Okay, is my audio good? Yep. Great. Thank you, Bjorn, for the introduction. And so good morning, everyone. This is very exciting. I haven't spoken in front of such a large group of people for a very long time. I haven't been outside Australia for about three years. So this is really wonderful being here. And I just wanna thank the organizers so I can see Bjorn and Jen and whoever else is here this early. For getting this whole show off the ground. I think I was first invited about three years ago. And I'm glad that it actually has actually happened. Been enjoying the hiking and hanging out with people and seeing old friends and so on. Okay, first thing I wanna mention is my course notes are online. And there is a stream on the Zulip system. GSS Harvey. So there's a link to the notes there. And I think Dana put them up on some PCMI IAS website. So I'm gonna be doing Blackboard talks, but they're gonna be following along those lecture notes. Okay, so I'm gonna be sort of giving a bit of an overview of what's in those lecture notes. But if I leave things out, it's because they're in the notes. Okay, so you should probably have them in front of you. That's a really useful thing to do for these lectures. And you can use this Zulip stream for asking questions, discussions and so on. I'll check it out a few times a day and see what's going on and answer questions. Okay, so what is this course about? So I wrote a paper in, I think, 2015 called Computing Zeta Functions of Arithmetic Schemes. Now I barely know what an arithmetic scheme is. It doesn't really matter. What this paper was really about was computing zeta functions of varieties of finite fields. So in other words, counting the number of solutions to systems of polynomial equations over finite fields. And what I did in this paper was that there are several sorts of sort of styles of complexity bounds that people approved over the years for these sorts of problems. So there's algorithms that run in square root of p time and algorithms that run in average polynomial time, all these sorts of things. And what I did in this paper was prove results that prove that you can get these complexity bounds for any variety at all, completely general.  So that was one nice thing about that paper. And the other nice thing about it is that didn't really rely on any fancy cohomology theories. It was all very elementary, right? You just need to form out some theorem and a little bit of number theory and it all happens. So what I wanna do in this course is sort of specialize the philosophy of that paper, the way I was thinking about this point counting problem to the case of hyperliptic curves. Okay, so what we're gonna do is only think about hyperliptic curves so that gets rid of a lot of the complication from the generality of that paper, but it still gets across a lot of the main ideas. And I'm also gonna specialize just for our sanity, I'm gonna work with curves defined over Fp. So not over Fq, but only over prime field. And that doesn't really, that just sort of simplifies a lot of the notation and gets rid of some of the complications. I believe Drew Sutherland's course did a bit of this stuff for elliptic curves in week ones. There's gonna be a little bit of overlap, but hopefully not too much, enough to make it helpful, but not too much to make it boring. That's my intention. Okay, so regarding these notes, so here's the notes. So they're kinda long, longer than I was expecting. They're too long, right? We're not gonna get through everything of these, almost 60 pages, we're not gonna do all of this. But the idea is that, we'll do a little overview and then you can take it home and if you're interested you can spend more time working through the theorems and the problems at your own pace. Could well take a few months and that's fine. Okay, so section one is an introduction and I'll just leave you guys to read that. We're gonna go through that. Section two is a sort of summary of results we need from fast arithmetic. So by this I mean stuff like multiplying big numbers, multiplying matrices, multiplying polynomials. So what I've tried to do in that section is just collect together all the main statements we need, all the complexity bounds that we need later in the course. So you could skim over it if you want. I'm not gonna talk about it in these lectures. What I'll do is I'll just occasionally dip into that, into that section, point out the results that we need when they come up. I mean I could lecture quite happily for many hours on multiplying big numbers and that sort of thing, but it's not what I was asked to do here. So I'm gonna start at section three today, which is about hyperliptic curves. And I think a lot of you already know this stuff in section three, but I just wanted to sort of have a starting point, just to get us all on the same page and just clarify a few issues that I know are often confusing for graduate students. One more thing I wanna say about the notes is about the problems. So there's a lot of problems in these notes. I think almost a hundred. So there's no way you should expect to do all of them. Just some of them, whichever one's interesting to you. So there's a few types of problems. So some of them are just standard testing your knowledge on what's going on. A lot of the problems ask you to give proofs of the various theorems. So I don't actually prove very much in the notes. I just have a problem and I give you some hints and some scaffolding and ask you to fill in the proofs. And that's a really important part of the course is to work through these proofs to understand what's going on. So some of them are just prove some mathematical statement, some trace formula or something. And some of them are estimate the complexity of an algorithm, for example. And that's another important part of this whole field of studies, estimating complexities. Some of the problems ask you to actually work out an algorithm, like design an algorithm that does something. And some of these are quite easy and some of them are very difficult. I mean, the ones towards the end, could be a research project. You could write a paper about one of these problems. Okay, so there's a big range. There's a lot of implementation problems and I've marked these with a special symbol, the little game controller icon. Now, I'm not a gamer, but my older son plays a lot of Minecraft, too much Minecraft. So those problems are specially marked and there's quite a lot of those problems and I really encourage you to do as many of those as you can. I think it's a really good way to learn how these algorithms work. Now, this is not a programming course. I'm not gonna tell you how to write this code. I know a lot of you came here already knowing how to do this and if you didn't, you probably picked up a lot in the last two weeks. So I have a concept in these notes of your favorite computer algebra system. Okay, and you can use whatever system you like. You know, you can write it in SAID or Magma or assembly code, whatever you like. I don't mind. I am completely agnostic about that question. I don't know Magma as well as I should. Maybe I'll learn some Magma from you guys this week. That'll be great. And finally, there are some unsolved problems in the notes and I've marked those with a little lightning bolt. So a single lightning bolt means a problem that I don't know the answer to. It doesn't necessarily mean it's difficult. It just means when I was writing the notes, this problem occurred to me and I thought, oh, I don't quite know how to do that, but that sounds interesting. I'll put it in there. It could just be that someone else knows how to do it and I don't and that's fine. So have a go at those ones. I'm interested to know if you solve them. There's a handful of problems with two lightning bolts. And now two lightning bolts means that I have tried very hard to solve that problem. Very, very hard and I still don't know how to solve it. Okay, so if you solve it, let me know we can write a paper together, okay? All right, so before I start, are there any questions about the notes or anything I've said so far? All good, all right. Let's get started on section three. So I hope these lights come on soon. It's gonna be hard to stay awake for everybody. So let's start to section 3.1. Sorry. Can I write darker? You mean, you sort of mean thicker, right? I can try, let me see. This doesn't seem to get any thicker. How do I write thicker? Is that the largest? This is a big one. Okay, it's the fattest one, there's one that's... There's one that's even fatter? No, maybe that's as fast as I guess. Yeah, I think they're the same fatness. Maybe there's a trick. Sorry, on its... Yeah, okay, hyperliptic curves. I deliberately chose this format, right? Because I knew that with laptops, connectors, plugs, everything, something always goes wrong, right? Nothing ever goes wrong with blackboards. Okay, hyperliptic curves, okay. So we're gonna be working over a field K. And for our sanity, we're gonna assume that the characteristic is not two. You can do everything in characteristic two, but let's just not go there. Now, for most of the course, K will be a finite field. Okay, but I will also need to worry about the case where K is the rational numbers in section seven. Hopefully we get to section seven. Yeah, I doubt I'm gonna get through all the notes, right? We'll probably get up to section six or seven. We'll just see how we go. And I'm gonna write G for the genus, which is gonna be an integer at least one. And some of you are probably already worried about G equals one. I'll come back to that in a few moments. So what do I mean by a hyperliptic curve over K of genus G? So I've got a curve C over K, these don't lock, do they? No, okay. Here's what I'll do. If I tighten them enough. Okay, let's try that. Okay, C over K is gonna be smooth algebraic curve associated to, it's falling off, no, it's good. Associated to affine equation, sorry, you're like this thing is falling off me. What's happened here? It's just falling off the ground. You go like, that's the mark, all right? Yeah, okay, it's supposed to go like this. Okay, so I'm gonna go like this. Okay, so I'm gonna go like this. Yeah, okay, it's supposed to go like this. I've also never used one of these guys before. Okay, let's try that. Affine equation Y squared equals F of X. Now what is F? So F is polynomial over K and I need a few properties. I need it to be square free and degree either 2G plus one or 2G plus two. Okay, so this is what I mean by a hyperliptic curve of genus G over K. So I wanna make a few comments about this definition. So firstly, let me just, just as a matter of notation, let me write F, F zero plus F one X up to F two G plus two, okay? So these FJs are in K. Now I'm always gonna write, I'm always gonna have the coefficients going up to F two G plus two, even if the degree is 2G plus one, it's just much easier that way. So maybe I should say that F two G plus two equals zero is allowed. Okay, that last coefficient can be zero now I should say something about this G equals one case. So usually for genus one, we don't call this a hyperliptic curve. That's not what it's supposed to be called. So it's supposed to be called an elliptic curve, assuming it has a rational point. But in this course, it doesn't really make a difference, right? Everything I'm gonna say works just as well when G equals one. When G equals one, you have a cubic or a quartic polynomial. And so I hope you will forgive me if I just call this a hyperliptic curve of genus one. Okay, so for the rest of the course, that's what I mean. Okay, so that's the definition. Woo! Okay. Suddenly everything is so much clearer. Everyone wakes up. Fantastic. All right. Now, this definition is fine. The problem is it's a little bit abstract, right? I mean, to sort of work out what this means, you need to do a little bit of algebraic geometry, right? For instance, what is a smooth algebraic curve associated to this? So there's a few ways you could do it. You could, for example, you could embed this in P2 and take the projective closure and then blow up the singular points at infinity and you'd get some smooth algebraic curve in a high dimensional space. But that's still not very useful computationally, right? Or you could do something with a function field. You could take the function field and look at the places, certain valuations, et cetera, et cetera. What I want is a really concrete way of thinking about the points on this curve because we want to count the points. So I want to be able to describe the points very concretely and explicitly. So let me show you how this works. It's all very straightforward except maybe what happens at infinity. I just want to make that very clear. So let's look at the points. So suppose we have a finite extension, L over K. And the question is, how to describe C L? Did I call this curve C? Yeah, C is a curve of K. So I'm interested in the L-valued points on C or in other words, the points on the curve with coordinates in this extension L. How can I describe these explicitly? Okay, so here's what I'm going to do. So there's a morphism, X, which goes from the curve to P1. P1 is the projective line, our fine line plus a point at infinity. Okay, so here's a picture. Here's the curve, and here's P1. And here's our X map. Okay, and this morphism induces a map on the L-valued points, which I'll also call X. So it goes from C L to P1 L. This is now just a map of sets. And P1 L, the projective line, this is just L, these are the affine points or the points in A1. And there's a single point at infinity. Okay, so if I want to work out what the points on C look like, what I have to do is just take a point in P1, which I'll call alpha, and work out what are the points that lie above it here. Okay, so question given alpha in P1 L what are the P's in C L such that X of P is alpha. Okay, now there are two cases I want to think about. So first case, very easy. If alpha is in L, right, if alpha is in the affine part, then we just solve. We just solve Y squared equals alpha in L. Okay, so we just look, we calculate alpha and then either it's zero in which case there's gonna be one point or it could be a non-zero square in L and we get two points or it could be a non-square, then we get zero points. Okay, so that's fine. And the other case is if alpha is the point in infinity, well, I can't just plug it into F, right? I can't sort of just plug in F infinity. It's sort of, it's not in this affine piece. So I need to switch to a different model. Okay, so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do a change of coordinate on the P1. So let me write U equals one over X. Right, so X was my parameter on P1. So the only problem is when X is infinity, so when X is infinity, I get U equals zero. So I just need to work out the equation for my curve in these new coordinates. So maybe I'll do that over here. So let's write out the equation.  Now if I plug in X equals one over U, I'm gonna get a bunch of denominators here. I get some negative powers of U and if I clear the denominators and then I'll get some power of U over here and I have to absorb that into the Y. So let's introduce a variable V, which is going to be Y over X to the G plus one. And if I plug these into this equation and see what I get, I get this equation. V squared equals F zero U to the two G plus two plus F one U to the two G plus one all the way up to F two G plus two. And you can see what I get is I get another equation in the same form with the coefficients just reversed. Okay. And now you can sort of see why I wanted to keep this, this F two G plus two, even if the degree was two G plus one, it's because of this so there's some parity stuff going on. And if this happens to be zero, then of course I just get a zero constant term in this polynomial in U. Okay, that's fine. So now since I was interested in X equals infinity, that means I'm now interested in U equals zero, right? So X is infinity corresponds to U equals zero. So to find the points in this case, I just have to solve V squared equals, while I plug in U equals zero and I get F two G plus two. That's what I have to solve. And this is telling me how many points that infinity there are. Again, they're either zero, one or two, depending on whether F two G plus two is zero or square or a non-square in L. Okay, so it's gonna be, what I'll do is I'll define F infinity. F infinity is gonna be this highest degree term, F two G plus two. Okay, so let me summarize what I've done so far. So this is actually lemma 3.16, I think in the notes.


Well, hi everybody. It's Sandy Olnok, artist and paper crafter here on YouTube, and I'm finally making a light-up card. After everybody else has been making them, I thought I have to get this kit and find out what it's all about. So I also bought some of the other replacement things so you can see what they are in case you get addicted to them and want to buy more stuff. But this is the basic kit that will get you started. It comes in a little box and it has a book in it as well as a pack of supplies. It tells you to go ahead and hack and light up the box, but I'm not going to waste all my supplies on that. I want to use them on cards. But the book gives you all kinds of basic information about how these chibi lights work, what the parts are, how to make circuits and all that kind of stuff, and it comes with a roll of the copper tape. It comes with two batteries. Of course, this is upside down. Turn it over, Sandy. And then there's two little clips, which I didn't really use, but you also get 12 lights, and I will take a closer look at that in a minute. But these are the other packs of things that I bought. Five batteries that your puppy can chew on. Don't let them chew on it very long. We don't want to make it into a battery. Got it away from him in just the right time. There's an effects pack that I'm not going to show you right now because I still have to practice and learn how to make those work. And then there's extra lights. These you might want to get because there's different lights. Red, blue, yellow, white ones, and pink, orange, green. I'm going to show you cards at the end with each one of those. This is what the batteries look like. So they're marked clearly with a positive on one side, and then these are the 12 lights you get. Six white, two blue, two yellow, and two red in the main kit. And each one of these is marked very carefully with the letter of what the color is and as well as a positive and negative because that's important when you're making these circuits. With the copper tape that's sticky back, it tells you to cut it along the vertical to make them last longer. It shows you how to go around corners, that sort of thing. And then it gives you all these sample circuits that you can follow along with to learn how a circuit works and then how you can apply it to a card. So you fold the corner down so it's ready and then chop the tape in half. I'm just going to cut it with a pair of scissors and then follow along with the pattern that they have drawn here in the book. Now what I did find is that you don't have to have these rectangular patterns. You can do all kinds of crazy lines and make them work. But they just show you the squared off boxes so that it makes logical sense. The tape can be torn very easily or you can cut it with scissors, either one. And this one has a piece going from the negative battery to the negative side of the light. And a positive going from the positive side of the battery to the positive side of the light. And then you'll need to get a bone folder or something to smooth it out nicely with. If you don't smooth it down, it will not conduct the electricity. And then the little sticky things, sometimes the little backings come off on them. Sometimes they don't, so you may have to peel that off. But then burnish that down as well so that the bottom side of it is touching that copper. And then when you press the positive to the positive and the negative to the negative with that battery, the light comes on. And here's what it looks like a little bit up close so you can see that very well. So that is a simple one. And then on the next page, they give you something where you can see through the page with little thin paper like this, you can see through it. But with cardstock, you may want to poke a hole in it. Kind of depends on what look you want. And now I want to look at doing a parallel circuit because that's what I'm going to need for my card. I want to do multiple lights so you have to have a parallel circuit to do that. So I'm going to follow the same directions. And as you can see, I'm still not any good at following along the lines. But that is OK. It still works. I'm going to glue my positives to the positive side and the negatives to the negative side. You can see they're pointing along the line that connects to the positive or negative side of the battery. And that's a really important thing. If they are backwards, then none of your lights will light because that will break the circuit. As far as I can tell, it doesn't explode anything, but it does break the circuit. Now, this one, one of the lights didn't quite work, so I just have to go back and burnish it a little bit better. Make sure I get it smushed down there really good. And then it does light up just fine. And in the book, they show you on the next page some little stars. So again, you can see through thin paper like this and you don't have to poke holes through it. Cardstock, you can choose which way you want to go with that. So that is all the practice ones I'm going to do in here because I want to move on to doing my card. And I'm going to start with the stamping and coloring real quickly on it. It's not a heavy duty one as far as fancy coloring, but I thought I'd show you how I did this. I wanted to do a little cartoon strip. So I'm taking one of the pretty pink posh dies that I have that has these three squares. You can just do them with a pencil and then trace it with a black pen if you want. And then I put it in my misty and I set up the little birdies from the love letters set from Lawn Fawn. And I'm stamping a birdie into each one. And I've got them got masks and stuff that I use for each one. But I thought I'd show you how I place the little phones. There's little cell phones that they're each holding. And I'm using a piece of acetate in between so that it kind of shows me where I'm going to place it and I can get it lined up right. And then around each side, I just put a sticky note and then I could stamp it over top of that mask on the birdie and then I have my three little birdies that have phones that they're going to be talking on. So, yes, silly as that is, birdies on phones. Maybe they're tweeting. So instead of texting, I made this card is the sentiment that I chose because I thought that was cute and stamped a little bird and the ink bottle down below. So I'm going to do some real quick coloring on this. And it's like I said, it's not fancy coloring. I just wanted to to get some nice strong color in here in the cartoon section so that so that I have some nice bright color on this. But I'm going to focus on what I'm going to do with the chibi lights because I want to put lights in each one of the buttons, the home buttons on the iPhones. And so you I'm going to show you how to color them without poking the holes in them. But I'm going to poke holes in those so that the light comes through really well. And you'll see how that works out in the long run. You can color something like this with any kind of medium you want. Of course, you can still do a chibi lights type of card using watercolor paper. If you poke holes through it, you just want to test and make sure and see whether or not the light is going to shine through the way that you want it to before you finish the card. Once you adhere it together, you won't have the opportunity to change that. But if you're going to make this card and not poke holes in those lights, what I did was take a little bit of the darker gray at the top of each one of those holes and then colored it in so it looks a little bit dimensional. So I did that just for those of you who aren't going to be making a light up card out of this. And after I got my coloring done, I waited because I didn't know what color I was going to stamp my texting sentiments in. And that's why I waited. I mean, I actually am using a memento ink, which is OK for this. But I wasn't sure if I was going to end up using a pigment ink. So you can stamp a pigment ink on top of Copic marker coloring. So if you want to get your coloring done first and then add things to it. So here is what it looks like all finished with the holes poked in the little phones. And now let's look at the electronics. I had stamped two of these while I was using my Misti to set it up. And what I have is a little piece of folded paper that and the thinner paper, the better, because you don't want to add more layers that you don't need to.  And I'll show you why that matters. And then these are just from some of my other leftover chibi lights so I can make sure that I kind of figure out what my plan is. So with this, I'm going to take the negative and positive side and figure out which direction I'm going to put them on this. So I'm going to draw a line. Like I said, you don't have to do it all squared off the way they do in the book. And I want this one to end up on the top side of the battery. So whatever side of the battery is facing up is going to be this side. And I'll just randomly make it the negative. You can do negative positive either way. It doesn't really matter. And then the other one, I want to go around the other side. I'm just going to connect on either side of where those circles are.  And I'm just doing this so you can see clearly what I'm doing and kind of how this works out with the plan.  The other one is going to come around and end up on the bottom side of it. So I'll have a positive and negative. I'm going to still go through and do the same thing, burnish everything down really nicely. And then I'm going to stick all of my lights on here, making sure that everywhere where there's you can sort of see where those little holes are that I that I have stamped on there to make sure my lights line up in the same spots. And then when I put my battery in, this time I'm going to put it face down since the positive is down. And then when I close it, all my lights go on. How cute is that? So the next step is to start building up housing around your battery case because you need it to be thick enough that the top piece of paper doesn't always keep it pushed down or else you're going to wear the battery out immediately. So you want to make housing that's a little bit taller than the battery, which is about three thicknesses of this foam tape. And I'm making a little housing around the specific battery so that the battery doesn't slide out, but also around the rest of the card so that the whole thing is kind of evenly you know, kind of up in the air. And then I can place this on the very top and when people press the little birdie or in that area of the birdie, the lights come on. Isn't that cute? And here I filmed it also with the lights out so you can see exactly how the lights come on and off. Now, there's a couple other cards that I did that I just wanted to show you the finished one for and what the patterns looked like for the lights. So this one used a bunch of other lawn fawn products, all the products are listed in the doobly-doo down below to make sort of a wintry love card so it could be sent for Valentine's Day. And I made this one just kind of go up and around the hillside so that the lights all peeked through the second story windows in each one of the houses, as well as landed down there on the headlamp of the car.  So that is how that one lights up. And that's what it looks like in the dark.  So I did this as an ode to him and I poked a bunch of holes randomly in the areas where the explosion is going on. And then I put the battery right underneath of like his bow tie. So in the card, I could say to the person, make sure you press on the bow tie so that they know to press the button and see the effect.  You can't see a whole lot here the way that the lighting is. But here you can tell a little bit better. These are the tropical lights, that pink, green and orange lights. Now, this one I learned a little something on, which was that I put my little holes that I poked. I put them too close together. So those two that I have X's through, I did not put chibi lights on because I couldn't fit them in there. So your spots have to be far enough apart in order to be spaced out. So you have to have room for them. You can't turn them upside down, right side up. They have to be negative to negative and positive to positive. But it still lights them up very well. And even though there's the holes in there without lights under them, you still see five holes worth of lights. So that's my little exploration, an initial exploration of chibi lights. If you would like to see another video, please click on one of those. You can hit that subscribe button if you'd like to. And I will talk to you guys later on and have a really fantastic day. Bye bye.


A way out west, there was a fell. A fell I want to tell you about. A fell about the name of Jack Lekowsky. At least that was the handle his loving parents gave him. But he never had much use for it himself. Now this Lekowsky, he called himself the dude. Now, dude, that's the name no one would self-apply where I come from. But then, there was a whole lot about the dude that did make a whole lot of sense to me. He was always on a constant pursuit to optimize his life and reach his life goals. He was unorganized, showed up late everywhere he went, didn't know if he was coming or going. The dude decided one day that he was going to sit down and meditate on how he can change his present circumstances. Because he realized by being late unorganized and not prioritizing his time appropriately, he was not going to reach his life goals. And that is what makes the dude so dang interesting.  Now let's take a closer look deep inside the dude's pickle jar of a brain and see and hear the inner workings as he prioritizes his life. So now you show him all this important stuff in a pickle jar. I mean, the dude's important stuff is already here, like family, friends, children. Yes, ain't nothing else going to fit in this hedge. Oh, no, the pebbles. Lovely pickle jar, so much for all the important things in the dude's life, like her home, job, and car. Herey, herey. Good show, jolly old chap. Well, obviously we're full now, so nothing else is coming in this jar. Oh my good. And the sand. Okay, up my eye. Yeah, could have worn this. Easy. Okay. I just got my nose. It's everywhere. I'm quite comfortable. I'm enjoying myself. How about all of you? Told you the dude was interested. Well, there you have it. The dude and all his inner workings. I hope you learned something today about the dude. And maybe yourself. Now go out and reach your goals, whatever that may be.


This is Nate Adams Energy Smart Home Performance and I've got another tale of a bathroom fan here for you. This is a big vent that the homeowner had installed here trying to get these two bathroom fan lines out. See they're kind of winding down back through here. But here's kind of a crazy thing. They aren't really hard up against here and I really doubt that these things create them and send them outside. So that's just kind of a wasted hole. Those need to get rerun. What a bummer to find stuff like that. But nobody ever comes to check so people just kind of do what they're gonna do and go home and that happened here unfortunately.


Well, November is almost here and it is time to vote again for my Patreon supporters. If you are one of my Patreon supporters, each month you get to vote on what next month's topics are going to be for my tutorial videos. And this time around, we're actually going to do voting for the next two months. So whatever topic is picked today will be for both November and December, just because with the holidays coming up, I would like to get these videos done early so that make sure they get done on time. So, if you're watching this video and you're a Patreon viewer of mine, a Patreon supporter of mine, you should have gotten a link for voting. And here are three topics to choose from. Topic one would be networks and servers. We look at different ways of setting up different types of servers, web servers, and other networking techniques, so that would be option one, networks and servers. Option two would be 2D game design with Phaser 2D. I will go over the basics of that and just show you some tips and techniques for creating 2D games in HTML5 using Phaser 2D. And third option would be to continue last month's topic, which was BabylonJS for 3D game design. And we'll just continue where we left off there if you choose that. So those are the three options.  Thank you and have a great day.


Thanks for joining me today so that I can share with you a little bit about myself and my experience tackling the remnants of systematic discrimination in and around the tech industry. My name is Maurice Turner and my talk is titled The Big Cleanup. I call myself a public interest technologist. Currently I am the Cybersecurity Fellow at the Alliance for Securing Democracy at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. I help develop comprehensive policy strategies to deter, defend against, and raise the cost on autocratic efforts to undermine and interfere in democratic institutions. My focus is securing critical infrastructure and deterring cyber operation escalation. I have also held positions in the United States Election Assistance Commission, the Center for Democracy and Technology, the United States Senate, and in other public sector and private sector organizations in Washington, D.C. and California. I hold degrees in public administration and political science, as well as a certificate in cybersecurity strategy. I got my start in tech probably the same way that some of you did. I broke things around my house and then I tried to put them back together. Sometimes it worked, other times not so much. In high school and throughout college, I built computers and worked at a small medical product development firm where I grew my skillset from doing basic repairs to becoming a CIS admin and even helping out with product design. It was my first experience being part of a product lifecycle and seeing how decisions made by a small group of people could literally mean the difference between thousands of patients going home weeks earlier or dying in the hospital. That lesson has stuck with me throughout my career. But tech was always an interest, not a career goal. I've always wanted to work in government because I believe in the power of people working together to solve the big problems for everyone, not just for customers. That could really only happen when there is representation at all levels of government. So what I try to do when shifting between private sector, public sector, and civil society organizations is to draw from my diverse perspectives, my tactical understanding, and working within policy constraints to address issues like economic development, IT modernization, broadband access, and election security. It's easy to just accept the status quo even when it's harmful because that's just how it's always been done. Discrimination in the tech industry is no different. The reuse and amplification of discriminatory language can have damaging effects on those within the industry as well as in other physical spaces. It adds to the barriers that prevent folks from even trying to participate because they think that they just don't belong. Each step along the way in my career, I've been acutely aware of my blackness and understand that it may make some people uncomfortable, but it can also inspire people too. Regardless of the organization that I am in or the issue that I am tackling, my process always includes looking around the table of decision makers to see who is missing and how those missing perspectives can be included and considered in the decision-making process. Part of my role is to show that those missing perspectives are valuable because it wasn't that long ago when I myself would have been excluded too. The tech industry is full of overt examples of discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, and countless other factors that make a person a person. Examples that I find personally offensive are white lists and black lists and master and slave, because they most closely exemplify the experience of myself, my family, and my community living in America. I'm certainly not the only person to see the inherent discrimination in these terms and to make an effort to try to extract them from the tech industry. Folks at organizations like Apple, Microsoft, NIST, and the IETF saw that they too could make a difference by replacing discriminatory language in products that are used by billions of people. Some might question what difference a few words actually make in people's lives. To that I say, it adds up. Sometimes the signs that you don't belong are obvious. Other times, it's more subtle. But the message is the same. There is something wrong with being non-white. Emoji are a positive example of bringing diversity into the tech industry because it represents the growing diversity of users. I'm not just talking about adding new foods or activities. It's gender expression, diverse relationships, and accessibility needs that are now more fairly represented and communicated. That all came about because someone saw the problem and convinced enough people to support making a small change that would ultimately have a big impact. I would like to share my experience of that process and why it was important for me to make the extra effort to overcome over-discrimination so that someone else didn't have to feel like they didn't belong. Renaming Negro Run In November 2015, I was hiking in the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia just a couple hours away from my home in Washington, D.C. As usual, I was taking a lot of photos. After reviewing the location metadata in my photos when I came home, something jumped out at me. The nearby river was called Negro Run. I was shocked and pretty sure that it was a typo. Unfortunately, it wasn't. This led me to learn more about the history of segregation in the Shenandoah National Park and the overwhelming amount of racist place names throughout the country. I knew that I couldn't just let it go. I used my background of working in community issues and in government to track down the agency responsible for changing place names. It turned out to be a long and frustrating process, but after about 14 months, the name was changed to Thames River. That wasn't enough because to me, most people go to Google it the answer, so I decided that's where I needed to go to make the change. In early 2017, I shared my story with a friend who worked at Google. She passed it along to members of the maps team who escalated the approval process to get that name changed. That was my victory. Millions of Google map users would see Thames River, not Negro Run. The problem is that this one-off effort doesn't scale to address the thousands of racist place names across the country. Names like Chinaman Hat and Squatit are in every state. So how can I make a bigger impact? Well, in a pretty incredible coincidence, I had recently started as a technology fellow in the United States Senate in the very committee that had oversight of the agency responsible for place names. That was my opportunity to make a change at the source. The committee sent a bipartisan letter to the Department of the Interior asking why this racist place name policy hadn't been changed in decades. Unfortunately, there's no happy ending to the rest of the story. I did my best to use my skills and to leverage my access to try to make a bigger change and it didn't work. But that's okay. I was able to make an impact outside of government. Later, I was invited to give a fireside chat at Google and that video is posted up on YouTube. And I was also a guest on a podcast discussing my process of going through and changing this racist place name. Just a few years later, I was successful at making a different kind of change from within government, removing Blacklist from VVSG. After I left the Senate at the end of 2017, I began working on election security at a civil society organization. One of my major goals was advocating for an updated version of the voting system guidelines to help secure our aging voting infrastructure. Just a couple of years later, I found myself in a position to directly influence changes to the VVSG when I joined the United States Election Assistance Commission. I leaned heavily on my ability to understand both the technical and policy aspects of the standards-making process. I also knew that voting has long been a contentious issue in America because of the well-documented efforts to keep non-white, non-male citizens from exercising their rights. It became apparent that updating the standards was an opportunity to chip away at some of those barriers of discrimination. Removing discriminatory language from technology standards is not something new. Companies like Apple and Microsoft and standards bodies like NIST and the IETF have been leading the way. Thanks to the internal efforts of their staff getting buy-in from their organizations, I was able to show the EAC how making changes to terms like master-slave should be part of the VVSG modernization process. I'm very proud to say that you won't find discriminatory language in the latest version of the VVSG. More importantly, the solution scales. Most states adopt the federal standards, so the reality is these discriminatory remnants are also being removed from standards across the country. It shows that the federal government is in sync with the private sector modeling a best practice that state and local governments should also follow. You can do it too. You can make a difference. Is there a code project that you help maintain or documentation that you're responsible for? Are you active in a community in your neighborhood or online that may be interested in taking on similar changes for social good? That's your chance to make a difference at scale. That's your chance to tear down some of those signs, big or small, that discourages participation by folks from underrepresented communities. Building support for these kinds of changes can be tough. It's a lot easier when you can point to a government standard or industry best practice to justify the time it takes to make those changes. Another idea is to leverage diversity, equity and inclusion movements that are popular in organizations right now. You can build allies in the Human Resources Department and in other areas of your organization to drive changes to internal documentation and style guides. You've heard me share how my personal experiences in technology and in government have given me the cross sector tools to create and take advantage of opportunities to dig out of some of those remnants of systematic discrimination. Those small remnants that are overlooked and build over time can turn into major issues that are difficult or even impossible to remove from systems. I'm not saying that someone is going to stay away from a career in IT because blacklist and whitelist is used as commonplace, but I will argue that it certainly adds to the cultural biases and derogatory stereotypes in society as a whole. The way I look at it is that all these terms are like small pieces of trash on the sidewalk. Individually it's not a big deal, but collectively it makes the environment a little more difficult to navigate and certainly unpleasant to be in. Some people are fine because the trash doesn't get in the way. That's because they're probably the ones that are throwing it on the ground. For others, the trash is unavoidable. So the question is, if you don't clean up the trash, then who will?


Hi, I'm Sydney Bilbury here at Suncoast Technical College, visiting one of the many ESOL programs across the United States, helping other language speakers improve out in their English. ESOL stands for English for Speakers of Other Languages, which means my students speak a variety of languages and I'm teaching them English. They learn the life skills they're going to need to function in our community. So they learn to read and write and be able to communicate and be able to understand. This is the adult ESOL program, so anybody that resides in this county can attend classes. We do some game activities. Every Friday we watch movies here and we learn how to read and write correctly. Some students come every day full-time and they don't have any other obligations so they progress rapidly. Other students have family members, have children, have one or two jobs, can't come every day so then it takes a little bit longer for them. They all have different goals. So the intake process, when they're brand new, I sit down individually and find out what their personal goal is. Some want to attend college here. Some want to help their children with their homework. Others want to get a better job or get a promotion. Others are retired and they just want to be able to communicate with people in their neighborhood. When we incorporate the new arrivals into our community, they become successful, happy citizens. It's practically help us. It's more important, go to job, take interview and build your career. ESOL is just an example of one of the many ways that foreigners can adapt to our community. This is Sydney Bilbury, Eson Coast Technical College.


Team Keep It Clean, it's been a lot of fun being able to actually do questions from subscribers while NFL Free Agency has slowed down a little bit. Still a lot going on, but it's slowed down a little bit so we've had an opportunity to do these. But what question from subscribers is, is a series where you can ask me any NFL question you want to and we answer it in a video like this. You wanna be part of it, you can send me an email to teamkeepitclean at gmail.com or for the Team Keep It Clean patrons. You don't have to do that. You can just send it directly on Patreon. You wanna become a Team Keep It Clean patron? You can go to patreon.com slash ingravenvids. If you don't, that's fine too. I love y'all, Team Keep It Clean. We got some great questions like we always do. Let's jump into it. Yeah, this feels like a dream to team keep it clean. You see my boy, he like gotta made it. First question on this episode came from my boy Darryl. He said, EDC the king of cap. One more question for you and Team Keep It Clean. Do you think Lamar would sign a new deal if they traded for DK Metcalf? Would he sign a new deal so the Ravens could free up money to resign both DK and Hollywood? Because like you know, I know the cap is cap. So would Lamar resign if they added a DK Metcalf? Would he resign if it was to create more money to sign both Hollywood and DK Metcalf? Well, no, because I think that seeing would be believing because somebody can tell you something. They can be like, look, if you do this, then I'm gonna do this for you. I'm gonna do that for you. I'm gonna do that for you. I got you, trust me. But a lot of times it's happened. And I'm sure we all got personal experiences where we do whatever for that person and the person doesn't deliver. So for Lamar Jackson at this point in his career, under the fifth year option, I think he just really wants the Ravens to truly deliver first. For your scenario that you spoke about specifically, I think that he would wanna actually see them resign to Hollywood first or see them extend the DK first and see that stuff happen first before he was like, all right, let's get it. Next question came from Trey Five. He said, what's up in Graven? Hope you and your loved ones are strong, happy and healthy. Oh, I like that. I appreciate that, the strong part. But yeah, happy and healthy for sure. Appreciate it, man. He said, my question is about consistency at the center position. I always think back to 2020 when we had struggles at center. Was it just 2020? But anyway, he said, maybe it is the pessimistic side of me, but some parts of me thinks that Lamar should have consistency at the center position just like the consistencies in the coaching staff. I agree, I think everybody would agree with that because like the center, the quarterback exchange that literally happens on every single offensive play no matter what, unless it's like a direct snap to a running bag or something. But the center to quarterback exchange happens every play. So you wanna make sure that they have a great relationship. And if centers just keep flip-flopping, tossing and turning and all that stuff, and there's no consistency, then as we have seen, it can get a little rough. But the Ravens, man, you think about it. The Ravens have actually been, when it's come to the center position, it's been a lot of a turnover over the years. Like, and I mean, yeah, it's been a lot of turnover over the years. They been through it. Remember, who's the guy that they got from the Bucks? I know his name started like with a J. Oh, Jeremy Zuda, remember him? Jeremy Zuda, Ryan Jensen, Bradley Bozeman, Matt Scurra, Pat McCary, Tristan, Cologne Castillo. There's been more too. Matt Burke, I know that's a little outback, but Matt Burke, anyway, let's get back to the question. We ain't going down memory lane. He says, so far Lamar, oh, I should have read this. He says, so far Lamar has had Scurra, McCary, Cologne Castillo, and Bozeman all snapping him in less than four years. I wish we had someone like J.C. Tredder or Tyler Lindenbaum snapping to him consistently for five to 10 years, but what do you think? Yeah, consistency is key. And consistency is really key with anything that you do. Now, depending on how that consistency is, the consistency can be a bad thing. Because if you're doing something over and over and you not having success with it, then it could be time for a change. But as far as the center to quarterback exchange, consistency is everything. And that would just make the job for everybody that much smoother. That's too sad. He said, last stop before G-Roll has to G-Go. Next question came from my boy, Tag 13. He said, from Ty, what's up, man? Hope you're doing well. I've watched every Ravens game this season. And despite all these injuries, I feel like the coaching let the team down when there were opportunities to win. And I just hope it does not drag on into next season. If the play calling does not improve with a healthy team, Greg Roman is gone by a week nine. These games next season need to be taken very seriously. QB draw on third and eight is not gonna fly. And I think either T-Martin or Keith Williams should become OC. They already improved the wide receiver room big time. And I think we should draft Drizzy Drake London. I love that part. I love it. Again, first three rounds, Ravens taking the receiver for sure. They get somebody like Drake. No, yeah, anyway. I think we should draft Drake, restructure a few contracts and make a few cuts. He put cute. I'm like, what are you talking about? Like a cute deal? But make a few cuts and sign them all to his deal. That's a whole lot of money to get enough quality depth at each and every position.  They can still use some big superstars because a superstar is a superstar for a reason they're a game changer. But anyway, he said, not just bodies with no experience or super old vets at the end of their careers. And a new offensive coordinator could have a balance of run plays with a balanced run game. So we're not one dimensional. David Ajabo in the second round with a quality edge vet who can get seven to eight sacks. I'm sounding like you're talking about maybe it's your David and Clowney. With David's rehab, his injury, he wouldn't be rushed in since we have quality depth. He can come back at his pace when he's fully ready and has a chip on his shoulder to play at his best. Imagine, Adafi and David playing mad. That would not be good for those tackles. And that right there would help the interior of the pass rush one on one for Justin Madabeeke and others. So yeah, the interior and the exterior, the pass rush, they can help each other for sure. But if both of those are clicking, then that helps out the linebackers. That helps out the secondary.  Next question came from my guy, Cam. He said, to start off, love the video's dawg, keep grinding. I love watching you. Hey, appreciate it, Cam. Thank you. He said, my question of the day, should the Ravens sign two times Super Bowl champion, Jason Pierre Paul? Well, let me tell you a few reasons that the Ravens would sign Jason Pierre Paul. Why? Because they're the Florida Ravens and he is from Deffield Beach. So that's one reason. He is a veteran. He's been around the game for a little while, man. Wow, he been playing for a little minute. And he was a two-time NFC Super Bowl champion because he did it with the Giants and then he did it with the Bucks. And Jason Pierre Paul, he's been like, man, he just been hanging around. He been hanging around the league for a minute. And, but yeah, this would be a very Ravens-like signing. I would not be surprised if they made a signing like that. I really wouldn't. Because again, it's very Raven. He's a veteran. He's somebody, again, been around the game for a while. So yeah, something like that, it would not shock me. Next question came from my boy, Devon. He said, is Lamar Jackson the Ray Lewis of the offense? I'd say yes, he is. And that's why he hasn't signed the deal yet. I feel like he's letting the front office grab everybody they can and right before the season start, he will sign. How so, you say it, EDC, every dollar counts. I disagree. As far as him signing right before the season, I don't think it's gonna happen. You never know, but I just, I don't see it happening. But is he the Ray Lewis of the offense? Well, Ray Lewis, the impact that he has on the team, how the team, they go as he goes, how he is, he's not the outspoken leader that Ray Lewis was. I don't think anybody is like Ray Lewis was in. Boy, for like, when you think about the Ravens, and anytime, and it's again, it's unfair because, like especially with Ray Lewis and Ed Reed, every single Ravens player that plays their positions is always gonna be compared to them, no matter what, and it's not fair to them. But when it comes to leadership, whenever you talk about Ravens leadership, every single Ravens leader is going to be compared to Ray Lewis, and it's like, it's not fair because, it's extremely hard to live up to something like that just because of the way that he did it. Ray Lewis was always yelling and screaming and dancing, ah, doing all that stuff. He is a lot of fun to watch, very entertaining. But it's gonna be hard for somebody, anybody, because everybody's leadership is gonna be different from that. Like nobody's leadership is gonna be like Ray Lewis leadership was, and Lamar certainly isn't. So is he Ray Lewis like that? No, but as far as his impact on the team, his impact on the city, his impact on the league, then yeah. Next question came from Cynthia. She said, just wanna get your thoughts on something I've been thinking about doing our past losing season. Would you love to see players stay away from the camera after a score? I think a game face and all about business is in order. I remember watching the game and seeing them in front of the camera and still losing the game. I think you're talking about the Marlon Humphrey. He got a pick, oh, and that was very frustrating for me too, because I disagree with the first part. As far as would you love to see players stay away from the camera after a score? No, I disagree.  You supposed to have fun, you supposed to be happy about that. You don't wanna see them score a touchdown and be like, okay, I will go back to the sideline now. I am not going to have any fun.  You want them to be enjoying themselves. Remember 2019? I didn't see nobody complain about the Ravens being long on the camera, Lamont on the sideline, eating bananas and stuff. He went in with the shades on. Ravens dancing, everybody slot, Mark Ingham sliding into the end zone and all that. They were having a time of their lives, but that's cause they were winning. They were 14 and two, they won 12 straight games. They were going crazy. But if you're losing, like I think it all depends on context. If you are getting whooped and then you go smile in the camera after you make a pic, oh yeah, yeah, I did that. No, you're getting whooped. You should have been using all that same energy to be better so you wouldn't be in a situation you're in right now. But so it's all about context for me. But anyway, continuing. She said, I remember watching the game and seeing them in front of the camera and still losing the game. My first thought was all that showboating kept you from focusing on winning the whole game.  Good, thank you for all you do. I truly enjoyed the content. Appreciate you Cynthia, thank you. Next question came from my boy Kevin B. He said, I just think it's time for our guys to get players and play at their positions. Sometimes they put a little too much on these young guys' plate. All of them can't handle it.  Ooh, I love the analogy. Love it. Some people probably would though. Far is bringing in new guys. I'm all for it. Get as many as you can and let them fight it out. My biggest concern is the offensive line. Let's not forget the reason for Lamar Jackson's 2019 season. He had a line and it fell off when Marsha Yanda retired. And that's the key player that we did not replace. So if we do or don't upgrade a wide receiver, we still need to get that fixed. Our offensive line has been getting down greater since Yanda's been gone. Peace and blessings to you and your family and everyone out there. Appreciate that, Kev. Yeah, the offensive line is some, it definitely needs to remain a priority for the Ravens. I just don't want people to continue to get it twisted because I still see it, I see it every day where they're the conversations where people are having where it's like somebody says, oh, I want to play make it wide receiver. Ravens need to get a play make it wide receiver. Then somebody will respond, but what about the offensive line? You can do more than one thing. Ravens can do more than one thing. So offensive line is and should definitely be one of the Ravens priorities, but it also should not be the only thing and it hopefully won't be the only thing that they do. Next question came from a boy, Mike Reed. He said, Mike Reed here, Kenair Reed, LOL, hope all is well with you and the fan. Everything is good, my guy. Hope you and your uncle Ed doing good, man. He said, quick question. Do you think with the addition of Morgan Moses, do you see a sliding pattern carry back at center next year? Can't remember how much his deal is, but you don't pay people to sit on the bench. Take away a couple of bad snaps in 2020 and he was pretty decent. I think, oh really quick, let me finish this next part. He said, I really don't see us drafting the offensive linemen with the 14th pick. I really believe we go corner or edge. Say bless and keep God first. Appreciate that, I'm out. Appreciate that, man. I think that Patrick McCary is their sort of, their backup plan just in case things don't fall their way. What I mean when I say that is, I think with Patrick McCary, I think that the Ravens, they got some offensive linemen, possibly even some sinners that they're looking at, that they hope to strike a deal with or hope to draft. And if all else fails, if everything doesn't go their way, then they'll be like, all right, okay, cool. We just gonna have Patrick McCary back there. We'll just put him back there. He's played center before. I ain't, yeah, we all remember 2019, man. I know a lot of people are scarred from the playoff game as you should be because you never want anything like that to happen, ever. And it's just, it's rough. But with Patrick McCary, he did, he had shown that he can play center. He shown that he can play center at a high level. One bad snap, even though it was a terrible snap, it was, and it pretty much ended that game because it took Lamar out. But he can play. That's not your first option. I would think that Ravens will want to go into this season with Patrick McCary being like the ultimate backup, sort of like they were trying to do with James Hurst. But I just, I think that he is their backup plan. And I actually, in all honesty, I actually think Ravens, they, I think they actually, in their minds, they may have their offensive line set already. And the reason I say that is because, and of course the draft could change everything. We'll really see the answer to that question after the draft. But I think they are gonna be banking on a healthy Ronnie Stanley. We'll see. Again, it's still early. It's still early in the draft. Again, could change all of that, but left tackle Ronnie Stanley, right tackle Morgan Moses. Left guard could be Ben Cleveland or Tyree Phillips. And right guard, of course, Kevin Zeiler. And then center could be Patrick McCary or Tristan Cologne Castillo. But we'll see. Cause obviously like, I know everybody talk, JC Treta, JC Treta, JC Treta. And as of this recording, like it's 10.54, Friday, March 25th. Ain't been no JC Treta at all, man. Yeah, we ain't heard about no visit. We ain't heard about no interest. We ain't heard about no signing. He's still obviously out there. And you know Ravens ain't worried about no compics this year.  So that's what it's looking like to me. But again, the draft could change everything. Next question came from Numa. He said, what's up in Graven? Hope everything is going well with your family and Pookie. Hey, appreciate that. Shout out to Pookie. I'm very excited about the return of Marcus Peters and Marlon Humphrey for a secondary, but I'm also very worried about the Ravens banking on them being healthy for the whole year. They're both coming off from season ending injuries so high level play is not guaranteed. Do you think Ravens should draft the cornerback at 14 just in case something does go wrong or they just aren't playing like they were pre-injury? Thanks for taking the time to answer my question. I'm looking forward to seeing these Ravens raise that Lombardi soon. Well, if they gonna be doing that, then we talk about that later. But anyway, if they drafted a cornerback at 14, I don't think it would be a surprise to anybody, especially given the situation. And Ravens, they know better than anybody, especially the secondary. Stay ready so you ain't gotta get ready, even though I would actually rather them go big play making wide receiver there. Or, yeah, I would rather them do that. But they gonna have a lot of options, especially since they're gonna be at that spot in the draft. Tayvon Young is actually still out there, too. We have heard nothing on him. Nobody's just bitten. Maybe the Ravens might be like, hey, you know what, Tay-Tay? Come back on a little cheap one-year deal. Because we just say, we want you back. We feel like you can still play. We know you can still play. It'll be a one-year deal. So, hey, just in case something does go south, then okay, it's one year. That's that. But I just feel like the Ravens, they, and you could sign a veteran, too. You could sign a veteran, you could draft the rookie. You have options in a secondary. So, I don't think drafting a cornerback, I don't think it's a lot, but I wouldn't be surprised if they did. I don't think really anybody would be surprised if they did draft a cornerback at 14. I mean, you know, you'd be getting a good guy. And depending on who you get, you can get a long, red, long, lanky guy. You can get a guy who you can move on the inside and outside, but then there's that little injury history that you'd be a little worried about. You're gonna have some good options there at 14. But you could also get a veteran that has played in the NFL already. Not saying the rookie can't do it.  But, so you got options in a secondary, but basically you need to really retool the secondary and be ready, yeah, just in case. Now you, of course, you hope that they come back and play at a high level, and you expect them to come back and play at a high level. But stay ready to say, you gotta get ready. Next question came from my guy, Manuel. He said, what's up, Megan Graven? Shout out for Mexico. Looking at all the Ravens moves, it looks like they won to stay competitive, but I don't want them to be that nor contenders. I want them to be champions. He said, a just tie for a Nitro, Ran. Shout out to Nitro. I want them to be a championship team. I want them to make moves like a championship team. Not like, ooh, I'm trying to be competitive or stay in the contender class of teams. Those teams don't make it to the big game. They just try to have good regular seasons. And if they make it to the playoffs, they call it a great season. Is it or is a great season to win the Super Bowl? Why do you want to stay competitive when teams around the league are making championship moves to help their quarterback achieve greatness? All while Lamar is watching EDC and Hobbs, not making those moves to help him get the Super Bowl he wants. No wonder why he doesn't respond to him on a contract. We all know the cap is cap and great offensive players are not being pursued by Baltimore. And then we excuse ourselves and saying, Lamar has no one to rely on other than Hollywood and Manjus. EDC wants Lamar to cash in so he can say, we didn't get you players because of your deal. Lamar says, I'm not falling for that.  Teamkeeper clean, he's out. Mike drop and he said, PS, let's get engraving the 60K before the year ends. Yeah, we'll try to get there. Slow but steady. But anyway, appreciate that. And yeah, like you ended it with, yeah, I don't see Lamar signing the deal no time soon. I think he want Ravens to prove it to him. And Ravens, we're gonna see. Again, this question I'm answering at Friday, March 25th at 10.59 AM. And the Ravens, while they've made a couple of moves and some decent moves, like the Markets, Williams, that was a nice one. Morgan Moses, that was a solid one. And then Michael Pierce, that's another solid one. But Ravens, especially on offense, they haven't made that move yet. So we'll see, we'll see. Because the AFC, they've been making the moves. They've been making, they've been going wild with it. And I know, always see a lot of people say, oh, well, that's not how you build a championship. Ravens do it their way. And their way's been working, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Has it? Has it? Have Ravens been a contender? Have they? You tell me, have they been mostly having winning seasons? Yes. But have they been a contender? What happens in the playoffs? You tell me. The last question on this episode came from a boy at JPD. He said, what are your thoughts on Sashi Brown taking over as a team president for the Ravens? And he did have a presser yesterday that I just watched today. I hadn't watched it yesterday. And he was very, it was pretty vague. And I mean, I didn't expect him to go into crazy detail or anything like that. But when he talked about his role, what his focus was gonna be, he said, just really learning from the previous president, Kass, that who was obviously the president since, I think what he said, 2004, something like that. But he said basically just to follow his lead because he'd been doing his OJT that on-the-job training. He said they're really gonna, over this next week, they're really gonna go into that full transition to where Sashi Brown really takes over. He, I mean, he basically just sounded like he was gonna answer to Steve Bishotti. They asked him, was he gonna have any dealings with like Lamar Jackson's contract? He said, no, nope, he said that's all EDC. He was very, when he was asked about the Browns, he just, it sounded like it ended really ugly over there with him and Cleveland. It really did because he did not wanna say anything about the Browns at all. Like they asked him about the Browns and he was like, oh, well, no, my focus is he on the Ravens. And we remember the last time at a presser where we heard about somebody being asked about a certain something and then Eric Dacasa, by the way. Eric Dacasa was asked about a certain somebody, Zadaria Smith, and he was like, oh, no, no, no, no. My focus is here on Marcus Williams and Morgan Moses.  So it reminded me with Sashi Brown with his presser, it reminded me of that.  Similar to Zadaria Smith and the Baltimore Ravens. But anyway, he talked about the cap and cast, though the previous president cast, he was talking about the cap too. And like people, somebody asked him, as far as all the moves, you see people making and stuff and they spending all this bread and stuff. They were like, what's up with the Ravens? Gonna do something like, how do you feel about that? And the previous president, he was like, well, yeah, you see a lot of these teams, they spending all this money, they making all these moves and whatnot. But he said, well, in a couple of years, they're gonna have to pay it. They're gonna have to pay that money. It's all gonna come back to the cap. So basically he was letting everybody know Ravens ain't doing that, basically. I mean, and that's no surprise. We'll see if things change, we'll see, but I don't really think anybody expects the Ravens to do what a lot of these other teams are doing. A lot of us hope that they will. A lot of us hope that the Ravens will really go for it, but I don't think the expectation is there for the Ravens to do something like that. But yeah, he just sound like, with Sasha Brown, he just sound like he just really is just really ready to learn about the people, to meet people, get to know them. The previous president, President Cass, he was saying that he was saying how he wants he said, the first thing you gotta do, you gotta get people to like you.   And I was like, huh, I know that's a little joke. I know it's a little joke, a little humor there. But for a lot of these jokes, there's always some truth behind them. But yeah, so anyway, he, it was super, like the press was very vague. Just to introduce the repressor to get Sasha to speak to everybody and whatnot. He talked about his time with the Wizards and the Mystics. I didn't know that he worked with the Jaguars before. I didn't know that. So yeah, and now I mean, that was it. So we'll see, like he, the president, I don't believe they really have a big impact on the football side. I think they're more so the business side operations and whatnot, but we'll see, we'll see. And I mean, that's all I got from it really. It wasn't, I didn't really get it as like this in-depth press conference where, oh man, we found out the answer to this question, that question, that question. No, it felt like just more him letting his voice be known to everybody and him just formally introducing himself to Raven's flow.