to the 10th lecture in the course design and engineering of computer systems. In this lecture, we are going to study the basics of what are virtual machines and containers. Let us get started. So the story that we have seen so far, the mental model we had is that there are user programs which run on top of a system software like the operating system which manages all the underlying hardware like the CPU, main memory, IO devices and so on. But sometimes what we want to do is we want to virtualize the system even more that is we want to have the underlying hardware, but we want to run multiple copies of the entire system stack on top of it. That is we want to run different operating systems each with their own applications and all of these operating systems are sharing the same underlying hardware, right. So such instances of systems that we run are called virtual machines, right. So this is a common requirement, we want to run multiple virtual machines each with its own operating system on the underlying hardware or the underlying physical machine. So why do you want to do this? You want to do this to utilize the hardware better if your CPU is lying idle due to one system you might want to use multiple systems on the same underlying hardware to utilize it better at the same time have better isolation from each other, right. If you just run multiple threads to use the hardware better then you are not isolated from each other. So you want good sharing of hardware at the same time good isolation more than what you just get with processes or threads. So one way to do it is run multiple virtual machines each with their own underlying guest operating system. Another way to do it is use what are called containers which are lightweight virtual machines. And there is a renewed interest in virtual machines and containers today due to what is called cloud computing because these things form the building block of cloud computing. So let us see what is cloud computing. So a cloud is nothing but a large data center or a warehouse that has multiple pieces of hardware like servers and storage all of these connected by a high speed network, right. So a cloud is nothing but a large set up of a lot of hardware like CPUs. And this is usually set up by public cloud providers like Amazon, Microsoft, Google all of them have their cloud offerings, right. This is a public cloud that is set up by one of these big players and this is made available to other users for a payment on demand. So you as a user can use this hardware after making a payment, right. So this is called cloud computing and there are many ways in which a user can interface with the cloud. So these cloud providers can just give you access to the hardware like they can give you like a virtual machine that is running on one of the cloud servers and on that hardware on that infrastructure you can install your own applications, right. So this model is called infrastructure as a service where the cloud provider is only giving you access to the hardware and you are running your software on it. A different model is the cloud provider will set up both the hardware as well as a software platform. For example if you want to run a web application then the cloud provider might give you a software framework using which you can build web applications and using the APIs you can build your application and run it on the cloud, right. So the cloud provider is now giving you hardware plus a software platform. But still you build your application using the APIs. This is called platform as a service. So the thing is going even further the cloud provider is giving you the hardware as well as the complete software not just APIs using which you build the software but the complete software is also provided by the cloud provider that is called software as a service. For example if you use Google documents on the cloud, right the software is running on the cloud is set up and managed by the cloud provider and you are using it. So you can just use the hardware, you can use the hardware plus customize the software using the APIs or you can log in and use the full software plus hardware bundle on the cloud. These are different ways in which users can use a public cloud and these multiple users also called tenants who share the cloud server that sharing is done via virtualization. For example, if different users are running their cloud applications you want to separate them isolate them as much as possible and so each user is given a VM or a container on the cloud. So there are the traditional way of building applications is you know your application all the different components you run them directly on the hardware servers that model is called the bare metal model, right. You run your applications on bare metal directly on the hardware. A different way that is being done today is to run applications on the cloud, right. So a cloud can either be a private cloud that is you know you have set up some hardware a lot of servers you know different servers each with a lot of CPU cores and memory and all of that you have set it up that is a private cloud within your organization or it can be a public cloud that somebody else has set up the hardware for you and you are accessing that, right. So applications can run either on a private cloud or on a public cloud. And on this cloud hardware you can have multiple components of your system you know your front end, back end, web server, database all of these components can run on this underlying cloud hardware, okay your applications running on the cloud hardware. So what is the advantage you might ask I mean instead of why do not I just run bare metal? Why run it on the cloud? That is because usually this cloud hardware is managed by a cloud management or orchestration software. So there is another layer of software running here which is the cloud orchestration software which actually does take care of a lot of things for you that makes it easier for you to run your application. For example if you are running your application inside a VM and this VM crashes the life cycle of the VM you know creating it, deleting it, restarting it after a crash all of that is managed by this orchestration software. Then if you want to you know move your component to another machine, right finding a physical machine that is free and moving your VM to that physical machine that these cloud software will do it for you, you know placing the VMs on the underlying physical machines. So if you are running an application bare metal and if your hardware resources are exhausted then you have to find which machine is free and move your software there, right. But these cloud management softwares they take care of all of these things for you. Then you know another example is migrating across machine. Suppose your hardware this hardware server has to go down for maintenance or a repair then you have to move whatever application is running on it to another location. And if you are running it on the cloud the cloud management software will take care of moving these components to other machines, right. Similarly instantiating extra replicas if your web server is overloaded having another web server to share the load, right that is called auto scaling, you know scale up your system when under load that is also done by cloud management software. So there are several examples of such software like OpenStack and Kubernetes which if you were running the application bare metal a lot of things that you would have to do yourself these softwares do it for you. They make it easy for you to run a large software application over multiple servers, right. So this is the primary reason why people are preferring to run applications as cloud applications rather than as bare metal applications. So to summarize here are some of the pros and cons of using applications on the cloud which is of course there are multiplexing gains, you know multiple VMs can share the hardware resources better with better isolation. Then you have this orchestration, you know moving software across different servers all of this is automatically taken care of by cloud orchestration software. Then if you are in fact using a public cloud and not a private cloud you do not even have to worry about the hardware, right. The hardware is also taken care of by the cloud providers it is all completely hassle free maintenance for you. The other advantage is pay as you go model, right. If you only need few servers you only pay for few servers in a public cloud if you need more servers you pay for more servers, right. If your usage needs are less you can reduce your cost which you cannot do bare metal once you have bought all the servers what you do they are with you and you are incurring the cost of their maintenance. Another advantage is quick provisioning now suddenly the demand for your application has increased and suddenly you want more servers instead of you buying the servers yourself you can just pay for more and get more servers on demand on the cloud. So all of these are different reasons why people are moving their applications to the cloud and of course there are certain disadvantages also which is performance for cloud applications is usually more tricky because you are sharing the server and you have to access a server that is far away there are some delays. So performance tuning is a little bit harder and also the cost may also come out to be higher if you are heavily using the cloud you may end up paying a lot and it might be cheaper to just have your own setup locally. So these are some of the pros and cons of cloud computing but despite some of these disadvantages cloud computing is fairly popular today to run a lot of applications and a lot of computer systems you use in your daily life are actually hosted on either a private cloud or a public cloud. So now let us try to understand briefly the building block for cloud computing which is virtualization. So how are virtual machines implemented right? So virtual machines are managed by a software called a hypervisor or a virtual machine monitor that is you have the virtual machine monitor on top of it you will host multiple virtual machines each with their own underlying operating system and applications. Now this hypervisor can either directly run on top of the hardware and you know do the functionality of an OS also or it can run along with an existing operating system called the host operating system. So type 1 hypervisor runs directly on the hardware type 2 or a hosted hypervisor instead of re-implementing the OS functionality it will reuse an existing operating system and run along with it right. So whatever whether it is type 1 type 2 the underlying concept is of course the same of a hypervisor which is a hypervisor will multiplex multiple VMs on the hardware just like how an OS multiplexes processes if you realize it is the same thing right we also said an OS virtualizes the CPU for different processes similarly the VMM virtualizes the CPU and memory and everything for different VMs by doing a machine switch it will run a VM for some time save it state switch to another VM save it state switch to another VM and so on right just like how an OS multiplexes the CPU and memory across processes a VMM also does the same thing across VMs but an important difference is that a guest OS expects full control of the hardware whereas a user program does not therefore it is a little bit more tricky to you know multiplex hardware across multiple guest OSs each of which expects to have full control of the hardware at the same time you cannot give full control to any one guest OS why because you want to isolate these VMs from each other you do not want one user in a cloud to have full access to the hardware and deprive another user of the hardware right or do something bad we do not want that. So we want to restrict access to a piece of software that expects unrestricted access that is the challenge here with designing VMMs. So the standard technique to build VMMs is what is called trap and emulate that is you will just create another layer in between another privilege level in between will be used for the guest operating system. So normally what you do you have ring 0 you have your OS running and then like in x86 CPUs have multiple privilege levels or rings right and ring 0 you have OS and in ring 3 you have user applications with the virtualization what you can do is you can run the VMM or the host OS in ring 0 and the guest OS in an intermediate ring like say ring 1 or something and then the user applications can run in ring 3. So you are able to protect the guest OS from the user applications at the same time the guest OS is not very powerful any privileged operation it does will trap to the VMM right. So the privileged operations trap to the VMM and the VMM will emulate the action ok trap to VMM and emulate the action on behalf of the guest OS. If the guest OS wants to do any privileged operation it will trap to the VMM VMM will do the operation on behalf of the guest. So for this to work of course the assumption is that any instruction that accesses hardware whenever the guest OS tries to access the hardware it will always trap to the VMM right it will be a privileged operation that will trap to the VMM. This will ensure that the VMM can restrict the access of the guest. So some examples of how trap and emulate VMMs work anytime the guest VMM tries to do any privileged operation for example it tries to set up the interrupt descriptor table we have seen the interrupt descriptor table tells the CPU which OS code to invoke for a certain event like a interrupt or a system call. So whenever the guest VMM tries to set this up this is a privileged operation it will trap to the VMM and the VMM will set up its own IDT. Similarly when the guest OS tries to do any IO operation it will trap to the VMM and the VMM will do the IO operation on behalf of the guest. So any hardware access that the guest tries to do it will trap and the VMM will do it on behalf of the guest. Similarly whenever there is a system call it will once again trap to the VMM VMM will invoke the guest OS code. The interrupt arrives it will trap to the VMM VMM will find which guest code to run to handle this interrupt right which guest VMM to deliver this interrupt to and which interrupt handler to run the VMM will take care of it. So between the user and the guest OS all communication happens via VMM you will first come to VMM then VMM which is the most privileged software will take you to the guest OS. Similarly any hardware interrupt will come to the VMM VMM will take you to the guest OS right in this way everything is trapping to the VMM and the VMM is emulating it. This is the trap and emulate idea but of course this is not straight forward to implement in modern CPUs there are multiple reasons which we need not discuss in a lot of detail in this course but some of the high level reasons are that some guest operating systems they do not run well at a low privilege level a guest OS is built to run at the highest privilege for example some CPU registers you can read and find out that oh I am not in ring 0 I am in ring 1 and the guest OS may not run correctly right. There are some instructions which actually do not trap to the VMM instructions which access the hardware state but still need not always trap to the VMM they will run both in privileged and unprivileged modes right which is not what we want whenever the guest OS is trying to access hardware we want it to trap to the VMM so that the VMM can restrict hardware access but some x86 instructions what will they do they will access hardware they will run in privileged mode and unprivileged mode and they will behave differently when running in a privileged mode and an unprivileged mode because of which what will happen your operating system will run incorrectly in ring 1 it will not trap to VMM to access hardware the way you want it to it will run incorrectly in ring 1 right. So the summary is that guest operating systems are not designed to run at a lower privilege level right they are always built to run at ring 0 and if you run them at a lower privilege level either you know they might detect it and you know not do their work properly or there might be some incorrect behavior on part of the guest OS. So therefore for these reasons whether it is operating systems or x86 architecture they are not built with this virtualization in mind and therefore they will not behave correctly all the time. Therefore virtualizing x86 building a trap and emulate VMM with x86 is actually quite challenging and modern systems have of course overcome this challenge in multiple ways. So one technique now given all of these challenges how do you build a VMM with x86 there are many techniques and one of the techniques is what is called para virtualization that is you say okay fine let me just go ahead and change the guest operating system and rewrite it so that it does not invoke these privileged operations and it does not have all of these issues right. So that is called para virtualization where you go and change the guest OS so that it runs in an unprivileged mode. So such guest operating systems will not invoke privileged operations they know that they are unprivileged and they will make hypercalls like system calls a guest OS will make hypercalls to the VMM to get some work done right. So this is one technique this is used by the Zen hypervisor but of course the problem with this is that you have to rewrite the guest OS code. Another way if you do not want to change the guest OS code is what is called full virtualization which is you take your guest OS binary and you translate it if there are some problematic instructions that access the hardware but do not trap to the VMM or instructions that are checking the CPU privilege level all of these things you want to hide from the OS that you are running at a lower privilege level. So all those problematic instructions will be translated whenever the instruction is running you will translate it to something else and then you will run it ok. This is of course higher overhead right whenever every CPU instruction somebody has to translate it as and when it is running. Therefore this is higher overhead than para virtualization but you can work with unmodified operating systems you do not have to rewrite your operating system code that is the advantage of full virtualization. So VMware was the first company that pioneered this approach and the earlier VMware hypervisors use this full virtualization idea. And the third technique that is most commonly used today is what is called hardware assisted virtualization that is the CPU makers like Intel x86 CPUs have realized that there are certain problems with the CPU instructions which is making it harder to virtualize and they have changed their CPUs to make virtualization easier right. So what modern CPUs have done is they have added a separate mode for virtualization it is called the VMX mode in x86. So what happens with the VMX mode now in a regular mode of the CPU you have 4 privilege levels say ring 3 all the way to ring 0 your VMM host OS is running in ring 0 and your user applications are running in ring 3 then what happens is this VMX mode creates another set of 4 rings like this ok you again have in VMX mode you have ring 0 to ring 3 then your guest OS can run in this special VMX mode ring 0 and your guest user applications can run in VMX mode ring 3. So what is this doing this ring 0 this VMX mode ring 0 is not as powerful as your regular ring 0 so the guest OS wants to run in ring 0 you give it a separate ring 0 which is not as powerful as the regular ring 0. So now the guest OS is happy that is it is running in ring 0 all of its instructions privilege instructions will run fine but the VMM still retains control VMM can set triggers which it can say that when certain instructions happen when certain events happen that I do not trust the guest OS to do on its own for such events you can exit back into the VMM right. So this ring 0 is not as powerful as the regular ring 0 the VMM can still set triggers that cause a VM exit back into the regular ring 0 and the VMM can handle these events right. In some sense this is the best of both worlds right you have an unmodified guest OS which is running in ring 0 the OS is happy everything is going fine you do not have to rewrite the operating system to you know run at a lower privilege level you do not have to translate the operating system instructions which are problematic you do not have to do any of that you have your regular OS that is running in ring 0 but at the same time this VMX ring 0 is not as powerful as the regular ring 0. So the VMM the virtual machine monitor retains control it can prevent the guest OS from having unrestricted access to the hardware right. So hardware assisted virtualization of course understanding this you have to take a full course on virtualization we cannot cover more detail than this in this course but it helps you to know that there is a way to run virtual machines today with as low overhead as possible but at the same time providing all the isolation guarantees that we need using hardware support and of course there are also some optimizations you may have to do to improve performance for example if you are seeing a lot of VM exits every time you are going switching back and forth right this VM exit is an expensive operation like a context switch or switching across processes. So you might want to minimize these VM exits to improve performance. So the next concept that we look at is containers which is a way to do lightweight virtualization. So with VMs what do you have? You have multiple guest operating systems all of them residing in memory and all of them sharing the underlying hardware via say another you know host OS or a VMM and so on right. So you have multiple pieces of operating system code and overall your system memory consumption becomes very high and switching across this VMs is also very expensive a VM exit it is like a context switch but it is much more expensive because you have to store more context you have to restore more context and so on right. So running multiple VMs in general is there is some overhead associated with it. So containers gets rid of that overhead. So containers is a way to do lightweight virtualization. Containers have lesser overhead that VMs but of course also there is a cost you have lesser isolation but also lesser overhead. So what are containers? Containers is basically you have the same underlying operating system but you have different views of this underlying operating system that is there is the same underlying OS but the process tree the list of processes or the list of files, the file system, the libraries all of these things you can separate out in different containers. So a container C1 and a container C2 will you they can have a different view of what processes are there in the system. The processes in C1 will not see the processes in C2. You can have different libraries, you can have different files, the applications in C1 will not see the files of C2 and so on right. You can provide some basic isolation while sharing the underlying OS image and you can also ensure resource usage limits that is you can say this container can only consume this much CPU. This container can only consume this much memory that will let you also do some basic isolation across containers but at the same time of course since the underlying operating system is shared you do not have full isolation like you have with VMs but you have lesser isolation and lesser overhead also compared to virtual machines. So these containers are implemented using two mechanisms in the Linux kernel. So the Linux kernel today provides what are called namespaces that is you can isolate certain resources for different processes. You can say you know these set of processes will only see this process tree or this file system and another set of processes will see you know P1, P2 will see only certain resources of the system, another processes P3, P4 will see only a different slice of the system. In this way you can isolate processes into namespaces in Linux today and you can also set limits on how much of hardware resources each of these processes will use. You can say this group of processes can only use two CPU cores or you know one GB of memory you can set such resource limits. So you can isolate their view and you can limit their resource usage. Using these two mechanisms you can build a container framework. So there exist already implementations of containers like LXC and Docker which use these mechanisms right which use the techniques available in the Linux kernel to do this isolation and limit resource usage. So there are different container frameworks have different purposes they are built for different ways of using them. For example LXC is a general container framework right it gives you a VM like shell interface whereas a Docker container is for running a single application. So inside a Docker container a single application and all of its files, dependencies, libraries everything can be packaged right all that the application needs all the system software that the application needs can be packaged into one Docker container and this can run on the underlying operating system right. So different containers are used for different purposes and of course you also have container orchestration framework just like for VMs there are software like Docker swarm or Kubernetes which let you manage you know you have multiple containers on multiple machines and these frameworks will let you manage all of these containers like you know start containers on machines move containers across machines. So Kubernetes has a concept of what are called pods that is you place these pods on the underlying hardware and you can move these pods around and manage the life cycle of these pods scale these pods when there is overload right. So these container orchestration frameworks make it easy for you to run a large application with many components on a underlying hardware. So that is all I have for today's lecture. In today's lecture we have seen what are VMs, what is a hypervisor and what are containers and how these techniques of virtualization VMs and containers are used for cloud computing. In a cloud you have a large pool of hardware resources which are shared using VMs and containers and cloud computing makes it easy for you to run your applications because the cloud orchestration software actually manages the multiple different components of your application on the underlying hardware. So as an exercise please try to set up a VM or a container on your machine there are many resources available online and many free open source frameworks available for VMs and containers you can install them on your machine and understand what is this isolation that VMs and containers provide and what are some of the overheads of them. If you can just play around with them that will help you understand the concepts in today's lecture better. Thank you very much.


Welcome to the CDO Forward's MLK Employee Celebration, my name is Cannon Henry and I'm the chair of the MLK Juneteenth Employee Committee. My role today is to welcome you all to a celebration that we're having in commemoration of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s civil rights history. We're going to actually have a celebration which we actually had, a celebration of food, we have some cake outside as well. We have an educational program, and in keeping with the spirit of the holiday, we have a call to action of a service program that we're implementing today as well. The educational portion of our event will consist of a reading of Coretta Scott's King's letter, the meaning of the King's holiday. As well, we will present a story that's entitled One Night with a King, which is the story of Dr. King's visit to Fort Worth and Dr. Vader Felder's role in his visit. And we will have a panel discussion on the local trailblazer Dr. Felder herself. Now, I want to take a few minutes to acknowledge and just acknowledge the people who actually put all this together. But first I want to say thank you to the staff, to the employees of City of Fort Worth for coming out. I believe this is one of our largest events that we've ever had. I appreciate you for coming out. As part of the MLK Juneteenth Employee Committee, it's a small committee but we would love for you to participate. Again, of all the events we have, diversity, inclusion, human relations, this is probably one of the largest events I saw a lot of our employees at. So thank you for coming out. As part of our Employee Committee, MLK Juneteenth Committee, I want to recognize Lynn Downey, Kayla Harrison, Petrina Newton, Rhonda Prestige, and also from the Human Relations Unit of Veronica Villegas and Linda Tuggle. Also, I would like to thank the City Manager's Office for their support, especially Valerie Washington and Susan Alanis, the Human Relations staff, and the Communications Office for their assistance in helping us with this program. I also want to take the time out to thank and acknowledge our local officials that sit in the audience, Council Member Chingleton, Council Member Jordan, I saw Council Member Flores, thank you, and Council Member Zeta. Council Member Burt. Our facilitator for today's event is Galenice Robison, who for many years was the Director of the City's Library Department before retiring. In her second stint with the City, she is now the Director of Educational Strategies, which focus on addressing the reading ability and other important learning parameters of our local youth. With a round of applause, can you help me join and welcome in Galenice Robison? Good afternoon. And thank you all so much for being here today. This is a really glorious occasion that we are going to enjoy today, and we are so glad that you are here. This is all about information, it's about celebration, but it's about legacy, it's about life, and it's about you. It's about the role that you can play in our communities as we model the steps of Dr. Martin Luther King. So again, thank you for being here. Council Members, thank you again so very much for being here and staff as well. We're going to begin with the reading by Ms. Councilwoman Ann Zeta. Elected in June of 2014, District 9 Representative Ann Zeta joined the Fort Worth City Council ranks already a seasoned veteran at navigating the important decisions city leaders must make. She served three years on the zoning commission before being elected as the District 9 Representative. Ann Zeta, a Fort Worth resident of more than 25 years, came to Texas after obtaining a bachelor's degree in environmental studies from the University of California Santa Cruz. She obtained a master's in city and regional planning in 1992 from the University of Texas at Arlington. Community engagement is a passion for Ann throughout her years working with the city. She is front and center when volunteers are needed, and I can attest to that. In addition to being a familiar face at pop-up markets, open streets, Fort Worth festivals, and historic tours, Zeta has coordinated events and communication for her home neighborhood Blue Bonnet Hills. And worked with Steer Fort Worth Urban Development Task Force to hold a successful Better Block event at Blue Bonnet Circle. Ms. Zeta, would you please come forth? Good. I guess it's afternoon. I appreciate the opportunity to be here today and share these words with you with these words that are not my own words. So I'm going to be looking at them on the paper, and I apologize that I won't be able to look up as much as I would like to. But I want to make sure that I impart the words of Coretta Scott King accurately and correctly. I also had Catherine blow this up to a larger font because of my eyesight, but I'm going to put my glasses on just to make sure I get all of the words totally correctly. Because even this large font looks a little blurry to me. Thank you very much for that introduction. That was very kind. I'm honored to share with you the meaning of the King Holiday by Coretta Scott King. The Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday celebrates the life and legacy of a man who brought hope and healing to America. We commemorate as well the timeless values he taught us through his example. The values of courage, truth, justice, compassion, dignity, humility, and service that so radiatedly defined Dr. King's character and empowered his leadership. On this holiday, we commemorate the universal unconditional love, forgiveness, and nonviolence that empowered his revolutionary spirit. We commemorate Dr. King's inspiring words because his voice and his vision filled a great void in our nation and answered our collective longing to become a country that truly lived out its noblest principles. Yet Dr. King knew that it wasn't enough just to talk the talk. He had to walk the walk for his words to be credible. And so we commemorate on this holiday the man of action who put his life on the line for freedom and justice every day. The man who braved threats and jail and beatings and who ultimately paid the highest price to make democracy a reality for all Americans. The King Holiday honors the life and contributions of the America's greatest champion of racial justice inequality and the leader who not only dreamed of a colorblind society but also led a movement that achieved historic reforms to help make it a reality. On this day, we commemorate Dr. King's great dream of a vibrant, multiracial nation united in justice and peace and reconciliation. A nation that had a place at the table for children of every race and room at the inn for every needy child. We are called on this holiday not merely to honor but to celebrate the values of equality, tolerance and interracial sister and brotherhood he so compellingly expressed in his great dream for America. It is a day of interracial and intercultural cooperation and sharing. No other day of the year brings so many people from different cultures backgrounds together in such a vibrant spirit of brother and sisterhood. Whether you are African American, Hispanic or Native American, whether you are Caucasian or Asian American, you are part of the great dream Martin Luther King Jr. had for America. This is not a black holiday, it is a people's holiday and it is the young people of all races and religions who hold the keys to the fulfillment of his dream. We commemorate on this holiday the American leader and visionary who embraced the unity of all faiths in love and truth and though we take patriotic pride that Dr. King was an American, on this holiday we also commemorate the global leaders who have inspired nonviolent liberation movements around the world. Indeed on this day, programs commemorating my husband's birthday are being observed in more than 100 nations. The King holiday celebrates Dr. King's global vision of the world house, the world whose people and nations had triumphed over poverty, racism, war and violence. The holiday celebrates his vision of, sorry, solidarity, his insistence that all faiths had something meaningful to contribute to building the beloved community. The holiday commemorates America's preeminent advocacy of nonviolence, the man who taught by his example that nonviolent action is the most powerful revolutionary force for social change available to oppressed people in their struggle for liberation. This holiday honors the courage of a man who endured harassment, threats and beatings and even bombings. We commemorate the man who went to jail 29 times to achieve freedom for others and who knew he would pay the ultimate price for his leadership but kept on marching and protesting and organizing anyway. Even King holiday, every King holiday has been a national teach-in on the values of nonviolence including unconditional love, tolerance and forgiveness and reconciliation which are so desperately needed to unify America. It is a day of intensive education and training in Martin's philosophy and methods of nonviolent social change and conflict reconciliation. The holiday provides a unique opportunity to teach young people to fight evil, not people. To get in the habit of asking themselves what is the most loving way I can resolve this conflict. On the King holiday, young people learn about the power of unconditional love even for one's adversaries in a way to fight injustice and defuse violent disputes. It is a time to show them the power of forgiveness in the healing process at the interpersonal as well as the international levels. Martin Luther King Jr. Day is not only for celebration and remembrance, education and tribute but above all a day of service. All across America, on this holiday, his followers perform service in hospitals, shelters, prisons and wherever people need help. It is a day of volunteering to feed the hungry, rehabilitate housing, tutor those who cannot read, mentoring at-risk youngsters, consoling the broken-hearted and thousands of other projects for building the beloved community of his dream. Dr. King once said that we all have to decide whether we will walk in the light of creative altruism or the darkness of destructive selfishness. Life's most persistent and nagging question, he said, is what are you doing for others? He would quote Mark 935, the scripture in which Jesus of Nazareth tells James and John, Whoever will be great among you shall be your servant, and whoever will be the first shall be the servant of all. And when Martin talked about the end of his mortal life in one of the last sermons on February 4th, 1968 on the pulpit of Ebenezer Baptist Church, even then he lifted up the values of service as the hallmark of a full life. I'd like somebody to mention on the day Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life of serving others. He said, I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to love and serve humanity. We call you to commemorate this holiday by making your personal commitment to serve humanity with the vibrant spirit of unconditional love that was his greatest strength and which empowered all of the great victories of his leadership and with our hearts open to the spirit of unconditional love, we can indeed achieve the beloved community of Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream. May we who follow Martin now pledge to serve humanity to promote his dreams and carry forward his legacy into the 21st century. Thank you. I stand here now still in awe of Dr. King's words. And Councilwoman Zeta, you did such a beautiful job reading them. And I know that most of us are familiar with the King's speech, I have a dream. But there are so many others that are important to us to read. So I implore you to go visit the Fort Worth Public Library and check out those resources and read about them. Now you could Google it, but I wouldn't say you're going to get all the accurate information on Google. So check it out at your library. Thank you so much. Again, I talked about, mentioned that this is not just a celebration. This is about our future. And as we go through this program today, I'd like for you to be thinking about what role you can play. How did his words really inspire you?  This is not, these are not just words. It's supposed to drive us to action. So as we continue our program, I'm going to ask you to internalize what you hear so that you can take it away. We have a panel, and I'm going to introduce them at this point. First on our panel, we have Jabari Jones. Jabari is a library assistant at the Central Library. Jabari works as a library assistant. He's knowledgeable about the history of Fort Worth, including Fort Worth's African American community. Jabari has worked at the Fort Worth Public Library since 2008 and currently works in the genealogy and local history departments and the adult services unit. His duties include setup and overseeing small exhibits and displays related to Fort Worth history as well as presentations and talks on archival management and preservation. Thank you, Jabari, for putting together the PowerPoint presentation that is looping. Second on our panel, we have Revan Kevin Jones, minister- Kenneth. Kenneth? Okay. Sorry. Okay. Revan Kenneth Jones, minister of the Como Missionary Baptist Church. Pastor Jones is a native of Houston, Texas. He received his undergraduate degree from Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, and his master's degree from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. Dean of Christian Education Certification. He resides in Fort Worth with his wife of 25 years, Dana, and their three children. He has served as pastor of Como Missionary Baptist Church since August of 1966. I apologize. I apologize. Thank you, Pastor Jones, for your humor. Okay. Pastor Jones is active in many community service projects that include the Fort Worth police department, community advisory group, and policy review board, and adopt the school initiative. So we'll have some conversations about adoptive school. And lastly on our panel, Ms. Polk, Charmene Polk, Federated Women's Club. Ms. Polk is an accomplished musician and minister of music who is well-loved in the community. A graduate of Paul Quinn College, she is a retired health and physical education teacher from Fort Worth ISD. In 1985, she founded the original King Kids of America, who studied the life of Dr. Martin Luther King and toured the country performing choir selections and music of iconic speeches. She is a member of the Ethel Ransom Humanitarian and Cultural Club, and the musician for the Fort Worth Association of Federated Women's Club. Ms. Polk, would you please join us? We will begin this conversation by asking Ms. Polk to talk some about Ms. Felder. I understand she knew her, she has written a piece about her, and we're going to ask her to talk about Ms. Vader Felder first. Thank you, Ms. Polk. Good, good, good. I had prepared... This is my prepared. Okay. I had prepared something to read. I don't do too good with my memory. As many of you are probably in the same boat. Can I get an amen? All right, Ms. Vader Felder. A pioneer in the city of Fort Worth, a proud member of the Ethel Ransom Cultural Club, who just part of the Federated Humanitarian Club. She was founded in 1931. A religious educator who was the first black to graduate from Bright Theological Seminary at TCU. She was also an author, highly respected by the city. She not only cared for her club, Ethel Ransom, but she participated in all clubs while holding offices. That means she was a president, a treasurer, secretary for many years. She was a mentor for other women in that capacity, where one of her mentors remains to this day our treasurer still. While in the Ethel Ransom Club, she held many, many offices, such as the Bethlehem Center, the Urban League, Auto of Eastern Stars, Zeta Phi Beta. Do we have any Zetas in the house? All right. All right. I know Christine Moss is one. Okay. Campfire Girl, Campfire, Harold's of Jericho. She was named the Great Woman of Texas in 2008. Now she also established, she just has so many accolades. Y'all bear with me, okay? I know you fool from the end and out. Don't go to sleep on me. Established the accredited leadership school in Fort Worth. From 1954 to 1974, she's known for her inviting Dr. Martin Luther King to her home here in Fort Worth, and that was during the time and the height of the civil rights years. How many of y'all heard about that? She invited, he actually stayed in her home. Can you tell me why he had to stay in her home at that time? That's right. No hotels would allow him. I think there were about five ministers who actually welcomed him. The rest of the ministers I understand were afraid to come out and be seen. And I had to put that on your head. Five ministers, Paul Sims. I know Francine Morrison reads. Miss Felder, there are a couple of more. So I just tell my age. I'm 77. So anything I do up here, you say, well, she's an old school. Okay. She's known again for inviting Dr. King. But I understand there was a white guy, a professor out there at the Bright Divinity School, who also had him to come to his house. And so thank God for that. Everybody was against him. He stayed at her home, couldn't stay. You already answered the question for me. Now, this was told to me on yesterday. I had an interview or she was telling me about she's 92 years young. And she joined the club the same time Miss Dr. Felder did. She told me that Dr. Felder did not come to the first meeting. And that was in 1933. Her name is Miss Mack Henry. You may know her. She told me that she was a giver. Miss Dr. Felder was a giver of her time and a very, very generous giver. An example, she paid the bills for the club when they couldn't. Light bills, water bills, repair bills, whatever was needed with her own money. That's pretty nice. She emphasized on money. A visionary she was. An example, the park that's across the street from the women's club. It's now a park. She invested her own money and paid $2,000 for that land. Now, we don't know what happened after it. We don't know what happened. Well, anyway, $2,000. I'll leave it like that. She bought that for the women's club. And she gave the money to the women's club. But she paid $2,000 and whoever bought it gave her $29,000. So that's a pretty good profit, I would say. Thank you, Miss Pope. Okay. And I'm going to ask you to join the panel members. I have some more information that I want to ask them. And we're going to have that at the Fort Worth Public Library as well.  I'm going to hand the mic over here and ask some questions of the panel members. Miss Pope has already talked some about who Miss Veldor was. So I'm going to ask Jabari to answer the question or any of the other panel members who might choose to talk a little bit more about Miss Veldor based on your research at the library. What kind of person was she and what kind of factors gave drive to her commitment to support social justice? I guess a lot of research on Dr. Veldor. If you kind of do a research on her background, she was from Franklin, Texas, a small community outside of Herne, between Herne and Calvert. It was a farming community. So it was a lot of hard work, a lot of drive behind her. She was very knowledgeable. She was always looking for a book as she stated. So off her educational background, she actually attended Wiley College in Marshall, Texas. The idea was looking at some of her research. She actually wanted to attend Bishop College, which was actually across the street at that time. But she found it was more information as far as what she wanted to attend as far as her religious background or religious study. Both arrival schools both had strong religious programs, but one particular college, Wiley, focused more on African-American women at that time on their religious studies. If you realize back in that timeframe, it wasn't a lot of women that were focused on religious, on the religious background or teaching of religion. So after leaving Wiley, she actually read a newspaper article about people wanting to, if you're African-American and you want to attend TCU at the time, they were looking for students. And she was one of two actually at that time. It was actually another male student that was before her, but she was actually the first graduate from TCU's Bright School. So that shows you her drive and her tenacity of going through the educational background. She answered the ad and actually kind of just went to TCU and started her studies with the Division of Religious Studies. So she was just, I think, a strong tenacity, a strong individual as far as focus on what she wanted to do. Okay. Thank you for that. Pastor Jones, you want to add anything to that? Yes, I would. When we think about Dr. Vader Felder, for me, I knew her personally as a first year student when I came here to Fort Worth in 1990. And she was a Christian education director. At that time, she was right at 80 years old. But still had a keen mind. And as a first semester seminary student, I spent a lot of hours at 1331 Stuart Street where she lived. I was not far from the church where she was, the historic Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church on Evans Avenue. LB George was the pastor at that time. She was the director of Christian education. She took a liking to me when I came to the church and said, you've got potential. And I believe that's the keen educator in her. She saw something in me. So I would spend time, in a real sense, my first five months in seminary. I never spent any time in the Library of Southwestern Seminary. She had a library that was so impactful. And you can see the genesis of where that fight for struggle and freedom from African-Americans, she exposed me to some of the greatest minds. And one of them was Harry Emerson Fosdick out of the famed Riverside Church in New York, which lower Manhattan, who was a rebel in the cause of racial injustice. George G. M. James, she exposed me to stolen legacy. So you're talking about a woman that was well-read. You're talking about a woman that had intellect but had an elegance. And she was always teaching, as it already been mentioned. She had her own personal school that she impacted kids from 1954 to 1974, right out of her house. And so the struggle has already been mentioned. I believe her husband, O.P. Felder, which was a pastor of the St. James, Historic St. James Church downtown, who was also preeminent in his theological understanding of the struggle because he was the Dean of Chapel at Langston University, one of our famed HBCUs. So when you're talking about all of this that is coming in and because she was a prolific writer for the BTU, we call it Baptist Training Union back in the day. And at that time she was traveling too because she was very active in the National Baptist Convention, USA Incorporate, which at this time is the largest convention of black churches in America right now. So she was traveling. She met Claretta and King in Nashville, which was corporate headquarters at that time. That ensued the conversation, but she had a relationship with a great minister, Kirby Holmes, right here in Fort Worth, who was the first cousin of Ralph Abernathy, who they walked together. And so it was that conversation that she met with Claretta. At this time her husband had passed. That's the only reason why King would stay in her house upstairs because her husband was not alive in that sense and all that other stuff there because of the fact. And it was a beautiful flag upstairs and all of that. She was a woman of integrity and King respected that. It was, we have the Fain Baker funeral home. The owner at that time was the one who picked King up from Love, Affield, and brought him all the way to Fort Worth and has already been mentioned. Hotels would not take him. And back then in the struggle of, and I'm not born yet, but in that struggle when you come in in the 54, 55, 56, 57, a lot of Baptist ministers were housed in homes. And so that was a great sense of animosity towards Dr. King. That was a great sense of jealousy towards Dr. Vader Felder in a real sense. She took a lot of hits from her own community in that sense there, but she had a security and a tenacity of who she was because she was highly trained, highly educated, earned doctorate. And I guess what I'm saying from all of this and bringing this all together, bringing Dr. King and somebody had mentioned that a Dr. Harold Lunger from TCU because Dr. Felder was the first African-American to graduate from TCU, which Bright Bible College is what it was at the time. It's Bright Divinity now. But she was the first to get her master's degree in 1954 while her husband was still pastoring the historic St. James. It finished up in 54. And then this whole process of bringing King into town was because of the dialogue between Kirby Holmes, herself, Ralph Abernathy that brought him in, and she tried to use the connections that she had at TCU to have King speak earlier that day before he would do one of his fame messages. It's a great time to be alive. And when he gave that message, TCU, which was the incubator that gave her the education, would not receive him. And so that's why he spoke at the home of Dr. Harold Lunger, who was the professor of ethics at Bright Divinity at that time. So King spoke earlier that day and then you had what was the Fort Worth Mine. It was the black newspaper in Fort Worth. It reminds me of my hometown of the Farwood Times. And so the Fort Worth Mine was the paper that was calling African-Americans get out because that was a great sense of jealousy.  So it was a great sense of individuals who were scared in that process and the owner of the Fort Worth Mine, which I would say is on par with probably LaVita News of today, spoke, and our brother that runs that paper is in here today. As I said, he was the one that was really calling African-Americans to come out. And it stated, and he's one of the historians, it stated that there were about 400 people that was in attendance. I have not seen a picture of the crowd. She was pleased with the attendance that came that night. We talked in her house. It was always a little cheese, no wine. Little cheese and drinks. And it was always, we're sitting around talking about the rudiments of Christian education and where we were at that time and talking about that night, King speaking. Historians say it was about 400 people that was in attendance that night. It was electrifying. They paid a dollar and 25 cents to be in attendance. This is a brilliant mind that I think if she was around today she would be horrified at the statistics and the social dynamics that is on par for our community, African-American communities today. She was an educator par excellent and when you look at that in that real sense I think she would be real concerned hearing Fort Worth about the dynamics and the statistics of the literacy process of African-American kids who are at the lowest of the lowest ranks when it comes to literacy. I think she would be appalled by that because all of the tools that we have it's a whole lot of us in here we can become and I believe it's the young lady right here she was of that mindset she was a social, spiritual, fire speaker and I think that's what connected her with King you know I think you must have gotten all of my questions oh you got them all okay because you've answered every question that I have so I'm just gonna have to make up some now while I'm standing here but I mean when you hear him talk and pull all of this together the message here is there's something for all of us to do and that a path has been left for us so I'm gonna ask a specific question though with Mary McLeod Bethune she left in her last will and testimony a challenge for all of us what do you think Dr. Vader Dr. Felder would have said to us today as a challenge to keep us moving I would think that she would say relative to Dr. Martin Luther King is that with the dream that we have before us embrace the dream with your eyes wide open in other words there's still stuff that's yet to be done and I think in a real sense she would say don't get caught up in climbing the mountain type of intellectuality surveying the height of academic splendor and you still don't understand and identify with the least the lost the left out the lonely you gotta embrace those that are what disenfranchised don't get caught up in me centeredness but have a servant spirit to embrace others that's what Vader Felder was all about she had a servant spirit and so when you embrace that I think that's what she would say roll your sleeves up don't be so caught up because you gotta job uptown because the same wind that blew you in is the same wind that can blow you out so that's the dynamic that I think that Vader Felder she wouldn't be impressed with a whole lot of us that are just like weasley we didn't move to the east side of town but you still gotta play in a fight that you gotta deal with and I think in a real sense she would say what has integration done I think she would say it was some accomplishments and some advancements but what good is integration it was a cost if we as whites blacks and browns don't move from integration to reconciliation that's got to be the dynamic because what good is it if we go into our little silos over here and everybody's just happy over there and we're not coming together and understand that there's a major racial divide in the most conservative county in all of the United States of America's terror county I'm gonna ask Jabari Jones to also I think I've heard Councilman Michington say from time to time this is good stuff good stuff, good stuff so good stuff I pass it on to what about the millennials and let you comment on that Jabari I guess being the younger person of the group actually I think Dr. Felder's words are instrumental to a lot of young folks we want to continue to be out we want to actually get involved more into the community and I think that's one of the things that she's really stressed is being involved with everyone not just other people in your community but everyone around you so that's one thing I kind of took from a lot of research on her she was not just instrumental and just foreword as she was instrumental going around the country and educating and making sure people were educated enough to know what to do and she was a social justice mover so that's one thing I think we kind of focus on right now is trying to move to the social justice side for everyone Ms. Poe yes ma'am well I didn't go often to that deep of research I need to know the name of his church though because baby he said it all everything I basically wanted to say only thing I got left to say is when I talked with her the one or two times and how she emphasized her love for children she and I had the same thing along that line I went to see her two times she wanted me to be in this club called the Elthoransum Club for six months somebody kept calling me saying this lady in page old dudes I'm like what lady her name is Dr. Felder I don't know I haven't met her yet and believe me I'm sorry I didn't meet her sooner believe that she kept sending for me but at that time I was on doing my own thing with the kids but she had heard about me and she wanted to meet me so she kept sending tell them to come visit me I want you to be in the Elthoransum so finally I went I am so glad that she paid my dues for six months and I remember her telling me I want you to teach somebody you grab a kid and teach somebody something that's what she said and so I'm not traveling along with the kids anymore but in reading I did a lot of research on it Pastor thank you honey you saved me Ms. Polk Ms. Polk why you still have the mic would you comment on the Federated Women's Club what kinds of things is the club doing now that would be modeled after Dr. King I'll just talk about the community of the Federated Women's Club we are community involved we go out and we feed the hungry we have a blanket drive we have giveaways we give away prom dresses that if you can't afford to buy a prom dress you just come there by the club and we have the jewelry and a lot of people are not aware of that we have we just do a lot of things we have 13 different clubs if you're interested in being part of one of them and it's for all nationalities may I say that that's one of the things I believe she would strictly enforce not the color of your skin but the content of your character so we do have a you can go on Facebook the other deal and read about us I'm not I'm not that literary in all that yet but one thing as I said I know she would she would really want me to continue she had a great love for children great love for children that's how she talked to me about and so because of the encouragement that she gave me yes I'm standing up because I got something to show y'all because of the encouragement that she kept instilling in me for that club every time I see this I know I'm just going to glance every time I see her I think about I say Dr. Felder I'm doing what you asked me to do I received the first and only right now stone of hope from the SCLC and I think about her be one I get this and thank you Dr. Tatum we've got about three minutes and I'd like for each of the panel members to have some parting words on what would you say to the group today what inspiration, what challenge what message, what is the take away for today and we're going to close out and have some Q&A from the audience we want to start with I'm going to end with you Pastor John we're going to start with Jabari I'm going to say love each other that's the main thing let there be peace on earth and let it begin where with me I think that would be her message thank you Ms. Poe I think with me it will probably just get involved no matter what you see no matter what you hear be involved in the community it's a lot of things going on that we don't realize so if you don't see it if you don't hear about it or see about it it never happens so we got to be involved in our community to get more involved into the social justice side of helping others amen I think it's the simple truth people don't care how much you know until they know how much you care amen to that so I'm going to pass on a piece of information I'll always be a librarian we have in our community the Lenora Ralla Museum and Culture Center if you haven't visited it make it your first visit and then continue to go and I'm not soliciting but a membership would be encouraged as well also we have the African American Museum over in Dallas it's an affiliate of the Smithsonian and this would be a great time to go visit there and if you haven't had a chance visit the African American Museum in DC this on the mall it is absolutely awesome and down on the second level from the basement where the water runs down there's a statement from Dr. King and you just sit there and people just sit there for hours thinking about and reflecting thank you so very much for your time thank you for your attention and we're ready for questions Petrina if there are questions to the panelists please yes sir because I think it's important I think we should give kudos to pastor Keef Tatum Keef Tatum was instrumental along with the Fort Worth Heritage Society excuse me and the Texas A&M Law Center here in Fort Worth along with Dr. Gary Laceville and Ann Laceville in bringing about the historical marker that is going to be unveiled next Monday at 9 o'clock at General Worth Square across from the John F. Kennedy Museum and I think that we need to give a hand to a young man who recognized that an unsung hero in Fort Worth that was in our midst that many people had forgotten about her legacy needed to be resurrected and that's what I would want to close my comments on to that reading what she had given to me for my son James Artley Pigny in 1992 these are the papers I've been giving to the school district to my friends, to my sororities this is Delta Sigma Theta and I've been sharing this because this woman a great woman intelligent woman a christened woman who might say one that spoke truth and she told me keep the book don't let anyone have it and put on there your son's name February 1992 and you can pass this out when he does this speech February 23rd 1992 my son will be 40 this 23rd of February I've been you do the math got to move on so she has in this book on page 52 the letter head that was written and I am the cousin to Ralph Albinetti she wrote the letter head and you can have one of these we'll get you one okay and this first part of the letter after August 8 1954 dear Mrs. Felder I have written Revan Holmes going to the first excerpt Dr. King the house guest of Mrs. Felder in service in essence said without while looking at course symbolize and class photographers of UCLS you have engaged in a relevant movement of education and learning have become tools for shaping the future Christian education is our greatest hope for changing attitudes and regulating behavior in the mainstream of human life Revan Kirby Holmes Watchman of the Upper Room Temple during a class session expressed a desire to present Dr. King and his philosophy to forward while chatting with Dr. King and Revan Ralph Albinetti during the August 1955 excuse me 1959 meeting of the National Sunday School and Baptist Training Union Congress Mrs. Felder made known to them the express wishes of Revan brother Holmes the letter here is pursuant in the historic majestic theater which died that the convention center might live on the night of October 22nd, 1959 Dr. King electrified his audience as he discussed a great time to be alive after being introduced by Dr. Cece Harper you know he was there he began by saying we stand between the dying old and the emerging new et cetera there can be no hurt and growth without pain et cetera the infant freedom is crying to be born still is he then traced three periods of growth 1916 excuse me get it right 1619 through 1863 he then traced okay I got that slavery 1863 I need these glasses 1863 to 1954 restricted emancipation May 17 come on we girl 1954 borders of the promised land encompassing the struggle to save the soul of America very quickly as we prepare to close I want to thank Fort Worth city employees for this beautiful occasion here today the committee has been working dutifully along with the MLK parade committee and as well as the new MLK on Main Street committee trying to pull all of the people together in a way that makes sense and meet needs so I would be remissed if we did not take a moment to give Mr. Cannon and the committee and the city workers a big round of applause and my brother from another mother but we served the same father he's paying me back for Friday when I took some of his words before he was getting up to give Dr. Lacefield his award but I'm just going to go very quickly over my repair remarks because I was asked to keep it at five minutes so here goes on this day 90 years ago the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Junior was born the son of a Baptist pastor in Atlanta Georgia he too would go on to become a pastor himself and in 1955 thanks to the courageous efforts of Pastor Kirby Baxter Holmes and Dr. Vader Felder this 30 year old Baptist preacher and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference made his way to the beloved city of Fort Worth, Texas his message on October the 22nd, 1959 at the former majestic theater was it's a great time to be alive now 60 years later on Monday January the 21st 2019 at 9 o'clock a.m. our city will make history when we place in perpetuity the legacy of Dr. King and Dr. Felder on the MLK on Main Street Herodist Trail marker on the corner of Main Street based on all of our collective research there are over 900 different honors of Dr. King across the country however the city of Fort Worth will become the first city in the nation to honor the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Junior on Main Street in a real sense it's still a great time to be alive as we come together for this great occasion I would like to encourage us to stay together because the only way for our Fort Worth to get better is for us to work together our mission is to make one Fort Worth the best big city in America and if you type on your phone www.bestbigcity.com the city of Fort Worth will come up we'll become the best big city in the nation when we work together collectively, cooperatively and collaboratively so today we want to publicly announce the MLK on Main Street Collaboratory to help us face our challenges proactively positively and progressively we do have challenges when African Americans make up 18% of the population but yet make .33 cents on the dollar we have challenges when our Latino brothers and sisters make up 38% of the population but make less than 51% cents on a dollar we do have challenges when 90% of the wealth in Fort Worth is controlled by a small minority group of people we have challenges but as we strive to become the best big city in America I would like to remind us of the poem that Dr. King so often would say to inspire us to be our very best if you can't be a pine on the top of the hill be a shrub in the valley but be the best little shrub on the side of the real be a bush if you can't be a tree if you can't be a bush just be a bit of the grass for some highway some half of your make if you can't be a musky just be a bass but the liliest bass in the lake we can't all be captains we got to be the crew there's something for all of us here there's big work to do and there's lesser to do and the task we must do is in the near if you can't be a highway then just be a trail if you can't be the sun be the star for it isn't by the size that we win or we fail be the best whatever you are for we are one Fort Worth and I leave you with the immortal words of Dr. King we're all caught in an inescapable network of mutuality tied in a single garment of destiny and whatever affects one indirectly affects us all directly and for some strange reason I can never be who I ought to be until you are who you ought to be the rich man can never be who he ought to be until the poor man is who he ought to be placed it in graphic terms no man is an island and tired of himself every man's a piece of the continent a part of the main and then toward the end of that he would say any man's death diminishes me because I'm involved in mankind never since to know for whom the bell tolls it tolls for thee for we are one Fort Worth well we really appreciate everyone coming out but before we go I would like to let everybody know that just in case if you didn't get a chance to eat we got like 10 or 15 burgers out there from in and out so if you got a we got some burgers left but I want to say thank you to John Gonzalez the public events Felicia Cochran also we did not know we did not know we had this room available in this kind of setup available but to John just touching bases with everyone and say hey we got this little room over here and everything came to fruition I want to say thank you to Katrina Newton she had the vision to put all this together the employee committee the MLK Employee Committee as well also I just want to again thank the people who came out because without you this event wouldn't have taken form Reverend Tatum Reverend Jones Miss Jibari and thank you for being an excellent facilitator again thank you all for coming out we would love to have you as part of our committee so if you want to sign up get involved let me know but again thank you all for coming out and this is the end of our program


Waiting and relying on leaders to change our lives. Clearly it's not the solution.  And still we've got lights off. So clearly something's not right. Everything is done before. Poverty has been going on for hundreds of years. So if we keep on doing the same thing, we're going to get the same results. I'm saying that it's not an overnight affair. Success doesn't happen overnight. And there are no shortcuts. But what I'm saying is everything has been done before. I'm not the first person to be made a king. I'm not the first father. I'm not the first son. Everything is there for us to learn from. And I'm saying that on the journey because it's so long, sometimes having hope and inspiration is what will carry you through to the next stage. The beginning is to start reading the right educational books on wealth. But I don't know what happened. I really don't know. But since I'm here for the first time, I really want to find out what really happened to Sinyani. What really happened? I don't even know. The youth. The youth. Oh, you mean the youth destroyed the city? Well, we are found of playing away some things that our mothers and fathers were in doing. But still we won the title. We won the title. You won the title back? Yeah, we are competing with Kupi. Tell them something that they need to know about Sinyani. So, yeah, Sinyani is very popular for the distribution of staple foods like maize and yam. Like a lot of farms around here. Okay. So when foods are like increasing in other places here, it doesn't affect you guys. No, we eat good. I'm not here because of her. I'm here because today is actually the coronation of my friend, which is happening two hours drive away from here. But because of this beautiful queen, I have to stop by here. Can I get a hug? A hug in the city. That was a Christian and a traditional prayer in every festival here in Ghana. Both prayers must be observed. Sometimes if the person is a Muslim, they're also going to pray the Muslim prayer. Now, let the real coronation begin. Good afternoon. Very good afternoon. And you know why I'm here today? Well, of course I know why you're here. You know why I'm here. Why am I here? Are you coming to support us for the integration and installment? Exactly. But my culture background is not that strong here. And that is why I really wanted to know what happens in here so that I will educate myself and also educate my audience. Can you tell me all about what is happening in here today? Okay. First of all, let me just... I've been to this area at all before in my life. It's my first time. Obviously here in Dhoma and in Kroh. And this village is called Insenia. Obviously you can see from the entire roads and all that. So obviously we like it. Now, what happened today is the installment of Nanna Oshri. Congratulations. Okay. All right. Can I have a seat? Of course. I really want to have a conversation with you. Thank you. My first question would be, what does this day mean to you? Wow. I would say it's the biggest day of my life. Along with having my children. I really want to know, yeah? Yeah. Why is your son on the throne? Because he was chosen by the family. Because my mom had six children. And all the six children and the six children, children, any of them could have been crowned today with the family choose my son. It's the first time that we have been stood here in Insenia. That's never happened before? It's never happened before, the first time. So that's why we all travel all the way from the UK and support it. Obviously, we had a great time. You're not born in Ghana? No. You're born and raised? In West London, yes. In West London? Yeah. And at what point did you come back here? Well, 1991. When I was 11 years old, I came to Bonhoeffel region for the first time. I came to the village. A village called Wampie. It's my mom's town. Honestly, we are the root of Mami Rebekah Yobuwa's clan. And the thing is, the reason why I came down when my nephew has been chosen as the king, is that he's quite ambitious person, you know? Very serious person. You know, obviously, you know him. And so we're here to support him.  I'm part of the Bonhoeffel family. I'm a member of the Tresor. I'm a country confessor. Part of the Tresor. Part of the Tresor. We're part of the Croatia. I'm the mayor of the Croatia. I'm the ACP of the Croatia. You know what part of the Bonhoeffel is? Yes, the Crossover. Party, or red party, or... We are from the Craciu. I want you to know what is going on right now. What are they doing? Before the Apostolic Nation, this is the metro automatic place. Everybody to know that they have a new chief. Wow, interesting. So after this what next? After this, taking me inside to the palace, talking to me about it. After moving around the forkiness of the village, they bring him back to the palace and the elders of the village accept him as their chief. And that is when he swears in that he will uphold and defend the good name of this tomb. The people of Insenia have a new chief and it's time for celebration. But since the chief was born and raised in the UK, he had to celebrate in style with Moet. What does it mean by the right-hand king? Good. Like I told you before, we are the clan of the Adriana. And our king is Osadjifo Osadjifo in the palace. It's about five months from here. And the Nifant means that you are the right-hand to them. So this chief is always asking us as an advisor to the Adriana people. And our main objective when we go to the palace, we are like the Ochiame, the Linguist. That's our main duty when we come to like Manichefi Go obviously. Yeah, they have the Ochiame there. So over in this particular town, our main duty to the Osadjifo palace, we are called Abampredasi. When our king sits down, they will say, oh Tio, Tio, Tiowa, that is our main thing that we do. So now Nanna Osirah has been ensued, yeah. He will go there and when Osadjifo sits down on the right-hand side, he will say, oh yeah, Nanna, listen to him. Nanna Okasa, Nanna Tiowa. That is our main job at our palace. I want to say thank you so much for educating us. I appreciate you. Thank you. You didn't tell me your name. Eric KK Quatin. Eric KK Quatin. Yes. It's a pleasure meeting you. Thank you. I hope you all are enjoying the video so far. I just want to ask you a question. Have you liked the video or have you shared the video? Please, it's by force to like, share so that all this will be able to see this video. The entire elders of the village congratulate him and welcome him to the palace. All hail the new chief of Insania. And after that, the chief needs to address his own people. But listen, I've been to so many occasions, but the speech that this new chief gave was heartwarming. And I believe that it's definitely going to touch your heart. Today, I want to tell a short story. As a child, I remember living in London with my mom and my sister. I remember my mom struggling to raise me and my sister, working free jobs. As soon as I was old enough, I made it my duty to change the poverty. 1991, I was 11 years old. I came to Ghana for the first time. I came to Oki, and this is when I saw Africa. I saw my grandfather for the first time. He was a chief, you won't fear. He had 44 children and 300 grandchildren. What I saw was entrepreneurship. I saw farming. I saw opportunities, and it sparked me to become an entrepreneur. So fast forward to 2009, I was age 29. I was doing my business in the UK, and then the recession hit. Times were hard. I was driving around in Porsches.  So I had to work three jobs, just like my mom. Life got so hard, I had to feed my three children, but life was so hard. I remember I was so broke. The journey from my car to Kumasi, I was driving one day in UK. I had no windscreen wipers, no wipers in the car, and the rain was raining. I said, God, why? I kept on asking God, God, why? One day somebody sent me a link to a book. I was given a book that told a story about America, and a book where a man in America followed 500 of the richest men in America and studied how they became wealthy. I found that books became my food, and through the books, I helped to secure and cure my poverty. The wealth, reading about wealth, helped to change my life from poverty. So my next point, if you're driving on the road, and the road has a bend, and every day that bend, there is an accident. In my opinion, there must be a problem on the road that we need to change, right? My point is that, you know, we have to stop waiting around for bad leaders to come and change our life. The world is changing at a rapid rate. In Japan, they have a bullet train. Can't get you from Macron to Insenya in 20 minutes. But we shouldn't wait around for bad leaders to come and help us. When you go to the banks in the UK, there's no more people. It's now machines. Now, we go Uber and Ghana, but in America, they're designing a car. They will have no driver. Medicine for the future. Now, you go to the doctor. But in the future, you go to the toilet, you urinate, and all your medical information will come from the water. We must not wait around for bad leaders. The law of attraction says, your mind is like a magnet. What you think about, you will become. So if you're thinking about poverty and hardship, that's what will come. The problem's not just bad leaders. We have to set our minds free. Who's designed by the mind. Computers by the mind. Electricity by the mind. We need to start teaching ourselves wealth education. Wealth education. I'm nearly finished. There's a saying, education will make you a living. Self-education will make you a fortune.  Let that be the seed. Let's stand together and organize our minds. Let's build our own powerful mini economies from the villages across Africa. And let's be big. If you've learned anything from me today, then stand behind me. If you've learned anything from me today, stand behind me. A word to the wise is enough. Such a beautiful heartwarming speech from our new chief. And I really wanted to know how did he find out that he's going to be the new chief of this village. I actually found out about five years ago through my grandmother. The stool was there. At the time I was doing business, property developing, property investing. Also a tough journey. And I think at that time I was not of age. To become a king you had to be around age 40, because they wanted to see that your life experiences have been enough for you to help the community. So I was aware about it, but it took about five years for it to come into fruition. But I think I was here when they started the whole event. And when they were advising you, I think all of them were talking about development. You must be creative. And if you want to learn something and you want to hear the people, then I'm here to see. I'm here to see you.  I'll be a hugger for you. What about self-proportion of the man? He's a marketer. He's a manager. And what about his own big group? And they are all very involved in it.  I'm a money girl. I'm a money girl. I'm a money girl. What do you want to perform? What do you want me to sing? What do you want me to sing? Because I want to sing I want to sing I want to sing I want to sing I want to sing I want to sing I want to sing Do you plan for this town? Yes of course Can you let me know because I'm very inclusive and I really want to know the plans that you have for the whole town As I was saying earlier I feel that in Africa we are very rich in resources natural resources we have everything under our feet but I don't think we utilise it everyday man doesn't get the opportunity to utilise it so my thing is we have to start changing the way that we use our minds and try and get away from this poverty mindset thinking that we're old something thinking that our governments are going to hand something down to us my thing is to start learning how people became successful and follow these success patterns to become successful ourselves so in short my plans are to help develop our minds through books and teachings So currently as a queen of the village yeah what kind of plans do you have for the community in general I think you have to listen to the community before you can plan first and foremost so I feel we're open to have the ideas come from the people here because they know what they need more than we know what we need by passing through a few weeks a year it's not going to give you the full picture of what people need here I think it's clear that the youth needs some kind of form of I don't want to say entertainment but activity is important to concentrate on the youth side of things you know and practical things we're considered fortunate in western in the UK and I think when you come to Ghana especially the village you do realise that it's an advantage probably than people who live here in the village so I think it's important to try and share those advantages George is very focused on enriching the mind which I totally agree with I think it's important for people to be educated because without education it's hard to know what to do next I think there's also practical things that people need here what I can see I think the people of this town are ready for that book knowledge because in Ghana we all talk about money but you're talking about wealth inside a book how are you going to change that? That's the start because everybody needs to be inspired everybody needs hope sometimes what you're hoping for may not come but the hope in between the journey is what keeps you going you start to acquire the knowledge on how people became successful and you take those ingredients the hope inside will start to build it's a journey we're talking about you're into properties in the UK what about in Ghana are you doing anything like that? yes in Ghana we're doing a bit of land acquisition and we're going to do affordable luxury in the Bono Hafe region so we're talking to landowners at the minute it takes time we're about to do some land surveys and searches but it's in the Bono Hafe region between Sunyani and Ensignia I just want to ask you if you had the chance to change one thing in Ghana what would you change? it might sound harsh but it's blame let's stop blaming people responsibility let's take control of our minds let's focus because to me as I said everything is done before poverty has been going on for hundreds of years so if we keep on doing the same thing we're going to get the same results waiting and relying on leaders to change our lives clearly it's not the solution because as I said in Krumah he done the damn the 60s and still we've got lights off so clearly something's not right what do you think is wrong then? I think partly it's not just a Ghana problem I think it's globally the education system basically it doesn't teach you enough it doesn't teach you how to really become successful it more teaches you to just have the basics of life maybe have a simple job but it doesn't take you to the final level and that's a global it's not just Ghana it's a global system what should your people expect from you none that you are their leader what should they expect from you? they should expect that I'm going to push to open their minds and for them to take responsibility with me that's the difference I'm not making any promises I promise I'll work hard but I can't change people's lives without them putting the work in and being open minded to learn something different to learn something new do you have a message for Africans living in the diaspora? a message would be I think we're at a time in the world where we're becoming more conscious maybe if we had this conversation 10 years ago many people wouldn't even understand a lot of the stuff we're talking about but I think the universe, the world is changing we're becoming more conscious we're superheros we understand that we're God's people we understand our potential, our strength so stand behind people when you think they're they may be different give those people a chance like myself it's time to start doing things differently I just want to know how does it feel like being married to a Ghanaian no one African like we keep on its expression we're all one we always think it would feel like same as I was married to a Jamaican we're all one people so I'm blessed to be married to George to Nana in general but I mean we're all the same people so how often do your kids go to Jamaica? we've been once they've been once three times what are you going to tell your fellow Jamaican brothers and sisters out there I mean you're on the continent, you're on the motherland right now what would be your message for them I mean like you said in the West you can have a certain overview of what Africa is about until you come here and experience it for yourself you're not going to know so I encourage everyone to come and see Ghana enjoy the heritage the people, my hearing the people the culture, the food you can't go wrong I think Jamaica and Ghana have things in common definitely, definitely I think when I went to Jamaica same as when I landed in Ghana I felt the same kind of spiritual peace the people are very similar as well and it's beautiful both islands are extremely beautiful the greenery I wouldn't say Jamaica has got as much culture as Ghana but I think the people are very similar both fantastic I couldn't choose which one is my preference I want to say thank you so much and I wish you all the best and hope to see you again what do you do my darkest days when I was in hundreds of thousands of pounds in debt having to feed my three children this book helped to change my life and today to honour you for coming with this huge effort and taking our story to the world I honour you with this book think and grow rich thank you for this and I hope that when I grow rich I don't want to grow rich yet but I want to become wealthy and I believe that the wealth is in this book and I want to say thank you once again congratulations once again to madam the going prize Emerald properties lucky hope great value


the reason why we say it every day and people don't listen is because literally they don't listen. We say every day set a max loss and a max size at the broker level.    These are lessons from professional hedge fund traders.


Hi, I'm Kerry Rich, Recreation Superintendent for the City of Columbia, and I want to invite everyone out to Mayor Steve Benjamin's Black History Month basketball tournament. This is an opportunity for many of our safety agencies to come together, but also a chance for our community to see our different law enforcement agencies in non-enforcement roles. We here at the City of Columbia Parks and Recreation want to be a bridge, we want to be a conduit when it comes to our community being able to see the law enforcement agencies in a different light. Sports have always been a melting pot, and this is one more chance for our community to come together. So please be sure to get out to Greenview Park this Sunday, February 16th at 2pm and be a part of a fun and festive atmosphere. I can't wait.


Thank you all, and welcome to the White House, and please be seated. When our administration came to Washington, we were determined to make of our nation what I have many times referred to as an opportunity society, a land in which Americans, all Americans would be able to develop their talents to the fullest. Today we honor a group of institutions that have long stood for just that opportunity. I'm speaking of course about America's historically black colleges and universities. Listen to this record of achievement.  For decades, then, these institutions have been giving black Americans hope, hope for a better life, hope that they would be able to play a full and active part in the life of the nation. With the unique role of these educational institutions in mind, our administration has made certain that in an era of budget cuts, black colleges and universities actually received increased funding by 1986 up some 19% since we took office. Then too we've worked to see to it that students would have economic opportunities after graduation to compliment the educational opportunities they benefited from while still in college. Indeed in large measure because we've cut taxes and worked to limit the economic role of government, today our nation is enjoying one of the longest periods of peacetime economic expansion in history, 57 months and still counting. During these 57 months, black employment has moved forward twice as fast as white employment. Since 1982, the real income of black families has increased almost 40% faster than white family income and the share of black families in the highest income brackets has nearly doubled. And this past August, the percentage of blacks employed was the highest on record as was the percentage of all Americans employed. Surveying this record, economist Warren Brooks concluded, and I'll quote, On every front, jobs, income, even household wealth, this 1981 through 1986 has been the best five economic years in black history. Just yesterday there was still more good news right there on the front page of the New York Times. The Times reported that, I'll be quoting again, black high school students across the country are making steady gains in the scores they achieve on standardized college admission tests. Well there's something profound here in this connection between educational achievement and economic growth. You see I'm convinced that the one has a great deal to do with the other, that education represents an investment in the future and that the investment becomes more inviting when the future itself looks brighter. In the words of author George Gilder, economic opportunities summon initiatives. Initiatives develop character and a sense of responsibility, a feeling of optimism. The future looks more open and promising to students than it did before for the simple reason that it is more open and promising. You know I can't help thinking that the goals Americans set for themselves in the days of my own youth seem so modest. Indoor plumbing, electricity, a family car, a telephone. I remember living in a home without indoor plumbing. Today jet airplanes carry passengers, even those of modest means, from coast to coast and overseas. While our engineers are busy developing crafts that one day will take off from a runway and carry us into space. And discoveries in the field of superconductivity are coming so rapidly that research results are often out of date before they're in print. Yes, these are exciting days. Exciting days above all for young Americans and those who educate them. For black Americans there's additional excitement. The excitement that goes with breaking the bonds of prejudice, that goes with the defeat of discrimination. Perhaps then it's in the years ahead that our black colleges and universities will contribute the most to our nation, surpassing even the enormous contributions they've made in the past, making ever greater strides toward the achievement of a genuine opportunity society. Today, it's our privilege to have with us thirty students who represent this future, thirty students who have been chosen as the finest undergraduate students in mathematics, engineering and science at historically black colleges and universities. They were nominated by the presidents of their colleges and selected by a distinguished panel of leaders in higher education. Later today they will receive awards sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation of New York in recognition of their dedication and academic achievement. To you thirty students, you represent the shining hope of America's future. In the technological age of the twenty-first century your intellect, creativity and skilled minds will keep our nation at the forefront of scientific research and technological development. The time and effort you're investing in your education will pay rich dividends to you and to the nation. Your America's best and brightest hope for the future. Would you thirty please stand and accept our congratulations. Now you may be seated, because if I may there are two students in particular I'd like to recognize. I hope I have the name right, Mr. Patrick Lafontante and Mr. Gregory B. Owens. Mr. Lafontante graduated from the U.S. Navy's broadened opportunity for officer selection and training program and is currently attending Hampton University and Hampton Virginia majoring in chemical engineering. After graduation, Mr. Lafontante plans to pursue a graduate degree followed by a career as an officer in the Navy's nuclear power program. Midshipman's second class Owens, and I have to look both ways, they've not been pointed out as to which is which, is a national scholarship Midshipman majoring in chemistry at Savannah State College in Savannah, Georgia. Mr. Owens previously graduated from one of the Navy's programs in nuclear power and has received the Reserve Officers Association Award given to the junior or sophomore student with the highest naval science grade point average. Gentlemen, your achievements are truly remarkable as is your dedication to the nation and your commander in chief would like to salute you. Now it's my honor to sign the bill and the proclamation making the week of 21 to 27 September National Historically Black Colleges Week, and I think there are some people who should come up here and stand behind me while I do this signing. All right. I know it's going to be a little crowded back there, I know what you're going to do with bringing about this day. Thank you all for being here. Thanks. You see the wheels turning, I'm still working on that.


Once students at Central Lakes College complete the general arts courses offered at the school, they're offered a semester of independent study to develop their own class plan. For this week's in-focus, Mal Meyer went to Brainerd to talk with artists about their work being featured at the discoveries in ceramic exhibit. The four artists, Daniel Trong, Ivy Dimbosky, Tegan Maloney and Lynn Barowitz, started the semester with a little bit of research. I was looking actually at Japanese pottery and Chinese and they do a lot with the blues and whites and a lot of nature scenes. And drew from their experiences to create these one-of-a-kind pieces. I like making pottery for utilitarian uses, so I've made a lot of dish sets, a lot of bowls and mugs. While most of the works on display are plates and bowls, Daniel Trong took more of a hands-on approach. I just like hands and eyes so like one day I just look at my hands and I was like, I need sculpture for the class so I'm just gonna build my hand. But even with the most skillful of hands, ceramics are unique in that the glazes blend in ways that simply cannot be anticipated or duplicated. Like for this part right here, like I was basically just praying and hoping that the this glaze wouldn't drip all the way down to the bottom. Which can be a little frustrating. It doesn't get really frustrating at first when you're trying to learn, but like once you push through that it's just it's amazing and it's you're really proud of yourself when you see the stuff that you can make. While Trong wishes he would have had more time, he hopes that people see the emotion in his finished pieces. For this hand right here, so the hand is kind of grabbing to like a fist. So that means that that I have to like stay strong and be tough. The Discoveries in Ceramics student exhibit will be free and open to the public from Monday through Friday 10 to 5 p.m. now through April 21st. In Brainerd with this week's in focus, I'm Mel Meyer, Lakeland News. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.