychologists, occupational therapists and specialist nursing staff. We are seeing a rise in demand. The past year has seen a 30 per cent increase in people being seen in child and adolescent mental health services and in response we are investing in additional £100 million for mental health over the next five years. The funding that we invested in improving mental health services will partly be used to further improve child and adolescent mental health services and bring down waiting times. Richard Simpson Can I say to the minister that I fully accept that this is a very challenging area? I welcome the Government introducing the 26-week target and now the 18-week target, but the three health boards in my constituency, Fife, Forth Valley and Tayside, are all still failing to meet the 26-week target. The number of people not being seen over 18 weeks in Tayside has risen from July 2014 at 46 per cent to July 2015 at 65 per cent and now not being seen over 18 weeks. I wonder if you would like to tell me what he is doing about ensuring that Scotland catches up with England and the proportion of funding Scotland spends 0.4 per cent of its budget, England spends 0.7 per cent of its budget, and the Scottish Children's Coalition has said that this is wholly inadequate. I recognise the need for continued investment in mental health services and CAMHS in particular. We have, of course, made available to NHS boards £16.9 million since 2019 to increase the number of psychologists working in spare-less CAMHS and committed another £3.5 million this year. As a result of this investment, we have seen a 70 per cent growth in child psychology posts between October 2009 and December 2014. We continue to invest £2 million per year in tier 3 and tier 4 intensive community CAMHS services. This investment is allowing NHS boards to grow the intensive outreach services. I recognise that. Having set that target, I want to reach that target. I am in constant contact with the boards that are not meeting that target. We continue to work with them and do what we can, but we must place it in some context and recognise the increased demand. We must also recognise the fact that more children and young people are being seen through that service, but we will continue to do what we can to deliver for children and young people. That is why, for example, we have invested £100 million over the next five years that I have already mentioned. Can I say that I welcome the general increase in child and adolescent mental health service staff? That is extremely welcome, but there has not been one additional child psychiatrist appointed since 2008. That means that one of the leading groups in that multidisciplinary team is not, in fact, being increased with a child population increasing at the same time. My big concern at the moment is about those rejections. Those referrals are made by health professionals of various sorts plus educational psychologists. Yet, in Tayside last year, there were 953 of those referrals rejected—650 in five over three years, fourth valley 164 over the last year. What I am concerned about and I would ask the minister to look into is what are the outcomes for those individuals whose health professionals have regarded as appropriate for referral and yet are being rejected. It either means that the protocols are not working or that something is happening in terms of the capacity of the service, but in either case, what is important surely are the outcomes for those children. Will he investigate that now? I would reiterate the point that I made in my initial answer to Dr Simpson, where a request is not deemed suitable for intervention. It will be the case that many are made and it is deemed upon further assessment that they are not suitable for carms. We would expect clinicians to refer the child and appropriate service. I mentioned the additional £100 million, and some of that funding will go to primary care. I think that there is a big role there, for example in helping those who may have had a rejected referral to camps so that we can do more. In the community, Dr Simpson and this whole chamber can be assured of this Government's determination to ensure that we do all that we can to support the children and adolescents who are going through that system. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on the Scottish Government's refugee task force. Later today, Presiding Officer, I will share the first meeting of the refugee operational task force to provide a co-ordinated response and Scottish response to the global refugee crisis that will focus on the practical issues in the areas of housing, health services, language support, transport, social services and many other issues, to ensure a very positive and welcoming environment for refugees arriving in Scotland. We will also look to harness the public engagement that has been overwhelming in response to that refugee crisis. The task force will have refugees in its membership and will include representatives from local government, refugee organisations and many other stakeholders. The priority of that task force will be to ensure, or I should say the immediate priority, to ensure suitable accommodation and support is available for those arriving, noting in particular that there will be specific needs for some of those, including for example unaccompanied children. The task force meeting comes further to the refugee summit chaired by the First Minister last Friday and attended by party leaders across the chamber. Further to my meeting with the Scottish Refugee Council yesterday. I thank the minister for his very comprehensive response. I thank him on behalf of the many people and groups in my constituency who attended the meeting last Friday. They were full of praise for everyone who attended that meeting. The minister mentioned a co-ordinated approach and people arriving. If the offer of 20,000 refugees from David Cameron over five years is adequate, and if he is aware of a timescale when the refugees will be coming and arriving in Scotland? Any country that is willing to accept refugees should welcome that move. It is an important step. I spoke to the minister for immigration, James Brokenshire, from the UK Government this morning and put in record that I thought it was an important first step. I would say to the member to reassure her that the 20,000 should not be a cap, should not be an upper limit but should be the absolute bare minimum that is done. In the same way, the 1,000 refugees that Scotland is willing to take immediately should not be seen as a cap or an upper limit but should be seen as what we are immediately prepared to do and to take. I would also say that 20,000 over five years, I would hope that the majority of those 20,000s are front-loaded, as many refugee organisations have asked for, because the crisis is imminent and therefore it would be wise to take in as many refugees now as the UK and Scotland are playing a part in that. In terms of the first part of our question regarding co-ordinated response, we will look to ensure that there is a central focal point at the end of the task force meeting whereby we can harness all that public engagement because I know that there are many efforts going up and down that country to see how we can co-ordinate that into one central focal point, but I will be able to say more after the task force is met later today. That is right. Thank you minister. It would be helpful, I think, for everyone in the chamber and outwith if we could have an update on the timescale when people are arriving here in Scotland. The minister mentioned about an update on the task force and co-ordination. Obviously, we are aware of the many groups that have been set up and I know that all of the MSPs have received representation. When you are looking at a co-ordinated approach, if you would look at either a one-stop shop website or a telephone number, because many people have contacted me who are desperate to help the refugees, they are talking about somewhere to store goods, somewhere to even transport those goods to Calais or otherwise as well. In the best answer of everyone, if we could have some update on whether it is going to be a website or a telephone number, where people can have that information as quickly as possible and therefore any goods that is donated can get to reach the refugees as it is intended. I thank the member for her remarks. In terms of timescale, we will continue to push the UK Government to go as quickly as possible, while understanding the complexities of what they are trying to do, particularly with the vulnerable persons relocation scheme, there is a number of criterias attached to that, which the UK Government, quite rightly, has to ensure are met, but, being no doubt, we are working at a pace and trying to push that along as swiftly as possible. To her latter point, I will certainly look at the ideas, and that will be some of the ideas that she has mentioned in terms of websites and other things that will be discussed in the operational task force. It is on the agenda for the operational task force and I will be able to give her an update. Indeed, if the Parliament wishes an update after that meeting, and I would echo finally what Sandra White said in regards to people up and down this country, showing an overwhelming amount of compassion and humanity to help their fellow human beings. From Scotland supports refugees right the way through to Glasgow, welcomes refugees and many other organisations. I commend them for the work that they are doing and for the efforts that they are showing to, as I say, the most vulnerable people in the world. I very much welcome the actions that the minister described in response to Ms White, and I also welcome the U-turn performed by the Prime Minister in this issue. However, his decision to accept 20,000 people over five years from the vulnerable persons relocation scheme does nothing to help those who are in imminent danger and whose situation in Syria is so bad that they are trying to make their escape in overcrowded and inadequate boats. Local authorities like Glasgow are to be congratulated for volunteering to accommodate more of those very vulnerable people, but they will need Government support to do so. The vulnerable persons scheme by definition deals with the elderly, the disabled and those who have been the victims of torture and sexual violence, people with particular support needs. Is the minister confident that the required funding will be available to allow the type of support that such vulnerable people will need will be in place when they begin to arrive in our tents and cities? I thank the member for raising some very important points. On her very first issue, I agree with her entirely that our preference would have been for the UK Government to also take a number of refugees from the southern European coastline—Italy, Greece—and many coming through Hungary as well. We will continue to urge the UK to do that. The continent of the European Union has to look at providing better, legal, safe passages for refugees to come into Europe, and that will be pushing very hard. On her second point, it is well made, and I join her in commending Glasgow City Council for showing a lead not just in this refugee crisis, but in effect to refugees for a number of years. Yes, the discussions around the task force inevitably much of that will be around the financial packages available, understanding that local authorities will be the ones who often will be providing the majority of those services. I am confident that the noises from the UK Government are positive about financial packages. I do not have the detail yet, but I spoke to the minister this morning, but we did not get into that level of detail. Be assured that the Scottish Government, the local government and the UK Government are working very closely to ensure that there are no gaps in service provision. The First Minister herself made an announcement over the weekend that the Scottish Government will put £1 million forward initially in terms of seeing whether we are needed to plug any gaps in service provision. I will have more to update the member on perhaps after the task force meeting. Jim McGregor Thank you. Will the task force work with local authorities in rural areas who may face greater challenges to help refugees due to peripherality and distance from major population centres? What assessment has the task force made of Scotland's preparedness in terms of having adequate Arabic translators to help to support Syrian refugees who may be without English? I think that the member raises an important point. What has been overwhelming is not just the public support but the number of local authorities who have said that they are prepared to be involved in this. After the task force meeting, I will be able to provide an update from COSLA, who will be represented there, on the number of local authorities that are expressed an interest. However, my understanding is that over half of the local authorities in Scotland have expressed some sort of interest in being involved in resettling refugees. I imagine that a number of them would have rural communities in them. We will discuss that. That will be part of the discussion. There is a more academic debate to have over how widely we disperse refugee populations, and that will again be part of the task force discussion. On his second point, I think that it is a very valid one to make. The reason why Glasgow is coming in its own capacity as Glasgow City Council to the task force is because it has a huge amount of expertise and that it has the infrastructure that refugees have taken, and it has been asylum seekers since the year 1999. Therefore, its expertise will be vital in informing other local authorities and the infrastructure, including interpreters, that they have to have in place to ensure that refugees, when they are resettled, are able to have all the services and to have access to services that they need. To ask the Scottish Government what benefits it considers that there will be for Midlothian and the Borders from the Borders railway. Presiding Officer, we believe that the Borders railway will assist in preventing a decline in the Midlothian and Borders populations, as well as acting as a catalyst for encouraging approximately £33 million at 2012 prices of benefits for the wider Scottish economy. It will increase business development and housing opportunities, inward investment, potentially public sector relocation, all for the local community. It has now connected the people of Midlothian and the Scottish Borders to the national rail network, and it will connect communities, encourage more affordable housing, reduce carbon emissions and reduce reliance on the car. I thank the cabinet secretary for his response. I am thrilled after campaigning 16 years in the Borders railway, and I found her member of the cross-party group to be on that train tomorrow. I have got my hat selected. It is understated, as we would expect it to be. I say to the cabinet secretary that there are still opportunities to increase tourist footfall. For example, at Tweedbank, where the signage could be improved to direct travellers to Abbotsford, that has been raised with me. Indeed, in Newton Grange, to the Mining Museum, so can I ask the cabinet secretary to undertake, or his colleague, the Minister for Tourism to see that the very most is made of that journey for tourists and the stops en route? I always expect understatement from the member, but I should say that it is worth pointing out that Christine Grahame herself has campaigned for this for 50 years. People like Petra Beiberback have all played an integral part in the success. It is interesting that success often has many fathers. In this case, there are quite a few mothers that deserve to be paid tribute to as part of the success of the line. In relation to tourism, I can advise that we have taken quite a number of measures to make sure that we do properly exploit the benefits. There is a marketing campaign that will promote the Borders Rail, both nationally and internationally. That is intended to boost tourism investment and associated regeneration in the areas along the entire length of route. There are a number of other transfer tools to initiatives that we are taking in relation to this, because we want to properly exploit that. We are willing to consider any further suggestions in the words of the minister that spoke at time for reflection. The aramint word was if FFA be open, we are certainly open to any suggestions, and that includes to the member or indeed any member that wants to put any proposals that will help us to fully exploit the benefits of this line. Christine Grahame, I also say that it is remiss of me not to mention the Petitions Committee, which really stimulated that. They have taken a bit of a kicking recently, and they do not deserve it, because they were the way pathway into the railway. Can I say to the minister who is working to know about other things? There are teething issues, for example, at the Galashales Transport Interchange, where the electronic information boards have got teeny weeny print. Indeed, the automatic ticket dispensers at Newton Grange need to be calibrated, because you have got the very swift reflexes to work the thing. These all make the journey smooth and make people enjoy it. They are minor, but we could cure them quite easily. Can I ask them to get in touch again with the relevant authorities and make them aware of them? If I get any more little issues, I will raise them with them another time. I am grateful to the member for feedback. I should just say that ScotRail staff are aware of the issue in relation to the automatic ticket dispensers. I think that there is a huge amount of new plans, as well as the line itself, and there will inevitably be some snagging issues, but those are being dealt with. I think that we all hope for the best of possible days tomorrow, which will be a fantastic day for the borders. I can confirm to the chamber that, in the various events that I have been involved in in the past week or so, there is real excitement and pride in the new border railway in Scotland. I welcome the cabinet secretary's remarks about openness, which is certainly something to build on from the past in terms of the cross-party work on the issue. I also welcome the thrilling sight of the passengers' full trains going down to Tweedbank and back. I recognise Scottish Government's work and those of other agencies, and certainly the campaign for borders rail. Will the cabinet secretary also acknowledge the contribution that is made by Scottish Labour in the development and vision of the process over the years? Now that we have together secured steam trains and some cycle space for tourism, will he comment on the future of rail freight for the borders and for Scotland, and possibly even on the extension of the line to Carlyle? As with everyone else that contributed, I know that the member herself made representations along with others such as Christine Grahame on the issue of tourist trains, which we were able to accommodate. I recognise the efforts of her and her colleagues in relation to the possible extension. We really have to see how the line works. We are very confident in its success, but we have to see how it works. We have gone beyond that and said that if the local council, as they have said, or the local transport partnership, are looking to do a feasibility study for a potential future extension, we will help out with that. I will make sure that Transport Scotland and agencies of Government provide any support necessary to carry out that feasibility study. One of the points that was made by another campaigner was that that should also take into account the potential for freight, because it may not be the case that you can get a case sufficiently strong with just passenger numbers. Of course, that will be in the hands of those who are taking forward the feasibility study, but I would say to the member that we are more than happy, as I have said, and committed to the idea that Transport Scotland will help out in that process. I look forward to the train journey tomorrow, albeit I will probably not be wearing such a fancy hat as Christine Grahame. I might borrow it. The former First Minister said that the border rail link would serve as a catalyst for the restoration of the historic route right through to Carlyle. I have been interested to hear from the cabinet secretary today at what stage his Government would see appropriate to step in to look at a timetable for a feasibility study and to see what economic benefits would be underlined by not just the former First Minister, but also the leaders of both the Scottish Borders Council and even Carlyle City Council. The member's question just prompted me to say that we also owe some thanks to the very cooperative relationship that we have had with the councils, especially the Borders Council, in relation not just to the line, but to the events that have led up to tomorrow, where the Queen will formally open the new line. I recognise the effort that they made, a very good relationship in particular with David Parker of Borders Council. In relation to the extension—possible extension—I have just laid out the position of the Scottish Government. The council and the transport partnership may well come forward with a proposal for a feasibility study. They said that they are interested in doing that. What I have said, building on the comments of the former First Minister, is that we will provide every assistance with that. I will also repeat to Claudia Beamish that, as well as looking at possible passenger numbers, which is a challenge because of the nature of the terrain that it goes through, that should also look in my view—as I suggested by others—at freight. However, the important thing is that we get this off to a good start. We are using tomorrow a very old steam engine in the union of South Africa. All the efforts just now are on making sure that that makes a journey, given some of the passengers that it will be carrying. It is very important, including my boss. We also have to concentrate on making sure that that is success. The bread and butter line is the fact that services start from Edinburgh or Tweedbank and get to the other side efficiently and reliably. We have to concentrate on doing that and maximising the use of that particular line, first of all. Thank you. We now move on to the next item of business, which is a debate on motion number 14156, in the name of John Swinney on progress in the Scottish economy. Members who wish to take part in the debate.


The following pre-recorded political program is sponsored by TV for Goldwater Miller on behalf of Barry Goldwater, Republican candidate for President of the United States. Ladies and gentlemen, we take pride in presenting a thoughtful address by Ronald Reagan. Mr. Reagan. Thank you and good evening. The sponsor has been identified, but unlike most television programs, the performer hasn't been provided with a script. As a matter of fact, I have been permitted to choose my own words and discuss my own ideas regarding the choice that we face in the next few weeks. I have spent most of my life as a Democrat. I recently have seen fit to follow another course. I believe that the issues confronting us cross-party lines. Now, one side in this campaign has been telling us that the issues of this election are the maintenance of peace and prosperity. The line has been used, we've never had it so good. But I have an uncomfortable feeling that this prosperity isn't something on which we can base our hopes for the future. No nation in history has ever survived a tax burden that reached a third of its national income. Today, 37 cents out of every dollar earned in this country is the tax collector's share. And yet our government continues to spend $17 million a day more than the government takes in. We haven't balanced our budget 28 out of the last 34 years. We've raised our debt limit three times in the last 12 months. And now our national debt is one and a half times bigger than all the combined debts of all the nations of the world. We have $15 billion in gold in our treasury. We don't own an ounce. Foreign dollar claims are $27.3 billion. And we've just had an ounce that the dollar of 1939 will now purchase 45 cents in its total value. As for the peace that we would preserve, I wonder who among us would like to approach the wife or mother whose husband or son has died in South Vietnam and asked them if they think this is a peace that should be maintained indefinitely. Do they mean peace or do they mean we just want to be left in peace? There can be no real peace while one American is dying some place in the world for the rest of us. We're at war with the most dangerous enemy that has ever faced mankind in his long climb from the swamp to the stars. And it's been said if we lose that war and in so doing lose this way of freedom of ours, history will record with the greatest astonishment that those who had the most to lose did the least to prevent its happening. Well, I think it's time we ask ourselves if we still know the freedoms that were intended for us by the founding fathers. Not too long ago, two friends of mine were talking to a Cuban refugee, a business man who would escape from Castro. And in the midst of his story, one of my friends turned to the other and said we don't know how lucky we are. And the Cuban stopped and said, how lucky you are. I had some place to escape to. And in that sentence, he told us the entire story. If we lose freedom here, there's no place to escape to. This is the last stand on earth. And this idea that government is beholden to the people, that it has no other source of power except the sovereign people, is still the newest and the most unique idea in all the long history of man's relation to man. This is the issue of this election. Whether we believe in our capacity for self-government or whether we abandon the American Revolution and confess that a little intellectual elite in a far distant capital can plan our lives for us better than we can plan them ourselves. You and I are told increasingly we have to choose between a left or right. Well, I'd like to suggest there is no such thing as a left or right. There's only an up or down. Man's old age dream, the ultimate in the individual freedom consistent with law and order, or down to the ant heap of totalitarianism. And regardless of their sincerity, their humanitarian motives, those who would trade our freedom for security have embarked on this downward course. In this vote harvesting time, they use terms like the great society. Or as we were told a few days ago by the president, we must accept a greater government activity in the affairs of the people. But they've been a little more explicit in the past and among themselves and all of the things I now will quote have appeared in print. These are not Republican accusations. For example, they have voices that say the Cold War will end through our acceptance of a not undemocratic socialism. Another voice says the profit motive has become outmoded. It must be replaced by the incentives of the welfare state or our traditional system of individual freedom is incapable of solving the complex problems of the 20th century. Senator Fulbright has said at Stanford University that the Constitution is outmoded. He referred to the president as our moral teacher and our leader. And he says he has hobbled in his task by the restrictions of power imposed on him by this antiquated document. He must be freed so that he can do for us what he knows is best. And Senator Clark of Pennsylvania, another articulate spokesman, defines liberalism as meeting the material needs of the masses through the full power of centralized government. Well, I for one, resented when a representative of the people refers to you and me, the free men and women of this country, as the masses. This is a term we haven't applied to ourselves in America. But beyond that, the full power of centralized government, this was the very thing the founding fathers sought to minimize. They knew that governments don't control things. A government can't control the economy without controlling people. And they know when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. They also knew those founding fathers that outside of its legitimate functions, government does nothing as well or as economically as the private sector of the economy. Now we have no better example of this than government's involvement in the farm economy over the last 30 years. Since 1955, the cost of this program has nearly doubled. One fourth of farming in America is responsible for 85% of the farm surplus. Three fourths of farming is out on the free market and has known a 21% increase in the per capita consumption of all its produce. You see that one fourth of farming, that's regulated and controlled by the federal government. In the last three years, we've spent $43 in the feed grain program for every dollar bushel of corn we don't grow. Senator Humphrey last week charged that Barry Goldwater as president would seek to eliminate farmers. He should do his homework a little better. Because he'll find out that we've had a decline of 5 million in the farm population under these government programs. He'll also find that the Democratic administration has sought to get from Congress extension of the farm program to include that three fourths that is now free. He'll find that they've also asked for the right to imprison farmers who wouldn't keep books as prescribed by the federal government. The secretary of agriculture asked for the right to seize farms through condemnation and resell them to other individuals. And contained in that same program was a provision that would have allowed the federal government to remove two million farmers from the soil. At the same time, there's been an increase in the department of agriculture employees. There's now one for every 30 farms in the United States. And still, they can't tell us how 66 shiploads of grain headed for Austria disappeared without a trace. And Billy Solestice never left shore. Every responsible farmer and farm organization has repeatedly asked the government to free the farm economy. But how who are farmers to know what's best for them? The wheat farmers voted against a wheat program. The government passed it anyway. Now the price of bread goes up, the price of wheat to the farmer goes down. Meanwhile, back in the city, under urban renewal, the assault on freedom carries on. Private property rights so deluded that public interest is almost anything a few government planners decided should be. In a program that takes from the needy and gives to the greedy, we see such spectacles as in Cleveland, Ohio, a million and a half dollar building completed only three years ago must be destroyed to make way for what government officials call a more compatible use of the land. The president tells us he's now going to start building public housing units in the thousands. We're here before we've only built them in the hundreds. But FHA and the Veterans Administration tell us they have a hundred and twenty thousand housing units they've taken back through mortgage foreclosure. For three decades, we've sought to solve the problems of unemployment through government planning. And the more the plans fail, the more the planners plan. The latest is the area redevelopment agency. They've just declared Rice County, Kansas, a depressed area. Rice County, Kansas has two hundred oil wells and the fourteen thousand people there have over thirty million dollars on deposit in personal savings in their banks. When the government tells you you're depressed, lie down and be depressed. We have so many people who can't see a fat man standing beside a thin one without coming to the conclusion the fat man got that way by taking advantage of the thin one. So they're going to solve all the problems of human misery through government and government planning. Well now if government planning and welfare had the answer and they've had almost thirty years of it, shouldn't we expect government to read the score to us once in a while? Shouldn't they be telling us about the decline each year in the number of people needing help? The reduction in the need for public housing? But the reverse is true. Each year the need grows greater, the program grows greater. We were told four years ago that seventeen million people went to bed hungry each night. Well that was probably true. They were all on a diet. But now we're told that nine point three million families in this country are poverty-stricken on the basis of earning less than three thousand dollars a year. Welfare spending ten times greater than it was in the dark depths of the depression. We're spending forty five billion dollars on welfare. Now do a little arithmetic and you'll find that if we divided the forty five billion dollars up equally among those nine million poor families we'd be able to give each family forty six hundred dollars a year. And this added to their present income should eliminate poverty. Direct aid to the poor however is only running about six hundred dollars per family. It would seem that some place there must be some overhead. So now we declare war on poverty. Or you too can be a Bobby Baker. Now do they honestly expect us to believe that if we add one billion dollars to the forty five billion we're spending one more program to the thirty odd we have and remember this new program doesn't replace any it just duplicates existing programs. Do they believe that poverty is suddenly going to disappear by magic. Well in all fairness I should explain there is one part of the new program that isn't duplicated. This is the youth feature. We're now going to solve the dropout problem juvenile delinquency by reinstituting something like the old CCC camps and we're going to put our young people in these camps but again we do some arithmetic and we find that we're going to spend each year just on room and board for each young person we help forty seven hundred dollars a year. We can send them to Harvard for twenty seven hundred. Of course don't get me wrong. I'm not suggesting Harvard is the answer to juvenile delinquency but seriously what are we doing to those we seek to help. Not too long ago a judge called me here in Los Angeles. He told me that the young woman who'd come before him for a divorce. She had six children was pregnant with her seventh. Under his questioning she revealed her husband was a laborer earning two hundred and fifty dollars a month. She wanted a divorce to get an eighty dollar raise. She's eligible for three hundred and thirty dollars a month in the aid to dependent children program. She got the idea from two women in her neighborhood who'd already done that very thing. Yet anytime you and I question the schemes of the do-gooders we're denounced as being against their humanitarian goals. They say we're always against things we're never for anything. The trouble with our liberal friends is not that they're ignorant. It's just that they know so much that isn't so. Now we're for a provision that destitution should not follow unemployment by reason of old age. And to that end we've accepted social security as a step toward meeting the problem. But we're against those entrusted with this program when they practice deception regarding its fiscal shortcomings. When they charge that any criticism of the program means that we want to end payments to those people who depend on them for a livelihood. They've called it insurance to us in a hundred million pieces of literature. But then they appeared before the Supreme Court and they testified it was a welfare program. They only use the term insurance to sell it to the people. And they said social security dues are a tax for the general use of the government. And the government has used that tax. There is no fund. Because Robert Byers the actuarial head appeared before a congressional committee and admitted that social security as of this moment is two hundred and ninety eight billion dollars in the whole. But he said there should be no cause for worry because as long as they had the power to tax they could always take away from the people whatever they needed to bail them out of trouble. And they're doing just that. A young man twenty one years of age working at an average salary. His social security contribution would in the open market buy him an insurance policy that would guarantee two hundred and twenty dollars a month at age sixty five. The government promises a hundred and twenty seven. He could live it up until he's thirty one and then take out a policy that would pay more than social security. Now are we so lacking in business sense that we can't put this program on a sound basis so that people who do require those payments will find they can get them when they're due that the cupboard isn't there. Barry Goldwater thinks we can. At the same time can't we introduce voluntary features that would permit a citizen who can do better on his own to be excused upon presentation of evidence that he had made provision for the non earning years. Should we not allow a widow with children to work and not lose the benefits supposedly paid for by her deceased husband. Shouldn't you and I be allowed to declare who our beneficiaries will be under this program which we cannot do. I think we're foretelling our senior citizens that no one in this country should be denied medical care because of a lack of funds. But I think we're against forcing all citizens regardless of need into a compulsory government program. Especially when we have such examples as was announced last week when France admitted that their Medicare program is now bankrupt. They've come to the end of the road. In addition was Barry Goldwater so irresponsible when he suggested that our government give up its program of deliberate planned inflation. So that when you do get your Social Security pension a dollar will buy a dollar's worth and not forty five cents worth. I think we're for an international organization where the nations of the world can seek peace. But I think we're against subordinating American interest to an organization that has become so structurally unsound that today you can muster a two thirds vote on the floor of the general assembly among nations that represent less than 10 percent of the world's population. I think we're against the hypocrisy of assailing our allies because here and there they cling to a colony while we engage in a conspiracy of silence and never open our mouths about the millions of people enslaved in the Soviet colonies in the satellite nations. We're for aiding our allies by sharing of our material blessings with those nations which share in our fundamental beliefs. But we're against doling out money government to government creating bureaucracy if not socialism all over the world. We set out to help nineteen countries we're helping a hundred and seven. We spent a hundred and forty six billion dollars with that money. We bought a two million dollar yacht for highly salacy. We bought dress suits for Greek undertakers extra wives for Kenya government officials. We bought a thousand TV sets for a place where they have no electricity. In the last six years fifty two nations have bought seven billion dollars worth of our gold. And all fifty two are receiving foreign aid from this country. No government ever voluntarily reduces itself in size so government programs once launched never disappear. Actually a government bureau is the nearest thing to eternal life we'll ever see on this earth. Federal employees number two and a half million and federal state and local one out of six of the nation's workforce employed by government. These proliferating bureaus with their thousands of regulations have cost us many of our constitutional safeguards. How many of us realize that today federal agents can invade a man's property without a warrant. They can impose a fine without a formal hearing let alone a trial by jury and they can seize and sell his property at auction to enforce the payment of that fine. In Chico County Arkansas James Weir over planted his rice allotment the government obtained a seventeen thousand dollar judgment and a U.S. Marshall sold his nine hundred and sixty acre farm at auction. The government said it was necessary as a warning to others to make the system work. Last February 19th at the University of Minnesota Norman Thomas six times candidate for president in the Socialist Party ticket said if Barry Goldwater became president he would stop the advance of socialism in the United States I think that's exactly what he will do. But as a former Democrat I can tell you Norman Thomas isn't the only man who has drawn this parallel to socialism with the present administration because back in 1936 Mr. Democrat himself Al Smith a great American came before the American people and charged that the leadership of his party was taking the party of Jefferson Jackson and Cleveland down the road under the banners of Marx Lenin and Stalin. And he walked away from his party and he never returned to the day he died because to this day the leadership of that party has been taking that party that honorable party down the road in the image of the labor Socialist Party of England. Now it doesn't require expropriation or confiscation of private property or business to impose socialism on a people. What does it mean whether you hold the deed to the title to your business or property if the government holds the power of life and death over that business or property and such machinery already exists. The government can find some charge to bring against any concern it chooses to prosecute every businessman has his own tale of harassment. Some where a perversion has taken place. Our natural unalienable rights are now considered to be a dispensation of government and freedom has never been so fragile so close to slipping from our grasp as it is at this moment. Our Democratic opponents seem unwilling to debate these issues. They want to make you and I believe that this is a contest between two men that were to choose just between two personalities.  The idea is that you and I hold dear is he the brash and shallow and trigger happy man. They say he is well I've been privileged to know him when I knew him long before he ever dreamed of trying for high office. And I can tell you personally I've never known a man in my life. I believe so incapable of doing a dishonest dishonorable. This is a man who in his own business before he entered politics instituted a profit sharing plan before unions had ever thought of it. He put in health and medical insurance for all his employees. He took 50 percent of the profits before taxes and set up a retirement program a pension plan for all his employees. He sent monthly checks for life to an employee was ill and couldn't work. He provides nursing care for the children of mothers who work in the stores. When Mexico was ravaged by the floods in the Rio Grande he climbed in his airplane and flew mecca flew medicine and supplies down there. An ex GI told me how he met him. It was the week before Christmas during the Korean War and he was at the Los Angeles airport trying to get a ride home to Arizona for Christmas. And he said that a lot of servicemen there and no seats available on the planes. And then a voice came over the loudspeaker and said any men in uniform wanting a ride to Arizona. Go to runway such and such and they went down there. There was a fellow named Barry Goldwater sitting in his plane. Every day in those weeks before Christmas all day long he'd load up the plane fly it to Arizona fly them to their homes fly back over to get another load. During the hectic split second timing of a campaign this is a man who took time out to sit beside an old friend who was dying of cancer. His campaign managers were understandably impatient but he said there aren't many left to care what happens to her. I'd like her to know I care. This is a man who said to his 19 year old son there is no foundation like the rock of honesty and fairness. And when you begin to build your life on that rock with the cement of the faith in God that you have then you have a real start. This is not a man who could carelessly send other people's sons to war. And that is the issue of this campaign that makes all the other problems I've discussed academic unless we realize we're in a war that must be won. Those who would trade our freedom for the soup kitchen of the welfare state have told us they have a utopian solution of peace without victory. They call their policy accommodation and they say if we'll only avoid any direct confrontation with the enemy he'll forget his evil ways and learn to love us. All who oppose them are indicted as warmongers. They say we offer simple answers to complex problems. Well perhaps there is a simple answer not an easy answer but simple. If you and I have the courage to tell our elected officials that we want our national policy based on what we know in our hearts is morally right. We cannot be by our security our freedom from the threat of the bomb. By committing an immorality so great as saying to a billion human beings now enslaved behind the iron curtain give up your dreams of freedom because to save our own skins we're willing to make a deal with your slave masters. Alexander Hamilton said a nation which can prefer disgrace to danger is prepared for a master and deserves one. Now let's set the record straight. There's no argument over the choice between peace and war but there's only one guaranteed way you can have peace and you can have it in the next second surrender. Admittedly there's a risk in any course we follow other than this but every lesson of history tells us that the greater risk lies in appeasement and this is the specter our well-meaning liberal friends refuse to face that their policy of accommodation is appeasement and it gives no choice between peace and war only between fight or surrender. If we continue to accommodate continue to back and retreat eventually we have to face the final demand the ultimatum and what then?  He has told them that we're retreating under the pressure of the Cold War and someday when the time comes to deliver the final ultimatum our surrender will be voluntary because by that time we will have been weakened from within spiritually morally and economically. He believes this because from our side he's heard voices pleading for peace at any price or better read than dead or as one commentator put it he'd rather live on his knees than die on his feet and therein lies the road to war because those voices don't speak for the rest of us. You and I know and do not believe that life is so dear and peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery. If nothing in life is worth dying for when did this begin just in the face of this enemy? Or should Moses have told the children of Israel to live in slavery under the pharaohs? Should Christ have refused the cross?   Where then is the road to peace? Well it's a simple answer after all. You and I have the courage to say to our enemies there is a price we will not pay there is a point beyond which they must not advance. This is the meaning in the phrase of Barry Goldwater peace through strength. Winston Churchill said the destiny of man is not measured by material computations. When great forces are on the move in the world we learn we're spirits not animals. And he said there's something going on in time and space and beyond time and space. Which whether we like it or not spells duty. You and I have a rendezvous with destiny. We'll preserve for our children this the last best hope of man on earth or we'll sentence them to take the last step into a thousand years of darkness. We will keep in mind and remember that Barry Goldwater has faith in us. He has faith that you and I have the ability and the dignity and the right to make our own decisions and determine our own destiny. Thank you very much. Thank you Ronnie for this very stirring speech. I am John Kilroy national chairman TV for Goldwater Miller. I want to ask each of you I want to ask each of you to take part in this important presidential campaign by contributing what you can to keep the Goldwater crusade on the air. Send one 10 50 dollars or any amount to TV for Goldwater Miller. Box 80 Los Angeles 51 I repeat TV Goldwater Miller Box 80 Los Angeles 51 preceding pre recorded political program was paid for by TV for Goldwater Miller on behalf of Barry Goldwater Republican candidate for president of the United States.


An armed militants have abducted several passengers along the Meduguri Damaturu Highway. The suspected Iswab terrorist group laid ambush on about eight vehicles near a bridge between Tamsu Kahu and Dandu towns and took the victims away. Some of the captives, who could recite the Koran, were reportedly released. Plus TV Africa cannot independently verify this information. The person was released because he was old and diabetic.


Hi, my name is Ayushi Renjin, I'm 17 years old and I'm from the United States, specifically Florida and I am attending the 64th LIYSF and I'm joined here today with Sir Peter Rubin who attended the 10th LIYSF and I was wondering kind of trying to uncover what it was like for you at the 10th LIYSF and kind of how it shaped your experiences in science. So I was wondering if you could kind of introduce yourself and tell us about your experiences. Yeah, it'd be a pleasure to do that. I was, as you say, at the 10th forum and it seems a very long time ago now. And the thing I remember about it was that it probably took me about as long to get from where I lived to here as it took you to get from Florida to here. I came from a country in the far west of England, a country of Cornwall, which in those days was even more remote than it is now and it was an eight hour train journey to get from where I lived to London. I'd never been away from home before without a parent. So for me this was a big deal, quite apart from science, this was a big deal, living in a university hall of residence. It was quite something for me, you know. But the other thing I remember about it particularly was that I loved science at school. I had an inspirational chemistry teacher who just opened my eyes to horizons I didn't know were there. But as you know science at school is kind of abstract, quite a lot of it is a theory of science or chemistry, physical, whatever.  All these years on I can't remember in detail much of what we did. But I do remember going to either Kodak or Ilford, which in those days were film processing plants. Somebody of your age will not know what a film is, but we would have cameras that had films in them that had to be sent off and were processed and came back as prints. And they talked about the chemistry of film processing, which I just loved. It was wonderful. And then somebody talked about the way that weed killers work and the chemistry of weed killers and the interaction of chemistry with biology and the introduction of biochemistry. So these are things I remember particularly about it.  So as I previously mentioned you attended the 10th LIYSF opening ceremony in general. So how did it feel 55 years later to do it? I think that, well first of all I thought the opening ceremony today was amazing. And I'm not saying that to be polite, it was truly amazing. The scale of it is so different when I was here. It was international but only just and far fewer people, far fewer people. And today I was just blown away by the number of countries in which people have come and how the organization has genuinely gone from strength to strength. It was on a relatively small scale in those days and it's genuinely global, isn't it? And the keynote address of course was truly inspiring. I sat there willing to be polite and listen but I was captivated by it. And the insight it gave into what might happen in the future. So I thought the opening ceremony was amazing. Yeah. I remember a lot of the kids were talking afterwards when the lights dimmed and everything. We were like, oh like jet lag is going to be very difficult to keep us up but we were all really engrossed in the entire thing. It was amazing. Could all of you like you will have an interest in science? You wouldn't be if you didn't. Yeah. So kind of just talking about your journey from Redwood Grammar School to becoming a professor in therapeutics and Dean of Nottingham Medical School is just very impressive. So could you elaborate on some key moments or experiences that shaped your decision to pursue a career in academics as well or academia as well as medicine? Yeah. I'm the first member of my family to go to university and I was a typical boy at school and I worked at what I enjoyed which was the sciences and did not work at what I didn't enjoy and in my fourth year at the school I remember the marks I got in two subjects. In chemistry I got 96% and in Latin I got 11% which was a record of the lowest mark ever in an exam in Latin in that school and in those days if we were going to go to the two what are perceived as the two top universities in the UK, Oxford and Cambridge in those days no matter what subject you did you had to pass an exam in Latin. So one day a day that changed my life really and I'm not exaggerating in the back of the chemistry lab my chemistry teacher poked me in the chest and said you have the ability to go to Cambridge you will not go to Cambridge if you don't pass your Latin exam a year from now therefore I've arranged for a Latin teacher to take you for two afternoons a week after school to get you through this exam no do you think it might be a good idea I think is you will do this and the reason I say it changed my life is as I said no background I come from a working class background no background of professionalism or education and he was by chemistry teacher who I really admired saying you'll go to Cambridge that was life changing he really was and my Latin teacher who is still alive did that on my past exam and I'm pleased to say I'm still in touch with him and when I got my knighthood I wrote to him and said thank you because you know he went the extra mile for me so that's how I came to go to Cambridge and why did I do medicine I love science and I was going to do biochemistry but I realized that I really was interested in and liked people and I thought well you know with that combination maybe medicine and so I went I so I'd applied not to do medicine I changed what I was going to do and I went for an interview at Cambridge I remember one question which I sat in front of an electric fire three bars of a fire blasting heat out to me and there were people either side of me interviewing the one that said to me now why do you want to be a doctor and don't say you want to help people you want to help people be a bank manager okay and sadly I don't remember my answer oh no it must have been sufficient because I got in so you've had like as we've seen throughout the entire interview you've had a very successful career in medicine and academia so what advice would you give to aspiring medical students be willing to take some risks with your career not with patients but with your career be prepared to test the untested in terms of what you do with your life I have taken on jobs that were insecure as it were in terms of job security but high prestige in terms of you know the research and whatever but to take some risks follow your curiosity I mean my study I was talking about was following my curiosity um and it was fun therefore because I was wanting to answer a question that I was asking but take some risks and and and follow your curiosity and and don't don't think life is going to be totally smooth because like I said you know doors will be slammed in your face for all sorts of reasons and make the most of where you find yourself I ended up on occasions doing a job I didn't want to do in a place I didn't want to be and loved it you know so just make the most of where you are so I assume curiosity killed the cat isn't something you really believe in no curiosity is a wonderful thing it drives science and is lovely and and the great thing about research is that we often you don't answer the question but if you do answer or go some way to answer the question oh that's such good fun such good fun thank you um anything else you'd like anyone anyone to know either about your life or your research or anything well I should it's been a pleasure talking to you thank you so much for talking with me it's it's been a great day thank you


Hey, Stan. Thanks for joining. I wanted to talk with you a bit about GitLab Geo and where the architecture is going. So GitLab Geo for the people watching is our product that replicates GitLab across geographies and it works by keeping track of what things have been replicated. The most important thing is repositories in a database. I've seen things like problems. Well, the products are getting a lot better. We're using it for our own migration, and I think there's been a ton of bug fixes. So we're doing really well there. But I've seen some comments about lock files and about cursor source, and I was wondering what was behind that. Can you maybe explain a bit why we have lock files that need to be cleaned up? Lock files. I'm not sure what context that is. Maybe we don't have lock files. I might have been in the release post. I think that the lock files, what we talk about there is that when you do something on the Git repository and Git will create a lock file basically saying, hey, don't touch this reference because I'm doing something with it right now. So what happens on some customer's instances is that these things get created but never get cleaned up. So when they try to do something later, it says, hey, I'm stuck. I can't do anything about it. So that's not really a Geo problem. That's not a Geo problem, but it bites us because we've seen customers say, hey, I can't replicate this thing anymore because this lock file is staying around. Because of the lock file, Geo can replicate. And also the customer can't do anything, but it shows up in Geo first. Exactly. And we see this on gitlab.com too. So Kit Ali has a thing that basically says, hey, this thing is stale for longer than X amount of hours. It's no good. We're just going to remove it. And so we're now taking advantage of that. We just say, hey, if there's a failure, let's try cleaning it up. And hopefully that will resolve the problem. That makes so much sense. Okay, cool. And then I get it. And it's Git lock files. I was like, oh, Geo has lock files. We got a problem here. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Then the other thing I saw is that we're cleaning up or like cleaning up or deleting part of the logs. Well, we keep a log, I think, of what things we've done or that we've got to make it work. For example, every time you push a new commit to GitLab, we log an event in the database to say this repository has been updated. That table gets really big over time, right? So if you imagine, that's the biggest table that one of the biggest tables we have on GitLab is like every time somebody pushes, we have a new entry, new row. And that can balloon very quickly into millions and millions of rows. So at some point, you do want to clean it up because it's a waste of data to space and it's going to make maintenance a lot harder. So we have a thing in Geo that periodically goes and says, hey, can I clean this up and goes ahead and purges data from there? Why does it make maintenance harder? Just that you now have a bigger table, inserts are going to take longer. You got to back it up. So just everything about database maintenance comes in play here. That makes sense. Yeah, I was hoping that I'm like, oh well, databases nowadays can handle everything. Like they can certainly handle the few pushes we throw at them, but I understand that maybe it's, we're talking about tens of millions of. Yeah, we're talking about millions of rows now over time. Like it's not trivial amount. Makes sense. In an ideal world, you use something like time skill DB, so you can quickly drop it, but that's probably an optimization we don't need yet. We can just delete those records and then at least the B-Trade is not as nested. Okay, that's cool.  I think the situation is that we set a cursor every now and then. What we've done so far worked until where we caught up. Right. That always seemed kind of a fragile system to me. There's some problem with out of order records. Let's go into that later, but I'm surprised it works at all. Isn't there like some event where we have a failure or something and a cursor can't move? Or do we then just say, hey, this thing failed, we'll still move the cursor in? We've got a process that we just send out to a background job and it's not a reliable key in the sense that we make sure we've actually processed that thing successfully. So we do have failures of these events. The idea, the hope was that we scheduled these as sidekick tasks. Sidekick has a retry mechanism. So you can say, hey, retry this job for X amount of times or infinite and it has a backup mechanism too. So we kind of put the onus of that retry mechanism on the sidekick. And then we had the problem, I think, where we moved the cursor along and then records appeared behind the cursor. That's right because Postgres has the way that the Postgres doesn't guarantee that every primary ID is actually sequential. It's really like a unique ID. So when you say, hey, give me, I'm gonna create a new row. Postgres gives you back the next sequential one, but that doesn't mean it's gonna be in the database. Someone's not gonna be able to see it until it's actually committed. So we get this leaky bucket problem where let's say we ask for all events above ID two, 10 might show up, about three through nine might show up later at a different time. So it doesn't happen that often, but it's just in a concurrent system, it's a problem. How do you think about fixing that? So the short-term way of fixing it, one way to fix it is just delay looking at the events for some time. So that's the quick thing we're starting to look at. Wait for a minute and... Wow. So we haven't actually committed that. We did some experiments yesterday and say, hey, that helps, but it doesn't completely solve the problem. Another short-term bandaid is just keep track of these gaps. See, like, hey, I processed one through 10, but I'm missing nine. So at some later point, go back and check, do I get nine at some other point and then resume. That's, again, a bandaid. It's not great. The way you wanna solve this is a more reliable queue. So if you had a queue that you could just worry about just taking an event and then processing it and just dropping it when you're done, that's what you do. So we're talking about with the database team about how can we use Postgres in a way that's more of a real queue system, right? Can we build a queue to do this in Postgres? And it's a hard problem because we're talking about a replicated queue, right? We're not talking about the secondaries only have read access to the database. So I can't write like 10 events in this table and then the secondary will just remove it from that table when it's done, right? So you need to either replicate that data somehow like using, you know, Postgres has this thing called logical replication where you can say, hey, I want this table copied over to my secondaries and then secondaries can do whatever they want with it, right? So we've got to implement that ourselves. We either use Postgres feature to do that or we have to switch to some real queue to handle this for us. That makes sense. I saw your suggestions there and I certainly hope we don't have to implement another piece of technology here. Just a question. I think because the database is replicated we cannot do a join with like this replicated piece of the database and then some other table where we keep our state. We can do that. And that's why we had this foreign data wrapper because that allows you to join across different databases. And so we'd use that to some extent but it's complicated because now you're talking about two different databases. If we could have one database at the geo secondaries working off, you know, you could basically be doing joins within that database. You could, you know, you hopefully have the event table in one database and we can do away with this whole to dual database problem that we have right now. Crazy idea that I'm sure you consider it but that's not practical but what about the secondaries and noting their status to the primary like so. So the primary says, oh, this is replicated now in the secondary. I think we talked about a while ago. I think the issue is that this, you know you've got millions of repositories. What would the primary do with that information? They would, the problem is a bit that you can have multiple secondaries. So you really don't want to change the schema and have columns there. She'd need to use something like to H store. And then I'm not sure how efficient your lookups are anymore after that. Are you saying like the primary would generate like an event for every secondary and say, hey, you know, delete this from your table when you're done with it or I'll figure out, you know I'll remove it once I get a report back that the secondary is done with it. Kind of, yeah. So actually notice status like there can be multiple secondaries. So you kind of say, hey, this thing needs to be hey, you generate a record like there was a change. This needs to be replicated. And then in that record you're so, oh, secondary one replicated this, secondary two replicated this, et cetera. Yeah, I mean, as you add more nodes, obviously the primary is gonna do a lot of work, right? The primary is gonna be receiving all these, you know requests back from the secondary is gonna be updating its own tables and it becomes, you know it might be a tough thing to scale because you add two or three nodes and that will, you know put a lot of load on the primary. That makes sense. Do we have people like running multiple secondaries? Yeah, we have, you know I saw one customer running four secondaries. Yeah. So and the primary is always gonna be the bottleneck so we really can't have that. Okay, that makes sense. How the secondary is, I always think of them as pretty over provisioned. How hard is it to just kind of copy those records that are coming off the primary and just copy them in their own database table and then you can start modifying them. Yeah, so I mean, that's basically implementing a logical replication ourselves and then you have the same issue of like how do I know what I have been copied, right? It's the, And that was like, we used to send like giant sets of IDs. Now that obviously doesn't scale and then, oh, you could do a cursor but you have the same cursor problem. Yeah, exactly. And I thought about that too, the same problem. So we can either implement it ourselves if we have the same problems or we let Postgres kind of solve this for us. Yeah, we have an issue to kind of investigate. You know, if we did Postgres Rep logical replication, what are the pitfalls? You know, this is actually help or it's gonna cause more problems. Yeah, makes sense. Yeah, and it's hard to kind of what, so the question we have to answer is what of this table haven't, which records of this table haven't I seen yet? Yeah. Without modifying the table. Exactly. And this has been a, we have, we do the sort of thing to just figure out like what do we don't have on the, when we can try to figure out what repositories we're missing from the primer, we do these, a lot of these big anti-joins what they're called basically. I have this in my table, you have this in your table, what am I missing, right? And as you get more and more closer to the actual sync, that takes longer and longer because you don't find gaps anymore. So the database has to do a ton of work. So, we're already facing that kind of problem today. Yeah, and like bloom filters and stuff like that that all doesn't help with any of this. Yeah, you're, I see the problem here. The best bet is still probably logical application. Cool, so on a, the problem is clear to me. Thanks for that. And then when you have a solution, I'd be very happy if you ping me so I can have a look at it because this is very interesting. I'm wondering what you'll come up with. What Gio already has is that if you clone something over HTTP, you can push back to the same secondary server and that's, I think you'll be redirected or something. Go ahead. Yeah, and it'll be redirected. You'll, the client will be told to go push to this and it will automatically just redirect you to that primary and it will receive the push. That's awesome. When do you think we'll have something for SSH and what do you think the solution will look like? Yeah, so I actually done some cool work that actually demonstrates that this works. And we're trying to get into the next release. It's still being reviewed right now, but essentially when you push an SSH to the secondary, it says, oh, I can't, I'm not actually the primary. So then it'll open up an HTTP connection to the primary behind the scenes and then basically proxy that SSH get traffic to the primary and then come back because you can't open another SSH connection on top of another SSH connection that there's some security issues with that. So that seems to be working. We're trying to get that in for 11.2. It's a big change. So it may take some review cycles, but I've seen the demo. It seems to work at a proof of concept level, but there may be some more iterations there. That's very exciting. I'm very exciting that you found a solution there. And this seems, I've seen this before in the industry. So I think this is the way to go. So I think you figured out the right solution to this. I think after that, the next big thing is disaster recovery. Is that so? Is that the next big chunk we'll work on? Well, I guess what do you mean by disaster recovery? You mean in a sense is already kind of is a disaster recovery solution. There's a lot of, you know, we're doing more checks and verifications and kind of automatic recovery. If, for example, something is out of sync, we should go and, you know, we detect that something's not quite right and then go recover from that. So there's a lot of robustness, additional checks that we need to implement. Cool. What's the next big thing after the SSH push? Yeah, I think it's going to, you know, not only solve this, you know, this leaky bucket problem we talked about earlier, but also just, you know, there's a lot of user interface improvements that we can make that you can actually see right now. It's hard to see. Like if you've got 10,000 repositories that are not quite synced, it's kind of hard to see. You got to use the API to kind of generate this list and then figure out. So we'll have a UI that's much more friendly for administrators to go in and say, hey, this is a list and I can either re-sync them all right now or I can just manually do it or I can just wait for GEO to do it. There's a lot of, like I said, performance improvements that we talked about this whole anti-join problem I talked about earlier about, hey, how do I find out what's missing? That puts a lot of load on the database right now. So I think if we can solve that problem with the leaky bucket problem, I think we'll, you know, for GEO will be even more performance. So just a lot of improvements under the hood that have to be done over the next couple of months. Yep, and we're doing this because we're running at onkitlab.com which is way bigger than any of our customer installations so that they are getting really good performance and we're at the leading edge. Absolutely, most of the customers don't deal with five million projects and that are constantly being up, half of which are being updated constantly. So... Wow, we got that many of our projects are active. That's surprising to me. That was surprising to me too because when I did the numbers a couple of months ago, I said, well, how many of them actually received the push in the last 24 hours and it was something like 40, 50% of them? So it might be mirrors, but we have a lot of activity on repositories. Wow. Because we got, I think, 500,000 active users or something out of like two and a half million registered. So that's only like 20% and then half of the repos are active. It's super surprising. It is surprising to me. I'll run the numbers again, but it was surprising to me when I saw, I assumed it was like 10% or less. So we got five million repos, two and a half million active. So that was back when it was four million. So yeah, the numbers have gone up since then. So you think five million, three million active? It's possible. I got to do the numbers again. I'm not sure. And maybe my numbers could have been wrong, but we have, we now track the last updated date of the repos. So we have a pretty good sense of when we got a push from them. That's interesting. Well, bring me if you got those numbers. That's interesting. And thank you very much for the explanation. It's very interesting stuff. And I'm super glad that we shipped DO and that we're using it for the gitlab.com move between clouds. Me too, yeah. The next question is after the move, what do we do? I'd love to still have that resource available, but that's an expensive proposition. I think we should do that. I think we need some disaster recovery too. And I think it's, I don't expect we also need to be able to move gitlab between regions and this will help with that. Great. Awesome. Thanks, Ed. Thank you.


This is the Cardano CLI tutorial. The cross client for the Cardano blockchain. I'm Alejandro Garcia, education assistant at IOHK. In this tutorial, we are going to cover how to create a new wallet, sending Aids to it, and recovering other values. So in order to create a new wallet, we need to synchronize with the mainnet. You saw in the previous video by Lars how to do that. So you can see that we have the mainnet updated. Next, we're going to create a new wallet. It's asking for a recovery password. The recovery password might be left empty, which we will do. Now you need a spending password. So you can see now the demonstration wallet has been created successfully. Now we need to copy the mnemonics and save this in a safe place. In the meantime, I'm going to leave them right here. Okay, now that you have the mnemonics, let's attach our wallet to the mainnet. Now you can see the wallet was successfully attached to the blockchain. Now let's synchronize the wallet to double check that it's empty. Of course it will be. Now it's synchronizing the wallet. And you can see the status of the wallet. You see? It's zero. It's demo wallet. It's zero. And it's synced to this block. Okay, now how we go about receiving AIDAS. In order to receive AIDAS, we will need to create an address for this wallet. A wallet can have many addresses at a time in different times. So let's create a new address. It asks for the wallet password. And this is the address that we will require. With this address, we can go and send it some AIDAS, for example, to Bitrex. For example, in Bitrex, there is an experience that supports AIDAS. We can go and send it, for example, here. Let's see. I'm going to send 7.9 AIDAS, which is going to be minus the transaction fee. And let's go and we try to do some AIDAS. For example, let me type my AIDAS. And now we will need to go ahead and again update with the blockchain. Here it's updating. Let's try to synchronize again the wallet. Send the node pool. Okay, that's updated. And now the transaction has been true. And we have 7.7 AIDAS in our wallet. Now, how do we go about doing the opposite operation? How do we go about sending AIDAS? Well, in order to send AIDAS, we need to create a transaction. Transaction is created with the command TransactionNewTestnet. So TransactionNewMainnet. Okay. With this, we can see that in this taking variable, we have the AID for a new transaction. This AID will help us in the following steps to creating the transaction. Okay, the next thing we will do is add a recipient for the transaction and send the amount in Lovelace. Lovelace is the minimum amount of AIDA that exists. One million Lovelace is equal to one AIDA. In this case, we're going to send 500,000 Lovelace to this address. And that should be, you know, we're just sending one AIDA. Half an AIDA. Now, we also need to create an address that is going to be the recipient of the remainder of the address. For example, here I'm sending half an AIDA and I have 7.7 AIDA. So I need the remaining 7.2 AIDAS. We need to go to another address under my control. For example, here I could create a new address. Okay, now that we have this address and we have it in a variable, then we can proceed to add the remainder. So what we do is execute cardinous transaction, add change, send my address, and then we need to calculate the transaction fees. For example, here with the input select state, it goes. We can review the transaction as it's currently. So with that, we do transaction status. Here you can see we are sending half an AIDA to this address. We are sending the remainder 7.3 to the address that I control. And we are paying a fee of 16 cents of AIDA to the transaction. Okay, it's very important to double check the change address because if you don't set up a change address, it can result in double AIDA. Okay, now that we have verified the transaction, we can finalize it with the transaction finalize. We can sign it with transaction sign, and we can finally send the transaction to the blockchain. The transaction has been sent. If we go in Bittrex, we can go and see that here, if we are impending deposits, we need to go that way. Here you see there is my transaction for half an AIDA, and it's already 6 of 20 confirmation AIDA to be deposited. And that's how you go about receiving and sending AIDAs. Again, it's very important that you add a change address that would receive the remainder of your AIDAs and not this which results in lost pounds. Now, another thing that you can do with the Cardano CLI is recovering a previous data log wallet. So, for example, let's create a new wallet called myRecoveredWallet. That's given for our recovery password. We won't set anyone a spending password. MyRecoveredWallet is created. We will need to create this command, the Cardano CLI wallet to recover the data log seed, derivationSkin, WildSkinRandom, and the name of the wallet. And here, as for our mnemonics, here I have a wallet that I created previously in the data log. So, let's go ahead. Of course, you should never share your mnemonics with anyone, but in this case, for the tutorial purposes, of course, I can show you how it works, how it will look when you do it. Okay, myRecoveredWallet successfully recovered. And now we can attach the wallet to mainnet and synchronize it. But it's successfully attached to the blockchain, synchronize it. The main thing to remember is you always need to add a change address that will reserve remainder of ADAS and never share your mnemonics and keep them in a safe place. Perfect, the synchronization has finished. Now let's look at the status of the recovered wallet. You see, this wallet has 466 ADAS, which is hiding there for a long time. Don't worry, those ADAS won't be there by the time you watch this video. Alright, hopefully you will enjoy using the Cardano CLI as much as I do. I really like it since I prefer the command line interface in general. Okay, see you next time.