Good afternoon and thank you for joining us for another session of Kondo Insider. My name is Jane Sugimura and I am your host today and today and this is a show for people who live in condos and work in condos or have anything to do with condos and today we're going to be talking about some new legislation that became effective two weeks ago and I have as my guest my very good friend Richard Port who has been a long time advocate for condo owners and he's had over 20 years of experience of being a board member in a high-rise condominium and as an advocate he's been beating and knocking on doors at the legislature for over 20 years haven't we? I think I started actually back in the 1980s so that's what going into the fourth decade almost I guess. Oh my god that's really amazing. And you know when I first got started first of all I thank you for the invitation but when I first got involved it was primarily to try to provide information for owners as to what their boards were doing and making sure that they had the information that they needed to determine whether boards were doing a good job and we did a lot of good legislation over the years to you know provide them with minutes and financial statements even contract signed contracts so things like that so that they would be able to be prepared we even got them a permission to get owners lists so that they could write to owners if they had a saw that the board had a problem but more recently we're looking at the board interactions among themselves and so that brings us up to this kind of legislation. Right and what we're going to be talking about is Act 196 and that was House Bill 1874 that passed out of the legislature in the 2018 session but it became effective on January 2nd 2019 which was only two weeks ago and so and this legislation deals with mediation and arbitration and we already have those provisions in the condo statute and and you had a personal stake in the outcome of this legislation why were you so involved in this. Well a little bit more background initially we wanted to make sure that owners if they did have a gripe or a problem that they could get mediation instead of having to go takes things to court because court is expensive so we wanted to be able to allow owners to mediate disputes and initially we thought well that's that's really a good way to go because boards would certainly not want to spend a lot of money in court and so we had the mediation statute and then subsequently mediation or arbitration and that seemed to work up to a point but gradually what we found was that boards sometimes found it more advantageous to string out the mediation or the arbitration and that did not work too well for the individual owners who had problems so more recently we've had cases where there might be let's say a minority member or members of a board so you might have a nine member board it might be two or three members that are on the minority and that they somehow feel the board is not doing what it's supposed to do not generally speaking you know majorities rule and you expect that the decision of the majority will be the effective for the entire condominium but on occasion you get a dispute where maybe there's actually a good issue maybe there's something that they feel I'm not saying always but that they feel is actually being done that might be illegal and so the problem became that the earliest statute only was only clear as it related to owners and board owners and boards and and I think the thinking early on was well board members are owners and therefore they should be able to mediate and it was the string out that became a real problem and you know with with boards I mean they even though you know there's you know and and I guess you know the dynamics is most boards are pretty congenial and they can work things out but you know you're entitled to disagree right you can you mean in fact you have an obligation to disagree if you feel strongly right that you know the facts that are presented to you as a board member you know don't support the decision of the majority and so even if you disagree and you go on record as you know the minority position I mean that's something that you can do and you're allowed to do right and in fact usually a board member will be satisfied by simply voting no on a particular issue but and that and so that most of the time everything works out but as I've said to many a board member you know on occasion there's something that not only you don't like but may in fact be against the BIO laws or the declaration or whatever and and that dispute needs to be resolved if it's serious and in fact you did have a dispute with your board and you made a demand for mediation and and in fact that's what they they they did they basically said well you know statue doesn't apply to you yeah because in fact they said fine just vote no but don't tell the owners about the problem and so it actually became a kind of internal dispute not only between the board but between owners and the board and in this case act 196 there's a section on mediation there's a section on arbitration the part that deals with mediation it expanded the people who could participate in mediation and and how how did how did that affect you well the the good news of the first of all let's take the bad news was that stringing something out but not only just for me but for any owner or board member is is costly and also it doesn't resolve anything that in fact the it's like you know a scab that keeps getting worse and worse and so this new bill will be very helpful because it and you can explain it to better than I can actually but basically we won't have to wait and let the the board keep stringing out mediation or arbitration because it doesn't going to be assumed that the answer is they don't want to mediate or arbitrate if it gets strung out right and you know and the thing of it is you keep saying stringing out so it's like well you make a demand and by stringing out you're saying well what happens is the in in case you're in in your case I think that demand was free value of mediation right and there's two kinds of mediation well let's tell our listeners you know what they what it is there's facilitative mediation and there's a value of mediation right and facilitative mediation basically means that you have a trained neutral a mediator who tries to you know persuade the parties to come together and and resolve their differences their dispute whereas a an evaluative mediation you have a neutral who is trained in condo law and basically tells people hey you got a bad case or you have a good case and you know and and and also gives you a written opinion you know as to the the strengths and weaknesses of your position and so that means that if you go through a negative mediation and you don't get it resolved you have a piece of paper that tells you whether you've got a good case or a bad case and if you do go on to litigation I mean and with a bad case you could get hit with a lot of attorneys if you lose right and so that's the that's part of the the the wonderful part of it is that that an owner or a board member who's disputing and finds out that this independent evaluator is saying you don't have a good case you better drop the case right and and in some cases the the independent mediator is a retired judge yeah and that's good and that's that's good and and another good thing about evaluative mediation which is the reason you use it is it's subsidized by the state of Hawaii right in other words you're not paying for the mediator and for the retired judges their hourly rate is four hundred dollars an hour and so if you take evaluative mediation then that means that you're not paying you you only paying for the first hour right and the state of Hawaii picks up the balance of the cost and we ought to explain to the viewers that that money that's used for this purpose is money that owners pay into a fund that the commerce and consumer protection the real estate commission basically handles that those funds and it's been going off for 20 years and when it first started you and I opposed it because we said hey this is just another tax on condominiums and when it started over 20 years ago it was a dollar and a quarter right every other year and and I think now isn't it three is a three no as of 2017 it was ten dollars per unit ten dollars per unit so you do the math there's millions of dollars that the state of Hawaii is collecting so you know and and one of the purposes for the other condo and fund is to provide uh uh programs that that will uh facilitate the resolution of dispute between parties in a condominium yes and uh and and so so so by doing this uh you know by having these funds available that means people can do evaluative mediation either with uh with with different organizations that contract with the real estate commission and one of them is the mediation center of the pacific right and the other one is dispute resolution uh dispute prevention resolution that has to retire judges and there are a number of private mediator slash attorneys right who have been trained and have the the expertise in condo law who will do the uh evaluation and and really you went through the process so it's really easy right you pick up the phone and we we call dpr and and they handle it right you tell them who the association is on the other side and they start trying to schedule it and that's where they were where you that's where we got into a problem right because they your your board came back and said oh no uh we don't want to do that as mediation we want to do facilitative mediation and they got away with that right and and so we were at a stalemate that's right and how long did the stalemate last well i think we started actually in may of 2016 and it didn't get involved uh recent uh in didn't get settled until was it december of uh 17 so it was it was over a year yeah oh well over a year over a year yeah and and and and the funny thing about it is in and and and it's and this statute right this statute also has a provision act 196 has a provision that says if you ask for mediation and the other side doesn't respond and the statute says the current statue says thou shout meeting right shall right shall means mandatory doesn't mean six months from now doesn't mean a year from now it means you will do it now yeah right by the way i had the wrong year i think it was 2015 we started and we didn't get resolved until late 2017 yeah so it was it was almost two years long time and and so if this law had been in effect you could have filed the motion to compel and gotten your attorney's fees and but anyway right now uh it's time to take a break so we're going to take a break for uh a minute and then we're going to come back and we're going to tell tell the audience how you finally got to mediation okay good good all right this is stink tech Hawaii raising public awareness i'm getting older do i need to worry about falling yes you do each year one in four people 65 and older will experience a fall and many will be serious the majority of falls happen at home so remove things that could make you trip and install handrails to keep you steady to learn more about the steps you can take to help prevent a fall please talk to your doctor you can also visit aarpfoundation.org or medicaremadeclear.com slash falls this message was brought to you by united health care and aarp foundation hello everyone i'm desoto brown the co-host of human humane architecture which is seen on think tech Hawaii every other tuesday at four p.m and with the show's host martin disbang we discuss architecture here in the Hawaiian islands and how it not only affects the way we live but other aspects of our life not only here in Hawaii but internationally as well so join us for human humane architecture every other tuesday at four p.m on think tech Hawaii future that we can resolve okay okay we're back with my guest uh richard port who is a condo advocate thank you richard for being on our program and i've asked him to share his experience uh which had to do and and his experience with his board where he had a dispute and he demanded mediation under the statute and what his board did was you know string them along and stonewall him and so now we have a statute that went into effect two weeks ago and i guess we have your condominium to thank for some of the provisions in that in that the law because now the things that uh that uh that are in the law are going to help other people whose boards will will not uh mediate with them right now they can um demand mediation go to court and get their attorney's fees yeah and their court costs uh reimburse and it's a maximum of fifteen hundred dollars which should be sufficient for them to follow one petition one court hearing and have it all resolved and so what what happened exactly how how did how did your case get to mediation well just let me first just get a reminder of where we've come during this whole thirty forty years early on uh people would say oh but that's just your condominium or that condominium because i would get calls from other condominiums and they would say oh but that's only one condominium that has a problem but sooner or later you begin to find that uh of what impacts one does in fact eventually impact other condominiums but anyway back to our legislation uh it took us uh all the time that i mentioned just before the break to uh be even able to sit down with a mediator and you've already pointed out it was not it was facilitative not evaluative and uh basically there was a settlement but it really was um it was the best we were going to be able to do under that particular situation in the future any of these kind of disputes will be able to go through an evaluative uh mediation in which each side will get uh a paper may not be long but it'll be telling you what the strengths and weaknesses of your case and i i think that's uh uh very important but in your case in your case what happened is the association bought a petition that's true against you that's right he basically asked the circuit court to make a determination that your claim was not suitable and and and and and what happened in that case was the judge took a look at that petition took us back into back room and basically scolded scolded us like why are you wasting my time and and and then he ordered us into mediation yes he ordered us he ordered us to go into mediation and and that's how we got there i mean that's the long way around but you know we we finally got into mediation and it was because you know the judge you know basically said you know why are you guys wasting my time the statue says thou shalt mediate so here it is and he he read the paperwork and he says how come you've been fighting for over almost two years and you found this petition which is a waste of my time to read and as a matter of fact the courts really do not like condo cases no they hate them they would prefer much prefer that these go and be settled in mediation or if necessary in arbitration right and the i you know when we first set it up too we when we first set up the statue we set up the statue so that if you don't follow the steps in other words you go and you demand mediation and if you don't get mediation then you can do arbitration right and if you don't follow the steps and you go right into litigation then the judge can say hey i'm not going to award you your attorney's fees yeah right because you didn't follow the process right and the process is set up so that you don't have lawsuits you don't have these condo lawsuits right because the judges just hate them and we've had a few over the years over the decades that really ended up being very expensive for the association and for the owner and and frankly uh if it weren't for the fact that some of these owners who have gone all the way through the process had deep pockets they had lots of money uh they you know and ultimately some of these go into hundreds of thousands of dollars which is ridiculous and and and basically and when there's a lawsuit the the association turns it over to its carrier right and that and then the carrier has to defend whether the association is right or wrong they have to defend and in some cases in fact it seems like in most cases they end up paying these humongous judgments right and then it affects the future uh charges for insurance right as well for the association and now it seems like it's affecting everybody in the state right because of the lawsuits and i was at a at a at a at a um uh a seminar where Sue Savio you know who is head of a insurance association right she told us that hawaii has the most claims of any little hawaii yeah as as you know versus all of the 50 states in the whole united states right we have the most claims yeah against d and o policies and that the carriers are leaving the state so we're now down to two or three and so the risk pool that your your condominium might we're all in the same risk pool so if there's this so if the people read about a lawsuit where a condominium gets sued and they and the owners win a judgment of three million dollars guess who pays for that i'm beginning to see that attorneys who previously would have who represent the board associations and boards that normally they would they would carry these situations and go through the legal process but now it seems like they're trying to avoid some of these lawsuits and and that's a good thing yeah it's a good thing because these the mediation and now and and part of this act 196 if you can't resolve your dispute in evaluated mediation right now this bill says you can do voluntary binding arbitration how is that different from the arbitration that we have now well by by having binding arbitration it it will mean that there will be a resolution to to the issue because right now the way the statute is written the under the arbitration statute it's non-binding yeah it's non-binding and if you if you win then the losing party can't appeal yeah and then you start all over again yeah because there's something called a de novo review yeah you might want to mention what that is so de novo review means that you went through that you go through the arbitration process which is like a mini trial because the arbitrator basically has his hearing and he listens to witnesses and looks at at evidence and makes a decision and and and the person the losing party has a right to appeal it and if they appeal it a de novo review means that when it goes up on appeal they start from scratch you start all over again the decision gets thrown out and the circuit court basically has to go through the you repeat the process and that's why a lot of people don't go through the the old arbitration the the the existing arbitration that's in the statute but now with act 196 you have you can the parties can agree to enter into binding arbitration and i'm told that some of the carriers aren't happy about this you know because you know because they might have to ensure you know but you know to me that's a different issue the good thing about this type of me a non-binding arbitration is that it's subsidized by the conduit hunt right and owners should feel ready to contact the condominium the condominium specialist and for that matter the best person to contact is jane sui mora uh to to at least get a reading a general reading of whether there's a there's a problem or not a problem right and you know they can call the condo specialist and and or they could go on the website the real estate commission has got a terrific website and all they have to do is put hawaii real estate commission in the google search right that will take them directly to the hawaii the dcca real estate commission they have a terrific website and they have a whole page on i mean a whole section on dispute resolution and and they will tell you how to do the evative mediation and this is an evative media and now we've got non-binding arbitration both of these programs are subsidized by the condo ed fund that everybody pays into anyway i mean every they're paying into it whether or not you have a claim i hope that owners know that you are the president of the hawaii condominium co-op association right and uh that uh you know i'm sure i mean you don't want a hundred people calling you but if there's a real issue they can contact you and um and see if you can help them right and you know and and and mediating a dispute is a quick it's quick it's cheap now it's cheap because now now it's subsidized by the condo ed fund right the mediators are subsidized uh and and you know um and and it doesn't take long it just means you know you pick up the phone and you call the mediation center of the pacific or dpr or one of the the professionals who do this i mean they have websites all over the place and if you go to this the real estate commission website they have a list of people who do this or they can call the condo specialists at the dcca and find out from them and you know all this stuff is free free information it's not like you have to hire an attorney to get this information and so that's what and and you know somebody told me and i don't know whether it was you in a recent email that there were only 28 oh no it was it was the senator who told me that there were only 28 cases last year that went through the bad of the mediation program and i don't know whether that means we're not there's not as many disputes and maybe people and that's that's a good thing if there's not a whole 28 is a good number actually but but you know the the fact that we still have lawsuits means that you know there are disputes out there and we got to get the message out that they need to go through they have to look at mediation and non-binding arbitration as an alternative to sue it it's cheaper it's faster and you know um and it doesn't and it won't affect your association's insurance premium one of the other issues we should look at in the future is let's suppose again we're talking about a board you're a board member and the majority is not listening to you and has decided that you are you should be excluded from committee meetings or other kinds of meetings where association matters are being discussed that's an issue we ought to look at in the future because that's not fair and it's not right if association monies are involved any board member ought to be able to attend such a meeting yes that's true and so that that that is something we we can look at in the future and you know one other thing that we want to impress on our listeners and our viewers is that any citizen can make change just like you right yeah absolutely you learned who your your legislators were and you went down to the legislature made friends with them and and you've been able to change the law right and and so if if richard can do it and i can do it anybody can do it yeah and and and these are your elected officials and so you know this is something you might want to consider go on to this uh state of hawaii legislature website find out who your legislators are and become their really good friends and that way whenever you have a problem maybe not relating to condos but you know any problem where a state agency or department is involved you call your legislator and you grumble to them and let them try to help you and we run out of time and so i thank you very much for being with us i'm happy to have been here and and and join us next week for another episode of condo insider on thursday at three o'clock uh and and thank you for joining us today aloha


Hi everybody it's Sam here, thank you for watching my tutorial today I'm going to be showing you how to put together the double circle slider card so this is how the card looks when it's closed and then you just pull the sides and it just extends the scene or you could have hidden sentiments here that will pop out the sides you can ink stamp, you can do whatever you want on there but with this particular one I've just carried on at the scene there and it's a special friend and then on the back you have a stand you have, this is your area to be able to write your message, you can also stamp and have other hidden messages there and then the whole card will stand up and then the sides will just fold in now this one will fit into one of my box envelopes and I will link those up here I've also made this version, now this here is an additions set which I've also got and I'll show you in a moment you can see there and I've turned this into a shaker card, you can see all the sequins that move around inside really pretty, really detailed and again just pull the sides and you can see I've added some more of the stamped images there and again it will all stand up and then just push in the sides and then this one here, these are all using papers as well from my new collection kept it again quite simple, the only addition is this die here so everything that you see and all the bits that pull out the side are all in one die set this is part of the additions and you'll see that again in a second and then again you just pull the sides and you'll see the seam there and you've got the stand, again it all stands up nicely and you can just push that all in and this is the one I've done for the Craft Stash YouTube channel so again just showing the construction of the simple format today I'm going to be using the additions that you can see there and you pull out the sides again you have just those cute little animals and this one says go nuts it's your birthday and again it all stands up there, so let me show you how to make them okay so this is my Fest 6x6 size paper pad and you have all these gorgeous scenes and you've got some pattern papers there as well and again I'll just give you an example of some of them, you can see that one there and that's one of the patterns, I've used a lot from here there's another pattern one, let's get another scene, there we go we've got that one there, we've got the water scene so you get 24 sheets of that one there and there's 4 each of the 6 designs so I've gone ahead and cut everything I need and I'll talk you through all of these pieces here now the stamp set I'm using on this one today is the woodland animal so it's this one here but you also get the woodland scenes so you have your deer, your hedgehog, the rabbit, the squirrel and the little mouse there you've also got the birds and you've got some daisies and some other flowers there and then some really nice sentiments I have mixed some of them as well but that's the one I've focused on and this is the additions, so this is the main circle double slider and this is the one I've got laid out here and then this is the additions and this is what I used here you can see how you get this lovely frame and all these extra sprigs and that's what I've used to build up the front there first of all we're just going to focus on this one so what you want to do is you will have 3 circles now the largest circle I don't use to make this card that's more, you can use it for this by all means but it's more to make just plain circle cards you actually want the next size down and that will mean that you have these pieces here exposed so that people can see that that's what they want to pull so what I have done is I've cut 3 using that middle circle now you can cut 2 using the middle circle and then one in the smaller one you need 3, you need one for the front, one for the middle and one for the back but I showed on the craft stash video a smaller one in the middle but I want to show you on this one a larger one just so that you've got the different look you don't really see it because it's hidden but it is there so I thought it was a good way if I do them across the 2 then you've got the option what I've then gone and done is with that smaller one you'll see it's got this kind of stitch it's more like tiny little dots all the way around the frame there and you can just about see them on that one but you can see them more on this one here and that's the beautiful frame that you get with the additions but you can see all the little dots just around the edge there so I've cut my pattern and that's going to sit over one of these here so I'm going to get that stuff down and then what you will also want to do is cut 2 of the larger main kind of pull out panel there so I've got my 2 in the white I've then cut 2 in the pink and that gives you your stitch detail there and then I've cut 2 using the pattern paper in that smaller one you also want to cut 2 strips using this die here and then 2 of the mechanism which is this one and that's this large one here you also want to cut 1 stand which is on the back there as well that's everything you need to cut with these ones here 1 is going to pop out from the left 1 is going to pop out from the right so you just want to make sure these 2 you just cut 2 of each it doesn't matter about direction or anything like that because it's plain paper but because these are directional patterns I made sure that that one I cut it so it was going to come out from the left and this one here is going to come out from the right hand side so I'm just going to get those all stuck down so that's those 2 stuck down and then also that one so they're all ready to go now you want these pieces here grab 1 of your strips and what you're going to do is you're going to weave it so you're going to go in from the top and then come out underneath and then back in there and then out so you can see what I've done there so you're basically putting it under these 2 strips here now I used double sided sticky tape to stick this down on my craft stash tutorial but I'm going to show you a liquid glue here again just to give you the 2 options so you want to make sure if you're using glue that you are you use the smallest amount because you can't have any of this leaking out and you want to make sure that none of it touches this so I'm now going to fold that over and it's going to stick in the middle section so if I hold that up there no glue can be around here the glue is sticking onto this bit here so you'll see you want to make sure that freely moves and then if you just pop a little bit of glue on there the smallest amount is just a tiny very small bit of cardstock like so you know don't pull it really tight you want it to be able to it's hard to do it like this but can you see if you just kind of pinch it you move it like so you want to add your glue all along that piece all double sided tape and then grab one of these here and if it's the one pulling out on the right hand side then you want this pushed over to the left hand side and when you stick it on here make sure you've got the same amount overhanging each side there and then stick the edge of this piece right up against so it lines up with that and you'll see there I've got an even amount but I probably could have come down a little bit more then I'm just going to slide it down a little bit there we go and just make sure that's secure and now I'm going to keep it on there because it would it will work better because it has something against it which it would when we stick it in the card but can you see that now slides then you want to do the same with this one here so again we're going to weave it so under and under like so and just bring that right up I'll bring it right up to the edge because it's just that way you know it's straight and again what I'll do this time is just put a little bit of glue in the middle there and just just wrap it around now if you do get any glue you can rub it away with one of these they're really handy to have and craft stash have them on there I think it's under their essentials section and that will just rub anything away but also use an antistatic buddy powder or cornflour and that will take away the stickiness so if any glue has gone on to here like so if you're using a thin double sided sticky tape it doesn't matter but then if you're using a powder that will get rid of it and again you can see there it's going to move quite freely once I add this piece on so now this time I'm going to have make sure it goes right up to the edge so that's now on the right hand side I'm going to run my glue down there and again just kind of hover it here first so I can make sure it's kind of at the height I want it and then stick that down and the main kind of aim is to make sure everything's straight it's nice and parallel with these with the top here and it's straight along this side here now you'll see we've got our two pieces next what I've been using is these foam strips now if you're regular on the channel you'll know I like to use my roll of wax paper and just normal foam tape and you just stick your foam tape on the wax paper like so and then with your scissors you can just cut your own strips of foam tape so you do want thin strips for this card but that's a very inexpensive way it doesn't damage your scissors but to make your own foam strips but these ones here I picked up from Amazon and I'll share the link below but you get these ready-made strips and they've just been really handy for this project now I'm going to stick them so they're closer to the top of the card but you see they fit in there perfectly and again along the bottom you don't want to go close to the panel because you don't want it to stick to that and another little tip as well is again this is the antistatic if you run it along the side of the foam more the red foam the red foam tapes I find are really sticky on the sides but just in case anything was to ever touch it if you just rub that and this is the tip I always say for when I make shaker cards nothing will stick to the sides you'd be surprised that there is a d-siv on the sides there but you can see it's far away from there anyway but if anything was to catch it would not stick you're then going to grab some more and you want to do the back again just running it along there and there and I'm just going to repeat that on this piece ok so now they're all ready to go next you're going to grab these other two circles here it doesn't matter whether you have this side on the top and the left hand side on the bottom or if I do the left hand on the top and the right hand side on the bottom it really doesn't matter I'm going to do this side so what you want to do is take you're going to take the release paper off the bottom like so and when you lay this down the four corners here are perfectly in the circle so if you see there if you just line up the top first the bottom will fall into place so don't worry about getting it straight because it's a circle you can just turn the circle next I'm going to do this one I was going to put the top on there's a few ways to do it to be honest so you'll probably once you've done them a few times but with this one here you just turn this over and then what you'll be able to do is just see I can see this corner of this one underneath I'm just going to sit that so it's about the same and then focus on that corner like I said the rest will all line up just push that all down and then this is the back so I'm just going to take the strips off there and then this one over the back so and then just take these ones off the top and you want to make sure that you do get your image lined up so to make sure these side pieces are straight like so and then I can just sit this over the top and now your sides will pop out that's how you just put the basic one together so if you just have this die set that is everything you will have now for the additions which is this one you'll see you have the special friend and you get this frame so to make the frame I use, so I've stuck those the two other dies that you get in there but I used those two together to get the red frame if you would prefer that so that's what you would do there just put them together just to make your frame but I used this one with the stitched one here so let me just grab it here there's lots of different ways that you can put your scenes together pop it in the middle pop some tape on it so it's nice and centered and run that through your die machine and your chosen color and I've decided to go for hot pink because it's one of my favourites and then you could turn it into a shake card, you could add acetate to the backside of this foam tape all around sprinkle your sequins and sit that over the top and that's what I did to get this one here but I'm not going to do that with this one because what I want to do is I want to add my little critters kind of tucked in and I'm going to build up some more of the foliage with loose dies here okay so that one's all cut and then you can move it around depending on where, see I quite like that piece to kind of fill this green space like so and I'll get that perfect white border there as well so for this one I'm going to actually bring in that strip of foam tape that I cut earlier because this is nice and long and I'm just going to you don't have to add dimension to this frame if you don't want to but I do want it lifted so I can tuck things in but I'm just removing the release paper as I pull it around with my right hand I'm just using my left hand to kind of shape it that piece down the bottom so I'm just going to focus on the same pattern paper below because it's the same size because it was cut from the same die and then just kind of work your way around until it falls into place like so I think that looks so pretty and then I'm going to go quite full and I'm just going to add little bits of glue to the ends and I'm just going to start feeding in just some of these sprigs just to break up some of that pink but I want the ends just to be hidden you know behind the frame I might pop that one in there it's just nice to mix up some of the color as well as bringing maybe this one here I'll trim that right down but I might have that one just kind of sitting there and then I've stamped these ones here I just need to color that one in which I'll do in a second and I'm going to have my special friend it will sit perfectly it's the same curve as the circle that's going to go along the bottom we've got the both stamp sets for both the stamp sets are in this one here so there are the stamps I've again focused on the woodland animals you'll see the two there I love the bee it's got great expressions the two of them there and also the dragonfly there you've got all these other lovely sentiments as well I'm going to pop them on some foam as well but I think I'm going to have him maybe he's going to cover that butterfly but it doesn't matter he can be a little bit higher and then this one will just kind of be popping out I'll do that actually so he's a little bit further there so you can see those butterflies he can be the dragonfly again a kind of bee poking his head out there and then I might have Mr. Bee on the outside like so I think that looks really nice and I'll add those bits in as well so I've added foam to the sentiments and then I'm just going to use glue to attach the rest and again make sure you get this right in the centre, make sure these two pieces here are always nice and straight and then you can line up everything else okay so if I just bring that up there you can see everything and then again pull out the sides and you can stick anything on here but make sure it's completely flat don't add any foam so I do also have the little mouse here so I may well pop him I might just have a couple of couple of little flowers and maybe have him over this side just kind of looking in there so I'll just stick these ones down there we go so there's something there and then we need to add the stands so I've already cut that one now what I do like to do this one is just go over the score line so it puts them all in for you because I'm using a 300gsm cardstock I like to just go over them so just find a track that it fits in and just score back over those like so and then with this tab here this small section make that so it's a mountain and then the next one will be a valley then a mountain and then another mountain so you have that shape then add some glue to the tab and then stick it together like so and I'm going to add the glue all over the side where you've just joined it can I always forget and I've done this in the craftstache video don't put the glue right down the bottom but the good thing about using clown is once you rub it it will start to come off and it doesn't damage your cardstock it's a really good glue before it actually completely dries because once it dries it dries like cement but you do have wiggle room and it doesn't damage your card can you see that, it just all comes off perfectly so don't go right down to the bottom and then you can just stick this over the top I've made so many of these cards yet I still put the glue right down the bottom just make sure your special friend sits nice and you get an even amount of the frame there on each side and then just turn it over and you can just push that down with your hand so that's that all finished and I'm just going to add some glossy accents over the eyes because it wouldn't be complete without them it doesn't take long to dry now if I bring that up you see the light when it catches their eyes they've got a bit of dimension there as well and then just pull the sides and I will add some glossy accents onto the mouse there as well also added some you see the new book drops, the yellow drops on the ends so I may well do that on this one as well you'll see it in the photos I'll probably put some white ones on these I don't think the white will really stand out but you can layer up a lot more there's more of those extra sprigs in the die set for you to use just love it so check out the tutorial for the box envelope like I said it will fit into this perfectly and I'll just bring in the other ones there as well let's pull them all out so you can see there you go, just about get them all in so as always thank you for watching I hope those of you that have purchased this collection you enjoy using it, you enjoy making the cards I've thoroughly enjoyed designing this and putting it all together for you links to everything that I've used will be shared in the description box below check out the videos popping up here as well they'll be the release videos you can see more cards from this collection and I'll be back very soon with more fun tutorials thanks for watching, bye


Okay, if you can just start the lesson, Chloe, what are you wearing? What? It's cold, sir. And my school jumper's in the wash. Where even are your pants? Sir, they're underneath my jumper. It's called fashion. The next day. Sir, what the fuck? What's up, Chloe? What's wrong? Um, are you wearing pants because I'm about to report you? Of course I've got something on it. It's underneath my jumper. It's called fashion.


classes we have been learning about the melting practices, treatment of the molten metal and how to remove the gases from the molten metal. Now once we pour the molten metal into the mould the metal solidifies. Now in this lecture we will be seeing the solidification phenomenon how does it occur and how to control the solidification. Before we learn about the solidification phenomenon in a casting it is necessary for us to learn about certain terminology. First let us see there is a term called nucleation. What is this nucleation? The solidification of the casting occurs by nucleation and growth. Nucleation refers to the process in which tiny solid particles called nuclei are formed when liquid metal cools below its liquidus temperature. Now you must be knowing the liquidus temperature anyway I will show you the liquidus temperature. Here we can see this is the phase diagram of nickel and copper. Now here we can see there are two lines are there and this is the liquidus line means everything above this liquidus line is liquid. Now this is the surduce means everything below this line is solid in between is the liquid plus solid that is the mushy zone. Now here this is the nickel and copper alloy system. Now nucleation is a process of formation of stable crystallization centers of new phase right means between liquidus line and surduce line this nucleation takes place. Now how does it takes place? What is the how does it this nuclei form and here we can see these are the solute molecules small small solute what say molecules are there. Now all these are clustered together and a nucleus is formed you see this is the form a nucleation this nucleus will be developing and it grows and finally it will become a crystal and here we can see clearly this is the here we can see three figures one is the formation of nuclei growth of nuclei into crystal and completely solidified grains and here we can see there is everywhere there is liquid but this here we can see something immediately below the liquidus line and here we can see these are the nuclei this is one nucleus this is one nucleus this is one nucleus and so on. Now these nuclei will be growing and they will be joining together and see here they have become crystals still little liquid is there some more liquid is there. Now these crystals will be growing finally they will become grains. So this is one grain this is one grain this is one grain now this is the grain boundary so this is another grain boundary so this is another grain boundary likewise the solidification takes place first formation of the nuclei next this nuclei will be growing and growing into crystals then these crystals will be growing into grains the once grains are formed the casting is solidification is over. Now this nucleation is primarily there are two types one is the primary nucleation and another one is the secondary nucleation under the primary nucleation again there are two types one is the homogeneous and another one is the heterogeneous. Now we will see all these now let us see this homogeneous nucleation it occurs spontaneously without the help of foreign particles no foreign particles or no impurities are required for this homogeneous nucleation. Next one is the heterogeneous nucleation it occurs with the help of foreign particles or impurities and generally this occurs in a casting during at the beginning of solidification especially nearer to the mould wall there will be impurities will be there. So these impurities will be acting as the foreign particles and because of that they will be acting as the nucleating agents. So this is the heterogeneous nucleation and third one is the secondary nucleation when tiny crystals of the same material exist and act as a seed crystals it results in the secondary nucleation such nuclei are known as the secondary nuclei. So there are totally we can see there are three types of nucleation one is the homogeneous second one is the heterogeneous and third one is the secondary nucleation but in casting in the castings generally this heterogeneous nucleation will be dominating. Now in this heterogeneous nucleation solid phase crystallizes on a foreign particle that results in larger nucleus initially there will be some say impurities will be there nearer to the mould wall around these impurities right the metal solidifies and it becomes in a larger nucleus. Next one degree of super cooling is needed for solidification is right next one homogeneous nucleation is the dominating mechanism in the early stage of solidification because in the early stage of the solidification what happens the solidification commences from the mould walls and slowly it progress in progresses inside. Now nearer to the moulding walls there will be impurities and because of these impurities there will be heterogeneous nucleation at the what say early stage of the solidification as the solidification is progressing inside there will be scarcity of impurities then there will be homogeneous nucleation. Next one is the grain structure in castings. Now how will be the grain structure in castings at the surface heterogeneous nucleation takes place for few layers this I have already told because at the what say remember the solidification starts from the mould wall and it progresses inside. Now nearer to the mould wall there will be impurities and because of these impurities there will be heterogeneous nucleation. Now because of this heterogeneous nucleation equiaxed grains are formed you see these are the equiaxed grains means of course the first figure is at the very first stage of the solidification now this is little advanced what say solidification stage of the solidification. Now here we can see these are the equiaxed grains means what does it mean their orientation is random they are neither horizontal or they may be horizontal they may be vertical or they may be inclined their orientation is random. So in such a case we call them as the equiaxed grains. Now inside absence of sand particles as this solidification is progressing inside there would not be any what say impurities are the sand particles that leads to homogeneously nucleated grains and their orientation from the surface to the centre. These grains are known as the columnar grains because of the homogeneous nucleation right because of the what say absence of the impurities there will be homogeneous nucleation and in such a case columnar grains will be forming you see earlier we have seen equiaxed grains now these are the columnar grains means they are looking like columns. Now when a column forms side arms it is known as a dendrite as the column is advancing towards the centre of the casting it also develops side arms. So these are known as the dendrites right. Now the new nuclei resist the growth of the neighboring nuclei now here the what say columnar grains are advancing from one side from the other side also columnar grains are advancing. So these will be interfering and they will be resisting each other finally at the centre we can see there are again equiaxed grains are there. So that is how in a casting we can see in the beginning there will be equiaxed grains are there. Now as the solidification is progressing there will be columnar grains and at the centre of the casting again there will be equiaxed grains. Columnar and dendritic structures are coarse and directional and they are undesirable in most of the situations. Columnar grains and dendritic grains are not suitable they are not desirable what is desirable is the equiaxed grains are desirable. Now we need to change this this what say phenomenon we have to control the solidification. Now what we are doing this can be changed in practice by adding nucleating agents which produce equiaxed grain structure in the entire casting just now we have seen during the solidification at the beginning of the solidification there are impurities nearer to the mould wall because of these impurities there was heterogeneous solidification and as the what say solidification is progressing inside there will be columnar grains will be there and again at the centre there will be equiaxed grains. So there is no uniformity in the grain structure this is what we do not want we want uniformity in the grain structures that is why we intentionally add nucleating agents in the molten metal. So that these nucleating agents will be spread all over not only at the mould wall they will be spread all over the melt all over the molten metal. So everywhere there will be heterogeneous solidification thus there will be what say uniform grain structure and here we can see this is a uniform grain structure. Now we need to for this we need to add nucleating agents external nucleating agents this we need to add intentionally after melting is over right. So these are the nucleating agents for different alloys for aluminum alloys nucleating agents are titanium compounds like titanium right Al 3 right next one titanium boron titanium carbide next one for plain carbon steel the nucleating agents are aluminum compounds and for stainless steel the nucleating agents are calcium and magnesium cyanates for magnesium alloys the nucleating agents are zirconium carbide zirconium nitride and zirconium oxides and for cast iron the nucleating agents are sulfur components. So these are the external nucleating agents which we add to the molten metal intentionally deliberately deliberately but at a very extremely small proportion so that they would not change the chemical composition but they will be changing the grain structure and they will be maintaining a uniform grain structure that is the purpose of the what say adding nucleating agents. Now there will be three basic types of cast structures in the what say castings one is the columnar dendritic equiax dendritic third one is the equiaxed non dendritic. Now let us see the first one this is the columnar dendritic means the basic structure is like a column but to that column there will be side dendrites are there. Second type is the equiaxed dendritic means these what say what say what say crystals have what say random orientation they they do not have uniform orientation like the first one but again though they have the random orientation still they have the dendrites. So this is the equiaxed dendritic structure and the third one is the equiaxed non dendritic structure means here there are what say grains are there crystals are there they have what say random orientation and they do not have dendrites and this is a this is an ideal what say cast structure. Now solidification let us see the solidification of a pure metal so this is the solidification what say a structure of a pure metal crystallization of a pure metal. Now here we can we can see the x axis is the time and y axis is the temperature right. So as the time progresses initially we may pour here this is the pouring temperature slowly it cools down and this is the what say crystallization what say temperature here this is the place where crystallization starts. In fact this is the freezing point at the freezing point actually the crystallization is supposed to start what happens is an under cooling is required right crystallization and freezing in a pure metal occurs at constant temperature. So this is the freezing point at this freezing point or at this freezing temperature crystallization takes place. However under cooling is required in the beginning to initiate the phenomenon of crystallization here we can see this is under cooling because of the under cooling the crystallization will be initiated. Now at a constant temperature right the crystallization takes place and once the crystallization is over once this crystallization is completed grains will be formed then the what say casting is fully solidified. Now here it is the solid cooling so this is the solidification of a pure metal. Now a crystal nucleated at the mould wall grows first along the mould surface until it comes in contact with adjacent crystals that are also going along the mould surface. Now here we can see this is the mould wall this is the mould wall this is one crystal. Now how does growth takes place in which direction it will be growing it will be growing towards another crystal means along the mould wall you see until it meets the next crystal until it comes in contact with the next crystal it will be growing. So that is the direction of growth of the crystals then what happens a solid skin is thus formed which then grows perpendicular to the mould wall in a stable manner with a smooth flat solid liquid interface this is called the planar mode of solidification. Now what happened here there was one crystal and here there was one crystal likewise there will be more crystals every crystal will be growing what say moving and growing along the mould wall and the all will be joining a skin will be formed once the skin is formed then this skin will be growing perpendicular to the direction of the mould wall until then they are growing in this direction parallel to the mould wall now a skin is formed you see once the skin is formed it will be growing perpendicular to the mould wall. So this is known as the planar mode of solidification factors altering planar mode of solidification of pure metal there are three factors one is the absorption of cases second one is reaction between crucible materials and the third one is the presence of impurities or alloys. When crystal grows the actual temperature of the liquid may raise due to evolution of the latent heat so that is what we can see in this picture. Growth of crystal along the mould wall is stopped at some stage and secondary arms of primary crystals grow inside the liquid and here we can see this is the this is at the early stage of solidification this is the primary crystals all are what say growing parallel to the mould wall then a skin is formed once the skin is formed it is growing perpendicular to the mould wall but how they are growing like a column this is known as the dendrite so this is one known as one dendrite so this is another dendrite and this is another dendrite not only that each dendrite will be developing side arms like this say this is one side arm this is one side arm likewise every dendrite will be developing side arms again every side arm will be developing more side arms. Now, the resultant tree like structure is known as dendritic structure. Now, let us see the dendritic growth. We have seen the what is a crystals grow like dendrites and there will be a dendritic structure. Now, let us see the dendritic growth. The term dendrite comes from the Greek word dendron, which means a tree. Almost all freshly crystallized alloys are composed of many thousands even millions of dendritic crystal all stuck together and here we can see this is the dendritic structure. You see there are several what is a columns are there, columnar structures are there and each column has got the side arms. Again each side arm has got more side arms. So, that is the dendritic tree or the dendritic structure and yes this is the first stage of the dendritic growth. This is the solid and this is the liquid and they will be growing means here is this side is the mould wall means towards the left side is the mould wall it is already solidified and this is towards the centre of the casting means the right side and this is the direction of the growth of the what is a arms the columnar greens. Now these are the dendritic arms. Now this is the second stage of dendritic growth, every what is a dendritic arm will be developing side arms finally, this is the final stage of the dendritic growth. You see everywhere there are what is a dendritic structures are there and there are side arms are there each side arm has developed more and more side arms like face they all will be what is a covering the entire mould finally, they will be joining together and this is the typical dendritic structure in an alloy. You can see so many dendrites are there, so many side arms are there. So, this is the dendritic structure in an alloy. Next one certification of alloy let us see this. Now this is the cooling curve for an alloy during casting. Now here we can see two figures first one is the phase diagram of copper nickel alloy system. So this is here we can see this is the what is a nickel and as we go towards right the copper content is increasing and here it is 100 percent copper and here it is 100 percent nickel. Now we are considering 50 percent nickel and 50 percent copper that be the case yes we can go like this, but this is the what is a phase diagram for the copper nickel alloy system. At 50 percent nickel and 50 percent copper this is the cooling curve and here we can see again this is the liquidous line means above this liquidous line everything is liquid and this is the solidus line below this solidus line everything is solid and between liquidus line and what is a solidus line there will be a mushy zone means liquid plus solid. Now this is the cooling curve for 50 percent nickel and 50 percent copper. Now most alloys freeze over a temperature range rather than at a single temperature. In case of a pure metal the crystallization takes place at a constant temperature whereas in the case of an alloy the crystallization and also or the freezing takes place over a temperature range right here we can see this is the pouring temperature. Now at from pouring temperature there will be liquid cooling will be there how long this liquid cooling will be there till the freezing point yes this is the freezing point here the freezing begins. Now from this point to this point freezing will be continuing you see the temperature is not constant the temperature is coming down and the what is a freezing continuous and here the freezing is totally what is a completed and it became a solid casting still from solid casting to the I would say it will be cooling down to the ambient temperature so this is the solid cooling. So from this point to this point is the solidification time. So what we can learn from this graph what is a freezing in an alloy occurs over a range not at a constant temperature as in the case of a pure metal. Now solidification of alloys right what happens in alloys the rates of growth of crystal at the mould wall are different due to many factors due to wettability or non uniform right mould wall and so on right. So the growth of crystals is not uniform whereas in the case of the pure metals it was uniform it will be uniform and here we can see there will be a segregation will be there right and here we can see solid liquid interface is there. Next one non uniform solute segregation is here we can see likewise there will be preferential growth will be there right the rate of segregation of solute will also be different in different areas of the interface and because of that you can see the solidification will not be uniform and here we can see more solute segregation is there and there will be preferential growth will be there. Now when a metal contains a small amount of solute the projections that preferentially grow may develop in a non equilibrium manner. Next as the solute concentration increases the plane and smooth shape solid liquid interface of pure metal will progressively develop into more extreme morphologies termed as nodes cells and dendritic structures. Now here we see a what is a one case study right the solidification patterns for grey cast iron in a 180 mm square casting right after 11 minutes of cooling dendrites reach each other you see here the right but the casting is still in mushy zone throughout it takes about 2 hours for the complete solidification. Now here what happens these are the what is a dendrites in the initial stage may be after 8 minutes after these dendrites will be growing towards the centre at the same time from the other side also dendrites will be growing they all will be growing in the opposite direction yes after 11 minutes they have met one another right here. Now what happens there will be more side arms will be there side arms and more and more side arms we can see here finally nearly after 102 minutes this mushy zone has completed has come to an end and there is complete solidification. First one modes of freezing of alloys there are 3 important modes of freezing of alloys one is the freezing at constant temperature by precipitating simultaneously 2 or 3 phases these alloys are known as eutectics and the second mode is start and complete their freezing as a solid solutions these alloys are known as eutectoids there is a difference and the third mode is a solid phase and a liquid phase will together form a second solid phase at a constant temperature these are known as peritectoids. Now let us see this one by one let us see the first mode of freezing freezing at constant temperature by precipitating simultaneously 2 or 3 phases and these are known as eutectics. Now the best example is in the aluminum silicon phase diagram when the silicon proportion is 12.6 percent and when the temperature is 577 degrees liquid phase directly transforms into solid phase without passing through any mushy zone I will show the phase diagram yes this is the aluminum silicon phase diagram and here you can see this is the liquidus and again this is the liquidus above the liquidus everything is liquid and this is the solidus below the solidus everything is solid now here we can see this is the mushy zone and here also we can see mushy zone. So generally when an alloy is solidifying right first there will be liquid cooling then it reaches the liquid line then after that it will be passing through the mushy zone means there will be liquid and solid then finally it will be crossing the solidus line finally there will be complete solid. Now in this case let us see when the silicon proportion is 12.6 percent and when the temperature is 577 degrees centigrade you see this point what happens here it is liquid above this point everything is liquid now if you cool below 577 degrees centigrade it solidifies there is no mushy zone right. So that is how it is freezing at constant temperature by precipitating simultaneously 2 or 3 phases. So these are known as the eutectics. Now let us see the second case start and complete their freezing as solid solutions these are known as eutectoids and the best example is in the aluminum what is sorry in the iron carbide phase diagram when carbon proportion is 0.68 percent 3 phases they are ferrite austenite austenite plus cementate reacted 738 degrees centigrade and form alpha ferrite a shape similar to eutectic reaction these are known as the eutectoids there the phase diagram will be similar to the eutectic phase diagram but in the case of the eutectic phase diagram just about the eutectic point everything is liquid below the eutectic point everything is solid like a v shape here also we can see like a v shape but the phenomenon is not similar there is a difference. What is that let us see before that let us learn about the what say the terms which we have come across in this case study. One is the ferrite ferrite or the alpha iron is the low temperature form of iron it has a body center cubic structure and has up to 0.035 percentage weight of carbon dissolved in solid solution it has a BCC structure you see means very little amount of carbon is dissolved. Second one is the austenite austenite on heating pure iron right on heating pure iron changes into austenite or gamma iron at 914 degrees centigrade and switches from BCC structure to FCC structure pure austenite is a stable up to 1391 degrees centigrade right gamma iron that is the FCC having FCC structures contains up to 2.1 percentage weight of carbon dissolved in solid solution. So, it has a FCC structure next one pure austenite is stable up to 1391 degree centigrade when it changes back to another BCC structure delta iron right before melting at 1530 degrees centigrade. Next one cementite is iron carbide a compound at the right hand edge of the diagram. Now, let us see the case 2 start at complete the freezing as solid solutions right this is the iron carbide phase diagram. Now, let us consider this case where the carbon content is 0.68 percent now you see what happens here start and complete the freezing as solid solution. Now, here what is this this is the austenite means it is a solid. Now, as the temperature is coming down what happens this is the once the temperature falls below this temperature that is the 738 degrees centigrade again the structure will be changing ferrite will be forming means what is happening start and complete the freezing as solid solutions. We can see only solid solutions before the final solidification. So, this is the second case next one let us see the case 3 a solid phase and a liquid phase will together form a second solid phase at a constant temperature these are known as pyritectoids. For this the best example again is the iron carbide phase diagram when the carbon content is less than 2 percent the solidification is as follows right from liquid to liquid plus austenite again from liquid plus austenite to austenite and from austenite to ferrite. Again this is the iron carbide phase diagram we can see here when the carbon content is a say at about say 1.2 percent or so what is happening here we can see different phases will be there from liquid to liquid plus austenite. So, this is the liquid and this is liquid plus austenite again from liquid plus austenite to it is going to it is form becoming austenite. From austenite it is becoming austenite plus we can see austenite to ferrite. So, this is the ferrite likewise what is happening we can see there will be solid what say phase will be there a solid phase and a liquid phase will together to form a second solid phase at a constant temperature that is the exact phenomenon taking place in the case 3.  Now the shrinkage defect we have already covered earlier and we have what say seen how to design your razor to take care of the shrinkage defect. Again let us review the causes for the shrinkage defects one is the insufficient size of the razor second one is the improper location of razor third one casting design and fourth one is the progressive solidification. Now these are what say causes for the shrinkage defect one has to design the razor sufficiently large so that it can feed the what say casting throughout the solidification process. Next one one has to place the razor in the right location for example you see this is the casting and this is the razor. Now what happens the solidification starts from a what say far way point right or a a small a thinner section will be solidifying first this portion will be solidifying first slowly the progression the solidification will be progressing towards the center of the casting. Now initially this is solidifying and the razor is connected towards this portion once this solidifies the liquid metal in the razor cannot feed the casting so that way the razor is located in a wrong place. On the other hand let us see the this case and now here the razor is located in the opposite direction means what is what is happening the thinner section which solidifies first is away from the razor. Now yes let it solidify first yes slowly the solidification will be progressing inside and the casting solidifies till the casting is completely solidified the razor will be supplying the liquid metal to the casting so this is the correct location of razor. So that way improper location of the razor sometimes leads to shrinkage defect. Next one casting design also sometimes results in the shrinkage defect. Now let us see a case study now this is the casting and you see here and somewhere here there will be a razor now what happens here because the section thickness is very large here there will be shrinkage defect. So this we need to further to overcome this defect we need to slightly modify the casting design on the other hand you see here the design is little improved instead of what say making a thick section here that thick section is removed here you see now in such a case the shrinkage defect may not occur in the second case. So improper design of the casting also results in the shrinkage defect and the third one or sort the last one is the progressive solidification in the beginning itself or during the what say earlier lectures when we were talking about discussing about the design of the razor we were talking about the progressing solidification again I will review progressive solidification means what here say this is the casting. So this is the razor the solidification can progress like this parallel to the axis of the casting then it is known as the directional solidification. Yes slowly the solidification will be progressing towards the what say razor in such a case razor will be feeding the casting on the other hand you can see here this is the progressive solidification means the solidification progresses perpendicular to the axis of the casting this red colored one is the axis of the casting the solidification is progressing perpendicular to that then what will happen slowly it will be closing the path maybe the razor will be somewhere here and this path will be closed somewhere there will be a shrinkage defect will be there because the what say path is closed the razor cannot feed liquid metal to that place where there is a shrinkage cavity why this is happening because of the progressive solidification. Yes in a solidification both directional solidification and progressive solidification will be there but progressive solidification should not dominate only the directional solidification has to dominate. So axis of progressive solidification leads to shrinkage defect. Now we have to analyze how to what say control this progressive solidification once we can control the progressive solidification or once we know the factors that are influencing the progressive solidification we can very well control this shrinkage defect factors influencing progressive solidification. One is the high conductivity and high heat capacity results in steep gradient and high degree of progressive solidification. Remember when high heat large amount of heat is to be dissipated from the casting to the mould wall it will choose the axial radial direction of the casting or when a small amount of heat is to be dissipated it will be choosing the axial direction. So in both the directions the heat can be dissipated remember but when large amount of heat is to be dissipated it will be choosing the axial direction means perpendicular to the radial direction perpendicular to the x of the what say casting. Now here high conductivity and high heat capacity what happens large amount of heat is to be dissipated to the mould wall in such a case what will happen the heat will be dissipated radially means perpendicular to the axis of the casting in such a case progressive solidification will be more and it will be dominating or there will be high degree of progressive solidification. On the other hand low conductivity low heat capacity what happens large very small amount of heat is to be dissipated in such a case it will be choosing along the what say axial direction parallel to the axis it will be dissipating in such a case the progressive solidification will be very smaller. Now there is another factor which influences the progressive solidification short freezing range results in high degree of what say progressive solidification and we have learnt that an alloy solidifies over a freezing range not at a constant temperature. Now when this freezing range is very small what happens whatever heat it has it has to be dissipated in a short time in such a case it will be choosing the radial direction means perpendicular to the x of the casting in such a case there will be more progressive solidification. On the other hand if there is a long freezing range what happens it has sufficient time for solidification then it may choose the axial direction means parallel to the axis the heat will be dissipated in such a case there will be lesser progressive solidification and more directional solidification. We want more directional solidification we want less progressive solidification. Next there is another factor which influences the progressive solidification. High what say freezing temperature results in steep gradient and high degree of progressive solidification. Now what say freezing temperature or the melting temperature is at a very high temperature high freezing temperature then what happens from say such a high temperature it has to cool down means the ambient what is the difference between the high pouring temperature to the ambient temperature there is a means there is a steep gradient is there because of that more heat is to be dissipated to the mould wall. In such a case it will be choosing the what say radial direction perpendicular to the x of the casting in such a case there will be high degree of progressive solidification. On the other hand let us see this one low freezing temperature results in mild gradient and low degree of progressive solidification. Here the what say the liquidation and solidity line are not very high here they are at a very high temperature liquidate line and solidity line you can see here and here they are at a lower temperature means the gradient is not a steep gradient it is a small gradient because of that lesser amount will be dissipating to the mould wall. Then in such a case it will be choosing the axial direction parallel to the x of the job in such a case there will be more directional solidification and less progressive solidification. Next one is the hot tearing. Now these are the what say you can see here this is the casting and this is the what say crack that has occurred during the solidification of the casting right and there are reasons for that one is the differential contraction next one chemical composition and long freezing range are the causes for the hot tearing right here inside we have kept a core because of that there was differential contraction. Next one is the chemical composition we know that the cast iron under steel they contain extremely small amount of sulphur may be 0.06 percent right. So, that sometimes that will be useful it improves the missionability but if this sulphur content is more it can cause cracking to the casting. Next one long freezing range also causes hot tearing next one evolution of the gases. So, this is another problem associated associated with solidification. Now what are the sources of gases in molten metal one is the atmospheric humidity second one is the wet metallic charge third one is the wet furnace lining fourth one wet foundry instruments next one wet fluxes and other consumables next one furnace fuel containing hydrogen. So, these factors will be influencing evolution of gases in the molten metal. So, in this lecture we have seen the solidification phenomenon and the crystallization grains and the what is a complete solidification we have seen and we have seen the solidification phenomenon of a pure metal the solidification phenomenon of an alloy we have seen and also we have seen the factors influencing progressive solidification and also the direction solidification and the other problems we have seen like the hot tearing shrinkage defect and the gases. And in our next lecture we will be learning about the what is a shake out fettling and what is a finishing of the solidified casting. Thank you.


In this video, we'll talk about decision trees as used for both classification and regression. The idea of a decision tree is absurdly simple, and it's actually a fairly bad method to use for essentially any machine learning problem. However, it serves as the foundation for both certain ensemble methods that we'll talk about next, and it serves as a foundation also for neural network methods, and those are extremely powerful. But for a simple classification problem, here's the idea of a decision tree. Suppose we have n data points in a p-dimensional space, so we've got p-different predictor variables. In this case, we have two predictors, x0 and x1, and each of those has a response, in this case a class, which is either a green circle or a purple x. The idea of a decision tree is to choose a threshold or a cutoff value in each variable, and choose the best cutoff that separates the data between those two classes. So in this case, what I would do is sweep across the x0 variable, looking for the best vertical line that separates the data, and I'd also sweep across the x1 variable, looking for the best horizontal line that separates the data. Of those two, I'll choose the better. It looks to me like that is probably right about here. That cutoff threshold, let's put some numbers on this. One, two, three, four, five. Maybe this is x0 is bigger than or equal to 3.75. That's our first decision cutoff. That has divided our space of predictors into two different half-spaces. Now what we'll do is in each of those half-spaces, we'll sweep through it and find a new cutoff or separator. So on this right-hand half-space, I'll sweep through it both horizontally to make vertical cutoffs or vertically to make a horizontal cutoff, and look for a nice division line. That looks right about here. Let's put some numbers here. Maybe that's 5.5. So if x1 is bigger than or equal to 5.5, that's a new cutoff there. And on this half-space, we have another cutoff. This one's a lot trickier. Let's see. Maybe the best we can do is cut it this way to get those green ones clustered a little bit. So this side's slightly more purple and that side's slightly more green. So if we're to the left, then we'll make another cutoff which is x0 bigger than or equal to 3.25. As you can see, what you're going to end up doing here is cutting the space across each axis and going down recursively to make it smaller and smaller and smaller. So I won't write out the entire tree for the sake of time, but you can see that here we're actually pretty happy. In this half-space, we'll maybe want to cut there. In this one, maybe we'll want to cut there. Maybe we'll want to cut there. Maybe we'll want to cut there and so on. And you can keep going down as far as you want. So if you have a tree of depth d, in this case I've gone down about three levels here, you of course have two of the d domains as a result. So this is the entire idea of a decision tree. You can see that it has at least three fundamental problems immediately, however. Perhaps from a data point of view, the most fundamental problem is that it requires the cuts to be aligned with the different predictor axes. And as we know from our discussion of principal component analysis, it's often true that interesting data is not recorded in the way that reveals the most interesting clustering or classification. So if the variables you recorded, x0 and x1, happen to not be the most relevant ones for your data, cutting across x0 and x1 hyperplanes isn't all that interesting. The second issue, which is related to the first one, is that those cuts are necessarily giving you little rectangular regions. And if your data is in circles or blobs or some non-rectangular shape, you're going to require a lot of tree depth to fit something which goes on a diagonal, for example. You have to make a little jagged edge, which is sort of what we're getting right here. We're gradually getting a jagged edge to separate the purple from the green, or interpreting it as little horizontal and vertical cuts. Related to that issue is the issue of tree depth. Here I have roughly, say, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30. I have maybe 30 or so points here. I didn't actually count them. But obviously, if I have a tree of depth, say a tree of depth 5 or 6, 2 to the 5th is 32 to the 6th is 64, in that sort of situation, I could easily overfit my data because I could make a little rectangular region, each of which contains a single training point. So with a single decision tree, it's extremely easy to overfit the data. And it is not really aligned to the data in any sane way. But that's the idea. It's very simple. It gives you a logic tree. And it's actually fairly fast. If you think about it, what we have to do to build this is, well, at each layer, we have to sweep through each variable. So if we're going to do a tree of depth D for each layer of depth, I have to sweep through the p-different predictors. And how hard is it to find that division line? Well, if I have a way of measuring how different the data is versus x0 or x1, so if I have some measurement of the mixing of the data as you sweep across, then in fact, all I have to do is for each location where there is a data point, do some sort of root-finding method to find the point at which the difference is maximized. So you can think of it as a recursive Newton's method or a binary tree search on the data points. So if you already have your data sort of computed and you know where it is in space, you don't have to go through and do the geometric analysis ahead of time to compute those differences, then that's of course a tree search. So that would be a log in the number of points type method. If you do have to compute how mixed up the data is, maybe there's another n in there to compute, say, how many data points of purple and green are in each region. But generally this is actually reasonably fast. Your number of predictors is, of course, fixed.  And if you have n points, well, you can increase n quite rapidly and the speed of the algorithm isn't too bad. The only final remark to make about classification is what do you use to measure how mixed the data is? There are two primary methods here. Let me change the sheet. So how to measure difference, how to measure mixing or difference. If you think about that previous page, we're really trying to essentially segregate the data. Now there's two primary measurements that we use. One is called the Gini index that comes out of statistics and economics. It was originally used to study things like wealth inequality in different countries. So you want to compare, for example, what portion of the population is below a certain income versus what portion of the population is above a certain income. The other method which comes out of statistical physics is entropy. So with either the Gini index or entropy, if you have data spread out in some way in different classes, so maybe I'll have my O's over here and my X's over here. For any given partition of this data set, you can ask what is the Gini index and what's the entropy. If I were to cut this data this way, each subset would actually be still approximately evenly mixed. In fact, the way this works is that that would have each subregion has high entropy and has a low Gini index. But you can see in some cases you want to segregate the data as much as possible. You'd actually want to cut it roughly here. And now if you compare these two different cells, each of them has minimal entropy and maximum Gini index. You can go look up the definitions these online. I don't want to do all of it right now. So there's a function you can measure which depends on the location of the cut. And that function you measure is something you want to maximize. And therefore finding these hyperplane cuts for a decision tree is essentially a root finding problem from calculus. In the next video, we'll talk about how decision trees are used for regression. And following that, we will study how to combine multiple decision trees into ensemble methods that are much more powerful.


think that I'm lucky because I do know what my life purpose is but I heard it I think it stresses people out to because a lot of people are like I don't know what I'm gonna do with my rest of my life I don't know what my life purpose is I don't know the reason why I'm here and when people I think I'm lucky because I know what I want to do until the day I die but most people I think they get stressed out because they don't know what they want to do until the day they die and so I heard explain one time where it says there's there's jackhammers and there's hummingbirds I'm a jackhammer jackhammer they figure out they want and they just go at it as long as they possibly can and they just put every ounce of energy into it most people though are hummingbirds and a hummingbird will go to a flower and they'll stay there look at all the nectar that it can out of it and then move on to next flower and we'll get all of that can out of it and it'll go on to next flower and so some people can have an overarching most people feel like I have to have this job I have to have this thing that I'm doing that's that's the purpose for that's my life you can have an overarching goal or purpose for your life but don't have to do the exact same thing forever and so some people can spend you know you don't have to worry about your what you're gonna be doing until you're 80 years old just worry about you can be doing for the next six months or two years or three years and say okay this is my purpose for the next two or three years I'm not sure how this this overarching theme of my life this overarching purpose is gonna work out but if I just if I know that this is what's bringing me purpose and this is making me happy for the next year two years three years you might get to the end of those three years and go I got everything that I wanted to just like a hummingbird would and you just move on to the next one and it's like Steve Jobs says you can never connect the dots looking forward you can only look backwards after you get to a certain spot and say oh now I understand why I had to go to all of those different flowers and it was to get me to where I am right now


Vaccination saved more lives than any other medical intervention. However, we still lack vaccines against many pathogens, such as HIV and Hepatitis C, with devastating consequences. Hepatitis C, or Hep C, for example, is a leading cause of liver cancer and liver transplants. It infects an estimated 71 million people worldwide, 9 million right here in China, while in the US it kills more people than any other infectious disease. So we urgently require an effective, widely available vaccine. So why is it so difficult to develop vaccines against viruses like HIV and Hep C? Or to help answer this question, we think about genetics. The principle of vaccination is to train the immune system to recognize and cure viral particles with certain genetic codes when natural infection occurs. However, viruses can change their genetic code by making mutations when they replicate, and in doing so, it can escape the immune pressure. This is only a problem, however, if the mutant viruses have what we call high fitness, which basically means that they can effectively replicate and infect cells. Now, the big problem with viruses like HIV and Hep C is that they make loads and loads of mutations, which creates many immune escape opportunities. Even if those escape mutations lower the fitness of the virus, often this fitness can be restored by mutations occurring elsewhere through some sort of collective effects, which make it very complicated. So what we require are vaccines, which can elicit immune responses such that the mutations to escape those responses both lower the fitness of the virus and this fitness is not easily restored through other mutations. So in order to address this problem, we first must understand how the fitness of these viruses depend on their genetic codes. Now learning this in the laboratory is very complicated, since it would require synthesizing and testing the fitness of billions of viruses with different genetic codes. So in our work at HKUST, as I would describe, we've been looking at a different approach of solving this problem using big-data machine learning. Now our work is inspired by some recent breakthroughs which have used data analysis to help guide the designs of vaccines. An example of this is a vaccine that was developed for meningitis B or MenB. So this is a serious disease which affects the lining around the spinal cord and the brain and its most common in infants. The vaccine works really well and is used routinely. Now designing this vaccine was very hard since the bacteria which causes MenB has about 2,500 proteins and it wasn't clear which of those are expressed on the surface and could be targeted by the immune system. So scientists use data available for the surface proteins of other bacteria along with multiple data analysis methods to identify multiple surface proteins of the MenB bacteria, four of which we use as ultimate targets in the vaccine. So at HKUST, working closely with collaborators at MIT and looking specifically at surface proteins, we've been exploring using big-data machine learning methods to design vaccines or help design vaccines for viruses like HIV and Hep C. As a first step, we developed some sophisticated mathematical models which could predict the fitness of a virus from its genetic code. Now models were trained based on genetic data taken from thousands of infected individuals and their predictions lined up reasonably well when compared against fitness experiments done in multiple labs around the world. Now models allowed us to construct a particular coloured map shown here for the surface protein of HIV where the red regions on this map indicate those positions which appear most vulnerable to immune pressure. That is, if a vaccine could elicit immune responses directly towards those red regions, the mutations needed to escape would likely lower the fitness of the virus and this fitness would likely not be easily restored through other mutations. So constructing a similar map for the surface protein of Hepatitis C, the first thing we see is there is a lot more red. And this suggests that while designing a vaccine for both viruses is very hard, it may be comparatively less so for Hep C. And this is also consistent with the fact that 20 to 30% of Hep C infected individuals recover spontaneously whereas nobody has reportedly spontaneously cleared HIV. So moving towards an explicit vaccine design, we looked at known broadly neutralising antibodies against Hep C and specifically looked for those that latched on to the red regions. We found a select few that did this promoting the design of vaccines that could elicit those specific antibodies. So will vaccine designs guided by machine learning ultimately give improved protection in practice for viruses like HIV and Hep C? Well, there's much, much work to be done particularly in terms of experimentation but the predictions are encouraging. By exploring new ways of designing vaccines using big data, it's exciting to think of the potential consequences for the future. Thank you.


Here we go! I'm so nervous. That will break my heart if he does.   You speak their tongue. Tell them to lift their swords. Even though I rock Shafi. Is it the swords on fire? Yeah. Elisa says signal to Lidus. It's swords on fire, so that's a clue to one.  They just ran through, they're just getting done. Unless they're coming back. The dead are already here. Very well, he's gonna give his life for those trenches. You might be surprised that the next I'd go to before joining the army after the dead. I could think of no organization less suited to my talents. What do you want to make a difference? Maybe we should have stayed married. You were the best of them. Oh, I thought. I know, I am totally drained already. I don't think I'd breathe for that entire series. I just want you to know the things I did. Everything you did brought you where you are now. Where you belong. We're going to go now. Where are you going man? Yeah, yeah.