It's got network member webinar. We are of course hosting tonight's webinar from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in San Francisco, California. And we are very excited to welcome our guest speaker, Dr. Nicole Zellner with her talk on all about that space science updates. And for our Zoom attendees, again, make sure that you change that chat function to everyone, not just hosted panelists so that we can all see what you're writing. And before we introduce Dr. Zellner, we just wanted to give a few brief announcements. Of course, make sure that you report your Eclipse events. NASA did have a deadline of the 15th, and so we wanted to make sure that we got all our events in the 15th. So a lot of you came through. I can't even say some of you. Tons of you came through. And I wanted to just say that from April 8th, 2023, so I went back and did all of the numbers from one year ago, April 8th, 2023 to April 8th, 2024. Night Sky Network Clubs reported 811 Eclipse events reaching over 118,000 people across the United States and its territories.  So I am so, so happy those numbers. I like, I almost tear it up. Like again, you guys did a phenomenal job. Pat yourselves in the back, congratulations. And thank you. And again, keep plugging those events. We still have a ways to go until 20, 25, 20, 45. So make sure that you get all your events on the calendar now. And of course, with that, all of the Eclipse fever has died down just a little bit over here at NSN. So office hours are now open again. If you needed to chat with me about anything that's going on with your club, if you wanted to go ahead and maybe you had questions about your account, maybe you had questions about how to get more active, please go ahead and schedule the office hours appointment or just shoot us an email. You can email us anytime. I'm always here, Vib's always here, Brian's always here and we will be happy to answer your questions. Vib, did you have anything else? Nope. All right, sounds great. All right, so let's just jump right into it. Again, welcome to the April webinar for a nice guy network. And for those of you on Zoom, you can use chat window to interact with each other and use the Q&A window on the menu on the bottom edge of your Zoom screen for questions. This way, we don't lose your questions throughout the chat. And again, let us know where you're from. If you're having any technical issues, let us know that too and you can do that in the chat. As always, like I said, Q&A window is for questions. We wanna make sure that we can see them. And tonight, we welcome Dr. Nicole Zellner with her talk all about that space science updates and just a little bit about Dr. Zellner. She is a professor of physics at Albion College where she teaches introductory advanced astronomy and physics courses and has mentored dozens of student research partners. She has also served as a NASA program scientist in the planetary science division at NASA headquarters supported by the NSF and NASA, Dr. Zellner's research interests focus on understanding the impact history of the moon Earth system and how those impacts affected the conditions for life on Earth. She studies lunar impact glasses to interpret the bombardment history of the moon and Earth. And a second project focuses on understanding how the chemistry of simple molecules is affected by impacts. As a woman in science, she advocates for inclusive approaches and practices to increase diversity in all of its forms in the sciences. Dr. Zellner has traveled to Antarctica to collect meteorites and to Chile to tour the biggest and best telescopes in the world. She loves teaching and talking about space and has been a NASA solar system ambassador for more than 20 years, communicating with more than 2 million people through public talks, media interviews and written articles. And in 2021, Dr. Zellner received the Carl Sagan Medal for Public Communication and she is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, one of the highest honors in science, the Heisman of Science, if you will. And she has been a teacher of the year and scholar of the year at Albion College. Please welcome Dr. Zellner. Wow, thank you for that wonderful introduction. Please confirm that you can hear me and that you can see my slide. We can hear you and we can see you. Fantastic, good. So I still have problems. I do all of that, right? But I still have problems with Zoom and sharing slides, so here we go. I was inspired by Megan Trainor with her famous song from several years ago now all about that base. And I have, as Kat mentioned, given dozens, hundreds of talks over the years and I started thinking about how I can mix things up a little bit. And these past couple of years, especially with the eclipse just a few weeks ago, it really dawned on me how exciting space exploration really truly is. Just so many neat things are happening and I wanted to put together a fun public talk that kind of touches on some of them. Now the title's a little bit misleading because I'm not really gonna talk all about that space. But I'm gonna highlight several of some of my favorite or some of the most exciting missions in my experience and some of the science that's exciting in my opinion as well. So I'm gonna poll you. I have a form with several questions on it that you'll be prompted throughout my talk to go ahead and answer, though you'll be given the form all at once. And at the end of my talk, I'll share some of the responses that you all have contributed. From a young age, I was drawn to science and to space. And I think this cartoon strip here from Blondie, some of you may remember the Sunday Funnies or the Fun Day Sunnies and Blondie and Bumstead were common visitors to our house on a Sunday morning. And she here is talking with her friends about all of the things in space or all the things they're interested in using these really funny apropos space terms. The restaurant got a five star rating and the cake is over the moon and Milky Way frosting is the best in the universe. So my first question for all of you based on that first survey question is what's your favorite space topic? You can type it in the chat if you want, but I'd rather that you type it in the form. Again, at the end of the talk, I'll go back to the form and share some of the responses. Well, I hope some of you are from Wisconsin. That is where I grew up. And when I give a talk like this that spans the country and possibly spans the generations in the audience, I like to just share a little bit of who I am and where I came from. So I grew up in a small town called Winneconny, Wisconsin. It is about 30 miles west of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, right there in the heart of Packer Country. Winneconny is famous because in 1967, the state of Wisconsin left it off of the map and Winneconny seceded from the union. We nominated the mosquito as the state bird and poison ivy as the state flower. And after enough protesting, the state put Winneconny back on the map. And now every summer we celebrate secession days where we have one of the biggest parades in the state in mid-July. I grew up as a dancer. I was involved in cheerleading and band and choir all through high school. But I was always drawn to the stars because I grew up out in the country where we had beautiful night sky views. And at the time, and I don't even understand the conditions or really remember the conditions, but we saw Aurora fairly often. I mean, enough for it to stick in my mind as a memory. And this prompted me then to go to the University of Wisconsin where I received an undergraduate degree in physics and astronomy. And then I actually took a gap between undergrad and grad school and I worked on a space mission called STS-67, the Astro II payload. And Wisconsin sent up one of the ultraviolet telescopes in that payload and I was hooked. I realized that I wanted to do astronomy for my career. So I went to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in upstate New York. I saw somebody from New Paltz posted in the chat. My uncle, my aunt and uncle live in Kingston and my uncle's always trying to get me to go teach at New Paltz. So I keep telling him, Uncle Jimmy, I just can't ask for a job. I have to wait for them to open, but he doesn't quite get that. Anyway, so I went to Rensselaer, earned my PhD in Astrobiology and Physics and I'm gonna talk a little bit about my research at the end of the talk. After a postdoc position, I ended up at Albion College in South Central Michigan, about 40 miles south of East Lansing where Michigan State is and about 40 miles west of Ann Arbor, right along I-94. And maybe there's somebody from Albion in the audience. She texted me when she saw my name as the speaker and said she was gonna join in. So hopefully Sally's out there. Hi Sally. So that's me. Where are you from? That's the second question in the form. So go ahead and answer that. I'm sure lots of people are from the United States but I did enter Canada and Mexico just in case. And of course, if you're tuning in from somewhere else, feel free to write that on the other line. Okay, so the reason I put this talk together was because I had an invitation from the Albion Area Lifelong Learners which is a group of former faculty and other senior members of the Albion community who wanted to know all about the JWST or the James Webb Space Telescope. And I reminded them, I'm not an astronomer, I'm a planetary scientist. So I don't really feel comfortable giving a full talk about JWST but I realized that I could actually touch on it very, I could touch on it as a topic in my All About That Space talk. So here's the slide on JWST and I have a clear memory of being a college student and JWST was proposed and was gonna launch in the next 10 years or something like that. Well, many, many years later, we had a beautiful successful launch in December of 2021 on Christmas Day and JWST unfolded its eight meter mirror out in space and it did it completely automatically and it was a wonder to behold. I'll admit, I had my doubts but it did it and this telescope is working really, really well. I've got some beautiful images to show you in a minute. The James Webb Space Telescope is located at the L2 Lagrange point, which is about one million miles from Earth. This is a point in space where gravity is well balanced such that the telescope can stay out there and doesn't really need a lot of boosters or a lot of maneuvering to stay stable. This telescope observes in the infrared wavelength range so that's long wavelengths longer than the red color. In fact, we emit in the infrared. If you just hover your hand over a body part, you'll feel heat coming off of your body. We're actually emitting in the infrared. So that's kind of a heat wavelength, if you will. So this slide, this graphic here at the bottom shows this very narrow range that's visible and then this much, much longer range where we see that infrared spectrum that Webb is collecting information on. This telescope is actually observing cool portions of our universe, or of our universe, lots of dusty regions, objects that are pretty far away, things that we cannot see with our naked eye, things that the Hubble Space Telescope can't really see either. So it's a really nice compliment to the HST. Big talking point was that JWST is going to be the replacement for Hubble. And yeah, sort of, but they're entirely different wavelength ranges and entirely different epics of technology. So I'm going to do a comparison for you right here. On the left-hand side of your screen is the Hubble Deep Field that was roughly a patch of space the size of your fingernail. So I want everyone to hold out your hand with your thumb up, much like Fonzie used to do in the happy days eras. And I want you to look at the amount of space that your thumb covers, right? The amount of space on the sky that your thumb covers. That is the amount of space that the Hubble Space Telescope looked at for 10 days at collecting photons to create this image on the left.  And there are roughly 3,000 galaxies in that picture. So 3,000 galaxies covering space, the size of your thumbnail projected out. So the squared off region there is what James Webb looked at. And that's the image I'm showing you here on the right. That's the web image with 0.8 days of exposure. So right away, you can see that the colors are different. You can see that there are some things that aren't appearing in the web image that appear in the Hubble and vice versa. But what I hope you can see is how clear the image is with such, with a fraction of the observing time and the fraction of the time to collect those photons. One of my favorite nebula in the night sky is the ring nebula, which is on our constellation of Lyra the harp. The ring nebula is a planetary nebula with a white dwarf left behind. This is eventually what our sun may turn out to be all low mass stars end up as white dwarfs with the planetary nebula surrounding them. On the right hand, on the left hand side again is the Hubble space telescope image of the ring nebula. On the right hand side is the JWST image. So you can see again, the structure, the fine detail that the infrared telescope that James Webb JWST is creating, that image and the data that is collecting versus the image on the left hand side, also beautiful. But two different kinds of images that give us different kinds of information. In particular, in the web image, you can see dense globules that are rich in hydrogen and very hot gas in that inner region, which we just don't see in that Hubble image. The Karina nebula as well, a star, a region in the southern hemisphere sky. On the left hand side is our Hubble image. On the right hand side is our web image. Again, much more structure in the dust lanes and much more detail even in the background stars behind the nebula. So James Webb with that eight meter mirrors really doing a lot of work collecting those photons and creating these beautiful images and allowing us to learn much, much more about our universe. One of the hot new topics in astronomy, of course, is exoplanets and exoplanet science. And a lot of astronomers were wondering whether or not JWST would be capable of detecting atmospheres around planets. And of course, if we find the right combination of those molecules in the atmospheres, would that be indicative of some sort of extraterrestrial life form? So one of the first tests that James Webb was subjected to was to gather information on the atmosphere of an exoplanet. So this is exoplanet K218B. So it's a Kepler planet that was discovered. And in the spectrum here again, and that's an infrared wavelength along the X axis. And it's the amount of light emitted or intensity on the Y axis. We're seeing a signature for methane. We're seeing signatures for carbon dioxide. And we're seeing some signatures for even water signatures. I don't know if it's in this atmosphere, but we've definitely observed water in the atmospheres of some of the other exoplanets. And this is really exciting, right? As I tell my students, when I was in college, there was one exoplanet. And now as of March, the last time I updated this slide, over 5,500 exoplanets confirmed with almost 1,000 of them in a multi-planet system around another star in our galaxy. So Kepler has shown us that probably every star in our galaxy has a planet. If there's 200 billion stars in a galaxy and 100 billion galaxies in the universe, that's a lot of planets to explore. We won't get to all of them, but I think James Webb and some of these follow-up telescopes will help us learn more about planet formation and the possibility of life elsewhere. One of my favorite visuals for all of the different kinds of planets out there are the Kepler aurories. The one that Kat is gonna be sending out to you in the chat is the one through from 2013 or 2010. There are follow-ups, but of course, it's kind of hard to model 5,500 planets with almost 1,000 in a multi-planet system. But if you're looking at that aurory, you will see that there are lots of different kinds of planets, some very close to their stars, some very far away from their stars, some very big, some very small, orbiting at different velocities, and a huge wide variety. The chart here on the right-hand side is a graph that was created from the exoplanet.eu database as of 2022. Along the x-axis is the orbital period in days. So how many times it takes the planet to go around the parent star, and on the y-axis is the planetary mass in Jupiter masses. So Earth is squared off on the right-hand side out there by itself alone, where we see lots of small rocky planets close to their parent stars. We see lots of giant hot Jupiters very close to their planet stars. We see other gassy planets. We see Neptune and many Earths as well. But so far, at least as of 2022, it looks like Earth is still a rare thing. Earth-sized planet with an Earth-sized mass and an Earth-like habitable zone, it's telling. However, we have other ideas out there for what a habitable planet would look like if you are a small, rocky planet orbiting around a low, a high mass, cool red star, for example. You are gonna have a very long time to create life because those kinds of small, cool stars live very long lives. The life will look different, probably, but there's definitely a chance that there could be life out there as we don't know it. Living on planets that we don't know yet and don't know how to characterize yet. So it's very exciting to think about the future of space exploration and this field of astrobiology. One of the most high-priority space missions as determined by the astrophysics community in the Astro-2020 Decadal is Habitable Worlds Observatory, or HAB Worlds. And this observatory is one of the highest-priority missions that NASA will start to design and develop and eventually launch in the 2030s. It will be a telescope that can observe objects in the infrared, optical, and ultraviolet wavelength ranges, so a wide, wide spectrum of wavelengths. And it will be the first telescope that's designed specifically to search for life on exoplanets, including Earth-like planets that are emitting about one 10 billionth the light of the star that they're orbiting around. And the way that they're gonna do that is by launching the telescope with a star shade. And so what that star shade's gonna do is block out the light of the parent star and allowing those planets that are orbiting very closely to the star to be detected. Much like a total solar eclipse blocks the disk of our sun and allowed astronomers in the early part of the 20th century to identify the location of Mercury and thus prove Einstein's theory of relativity. So by blocking out that pesky bright light from the star, HAB worlds will be able to identify very small Earth-like rocky planets that could potentially have life on them. A little bit closer to home, a very exciting mission that is ongoing on our neighboring planet Mars is the Mars 2020 mission, where the little rover named Perseverance is driving around a river delta in the Jezero crater. Jezero, it was identified as the target location for the Mars rover because it looks like it was the repository of liquid in the past. And we know that where there is, or follow the water, that was a mantra that Dan Golden, one of the NASA administrators from years past helped promote this idea that if we could find water, we could find life. So we explored a lot of planets and moons where we believe that there is life or we are exploring those planets and moons where we believe that there's life. So Mars 2020 is a really exciting mission because it's actually collecting and caching samples all around Jezero crater. There's maybe 20 or so sample vials that the Mars rover is actually filling with rocks and other kinds of Mars regolith and that those samples are gonna be cached on the surface of Mars until we figure out a way to actually scoop them up and bring them back to Earth where they will be analyzed in Earth-based laboratories. So you may have heard very recently that NASA has paused its development of the Mars sample return mission and has actually put out a request for ideas in the hopes that there will be some commercial enterprises that will take up the challenge and help us figure out how we can actually collect these samples, launch them off of Mars and put them into an orbit where they will enter Earth's atmosphere probably over the Utah desert much like Osiris Rex in late 2023 that where they can then be collected and brought to labs all over the world for investigations. Another area of excitement is the exploration of Jupiter's icy moon Europa. The image on the orange image that you see there is the Voyager image of Europa when it flew past the Jovian system in the 1980s and one of the most striking observations of Europa was that it had a surface that didn't have a lot of craters on it. And when you're a planetary scientist, you know that if you're looking at a surface without a lot of craters that there is geological activity of some sort. Craters are being erased, craters are being eroded, craters are somehow not being preserved on the surface. And so a few more, with a little bit more data we realized that there is a briny ocean beneath this icy crust of Europa. When the Galileo spacecraft was out there in the 1990s we observed these ridges and rifts and cracks in the ice of Europa. And you can see that they are not permanent ice cracks in Europa, they actually move around, they melt, they freeze over, they remelt again. And in those places where the crust actually opens up there seems to be some sort of seeping up of the, or melting or seeping up of some sorts of liquid. We've seen icebergs moving through these channels on Europa as well. So this got people very, very excited that there might be an ocean beneath this icy crust and in that ocean because it's warm on the inside due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter kind of creating tidal heating and frictional heating on Europa that there could be life on this moon. So in various different names and different ideas were proposed over the years but we finally settled on a mission called Europa Clipper. And Europa Clipper will be launched in October of this year and its mission will be to go out to Europa and help us understand whether or not the ingredients for life as we know it exists on that moon. There are other missions out to the Jovian system as well currently underway. We've got the Jupiter icy moon explorer or JUCE which was launched by the European Space Agency and Juno is out there now as well. So hopefully all of the spacecraft will survive long enough that they can actually work in tandem together and bring a really rich set of data back to or send a really rich set of data back to scientists and others on earth. Titan is also another really, really exciting object in our solar system that may have the ingredients for life as we know it. Again, the orange image that you see on the screen is the image of Titan taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1980, Titan is the largest moon of Saturn. And we observed that it had a methane nitrogen rich atmosphere. It was really hard to see through that very thick atmosphere of Titan, earth-based telescopes tried to do that, made some progress, identified some light and dark regions but we really didn't know what those light and dark regions were until Cassini got out there in the 2000. So Cassini and Huygens worked together to understand what Titan's surface looks like. The Huygens probe in particular flew through that thick atmosphere of Titan and took these beautiful images of the Titan's surface where it doesn't have a hydrological cycle such that water evaporates and rains back down, but rather it has a methanological cycle.  Titan has liquid methane lakes and rivers. There are islands on Titan as well. The temperature is very, very cold on the surface of Titan but people are really interested in this object because of its really unique chemistry and how that chemistry might give us a clue for formation conditions of life. So in the next several years, 2028, the Dragonfly mission will be launched here from Earth. The principal investigator on that is Elizabeth Turtle from the Johns Hopkins applied physics lab. I've known Zibi pretty much my whole career and it's just really exciting that she's the PI of this mission that's gonna send this rotocopter out to Titan and it's going to fly along the surface of Titan and sniff out organics and where it finds interesting organics, it will do a deeper investigation and send that information then back to us on Earth, arrival in 2034. So it takes a long time to get out to these deep space objects, but the science return will be very, very exciting and we'll answer a lot of our questions about the possibility of life on other objects in our solar system. So my next question for you is what moon or planet are you betting on will have life? So in the form, please share with us, whether it's Mars, Europa or Titan, and I think I have another in there as well. So if you think it's another object in our solar system, feel free to answer that as well. And yes, I'm gonna restrict you to our solar system, okay? Not everywhere in the universe, just our solar system. And if there isn't another exciting mission out there, of course there is. The Psyche mission launched in October of 2023. So last fall, when I was teaching my first year seminar on space exploration, we gathered around the NASA TV and we watched this beautiful rocket launch of the Psyche mission headed out to the Psyche asteroid. Psyche is a really, really interesting asteroid because we believe it to be only composed of iron and nickel. And one of the big questions is, is this a core of a planet that no longer exists or is it just a hunk of metal out there in space potentially left over from the primordial planetary nebula from which the rest of the planets formed? We're gonna answer that question because there's a magnetometer on board. And when that magnetometer goes into orbit around Psyche, it's gonna be able to measure magnetic field. We know magnetic fields are formed around planets that are rotating with liquid metal cores. And Earth has a magnetic field, of course, it protects us from the harsh ultraviolet, I'm sorry, gamma rays and other cosmic rays from our sun and from the galaxy. It gives us the weak spots, of course, in our magnetic field or where that solar radiation can come in, interact with our atmosphere and give us our beautiful northern and southern lights. Mars has a remnant magnetic field, Venus has a remnant magnetic field. If this Psyche asteroid has a magnetic field around it, it's probably the core of a planet that no longer exists. And if it doesn't, then it's a piece of primordial piece of the formation of our solar system. So in either case, it's gonna be a very exciting contribution to our understanding of solar system formation. If mining companies find it justified and cost effective, there are ideas to mine our planetary bodies for resources. And the iron and nickel on Psyche is worth over 100,000 quadrillion dollars, I can't even say it, it's so much money. And, but of course the technology and the cost benefit of trying to do this kind of mining is not quite there. Though people are thinking about it and our moon in particular is another place where people are thinking about how to mine the resources on the moon. So again, this launched in October of 23, I think it's gonna be about six years before Psyche gets out there to the asteroid. I may be wrong on that and if I am, please correct me in the chat. But once it gets there, it's gonna be very exciting again to see what kind of results are returned. We are not bringing Psyche back to Earth, but we do have a piece of Bennu which was returned to Earth also in October. And that was another day that my students and I gathered around the TV to watch the re-entry of the space capsule and the landing in the Utah desert. Bennu is a primitive asteroid. It's a kind of square in shape. You can see that in the upper right hand picture. It has lots and lots and lots of boulders on it and other rock. In fact, Bennu had a swarm. It appeared to be a swarm of material around it, something we had never seen before around an asteroid. So the Japanese have pioneered the return of asteroid samples. They've done it a few times. This is the first one that NASA has done. And in the lower right hand picture, you can see some of our colleagues in a bunny suit in the clean room, disassembling that capsule and extracting the material from the inside. So the material is being investigated. One of the big questions is, what did the amino acids on Bennu look like? Do we see a dominance of left-handed amino acids over right-handed amino acids? Left-handed amino acids are used for life as we know it. That's the kind of amino acids we have in our bodies. And if so, how does that compare to the amino acids that scientists have studied in other kinds of meteorites in particular that have been collected in various places around the planet? There are other sorts of investigations going on with the samples as well, including cosmic ray exposure ages, solar wind implantation, and also understanding just the cratering rate on that body, which can tell us then about the interior geology or the interior structure of Bennu. I'm sorry, yeah, of Bennu. So closer to my heart is the return to the moon for the first time in over 50 years. I'm a lunar sample scientist. I was introduced to the study of lunar samples when I was a graduate student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. And it's been really exciting for me to be in this era where we may actually go back to the moon. I studied Apollo samples that were collected before I was born, and I'd really love to get my hands on some Artemis samples in order to continue my investigations. So in November of 23, is that right? 23 or was it 22? I'm mistaken now. Must've been 22. In November of 22, Artemis I was launched. This was an uncrewed test of the launch from Earth and then looping around the moon. In the spring of 23, the Artemis II crew was announced. These are these wonderful astronauts that you see on the right hand side, including Christina Koch, who was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. So that's kind of a nice tie-in here for the Michigan group. And Victor Glover, who will be the first African-American to actually orbit around the moon, Christina Koch will be the first woman to orbit around the moon. And these four daring individuals working together as a team will do the test run for human landing on the moon, which is currently scheduled for 2026. And that mission Artemis III will have the first woman and the first person of color who will actually set foot on the moon and return samples to Earth. So NASA put out a call for an Artemis III geology team. Several of my colleagues were on the winning proposal and they are working with NASA to investigate the landing site and the geology of the landing site and helping to advise the astronauts on what samples to collect to maximize the science return. And what's really interesting about the Artemis III landing site is that it's on the far side of the moon. So those of you who are interested in lunar science and know the Apollo story, you probably know that all of the Apollo missions were in a very narrow region and the equatorial band around the moon. And that was because we wanted the astronauts to be in constant communication with the Earth, with Houston, with mission control. And we wanted them to be able to use the sun, both to help regulate their body temperatures, regulate their spacesuit temperatures, but also to help them see in the collection of samples. Artemis III will be on the far side of the moon in very near some permanently shadowed regions, regions of the moon that never receive sunlight. And mostly those PSRs are in the permanently shadowed regions of craters. And it's in those PSRs that we think we'll find really interesting volatiles, material, including water. And it's really important if we're gonna have a sustained presence on the moon and a sustained human settlement on the moon that we have a supply of water. Water will provide not only water, right? But we can actually break it up into oxygen to breathe and hydrogen for rocket fuel. So this Artemis II crew will be doing that test run of the human occupancy inside of the capsule in preparation for Artemis III. The next link to the video I wanted to share with you is the Earth to the Moon video. Maybe some of you are watching it already. It's about three minutes long. I won't spend too much of a pause on that, but this beautiful video was put together using really high quality spacecraft data from recent missions to just help you appreciate that beautiful barren landscape and how wonderful yet dangerous it will be for the next astronauts who will be exploring it. In the meantime, while we're waiting for humans to return to the moon, we have a very prominent and prevalent commercial industry, a commercial space exploration industry. NASA has provided funding opportunities for commercial space companies to bid on opportunities to both launch vehicles to the moon and also to land spacecraft and rovers on the moon. There were some news announcements in the past couple of months for the peregrine, the peregrines made by the Astrobotics company, as well as intuitive machines which crash landed on the moon in February of 24. Even though they crash landed on the moon, they were still the first US landing in over 50 years on the moon. And everything that we learn from these launches and these landings will only forward feed into lessons learned and improvements for the next go round. So the commercial space businesses are really helping NASA and helping scientists as well develop and gain more information about space exploration. There's also a plan to put a small orbiting space station around the moon called Gateway. Gateway will hold anywhere from two to four crew members and allow them to live and work while they make sorties to the lunar surface and collect samples. The idea is that the Gateway will be their home away from home. They will collect the samples, bring them to Gateway and then launch them from Gateway on a return trajectory to the Earth where they will be collected by scientists and studied in our labs. So these are things that are pretty exciting for a lunar scientist like myself to think about NASA's commitment to return to the moon and the things that we're gonna learn. So as I said, I am a lunar scientist and I studied lunar impact glasses. These are microscopic pieces of glass that are formed during the heat and temperature of an impact event. And so just like we get glass by melting sand on Earth, we get these impact glasses when the regolith on the moon is melted in a high temperature event. And these impact glasses contain a memory of where they were formed, so their geochemistry and also when they were formed, so their geochronology. And we can do some really good, highly high resolution and detailed studies of their chemistry and their ages to find out and answer questions about the bombardment history of the moon, which is used as the touchstone and the proxy for the bombardment history of the inner solar system. Our Earth is 70% water, it has plate tectonics, it has an atmosphere, and it doesn't do a good job of preserving impacts. There's just a few very large old impacts on the Earth. The moon on the other hand, with no water, no atmosphere and no plate tectonics, preserves four and a half billion years of impact history on its surface. So by collecting these impact glasses, we can begin to fill in that understanding of the bombardment history of our solar system. And in particular, we're interested in answering questions about what was going on with bombardment in the solar system during its first 700 million or first billion years of solar system history when the solar system is settling into the current configuration that we have now. We know that there were very, very large impacts. We know that there were moon-forming impacts, right? Our moon was likely formed when a Mars-sized object collided with the Earth. And we wanna answer questions about what that bombardment does to habitable conditions on Earth or Mars, for example, or the delivery of biomolecules to Earth or Mars, for example. So these are questions that impact glasses in addition to other kinds of impact samples can answer. The fact that the Artemis samples will be from an entirely different geological region of the moon is really exciting for me because those Artemis samples will most definitely contain impact glasses. And then to understand what those impact glasses tell us compared to what the Apollo impact glasses are telling us would be really exciting for me to study. And so finally I wanna just bring it all the way home back to my home school at Albion College where I've been for almost 20 years. Albion College has an Alvin Clark telescope. For you astronomers in the group, you know that Alvin Clark and his sons, Alvin Clark and sons was the premier telescope maker in the United States in the 1800s, late 1800s. They wanted to compete with the best French and European and other European telescope makers at the time. So Albion College in the 1880s decided to raise $10,000 to build an observatory with the best telescope equipment in the country available at the time with the motivation that every student would take an astronomy class. And that was a requirement until the 1930s. The Alvin Clark telescope is an eight and a quarter inch refracting telescope it is celebrating 140 years of existence this year in 2024. Based on some work, we believe that our Alvin Clark telescope is the only telescope of its kind still in its original home. So that makes it a really important piece of astronomical history in the United States. Not only do we have the Alvin Clark telescope which is the central image here but we also have a transit telescope which is on the right hand side. And that transit telescope again was built in the 1880s by Fauston Company. And what that transit telescope would do was actually mark time along the railway from Detroit to Chicago and mark time as stars were passing overhead. So over on the left hand side, you can see our building which is where the Honors College is housed right now. And this is on our quad in Albion College. The dome of course, very classic shape has a pier that sunk 30 feet into bedrock. And then on the right hand side of that picture you can see a slit in the roof. That was the retracting slit where the transit telescope which lives in that room right there. That's the slit that the transit telescope would observe through. So it would only mark the passage of time of stars moving overhead. And in that transit telescope we have something called the Philar Micrometer which actually measures celestial distances between two very close stars and allowed astronomers including Albion College students in the 18 and 1900s to measure distances. So, and those distances were measured with spider webs. It turns out that spider web is one of the strongest materials ever anywhere from one 5,000th of an inch thick to 1,500,000th of an inch thick. And we still have 11 of the original spider webs, spider silks in that Philar Micrometer. And so how that would work is I've got my two little cartoon stars here and as the stars are passing overhead you could actually time how long it would take the stars to move through those crosshairs. And then with a very simple geometry that you'd be able to measure the actual celestial distance between the binary stars. So I've, I never thought I'd be a historian of astronomy but when you have such a wonderful story and such beautiful pieces of equipment on a campus you just can't help but get excited about it and wanna learn the history. So that's what I did. All right, so that wraps up more or less my talk for today. Can't not talk about the April 8th eclipse and I know some of you are already checking in about where you were and what your plans were on April 8th. We actually had a wonderful viewing session on campus. I recruited several students and the event basically ran itself. I stockpiled eclipse glasses after I saw what happened in 2017. So we had thousands of eclipse glasses to give away to our community and to our campus. Albion was at about 97% totality but you know 97% totality is like 97% of the way to Disney World. So I went to Carmel, Indiana where I saw totality with one of my best friends and that was exquisite. So where were you on April 8th? Please answer that in the chat because I couldn't think of enough options for a form. And I also would like to remind you if you don't know already about astronomers without borders. Astronomers Without Borders is a nonprofit organization that collects the used eclipse glasses for distribution to underserved countries when eclipses are occurring there. So Albion College is one of the collection nodes. We have thousands of glasses that have been coming into us since April 8th and some really dedicated students that are working to vet them and make sure that they're good enough to store until astronomers Without Borders needs them for a future eclipse. So if you don't know who they are, Google them, if you want to be a collection node, they really need people to help with this collection and vetting process, then we'll store the glasses until they're needed. So you should probably think about what kind of storage space you have as well. And of course, we'll just count down to August 12th, 2045. Where will you be? Go ahead and put that in the chat as well. And if you can't wait until 2045 and you think you might go to Iceland in 2026, that's okay. But these solar eclipses are addicting. They're spectacular when the weather cooperates and it was a really, really fantastic experience. I went to the annular in October as well in Midland, Texas. It was beautiful as well in a different way. And I really just love the way the country, my campus community and the country came together for this celestial event. And with that, I wanted to remind you, tell you about one other program that's near and dear to my heart. This is NASA's bridge program. Bridge is a funding opportunity for under-resourced institutions like community college, tribal colleges, primarily undergraduate institutions to partner with NASA in order to create meaningful research experiences for students and to help make STEM careers more accessible to more people in our country. It was co-created with hundreds of people from around the country. You can see the map over here on the right-hand side where we had participants who helped create the program. And they wrote a report for people at NASA to actually about what they want this program to be. We've had several proposal selections already. As of January, we awarded more than $2 million in NASA funding to many first-time principal investigators from a wide variety of under-resourced institutions in our country. So if you are a science educator, professor at one of these smaller schools and you're interested in doing work at NASA, please contact me. We have a matchmaking program where we have people at NASA who are willing and interested in doing research projects. And this is a long-lived program. So it is available. We will have some announcements for funding opportunities in Rosas 24 and the NASA solicitation cycle. And the QR code at the top, let me move that down. The QR code at the top will give you some information about the bridge program. And that is my last slide. Thank you so much for your attention. I see so many chats and questions and this has just really been delightful. This has been great. Thank you so much. And I'm really happy to take your questions. Thank you. Thank you so much. That was incredible. Yeah, I plan personally to be at Disney World 2045 because it happens to be my spouse and I will be our 30-year anniversary. So we're gonna have- That's special. That's yeah. All right, so let's go ahead and we're gonna jump right into some questions.  Let's see. With Habitable World Observatory, with HabWorld, can the shade be moved relative to the scope or will it be fixed? That's a fantastic question. I don't know that they have the answer yet. This observatory is in the design phases. So I think there's going to be some really hard thinking about the pros and cons of each of those kinds of situations because I think much like JWST and of course Hubble, we're not gonna be able to send astronauts out to fix it. So they're gonna have to think long and hard about the best way to do that, to maneuver the star shade. Understandable, makes sense. All right, so regarding Psyche, how can an asteroid acclimate only one or two elements from the primordial dust? Cumule, excuse me, cumule. Yeah, gravity. So much like the terrestrial planets have that iron nickel core and the gas giants do not, the temperature range of where different elements crystallize out of the nebula. It's dictated by distance from the sun, so gravity, but also by temperature. So that's my top of the head answer to your question. I think one of the science investigations will be to answer that question as well and just learn a little bit more about how and why Psyche is the way it is. So then staying in that same vein of asteroids, is there maybe an explanation for the square shape of Bennu or at least one other asteroid? So that's a really good question. It turns out that Ryugu, which was where the Japanese did their asteroid sample return, also is kind of square like that. I don't know, I don't recall, I'm sure there's an answer for it. I think Google might be able to tell us the answer. I don't have that answer off the top of my head, but thank you for asking.  All right, and then another question, just again in that same kind of vein with regards to commercial companies, do commercial space companies have to develop their technology from scratch or do they borrow NASA technology? Are they given guidance from NASA? How would they go about that if we were to go down that road? Yeah, all of the above. NASA did the hard work and others did the hard work and that designing rockets, designing sample return capsules, designing, the Jet Propulsion Lab was created because they were figuring out how to mix up the chemicals in order to have good rocket propulsion, right? So a lot of that work is published. A lot of that work is commercially available. So they do and can borrow heavily from the work NASA has already done and they also get guidance from NASA, right? They might say we wanna be able to have this be limited to 100 kilograms. We wanna have a refrigeration system. So when we collect samples from the permanently shadowed regions of the moon, we wanna be able to keep those samples frozen. So we need to have cryogenics available that is within the weight limit so that we can actually launch the thing off the moon as well and keep everything cold. So there's definitely design elements that are required for the successful proposal to meet the science needs of the activity. And then swinging over to Titan. How does Titan maintain its atmosphere against solar wind? Does Titan have a magnetosphere? So the sun is pretty far away and one of the things that's pretty basic that I teach my astronomy kids and my students is that in order to maintain an atmosphere, you have to have a source for the atmosphere and you also have to have a body that's large enough that can hold on to those elements, right? Or hold on to those molecules. So part of the problem with Mars is that Mars no longer generates enough gases to maintain its atmosphere. And it also has, it's also small so it doesn't have the gravity to hold on to its atmosphere. So we believe in the past when Mars was geologically active, it had a more substantial atmosphere that allowed liquid water to exist at the surface. Mars cooled off, geology, the geological activity died down, no longer had a source for the atmosphere. The solar winds dripped off that atmosphere and now we know, and now we have Mars. So going out to Titan, and I'm just, I'm thinking out loud here while this is a good question, I like it. So going out to Titan, so one thing that's much further away, so the solar wind would not be as strong. It also has an atmosphere of nitrogen, which is kind of a heavy molecule relatively speaking. So the lighter elements have probably escaped Titan's gravitational pull, keeping that heavy element of nitrogen. I don't know that people have published or talked a lot about an internal source of gas that would keep that atmosphere full. I bet you Dragonfly will have answers to that. But that's a really great question. I'll have to think on it a little bit more. Thank you. Of course, I am so, like we spoke a little bit earlier before the webinar, and I am so excited for Dragonfly. It's just the idea of us just taking this flight on another world so far away from home that it's incredible. And then not to mention the chemical composition that we're going to study. And that's just, it boggles the mind to think of and also can't wait. So it's very exciting stuff. All right, so with that, we are again at the top of the hour. So I do wanna thank you so much, Nicole, for spending your time with us here at Night's Sky Network. And for our Zoom attendees, a survey will be placed in the chat right now that you can go ahead and fill out. And we always appreciate your feedback, your comments, your questions. And you can find this webinar along with past webinars on the Night's Sky Network YouTube channel. And of course, on Tuesday, May 28th, you can join us again, where we will hear from Dr. Patrick Bryce on the brief history of everything. And I do see Nicole has some survey results. Let's go ahead and take a look. It always goes long. I wanted to make sure I shared this with people. So 62% think we'll find life on Europa. That's fantastic. Lots of others, Enceladus is in there as well. That's wonderful. People from all over the country. I love that rainbow pie there. And favorite space topic looks like 33.3% said cosmology in the universe. I got a couple of write-ins for comets. And what else? Everything, constellations, nebula, all of it. So that was great. Thanks for playing that game with me, everyone. This is the first time I've done something like that. So thank you. That's awesome. Thank you so much. I mean, I feel like cosmology is the study of everything. You could have said cosmology in the universe, but that's okay. So again, thank you so much for tuning in, everyone. That is all for this evening. We will see you next month and keep looking up. Thank you once again. I'm gonna go ahead and stop the stream and thank you again for joining us. That was phenomenal. I had a good time. I mean, this is a fun talk to give and try to touch on things that everybody would find interesting. Absolutely.


Welcome to This Week in Longmont for November 6th, 2020, I'm your host, Craig Stevens. Most city facilities closed next Wednesday. Longmont City Government observes the Veteran's Holiday on Wednesday, November 11th. All city facilities will be closed, except the Longmont Recreation Center, the St. Vane Memorial Building, and Centennial Pool, which will be open regular COVID hours by reservation. The Longmont Museum will be open regular COVID hours. Wednesday and Thursday trash recycling and composting will be collected one day later than usual. City Advisory Board application deadline extended. Residents are invited to serve as official advisors to the Longmont City Council on any of several boards or commissions. The committees serve as advisory groups helping City Council learn about and make decisions on a variety of issues that affect the safety, economy, and quality of life of Longmont residents and businesses. Applicants must be a registered voter of Longmont and reside inside Longmont City Limits for at least one year prior to being appointed. The application deadline has been extended to Friday, November 20th at 5pm. For more information, call the City Clerk's Office at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Free Landfill Drop Day. The City of Longmont offers residents an opportunity to take one level pickup load free of charge to the Front Range Landfill, located at 1830 Weld County Road 5 in Erie from 7am to 2pm on Saturday, November 14th. Loads must be covered and secured for transport. Oversized loads and second loads will be billed accordingly. Please take a photo ID and a copy of your current utility bill to show that you are a City of Longmont customer. For more information, visit LongmontColorado.gov forward slash Waste Services or call<PHONE_NUMBER>. Due to uncertainty related to COVID-19, please confirm before traveling to the landfill that this event is taking place as scheduled. Join Read for Your Health Book Group. The library's health focus book group is returning in December with a new virtual format and Heart, a History by cardiologist Sandeep Juhar. The next meeting of the librarian hosted book group for adults and teens aged 16 and older will be from 7 to 8.30pm on Tuesday, December 8th via WebEx. Participation is free but registration is required. Instructions for joining the meeting will be sent by email following registration. For more information and to register, visit bit.ly forward slash book groups. Falling Leaves, Sweeping Streets. As the leaves fall, city staff and contractors hit the streets in force to sweep them up. The street sweeping routes and operations are designed to not interfere with trash collection and to ensure that bike lanes are swept as well. It is also a standard practice as sweeps no routes following snowfall. Find maps that show the estimated schedule of city fall sweeping at lawnmontcolorow.gov forward slash street sweeping or call 303-651-841-6 for more information. Boulder County offers warrant forgiveness program. The Boulder County District Attorney's Office is offering another fresh start event. Fresh Start is an innovative warrant forgiveness program that provides an opportunity for people with an outstanding warrant to resolve their warrant without being arrested. The program is designed to give those with active warrants stemming from nonviolent and low level misdemeanor or traffic cases are an opportunity to move forward towards a resolution in their case. Individuals with warrants and qualifying cases will speak with representatives from the District Attorney's Office and either resolve the case or set the case for a new court date. The event will be held at the Boulder County Justice Center and Longmont Courthouses on Saturday, November 7th, 2020 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Eligibility Guidelines are posted on the District Attorney's website located at www.bouldercounty.org forward slash district-attorney or call<PHONE_NUMBER>. Virtual fitness classes on Zoom. Enjoy working out in the comfort of your home with Recreation Services Fitness Instructors. Register each week for more than 20 virtual classes, live, not recorded classes, are offered through Zoom and include Zumba, Barre, Sculptin Tone, Pill Yoga, Gentle Fitness and more. Monthly, quarterly and annual recreation passes. And Silver Sneakers, Renew Active Memberships are accepted. Non-pass holders can pay $5 per week for seniors aged 55 and up or $10 per week for those younger than 55. Learn more at longmontcarao.gov forward slash fitness or call<PHONE_NUMBER>. This has been This Week in Longmont for November 6th, 2020. Thank you for watching.


Welcome everyone, and thank you for joining us here at the Mechanics Institute. I'm Laura Shepard, Director of the ENSE. We're very pleased to welcome you to our program, The Man Who Licked Lady Liberty, The Extraordinary Rise and Fall of Actor M.B. Curtis with Author Richard Schwartz. And tonight we're very proud to co-sponsor our program with the San Francisco Historical Society. And for those of you who are new to the Mechanics Institute, how many people have never been here before? Welcome, welcome. We just want to mention that we do have a free tour of the Institute on Wednesday at noon, so please join us if you'd like to have a tour of our library, chess room, and learn about our history. But I will give you a little brief introduction. We were founded in 1854, and we're one of San Francisco's most vital literary and cultural centers in the heart of the city. As I mentioned, we feature our General Interest Library on the 2nd and 3rd floors. We have our International Chess Club down the hallway. And we have ongoing author and literary programs and our Cinema Lit Film Series on Friday night. So please visit our website and come join us for any one of our wonderful programs. After our presentation, we'll open up to you our audience for a Q&A. And Richard has many books to sell, so I hope that you will enjoy this program and consider picking up a book at the back. And also you can see we have some beautiful visuals, graphics of Envy Curtis. So a little background. If you thought that Ember Norton was quite the character of San Francisco, you are in for a treat. This book is a picturesque biography of immigrant and entrepreneur, Envy Curtis of San Francisco, whose claim to fame was on stage and in silent films but also includes many extraordinary ventures. As an actor, producer, real estate developer, promoter, portellier, benefactor, and Ember Norton suspect, which you will hear about very shortly. Richard Schwartz is a historian and the author of Centrics, Heroes and Cutthroats of Old Berkeley, Earthquake Exodus 1906, Berkeley 1900, and The Circle of Stones. Originally from Philadelphia, he graduated from Tel Aviv University with a bachelor's degree in English Literature. An outdoor enthusiast and animal lover Schwartz worked on a piece of their Dutch farm for two years before heading west to higher mountains. He now lives in Berkeley, where he works as a building contractor and documents early Native American sites in the Bay Area. The man who lived, Lady Liberty, is his fifth book and was selected by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Margaret Harris Library to be included in their collection. The book was also recently awarded the Bronze Medal in the 2018 Independent Publisher Book Awards. So please welcome Richard Schwartz to the Canvas Institute. I feel like I'm in a nightclub. Maritz Bertram Strellinger was born on July 20th, 1849 in a small town in Hungary. His family emigrated to America in 1856 when Maritz was six years old. This is where they first arrived in America. Does anybody know what this is? It's a building called Castle Clinton. It was the first immigration station in the United States. It had just opened a year prior and it was the immigration station until Ellis Island opened in 1891. It was much easier to enter the United States through old Castle Clinton. He was said to be the most energetic kid in his neighborhood. His father had a tavern. He was a distiller. And on literary night, Maritz would go on top of barrels and spout Shakespeare and everybody knew he was bound for the stage. When the Civil War erupted, the 11-year-old Maritz tried to join the 15th Michigan Infantry as a drummer boy, but they rejected him due to his extreme youth. He ran away a lot. He dropped out of school at 14 years old. He finally leaves down goes to Chicago where he works as a callboy at Big Vickers Center to be close to the theater. He stayed there until 1869 when he got his first acting role at 20 years old. He began to travel the United States and Canada for work. In about 1871, he changed his name from Moritz Bertram Strellinger to Maurice Bertram Curtis, MB Curtis. This is a young MB Curtis in probably about 20, 25 years old. San Francisco in the 1870s was struggling mightily economically. There was a national economic depression in 1873 from the bank financing the Second Transcontinental Railroad, the Second Transcontinental Railroad, called the Northern Pacific Failed, and that brought down all kinds of other banks and institutions. California lurched into this economic depression in the summer of 1875 when William C. Ralston's Bank of California failed. By 1877, most everything in San Francisco was economically lifeless. Then the consolidated mine stopped paying its dividend monthly, signaling a silver crash. Already vulnerable times grew even worse in the theatrical industry in San Francisco from this latest financial catastrophe. The Bush Street Theater closed for a couple of months. The Baldwin, the Alhambra, and others followed suit. This is the California Theater. It was located at what is now 440 Bush Street and you can go see the plaque on the wall. This was built by William C. Ralston from the Bank of California. Curtis came here for work and he worked with a manager named David Belosco. It was said that this company was probably never equaled by another American theater. Most every person in this troupe went on to national fame and an amazing career and a number of them wound up working with Curtis when Curtis formed his own troupe.  He had about 120 different roles in Shakespeare to tragedy to low comedy. So he was very well rounded. In 1876, he got a role in a very significant play called The Mighty Dollar where Curtis played a black servant. It was a comic role. It mirrored a similar issue that Curtis had in his own life that a number of ethnic groups were not allowed to portray themselves on stage and they were just inserted to be mocked. Many immigrant groups. By August of that year, I'm going to quote what the main theatrical newspaper said about San Francisco. The theatrical life of San Francisco had been dull, flat, unprofitable and they possessed the appearance of continuing so for some time to come. The riotous amusements of a lawless maw the depressed state of the times and the poverty of attraction at the different theaters have been potent reasons for the mighty, beggarly army array of empty benches. The Grand Opera House and Baldwin's remain closed. Anybody want to guess what this lawless maw, the amusements of a lawless maw, this was August 1877. On July 23rd to 25th, there was a riot in Chinatown by mostly other immigrants. They burned. Four people were killed. A lot of property destroyed. That's what that has to refer to. As fall settled on the Bay Area, Curtis somehow continued to find work at the California Theater in the Grand Opera House. Now this is the Bush Street Theater. It was between Kearney and Montgomery. Oh no, I'm sorry. This is the California Theater in better times. You can see the activity, the dress. This is the Bush Street Theater. It could hold 2,000 people. In the winter of 1877, the renowned actor Joseph Klein Emmett played four weeks at the theater in a play called Our Cousin Fritz. Now here he is in a trade car. Trade cards were very big back then as Fritz. And this was a very important play, a significant play. And here you see the playbill. And if you look down, you'll see MB Curtis portraying Julius Snow, who was the African-American servant. Kind of an odd name. The local newspaper said, and this was about a German immigrant. Fritz was a German immigrant. All supported as the following names bear witness. And MB Curtis' name business very good. This play's success was believed to have started a whole spond, many German immigrant character studies that followed it. Here is a poster of a German immigrant comic. How do you know he's an immigrant? Without any other information. You know he's an immigrant. If you look to the right of the poster, there it is again, Castle Clinton, the immigration station. So they would put that in there as a clue. Guys, this is about an immigrant. That's all you need to know. And you can date this, not having any other information, because on the left there's the Statue of Liberty. October 28th, 1886. So it's probably someone after that. This is the old Grand Opera House. It's the one on the north side of Mission between 3rd and 4th Streets. By early 1878, a new season opened, and they used a production of a reconstructed version of Uncle Tom's Cabin. And Curtis took the part of Mark's The Lawyer. And the newspaper said his efforts were repeatedly affected. Back at the Bush Street there, during the Christmas of that year, Curtis gave a special benefit, a special performance to 800 children at a matinee where he played Julian Krantz, a Dutchman with difficulties. And the newspaper said he was especially meritorious. Curtis was always doing benefits. If he came to a city and a fireman and just died fighting the fire, he would stop his performances, do a benefit for the family. And he was always doing this. Now, anybody know who this is? This man is an actor, and he was a pretty well-known actor. He made a grand living at portraying a Chinese male on stage. His name is Charles Paslow. Why did he make a grand living? Because a Chinese male was not allowed on the American stage. And that's what he specialized in. Here he is in that same year, 1879, portraying Wing Lee in a play called My Partner. Now, the Chinese community had their own theater which had its own culture and structure in Chinatown. And some non-Chinese people went, and it was a very exotic, dangerous thing for them to go. This is David Belosco, who was the manager at the California and the Baldwin. And he was Jewish. For Jewish actors, they were barely able to penetrate even a minor level of success, and they never could play some portray someone of their own ethnic background. Due to a lack of opportunity, many of them, instead of trying to butt their heads against this acting barrier, they went on to different sections of the theatrical trade, like stage hands, like writers, like producers. And David Belosco and Oscar Hammerstein are two examples. The theatrical role of the stage Jew had changed little in the second half of the 19th century from the material originally imported from Europe, which is where everything began in the United States theater. They didn't have their own tradition yet, so they took things from Europe. This was one of them. The Jews inserted to be laughed at. They were always codified by names like Moses, Levy, Mordecai, Solomon, and seldom anything else. They were limited to a repertoire of yelling things like Suffering Moses, or all Rebecca, lots of bots and vans, and that was it. They weren't portrayed as human beings. They were portrayed as a pile of stereotypes, often very negative. This was the Baldwin Hotel which contained the Baldwin Theater, where David Belosco was the manager. If you look to the left of it, that's where the cable car turnaround is now, and where the Baldwin Hotel stood is where the flood building stands. Pretty amazing, huh? So now we come to 1880. And this is the big year. The year M.B. Curtis introduced his character, Samuel Opposen, for the first time. And no producer in New York City would touch it. So he contacted his brother, they formed a troupe, and in one tour of the country, it changed everything. By the time he got back, he was one of the top three actors in the country, and he was a very wealthy man in one tour. And this went on every year, year after year. He was interviewed about this. Of course, when you have a successful play, there's going to be a million stories of how the play was thought out or spawned. And in one of the interviews, Curtis said, the germination of the play was in San Francisco, and I'll read you some from that interview with his own words. And I have to tell you first that a drummer is another word for a traveling salesman. And if you're as old as I am, you remember as a kid, even on TV, there were those guys with the briefcases with the strap around their neck, and they would open it up and show you their wares. That's a drummer. And they could be individuals who just got some wares and were selling them, or they could represent a manufacturer, and they could go around with samples. There was a very funny drummer here at the time, a man called Wolf. He was perhaps one of the most comical men I have ever met. And for the life of me, I could never refrain from giving imitations of them. I'm a member of the Bohemian Club. He was, I checked. And whenever I wanted to create a laugh, I would just give them Wolf. So he did one of their hijinks, and he saw that both this role reached something deep inside him, and that the people in the audience were mesmerized. He could feel them in his hand, and he realized, this is my one chance. I'm either going to live in this flop house for the rest of my life, even though he was a very good actor, he was a supporting actor, and he could barely eat. So he bought the play for more money than he had, and began that tour. And that was the beginning of Samuel Posen. And from the get-go, critics were stunned. And everybody was talking about it. It was a play you had to see. Little faders in small towns were getting operatic rates. They would empty the orchestra pit so they could fit more people in. Every place was packed every night. Some people saw the play over 10 times over the years. And Curtis always kept it up to date. If plaids were the fad in, you know, 1884, he would be wearing plaids. If diamonds-studded color picks were the fad, he would make sure he had them. He was always changing the lines. But the mastery that he had was not as much that. I've read the play. You won't get anything from reading it. It's a standard Victorian melodrama comedy. And the critics of his day said this as well. It was his at-lives. It was his timing. It was his pretend struggle with the English language as a Greenhorn immigrant who was trying his best. And people couldn't love this character more. So I'll read you a couple of quotes. Samuel Posen is like nothing which is in the heavens nor the earth beneath. Even this of his monotone is irresistible and the characters of accent may have been the original. Furthermore, the exacting realism of the day has come to demand that a Jew play a Jew's part. Samuel Posen is throughout an adapted play rather than a written one which is basically what we were just talking about. His timing was magical and he did mesmerize audiences and they would not stop laughing. But there were serious messages in the comedy, like most comedy, not what was in the script. His struggle with the English language, if he wanted to say, here's my good, that's half a dollar, he would say, well that's a hell of a dollar. And people would just keep, long after the play was over, they'd repeat that. And I don't get to later on, when Mark Twain was saying it, Curtis told the mirror that he spent three quarters of an hour every night putting on an exaggerated waxed nose. Why?  So his character, although it made a tremendous leap, did not get rid of all the stereotypes and the negative things. It just broke. And he was so, you know, in the old days you had to have the nose, the beard, the long coat, the hat, and you would be emotionally clothed in scurrilous attributes from wholly important from the European stage. Many critics called Curtis's portrayal the first portrayal of the modern Jew, or the first portrayal of the American Jew. For the first time, it wasn't just a pile of negative attributes not amounting to a human character. He was a human character. And for the first time in American stage history, the audience left with the Jewish character, not at the Jewish character, and it was a seismic change.  They're very fine to pair for a cube author of a hell of a dollar. You know, and it was a guy who was somewhat foolish, but always himself, and he was trying. And I think that's what made it such a personal performance, because who doesn't relate to that?  And he couldn't have a mask because he had nothing to hide behind. So, one local paper said he's very quiet, natural, and unassuming, this character. He made no attempt to caricature or burlesque his part. His dialect is easy and unforced, and it's better dialect than the usual broken German of the stage. The audience understood all his points.  The audience was kept in a continual roar of laughter, literally. Now, drummers were considered to be a very dangerous group of people. Why? They were on the road. They were away from their wives. They were away from their religious leaders. They were away from their bosses. They could do anything they wanted. That's dangerous to late 19th century America. So, the other thing was they were outsiders. The railroad changed everything, both for the theater and for small town America and for commerce. So now the drummer would get on the railroad and it would go to this tiny little town which he used to be so isolated they would have no news of the city and many of them didn't want it. Now all of a sudden the drummer comes in. It was good and bad. They had all these amazing goods that they would have never had access to. But they also felt like the city was coming to them where they wanted their own culture, their country culture. And there was another fear which we'll get into more with Mark Twain. It was the fear that if you're selling something you're losing yourself to sell it.  But they dealt with it really quickly. So here's Curtis with also being very awkward selling buttons and scarves and socks and suspenders and he's got that smile and that goofy look. Another trade card along the whole place in a couple of years. So this was, you can see, he's the young innocent Samuel Opposite. And you could collect all six and you turn them over and it says Samuel Opposite at the Grand Opera. So these were things to attract people. Now here's another shot of Curtis and you'll notice the Ulster, which is a long overcoat, is pretty thin. All the successful people or the proper people wore Ulsters back in this period. So Samuel has an Ulster but it's not a very good one. He's kind of got an awkward tie and not quite the right hat. Now here you can see the change. Now he's a real American. He's got the spat shoes, he's got the right briefcase, the right hat and he's even showing you the lining of his plaid coat. And I can't tell you how many critics talked about even if there wasn't a wasted movement with Curtis. Everything he did communicated something and it was usually funny or awkward and even showing the lining, somehow, who knows how he did it cause people to break out laughing. Curtis had a sumptuous wardrobe prepared. He once, once vests were the fat of the year and he was in San Francisco and he went to Wilkes-Bashford because they were open back then and he bought like 12 vests all at once and he was going to use them and it became, well, that's a Curtis all right. He was known for these eccentricities and theatrical nature. Sumptuous wardrobe prepared for Samuel Opposin to wear in the new comedy. The plaids are the largest and the silks the gaudiest ever manufactured. He was trying to make it gaudy because Samuel Opposin didn't know the ball game yet. In 1894, it was said, the drummer of today is always stylish and a well-dressed gentleman and Mr. Curtis relegated his old plaids and stripes to the past. That was 1884. And in their place, we'll show all the latest fats and dress. Not forgetting, of course, jeweled studs in his collar. We'd seem to be the latest craze. So he was constantly changing the play to make it up-to-date. This is a fascinating poster. There's four characters. Who are they? They're all Samuel Opposin. On the left is the Greenhorn immigrant. He doesn't have anything right except he's out there trying. The next guy, his Ulster, well, he's got an Ulster, but it's thin, wrong tie, wrong hat and kind of looks still kind of a little awkward at Samuel Opposin. And the guy to his right, well, that's Samuel Opposin, the drummer in the proper shoes, the proper pants, the proper hat, the proper Ulster, and he really knows the ropes now. And the guy on the far right, well, he's at the top of this game. He probably doesn't even leave. He probably got a store and doesn't need to leave. So this is an Americanization of Samuel Opposin all in one poster. Anybody want to tell me why we know he's an immigrant? It's because if you look behind them, there's Castle Clinton. That's the signal he's an immigrant. This is a beautiful Marie Curtis and his wife, her born name was Marie Alfoncine Floronget. She was schooled in the nunnery in Montreal. She, in Samuel Opposin, she played a very difficult role, a fiery French adventurous and murderer, you know, with strong dashes of high color, quite turner-esque in their suggestions of the emotional. Not easy role to play. People said, Mrs. C's delicious accent and Marie Laugh were not something they could capture on paper. She would come out in a gray gown that was actually her grandmother's. Next she wore a 100-year-old hat. In another, a cherry and blue velvet brocade her bodice and shoulder pieces radiated with lace. The costume changed every act. Her jewelry, much of it was antique, were as notable as her gowns and they were always noted in the paper. Her dresses with great taste and plays her difficult part carefully. Now there's a, this story over the years as I researched it kept getting bigger and bigger and bigger. So here I'm researching this and I'm researching Marie. And it turns out, who's connected? Marie Antoinette. How is Marie Antoinette connected? Marie Antoinette was given a huge topaz ring surrounded by diamonds by the Duke of Soiree in 1783 in Marie Antoinette's country home in Chantilly. Years went by and a few weeks before she was executed she gave this ring as a token of friendship to her wine merchant's wife. The wine merchant's wife was Marie Curtis's great-grandmother. So she got that ring. She got that ring and she was said she would wear it for good luck but only on the stage. One other thing connected with Marie, with Albina. Albina de Mer was her stage name. It was a revival of an old tradition that was started by manager Lester Wallace a famous manager in the United States. And that was, he understood like a good contractor, you take care of your guys in the house. So after the play was over he would put out this amazing banquet of food for his actors and actresses. And they loved it and they appreciated it. God knows they were hungry.  Now I would love to know what Beyond Meat product they came up with. And I know it would be better than ours because they didn't have processed foods. So Albina brought that tradition back and in 1883 she laid out this incredible table she did matinee performances of Camille and after it was done she put out oysters, fried and raw roast turkey, chicken salad and real wines and they never forgot her. They talked about that for years. She was no slouch when it came to acting although she didn't intend to be an actress. She only did it because Moritz asked her to fill in for something that was missing. She performed with a young Humphrey Bogart in a production called Durs and she performed in early movies. So she in her own right was quite something and quite something to look at in her gowns. Now here's a pamphlet that was a giveaway for the play Samuel Opposen. Here's what the dramatic mirror of the authority on American stage said in 1889. The American plays were so important to our nation and culture yet the critics are most hard on them. What series of imported plays can be set up alongside that remarkable series of American character sketches which begins with Rip Van Winkle and which includes Kit, the Gilded Age, the All Mighty Dollar, Davey Crockett, the Dainties, Samuel Opposen, my partner. Curtis had taken his place in the top eight plays in our nation's culture and nobody ever heard of it. And I just find this amazing. In reference to his coat it flutters like a hummingbird between plaids and stripes, between blue and green. It flutters like a hummingbird. No motion he did was regular. It was all like a theatrical tai chi and it just sucked people in never to return. Samuel had a regular name, the character Samuel. He wasn't, you know, Mordecai. He had no beard. He didn't behave in a dishonest or harsh way. He was happy. He had friends. He treated people well. He had a love interest. He wanted the same footing and opportunities as those around him with whom he wanted to interact and relate to. This was a totally new thing. It's hard for us to comprehend what a change that was. Shylock. One critic said, Shylock is one thing. Samuel opposing another. From Samuel opposing the commercial drummer angels and ministers of grace defend us. It's very vile in the sense of offense to any person who claims even an approach to refined feelings. A brawler's laughter on the part of the audience created his uncouth movements and mean setups in his drummer camp. The reviewer also resented that there was a big portion of the audience both Christian and Jewish that was getting the humor and he didn't. Because the jokes were not understandable to a refined American. What he's really saying is, and he clearly doesn't know it yet, it's coming out as discussed but it's really feared. He's watching his whole world which he's safely in the bosom of the Victorian culture being eroded rather quickly. In the theater it used to be that only the elites could choose what plays would be run by putting out a lot of money to have them produced. Now, there were a lot of working people and a lot of people who were immigrants that had been here for a little while and they were getting established. They could buy a ticket to the theater for themselves, their wives and often their families and now they have a vote of what's going to be successful by buying those tickets. Never had that before. And the critic was like trying to hold on to something that was already gone, America had already changed, never to go back to that old way. So, and the critic said what's wrong with Shylock? If it was performed right any Jewish person would be proud.  It was incredible to read this. But I also have sympathy for the guy because he could feel this whole world was coming to an end and that's got to be threatening. His mistake and the reason it wasn't a right feeling was it's not his call to stand in the way that owned the culture and luckily he didn't. So there were a lot of studies on character portrayals in the late 19th century and what they came up with was it was better to be seen and even mocked than to be left out. But if you could be seen with no malice and if one could be laughed at without no malice one could put one's guard down and join in the humor. But if not, it was better to be included and get what little piece of positive feedback you could than to be left out entirely like many groups were. One theatrical manager said Samuel was the most truthful and artistic portrayal of the Taipian person that the stage had ever known. And this is things going well there's the critic. Now, here things are going well but it's like problems keep jumping up. This was a poster for the play and there's Hebrew letters up at the top and some critics said you know, this method of advertising a farcical play is likely to offend a number of sensitive and worthy people and the spirit of the times contributed to this and they said sensitive and worthy people are not offended when Bernhard is advertised in French or Gertzinger in German or Bocchio in Irish on Gallic in green poster paper. So why was this? You know, and they ended with Samuel Posen will probably keep the boards all summer so we shall have plenty of time to discuss the subject. Here's another handout the most strikingly most strikingly original purely national and successful characterization ever presented on the American stage and on the back of it you'll see the fourth paragraph it's supposed to be like what a drummer would have and they told that when drummers are on the trains they usually sit together. Well, I found this this is one of the best pennedonings I've ever seen here are two drummers telling, you know, they have to have good jokes to tell stories, they have so many stories to tell each other well, they're having a great time a little loud, a little not refined but look at the kid on the right they're doing what they want nobody's telling them what to do and you see behind him his mom's keeping a close eye on him he's looking up to these guys and the woman in between the two drummers, the sneer on her face was worth the 20 years of research to find this it says more than words could here's a drummer, a refined drummer coming into a small town obviously by the railroad and what this pennedoning shows you is he's of a different world he's of a different culture he's from the city and little towns, they would have taxes on these guys to keep them out or make it impossible for them to come in if they had a special license that was so expensive that would keep them out so drummers were having a hard time there were even lady drummers here's a play about a lady drummer but god knows these were only in urban areas during the daylight being a drummer was a dangerous profession especially when you got out in the boonies they got robbed and sometimes they got killed and it happened enough that they had to band together to protect themselves and they formed an insurance company that if they got killed this insurance would get their bodies back to their families and that made them feel better now it turns out and I didn't know this that insurance company still exists and as it coined the coincidence my home is insured to this insurance company anybody want to guess what it is? travelers once you get it it's go, of course so here's a poster of an Irish caricature the newspapers of the day said they were the most vehement applauders of songs and sketches in the variety shows where the Irishman was represented as drunk and unfaithful as well as earthy and merry the point was all the laughing didn't take away from the good feelings of the character and the character almost exclusively was portrayed by an Irish actor so you can make fun of yourself it doesn't take away from the wonderful person you are and you can laugh at your faults that was a huge thing and they had to portray their own this is an amazing document I've stared at this for a long long time many times this was from the periodical puck this is three years after the plague was introduced and in it are all everybody who's anybody in Washington is in this and they're all dressed up like Samuel Post and they all have their waxed notes on and they're coming to Columbia there on the left meeting the government with what they want to sell their programs and you'll notice on the balcony some of the sand will be down and Columbia is saying not today, maybe some other day you can see that's Ulysses S. Grant that's General Sherman this is Blaine who was a speaker of the house and was for African American suffrage Chester Arthur would become president you know everybody was in this poster he was nominated Duke of Posen at Mardi Gras he was the first man to do a benefit performance for the actor's fund to form when an actor got sick or injured they could be on the street and die because they didn't have any money so the tradition was that was very difficult so they formed the actor's fund he was the first to do a benefit he collected more than anybody and at the end of his life who do you think he was taken care of by the actor's fund Samuel Paul is in 5 Cent Cigars he was like the first it's like a Disney movie where they're all the dolls and there's no cigars I never thought I'd see one but this year they said just as Samuel Paul says all we want is a chance give us that so everybody was using Samuel Paul did anybody recognize this guy good he's a pickpocket from 1904 rested in Boston and look at his alias Samuel Paul so that's the low and now everybody knows who this is and this is the hero Roosevelt 1905 25 years after the play was introduced was said to be the only Samuel opposing in Washington so you could see the penetration of the culture of this play Charlie Chaplin you thought those big oversized shoes were his invention they weren't, they were courtesans someone imitated Chaplin Chaplin's suitum they went to court all these features he put together weren't yours originally those shoes were done by N.B. Curtis long before you and I called a clown museum to make sure it wasn't clowns and they said no we didn't use them way back then so it sounds like it is true that what he used in the tramp was from N.B. Curtis everybody knows who this is here's I'm going to give a quote from a review of Curtis his elbow and wrist are eloquent no one had portrayed that before on stage one critic described the attention getting way Curtis curled his hand placed his place his chin on it and it brought to mind Jack Benny so many years later these things were just passed down and they lost to invented them it was N.B. Curtis so he comes back to San Francisco he opens a new play it's not successful it starts driving him nuts here's a poster spot cash at any time he was in trouble he went back to San Diego Poser the street theater here's spot cash he also tried to play called the Sachin which was a marriage broker and in all these failures the critic said his acting is still amazing but the writers failed him in this one the culmination of a serious theme and Curtis's comedy were never able to be combined well enough there's where it was placed he goes to New York in 1886 the Statue of Liberty had been dedicated three days earlier he's opening a new play he's an immigrant he wants to see it lighting up the harbor for the world he gets there it's clothed in darkness he goes up to a government guy he says what's going on this is supposed to light up the harbor for the world goes oh go on you little immigrant congress paid to light it up through the dedication that's all they want to do they're not paying for it anymore and he points to the guy he says if you don't light it I will yeah sure go on get out of here he goes he finds the guys who are making the electricity for the lights takes $800 out of his pocket which is like $30,000 now slams it on the table points to the Statue of Liberty and he did and he did and for the two and a half weeks that Curtis performed in New York City he lit the Statue of Liberty nobody knows this I even flew to New York and met the Statue of Liberty historians they knew he offered they didn't know it happened it did it's so embarrassed congress they changed their minds and funded lighting the Statue of Liberty so if it's forgotten immigrant the Statue of Liberty wouldn't be lit today I guess I'm just about out of time Mark Twain approached Curtis to do a theatrical version of Connecticut Young in King Martha's Court Curtis said I'll do it I'd love to do it but my requirement would be it would be Samuel Opposite in King Martha's Court and he has to be portrayed Hank has to be an American too like Samuel Opposite and Twain said you know that's a brilliant idea the two characters are very similar and he accepted those terms and it was just a matter of coming to terms Curtis was on the road he was supposed to come back and they were going to sign a contract Twain got desperate because he had desperate needs for money and he told his agent just take anything I need the money and they signed up a couple of producers in New York but they never happened and that was it there's no time to tell you about the night Curtis took his wife to see Sarah Bernard and Camille and was walking back he got mugged he was accused of murdering a very popular good San Francisco police officer he endured three trials I won't tell you what happened I don't want to spoil it and this is just the beginning of this man's story he gave away land he gave away lots into the county to come see his play when it wasn't doing well there was like 10,000 people that utilized it Hearst copied him he built this hotel in Berkeley tallest hotel in the Bay Area Peralta Park Hotel you can see it in the background how out of scale it is and you can see what an incredible place it was because everything he did I'm going to stop here to enable everyone to ask questions and I thank you for listening just so you know I could do another 10 of these and now I'm going to say a little closing let this be the first of 10 thank you Richard we're going to open for questions if you have a question raise your hand I'll bring you the microphone I just wondered you had said did you notice himself Jewish? it wasn't that they weren't allowed it was that they weren't allowed to portray a Jewish character just like no African American until after the turn of the century was allowed to portray an African American and Chinese weren't allowed in the theater but he was Jewish so he was the first one to portray a Jew right and do it with humanity that's what you know and I think it's like what we talked about with the Irish portrayals you can laugh at yourself everybody's got traits that are foolhardy but it didn't ruin the confusions and that's what Curtis wrote in which was monumental anybody else? so I lived in Berkeley near Posen and Curtis streets are they named after this guy? no and yes Curtis street was named after the Irish immigrant farmer Michael Curtis Posen was named after Sammy Wood Posen because it was part of that hotel development at Albina street was Albina de Mer there was Carlotta street Wilkes Bashford's manager came to Curtis and said I want to buy a couple of lots in your development but I only want to do it if you name a street after my wife he said sure what's your wife's name? Carlotta but back in the day there was a street named Curtis by his development that was named after him and now it's Monterey so you were essentially right but now you know a lot more than most people yes was he influenced by the Yiddish theater in the Bay? I've never seen anything written about them his father was more religious the thing part of this answer is interesting in that they were from Hungary now most of the other European nations kept all the Jews in a ghetto and if you weren't behind those locked doors at the end of the day you were killed so they could only have certain jobs so they turned to their religion is the only thing they had available to them so they were really tight with their religion Hungary was the exception in Europe in Hungary you could join the military you could own property you could do any job you wanted and there was mandatory public school so the Jewish immigrants from Hungary were much less tied to their religion than most of the other European nations Curtis grew up in that so he he could participate more in society so he wasn't so focused on his religion does that answer your question? yes thank you I'll just interject here that there was in San Francisco a Yiddish theater it can't give you all the detail but thank you John you have a question coming your way looking at the architecture there so obviously throwback to the Ottoman Empire maybe Alhambra or Taj Mahal but with all the characters throughout history how did you pick Curtis? okay before I get to that John is J.P. Electric one of the finest electrical contractors in the Bay Area I know I was a contractor this was finished in 1890 it had electricity it had gas heat the lighting fixtures were in the form of tulips this place was like mind-boggling we can't imagine what it was like the town would stand around the place and just gawk and if the lights went on at night they were blown away they had never seen electricity so it was really innovative now I forgot what you asked the Ottoman Empire was still expanding at the time the architecture is that style like Alhambra in Spain and I don't know I don't know what brought him to create this I'll tell you what I think it was what brought you to focus on him okay the Alkazar Center was Gothic architecture and I think a lot of that influenced him for his combined architecture of a so-called what got me was this I started reading every out of print Berkeley history I could find and they all had the same exact problem about a little bit about Envy Curtis no one had ever done any research on him so I started researching it and the story got bigger and bigger and bigger and then after 10, 15 years I've gone into the Statue of Liberty in March 20 I have to stay with this wherever it leads there are so many things about this guy it's like he lived 30 lives in one and the trials in San Francisco for the murder were unbelievable they were national news he was never the same after that when he was put on trial maybe 32, 34 he lived to be like 80 he lived to be 80 and once his trouble started he drank heavily so it's kind of amazing he lived as long as he did his wife they had this amazing relationship they traveled, they loved animals they had a deer park they had dogs birds and they even traveled with some of their favorite birds Albina did and I'll indulge you with this one quick story they were in Austin, Texas back then there was no air conditioning so they had transom windows open the doors and that was how you open the window and you open the transom the transom was open they had the parents in the room the governor of Texas was staying across the hall and he had a dinner to go to that night so he's coming back to his room and as he passes Curtis's room he hears somebody say hey baby why don't you come in for a kiss and the governor next military man very proper stops and he says excuse me hey baby why don't you come in for a kiss and he's like what is going on and then he hears this gruff male voice and be Curtis why don't you leave the poor bird alone how do I know this this was a conversation in the hallway how do I know this because this is the part that's even more amazing than me he goes to his banquet he was so tickled by the story he tells everyone at the banquet the newspaper reporter puts it in the paper and 140 years later I find it and I'm telling you come on that's what impresses me and you know the bird is smiling anybody else they did not they did not they had relatives who had children but they did not have children yes one is a pilot for I think United Airlines where is he buried he's buried in Los Angeles and the name of the place begins with a P but it's in the book it's in the book so you book you can get it in the library or just look it up and then you get it whatever question over here you said he was mugged did he actually kill the placement I can't tell you that because it would ruin the suspense the police I can't tell you that the policeman back then didn't wear uniforms most of the time and on the cold San Francisco nights they had heavy sweaters or coats and some of them put their badges on some didn't so this policeman who was a great guy from Nova Scotia comes upon to see this guy and puts what's called nippers which are handcuffs that tighten if you try to resist he puts nippers on them both and he's bringing them to the police station which is like half a block away and well I can't tell you anymore because it'd be three hours would go by and then you wouldn't spoil it it's amazing three trials by the book alright then so if there are any more questions we'll let you peruse these beautiful