Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture, we will talk about the solar cycle, and this is the cycle of things that we see on the sun and solar activity and how that changes over time. So the main thing that is noticed with the solar cycle are the sunspots. What are these? Well, they are darker regions that we see on the surface of the sun. Now, they are darker, not because they are really dark, but because they are cooler than the surrounding surface. They are about 3,800 degrees as compared to the 5,800 degrees of the surface of the sun. So they look dark by comparison, but are really bright. Could you scoop that material up and put it out in space? It is quite possible that large sunspots may have been seen more than a thousand years ago, as it is possible to sometimes see them at sunrise or sunset when we are looking through a lot of atmosphere. However, the first recordings of them are from Galileo in the early 1600s. They last from a few hours to a few months and can be larger than Earth, so some of these large sunspots can be bigger than Earth itself. Now, the sunspot cycle is what we want to look at here, and we do see a cyclic pattern that the number of sunspots will rise and fall with a period of 11 years. So every 11 years or so, the peak will come, and we will get more sunspots, and here we see some of those. We see a peak here around 1991. We see another peak here around 2002, and then we see a peak here around 2013 to 2014. The actual period will vary a little bit from cycle to cycle and can be a year or so longer or shorter, but roughly every year we will get a peak of the cycle. Now note that the peak level is not always the same, that it can differ from year to year. Sometimes it can be much lower, other times it can have a very strong peak, and that is not something that can be predicted. We have to just see what comes out of each cycle. Now, this is actually related to the magnetic properties of the sun, and we're going to look at the magnetic field soon, and so it's really a 22-year cycle because at the end of each cycle, the sunspots will reverse their polarity, and what that means is that north becomes south, and south becomes north in terms of the magnetic field. Now, that does not affect the rotational axis of the sun, but its magnetic field will flip, and that makes the complete cycle 22 years long. So how do we know that sunspots are magnetic? Well, there's a couple things that we can see. One is the Zeeman effect, and that is where spectral lines can split in the presence of a strong magnetic field. So if we take a spectrum, and we look at it, the region near here is split into three lines, one straight down and one to either side, and therefore we know that that's a region where the magnetic field is strong, and that's right where the sunspot occurs. So that gives us evidence that there are strong magnetic fields associated with the sunspot. We don't see that splitting up here or down below when we're well away from the sunspot, but we do see it when we are at the location of the sunspot. Now, the other thing that we see is some of the magnetic loops. If we actually look at the surface of the sun, here we can see all these different loops of material, and that is plasma on the sun following the magnetic field lines that are present, and we can trace those back to sunspots. So we have learned from a couple of things that we have seen through the Zeeman effect and through these magnetic loops that connect various sunspots together, we know that sunspots are a magnetic phenomena. So they are caused by the magnetic fields of the sun and where they puncture through the surface, they inhibit the flow of their energy and therefore cool off that portion of the sun, giving us the sunspot. Now, the magnetic cycle, as I said, is a 22-year cycle. The number of sunspots changes with a period of 11 years, but not only do the number of sunspots, but their location on the sun also changes. This is what we call the Maunder butterfly diagram because it may look like a bunch of butterflies traveling in one direction here, and we see that the number of sunspots, again, about every 11 years, we see that those come and go. This shows us where they form on the sun. So here the sunspots at the beginning of the cycle form at a higher latitude and they form at a lower latitude close to the equator at the end. Then they disappear a little bit and come back at higher latitudes and again finish up at lower latitudes. And that process continues. So not only do the number of sunspots change, but their location changes as well. Now, the other thing that can flip is the polarity of the sunspots, and that means that what we see in a sunspot pair, you might see a north and a south one time, but if you saw a similar set of spots, 11 years later, they would then be flipped and the spot to the right would be south and the spot to the left would be north. So their polarities would change. Now, these would not be the same sunspots. The sunspots would not be visible after that period of time. Remember, they only last for a month or so at the most. However, the similar sunspots forming in that part of the sun would now have reversed polarities at the end of each cycle. So how does the sun get this magnetic field? Well, we talk about the solar dynamo. We had a dynamo on Earth, but we can also have a dynamo on the sun. There are layers of gas that can generate electric currents, which then form the magnetic field around the sun. Interestingly, like some of the Jovian planets, the sun undergoes differential rotation, which means it does not rotate like a solid object. It rotates like the ball of gas and plasmas that it is, and that is faster at the equator and slower at the poles. And here we see, over time, that the magnetic fields, as they start out nice and smooth, would then start to get tangled as they move faster at the equator. Those get stretched, the ones at the poles stay, and eventually you have material. You get these tangled up after a number of cycles. It takes about 25 days at the equator for a rotation, and it might take, say, 30 days near the pole. So that's five days difference, meaning after a few cycles, each cycle the equator picks up five days on a pole. It is rotated that much faster. So over a few months it has lapped the pole, and over a couple of years it really starts to tangle up, and then we get those areas where sunspots will occur, where it got so tangled that now the magnetic field lines pop out through the surface. And that will give us the sunspots and the magnetic regions that we see. Now we can also look at longer-term cycles here because, as we've said, there's a very relatively regular period that we've looked at for hundreds of years now. Going back into the mid-1700s, that every 11 years there's a peak of the sunspots. Sometimes they're low, sometimes those peaks are very high, but there's always a peak roughly 11 years apart. You'll note that there's a gap here where there aren't very few sunspots noted. Now that's not that we weren't looking for them. In fact, there were very few sunspots during this time, and this is actually related to cooler temperatures on Earth because there was a lack of activity for 50 years there that Earth cooled off a little bit. Now it was enough that it was definitely noticeable in the climate of Europe. That was a little ice age where it was unusually cold for a few decades. Now the question could be, how often does this occur? We don't know. There's only a very limited amount of data available. In fact, if you go back to Galileo, there's our data for sunspots starting in the early 1600s. And we don't know what the sunspot cycle was like before that. We don't know if this occurs every few centuries, or if it's once in a million years, or once in a million years, or once every 10,000 years. We don't know how often it occurs, or if it even occurs on any kind of regular basis. Simply we just do not have enough data going back far enough on the sunspot cycle to really be able to tell what this is like. But we do know that it does have an effect on us here, on Earth. So let's finish up here with our summary. And what we've looked at is that sunspots are the cool, dark regions that we see in the photosphere of the sun. The sunspots come and go in the 11-year cycle, but the magnetic cycle is 22 years long. And the sunspots and other solar activity are caused by twisting and tangling of the solar magnetic field. So that concludes this lecture on the solar cycle. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone. And I will see you in class.


T F N N headline news update Good afternoon everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien company alive from TF net headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida 1 p.m. Eastern time on Tuesday three hours left to go on the trading day and we got markets in positive territory Dow Jones up 45 points trading at 26,000 430 the S&P is positive by 4 trading at 2909 and the Nasdaq positive by 33 Nasdaq leading away at 8,009 big day for earnings as we continue earning season tonight after the bell one of the biggest of this week for sure Netflix checking in on Netflix ahead of that quite a pop today up 3% or $10 pretty interesting. We had negative action yesterday trading down to a low 342 We're already $17 above that price level 359 42 up 3% coming into earnings. Maybe somebody knows something maybe not We'll see we'll find out right after the closing bell checking in on the futures Quite a pullback when you look at where we were pre-market starting it off with the Dow early early in the day There's your opening bill 26,542 we're now off about 120 points from that level in the Dow Nasdaq 100 different story though Nasdaq Nasdaq holding on to most of those gains We did have a high after 10 a.m. This morning of 76 92 about 10 points off of that level But you can see the bounce that we just got in the last five minutes across the board with the Nasdaq spiking from 76 77 Now trading 76 83 There's your spike as well in the S&P's currently trading 29 14, but we were up there early in the day at about 29 20 Goal contract quite a day to the downside. We trade lower for most of the overnight We trade lower and extend those losses starting at 8 30 this morning gold trading at 12 77 36 crude oil 63 82 spike lower briefly just before 10 a.m. Eastern time this morning and the euro u.s. Dollar trading a bit lower on the euro Getting a bit of dollar strength euro trading 1 12 85 Terms of what else you have happening out there big day of earnings as we said United Health beating first-quarter profit estimates and raising its 2019 forecast you had Johnson and Johnson first-quarter earnings dropping pretty substantially, but they are the market like it What they have and Bank of America shares falling despite record profit So to jump over to those three stocks real quick. We'll start it off with United Health There's quite a slide in a reversal opened at almost 240 now down almost 2.6% and then we had Johnson and Johnson and Bank of America Johnson Johnson up about 2% Bank of America down about a quarter of a percent But what's down pretty much one stay tuned folks Steve Rhodes right now Dave white live at two and Larry Pezzamento live from three to five today. Have a great Tuesday


Harris, back in July, Jock talked about this as an experience that would kind of link all of you guys, just for having gone through it together with everything that was going on. Is that something he continued to emphasize while you guys were down there? And is that what it felt like? As far as, I'm sorry, I didn't really understand the question. As far as having a very unique experience that would kind of bond you guys and link you guys just for going through all this together at this particular time. Yeah, for sure. I think it was definitely a bonded experience. I think if you ask anybody who was a part of this, you know, bubble experience, I think they'll tell you the same thing.  I think we got a lot closer and I think that showed on the court each and every time we went up there or fall. Greg. Harris, you obviously had the lead dog roll down here in the bubble and next season will be very different with KD and Kyrie coming back.  What do you think you personally gained from this experience that will help you trying to fit in with them and what they need from you in the future? Yeah, well, obviously this was my first time being in that role, you know, for this extended amount of time, you know, I think my third year I was in that role before I got hurt. But obviously there was kind of, you know, more players around it was a more balanced attack. I think, you know, these past, you know, 12 games or so, I think I was the lead dog. And I gained a lot of experience from that, you know, the first couple of games, you know, even the scrimmage games, you know, I felt more comfortable, you know, in that role as the games went on, you know, I think in the regular games they showed the same and I think the playoffs, it was another step. And I think with more games, you gain more experience, but I think, you know, next year, with more people out there on the court, it'll be a lot easier for all of us. I think you kind of saw in the playoffs, they were kind of boxing one, double teaming, you know, triple teaming sometimes. I feel like next year they won't be able to do that. No one would be able to do that with the talent that we have on the court. And I think that, you know, just playing in this environment definitely gave, you know, everyone who played in a step up going into next year for sure. Brian? Hey, Karris, you talked about the talent. That's obvious that you guys are going to have next year, but there are going to be a lot of roster changes, obviously between today and training camp. How much would having Jacques back help continuity on a team that's obviously going to go through a lot of changes in this offseason? Be huge, be huge. I think if you ask anybody who was a part of, you know, JV's two games before the cutoff and then, you know, the whole experience here, I think they'll tell you that he's very deserving of the job. You know, he's done a great job down here of winning with less. And I think everybody saw that, you know, he brought the group together. We fought each and every night. And like I said, he, I think if you ask anybody, they'll tell you the same thing. And we're really proud of the job that he did. Probably the job that we did as a group, but I think he led us each and every night. He led us each practice. And it was good to see for sure. Preston. Hey, Carissa, you touched on it a little bit earlier, but obviously you've got K&D and Kyrie coming back next season, we hope at least, you know, what does that, or how does that change just everybody else's role on the floor when you've got two guys who are just such dominant scorers like that? And second, obviously, it sounds like you're about to be the third star on this team. What other type or what type of player do you think helps best, you know, or what type of player do you think you guys need to help push you guys towards championship content? Is there like a specific makeup of player that you think you guys might have to try to go get?  So, you know, playing with those guys, of course, gonna be wide open next year. I think we're all gonna be, you know, byproducts of, you know, them having a lot of attention on the court. And I think the sooner that we figure out how to play with each other, the better it's gonna be. But, you know, everyone has high basketball IQ, obviously, Katie and Kairi Spencer as well. Like I said, the more we play together and the quicker we play together, the more that, you know, we're gonna mesh, the quicker we're gonna mesh and I think it's gonna be a beautiful thing out there.


Hey everybody, let's see what the Yankees posted this week on social media. Let's start with Amy Kohl, who threw a straight heat and a slider to Garrett in their backyard. Like Garrett, Gary Sanchez was also getting some action behind the plate. Here's Yankees top prospect Jason Dominguez hitting off the tee. Another prospect, Clark Schmidt showing off the goods. And how about these workouts that switched it up, starting with a raucous Chapman who threw on the gloves, Ben Heller working with a medicine ball, and Luke Boyd sprinting uphill in his neighborhood. Some of these guys seem to be making the most of their time at home, like DJ LeMayhew, who showed off his stick skills, Mike Tockman baking like an absolute boss, and Adam Aduvino, who was supporting local businesses by crushing this sandwich for Milburn Deli. Now let's end these highlights with a bang. Here's Kyle Higashioka. Until next time, those are your Yankees social media highlights.


One, two, three! One, two, three! Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 533 and Marine Fighter Attack Squadrons 121 and 242 conducted a live-fire missile exercise with AIM-9X sidewinders off the southern coast of Japan. The pilots launched LUU-2 parachute flares as targets for the short-range, air-to-air, infrared-guided missiles more commonly known as heat seekers. The exercise was designed to increase weapon proficiency and enhance combat readiness within the squadrons. Reporting from Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan, I'm Marine Corporal Evan Jones.


We will have now an overview on Torch's image package. Image is the Torch 7 package for processing images. It allows us to save and load JPEGs, PNG, PPN, and PGMs. Allow us to do some easy transformations, like translation, scaling, rotation, horizontal, vertical, flip. We can also do parametrized transformations, like convolutions and warping. We can also draw some text and rectangles on images. And we are provided with a graphical user interface for displaying our images. Moreover, we can perform color space conversions from and to RGBs, YUV, Lab, and HSL. Finally, it provides us with constructors for creating Lena, Gaussian, and Laplacian kernels. We will see the following functions. We will start with Lua Rocks list and install to check whether the ENV package is installed in our system. Then we will meet our new REPL, which allows us to use the Qt libraries. And we will use it with the end library. Then we will learn how to load an image. We will also learn the Equal operator in the QLua interpreter. We will learn how to scale an image, how to display an image. How to make a copy, a deep copy of an image. How to replace the content of a plane, for example, with a specific value. Moreover, we will see a more advanced display where we can specify a title for the window, a zoom factor, the number of multiple images we would like to show per row, and how much space you would like to put between those images. Moreover, we will see how to extract this collection of images we just displayed. We will see how to save an image in more detail a PNG file. How to crop an image. We will see the names of some popular color space conversions. And then finally, we will see how to draw text on an image and how to draw a rectangle.  Let's say we have an image we would like to resize. In this tutorial, instead of using the report TH we have been using so far, we will be using QLua, which is a QT-enabled Lua shell. We shall check that the ENV package is installed on our machine. We can do so by typing LuaRocksListEnv and we can see that the ENV is installed on our machine. So let's open QLua-Lenv to load the library ENV, which provides our reply with nice functionalities. We can start by requiring the package image. Then we can have a variable ai equal image.load and then the name of the file ai.jpeg. In QLua we had to type an equal in order to have a result print on screen. So let's print the size of ai. ai has three planes, RGB, 1000 rows and 1500 columns. The type of ai is a double tensor. Let's say we would like to nicely visualize this image on our screen. Let's query the current resolution of my screen. On OSX I can do so by typing system profile, SP displayed data type and I can grab the resolution. And we have that the resolution is of 900 rows and 1440 columns. So we have that our image is higher and wider than the current screen. Let's resize our image to half of its dimension. So we can type ai.scale equal image.scale of our image ai. We can say half of its rows and half of its height. If we check now the dimensionality of a scale it's going to be three planes, 500 rows and 750 columns. We can now easily display this image on the screen. I can do so by typing image display and ai.scale And here is our image. Let's now check the content of green in this image. To do so let's go back to the terminal. Let's have ai.green equal ai.scale clone. In this way we made a deep clone of the ai.scale tensor. Otherwise you would have shared the same reference to the same tensor if you would have simply used the equal assignment operator. So ai.green again it's three planes, 500 rows, 750 columns. Let's take the first plane which is the red plane and fill it with zeros. Then RGB so let's take the third plane and also fill it with zeros. So now ai.green will have only content relative to the green channel. Let's visualize now the content of ai.green so image.display and I could simply type ai.green This time we change and we write curly bracket and then we have image equal ai.green legend equal green plane Let's check the result. Here we have the green content of the previous image. Let's say we would like to visualize both image on the same window. We can do so by typing image.display image equal the table of ai.scale and ai.green Then we have legend equal original and green plane and then let's put zoom equal 0.5 otherwise it won't fit. Let's check the result and here they are the original on the left-hand side and the green plane on the right-hand side. Let's display as well the other two channels perhaps below and on the right-hand side. Let's go back to the terminal. So let's have ai.red equal torch zeros of the size of ai.scale and then we copy over just the first plane equal ai.scale first plane and then we can have ai.blue equal torch.zeros ai.scale and then ai.blue RGB so B is the last one equal to ai.scale number three and now we can display all the four images so we can do image.display bracket and let's have image equal ai.scale and then we have ai RGB so R and then we have ai.green and then we have ai.blue and then let's put again the zoom equal 0.5 and let's set the number of rows to be two at most and then we write the legend which is going to be original and then we have i.red and below we have g and b close and let's check the result and here we have the four maps so we have the original image in the top left corner the red plane top right we can see that in the top right area there is glitter red where we have lots of green and as well here that we have mainly blue we have less red here the same way where we have more red here we can see that there is less green and then we can see in the yellow area there is basically in the red area there are not whatsoever blue values you can still see some spots here and here because they correspond to the bright white of those spots let's say we are satisfying with our result and we would like to save the content of this screen so let's go back we can convert this collection of images into one image by using a very similar function let's go to the beginning and instead of having display we have image to display tensor instead of having image we put input and then at the beginning we are going to have our output image and we can press enter now if we would like to display to be sure it is correct we can go image.display image equal output image so equal 0.5 and legend equal output and let's check so here we have that the output image are those four brains glued together let's save this image on our desktop so let's go back to the terminal we can do so by issuing the command image.save let's save in png perhaps initially we open a jpeg image and now we are saving a png so we can easily convert among different images format so let's put here the name and we have four glued brains .png and then we can insert our image we would like to save we said we would like to save it on the desktop so we can do this top slash four glued brains enter if you go back on the desktop we can see here that we have our four glued brains png and we can open it let's say now we would like to extract the top lift quadrant of our newly generated image so let's print first the size of our image which is three planes an RGB image so a color image with 1000 lines and 1500 columns let's save now our crop image equal image.crop of our output image from the 00 coordinate so top lift quadrant to the 1500 divided by 2x coordinate from 1000 divided by 2y coordinate we can check now the dimensionality which is actually a color image so three planes 500 rows and 750 columns we can now display this image to be sure we have cropped the right one so image display image equal crop image and then legend equal cropped and we can check the result now and there we go the cropped image there are many more transformations we can apply to our image we can have a list of all transformations by typing image.taptap we can see crop we can see horizontal flip we can also see vertical flip we can also see HSL to RGB and HSV to RGB or RGB to HSL RGB to HSV and RGB to LAB also RGB to NRGB and RGB to Y so black and white and RGB to YUV we can rotate the image we can save in different format like GMP and GMPPM as we saw we can scale our image and then also one interesting one is from a gray scale to a jet color map I wrote some time ago let's finish now by trying the lana function which returns an image that has been widely used in the computer vision field we can simply display this image by typing image.display and here she is finally let's see how to write some text and draw some rectangles on our images this is very important for writing labels and bounding boxes image draw text on image lana and we have hello new line word add coordinate and here we have image.display and if we check the result we have lana and the string hello word in the top left corner add the position 10px we can change now for example the position and color and size let's do the same and in here we can do 20px for example and then we have color equal 0 2550 and then we may have size equal 5 and if we check the result we have our hello word in green and bigger character we can try one more variation so let's go up and then let's also add here the ground color equal perhaps red 255 0 green font on red background finally we can learn how to draw a bounding box so let's go back here image.display and open parenthesis then let's go image draw rectangle and then we have image.lana coordinate 200 and then 370 and 400 and then we have some specifications for example we can have line with equal 5 and then we can have color equal perhaps green so let's close this guy and let's close this one and let's see our result so there we go we have a bounding box on lana's face


Good morning, and welcome to a new day. This is Scott from depression to expression and Before we get out of bed this morning Before we rush on with our days and and our thoughts So I need to stay in bed and relax where you are for the moment now. You may not be feeling fantastic You may not have a lot of energy You may not even want to get out of bed this morning, and that's okay We have time let's take our time Let's get our body and mind ready to get out of bed and to start our day right Because let's think about it You've been in bed for let's say six to eight hours. Maybe even ten hours. The body hasn't really moved and The mind has been fairly unconscious So give yourself some time now what we're gonna do is we're just gonna open our eyes And start to blink Just open them and close them open them and close them.  Let's start to wiggle our toes Up down and around Maybe move your ankles Now let's feel those fingertips feel your fingers wiggle those around start rotating your wrists circles Just getting the body warmed up while we're still in bed now with your neck Maybe on the pillow your head still on the pillow. Let's just go side to side right side stretch and the left side stretch and now what we're going to do is we're gonna take three deep breaths through the nose and Out the mouth because while we're sleeping We're usually doing shallow breaths What we want is to get some nice fresh oxygen in our body and our mind To really get the day going So what we're gonna do now is breathe through the nose on the count of three one two three and breathe Inhale and exhale through the mouth and again, let's inhale through the nose and Exhale out the mouth and one more time Let's make it a big one through the nose and exhale out the mouth perfect And you can probably already feel yourself be a little more awake. Let's keep those eyes open You can continue to move your fingers around maybe roll side to side on the mattress or couch or floor wherever you're sleeping Just get the body warmed up. Now as I said in the beginning you may not be feeling great this morning It may be hard to get out of bed There are very few people who wake up in the morning and really jump out of bed and are excited in the wee hours of the morning So it's okay that if you're tired It's okay. If you're Maybe not feeling up to the day Why don't you just think of a few things? While we're getting ready and while we're still lying down And continue to breathe and wiggle your toes and fingers while we just think about a few things I want you to think about What you're grateful for before we start the day before we get all busy and our minds start racing Think about three things that you're grateful for right now I'll give you an example I'm grateful for The shower that I'm about to have in the morning I'm grateful for The train ride to work Because the train I take is very quiet and relaxing and it's a great way to start the morning Also grateful for my dog who greets me every morning With a smile and a lick So I'd like to ask you to think of three things you're grateful for The next thing I want you to think about is What would make today a? great day When you go to bed tonight Can you look back on today? Will you be able to look back and think today was a good day? Even if you just do one thing That makes you happy even if you do one thing That you're scared of or that that challenged you or one thing that made someone else smile Think about one thing that you can do today. This can be Going to the gym Walking to work instead of taking the car. This can be smiling to a stranger or giving someone on the street corner a little bit of change Think about one thing you can do today That will make you or someone else happy Now remember to keep wiggling those toes and wiggling your body and getting ready for the day What we're gonna do now is we're gonna sit up straight On your bed if it's against your wall you can put your back against your wall or just Sit upright lean on the pillow and what we're going to do now So I'm going to Give you a few affirmations and if you can just repeat these Quietly you can whisper them you can say them in your head you can say them loudly if you're feeling energetic already Completely up to you. You're in control when you repeat these things.  I am grateful for my life I feel great But myself Today is a beautiful day. I will have control today. I will do my best today I am going to allow myself to enjoy this day Today is a beautiful day today is A beautiful day today is a beautiful day now with those affirmations Let's get out of bed take your time Scooch over to the edge of your bed and you can stand up and remember you can keep wiggling those fingers stretching your neck Do some more deep breaths There's no rush this morning take your time Allow the body and the mind to warm up remember those affirmations through the day in the morning You are who you are and you deserve this day You are who you are and You deserve this day have yourself a wonderful day Stay strong. Keep being you


You would have noticed that many a times dogs chase, run after, speeding vehicles, cars, motorcycles, etc.  As soon as one came, he would just run down the road, barking and trying to overtake it. One day a neighbour asked the farmer, Do you think that your dog is ever going to catch a car which he is chasing, running after, trying to overtake? The farmer replied that that is not what bothers me. What bothers me is what he could do if he ever caught one. Many people in life behave like that dog who is pursuing meaningless goals. Be very clear about your goals in life and career. Don't be impulsive or random. Those efforts will just waste you completely. Life is hard by the yard as they say, but by the inch it's a clinch.


Hey again everyone, it's Cody. Upgrading your car can be confusing, especially if you're brand-new to modifying. In our first video, we discussed what the access port is, what it does, and we learned that a tune is the easiest modification you can make to your car. But now that you have an access port, what's next? Well, there are numerous parts that will incrementally add power to your car, but looking at all of these parts, the question arises, what modification should I perform first, second, or third? And does it really matter in what order I perform those upgrades? The short answer is yes, it does, but every car is different. So while one car may need an intercooler first, another car may need a downpipe first. Installing the actual part though is only half the process. Every time we add a new part, the ECU must be reflashed so that we can make the necessary adjustments to the engine. Now this is crucial because upgraded components change the parameters of what the ECU sees as well as what's physically happening inside of the engine. If the ECU is not made aware of these parameter changes, then it can't make the necessary adjustments to take advantage of what that part can do and the engine won't run properly. Confused yet? Well, don't worry. Through extensive research and development, Cobb has created upgrade paths that maximize power gains each step of the way with both hard parts and off the shelf maps that are specifically created for each part or combination of parts. Each vehicle we support is first brought on to our research and development dyno, where Cobb engineers learn about the car, its quirks, its strengths, and more importantly, its weaknesses or things on the car that limit power increases. Once those weaknesses have been identified, the engineers begin rigorous testing where hard parts are created and installed to find the right order and combination for the best incremental power gains. At the same time, maps are created and tested to retune the ECU so that it supports and takes advantage of each part. From these results, Cobb is able to create the upgrade path of staged packages that have all of the necessary components required to slowly upgrade your car or purchase a full-staged package with all the maps and parts available. So, what exactly is the upgrade path? Take your stock car. Get an access port. Flash car. Car and driver are happy. Get the first stage package. Install hard parts and reflash with the appropriate off-the-shelf map. Car and driver are happier. Get the next stage package. Install hard parts and reflash with the appropriate off-the-shelf map. Car and driver are even happier. And repeat until all the packages are complete. Car and driver are bursting at the seams is static. So what kind of power gains can you expect from your car? Log on to CobbTuning.com and look for your stage package to learn more. And that's it. It can't get much easier than that. Cobb invests thousands of man-hours to painstakingly go through each vehicle, design and test parts and then create maps to support those parts. And we do all of this to make the upgrade process as easy and painless for you as possible with the end goal of making your car that much more fun to drive. Are you an advanced gearhead that likes to make custom tunes? Well, then check out our next video where we'll explore what options advanced users have through access port and access tuner.


Our show tonight is awesome. Thank you for coming to it. I'm just gonna start bringing up geniuses here to dabble you. The first person is Wonder Dave, a writer and performer from Minneapolis, Minnesota who's now living here. He's toured the country performing at poetry venues, schools, cabarets, science fiction conventions, jealous, burlesque shows and bowling alleys. You can find him online on YouTube and at wonderdave.com. And right here, right now, here's Wonder Dave.  Yes, okay. Let's not continue. I like the definitive yes. I was enthusiastic. God is the bouncer at this strip joint where I tend bar. Everyone calls him tiny. He is not big on formality. The ladies here giggle with me, but when trouble comes, they stand just behind God's left shoulder. About half the dancers in this dive are fine. The ones that aren't break God's heart every time.    Our tattooed bouncer rests calmly in the center. The traveling men here walk past him, their sweatpants ready to become stained cotton alters. The ladies call them perverts in the back room. Sweat mixes with knockoff perfume. A table in sniffer's row is sticky with ginger ale and rum. We close up, wipe down. God locks the front door and waits. After hours, me and the dancers sneak shots of rail liquor. The burning sparks laughter in our hollow throats and no one notices how fast the cheap stuff gets low. God never joins us. He just walks out with the broken girl of that evening, her mascara threatening to crack her painted doll face. I wonder if they offer him blowjobs and I wonder if God takes them. I think though that God is a better man, driving them home while they're too drunk as they quietly cry whiskey in his car. His round belly pressed against the steering wheel, empty soda cans litter his floor and make the air too sweet. The ladies ogle at God's tattooed sleeves. There is a galaxy on his left arm. A tiger fighting a gorilla on his right. A wooden Christian cross on his left shoulder blade. A jungle full of flowers from calf to ankle. He's never explained any of them. None of us want to be in this bar. We stare at the galaxy on God's arm and wish on stars that we don't have to raise our heads to see.  His solo play homeless won best solo performance at the San Francisco Fringe Festival. Please welcome Rotimi. Sometimes I walk into a gay bar and it's like an Abba song. Take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance, take a chance on me.  Look at me like you would look at someone you might want to get to know a little better, huh? In that future boyfriend kind of way. Because I came in here tonight with a dream. There's a somebody I'm longing to see. I hope that he turns out to be someone to walk. I'm a little lamb who's lost in the wood. I know I could oh, be so good to one who walk. I have such dreams, such magnificent dreams. Dreams that quicken the pounding of my swelling heart. These dreams are of you. You who will envelop me with understanding, recognition, appreciation, desire, love. But why do I get the feeling that I'm not in your dreams? That no one who looks like me is in your dreams. This is why I can't get laid. To be young, furry and white. Oh, that's not it. That's not how that song goes. That is definitely not how that song goes. But sometimes when I look at what my gay boy world tells me is attractive, I can't help but wonder if perhaps the rest of the world is singing that version of the song. Someday he'll come along. The man I love and he'll be big and strong. The man I love and when he comes my way I'll do my best to make him stay. He'll look at me and smile I'll understand. In a little while he'll take my hand and though it seems absurd I know we both won't say a word. How is attraction formed? Where do we get ideas of what is desirable? You know what makes someone a viable partner? I think to consider someone a potential mate. You have to imagine that they have an inner life that is as complete and as complex as yours. And complimentary to yours. What kind of fag am I? Am I a twink or bear? A jock and otter or the boy next door won't someone tell this queer? Why boys get to be twinks, bears, cubs, otters, squirrels? And yes, you know, queers of color can identify with these groups. But girl, when was the last time you saw a picture of some bear or a cub somewhere on a poster that wasn't white? And then I understand that these categories are reductive and very problematic in their own ways. But I think they give a sense that certain people have all these opportunities for self-expression. They give a sense of that you can feel connected to someone because you share common proclivities or interests. But when you look at me and the first and perhaps only label that pops in your head is black, I think you limit my humanity to your idea of blackness. An idea that is no doubt influenced by our historically Eurocentric American narrative. A narrative that very often has defined me as the other. I think you fall in love with a person. Can you really truly love an idea? And what does it mean to be black in America? What do they call me? My skin is black, my arms are long, my hair is woolly, my back is strong, strong enough to take the pain, inflicted again and again, what do they call me?  Anyone who has money to buy, what do they call me? My name is Sweet Thing, my skin is brown, my manner is tough, I'll kill the first mother I see, my life has been rough, I'm awfully bitter these days, because my parents were slaves, what do they call me? My name is Rotimi, it's Rotimi. I mean it's actually ideally pronounced Rotimi, but that's difficult for American tongues to pronounce. So Rotimi is fine. It's a Yoruba name. It means stay with me. I would love for you to get to know me. Thank you.    It won't drive you crazy.  At first it will look like Judy Garland's shoes crawling onto their feet, then cement blocks of moondust, then a Hudson River of disco ball.  Our next performer is Aya De Leon. She's a writer, performer working in poetry fiction and hip-hop theater. She's currently working on a sexy feminist heist novel and The Puffy Hair Project, a children's book for people whose hair defies gravity. Aya is awesome. Aya is the director of June Jordan's Poetry for the People program teaching poetry spoken word and hip-hop at UC Berkeley. She's a guest blogger for Bitch Magazine, Mother Magazine, My Brown Baby, Movement Strategy Center, and Mothership Hacker Moms. Please welcome Aya De Leon. Thank you.  Right. That's my life. Okay. I want to start out reading a little bit of the sort of the description, what I call my community description of the sex worker heist novel that I'm working on. Okay.  But 10 years and a few lucky breaks later, she might find herself with an online degree in bookkeeping and an entry-level job at a women's health clinic for sex workers. But what happens to a financial genius nearly a decade later when she's running the health clinic and the economy tanks? She might start an escort service on the side to make ends meet. And what if one of the girls starts escorting a client to houses of rich corporate CEOs involved in a sex trafficking scandal? What if those CEOs have wall safes? A financial genius might use the escorts to case the apartments to do a little safe-cracking because sometimes the best donor to a nonprofit is the unintentional donor. And financial genius Marisol Rivera will do whatever it takes to keep the clinic doors open, including attempting a daring heist of a high-profile billionaire with her badass call girl team. If they succeed, the team and the clinic could be set for life, but there are so many ways her plan could go wrong. Still, Marisol has got to try it because the society keeps churning out brown girls with more curves than cash and more prospects for pimps and sugar daddies than college professors. Somebody's got to level the playing field a little. This novel takes the racist, sexist cliché of the Puerto Rican hooker and turns it on its head. Then shakes all the money out of its pockets and gives it to la gente. Look, miss, the man said, I just tell who they say. You need to tell your boss that we're taking the van. I am the boss, Marisol said, and if you wrongfully remove this vehicle, I'll sue your company in a heartbeat. This van is part of a city public health effort. I got the mayor's office on speed dial. That's right, yelled the girl with the nails. Defiende la tuya.  Muttering to himself, he stalked around the cab and pulled out a cell phone. Marisol stayed close to the van, which had been hoisted most of the way onto the tow truck bed. The baby squirmed and fussed in the carrier, and he reached up and played with the locket around her neck. Yeah, puppy. She said, opening the locket to reveal a girl with two puffy blonde pigtails and a missing front tooth. You see that girl? That's Cristina, my little sister. Cristina had been more like a daughter in many ways.  From the beginning, Marisol had often watched the baby while their mother worked, and when their mother died, Marisol fell solidly into the role. After Cristina had left for college, the sisters had managed to see each other at least once a year. Since beginning med school, Marisol had always flown her sister to New York for winter break until this year, when Marisol couldn't afford it. Feeling the soft skin of the baby in her arms, Marisol had a sudden bitter ache in her chest. Cristina was her only family, the only person who really mattered in the entire world. Suddenly, the engine started with a rumble.  She handed the child toward the tall girl from the outreach team, holed him. The stunned girl took the baby, and he began to wail. Marisol kicked off her heels and handed them to the redhead. She was not about to lose her invincibility shoes, either. Marisol scrambled onto the back of the tow truck and opened the van door. Give me the baby! She yelled down to the tall girl. You want me to... Now! Marisol yelled, stretching both hands out. The startled girl handed back the screaming baby. Marisol slid into the van's passenger seat and locked the door behind her, just as the tow guy came around from the cab of the truck. He was carrying brake lights to stick on the van.  The tow guy yelled over the noise of the engine and the child. Marisol rolled the window down a crack. Watch your language in front of the baby, she said, as if she hadn't just been cursing. You need to get down from there. He said, it's not safe. I'll tell you what's not safe, Marisol said, jiggling the boy on her knees. Women working on the street with no healthcare, which is why we have a city contract to provide a van with all these services for girls who can't make it to the clinic. I'm calling the police. He said, fine. She said, I'm calling the leasing company. She pulled out her phone and dialed, may I please speak with Nelly? I'm sorry, forget it. She said, just give me the manager on duty. As she waited on hold, she walked to the back of the van carrying the baby. Are you teething, Papi? She got him a tongue depressor and he began to chew on it. The manager came on the line. Marisol Rivera, executive director of the Maria de la Vega clinic on the Lower East Side, there's been a mistake with the van. We're leasing, they're trying to repossess the vehicle. No mistake, he said, you're late on your payments. You've been late every month since June of last year. No, Marisol said evenly. Nelly and I have an arrangement. I spoke with her just last week and confirmed that I would have the payment tomorrow. We have no record of that. He said, put Nelly on the phone, Marisol said. She no longer works here. Well, she was working for you last week and I entered into a verbal contract with her as a rep of your company. I have her cell number and I'm sure she'd be willing to testify to that in court. Why are you making such a big deal, he said? You can get it back tomorrow once you pay along with a late payment fee and a repo processing fee. We've got tens of thousands of dollars of medical equipment in here. You repossess the van and I'll sue you for at least 50,000. Besides, your driver can't take the van away anyway since I'm sitting in it. The van is on the tow truck, the guy scoffed, with me sitting in it. You're what? With a baby on my lap, Marisol said, looking down at the child who was happily chewing the tongue depressor so the van isn't going anywhere. You're just wasting everybody's time, he said. We'll send someone for the van later tonight and don't try to hide it because they all have GPS locators. Fine, Marisol laughed. It'll be driving all over Manhattan for the rest of the night. This van serves thousands of clients every week. You want your repo guy to watch Urban Health Care in action? Be my guest. But I told Nelly I'd have the money for you tomorrow morning and I will. I'll even bring it in cash so there's no question and I'm not paying any late fees. Let's be clear. The guy said Nelly doesn't work here anymore. You have a history of late payments and from now on you need to pay on time. Fine, she said and please confirm that for this month I can pay tomorrow. No late fees as Nelly agreed. This month only, he said. Great, Marisol said. Now you and I have a verbal contract which I recorded on my phone. Is 9 a.m. good for you? All right, so. Chapter one. We have one more performer and I'm so psyched to be here. It's Cheeming Bowie. He's an animator, artist, author and Ted award recipient who's best known for his Sharpie drawings on foam coffee cups. For many years he's entertained a loyal throng of readers through his diary blog, I Am Bowie. His best-selling graphic novel, When I Was a Kid, is a hilarious and poignant memoir about growing up in Malaysia, a sort of prequel to his current daily blog. This is very modest bio.  It's very exciting to be here tonight. Please welcome Cheeming Bowie. If you are terrible at math in Malaysia, you will automatically go into art, you know. So that kind of worked out for me because that was what I've always wanted to do. So I came to study animation in the States. I got lucky, I guess, and I landed my job at a game company. And I have decided to take a break from it and see the world. I am going to take Route 66 to Chicago. I do not have a backup plan. I don't know what is in store. I don't know. There will be nothing familiar to me except my cups and the car. Just go along with whatever comes my way. And this one's called Failing Math, which is, by the way, if you are Asian and you fail math, it's a terrible thing. The whole neighborhood knows about it. And for me, it was a village. When I was a kid, I hated math.  We were supposed to be good at math. Well, not me. I sucked at it. I was okay at geometry, but only because he had drawings and shapes. I hated math questions with stories, like John bought some rulers from a bookstore. He gave Mary three. What is the length of Mary's hair? Anyway, I was always nervous during math exams. I knew I was either going to fail or just barely pass. Usually after the exam, I would hear students talk about answers for the questions. I wrote 16.27. Me too. I was usually wrong. The papers took a week to be graded. When I knew that we would be getting it back, I usually couldn't sleep the night before because I was so scared. Once I got 46 out of 100, I desperately checked the papers for errors on the teacher's part. I found one, stood and passed. And at the time I got 51 and I thought I passed, but it was out of 110. Bastards! The bus ride home that day was extremely long. I thought about the hell I would be going through. It also didn't help that my sis was actually really good at math. My dad often gave me silent treatments after seeing my score that would last for about two weeks. I was really good at art, but no one appreciated that. When I was a kid, I remember the first time my mum told me that she was taking me to the hospital to get a shot. It's not painful, she said. Funny thing was, I never asked. I also buy you a toy after, she added. My mum would sell them this generous, but I was too young to read into her schemes. I just thought that it was my lucky day.  And when you're that young, an injection is like getting stabbed with a knife. I remember feeling very betrayed. How could you, man? I'm your son. Then I got my toy and it was all okay. The stories are as random as this. When I was a kid, I would watch TV and sometimes I would see ads for Disneyland. It would show some dad telling his kids that they were going to Disneyland and then they would be so happy and they would jump up and down their beds in slow-mo, of course.  But I never got very high because the bed was just awful. It was actually just a big sheet of dishwashing sponge. It's true. We don't have fancy mattress that you guys have in the States. However, my parents' bed worked great. I found out later that it was because it was a spring mattress. But my mum would sense that I was having fun and she would tell me to stop jumping because I would ruin her mattress. I remember one time my mum told me and my sis that my uncle would be visiting us from Thailand and he got a hotel room in Singapore and we were going to spend the night there.  It was awesome. It was also the first time I opened the door in the room and I saw another door. It's open, but it's still closed. I was very confused. Years later, I watched The Matrix and I saw a scene where Morpheus opened a door and it was a brick wall and it reminded me of that hotel room. Thank you very much. If I were Harry Potter, I would wake up in the morning and think I must find the Horcruxes to fulfill the prophecy to defeat Lord Voldemort. Things are not so spelled out for this guy. If I were Buffy the Vampire Slayer, I would wake up in the morning and think what should I do today? I guess I'll go slay some vampires since it is in my official title and all. If I were the last airbender, I would wake up and think, why did they cast all white people in my movie?  And then, I'd go master the four elements and defeat the Fire Nation. If I were Sailor Moon, I'd wake up in the morning and try to stop Queen Barrel from... Whatever it is Sailor Moon villains are trying to accomplish. The show is very confusing. I'd also wonder why whenever I'm speaking English, the lesbian sailor couple refers to each other as cousins also messed up. If I were Frodo Baggins, I'd be like, are we there yet? But screw those heroic jerks because I am not them. I wake up in the morning and think, dear God, why am I risen before the sun? Or, dear God, why do I have to pay such expensive rent? It's because I live in San Francisco. Or, dear God, why do I wake up so early that my brain kind of forgets I'm an atheist? My point is, why must I... That was a really good joke, guys. Thank you for being there for me.  I wake up in the morning... Stop and talk. I wake up in the morning... My point is, why must I wake up each morning not knowing my ultimate destiny? Why is each step I take a step towards my mundane restaurant job as opposed to a step on my path to defeating my nemesis in an act of dark vengeance for the good of all mankind? Instead, I've spent my life giving mankind food which is neutral good, I suppose. My point is, I don't know what I'm doing with my life and fiction has failed me and this is perhaps adulthood's first great disappointment. The second disappointment is that if you ever do something great the credits don't start rolling. You have to keep doing stuff afterwards. And at this point, I think that maybe I should have ended this poem on that line about disappointment. It could have been a really sick closer but also would have been kind of a downer and that's not really my scene. I then think that maybe I should turn this poem into an uplifting poem about personal growth but I'm a deeply cynical person. Then, I think maybe this meandering discussion of endings I have forced you, dear audience, into with me is perhaps the perfect metaphor for my current state of being. However, if that is the perfect metaphor the universe has deigned to give me I feel a bit ripped off and just when I think I won't be able to find an ending to this poem I find it in fiction because sometimes life is corny. I remember the immortal words of Stephanie Brown. She was the fourth Robin and the third Batgirl in case my previous references were far too accessible. In the final issue of her cancelled series she says, it's only over if you want it to be. Here we go. That's all the time we have for this program. It's all over now so everybody has a chance to go hit the back of the room where there are books for sale and t-shirts for sale. There's some radar stuff. There's stuff from our performers and there's also a sign up list so that you can get an email every month that tells you about what's happening at Radar. Next month we have Katelyn Donahue who's a writer for Rookie and one of the founders of AHDM for you, a new media site. Micah Sigourney who's a performer and a poet has some new poems. Dax Tran Caffee who is a performance artist and like a puppeteer who has his first graphic novel he's going to be showing and Shanti Sakaran, the author of The Prayer Room. And here's another thing. If you are a writer who has not ever read at Radar we're having a Radar slam at the Dolores Park Cafe on January 17th and the winner will get a slot in Radar. It's free. I think it'll be really fun. So you can find us on Facebook or if you sign up we'll send you an email about it. And thanks Library. And thanks to Amanda Verwey whose name is not Bubbles. She's Radar's managing director.


Hello everybody, welcome back to another AI video and this one going to show you how to remove the background of any video using AI and for free. That's right. This is a free tool right now and I'm going to show you step by step how to do it. Now here we go. We've got this boxer dog here with sunglasses on just chilling like a villain. And then we've got this strange little AI stuff in the background. As you can imagine, this was not the original video. The original video is this one right here of the bulldog or a part of me of the boxer. And there he is doing his boxer thing.  So with all that said, let's start from scratch, go back to projects. First thing it is on runwayml.com. I'll put a link in the description below, but it's a free tool. You get up to three projects and it renders out free, although it's only in 720p at the moment. So keep that in the back of your mind. It's high definition, but not super high definition. All right, here we go. The first step is you want to go here and we're going to go to the AI magic tools. You don't want to click on new project. You want to click on AI magic tools. When you do that, you get a whole bunch of stuff that you can do. I'm going to go down here near to the bottom and you'll see one that says replace background. This is what we want. Click on it and presto. It's going to load up some assets here and we're going to get a timeline and all that fancy stuff. Now the next step is if you don't have the footage already loaded, you want to go to your finder and then we're going to go to, I think we're in the movies and then drag and drop in the movie that you want. So in this case, I would take this bolder or the boxer part of me and just drag and drop him in there. That said, I have already done it. So it's already loaded here, but that is the step if you're following along and you can see it's uploading the next step. I'm going to click on it and then I'm just going to go ahead and click over here and go add to timeline presto. It loads the doggie up and this is the video that we're using, but you can follow along with any video of your choice. Now on the right side here, you're going to see click an area to start masking. So I am going to just click and it basically adds points and then in a few split seconds, you'll see that it just sort of blasts out the point. So this did a very good job, but it missed top of the puppy's melon. So I'm going to add a point here and it's looking pretty good. And maybe I'll just add one down here just so there's, you know, doesn't get any mistakes later on in the video. Now you will notice if you are very, very eagle-eyed that there is a little bit of a gap between the ear and the body here at the first frame. So what I'm going to do over here is I'm going to click on this refine and then you're going to see here that when I click on the brush here that I can go ahead and increase or decrease the size of the brush and I can kind of brush that out. So this is an advanced technique and you may not have to do it, but I'll show you anyway. I've decreased the brush size to about five here and then you'll see I've got this little tiny brush and I'm just going to go in there and brush. And actually I'm going to switch it from include to exclude. You can include things if you have something over here that you want to include and you can exclude things. So I'm going to switch it to exclude and off we go. I'm just going to take out that little bit in piece. I did a little bit too much there. So I'm going to switch back to include and here we go. This is just fine tuning it, something like that. Now once we've got a general feel for it, I'm going to click on preview and we're going to see what we get. So here it goes. It's loading it up and now it's going to tell me what we masked out and how we're doing. So a quick look at this. This looks pretty good actually. It's done a pretty good job. You know what? If you need to refine a little more here in the edge, you can go ahead and do that, but I showed you the technique. I just want to get this going to show you how it's done. So once you're happy with it and this is pretty good, you can now go here, move the playhead to the beginning and I'm going to go ahead and click on replace background. And when you do that, you're going to get back shot into a timeline here. And now the first step before you start changing things is you actually want to take this image here or this video and move it up to video track 2. It's very important because the background is going to go on the lower layer and you generally always want that at the bottom. So I've moved this up to track 2. Now we can go ahead and add in another video or a still shot or a color. In this case, I'm going to load in, I would load in one of these cool videos that I found here. So I've got this one here that I drag and dropped in earlier. This is like some sort of weird AI creature. I don't know what it is. I'm just going to move it to video track 1 right there. And oh, I missed. I missed it. I got to go to video track 1. Sorry about that. There we go. And then I'm just going to move it to the beginning. And now watch. We've got our cool cucumber puppy dog doing his or her thing on top of that cool background. Remember, you can always move things. So if I wanted to, oops, I'll click out of that. If I want to move the old puppy over here, for example, I can go ahead and do that and I can just double click on it and I can decrease the increase the size, et cetera, et cetera, standard stuff that you would get in any video editor. But that's how you remove a background. And when you're done, just click on export and it's free to go. Thanks for watching.


While understanding the overall aspects of the system architecture evolution, it is important to understand how various protocols have played the role in implementing the overall architecture. And these protocols work through various interfaces which are established between different endpoints. In the module that we are going to take now, and subsequently few other modules, we are going to look at the system architecture implementation and evolution through different protocols and various kinds of hardware and software interfaces. Let's start our discussion a little bit about what gateways are we most familiar with, which play the role in implementing the all IP environment into the evolved packet core. So as we understand so far, the most important interfaces that have played the role is the serving gateway and the packet data network gateway. So we are going to look at their roles which are implemented through various protocols and interfaces. The lines you see here either dotted or colored coming from different modules starting from the mobile terminals through the UTRAN and its variants to the evolved packet core and then to the external networks including the IP and non IP networks. These lines actually show the interactions between different network elements. So these lines are actually referring to different interface implementations. The evolved packet core consists of some very important gateways, the serving gateway and the packet gateway being the most important ones. They have their roles in the control plane as well as the user plane. We are going to emphasize their roles according to different protocols and functionalities. Some common denominators of these gateways are these gateways implement switching as well as routing. And these gateways implement the quality of service enforcement and the policy and charging rule function enforcement through the enforcement points. So it means the serving gateway and the packet data network gateway that we call in a summarized manner as packet gateway. These act as the policy enforcement points. The scope of the policy and QS enforcement actually varies significantly from the serving gateway to the packet gateway. Serving gateway is the first gateway that comes on the way from the user equipment towards the external network. That is why it acts more at the packet level. So we say that the serving gateway implements quality of service and the charging functionality at the packet level. The packet gateway which is the external or closer to internet gateway implements the quality of service and charging functionality at the service level. Now the charging functionality which is implemented at the packet gateway level is consolidated as a charging report. It means that the service is charged after the service is executed fully. While executing the service multiple packets could flow from the user equipment towards the packet gateway and vice versa. The serving gateway actually has interfaces with the 3GPP RANs, non-3GPP RANs such as the EUTRAN for LTE, for EUTRAN for 3G radio access networks, for 2G networks which provide data connectivity through the edge service known as GIRAN. So the serving gateway for all of these acts like an anchoring point. When we say anchor point it means it is with regards to mobility management. So whenever the traffic is going to be generated from one radio site and is going to enter into another radio site, the serving gateway is going to act as an anchor. So this anchor is now known as MAP for inter-3GPP services. And for non-3GPP since now we are involving protocols, specifications, radio standards which are related to the IP connectivity access networks which are non-3GPP. This could include the ITF and IEEE standard. The mobility anchor point is of relatively higher scope. So that is why the packet gateway is now going to serve as MAP.


The Wheel of Mud. Malibu Edition. Do you want to go for a walk? Oh, is that so? Oh yeah, I'll get that butt of yours. Huh? I will get your butt. I'll get your butt. Give me that butt. Wanna go for a walk? Sit. Shit. Shit. Shit. Good girl. Okay, you get your butt out of there. Stay a bit. Sheesh. Oh, Foobert. Get your bottom in there. So me and Chase had like four different events that we needed to be in Los Angeles for. So rather than do four different flights, we just got an Airbnb and we're staying here for like a week. Malibu, Foobert. Good walk. Look at the guap. She's so pretty. What are you slaving? She's having a good walk. Down, up, down, up. Yup, we're money. This is an essential Wheel of Mud episode. A lot has happened since the last one. I'm glad I waited. Let's hop in. All right, boys. Let's iron out the most important thing right away, which is the brand new guy here, Justin Jefferson. If you didn't watch the Vikings Bills game, I'm so sorry. That was one of the coolest games I've ever seen my whole life. Me and Chase, all the boys are watching it. We're on the absolute edge of our seats. It was insane. And the Justin Jefferson prestige is paying off. He's been an amazing wide receiver ever since we got him. And take a look at him compared to himself. He is tied with Chris Johnson for the fastest card in the game. 94 jumping, accurate, after seeing that one-hand catch. Spectacular catch at 95. It's so insane at this point in the year. There are golden tickets at the end of some Madden's with 95 spec catch. His catching is 91. His catching traffic is 90. Low key, I think that's a little low. But they probably didn't want to make this card too good. Routron's all above 90, which is amazing. He's just a beast all around. So since this is a prestige Justin Jefferson, we are always entitled to the best version available. Which means I get a new Justin Jefferson. We absolutely need some abilities on this Justin Jefferson. He has five buckets.  So let's see what he's got. So you can get deep in elite for one AP. I use deep out elite more. But oh my God, you can get both. I'm going to give him route tech.  And then I'll go deep in elite because it's only one AP. I'm going to give him double me. But now I got to switch some stuff around and that puts me one AP over the limit. I really don't need bulldozer on a Koye anymore. I never really needed it. And we should probably give Montana something. Montana's not my favorite. He's close to protective. But he needs to be a 92 overall. Damn. Just give him identifier so I can see the opponent's user. And running gun is my favorite ability. Defensively, I really like how my abilities are. I just got to keep sending Michael off the edge. But I like my defense right now. I am legends top heavy. I'm usually not, but I'm legends top heavy. I'm really glad we got Justin Jefferson because that kind of evens it out. Let's get our wheel spin, baby. We got to start building this team. Yo, McPhee. You want to do a guest spin? This is Tito's revenge tour.  Bro, do you remember when I showed you that clip of me losing to Hail Mary? Yes. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I showed, when I lost that Hail Mary game on, that was game one of this season of Wheel of Mine. So I already have a loss. I already have a loss. But I won last game, so we're one-on-one. Here we go, baby. Little McPhee wheel spin. It's got to be a heater. Right there. What does that say? Oh, we're having Twitter.com pick. All right, this is actually not a bad one at all. Twitter picks an 89. All right, but we get to choose the four that we pick out of, if that makes sense. You know what I mean? So we're going to pick our four favorite 89 World Players admin team, and then we're going to have Twitter poll it and they get to choose out of those. Warnsep and the refrigerator are probably our two options there. Now we need some online choices. There is Trace Smith right guard. Right guard. Bruce Smith looks dope. Yeah.  If I had a choice like if I could choose out of those four, I think I want Trace Smith the most because my offensive line is just trash. But since it's Twitter, I think people are probably going to choose like their favorite player or someone like exciting. So I don't think Trace Smith is going to get picked.  The fridge won in an absolute landslide. It wasn't even close. Dude, he cooked them. 88 blocks, she had 90 power moves. 90 power moves is really good. 90 strength, 91 excel.  All right, good start to the app. I'll take that. Come on, baby. Come on, baby. Come on, baby. Come on, baby. Dude, this might have been my first time the entire year I've ever gotten that. This might have literally been the first time the entire year I've ever gotten that. I think I'd like an elite edge rusher like a God tier edge rusher or I'd want a God tier quarterback. I do like Montana, but he's just not what I'm looking for. I want like a demon. That's what I'm getting. Dude, I'm 100% getting record breaker Justin Fields. 93 speed, 6 foot 3, 94 throw power. Insane accuracy, 94 throw on the run. Oh, he's so good. That's what you get a jackpot for. Well, now we got to win. We have to win because I need to keep him. I'm going to use dashing dead eye on him. I'm going to go gambit. They changed it from gambler to gambit. I wonder if that is solely because of Calvin Ridley. But you didn't have to say it. Dude, Justin Fields, Alvin Camero, Nigerian nightmare. This may be one of the dopest backfields I've ever had. All right, third and final spin. We definitely need O-line. I don't know. If I could just get a choice player or maybe a promo that has it. Dude, I get this one a lot. Bernardin Guardians. Okay, there's totally O-line in there. I know they have Frank Ragnow center. Orlando Brown. Okay, this is what I wanted. I'm going to put him at left tackle, where he's supposed to be. And then I'll move Isaiah Wynn over to right tackle. We might go up. Oh, we did. We went to 86 overall. Nice. Oh, wait. I'm two and two because I got two wins last episode, even though that was a really weird episode. But okay, the challenge wheel is spinning. Got to get a dub here.  I have never done it. 88% completion. I have never done it. Top three. Oh, I don't get to see my Justin's. It didn't even load my Justin's in. He's got Aaron Donald, Aaron McNair, Derek Henry. I'm slightly concerned. No lie. Five wide early. Oh. No way. Who just called that? Whatever. All right. Let's get a Koya in. I have to throw 88 plus percent completion. I should have Koya. Koya, Koya. Easy. Great catch. I told you he doesn't need bulldozer. B, you're open. You're sticky. Great catch. And he's still going. And he missed. Oh, wow. He threw a good ball with a lot of pressure on him. We're sliding right. We should have a double team over there. Oh, he's sending a lot. Oh, I want to do it. I want to do it. I don't care about completion. Oh, Matt, you have to possession catch there. I don't care who you are. You can't stop a Justin Jefferson slant. Boom. Money. He's in. Okay. Okay. I have missed the pass right now. Four for five and he's going to hit the gritty. Let's go. I'm going for two. I'm actually just going to do a design QB drive. No idea how good these are this year. I'm doing a J fields. J fields. He's going to start out with a dive of his own. Palomalu is in there, but not enough. Oh, and I got to get some upgrades for Ed Reid too. That's big. Oh, I almost could have got that with Ed Reid.  Hitting that off. Whoa. Who is Johnson? He made it. Who is Johnson? Why don't I know that player on my team? Oh, it's a corner. It's Jalen Johnson. I thought it was a safety. That's why. Do we think this is an inside zone? I'm going to, I'm going to blitz Palomalu. It was an RPO. Oh no. That out route. It got me. He's got nothing. He's got an interception. No. I'm on the one. Anybody on my team. It's zone. That was sketch. I love Justin Jefferson. He's got pressure in his face.  A few moments later. I can hit that still. No way. I totally thought I'd still hit that. Shit. No. Nice pass. Nice play. Yes, sir. No way. I just, you can't let me run. Come in up the middle and let him walk up the middle. All right. That was my own fault anyway. I threw an interception. I shouldn't have. With two incompletions, I'd need to throw about 18 for 20 to get up to 88%. I cannot conquer this dang challenge, dude. Try and hit Camara here. I don't think he sees it. Dude. Just go watch that back. Why put the play in the game if it's going to run that dog shit? JJ has got insight on him. Oh. All right. I'm done with five wide, but I'm back to stretch. That's not really more creative, is it? Let's just go play action. Oh, I got him. Nice catch, Ardman. Nice catch, Ardman. I won't be able to.  Dude. What?  How could you possibly be back there that fast? I took two seconds to make my read. 4th and 15. I think I had B and I missed it. Dude, I'm like just so tilted I came play. Nice, Micah Parsons. We need that right there. Do it again. Was that Micah again? Third and 20. I'm calling the time out. I want this ball back. Malu, no. Oh, I missed the big one. Well, he is just abusing man coverage. I think Red Zone Scissors has good odds. I think Khmer should be there. Oh, he's kind of on it, but Khmer is a really, I trust Khmer to make that catch. I still got a time out. We're not quite there, but we're almost there. Dude, I am sick of his D-line though.   Holy defensive pass interference. Whatever, I wasn't going to score there anyway. My first drive, I was a lot better. Let's try and get back to that. Ooh, you love to see. Wait a minute, am I going to house this? Khmer with a huge block on Bam Bam Cam. A little positivity goes a long way. Maybe that's all we needed, boys. I'm going to go for two again. Maybe I finally cracked the code against this guy. This guy's D-line is so good. Bunch ace could very well be a pitch. That's fine. Look at Micah. No way. He got off of Micah.  I'm there with Paul Amalu. Or Ed Reid. Nice job, Ed Reid. He kind of got ran over. He kind of got the first down, but we'll still pretend to be proud of you. Oh, that was Reid. This island actually. Where's Ed Reid? Ed Reid's up high. Let's get alert. Oh, wait. Go TFL, Ed Reid. Ooh, Paul Amalu's screaming down for that. Nice job, buddy. Who's going to get there? Who's going to get there? Paul Amalu. No, I must have held it early. Oh, I clamped that. I'm here. I'm here. No way, but he's not across. Jambion ship. Certainly not offence.  We're going to bring this back at the bad boy, Aaron Donald. We're going to cut it up to middle. And Kamara's going to do it again. Hard cut on Atwater. Stiff arm on sauce. Let's go, Kamara. I need this bad. We need this tutty boys. I'm not getting my challenge. There's no way I'm getting my challenge.  Let's make the Reid. Does he bite? He bit. Justin Fields. He's too fast. He's too fast. Hard cut.  My millionth BAT attempt. I'm going to get any of these.  Let's go zone alert smoke. A bizarro play. He ran commit. We almost, we still almost got that. 11 point lead. Whatever. I was tilted there in the first half, but I've gained my composure. We're starting to play some good ball right now. I'd like to get Ed Reid something though. Hopefully he'll make a bad decision in Ed Reid's vicinity. That is Ed Reid. Oh, it's not. It's Derek Stingley. Heater. Heater. Heater. He's down, right? What just happened?  22. He's got to pass. He's got to throw deep. Let's just get Ed Reid back there. Shit. Oh. Wait a minute though. Let's not give up on the challenge wheel. If he's not going to quit, I could just keep throwing check down after check down. All right. Let's just throw super simple passes every time. Kosiki in the middle. Kosiki in the middle. Possession catch. Go down. Oh, we're 11 for 18. Oh my God. I really fell apart there. We have to get Ed Reid upgrades. That's what we need. Justin Jefferson outside release. Oh. Michael. All right. Turn over on downs. That's fine. We got to get Ed Reid upgrades, dude. A sack might be the move. Maybe I blitz, Micah. And then I send Reid up the middle. Jump to snap Reid. Go. Oh, Micah's too good. Shit. Micah got to him before I did. I tried to get to him with Ed Reid. Throw it. Throw it. I'm so bad at this game. I had an opportunity. Go. Go ahead. It's play action. Oh, Micah. You're too good, Micah. You got to slow down. You got to let Ed Reid get there. Ed Reid, go. Go, go, go. You don't worry. What's the throw, Ed? Yes. No. Yes. No. Hey. What? Wait, what? You did not. I didn't even see how he caught it. Straight up. I did not see it. Snap with three. There goes Camara. That's first down. That's ballgame. Five rushes, 111, and a touchdown. No way. This is so greedy. This is so greedy. It was not a pretty win. We didn't get our challenge. We didn't upgrade Ed Reid. But every win is a massive win. This moves us to three and two. We got the victory. Dude, that first quarter looked like I was 100% going to lose the game. And we brought it together in the second quarter with dominant run game. So in the air, I was horrible. Justin Fields had my best QBR was Alvin Camara on his one pass to Mike Alston. Jay Fields, 15 for 23. Rushing. Derek Kenry, 11 for 80. Camara, 6 for 117. Absolutely insane game. And Fields was 2 for 65. Receiving. Jay Jettos was nasty. Fire game all around. One big pancake for McCoy. All right, we advance. We move on. We're three and two. We still need two more wins to actually make it to the playoffs. But it's very doable. We just got to get two more great games just like that. Although I don't know if I call that a great game. Either way, boys. Thank you for watching as always. I appreciate y'all. And I'll see you guys in the next video. Peace.


Sexual biology, here's a big one, all right? Natural selection dominates, absolutely dominates. I've talked about on another convention speech, literally talked about the sexual marketplace and the map to it, about how natural selection and social selection are opposed to each other, and how that primary makes up the sexual marketplace. The problem is, natural selection dominates. We know something horrible about natural selection, though.  There's no morality here, zero. Nature doesn't come with morality, with philosophy. It just wants what it wants, okay? And when we talk sexually, it is absolutely survival of the fittest, and is hind in membrane centric, not rationally thinking. All that rational brain, that big powerful frontal neocortex that we have, that's rational thought. This doesn't live here, all right? Natural selection means we want to self-preserve, protect ourselves, and to breed by any means possible. Rape, violence, murder, cuckolder, cheating. Nature doesn't care. Nature doesn't care. But we should. And if we're going to care, we need to prepare for ourselves. We need to understand it. What are the drivers? What are the mechanisms? And how does it manifest itself? We have a binary sexual based morphology, meaning male, female. There's two sexes. And for the most part, 95, 90% were identical. We share similar traits and attributes. But where we differ, we differ significantly. And one of the most impressive is in brain development. All right? Men and women not only think differently, we have different structured brains slightly. And based on these dimorphisms, okay, we develop different patterns of thinking. We have different issues at hand. One of the most important, okay, and it's not fair, it's just the way it is, it's a reality, all right, is that women are the only ones that can lactate and they're the only ones that have very limited egg supply. Sperm is plentiful, eggs are in very reduced numbers. That affects thinking, okay, on resources, how we behave. Not only that, when women are carrying children, they have a tremendous need for resources. They're literally physically providing for another being and are not in a position to acquire those resources. That manifests itself over 14 million years in brain development. Okay? It therefore manifests itself in what she's going to be looking for as compared to what he's looking for.


I'm Jerry Geroche. I'm the CEO of NEEDS. NEEDS is an organization that provides service dogs to people that are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a disability. We're located in Princeton, Massachusetts and we provide training on campus for our clients as they come to receive their dog. The campus that we're on in Princeton we've been here for just over 20 years. Our clients are here for up to two weeks as they receive training on how to live with a service dog. We created and pioneered campus-based training for clients and we thought it was appropriate that we had a spectacular client house that really reflected our approach to client training. That architect listened to me when I said I was looking to build essentially an industrial strength bed and breakfast. I wanted to be able to withstand wear and tear but I wanted to have the feel of a home and to have the friendly, comfortable feeling that you have when you're in your home or when you're at a bed and breakfast. I think it's important that we have not only reliable heat and cooling, it's important for our clients not to again be in convenience with the challenge of the heat not working in the dead of winter. On campus we have the option of using either oil or propane and we decided that we would use propane. We thought it was clean, cost efficient and reflected exactly what we're looking for in terms of operating the client house here in an efficient way. If they want to sit up and read a book and be by the fireplace at night, we want to make that available to them. Well, all electric as an option for this house was never really even considered. It's not cost effective here. Oil was a consideration but again it's not necessarily as efficient as effective and from my standpoint because our administration building is heated with propane. One of the things about our campus is we're set out in a rural part of Princeton and it literally is a campus with a lot of beautiful grounds. From an aesthetic standpoint when I was thinking about what we would be doing in terms of heating the facility, the opportunity and option to bury the tank and get it out of sight was an important consideration. I find it extremely reassuring and comforting to know that down the road if we put in a generator and we use propane as the power source that we're going to be in a position where we can continue our training and that the clients won't suffer any ill effects if we have a power outage that's either of short or long duration. I'm proud about the way we impact people's lives. We give them a degree of independence they wouldn't otherwise have.