in private sector partnerships at IOM. And joining us today is Tanya Datovic of IOM and Mariana Munez representing Impact Hub Network. So just some brief housekeeping rules about the session. We're going to make some brief opening remarks. The session will be a presentation based format. Then we'll open it up for questions but feel free to write any of your questions in the comment box. And then our speakers will make some concluding remarks. So we're here today to really discuss inclusive entrepreneurship. In the last decade we've really seen the power of entrepreneurship grow. Built the world's leading companies today. And these companies are also probably here at the Leader Summit. Entrepreneurship is an important foundation for both developed and developing economies. And it really holds promise for generating value, creating jobs, fostering innovation. But what we do see also is that it lacks equal opportunity. We feel inclusive entrepreneurship looks to foster an ecosystem that ensures inclusion for all. And this partnership between IOM and Impact Hub focuses specifically on the inclusion of migrants. We've seen during over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic that the informal sector has really taken a hit. We see soaring rates of unemployment across the globe. And also that there are particularly particular groups that are vulnerable as a result. With migrants at the center, IOM is developing a range of programs focused on building fact better post COVID. So given that we recognize that migrants have agency and innovation and this needs to be put to the forefront. So this session really is looking to highlight the importance of partnership, this partnership between Impact Hub and IOM. And that together building inclusive ecosystems for entrepreneurship across the globe is really the goal. So it's also an invitation to join this effort with IOM and Impact Hub. And as we partnership seek to provide better opportunities for migrants within this space, we'd love for you to join the effort. So with that, I'm very happy to introduce to you our speakers, Tanya Dadovic. She is, hello. Tanya is IOM's regional thematic specialist on labor mobility and human development at the regional office at IOM in Cairo, Egypt. She oversees labor migration programming across 17 countries within the main region. And she's been with IOM for 24 years, acquiring vast experience, working on a range of issues related to labor migration, entrepreneurship and diaspora engagement. And I'm also happy to introduce Mariana Nunes. Mariana currently runs global development efforts for the Impact Hub network. Developing social entrepreneurship support programs and building ecosystems initiatives across the globe. She holds a master's degree in social innovation and entrepreneurship from LSE. And she's also a social entrepreneur herself. She co-leads now at Amor, a Brazilian social business that supports women facing abusive relationships. So with that, I'm going to share my screen as I mentioned, this is presentation based and I will begin our first questions. So bear with me here. So you should see a PowerPoint in the lower left hand corner of your screen and we'll start with the first question. And please, speakers, indicate when you're ready to move on beyond the slide and I can do that. So why is inclusive entrepreneurship important? Why are IOM and Impact Hub partnering to develop ecosystems for inclusive entrepreneurship? You both have a floor. Yes, maybe I can ask you to move on with the PowerPoint. And I think in that case, since you asked us to start with the first question, maybe you can move to the next slide and we will maybe skip the introduction where we just provide some basic information about our organizations as such. So why does IOM actually engage on inclusive entrepreneurship? Well, we see and we have seen multiple entrepreneurs in different, very different settings in humanitarian settings, conflict settings, post-conflict settings, development settings. And we see that basically entrepreneurship is indeed a very effective way to include migrants and refugees in the local economies where they have a possibility to share their knowledge and to basically demonstrate their entrepreneurial spirit. We have seen migrants creating transnational enterprises, cross-border networks, creating new market opportunities. And this is why we consider that entrepreneurship is extremely important and it's something that needs to be promoted. We see entrepreneurship especially now, and we will maybe back a little bit more in detail on this during COVID and especially after COVID as a part of a long-term solution that can address the consequences of COVID but can also address the consequences of large movement forcibly displaced people. In addition to important measures that are put in place to cope with immediate effects of the humanitarian crisis, we now have a health crisis that in fact will trigger a lot of socioeconomic consequences. So again, entrepreneurship is a key in the response to COVID-19. The creation of economic opportunities for all after, especially for us, very important, having in mind not only the SDGs but also our global compact on migration where we all adhere to the purpose of leaving no one behind. And one mechanism that we think to achieve that is again through the promotion of entrepreneurship over to you, Mariana, for Impact Hub. Thank you, Tanya. And thank you, Lindsay, for an introduction and let me say hello to everybody who's watching. We got a hello from Nigeria, so hello. And if you guys want to introduce yourselves in the chat and just say hello, it'll be great because we have no idea who's online watching us. So just a brief parenthesis here to welcome everybody. And so for us at Impact Hub and Lindsay, I can move to the following slide, please. For the Impact Hub, for those who don't know us, we are a global network that supports social entrepreneurship across the globe. We are in more than 55 countries, more than 100 cities and we host a community of more than 16,000 entrepreneurs globally. And for us, our name already says we are an Impact Hub which means that all the idea of inclusion, reducing inequalities and all the goals that we have the sustainable development goals, it's actually better in our theory of change. It's part of who we are, it's part of what we are trying to achieve. So besides everything that Tanya said in terms of the importance of inclusive entrepreneurship and the work that IOM does, for us as intermediaries, it's always very important, it's also very important to see the role that we can play actually in really achieving inclusion and reducing inequalities in a space of entrepreneurship. Because there are some studies already around the role of the accelerators to support SMEs development and they are really successful in supporting them to grow and to access capital. However, the same as accelerators, they're the ones who unconsciously are still perpetuating biases, right? Therefore, we always have to rethink how we are giving access to those resources and to who we are giving access to those resources. So most accelerators, they follow markets and verticals that already have commercial potentials. Most of them are highly selective, usually focusing on the highly educated, high income entrepreneurs and most of them are time bounded and take into consideration the ones that already have the discourse that the market likes to see, which is not really very inclusive. So for us, in terms of entrepreneur support to marginalize communities and migrants are included in those categories, we have to change our approach. We have to be much more realistic on what we are expecting from those entrepreneurs. We have to be intentional on the selection process. So we have to go to them. We have to join forces with other community organizations that are trying to support them on integration and inclusion because sometimes we ourselves cannot access those communities. Many back tabs across the globe, they're very well positioned and very well integrated in communities in their local level. However, we can always do better. We can always reach for more people. Therefore, joining efforts and working in collaboration is part of what we do and what we see it's really relevant when we're talking about inclusion. And then having a more long term view, not expecting the entrepreneurs to thrive in six months time because loads of accelerators and many of the support that exists out there, they're very packed, they have very clear objectives and you have to reach this goal by this time, you have to pitch for the investors and who actually are the ones ready for taking this journey? So sometimes you have to take a step back and really rethink how we are offering the support to migrant entrepreneurs. Being more inclusive, work a lot on community building and integration and sometimes go far beyond just the business skills set that we provide usually as traditional accelerators, incubators. Some not to say most of entrepreneurs from marginalized backgrounds suffer a lot from non-confidence because they're so used to have doors shut in their faces, they're just not confident enough to come forward, to apply for a program or even to just show up. So having a different approach, really rethinking how we as intermediaries in the space of entrepreneurship are providing the support. It's super important and that's why for us, looking to inclusion is the key aspect. We don't want to just replicate the unconscious bias that we see everywhere and just having a link to what's going on in the world right now, all the Black Lives Matter movements the past weeks really like put down, put back in our faces, how our unconscious bias are super strong even in the impact sector, even us who are trying to do good, who are trying to make the world the best place possible and really achieve the sustainable environment goals, even ourselves, we have to look back and say, look, we haven't been good enough. We have to do more. And it's really unconscious bias, it is. We have to acknowledge that. So the same happens when we are providing support. The same happens when we are including the entrepreneurs and I see here a comment, I totally agree on important self-knowing business skills. Definitely that's something that we see a lot in many of the programs that we run that focus on marginalized communities and migrants included. Thank you, Marianne. That brings us back to our next question. Why is it so important? I mean, post-COVID-19, maybe once we're out of this health crisis to invest in inclusive entrepreneurship and what's the role of small and medium-sized businesses in building back better? Yeah, can I ask you to move to the next slide then? So I think Marianne has already pointed to this innovation potential and yet at the same time, the need to really go out and reach out to the migrants, we see already in the settings where we are currently providing, obviously in the current right now, more the humanitarian support. And yet we see already in these settings that it's entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized enterprises that immediately jumped, so to say on the occasion to basically change their production and they started to produce personal protective equipment and we are supporting them in that. That's just one of the examples how we see over and over again that it's entrepreneurs and SMEs that are usually the first ones to get back on their feet and this is exactly why they play such a central role in the global economy. They do create the large percentage of jobs and that is especially also true with social enterprises and social innovators. Very often they serve also as incubators for some of them into the multinational of tomorrow. So in that sense, in this context of COVID, we see that social innovators and social entrepreneurs can indeed offer new approaches to tackle the problems that we are facing now. The pandemic has, we have seen created new customer needs and with that, the pandemic is also generating opportunities, let's say for innovation and this is exactly where the SMEs can show their value by fostering more inclusive labor markets maybe hopefully in the future more sustainable production and consumption patterns, creating new healthcare, creating new educational environment and also technology solutions or designing also new approaches to citizens participation. We see that the organizations operating in the fields of social innovation and social economy can contribute a lot to building more cohesive and more resilient societies and economies. Yeah, I think that there are many studies and we have some numbers right there of the importance of SMEs on economic development. The SMEs sector has been severely affected by the crisis and we know that they are the ones who create the largest amount of jobs that will help us rebuild economies. And then especially when looking to social enterprises, they are being severely affected by all this. So when we think about post COVID and why we are talking about inclusion entrepreneurship is really what do we want to build back that are so many disruptions happening, many industries being disrupted and those industries have to make changes, they have to get back to their feet and how we want it to happen. I think that's the question and for us working in the sector of social entrepreneurship is really received the huge potential not only on innovation but on social impact on tackling the crisis that we have today, climate change and refugee crisis and now the health crisis, right? And really rethinking also what is the economic model we want to follow through. We know the high consumption levels that we have today are just unsustainable, how we're gonna change this and how we're gonna change this in a way that we still integrate people and offer jobs, how can we keep this going? And social entrepreneurs and the ones who are the best placed to really think about all these questions and provide innovative solutions. So for me, the greatest importance now into looking to inclusion is how can we empower all this diversity to help us view the future that we need looking to the greatest challenges that we face. I mean, in one of the greatest challenges and the huge crisis that we have today is with the refugee crisis, right? If I'm not mistaken, you guys from the algorithm can correct me if I'm wrong but the refugee crisis nowadays is the largest since the second world war, if I'm not mistaken. So besides the health crisis and the climate change crisis, we have a refugee crisis going on.  So it's how we're gonna integrate all these people how we are opening the doors, how are you creating access, how we are really changing the world including all of them. So one SMEs are what drive economies globally. They are the largest creators of jobs. Social entrepreneurs themselves are SMEs, most of them that can do not only create jobs but also create the impact that we need in the world. They are the ones who have the solutions. They have to face the challenges. They know the problem. They are the best ones equipped to really deal with the problems. But we need to empower them. We need to give access. We need to give support. We need to open networks. We have to increase social capital because that's how things happen. Yeah, I hope you guys agree. Please write on the chat. I see some people already commenting. You really have to keep the dialogue open. Thank you, Arianna. I really liked what you said about SMEs and how small companies know they're often more agile and more reactive to societal needs, which is what we really need most at this time. I'm gonna move on to our next question. How do we kind of bring it back to this partnership, engage in inclusive entrepreneurship and what has been your approach, your experience working with governments and your experience working with migrants around this topic? Thank you, Lindsay, for the question. Can I ask you? Yeah, thank you. So as I said, IOM has been working in very different, very many different settings with migrants, migrants in migrant categories. Whether they be returning migrants, whether those are victims of trafficking, whether they are labor migrants that return after their labor migration experience, whether it's internally displaced people that are trying to rebuild their lives many times for the secondary, for the third time. Having worked with all these migrants in these different settings, we realized that our work cannot only focus on supporting the migrants themselves with the necessary support, access to funding or helping them in doing the registration of their businesses, marketing their products. We realized that in order for these efforts to have more sustainability, we really need to work with the governments. We need to work on the ecosystem that allows migrants, migrant entrepreneurs to thrive. Now, when I'm talking about migrants, I will not always say migrants in migrant categories, but yes, we understand that we are talking about migrants and refugees. And we have, for that purpose, joint forces with UNCTAD and also with UNHCR that is responsible for the global compact on refugees to develop a policy guide on entrepreneurship for migrants and refugees. And this policy guide is basically trying to list and to point out the main areas where governments and private sector can work together to really enhance the ecosystem for migrants and refugees. And one is to basically make sure that these type of strategies on entrepreneurship are cohesive, that the strategy for migrants and refugees is in line with the, let's say, strategies of resume development that are in place in that country. It's about optimizing the regulatory environment. So basically the requirements in terms of skills recognition, who can open a business? What do they need to, what are the criteria that they need to fulfill to be able to obtain a business license? It's about the entrepreneurial education and skills development, something that Marianne will talk a little bit more in her next contribution because obviously Impact Hub has developed a very specialized type of training program and curricula for entrepreneurs. It's about facilitating the technology exchange and it's about improving access to finance. And then in all these points, this policy guide has basically, and maybe you can move also to the next slide, Lindsay. So we can also show the policy guide and what it looks like. This policy guide was launched in 2018 at the Bird Investment Forum together with Umtat and with UNHCR. It's being rolled out currently in a number of countries and it's one of the, let's say, guiding tools that we will also use as we are developing together with Impact Hub this global program to actually improve and enhance ecosystems for entrepreneurship, tackling all these different issues. How that's basically IOM's role will be in this project to work with the governments where Impact Hub will focus on the actual training and supporting the migrant entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurial journey. So coming from a lot of experience from the field working with a lot of different migrant categories on enterprise development, in this particular global project, IOM will focus on our role as an intergovernmental organization to work with the governments on enhancing the ecosystem for inclusive entrepreneurship by tackling each of these areas. Over to Mariana. Thank you, Tanya. So for us, we can move forward with the slides. So our approach in terms of inclusion of migrants, marginalized communities in general, but our focus here, migrants specifically, is to have them working together, working on integration of communities. So one thing that we see a lot also is programs that are very specific to the migrant community and keeping them isolated, right? You don't integrate really them with the local communities. Therefore, we don't enhance their social capital in the new country. So this is one thing, having them working together, mixing groups, offering safe spaces where they can feel comfortable and joining and coming in and that only happens when we are able to collaborate with other organizations. There are already very familiar to these communities that can provide to them the confidence and the trust that they can come to our spaces to join us and still feel comfortable and understand they're going to be heard and they're going to be understood because they do face different challenges than traditional entrepreneurs and have to be able to accommodate all of those challenges. Visibility and networking, helping them to be more visible, so offering them the space to showcase their work, portraying them in websites, newsletter, blog posts, social media, just in general, they're trying to show people like, hey, these people have great potential. Look at them, they're doing great work. This is one of the key elements for us. Having an ecosystem approach towards inclusion, which means we don't work only with the entrepreneurs but we also want to work with other intermediaries in the space that are also supporting those communities. So the Impact Hub Network, we have been running programs for many, many years right now and we run more than 200 programs per year and we have started to codify all the learnings and all the knowledge that we have in different types of programs. So we have many countries running programs for migrants, so what we've been doing is trying to get the lessons learned from those locations and codifying and learning and now sharing with other organizations as well in the ecosystem. So it's a knowledge that's not only to ourselves but to everyone. We also engage partners to provide funding and access to capital for the entrepreneurs. Again, unconscious bias is real. It's not an accident that female entrepreneurs don't raise investments as male entrepreneurs although most of the time they outperform male counterparts when provided the opportunity. So for migrants, it's very similar in the case, so the unconscious bias really stops the funders to really providing the capital to those entrepreneurs. So working with our partners in the space of impact investment is something very important and key for us. Offering a longer term in ongoing support for them. So again, not only a very packed and short period of time where we expect them to thrive being completely inconsiderate of their situation so having a long term vision and still accompany them even when the program's over providing them access to the network to the spaces, to the community of entrepreneurs, it's very important. And then that's when I guess we meet with the IOM it's the work on advocacy for inclusive and bottom up economic development. One thing that we see from our past experiences that we can do great work we want to provide to all of them we want to support all entrepreneurs refugees, migrants, people in the moving general and sometimes we just face the wall of loss of the policy that's not really fit to include those entrepreneurs in the country. So I think that's when we meet with the IOM in this challenge and really want to work together to not only support the entrepreneurs to thrive but to allow policy to change and provide an environment that they can really thrive. We can really include them in society. And last of all we usually like to combine the entrepreneurial and employability support with social vision and social capital beauty formats. Again, creating opportunities and spaces to have the bonding of the local and the new communities joining in and increasing social capital for the entrepreneurs. So this is most of our approach you can move forward to the next slide. We've run several programs across the globe. This is just a quick example of some examples of the programs. And I would say that for the impact hub network we really started to work more focus on migrant entrepreneurship of course after the refugee crisis exploded with loads of migrants reaching the shores of Italy, Spain and other countries in the Mediterranean region.  Therefore there are loads of examples in Syracuse for instance in Italy. There is the relab program which is an entrepreneur support for holders of international protection in Italy offering micro credits for the entrepreneurs working with the ILO and many other partners. We also have the European refugee fund we also have Athens with Hack in the Camp which is a six month solution design and incubation program for migrant and local entrepreneurs. This one was supported by the NASA Foundation the US Embassy in Athens and also Microsoft and Intel. One thing that we love to do is really to mix different partners and stakeholders from different sectors to create a more ecosystem let's say view of the work that we do. One very interesting one that I really like is the example from Impact Hub Bamako in Mali a program it's called Next Economy which is about supporting the youth to gain the skills both either from employability or entrepreneurship depends on what world they want to take in life to avoid migration. Really supporting them to stay in the country and further develop the country. Just a few examples and one the last example I have is for Impact Hub Istanbul we can move on to the next slide please it's a program called Beauty or Future which is a six month entrepreneurship skills beauty and incubation program focused on Syrian entrepreneurs that are living in Turkey youth from 18 to 35 years old it's about finding feasible solutions so it goes from ideation to start up stage this is also something that we do a lot in Impact Hub we always provide the entrepreneurship journey in different stages so it can provide specific support to the specific needs from each stage of the entrepreneurship journey so we've had 130 participants across two programs they've already run in Istanbul we have just completed the second round in last year and it was a nationwide program and the important thing is we not only offered this business skill building which is a traditional from incubators and accelerators but also a specific mentorship looking holistically to their context what their life looks like and also offering a post program support so they can still access the community they can still be part of the Impact Hub they can still connect and find support wherever they need so just a few examples of what we do and how we are doing it and that's why actually we are joining the IOM now to try to bring our expertise with entrepreneurship and their huge expertise in convincing those big names and governments to help us create a more engaging inclusive system. Thank you both. That leads us very well to our next question actually why did IOM and Impact Hub join efforts on this topic what added value do you see as Impact Hub in this partnership with IOM Mariana and vice versa and what is really the role of the private sector in promoting inclusive entrepreneurship Thank you Lindsay. Please move on to the next slide where we have tried to very roughly to basically show what are the main where do we see our main role in working together on this and as you can see and I think Mariana has in the best possible way in a very lively manner with concrete examples illustrated how they are basically supporting entrepreneurs in their journey and how they also try to enhance the ecosystem around entrepreneurship this is for us as IOM I think one of the main reasons if not the reason why we wanted to partner with Impact Hub on this we are in the process of developing you can see the title inclusive entrepreneurship award and this is a global program we are currently working on a pilot phase of this project for which we are looking for private sector partners who want to engage with us on this and basically the idea is to bring together the approach that Impact Hub has developed over the years and has really specialized in providing this very targeted entrepreneur entrepreneurial support to to our projects which I would say are much more basic in their approach of training and supporting migrant entrepreneurs with this whole idea of networking and mentoring and helping people to build this community that can also support that they are moving on what we as IOM can bring to this is that we have the linkages to the governments and to the ministries that are responsible to build the policies and the legal framework around entrepreneurship and yet another thing is basically the linkages to diaspora communities so I mentioned briefly in the beginning that we have seen that programs where we are specifically supporting migrants and host communities to engage in joint ventures and to link these ventures with diaspora communities basically to be able to reach out to international markets to new markets, bigger markets than the local markets for which they would otherwise be using. We want to help them to explore investment opportunities in other countries we want to support programs and we have supported programs that make these linkages by providing technical support for transnational, migrant and refugee enterprises we want to link them up to online platforms, e-commerce that can help actually really innovate for example the handicraft sector by connecting migrant and refugee entrepreneurs with such platforms we want the entrepreneurs to also consider nostalgia traits which is something that every migrant wherever he or she is going is basically dependent on to be able to continue to buy food products or other traditional products from home wherever they are so that is something that migrant and refugee entrepreneurs can really use as a market niche and build on that we have created networking events that are explicitly targeting transnational businesses and actors there are countless diaspora business associations I have had the possibility to meet with some of them in my work that have fantastic ideas on how to basically link producers in countries of origin with the markets where they are based now and where they have their contacts so we see the connection of these entrepreneurs that the Impact Hub will support in their early stages or in their growth stages accountable stages yet let's say to another level by linking them up with their diaspora networks their diaspora communities and see how that can help them to reach out to yet larger markets I think again going back one more time to COVID and what COVID has done to the economies globally and to supply chains I think that is yet another possibility to support SMEs and to support migrant entrepreneurs specifically in helping we can basically help to rebuild certain supply chains yeah so I think this is besides the work with the government yet a very important component that IOM can bring to the program and Marianne, maybe I leave the common work on creating the new narrative to you and before we outline with a few words where we see that the private sector would come in and what would be the specific role of private sector in this whole global undertaking yeah so first of all I would say that it's been great to work in this project with the IOM it's an ambition program that we are developing right now it's the Migrant Entrepreneurship Award for Sustainable Development for me particularly it's been super amazing to work on this the idea that we are going to pilot this in six different countries covering trying to represent all the global regions so this is going to be cool and as Tanya was saying one of the one of our worries we want to give in this program is really changing the narrative around migrants and refugees for me particularly I always feel very bothered when I see them all being treated as just beneficiaries of a hundred programs for human beings that need help and we really want to change that for us it's really putting them on the stage and saying look these people are huge they have great potential we need them we need them to build our economies we need to welcome them open the doors and just embrace their diversity and all their innovation because they are here to stay and they can really contribute with our economies and our social development so I think this is one of the things we are working with media so if you are from any media organization corporate and wants to support us portraying the entrepreneurs in a more sustainable and actually realistic way on really the power that they bring to the table feel free to reach out to us we are going to look for partners in many many different sectors this is one thing and then the greatest role of the private sector here one if you are in the media in private sector we are welcoming you to join us if you are just a corporation and wants to engage your employees for instance to support and provide skills based volunteering we would welcome you as well we are welcoming anyone that really wants to engage in the topic and really be part of an inclusive global award focused on migrant entrepreneurship we are going to work with impact investors if you want to work with us and support migrant entrepreneurs increase the diversity of your portfolio and really dive deep into your unconscious bias because we all have them so join us as well we are here to do this work together if you are other support organizations or NGOs trying to offer support to entrepreneurs to migrants, refugees skills based we are going to also have space for you to work with us who else am I forgetting Tanya I think that we are looking at a very systemic approach here we want to work with the whole ecosystem from governments to intermediaries to entrepreneurs themselves to the media we are going to go for all and that's the way I see we have to be systemic and we have to collaborate there is no way to change things if we don't collaborate and work together yeah so just to maybe make that extra clear because when you read inclusive entrepreneurship award you might maybe think that this is an award for entrepreneurs only but in fact all the stakeholders that Mariana has just listed the impact investors, the governments the media, the other support organizations that are also providing and support technical support to entrepreneurs, the incubators the whole ecosystem we will have different categories and in each category we will basically award the best the one that has gone the farthest the one that has been extra innovative in enhancing the ecosystem for inclusive entrepreneurship and I think a particular role that we see for banks for microfinance for impact investors is that especially now in the post-COVID period I think they play an extremely important role in taking the lead and coordinating the resources so that the SMEs get the support that they need to grow and through that support help create the jobs and make a significant contribution that they can give to the economy be they normal SMEs or be they social entrepreneurs we very much think that it's the SMEs that can bring the much needed ability and innovation and dynamism to the markets where they are operating going to be in Mexico or in South Africa or in Bangladesh or in Cambodia or whether it's going to be in Europe in Netherlands or in Italy or in Turkey for that matter so wherever you have situations where people are on the move because they are either returning we are stranded they aim to integrate they want to engage in migration and development in their countries of origin wherever they are their agility and their ideas and their drive to succeed can help the economies recover they will be the first ones to create jobs again but they can't do it on their own so we are reaching out to the banks we are reaching out to the impact investors we are reaching out to private sector we are reaching out to foundations we are reaching out to corporations like Mariana said we see that this is a joint undertaking this is for all of us to work together to make this happen and in that sense I think we will change the narrative on migration we will change the narrative on what it is that migrants and refugees can mean for our societies and we are this is not a discourse that is particularly Europe we are seeing this now all over the globe whether it's in Latin America with the Venezuelan crisis whether it's in South Africa where you have huge numbers of migrant workers stranded in South Africa whether it's in the guys corporation countries or whether it's in Southeast Asia there are millions of people who are now basically following the COVID crisis return to their countries of origin and so here we think that entrepreneurship as a development can play a key role to the recovery from COVID and not only recovery as such let's say for the migrants themselves but you know migrants and migrant entrepreneurs refugee entrepreneurs doing their part to build back better that's the ambition with inclusive entrepreneurship and that's why we are doing this together with impact hub Mary Wilson yes that was quite inspiring I have to say and this multi stakeholder approach is really key for combating conscious bias that we all face today noting the time I will invite any of our participants to ask questions or make comments we already have a couple of really nice comments and she just says thank you all for a very interesting panel and discussion happy to connect particularly for a project based in Turkey so that's great if any of you have any other questions feel free to write them in the chat box in the meantime I will invite our esteemed speakers to make their concluding remarks I just wanted to say that this is a great opportunity for us to bring such an important topic especially now with the Covid crisis and we all having to rethink how what's going to be the world post Covid and what we really want to see and what we really want to build together therefore I would like to welcome everybody just to rethink our roles first as individuals how our unconscious bias our day to day inequalities can we really shift things as individuals first and then how can we put that to our community and therefore our workspace and how can we really change things so I will first just welcome people to think about that something that's been in my mind in the past weeks a lot and in an individual level but also in an organizational level this is a huge platform to really discuss how businesses are moving things and changing things for the best so let's think about inclusion let's not leave it behind and if you want to join us in any of those efforts that we mentioned if you want to work with us in the project that will be it will be great to welcome you so thank you so I don't know how much more there is to end to what Marianne has you know just said of course as IOM we are really excited to be at the United Nations Global Compact Summit we understand it's a very important event it's an anniversary event so we will definitely also make sure that this presentation we will share that more widely also within our networks so that more people can hear about this idea and about this partnership with Impact Hub and we will definitely very much welcome if through this platform and the people who have attended our session if they would want to get in touch with us Lindsay are we able to share our emails or how you are more than welcome share your emails in the comments box then we will do just that so that people can actually get in touch with Marianne and myself the two of us in the coming weeks we will be reaching out to those countries that have been identified as the pilot countries for this global program and yes I am likewise very excited to work with Marianne and with the Impact Hub teams and our teams on developing the more countries specific proposals because like I said each of these countries has a different context and we aim because we want to be inclusive we want to make sure that this award competition will speak to the context whether it's in Cambodia or whether it's in Mexico or in Turkey and to work that out in detail and at the same time continue to advocate for inclusive entrepreneurship as we are trying to engage with partners in this this is actually already an exciting journey so this session and this presentation here is for us basically a kickoff and of course a fantastic opportunity so thank you to the UN Global Compact on providing this type of platform for organizations like ours that want to embark on such a journey thank you to everyone that was actually listening and sharing their comments and I hope to see that we have connections being made already I can see that thank you Mariana for doing that I'm talking about this at the same time and I think we have a question there on the most challenging aspects of our work and what are you doing with most hope for I think for me I'm just going to reply to that very quickly I'm Brazilian originally and last year I was in the UK for the past five years and last year I went to Sao Paulo to a conference that happened in the outskirts of the city I won't call it a favela because it wasn't a favela as such but a very poor neighborhood in the outskirts of the city of Sao Paulo it was about entrepreneurship there were many stakeholders really trying to look into very marginalized entrepreneurs and how to best support them and at that moment I was we really need to do our homework here and how to engage them because it's not the same thing of course each country each context is a different one so when looking into specific migrants you have to really understand what are the challenges that specific community faces you cannot just copy and paste all the entrepreneurial support that doesn't work like that you have to be really specific and really mindful if you want to be really inclusive so that's what I could say and that's what I want the change that I want to see even in ourselves as a global network of social entrepreneurship more and more and this is something that's stopping our agenda right now and yeah we are on the way to change I think that was actually a quite nice closing remark unless are there other questions or comments that we should be answering I think our time is almost over I would also like to thank everyone that was joining us for this session and we'll be sharing our emails about that right now yeah my email is already there so if you want to connect send me a line please feel free and yes if you're interested in the project we are building together we welcome you guys to join us and thank you so much Lindsay for supporting us today and moderating the session and asking the questions yeah we couldn't do it without your help actually thank you Lindsay and thank you to everyone that joined us today and have a wonderful afternoon yay thank you guys bye goodbye


Hello and welcome to this session. Let us understand the following problem today. If tan inverse of x minus 1 by x minus 2 plus tan inverse of x plus 1 by x plus 2 is equal to pi by 4, then find the value of x. Now let us write the solution. We have tan inverse of x minus 1 by x minus 2 plus tan inverse of x plus 1 by x plus 2, which is equal to pi by 4, which implies tan inverse of x minus 1 by x minus 2 plus tan inverse of x plus 1 by x plus 2, which is equal to tan inverse of 1. This implies tan inverse of x minus 1 by x minus 2 is equal to tan inverse of 1 minus tan inverse of x plus 1 by x plus 2, which is equal to tan inverse of 1 minus x plus 1 by x plus 2 whole divided by 1 plus 1 into x plus 1 by x plus 2, using identity tan inverse x minus tan inverse y, which is equal to tan inverse of x minus y by 1 plus x y. Now this becomes, it's equal to tan inverse of x plus 2 minus x minus 1 by x plus 2 plus x plus 1. This gets cancelled, so we are left with tan inverse of 1 by 2 x plus 3, that is tan inverse of x minus 1 by x minus 2 is equal to tan inverse of 1 by 2 x plus 3, which implies x minus 1 by x minus 2 is equal to 1 by 2 x plus 3. Now solving this we get which implies x minus 1 into 2x plus 3 is equal to x minus 2, which implies 2x square plus 3x minus 2x plus into minus 3 is equal to x minus 2, which implies 2x square plus x minus 3 is equal to x minus 2. Now solving it further we get 2x square plus x minus x minus 3 plus 2 is equal to 0. This gets cancelled so we are left with 2x square minus 1 is equal to 0, which implies 2x square is equal to 1, which implies x square is equal to 1 by 2, which implies x is equal to plus minus 1 by root 2. Therefore required answer is x is equal to plus minus 1 by root 2. I hope you understood the problem. Bye and have a nice day.


Our tertiary education trust fund, TEF Fund, has inaugurated a vocational education workshop worth 318.85 million dollars at the Bami Dele or Lumiloa University of Education, Science and Technology in Aikiti State. President Muhammad Buhari, who was represented by the Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment, me, Adebayo, commanded TEF Fund and described the feat as a testament to the commitment of his administration to improve infrastructure development in tertiary institutions in the country. On his part, the Executive Secretary Sonny Echono, represented by the Director, Monetary and Evaluation, Babatunde Olajide, expressed the government's resolve to create a conducive learning environment for students to thrive. I am delighted to note that Bami Dele or Lumiloa University of Education, Science and Technology in Aikiti State and other public tertiary educational institutions in Aikiti State have not been exempted from these intervention efforts of TEF Fund. As part of the intervention effort of TEF Fund in this university, I am glad to note that an iconic project, the Vocational Education Workshop Complex of the 2017-2019 merged annual intervention worth 318.85 million Naira will be commissioned here today. As we commission these projects, let me implore management of the institutions to ensure proper usage and maintenance of the buildings, to serve generations coming behind, to acquire learning in the institution. As an agency of government, let me assure you that the fund will continue to support our beneficiaries, within the provisions defined by the Board of Trustees, as enshrined in the enabling laws of the fund. Earlier, Vice Chancellor Professor Victor Adilua said the project would further enhance quality education aided by quality learning in the institution. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Cool. So hopefully you can see my slides now and if you can hear me. So, yeah, thanks for giving me the opportunity to speak here. I've really been enjoying these talks so far. There's been a lot to think about and to ponder. And I think really it's left me with more questions than answers and even maybe sort of reconsider my own talk and before I've even given it basically. But what I'm going to talk to you about today is my approach to typing and characterizing plasmids and how I kind of start with plasmid sequences and attempt to type plasmid lineages so for the past three years or so I've been working on the detective project which is a UK China collaboration involving universities of Birmingham and Cambridge here. And three institutes in China in three different cities and we're actually focusing on gram negative pathogens in ICUs in these hospitals. And basically each project has been a deep sampling project, sequencing lots of isolates from ICU patients, staff, hospital environments and also clinical samples and my role in the project primarily has been to look at plasmids and other mobile genetic elements that are contributing to cover pen and resistance, but also to antibiotic resistance more generally in these strains, particularly where we see the accumulation of drug resistance. So, what I've been really interested in is being able to trace individual plasma lineages and so the reasons I think it's all it's clear now from what we've been hearing the last couple of days, why we want to do this. The first one is by observing a discrete plasma lineage over its evolutionary time frames we can actually learn a lot about how plasmids evolve whether at, you know the SNP level or at these larger levels where we see deletion events insertion events recombination events. And what effects those things have on plasmids generally. But also I think the more we learn about how plasmids evolve and understand their evolutionary space we can start to think about how we can more accurately employed genomic surveillance to tracing plasmids as well and that's of course important in terms of antibiotic resistance. So, we've just been hearing about how we should be defining plasma lineages and we know that the SNP can happen but I think one really important way in which to define lineages is to trace them by the revolutionary events and so we've seen examples already. But like a very crude example here you can see for example, a bunch of plasmids coming from a defined known original backbone can be placed into lineages based on acquiring different insertions and they can go, you know, onward and accumulate many different changes. Each will be different to one another and we need to be able to determine how to tell them apart because that's important for transmission if we're talking about genomic surveillance but we also need to know whether, you know, their evolution is taking them on different trajectories or similar ones and if there's different ways for them to reach the same same place so again very very crude and we've heard examples already but if we're talking about a plasmid lineage and here it is the circle here it is the line the kinds of things I'm talking about in terms of insertion which can be quite simple, deletion events which can make insertions more complicated or more difficult to track, recombination which can change parts of the background or insertions and the development of complex resistance regions which is where I can get really tricky with annotating and determining how these things have happened. And finally plasma co integration which we've heard a little bit about already in previous talks in this series, but which is, I'm seeing more much more of it in recent times. So, basically, this is a slide I just added because we were seeing a couple of different things I think I think in in these sessions and we either have an approach to typing plasmids where we can start with all the sequence data that's available which I know for me is certainly starting to become overwhelming. Or we can start slowly with a single plasma in a single study and work our way up. And I think it's very difficult to get to from the top to the bottom or to get from the bottom to the top and hopefully with more discussion we can we can find a way to reconcile those points but what I'm going to be talking to is essentially the bottom up strategy so starting with high resolution annotations and trying to bring that to the larger data sets available. And so essentially, what a lot of my work comes down to is annotate compare repeat. So, to give you an idea of what I would do if I if I had a plasma that I was beginning with and I wanted to annotate it. So the first step is to actually work out what is in your plasma in terms of first of all backbone and second mobile genetic elements like is transpose on etc. So, really, there's no one answer unfortunately I get to see a single simple solution to this. I do a lot of comparisons to reference sequences so if I know generally the type of plasma that I'm working with, I can have a reference backbone often to a historic plasma that's been sequenced and well characterised especially experimentally. And have databases of mobile elements as well but of course no database is perfect. So, first of all, yeah, and it's hate your your backbone and it's hate your mobile elements, and then try and look at the sequences around mobile elements so I'm very specific when I'm typing rather than just looking for the gene of an insertion sequence or a transpose on that might be picked up by procker or something like that. Look for the actual sequence itself. And really try to define the context of that insertion so we know that insertions can generate targets like duplications. What I've marked on here is where targets like duplications are present. The converse to that is if you know a mobile element can generate a target site duplication but it's not flanked by one, the, you know, the result of that is probably that you've had a deletion. So, for example, here we might be expecting a deletion and you could compare to a backbone sequence to determine whether you're missing something that you think you should have. And so if you do that you can then work out what's in your backbone, whether certain parts of the backbone are interrupted and you might even be able to predict phenotypes from that in terms of conjugative transfer, etc. And so that's how we like this and also, of course, we just heard in Will's talk that essentially we can have really rapidly evolving elements or, you know, combinations of mobile elements in these plasmids as well and they're also important to track as well as just the backbone in these things. It sometimes feels like annotations like this never end, you might find weird sequences in your plasmid that don't seem to match a backbone, don't seem to match a mobile element and that's how you can of course discover new elements and there's always more to discover in what we're finding the more of a sequence. So, in the end you, yeah, you have to try to be as accurate as possible I try to be in my annotations and the reason for that is because that allows me to do what I'm going to mention next which is take these really precise sequences. At the junctions of elements and backbones or elements and elements if they insert into one another and use those to further characterize other plasmids and to then look in larger databases. So for example here we have an insertion sequence jumped into a plasma backbone this sequence here which transitions from blue to black can only have been generated by this precise insertion event. So you'll have sequences that have a black sequence and you'll have sequences that have a blue sequence but you will never have them together in that exact order in any configuration, unless this molecular event has occurred so this precise insertion has occurred. And conversely, you actually have the sequence, or you can generate the sequence of what that would look like without the insertion in so you can also search for the uninterrupted variant. So if to imagine, you know, lineage of plasmids with all these different events you could have signature sequences for every molecular event that has occurred in that lineage of a time. And you can actually take those very short sequences so I make them 100 base pairs so 50 base pairs of elements 50 base pairs of context, and query any set of sequences you like, so you can query complete genomes and plasmids you can query draft genomes. So if we even be able to query meta genomes I have limited experience in that space but I've seen a little bit that suggests that it's promising. So, the reason. So, we've also heard about the difficulties of short read sequence data. The reason I say, these can be useful is because in my experience of short read sequence data. I've looked at a fair bit. When you have context break, you do still get a little piece of the genetic element that causes the break or they repeat the causes of break. And that repeat length is usually 60 to 180 base pairs. So if you use 100 base pair signature sequence that is 50 base pairs of elements and 50 base pairs of context that sequence should be preserved in your short read assemblies which means that even if this is a pile of samples and you're wanting some short read genomes, you should be able to detect the molecular events that have occurred in your plasma lineage or at least the derivative sequences of those events. So, I'll really quickly try and go through a couple of examples, where we've we've used some of this one example starting from annotating from scratch and learning about a plasma lineage and one where we could apply that to a smaller data set and look for plasma in ICU. So the first of these are these F 233 plasmids which we've recently published so I'll be going through this relatively quickly, but you can get more detail in a manuscript itself so the reason we were interested in F 233 plasmids is because Zong, who's the head of infectious disease in his hospital in Chengdu. So a lot of club DL a outbreaks that we're carrying this type of plasma with a KPC to gene so highly clinically relevant resistance, appeared to be in a plasmid. They were seeing it coming back, you know, constantly so they were very interested in this particular type of plasma and so that prompted our investigation so we are and I actually collected F 233 plasmids from Genbank and from Zong study so they're in Sichuan so actually most of these plasmids here actually generated by Zong's lab. We detected F 233 plasmids using the rep A1 gene and we had a very strict identity threshold of identical so we we made sure we were getting exactly this plasmid lineage coming through from our for our collection here so 185 plasmids. We saw that they were from multiple provinces in China, and they were from multiple niches so we were seeing them from human clinical isolates agricultural isolates and various other non hospital environment isolates as well. And they covered quite a lot of China, but what we actually found is that they're mostly endemic to China so amongst 185 plasmids I think there are only five found outside of China at all. This appears to be an endemic plasma lineage in China that's really well disseminated but has not yet really taken the leap internationally, or we didn't think so from from this data set anyway. So without taking you through the detail. Basically we annotated all of these 185 plasmids. But we could start by annotating some in more detail than others, then determining junction sequences, searching our database determining what plasmids look like and and looking at examples where they weren't matching what we expected them to. And in the end, what we came up with is this plasma backbone so this is the F 233 plasma background as a black line here you can see various elements of it annotated. There were three insertions that were found in greater than 50% of the data set that we could use to characterize the evolution of this lineage. And when you look at it overall basically there are two massive insertions that account for all of the drug resistance genes that we see in these plasmids and there are a lot. But what was also surprising is that insertions in these regions also accounted for a massive number of additional plasmid replicons in these plasmids as well. So, first of all, I'll just mention this primary resistance region is actually derived from one called TN 2670, which is a very famous old transpose on that actually formed in the 1950s and is found in our one of plasma isolated in Japan. So this is actually acquired by the F 233 plasma lineage, not in an insertion event through homologous recombination of its backbone. So recombination event between blue plasma to black brought in a little bit of blue sequence and the resistance region that it included. And that has it made what we call sub lineage one of F 233 plasmids. And if you look at all of the sub lineage one plasmids you can see further evolution as well. So acquisition of plasmids and other elements into the primary resistance region and insertions outside of it into the backbone that can also be used to help things apart. So the second major step was acquisition of a group to intron, which generally pretty cryptic but it was very useful for us in terms of determining a difference in these plasmids and again if you look at isolates that contain just the PRR and the intron. You can see a various evolutionary events as well like the acquisition of more plasmids and deletion events in the backbone. And finally, the really big event which is what kind of brought this plasmid to our attention I suppose was the formation of a cointegrate with an F 233 and an our plasmid and the our plasmid is actually what introduced KPC to to this plasma lineage. And what was really interesting to us is that all but one example of these plasmids that had acquired this insertion. We're finding club deal and ammonia ST 11. And so we also were able to work out that because it had inserted in the trial hygiene which is the relax days of F type plasmids. They, this insertion actually rendered them non conjugative and who are tested this on a number of plasmids and we're able to find some examples in the literature as well of non conjugative co integrates. And so, this led us to believe that this plasma lineage is actually formed in ST 11 and essentially is is trapped there. And once again, if you look at all of the variants of those massive variation in terms of deletion so it seems after the co integration event has rendered the plasmids non conjugative they seem to discard their transfer region and you see big deletion events removing the now redundant transfer section of that plasmid. And we even see one weird example outside of club deal and ammonia where it's acquired up to deletion of most of the our plasmid acquired an end type plasmids and a small rolling circle plasmid which gives it a couple of extra degrees as well, and that was found in a Proteus Marvellous. So, hopefully, that sort of rushed tour of these, these plasmids here is has given you some impression of just how much a single plasma lineage can evolve over time if you trace it like this. But what I'll also say is that at the end of this we wanted to look for this plasma lineage in a much larger data set so we only looked at 185 plasmids that were complete. And this long sort of set me the challenge of saying well how can you prove that taking me short junction sequences and querying short read genomes and, you know, can it actually work and you can you prove to me that it can work and fortuitously. Grace Blackwell, who works with them at the time have developed a massive and really well curated database of bacterial genomes, and she queried them for us, using the sequences that we had decided were most useful for identifying plasma lineages, and it worked fantastically so we could see more even then in our original set that we could see plasmids from the F 233 lineage have been moving to countries outside of China, although they still are mostly all from China. We see that all of them have the primary resistance region that we expect, which seems to have, you know, catapulted these plasmids to success. And we could also see when we sub lineage type them as one two or three that as expected the sub lineage three plasmids are all in a really really tight, a bunch of clubs the only money consistent with them arising in ST 11. And while the rest of them which we know hop around a lot. So this tree is the based on host genome host chromosome phylogeny so I'm not sure how I'm going for time. Alice, do I have much time left. You're, you're basically at time but then the next thing is is a break so I think if you could stop in a couple of minutes that would be perfect. Okay, so I'll rush through super quickly. So one more example of a smaller data data set that we used was actually to look for cryptic transfer in an ICU population and if you've heard me speak before you may have heard me tell this story so I can go through it extremely quickly but just to demonstrate the principle again. In Hongzhou, we had a collection of a sneak of active our money I, which was all global clone to but an extremely diverse set of global clone to isolates and we could look at the plasmids in those. So we actually had to build a database called Pacey, which, if you bring it up in question time I can tell you how to find it but really useful for finding plasmids in a sneak of actor. So the distribution of plasma replicons they're actually quite blocky and consistent with the phylogeny except for AC six, which is quite scattered which to me gave me the sort of hope of horizontal transfer in our hospital. So we had a short set a small collection of long read data. So we could look at plasmid complete plasma sequences for AC six plasmids look at the variation that was popping up in our data set. And then a few different backgrounds and then amongst one black bone one in backbone the one in black various different insertions and a few snips as well and we could make signature sequences of those. Use those sequences to query all of our genomes without having to long read sequence them all actually work out what the plasmids were. So we split the messy looking set of AC six replicons into their definite plasma type so actual plasmids within those lineages and then still see that even when we had a more defined set we could see small plasmids in so we could see plasmids in multiple clusters. So back to our metadata and thankfully find some cases where we could actually pinpoint the room and time at which these plasmids transferred in our hospital from one cluster to another so this this kind of signature approach really helped us pin down some plasmids. Find them in a really complex data set and with metadata find some really interesting things going on in a hospital environment so yeah in conclusion. Maybe we can trace plasma lineages where we can begin to trace plasma lineages now, but I think what we really need is discussion to to reconcile our approaches and sort of come up with a means by which we can, you know, get all of this much much better, you know much more powerful than I suppose and so just to conclude, thanks to everyone involved with detective. And thanks to everyone here, particularly the organizers for giving me the chance to speak today and apologies for coming over time. That's it. Thanks for that was super interesting. I am. I'm going to. I don't think we have questions. Oh well okay let's give Olivia question up once. Robert does the sampling of your plasma genomes provide any evidence for the evolutionary timescale for the F 233 some images. Yeah so I guess that's the question we've had across today and yesterday in terms of timescale I think it's it's so difficult. We're thwarted in many ways by by not having the sampling depth that we need. I can tell when an event occurred we will essentially you can tell that an event occurred prior to when the first example of it was sequenced so the first F 233 plasma only was sampled actually came from a dog in 2008. So we know that the F 233 placements had acquired for example that primary resistance region in or prior to 2008. And we know that the progenitor of that resistance region and had emerged by the 1950s. So we can't even roughly tell you when even the first event in that plasma lineage came came about. So because we can't even put a start date on it for most of these events we can't put a, you know, any sort of timescale. If you were to really deep sample for example a hospital environment, you might be able to look at, you know, small events but I think it's just so so difficult. And some of these molecular events you know they can happen in an overnight culture in the lab so they can happen really at any time it's so hard to say it's not like we can't have a molecular clock like we can but snips unfortunately. I think you might be muted. I am muted sorry about that. I'm going to close to direct questions for the moment and start the discussion session.


Is this sushi terrorism a sign that Japan's youth society is in trouble? Yeah, this is going viral right now, obviously on Nexshark, on Yahoo as well, especially a lot of food reddits. Long story short, Andrew, there were two major acts of sushi, kaizen sushi terrorism in Japan that have people saying, man, it's gonna change the industry. Do we have a lot of negative influence from these clout-driven pranksters from America? What is happening to Japanese society? There are a lot of questions being asked on the internet right now. Alright, so from frivolous to serious, you know the funk bros and the hot-pop boys are covering this, guys. We're gonna go over the main reactions and then we'll go over our takeaways at this end. So please hit that like button right now. Long story short, Andrew, there was two people. One of them was 16, one of them was in their early 20s. The guy in the early 20s was licking all the soy sauce bottles. The kid who was 16, man, that's the most shocking video. He's got blond hair. He's like licking his fingers. He's being encouraged by somebody off camera. He's like touching all the sushi belts on the conveyor belt thing. And it was a big deal, Andrew. This kid is about to get sued for $300,000 and his guardian is about to get in trouble. If you guys know about Japanese society, it is very proper. People follow very strict social norms. People are generally super not allowed to do illegal things. So this is a very big deal. Andrew, the first major comment on social media was, man, social media is just ruining society, man. Or was it social media is ruining Japan society? Unfortunately, that's where this future generation is headed, man. Just videos for attention and clout. Now, Andrew, is this true? Now, here's the reason why clout-driven content is dangerous. As we've seen in America, it's very prevalent, right? Where basically your content is based around you getting attention and doing whatever it takes. So that means messing with society, doing things that are often illegal, to be honest. Like ruining grocery store setups. Or like violating little traffic signs and taking stop signs. Stuff that is maybe not violent per se, but it is illegal. And basically, that just goes to show you like, oh, wow. People just want to break the law for attention now. And we're rewarding that and maybe they're even making money off of it. Which now is, I mean, I think a lot of people are kind of getting fed up with it around the world.  But we all know the most important thing in this whole thing was how many likes they got. Yeah. Some people were asking, is this negative sort of like clout-driven pranksterism? Driven from American culture infiltrating Japan? Because if you guys know, in Japan in 2023, and they have been for several decades now, they are big American pop culture aficionados. They're very much into Americana. In fact, Ariana Grande was very big in Japan. She used to know how to speak Japanese. And Ariana Grande is one of the most famous cases of somebody licking donuts at the donut store and putting them back. Yeah. I mean, I think that the prankster culture in America is so strong. Yeah. I mean, I don't know. I guess it is probably America culture. But I think one way to stop it is that you have to punish these kids now. Because basically, the pranksters in America, they kind of live under the guise of like what? Freedom of speech, freedom of expression. And until they're actually violating someone or someone presses charges, then they're not going to like get pursued. Yeah. I think that sometimes they get in trouble, but they are allowed to like keep their social media under freedom of speech. In Japan, I'm sure, and you could argue about whether this is right or wrong. If somebody was making a living, disrupting society, I'm pretty sure they would be just banned from every single platform, like 100 percent. I mean, I'm pretty sure Logan Paul, after all the stuff he did in Japan, he was banned from Japan forever or at least like 10 to 15 years. Dude, he threw a Pokemon ball at a police officer. Yeah. There was a guy, Andrew, that was licking the blue bell ice cream during the pandemic. And he did go to jail for 30 days in Texas. Yeah. And that was at the height of the pandemic when it was considered. And this might be crazy looking back at it now, but like biochemical warfare, right? Because a lot of people are like, dude, you're like spreading COVID. Yeah. And not the peak of COVID. Yes. Well, first of all, you should never do that. But yeah, that was even worse. I found a clip, Andrew, from 2003 to your point about American pranksterism and people getting rich off American pranks. I found a clip from 2003 where Canadian American or just Canadian comedian, I guess Tom Green, went to Kyoto and put a dildo and a camera on a Kai Ten sushi belt and got kicked out of the sushi restaurant. No, and he should have been kicked out. I mean, I don't know if he was spreading germs, but obviously you put the dildo on the Kai Ten. Even if you put cameras, like there's been tourists who like wanted to film the Kai Ten sushi and put a camera on it. But you're just tampering with people's food because basically the way the Kai Ten sushi essentially is seen is like that moving belt is like, it's like the kitchen.  I know it's kind of weird guys, but obviously in America, the Kai Ten sushis, they usually have the little plastic cover on top. And I heard Sushiro where this 16-year-old blonde kid was messing with everything was like basically the only chain in Japan that post-pandemic was not using the tops for the Kai Ten sushi. And now, since then, Andrew, they have completely changed their policies. Not only are people capping everything, but some people are completely doing away. Like they still have the conveyor belt, but it is only used for delivery of customized orders. So literally, these acts of sushi terrorism not only dropped the stock price of Sushiro, it could have completely changed the culture of Kai Ten sushi forever. Because now basically the society, and this is to another point, Andrew, some people think that the Japanese society is breaking down. They can no longer deal with the bad actors. You have to throw these kids into jail. And there is some Japanese comment saying, it is always the young kids with the blonde hair. They are already deviating from society so much they must be here to disrupt. This is definitely a boomer comment, but obviously, you know, as older people, they generally look at anything like tattoos or super dyed bleached hair. Obviously, people of the older generation, they're going to say stuff like this. All around Asia. They do not like the people with tattoos, piercings and dye their hair crazy colors for the most part. But it is funny that Harajuku style, which is very outlandish, is also very popular. But I guess maybe it's seen differently. I'm not really sure. So I'm not really sure about this comment. But yeah, anyways, moving on, there's one more comment that was saying like, well, I don't know why you guys love Japan so much. They got high suicide rates and they clearly got their own issues. So why we always put Japan on a pedestal. And I think that that person is responding sort of to like an internet feeling. This is not something you overwhelmingly feel on the streets of America, but on the internet sections of a lot of different reddits and a lot of different forms, Andrew. People do sort of uplift Japan as what like the perfect society, right? Yeah, no, generally Japan is the gold standard for how a society is supposed to run, right? Now, whether or not you would actually want to live there or not, but people love visiting Japan at least. Yeah, it does very much live up to it. It's one of the few places on earth. I will say this that completely, in my opinion, lives up to your media propaganda eyes, the image of it. Right. David, there's another comment that says, well, look how strict Japan is. He'll have a criminal record, $300,000 fine and his guardian is in trouble. That's how you keep crime low, swift action. Yeah, I do think that it's very Asian to hold the guardian to be like at fault as well. I think in America, the guardian gets in a little bit of trouble, but not really. Like, basically, this person could like sue the people's parents for acting bad. You know, like the Japanese government or the company. All right, guys, what do you think about this comment? Oh, relax. He's 16. He made a mistake. He's already apologized and so did his guardian. Let him off the hook and he probably won't do anything ever again. Yeah, I mean, listen, guys, that's probably more of a Western perspective because let's be honest. And the Western country punishment for violating at a Japanese Kaiten sushi spot. I wouldn't say that it would be zero, but it's definitely not as about to be as harsh as whatever this kid is about to get. This kid is about to get the hammer put down on him. I do think the $300,000 fine is pretty harsh, but I will say this. I believe the term is punitive damages in America where basically you overpunish this one case to prevent this case from happening again because you're trying to discourage people from doing again so you make an example out of him. And so you're going to punish him extra hard where, yeah, does he actually deserve a $300,000 fine? I mean, dude, I don't even, if that's yen or USD, that's crazy, right? I know it's USD because he dropped Sushiro stock price 5% the next day. Well, he's literally going to be... When he cost that country, like literally somebody said over whatever changes they're going to need to make to their stores, $300 million USD. You know what, maybe they'll probably give him a deal maybe if he wants to do community service or go to jail for like, I don't know, like 30 days. Or like, I don't know, a couple months, right? I'm saying, I don't know what the situation is. I don't know how law works in Japan. But I guess I can see the punishment not being as harsh, but because you're trying to prevent this type of thing from happening again and discourage every other cloud driven person from doing it again. I don't know, you got to come to heart. Somebody said, man, you got to blame it on China. China's always on in TikTok. And TikTok always allows these challenges and cloud driven demons to not only infect America, but now even Japan. Okay, so how about this? Why don't people who criticize TikTok for this, which I think is fair.  Like content that is flagged or deemed inappropriate cannot spread in the algorithm. Honestly, I think then people would complain to be like, well, why did my content get viewed as problematic? We have free speech here, not like wherever you guys are from.  Hey, you know, I know that there's maybe more videos on TikTok than they're on YouTube. But even when we upload a YouTube video, sometimes it questions its limited monetization. Right, so then I have to click, hey, can I get a peer review of this to make sure it's okay because I know the content's fine. But for some reason they're flagging it. So then it gets reviewed by somebody. I don't know if it's a human or not, but then it's deemed okay. So I guess there could be some review system in TikTok, but I don't know. And of course the last internet comment was is Japanese society losing its edge. There are so many kids now and they just want to disrupt this beautiful thing that we built because they don't care about upholding it anymore. Hey guys, you know what? My overall takeaway is I don't think America is the place to clamp down on freedom of expression. And I don't think it should be. But if another country like Japan wants to come down hard on pranksters, I'm not against it. Somebody in the world needs to do that. Maybe it's not America, although certain pranks I do think should be punished in America. But yeah, you know, I mean, so I guess somebody in the world got to uphold the standard, right? And it would be Japan. You know what I think is interesting? There were so many macro questions and takeaways being asked.  It sort of depends on like how you view food safety and stuff like that. But I think it's a pretty big deal, especially in a country like Japan where people generally just do not do bad things. They don't steal. They don't shoplift. They don't do things that are just like rampant in America, right? Because they just have a different society. They have different everything. So I guess it does raise a lot of questions. If people are like, well, if even Japan's falling apart, what does that mean for us? We've been falling apart. Well, you know, and this is just like, I guess a theory or something or just something to think about. You know, I know always people always bring up the high suicide rate in South Korea and Japan, right? These are very controlled societies, lots of rules. No, they do. They do have the, I believe some of the highest suicide rates in all of the developed world. South Korea. For first world rich countries, it's probably number one. Yeah. Yeah. South Korea is number one. I think Japan's a close number two or number three. So it's pretty high. And I think maybe it's because like things are so controlled and because you're, you're, you're less likely to lash out on other people and become violent with other people and break so many rules that maybe you end up kind of like taking it out on yourself. So I don't know. I mean, that's like, there's, I'm not saying that that's exactly how it works, but there, there is some like, it seems like there's some correlation or balance. I guess. Yeah, dude, there's always, I will say this, there are always unintended side effects of everything. Yeah. There are always pros and cons and it's very difficult to weigh out. You know what I mean? You have a controlled society with very little crime and everybody works and then you've got like, you know, high suicide rates. And then now everybody's like, well, what's right? What's wrong? Should we have that over here? Can this system work over here? Does that system only work over there? Anyway, guys, fascinating questions from the comments section, from the Reddit section, from the internet in general. Let us know what you think of these acts of sushi terrorism as Sushiro Kaiten Sushi in Japan. Yeah. Is there any macro takeaways or people just taking internet discussion way too far? Until next time, we're the hop hop boys. We out. Peace.