Hey there friends, how's it going? My name is Kevin and today we're playing The Sims 4 and as you can see my sims are already quarantined. That was a complete coincidence by the way. Jim Pickens quarantined his whole... ...prisoner family kind of thing? Wait before this whole thing started. He's always one step ahead of the game. And me, since I had no, you know, inclination it was gonna go this way. Also, I've been meaning to mention that Jim Pickens plushie that went on sale a while back and he sold out in two hours, so we got another batch. There is a limited amount, but if you want any, there's a link in the description to my merch store and you can take a look there. We've got a little bit more, I think we had 250 last time. Now we have, I think like 400 left off the top of my head, so that's how much we're dealing with and then I think it'll be gone for good after that. So if you want one, check it out. I apologize as well. I am a bit sick myself. I hope it's just a cold. Anyway, let's keep going. Today we're going to venture out of the vault. Where is Jim? He's just crying in bed in his furry costume. You know, we've all been there. Just me. Let's keep going. So it's quite apparent that some people just aren't taking this seriously. I have to take extreme measures to protect this community. All right, we're here to solve this problem. Look at them. They're outside and everything. They're being fools right now. Chase them, Jim. Chase them. I can lock door. Oh, no, just for my club. I can't allow my club in their house. I was just gonna lock it and leave. Job done. Beautiful house. Absolutely beautiful. Let me join your household. Wait, are you reacting to me or the TV? It can't be the rich dude on the TV. It must be me in my hazmat suit inside your house. Why do I have this like dog poop? It's just trolled away. I just had that in my inventory for some reason inside my hazmat suit. Okay, that's a bit of an evil laugh. Maybe stop doing that. Tell story to self. No, don't do that. Hold on. Interact with them. Where are you going? Ask to join household. Yes. She said yes. Perfect.   And what's your name again? George Cahill. I expect you to be the man of the house while I'm gone. Okay, first things first, the doors get locked. No one is going in or out. Wait, why can I not lock this? All right, fine, you're losing your doors then. Goodbye. If I can't trust you to stay inside, I'm not giving you the choice. All right, now try for a baby. And yes, the hazmat suit stays on during sex. And the only reason they're doing this in the first place is potentially if the world needs to be repopulated. We're one step ahead. All right, it's important that we increase the odds here. So I think we should try for baby with everyone. Oh no, bad timing. Leave, go away. Really, now is the time for a motivational speech to yourself?  Can you leave? Go away from me. You were next. There's a Q system. You got your number. All right, you know what? You're going mad. You must need extreme quarantine or something. Go in here. Stop hitting me. Jesus. There you go. Now you're quarantined. You happy? It's for your own good. Well, the quarantine is locking you in that small room and deleting all the objects. That was more for hitting me. And in fact, you don't really need light either. Okay, very bad timing to come through. It may be on me at this point. Maybe I should lock my door. Oh my God, this looks depressing. Just the way the light comes in just from the hall. That's so sad. But it's for your own good. Okay, I think my work here is done. I've done a good thing for humanity. Let me install a door so I can leave and then get rid of it again. All right, it's been real folks. You are welcome. And one final spell before I go to make sure you're well protected. Yeah, he knows he's done well. That was a protection spell that he put over the entire house like they did for Harry Potter. Or wait, no, I just set her on fire, my bad. I always get us too confused. Anyway, I better go. He's just laughing on the lawn.  You're supposed to be distancing yourself. And he calls himself a scientist. Oh, well, she died. Unfortunately, no one could get to her for some reason. Even Grimm is like, hmm. This fire is burning out into the hall. You should probably leave or wait. Yeah, I got rid of all your doors. Uh-oh, I just got to wait for it to burn out. I can't even get back in there to help not that I would anyway. Oh God, this is spreading like fast. This isn't really a good environment to raise four babies. I'm just waiting here to leave. I can't leave when there's a fire on the lawn. Oh God, now the outside of the house is on fire. Scared by possessed child. What? Where is he? If he's here, we should leave like fast. Yeah, I don't know where they're seeing him, but he's here somewhere. Let's leave, let's leave. First name is back for revenge. Oh, great, he's here.  We got more important things to worry about. Oh my God, it's killing people. It's killing people. Okay, that is disrespectful. Why are you riding over him on your bike? You're the real monster here. How did my son turn out so bad? Where did I go wrong? It's Northmore Average Coke. What? Why is that over by the sink? Can this fire please extinguish? I'm just trying to leave. Can you extinguish it?  She fell asleep while extinguishing the fire. Well, I hope it doesn't spread. Come on, stop peeing.  Are we almost done? I can't get to the bit outside. Could you just burn out please? Thank God. Okay, you got your insurance payment. I'm going across the street to quarantine more people. Hello, I see you in there. You're not wearing protection. I'm coming in. This whole place is a germ fest. We need to lock it down. Oh wait, first I need to move in. Nice to meet you. Literally, I've never met this dude. I've not even greeted him. All right, now that we're best of friends, I'm going to move in with you. I'm gonna take money. I take a fee each time I do this. It was 50 grand for the last family, so I'm gonna take it into this family and then I'll take another fee when I come across into another family. She looks ill for some reason. I don't think my quarantine worked. Now, well, not my problem. My service is over now. See, all this furniture is just gonna gather germs. These rugs, these couches. Stand in the bathroom while I take care of this mess. It'll be like a homemade govry. It'll come out and you'll be pleasantly surprised. Oops, that is not the surprise. All right, you can come out now. It's done. I replaced everything in your house. Well, I actually know that's a lie. I didn't replace anything. I just got rid of everything. Replaced it with this nice sterile yellow throughout the house. Easy to clean, I assume. I don't think it's carpet. It might be. It doesn't look like it. Can we mop that up? Okay, good, it's not carpet. Okay, I did a good job. I also installed these handy-dandy showers everywhere and I got rid of nearly all your kitchen things.  Far too much, so don't open your eyes. See, you can get nice and clean now with your chlorine pit. Just two grown men locked in a house swimming naked together. Let's flatten that curve together. What's he running from? He just came out of the bathroom screaming. Also, I got rid of your stairs so you can no longer access the upstairs where all your beds are and stuff. The whole thing seemed weird. Having like that germ factory up there. Anyway, I'll be on my way. I'll see you later. So much for the hazmat suit, but at least I got my umbrella. We got one more house in the neighborhood, I think. That one's just a dog that lives there. There's no Sims there. I don't know how that happened. Oh, the poor dog. His owner probably got murdered and he's just waiting for them to come home. And then there's me. I got my vault. We're in lockdown already.  You could set up a little farm there. They have the perfect quarantine home. Elaine is very hungry, but out of feeding soon, this baby will be taken away. I don't even know who Elaine is. Take her away. It's horrible. Sims, they come home. Okay, don't laugh evenly until you're at least part of the family first. Yes, okay, I'm in. Now I'll take my fee. That's an extra 20,000. Like, yeah, that's good value. The others paid 50 and I took from them. This guy gained. He got an indoor pool from me. Wait, who is this baby? Oh, that's Elaine. Why aren't you taking care of her? Why is it alerting me? I don't care about Elaine. You know what? In fact, this guy's taking Elaine. Have fun with Elaine. God, that house is not baby-proofed.  At least there's no stairs. That's that hazard gone. You just got to avoid the open pool in the living room. They're just laughing. Like, I'm so glad Elaine is gone.  It's best that they're gone. Only one door in and out. That makes it very easy for me. Oh, wait, no, there's a back door. Oh, no, that only goes to our little farm out there. That's good, actually. Let's set them up with a little farm. Okay, there we go. I set them up with a cow plant. It's not gonna really feed them. I mean, if anything, it's gonna eat them. But I think it's good to have something to focus on during these times. This place is a mess. Look at all these clothes around. Okay, we're gonna have to do something about this. You guys clearly can't take care of yourselves. Okay, we're gonna change your personality completely so you'll be neat and you can clean up for everyone. Neat, paranoid, and a loner. That should do it for this current situation. And we're gonna turn her into a vampire so she doesn't really need any end. Oh my God, what was that change? But now she doesn't need any sleep so she can just clean all the time. Although I think it's good if she has some time alone on the balcony first. We don't want her messing with everyone's stuff before she goes into a bit of self-isolation.  The only thing wrong is there's a weird sizzling sound. Me, my bread, no. I don't know why Jim's screaming at her either.  I'm trying to make this household a safe place and you're not making it easy on me. All right, she's dead. I'm willing to take partial responsibility for that. This is all trial and error, this whole thing. Meanwhile, he's just watching the comedy channel downstairs. What is with the army of cats outside? They can smell the body. All right, I think they have to make a choice. They either eat the cats or let the cats eat them because they are gathering and the numbers are increasing.  I'm going back home. I think you might need an updated mat for cats rather than dogs. I don't see any dogs around here. Now he's screaming at a cat. Oh good, my dad is out of the vault. Someone to let me in. I forgot he was a ghost and he can get out of here. Okay, and I'll take my fee if you don't mind. I know it doesn't leave you with much but I did do a lot of work there to be fair.  A lot. Oh wait, you wanted me to quarantine? Oh my bad, let's get those two confused.  That guy who lives alone now is a baby to care for which is just so cute. Oh, that got everyone out of the vault though. Now I gotta put them all back. I mean, this was the whole point of the episode to tell you guys to go into quarantine and stay the heck home but now look at us. Okay, I think we're gonna leave it there. I hope you guys enjoyed. I don't mean to be like poking fun the situation. The situation is quite serious that we find ourselves in. It's unprecedented. It's very, very weird. I'm already going a bit stir crazy even though I'm very fortunate. I get to work from home and that side of my life has been largely unaffected but I think the social side of it is already getting to me and it's been just over a week now. I don't wanna go into it too much.  So I just hope you're all staying safe and staying isolated where you're able to. I know some people have to sort of go to work and I hope you guys are doing all right. But yeah, other than that, I guess I'll just say stay safe. I hope you enjoyed. I appreciate you watching as always and I hope to see you next time. Bye for now.


So I've alluded to a few types of knowledge synthesis. I've mentioned systematic scoping reviews as well as meta-analyses. Well, what are these and how will you decide which one you and your team will be carrying out? There are a few signal studies or foundational studies that information professionals such as myself look at. One of them is the grant and booth study. This is a typology of reviews that looks at 14 different review types. It's a fantastic study. I'm not going to go through the whole thing. What I want to take out of booth is the salsa typology. So there are four elements. Actually, there's a fifth purpose that really help us to determine what these studies are for and how you should decide which one you're doing. So one key thing is you're looking at how comprehensive does your search need to be? Then what are your appraisal methods and does there have to be a quality of appraisal assessment included? How do you synthesize your information and how do you analyze your information? And according to Salsa, just going to show you a big overview but you're going to get these slides if you want if you email me about that. And you can analyze this at will later. What you see is that systematic reviews are really the ones that require the most comprehensive searches that require adhering to a protocol in order to minimize bias, right? So control, acknowledge and minimize bias. Part of that adherence to the protocol also stretches onto the appraisal and to synthesis methods. And what you end up doing is going through a process that's vastly more rigorous than the typical narrative reviews, right? So if we just take a look at that bottom row describing systematic reviews in a systematic review, you're adhering to a protocol seeking an actionable recommendation and action, something that you can do to improve or to answer a very specific research question. And that's one of the key things that we often miss when we think about doing a review. You can do a review systematically without having to answer a very specific actionable question. And when you're doing that, very often you're doing a scoping review and you are comprehensively searching and you likely still have a protocol but you are looking more at the quantity, quality and methodological variation of literature as opposed to answering a question or getting a recommendation for action, right? So this is very important. And I actually think that after Grant and Booth, apparently Booth and Grant, I always mess them up. I'm sure that first author would get very annoyed with me at this, but once we stop focusing exactly at the vocabulary or the language that they used, we find a number of viewer studies that we can take a look at that help us to see the differences between scoping and systematic reviews even more clearly. So one of my favorite recent sources is this one by Munn and others. Now Munn is part of the Joanna Briggs Institute's team and the JBI is an Australian team that does absolutely fabulous work on knowledge synthesis. They started out in applied healthcare, so nursing and similar fields, but now JBI serves education, public policy and a variety of other fields. So Munn and colleagues have written this very accessible, absolutely fantastic bite-size article. It's under 10 pages. Asking the question we're asking right now, systematic review or scoping review, how do you choose as an author, pardon me, or as a team of members, which one you're going to do? So again, this will be available to you in slides afterwards. And what do Munn and others come up? Well, they really identify the five key parts of a systematic review and contrast them to the key parts of a scoping review. And a systematic review has to uncover very broad international evidence that confirms either current practice or addresses variation and identifies new practices. That's also important. And it has to inform areas for future research, identifying conflicting results and producing statements to guide decision making. So this is hugely significant. If you have a decision, if you have to make a selection between processes, protocols or interventions, what you want to do is a systematic review. However, using very similar methods and an equally structured protocol, that's very important. If you need to just identify the types of available evidence to clarify what are the key concepts, the key ideas, what are even the definitions that might be conflicting to examine how research is conducted on a topic or in a broader field to identify key characteristics related to a concept or set of concepts, to analyze knowledge gaps and to identify knowledge gaps. And that's huge. You want to do a scoping review, right? So we have a question in chat. Should we cite articles like these in our reviews? Yes, absolutely. If you've used articles like Muns or like the booth one earlier to determine something about the process that you'll be following, it is completely fine to cite these articles. And in fact, in a couple of slides, you see I provide you with a plethora. I think there are approximately eight or 10 articles that I recommend and there are more, right? So this is not exhaustive. This is a good place to start and it's a relatively recent place to start because this field is growing by leaps and bounds and every year there are many more analyses of what should be done. So I try to go to the most recent ones, right? So I showed you a classic but the one I'm discussing right now is a recent article. So now is it also necessary to include it in production to a systematic or scoping review that justifies what we're taking the approach we take? Aha, this is such a great question, such a prescient question. Yes, it actually is, but you'll see that will be a lot easier for you to decide whether or not to do that because the protocol itself that you will be following and protocols for scoping reviews are highly recommended. I cannot recommend these enough, right? So in a systematic review, you have to have a protocol. In a scoping review, when you're outside healthcare and applied health, very often you'll see published scoping reviews that don't tell you they prepared a protocol. That's not great practice. Protocols are hugely useful to you first of all and they're also so useful because they structure your research. So yes, you will end up mentioning a lot of these issues that we're discussing right now because the protocol requires you to, okay? So that's an excellent question, absolutely excellent. In some areas, especially in healthcare, scoping reviews can be precursors to systematic reviews but that's by no means necessary. A scoping review can be a perfectly good standalone piece of work and very often in other fields outside of healthcare, that's exactly what scoping reviews are. They are fully fledged important pieces of research that contribute a ton to our understanding of how fields are evolving. But excellent question, thank you for that. So this is my favorite table from one at all. This is on page six out of seven and this gives you a very nice summary, first of all, of features that of those who are starting on knowledge synthesis products are often worried about. So the features are in the first column here, such as an a priori review protocol and all the other features. And then the differences between the main three types of reviews that we're considering. And I'm going to introduce a couple of others in a moment. So do you need an a priori written up review protocol to do narrative reviews? No, you don't. Usually you have a limited amount of time. Usually you don't have a team.  A scoping review is best with an a priori review protocol. Now, do these get published or do they get deposited somewhere? Usually not. You can register them though with either fig share or OSF. So that's open science framework, not prosper or prosper does not end up collecting any of the scoping review protocols. But as I mentioned already, scoping review protocols are hugely important for you and your team. So you should do them even if you do not share them through fig share or through OSF, right? So they are still very important. And occasionally they are required. It depends on the field and what sort of publication you are engaging with for your final publication. But look at systematic reviews. They require absolutely every one of these elements. So a protocol, then prosper or registration of the review protocol, systematic reviews, absolutely. And then again, prosper or does not register scoping review protocols. Now, what about an explicit transparent peer reviewed search strategy? That's something we'll be mentioning tomorrow. It's called the press. Oh yes. A transparent peer reviewed systematic and structured search strategy for several databases is absolutely essential, both for scoping reviews and systematic reviews. And we'll be seeing examples of those tomorrow. So not of press itself because press is the process by which we peer review a search strategies, but actual search strategies. We will see some tomorrow. Now, what about standardized data extraction? Scoping reviews and systematic reviews both require that. And that's what you'll be covering with Jess on Thursday with COVID-19. Now, what about critical appraisal and risk of bias assessments? Scoping reviews generally do not require those, but systematic reviews absolutely do, particularly in the health sciences and other applied health disciplines. Now, what about synthesis of findings from individual studies in generation of often statistically driven summary findings? Scoping reviews do not require them, whereas systematic reviews, yes, absolutely do. So you see some of the differences jumping out at you in this excellent month article. And I recommend that you read the entire article. It's only really seven pages long and not all of that is, it's text, but it's not dense. It's a fantastic accessible article, right? Do you have any questions about this or in any case, think about questions. I'll have a few more visual slides. So questions might percolate, okay? And I apologize about how dense these slides are and how fast we go, but we have to build the basics today so that we can do searches and so that you can benefit from Jess's session on Thursday. So when we look at these protocol requirements, essentially only narrative reviews do not involve protocols. Everything else involves protocols and in fact often requires protocols. So scoping reviews do not require protocols, but very often protocols are a great idea and they're recommended. If you're interested in mapping reviews, I can recommend the Gerstein site that will tell you a little bit about what's the difference between a scoping systematic and mapping review. I can tell you quickly that in a mapping review, the analysis is more visual and you very often answer a narrower question than you do in a scoping review. But because of the visual analysis, you often don't need a protocol. Now that may be changing as well because this is changing very quickly in a rapid review. If you're interested in that, the Gerstein site also described rapid reviews. Rapid reviews are systematic reviews so they're incredibly constrained again by the protocol and adherence to the steps, but they may be missing some steps or drastically limiting the amount of literature and evidence that's taken in so that they're done faster and they're often done by only one person as opposed to a team. Most other reviews tend to be done by a team. This is one of my favorite slides. This slide is just fantastic. I am not enjoying it because I made it actually adapted it from the Yale library's graphic and it helps you decide what kind of knowledge synthesis you should be doing, the first asking, well, are you alone? So for example, are you a grad student working towards dissertation or do you have a team? And if you're alone, you have very few options to do unfortunately a good job of one of those reviews. If you have to follow a robust reproducible methodology with quality assessment, that's QA. If you do have to do that, basically what's left for you is a rapid review, especially if your project has to turn around quickly. Otherwise you do a traditional narrative review. Now, if you do have a team and a team could just be two to three people and again, it depends on how much time you have. If you have fewer than five months, unfortunately, you probably just go back and do a rapid review. But if you have a bit more time, if you have six, eight months, 10 months, a year, you really have to ask yourself, am I looking for a focused recommendation, a focused question that I need to answer? And if you're not doing that, if you want to survey the literature, you do a scoping review. But if you need a focused recommendation or if you have to answer a specific question with thoughts of changing practices, you can go the quantitative way or the qualitative way. If you're going the quantitative way, you're doing a meta-analysis. If you're doing a qualitative study or qualitative analysis, you're doing a systematic review. But a meta-analysis and a systematic review are essentially sisters. Methodology is the same except the analysis. Does that make sense? Okay, I don't see questions, so I'll keep going, but please ask away. So here's another bit I like to spend a couple of minutes on. I have given you three examples here of recently published, or at least available in the literature, scoping and systematic reviews, because at this point, it's nice to get a sense of what are these projects like? I have another slide like this. So the first one is diagnosis of cognitive decline and dementia in rural areas. Oh, it's a scoping review, even though it's in healthcare, and it's looking at diagnosis, why? And what would make it a systematic review? What do you think? I'll leave that question hanging. Come back in chat. Let's take a look at the next one. The next one is US pharmacists affect as team members on patient care. And that's a systematic review in meta-analysis. Okay, so they're doing qualitative and quantitative analysis. Wow. But why is this a systematic review but not a scoping review? I don't see a question necessarily. So I'll give you a hint. You see how the first one says diagnosis of cognitive decline and dementia in rural areas? It doesn't specify any other limits, right? So we're not looking at diagnosis of cognitive decline and dementia in rural areas, let's say using telemedicine or using a particular approach or focused on a particular stage or level of dementia or decline, right? So you see the breadth of the topic right in the title of the study, whereas the second one looks at, first of all, specific population pharmacists in the US, although that's still very broad, and then looking at them as team members. So there are specific functions that they'll be performing. And then there is an outcome, patient care, right? So there will be specific outcomes that are in fact delineated in that article. There are three kinds of patient care outcomes that the authors go into. And that helps them to come up with specific questions such as what is the effect of pharmacists as team members of on-patient care given certain patient outcomes, right? And then what would be the maximization or optimization of that effect? So that's how that is a systematic review. And the final one on this page is depression among entrepreneurs, a scoping review. Okay, well here it's wide open, right? First of all, it just surveys the entire field of entrepreneurship and then mental health and specifically depression within it, right? So everything is up for grabs. You can look at anything. Does that make sense? Here's another bunch of samples. I love the office concept, the scoping review. That is a very big scoping review. That one's just going in through the entire field, basically mapping out the field. And you see, I included part of the abstract there. It uses a scoping review approach to map the field of empirical research. So at least we know what field we're moving on on office concepts and it identifies gaps. It gives recommendations. Of course, it gives definitions as well. So this is how we can go through it. By the way, you have questions about the middle article there, HIV and depression. How come that's a systematic review and the previous one, the depression among entrepreneurs was just a scoping? Well, every time we have to read the entire abstract and as much of the study as we can, but what we can see here is that the systematic review is of intervention specifically. So it's going to look at outcomes of interventions. Exactly, exactly. So one of you got it absolutely because we're looking at intervention. So you see the differences in the questions, the titles, the scope of each of these. So I think everybody's happy with that. So there are resources for further study. There are several guides that can help you to determine which type of study you'll be doing. And going back to the earlier question, you may want to include sometimes not so much the questionnaires or the decision trees, but some of the articles that may be listed in the guide. So now let's zip up a little bit and there's a ton of further reading. I just want to point out the article that's highlighted in gold. A scoping studies towards a methodological framework that is the gold standard, one of the foundational articles on scoping reviews, the ARCSI and O'Malley article. So remember, include that one. Other ones that are important here on this slide are of course, one that we discussed, but also anything by Trico. Andrea Trico is a huge expert on systematic scoping reviews. So anything that she works on tends to be great. Also, we have one of Shamsir's articles. I think her name's Lena, but I couldn't, Lena or the I could be wrong. She's at University of Ottawa, huge expert on protocols. So Shamsir, Trico, Mon, Grant and Booth, of course, and ARCSI and O'Malley here, some big names for you to follow.


I'm going to introduce the panel while they're getting settled and everything, but come on out. Darren Fisher, VP of Engineering for Chrome. And by the way, some of these may or may not be true. Probably most of them are true. But Parisa Tabriz, her business card reads Security Princess, which I am most jealous of. By the way, I always have been. Grace Kloba, lead of the mobile browsing team. Tautran, my co-presenter from this morning, fellow cocktail aficionado and head of global product partnerships for the web. We are both looking forward to the nitro cocktail system, by the way, by this point. Tal Oppenheimer, product manager on Chrome for Android, who makes sure Chrome and web works well around the world. Matt McNulty, who leads the developer experience team for Chrome, has had to field complaints about me spilling coffee on one of his reports already today. Alex Kamarovsky, who is one of my two favorite Alexes. And they're actually not interchangeable, see if I say that for Alex Russell or not. But Alex Kamarovsky is the group product manager for the web platform team in Chrome. And finally, Alex Russell, also one of my two favorite Alexes. This one's an engineer in the Chrome team. And he and I actually have shared this enduring mission in making the web a first class platform. We're super excited about where we are today. We worked together longer than we've both been at Google, which is actually saying something, because I think we both feel like we've been at Google longer than average, at the very least at this point. And we first met when I worked on the Internet Explorer team, and he was working on Dojo Toolkit. And he kept asking me really pointed hard questions. But he was always like, you were always so nice about me asking you hard questions. And I was like, so were you about asking them in a nice way. I had to give some credit for that. So we are using Slido for the questions. And I won't promise to take all the questions in order. But if you think of things, whatever, file them there. We actually are live moderating them during the panel. And we may pick them up and ask them. So let's go to Slido. And like I said, I won't promise to take these in order. In fact, I actually want to start with a different question, which is, where can I get the dino sweater that Mariko is wearing? And so I kind of want Mariko to answer that question, if she's OK. The answer is, you can. It's my hunnit. Not only the sweater, I also have a beanie. And the all-her- Which I gifted to Alex Paso last Christmas. Thank you for bringing this out. And they're, oh, fine. You get to put it on now, of course. So if you want to get this, I do have a pattern if you want to knit it by yourself. And also, I gave one extra one to one of the Chrome engineers. So you should talk to engineers and find out who has one and be nice to them and get one of them. OK, so I have to credit the number of votes for this question. So I think we're going to start with, does Google see AMP as a long-term solution or a temporary patch for the web's performance problems? Is the goal a fast web regardless of implementation or is the goal AMP? Anyone? Well, we don't have the AMP team here to speak to this, but I think we can sort of talk about how we've sort of, we've been working with the AMP team a lot on AMP. And for sure, we share the goal of making the web work a lot better, especially the mobile web. And performance is absolutely a big part of the motivation for AMP. The way I look at it is that the second part of the question there is the goal of fast web. Absolutely, the goal is a fast web. And AMP is definitely an enabler there. We've seen people have a lot of success at building fast experiences. And again, I think this point was made today a couple of times, at least, that AMP is really a built-with-web component that's built with web technologies. It's in many ways giving people a lot of guidance on how to create a really fast experience. But there's nothing that keeps you from creating a great experience without AMP as well. And I think you've seen a lot of content today. And you'll see more tomorrow that can help you do that. And I want to weigh in here. And the long-term solution is a fast web. That's really what the long-term solution is going to be. And when we talk to a lot of developers and partners, it's really about making sure that your performance is great, making sure that you're taking care of the overall user experience. And if folks want to use AMP, if they want to hand-tune their own site, I think it's really up to them. And I think we really want to just make sure that we provide the right set of tools and features and give developers and partners a lot of options. Cool. Let's go to the next question. Why was there not a PWA summit this year? An interesting one. I mean, we do this. Who was supposed to plan it? Chris, is that you? I forget. Chris. Oh, no, I'm not a panelist. Come on, man. I just asked a question. I mean, I think really, because I am in the developer relations team, this is a conscious choice that it's not just about PWAs. And like we talked about in our talk this morning, this is really just the modern web. And PWAs are kind of just a way of capturing that at a point. And the whole focus on installability, it's super important for users to have a quick entry. But the web is more than that, too. And what you need to do, I think, is probably more than that. And I think of it the same way as the thing of Ajax back in the day, a responsible web design. And at a certain, at the beginning, it's like, oh, it's a thing that means something. And over time, it just becomes, well, duh. I feel like we're starting to get to that point, which is really cool to see. OK. Next. How is it taking a second to update? Sorry, new tool that we're trying this year. Is it a PWA? It actually ranks really highly in Lighthouse, but not a progressive web app. We are going to fix that, though, so it's fine. All right. Is it missing a manifest or a service worker not running on HTC? Manifest, manifest. We don't need to debug it on Steam. We can run Lighthouse on it if we see. You know, it's not that hard to create a manifest. I understand this. I'm not going to create them personally for everyone. Tried to make it easy for people. I did point out as moderator before the panel that I don't actually report in the same org, so none of these people can get me fired. And someone on the panel said, well, not directly. So anyhow. Next question. In August, Mozilla and Facebook submitted a JavaScript binary AST proposal to ECMA TC39, reducing JS parse times by 70% to 90%. Is the Chrome team interested in supporting a binary AST? So I guess I'll take this one. So we work very closely with the performance team at Facebook who have done an incredible job at telling us what we do wrong, which has been really outstanding, and helping us find places to improve. Binary AST is one way to maybe cut down on the initial parse time of loading large JavaScript applications, which of course Facebook is one of. There are other ways that we can improve the loading times for applications that people use a lot, like putting the code that they're using frequently inside the service worker cache. We've seen large gains from that already, and we're very excited about being more aggressive about that. The binary AST proposal has a lot of long-term consequences, not all of which we think we understand entirely, and so we're trying to figure out the right way to think about improving parse time. We're not sure that that's it, but we are interested in improving our performance in that area. But yeah, service worker cache, your JavaScript. Do that. All right, these are bouncing around a little. All right. Well, let's ask another fun one. So add to home screen in progressive web apps. It's been great for creating native-like user experiences. When can we expect to have this functionality on desktop operating systems? I think we actually had Owen spoke earlier today about this. So this is something that actually you can do. You've been able to do it for a while. You can, it's kind of buried, but you can add an icon to a site on your home screen around your desktop, I guess it's called, desktop. And to be honest, it's one of the things, it's cool about PWAs is that in general, if you built these things in a responsive way, they just kind of work on desktop. But it's not as clear about like what exactly the user mental model should be in that context. On mobile, it's just, it launches full screen. It just sort of takes over the whole app. But as Owen announced earlier today in one of the talks, this is an area that we're actively investing in and we're hoping to bring something that will target the space the next end month. I don't know. I think it's going to be a little bit of a burden for it in Chrome flags. Yeah. So what would you recommend using nowadays, sorry, would you recommend nowadays using ES6 directly or transpiling to ES5? Who are your users? I mean if you've got an entirely ES6-compatible user base, please by all means, it'll save you bytes on the wire. It'll save you a lot of hassle, especially if you're using web components Custom Elements V1 does integrate with the native class syntax and it's difficult to do that otherwise. Otherwise, you know, transpile. Look at your user base. In 2013, the Chrome team forked WebKit to build the Blink engine. Chrome now has a ton of nifty features not available on Safari, but developers hesitate to adopt those features because they don't work in Safari. How would today's web developers be better and worse off without the Blink fork? Wow. That's a really interesting one, huh? I really haven't thought, I guess, about the kind of factual what would have happened. And I want to hear better and worse, by the way, because I think I can think of both. Stick to the chat. I'm sure you can. One thing I will say is I'm very proud of the way the Blink community has sort of evolved over the years. We had our most recent Blink on in Tokyo just a few weeks ago and it was huge. We had a ton of people there. We were maxing out the space. And so it's been really cool to see lots of other companies come in and participate and build off of Chromium and participate in Blink as well. I think ultimately we have goals of really pushing the web as far as we can and as quickly as we can and working with other browser vendors and specification bodies to decide how to build these things. And it's allowed us, I think, to move differently than maybe it would have been had we still been sharing a code base, per se. But I'm not sure, I don't know. I mean, one of the things you get out of competition is competition. That's something that we value heavily. And one of the things that's difficult about sharing an open source code base is that in order to get code landed, everyone has to agree through a single governance system what should land. Having separate code bases lets us take a different view of what's most important and we compete on different axes. And it's easier for us to compete with the Safari team in a more full on way which benefits everyone. So when we may go deliver features that improve performance in one aspect, they'll work on features that improve performance in another. And then we have to go figure out which is most important. And that is a great outcome, I think. One extra, okay, sorry. I was gonna say that one of the things that you might think is worse is that you might think that because there's two that there's gonna be more incompatibilities between the two. Well, one of the things that informed our decision to fork in the first place was that we realized we were actually already forked. We if deft the heck out of WebKit and we were shipping features that Apple didn't feel comfortable shipping it because of this very idea that we actually wanted to really push and try to bring some nifty features to developers, we already were shipping things they weren't shipping. And so it's kind of like we recognize what reality was and we realized we should just optimize for that reality. And so that's really where we were at that point in time. We thought, yes, we should just fork. One thing that I think is worse is we talk a lot of these kinds of events about the big flashing new features that you can use as developers, but in our day-to-day lives, a lot of it is what random little edge cases work differently in different browsers. And when we used to be part of one code base, one change there where work make that behavior of those sort of edge cases similar across to different browsers. And so actually we invest quite a bit in this. We don't just invest in the cool flashy features that we can talk about on stage here. We also have a bunch of folks we call this a predictability effort that focus on cross browser testing through web platform tests. And we also have folks that land changes to other open source rendering engines to help fix some of those low like those issues that cause a lot of annoyance day-to-day. And that's one thing that requires active effort now that didn't back, wouldn't have if we hadn't gone in separate ways. I think on the same vein, there's a question about if there's an interest in having team, several teams of very smart people who work on several rendering engines at the same time, like should we just cross pollinate between those browsers or should we just build one single browser that everyone ends up using the engine from? Should we have one JavaScript engine, right? I mean, as a former web developer, I can say with confidence that hell is other browsers, right, like it's very much the case that your favorite browser is your favorite browser and compatibility with anything else sucks, right? It's just always going to be hard to get that. And that's one of the unfortunate aspects of competition. But the benefit is that it means that there isn't a monoculture. If one browser engine starts to get stagnant and they don't continue to lead, then it's possible for someone else to come in and do a better job. And that's a huge and valuable thing that we've seen play out multiple times as long as I've been working on the web. Chris, you might have some insight into that. No comment. But in seriousness, I have actually a sociological background and a lot of times we miss this, but this is one of the few examples where you have competitors who are also sort of cooperating. They're working together on standards or shipping, things are mostly interoperable and they can compete on which features to offer and how to implement them. And that kind of competition while still being interoperable is pretty special about the web. And I think it's pretty fundamental. I also want to add one point. It's like with multiple kind of vendors working on it, it's increasing diversity. It's like a group, different people having different opinions. What is the more important versus a single voice? And some of the work going on in Keco right now is really interesting. A lot of really interesting approaches and layout that it's just great to see different engines in different aspects. So, sorry, just lost a question here. So I think there's a lot of questions that sort of center around this topic of Google seems to have somewhat of an identity crisis. On the one hand, there's a large push for progressive web apps in emerging markets. And on the other hand, there's things like instant apps. Why does Google continue to march forward with Android rather than doubling down when the core business is inherently web-based? And I'm totally throwing them under the bus on this one. Anybody here from the Android team want to talk about it? Aw. I think you can transition from just the point of competition to some extent and recognizing there's different needs and developers want different things. And that's actually not necessarily a bad thing. And you don't want to say like this is the only way and we're only gonna do this. I think I sympathize with the point of hearing kind of a lot of different options for how to create content. And that may be not having like a holistic narrative. But I also think that one of Google's strengths is actually not just sticking to one thing and like continuing to invest in what makes sense for this environment and seeding like new ideas. I think meeting developers where they are. I know Tal, you've talked a lot about this when you reach out to developers. Yeah, I was gonna say as well the question itself somewhat answered parts of it. It highlighted that progressive web apps do resonate particularly well in various countries that have different constraints. And so the reality is is that different technologies can work better depending on who your users are and who you're targeting and whether you're really aiming to have a lot of users from a lot of different areas or if you're really focused in on one particular set of users and how do you best match those. And so some technologies of progressive web apps work really well for those and other aspects that Android and native provides works better for other use cases. Obviously, we're gonna trump it. Yeah. Awesome benefits of progressive web apps but I also think it's not a bad thing for like the world to have options. Yeah, and I mean the user's experience is surrounded by stuff too, right? Like Chrome OS I've always thought was awesome because it's really just the web but it does have a user experience and users get used to those consistent ways of interacting with their system and they're different when you change different devices. So I'm gonna have to go with my friend Jason Grigsby's question of why does Google highlight AMP in search results instead of progressive web apps? When will Google search have ambient banjing for PDA? Or for PWA? Never for PDA. Never for PDA. Never again. And keeping in mind, because I'm on a channel, Darren, he's sitting right next to me. The search team isn't here, so. We can say anything? We can say anything. Yeah, like whatever you say, I think they have to do, right? That's how this works. I think if you get more, if you get 76 votes, then we must legally do it, I think is what happens for it, 75 votes. I'm gonna watch that number roll up as you say this. I'm pretty sure Parisa's pillow is a spokesperson for the search team, right? What? You don't want a panel of Chrome managers to be answering this question? Because we have no idea. I don't know if there's anything for us to say. But if you think about it, so when we talk about Progressive of Us, we talk about building best in class, building really great mobile web experiences, right? And what is Search really great at doing? It's helping you find great web experiences. And so Search already points you to PWAs, already points you to websites. So, and Search is very motivated to help you find the best sites, right? And we're motivated to help you build the best sites. So I feel like there's a lot of alignment there. And we talk about PWAs, we're not so much saying it's a different thing, it's the mobile web. It's the mobile web sites built well. And that's what we're here to try to help you accomplish. Okay, so on a similar vein though, what's up with Google launching so many Chrome-only sites? What's up with that? What's up with that? We shouldn't be doing that. Are we doing? There was one last week I saw that was bouncing around on Twitter that we actually, every time we see one of those, we dive in like, oh crap, let me chase down the CL internally that led to it, reach out to the teams. I tried to catch them beforehand, obviously. I think this one was actually a, it was someone using a very old version of Firefox. Or it was Firefox on Linux, which was incorrectly blacklisted. And ultimately, we try to make the case for lots of other teams, a very large company about the benefits of progressive enhancement where possible, allowing developer or users to access those sites, even if they aren't fully sure it's tested. But. And to be clear, we, I mean, everyone up here on this stage, generally really, really dislikes it when a Google property does this. So we're some of the people that actually object the most to it. And in fact, the whole concept around progressive enhancement is really twofold. One is, you know, there's a path forward for a developer to create an experience that can brace new features when it's available. And that allows them to create an experiment with new APIs and create experiences that are better for that set of users who happen to have the browser with those features. But it also tells developers of the other browsers that haven't implemented those features that that's actually a feature worth building because like developers want to use it. So it's all really works well when you kind of go down that progressive enhancement path. And in general, you know, when it's possible to do that, that's where I think with Google, that's mostly where the focus is. I think there's been just a few incidents recently where people have that motivate this question. And like we were saying, the last one was actually kind of a bug. Because it, anyways, I should probably stop talking, but... There are ways to do this better than not. So for instance, you could give users a link to let them continue to try it anyway. There are ways to communicate that you're expanding your browser support in the future. There are ways to, you know, say, hey, here's why. And those are things that we're advocating for internally. So come to us, you know, we'll advocate to the other teams on your behalf. That's a service we provide. Absolutely. And I will say, I don't think the Chrome team has ever made any Chrome-only web services. At least not every... Well, let's not open that can. Yeah. But definitely treat the Chrome team as your helpers in this. There's a lot of discussion around offline capabilities. I actually chose this question because this is one that I've thought about too. You know, that's great to have offline capabilities, but how much storage can a web page really respectfully expect to have locally?  How does this work when you have media apps like the ones we were talking about this morning? So we've changed this a lot recently. For the better. Yeah. Well, depends on who you are. We think that because it's not... The contract we give about developers isn't the same as a native app gets, right? A native app gets as much storage as is available on the disk without a lot of limits up until the OS says you're cut off.  So we impose tighter limits. Historically, they've been very, very low. I think the number that's still kicking around in some people's mind is 50 megabytes or five megabytes. Those are pathologically low limits if you're trying to build anything serious. And so instead we've shifted our implementation to look at the amount of total free space on the device and we've expanded the amount that Chrome is allowed to take quite a lot because you might be using Chrome as the primary reason that you're on the device. So it's sort of comical that we would only take 15% of the total space. We've fixed that. So now you'll see quite a bit more space available if you use the quota APIs to interrogate it. But we also are trying to ensure that the sites that you engage most heavily with are the things that are kept or the things that you have more storage space allocated for.  So if your site engagement score is high, you're much less likely to get evicted. But the amount of space that a site gets is now largely unlimited. And this is one of the places where the web has an amazing ephemeral model where users don't have to be afraid to tap any link to go somewhere and that's huge, it's foundational. But it means that some of these questions are very different. When does a user expect to have more storage saved? And so there's things like if the user is added to home screen, we're more likely to save, allow that thing to save more content because the user would like to expect that thing to be able to save more things offline. But ultimately it's about giving the developer ability to understand what's going on and have better control over it. Cool. So now for another fun one. Fun is in quotes here in case you're wondering. Why aren't progressive web apps installable from Google Play? What's your definition of fun? I have a very twisted sense of fun. I think there's a lot to this question, right? And so you can sort of break it down into a couple different axes. Like one thing is that there already are, right? You can put a website in a web view. And so I think the question is probably asking something different. So we announced a trusted web activity today which allows you to actually launch an activity of a component of your application that is powered by Chrome and I think it was explained that the reason for doing that is that you can actually share the cookie jar with Chrome and take advantage of Chrome's ability to help users fill out forms and so on. Those kinds of things are in stark contrast to the experience you get when you just wrap a website with a web view. As users have to go through the login steps and all that kind of stuff where you have to go and do a lot of work to plumb all of that in to the web page. So what we're doing with trusted web activities is making that work better. And so we sort of see that it's important that the developer is there in control of the thing that they are ultimately uploading to the store so they generate and it became. We're giving them tools that allow them to leverage the web and particularly their investments in PWAs to help them build a great application that a user would find through the Play Store. Cool, so one final question I think and this one I actually want each of you to answer. So at Chrome Dev Summit 2027 on the leadership panel when asked what you're most proud of with Chrome in the last 10 years what do you think your answer will be? What do you think the best thing that we're going to do in the next 10 years will be? I'm going to start over there actually because I've heard Darren think about it the longest. He's the most likely to get me fired. The thing I would be most proud of is the way the investments we're making now have enabled the web to survive the next form factor change. We didn't necessarily predict mobile. We saw it coming from some distance off but we've now I think started to respond adequately with progressive web apps as a way to help the web survive in mobile and thrive and make a great product market fit with users in emerging markets. And I think if we do our jobs right we will have done that for whatever the next form factor is too. I think a lot of it is understanding the value of this competition between rendering engines and allowing that as sort of an engine underlying this thing. I think it's much easier as someone was saying in here of like, why can't everyone just work in the same rendering engine together? And I think that one of the things I'm most proud of is that we understand and can help harness that competition in a way that's really helpful and healthy for the ecosystem long term. You know, having started in a very different browser environment during the browser wars V1 even before that I have to say we've come a long way already. And I agree though, I think we'll do even better in the future. I think I'd like to be proud of that we kept the user first, that we were like a particularly noble and good steward for the user. And yeah, we kept them first. Yes, building off of that for me it would be all users and not just the ones that look like us or have the background that we've had with the internet, with browsers, et cetera. And so making sure that it really is for everyone. So I'm gonna expand Chrome just a little bit for just thinking about the web. And so it would be amazing if you look back 10 years and I'm able to publish content or sell a pair of shoes. And all I have to do is build once and it works everywhere. And I don't have to worry about so many different form factors and that it will be accommodating across whatever comes next. So for me as because I'm leading the Chrome mobile so looking at the Chrome from desktop to mobile. And moving forward another 10 years, I imagine there's going to be another new platform. So I want to see Chrome continue from desktop to mobile to this new platform and always there. Yeah. Yeah, I'm pretty excited about the cross-platform Chrome story and making that just easy access content across. But since you already said that, I think so. You can't just say me too. Me too, but also or and also. HTTPS. That's it. All right. Oh no, you have to go in order. Yeah, you have to go in order. Can't take hours ahead of you. Yeah, so yeah, HTTPS was what I was going to say. And because Darren took that, I also look forward to a more secure and auditable PKI because that's actually one of the dependencies of secure HTTPS. And I think we've made a ton of progress the past couple of years to make it easier and cheaper and more affordable, but spending some time on having confidence in that piece of it. And other cool security primitives that are coming to the web platform that I think we've learned a lot in native applications offer development with sandboxing and other defense in depth that it's cool to see these coming to the web platform and seeing those adopted. So. Yeah, 2027. So that means I would have, if I was. Yeah, well, no. Okay, sorry. But I have to say that if I was up here at that time talking about it, that would have been 21 years working on Chrome. And I would just be damn proud of the team that got us there. And I would know that we did something awesome. Awesome. Even more awesome. All right, I think that's all the time we have. So thank you very much. Thanks to the panelists.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I'm ripping a personal for Kyle T again Thanks again Kyle for hopping back in. We've got a 2022 Panini select baseball hobby best of luck Got tri-color rookie premier level Curtis Terry real Mudo got out of 99 tri-color rookie patch Riley Adams Silver Sparks Ryan Sandberg Silver Diamond level rookie Joe Ryan twins got lime green of Ramon Lareano 59 of 99 Sales silver premier level rookie Edward Cabrera of 250 for the Rays. We've got Josh Lau silver patch Gavin Sheets moon shots Tri-color rookie concourse Glen Otto your dawn moon shots Yeah, no one in queue after Kyle everybody get those orders in you'll get ripped right away Tony sent Ian on the light blue out of 149 Wanda franco premier level rookie and silver Adam Wayne right concourse We've got sparks auto of Seth beer for the D-vax Frank Thomas numbers Got red premier level of a kill Badoo Tigers 103 of 199 And last pack here for you Kyle got to 25 six toes Sanchez on the cracked ice patch auto Wow four-colored patch there Nice hit Kyle It's the six toe And in Fuego Jose out to bay. What's up, Ty? What's up, buddy? There you go Kyle Oh, that will do it for your box. Congrats again. Thank you again for hopping back in and we will get this right out to you


Module 122 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder is exhibited in a form in which the child is experienced mostly death related experiences or physical injuries sometime they experience and sometime they witness it. So, mainly we can say that if the child witness any death experience or just encountering with that experience either by himself or he see that his or her parents are experiencing those things at that time it is most likely that the child can present the post-traumatic stress disorder. Now, when we say that the child is experiencing the post-traumatic stress disorder, so this means that the child is starting to exhibit few symptoms which are related with that particular disorder. Now, what are the symptoms or the features, sometime the children report that they are experiencing nightmares related to the disorder, now sorry not related to the disorder related to the events. Now, mostly the child report that the nightmares related to that event are coming. Now, in nightmares, they either see the same event again or experience something related to that event. Now, along with this, there are many other symptoms which can be manifested, in which it can be feared that the child will be separated from his parents or it can be separated. For example, if a child has witnessed that his father has had an accident, then he might be feared that his parents might have a death or he might be away from them. Along with this, it is also possible that the event which he has experienced or witnessed, after which he has already acquired some skills, he may start forgetting them. We explain this in two ways, that is, if the child is three years old or four years old and we have given him a toiletrain or five years old, then it is possible that the toiletraining will regress from a very early stage and he will start soiling his clothes. Similarly, as I have mentioned earlier about nightmares, along with this, it is also possible that the sleep will also start disturbing him or he will not be able to sleep alone. If he can sleep, then he will sleep restlessly and he will feel that he or she is not very much like fresh after having a sleep. After that, what do these children do? Usually, there is an enactment in them, an enactment of that event. Now, how will it come that when they are playing or playing a game, they will discuss the themes related to that event in that play. So, you will also get to see these kinds of things. For example, if a child has been physically abused and he has experienced it, then the time when he will play games and if there is a cartoon character or another child will be with him, then he will try to project the same thing that he has experienced on it. Then, it is also possible that there will be some other kinds of phobias and anxieties that are developed that are not related to that event. If a child has been sexually abused, then it may be possible that he or she develops it in her own way or if a child has been locked up in a room, then after that, it may be possible that the darkness of that event develops. So, it might be possible that different kinds of phobias and anxieties start developing in that event. Similarly, all kinds of frustration related to the trauma that they face through the play, through stories and through drawings, they try to express themselves. Then, it is also possible that the children usually start reporting physical aches and pains. And sometimes it happens that if a child has been sexually abused, then certain parts of the body in which the pain was felt on that time, it is possible that the same complaint of the pain will be done later on. Along with that, in some children, irritability, agitation and aggression also starts coming. So, sometimes when a child shows irritability and aggression without any reason or shows loneliness, this also indicates that something is happening in the life of the child. Now, the important thing is that some children, like the trauma they have experienced or witnessed, they will start getting these symptoms. Some children also get these symptoms delayed. And it might be possible that after a month or after a six month, they will start getting these symptoms. So, that is why we need to be careful about these things. That if the children are getting these symptoms, which are repeatedly related to trauma, which are expressing the symptoms and the theme we are getting, then we need to find out that either some kind of traumatic event has not happened with that child. So, this is something very important. Thank you.


So transitioning to PA programs pathologist assistant training programs. So because it's such a desirable job I'm assuming PA programs are pretty competitive. So how difficult is it to get into PA school? You know, I don't know if I can Say exactly how many applicants I know that there are hundreds of applicants and each program only accepts Maybe two or to 25. I think the largest group is 25 That's pretty low percentage Yeah, because they're not taking a lot of students every year. It really limits. I mean, that's what makes it competitive Right limited spots. So who gets those spots? Right. So here's what you can do to kind of beef up your your application I think it is incredibly important to be familiar with this profession Meaning that you have worked as a growth tech side-by-side with a PA at minimum You have should shadow a PA and know what their day-to-day looks like and make sure that that's right for you It's a two-year program and it is it's a it's an intense two years So you should really make sure that you want to do this before before you get started and If you can't work as a growth tech, I have had classmates that didn't have any grossing experience But they did have autopsy experience. So they worked as a deaner So either get yourself some autopsy experience work as a as a growth tech Which you can you don't have to have a bachelor's degree to be a growth tech You just have to have a minimum number of Biology and chemistry classes taken already So close usually it's like junior senior year of like a biology degree if you have enough science credits to qualify to be a growth tech So go do go do that Observe an autopsy because I don't think you know You can handle that until you're actually in the room So if you can sometimes that can be difficult if you don't already have connections in the hospital to observe But if you can try try and get as much exposure to pathology as you can You're gonna have to take anatomy and physiology If you have TA experience in anatomy or physiology that would look really great They like to see genetics and biochemistry those are not required, but they like to see those classes as part of your undergraduate degree What else So being proficient in a lot of the higher level science courses, especially obviously anatomy and physiology Experience you said might even be more important than grades You have to know what a PA does and you have experience in the autopsy lab Preferably in the lab just making sure you know what you're getting into or that you really want to do it Yeah, I think if you can demonstrate you have a good understanding of the profession that that is really important. I Had really good grades. I think that that does make you competitive some programs require the GRE some do not so Maybe that's a factor in where you apply Is there like a minimum number of hours of experience that you need in a gross lab or a pathology lab or anything like that Or is it just you need to demonstrate that you understand what you're doing? Yeah at this to my understanding at this moment programs don't have a minimum requirement for shadowing PAs or even autopsy because they know that it's difficult for People to find that if they're not already in if they don't have a network that allows them to do that, right? So they don't have that as a requirement, but that's what makes you competitive Okay, so it's not required, but it is the best thing for you to do And so that in addition to good grades is what you really need to get into PA school Yes So would you say anything else as far as advice on how to get into PA school for people who might be interested in this profession else I think pick pick a program look at Look out their clinical partners And decide how you want your clinical year to be shaped and that can help you decide on where to go Okay, when you when you're applying I Think as far as getting into pathology assisting school as long as your your grades are really good And you've demonstrated that you know what a pathologist assistant does when you interview I think they also consider demeanor and if you present yourself as someone with energy and a good attitude and a willingness to learn and especially in excitement and passion for the a profession that that's also really important So there is an interview aspect of this If somebody out there really wants to be a PA a pathologist assistant good grades especially in anatomy and physiology and Experience enough experience that you can demonstrate that you know what a PA does and why you want to be one is the main things that you need I will say this as well Having prior working experience is also really helpful If you work as a med tech, that's awesome if you worked as a histo tech or a histo technologist. That's really great because The specimens you submit as a PA feed into histology, so knowing the histology department is really going to help you out Even even being Okay, an EMT does that is that right an EMT? What's the emergency medical people where they yeah like the people on the ambulance and EMT EMT yeah, so EMT experience is even really helpful because if you are doing Autopsies they come with all those I don't know if this is morbid or not, but the the bodies arrive with all the lines and Tubes with them, so you need to know what those are those are so you can document them Okay, so not just lab experience, but basically medical experience being a patient care tech and EMT something like that could also help you Yes 100% That's cool. That makes sense. So it sounds like there's no like strict guidelines for how many hours But you just have to demonstrate that you know The whole medical process you've worked in the medical field and preferably in histology and things like that That makes sense. So do you feel comfortable sharing your stats? I know pre-PA pre-med students always like their stats. What GPA do I need? How many hours? So what was your GPA? Sure, so I graduated With a degree in biotechnology with a 3-9. Wow. Does everybody need a 3-9 to have a chance at getting into PA school? No, I think that At minimum you need a 3-0 Keep this in mind The reason why I think they look at that is when you were in the program You need to maintain a GP of three of a 3.0 So even though you have 18 credit hours a semester and you are under all this pressure If you don't maintain that 3.0, you could be asked to leave program So they want to make sure that you've demonstrated in the past that you you've kept your grades up So you're more likely to be successful if they accept you into the program Yeah, it's interesting one thing. So one of my most popular videos is how to get into PA school with a low GPA And a lot of people who maybe didn't do very well in college still want, you know, an amazing job like being a PA A physician assistant or a pathology assistant But one thing that you really need to ask yourself is if you ended up graduating with a low GPA You may have had some struggles, some obstacles or some things that came up So maybe you are a good student, but something's happened But you need to look at it from the school's perspective and they have this incredibly rigorous curriculum And the job that you're going to do is incredibly important and difficult academically And people's lives depend on it So it does make sense that you really do want as high of a GPA as possible so that they can trust you And your academic abilities, but I guess what I'm looking for here is numbers So like you had a 3.9 you got in you said at least a 3.0 Just based on your experience about what was the average college GPA of the applicant that actually got in Oh, there. I feel like we're all type a High high strong perfectionist. So if they all weren't above a three like six, I would be I would be very surprised Okay, so definitely high Yeah, but I I will say this Depending on the the program that you could make up for it As long as you meet the minimum requirements, they're not going to you know throw those out of the The window for you, but as long as you meet the minimum requirements I feel like you could make it up with Experience you've worked as a growth tech for years You've worked as a a histotech for years or a dener to come With that experience. I think you could make up for a poor GPA